Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisMicro- and nanosystems represent an area of major scientific and technological opportunity and challenge, with actual and potential applications in almost all fields of human activity. The aim of this book is to present the central concepts of dynamic control systems (modeling, estimation, observation, identification, feedback control) and to show how they can be adapted and applied to the development of novel very small-scale systems and their associated human interfaces. The application fields presented here come from micro- and nano-robotics, biochips, near-field microscopy (AFM and STM) and nano-systems networks. Alina Voda has assembled contributions from leading experts at top research universities to produce the first overview of the major role that control systems science will play in the development of micro and nano-science and technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi PART I. MINI AND MICROSYSTEMS 1 Chapter 1. Modeling and Control of Stick-slip Micropositioning Devices 3 Micky RAKOTONDRABE, Yassine HADDAB, Philippe LUTZ 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. General description of stick-slip micropositioning devices 4 1.3. Model of the sub-step mode 6 1.4. PI control of the sub-step mode 13 1.5. Modeling the coarsemode 15 1.6. Voltage/frequency (U/f) proportional control of the coarse mode 18 1.7. Conclusion 26 1.8. Bibliography 28 Chapter 2. Microbeam Dynamic Shaping by Closed-loop Electrostatic Actuation using Modal Control 31 Chady KHARRAT, Eric COLINET, Alina VODA 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. System description 34 2.3. Modal analysis 36 2.4. Mode-based control 40 2.5. Conclusion 50 2.6. Bibliography 53 PART II. NANOSYSTEMS AND NANOWORLD 57 Chapter 3. Observer-based Estimation of Weak Forces in a Nanosystem Measurement Device 59 Gildas BESANÇON, Alina VODA, Guillaume JOURDAN 3.1. Introduction 59 3.2. Observer approach in an AFM measurement set-up 61 3.3. Extension to back action evasion 71 3.4. Conclusion 79 3.5. Acknowledgements 81 3.6. Bibliography 81 Chapter 4. Tunnel Current for a Robust, High-bandwidth and Ultraprecise Nanopositioning 85 Sylvain BLANVILLAIN, Alina VODA, Gildas BESANÇON 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. System description 87 4.3. System modeling 89 4.4. Problem statement 97 4.5. Tools to deal with noise 100 4.6. Closed-loop requirements 102 4.7. Control strategy 105 4.8. Results 111 4.9. Conclusion 115 4.10. Bibliography 116 Chapter 5. Controller Design and Analysis for High-performance STM 121 Irfan AHMAD, Alina VODA, Gildas BESANÇON 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. General description of STM 123 5.3. Control design model 127 5.4. H∞ controller design 131 5.5. Analysis with system parametric uncertainties 139 5.6. Simulation results 142 5.7. Conclusions 143 5.8. Bibliography 146 Chapter 6. Modeling, Identification and Control of a Micro-cantilever Array 149 Scott COGAN, Hui HUI, Michel LENCZNER, Emmanuel PILLET, Nicolas RATTIER, Youssef YAKOUBI 6.1. Introduction 150 6.2. Modeling and identification of a cantilever array 151 6.3. Semi-decentralized approximation of optimal control applied to a cantilever array 164 6.4. Simulation of large-scale periodic circuits by a homogenization method 175 6.5. Bibliography 191 6.6. Appendix 193 Chapter 7. Fractional Order Modeling and Identification for Electrochemical Nano-biochip 197 Abdelbaki DJOUAMBI, Alina VODA, Pierre GRANGEAT, Pascal MAILLEY 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Mathematical background 199 7.3. Prediction error algorithm for fractional order system identification 202 7.4. Fractional order modeling of electrochemical processes 206 7.5. Identification of a real electrochemical biochip 209 7.6. Conclusion 215 7.7. Bibliography 217 PART III. FROM NANOWORLD TO MACRO AND HUMAN INTERFACES 221 Chapter 8. Human-in-the-loop Telemicromanipulation System Assisted by Multisensory Feedback 223 Mehdi AMMI, Antoine FERREIRA 8.1. Introduction 224 8.2. Haptic-based multimodal telemicromanipulation system 225 8.3. 3D visual perception using virtual reality 228 8.4. Haptic rendering for intuitive and efficient interaction with the microenvironment 237 8.5. Evaluating manipulation tasks through multimodal feedback and assistance metaphors 246 8.6. Conclusion 253 8.7.Bibliography 254 Chapter 9. Six-dof Teleoperation Platform: Application to Flexible Molecular Docking 257 Bruno DAUNAY, Stéphane RÉGNIER 9.1. Introduction 258 9.2. Proposed approach 261 9.3. Force-position control scheme 266 9.4. Control scheme for high dynamical and delayed systems 277 9.5. From energy description of a force field to force feeling 287 9.6. Conclusion 295 9.7. Bibliography 297 List of Authors 301 Index 305

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Book SynopsisThe main purpose of this book is to remind new engineers in silicon foundry, the fundamental physical and chemical rules in major Front end treatments: oxidation, epitaxy, ion implantation and impurities diffusion. Table of ContentsPreface xiAnnie BAUDRANT Chapter 1. Silicon and Silicon Carbide Oxidation 1Jean-Jacques GANEM and Isabelle TRIMAILLE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Overview of the various oxidation techniques 3 1.3. Some physical properties of silica 17 1.4. Equations of atomic transport during oxidation 28 1.5. Is it possible to identify the transport mechanisms taking place during oxidation? 35 1.6. Transport equations in the case of thermal oxidation 48 1.7. Deal and Grove theory of thermal oxidation 53 1.8. Theory of thermal oxidation under water vapor of silicon 67 1.9. Kinetics of growth in O2 for oxide films < 30 nm 72 1.10. Fluctuations of the oxidation constants under experimental conditions 84 1.11. Conclusion 92 1.12. Bibliography 92 Chapter 2. Ion Implantation 103Jean-Jacques GROB 2.1. Introduction 103 2.2. Ion implanters 105 2.3. Ion range 111 2.4. Creation and healing of the defects 124 2.5. Applications in traditional technologies and new tendencies 136 2.6. Conclusion 147 2.7. Bibliography 147 Chapter 3. Dopant Diffusion: Modeling and Technological Challenges 155Daniel MATHIOT 3.1. Introduction 155 3.2. Diffusion in solids 157 3.3. Dopant diffusion in single-crystal silicon 176 3.4. Examples of associated engineering problems 191 3.5. Dopant diffusion in germanium 196 3.6. Conclusion 201 3.7. Bibliography 201 Chapter 4. Epitaxy of Strained Si/Si1-x Gex Heterostructures 209Jean-Michel HARTMANN 4.1. Introduction 209 4.2. Engineering of the pMOSFET transistor channel using pseudomorphic SiGe layers 222 4.3. Engineering of the nMOSFET transistor channel using pseudomorphic Si1-yCy layers; SiGeC diffusion barriers 233 4.4. Epitaxy of Si raised sources and drains on ultra-thin SOI substrates 243 4.5. Epitaxy of recessed and raised SiGe:B sources and drains on ultra-thin SOI and SON substrates 248 4.6. Virtual SiGe substrates: fabrication of sSOI substrates and of dual c-Ge / t-Si channels 253 4.7. Thin or thick layers of pure Ge on Si for nano and opto-electronics 275 4.8. Devices based on sacrificial layers of SiGe 292 4.9. Conclusions and prospects 311 4.10. Bibliography 317 List of Authors 333 Index 335

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Book SynopsisWith the growing maturity of information and communication technologies, systems have been interconnected within growing networks, yielding new services through a combination of the system functionalities. This leads to an increasing complexity that has to be managed in order to take advantage of these system integrations. This book provides key answers as to how such systems of systems can be engineered and how their complexity can be mastered. After reviewing some definitions on systems of systems engineering, the book focuses on concrete applications and offers a survey of the activities and techniques that allow engineering of complex systems and systems of systems. Case studies, ranging from emergency situations such as Hurricane Katrina and its crisis management or a generic scenario of a major traffic accident and its emergency response, to the establishment of a scientific basis in the Antarctic region illustrate key factors of success and traps to avoid in order to cope with such situations.Trade Review"The five parts of this book will provide the reader with a detailed description of all the elements that make up a RFID system today, including hot topics such as the privacy concerns, and the Internet of Things." (Radio-Electronics.com, 1 December 2011) Table of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Introduction xv PART 1: ENGINEERING LARGE-SCALE COMPLEX SYSTEMS AND EMERGENCY SITUATION MANAGEMENT 1 Chapter 1. Engineering Large-scale Complex Systems 3 Dominique LUZEAUX 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The notion of service in large complex systems 7 1.3. Architecture: a key concept 11 1.4. Towards resilient systems 13 1.5. Development of relationships between participants 28 1.6. Complexity: plurality of viewpoints for systems engineering 35 1.7. The maintenance and logistics of systems of systems 59 1.8. Perspectives and lines of enquiry 61 1.9. Conclusion 79 1.10. Bibliography 82 Chapter 2. Management of Emergency Situations: Architecture and Engineering of Systems of Systems 85 Jean-René RUAULT 2.1. Introduction 85 2.2. Main concepts of systems engineering 86 2.3. Context of the emergency situation management scenario 89 2.4. Architecture of component systems of the system of systems 116 2.5. Conclusion 197 2.6. Acknowledgements 197 2.7. Bibliography 198 PART 2: CASE STUDY: ANTARCTICA LIFE SUPPORT FACILITY 205 Chapter 3. Introduction to the Antarctica Life Support Facility Case Study 207 Jean-Luc WIPPLER 3.1. Why Antarctica? 208 3.2. Fictional context of the study 209 3.3. Some data on the Antarctic and Adélie Land 212 3.4. Bibliography 213 Chapter 4. Finding the Right Problem 215 Philippe THUILLIER and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 4.1. What system are we dealing with? 216 4.2. System lifecycle 221 4.3. Who does the system involve? 226 4.4. Creating a working framework 228 4.5. Gathering information 229 4.6. Modeling the context 235 4.7. Understanding and defining goals 236 4.8. Modeling the domain 241 4.9. Defining stakeholder requirements and constraints 247 4.10. Things to remember: stakeholder-requirements engineering 251 4.11. Bibliography 252 Chapter 5. Who Can Solve the Problem? 255 Olivier KLOTZ and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 5.1. Consultation and selection 256 5.2. Responding (and winning) 262 5.3. Committing to a “right” definition of the system to be created 272 5.4. Creating the list of technical requirements 284 5.5. Things to remember: technical requirements engineering 290 5.6. Bibliography 291 Chapter 6. Solving the Problem 293 Charlotte SEIDNER and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 6.1. General approach 294 6.2. Functional design 297 6.3. Physical design 313 6.4. Interfaces 326 6.5. The “playing fields” of the systems architect 333 6.6. EFFBDs 336 6.7. Things to remember: architectural design 342 6.8. Bibliography 343 Chapter 7. Solving the Problem Completely, in a Coherent and Optimal Manner 345 Jean-François GAJEWSKI, Hélène GASPARD-BOULINC and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 7.1. Making the right technical decisions at the right level and the right time 347 7.2. Integrating disciplines 366 7.3. Bibliography 391 Chapter 8. Anticipating Integration, Verification and Validation 393 Daniel PRUN and Jean-Luc WIPPLER 8.1. Positioning integration, verification and validation 395 8.2. Integration, verification and validation in the system’s lifecycle 403 8.3. Analyzing input 405 8.4. Establishing an integration, verification and validation strategy 407 8.5. Defining the infrastructure 419 8.6. Integration, verification and validation organization 422 8.7. Choosing techniques 423 8.8. Things to remember: integration, verification and validation 427 8.9. Bibliography 429 Chapter 9. Conclusion to the “Antarctica Life Support Facility” Case Study 431 Jean-Luc WIPPLER 9.1. “Before we can manage a solution, we need to find one!” 432 9.2. “Modeling isn’t drawing!” 434 9.3. Implementing systems engineering 437 9.4. Acknowledgements 439 9.5. Bibliography 440 Conclusion 441 List of Authors 443 Index 445

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Book SynopsisLogic and its components (propositional, first-order, non-classical) play a key role in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence. While a large amount of information exists scattered throughout various media (books, journal articles, webpages, etc.), the diffuse nature of these sources is problematic and logic as a topic benefits from a unified approach. Logic for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence utilizes this format, surveying the tableaux, resolution, Davis and Putnam methods, logic programming, as well as for example unification and subsumption. For non-classical logics, the translation method is detailed. Logic for Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence is the classroom-tested result of several years of teaching at Grenoble INP (Ensimag). It is conceived to allow self-instruction for a beginner with basic knowledge in Mathematics and Computer Science, but is also highly suitable for use in traditional courses. The reader is guided by clearly motivated concepts, introductions, historical remarks, side notes concerning connections with other disciplines, and numerous exercises, complete with detailed solutions, The title provides the reader with the tools needed to arrive naturally at practical implementations of the concepts and techniques discussed, allowing for the design of algorithms to solve problems.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Logic, foundations of computer science, and applications of logic to computer science 1 1.2. On the utility of logic for computer engineers 3 Chapter 2. A Few Thoughts Before the Formalization 7 2.1. What is logic? 7 2.2. Somehistoric landmarks 32 Chapter 3. Propositional Logic 39 3.1. Syntaxand semantics 40 3.2. Themethodof semantic tableaux 54 3.3. Formal systems 64 3.4. Aformal systemforPL(PC) 78 3.5. ThemethodofDavis andPutnam 92 3.6. Semantic trees inPL 96 3.7. The resolutionmethodinPL 101 3.8. Problems, strategies, andstatements 109 3.9. Hornclauses 113 3.10. Algebraic point of view of propositional logic 114 Chapter 4. First-order Terms 121 4.1. Matchingandunification 121 4.2. First-order terms, substitutions, unification 125 Chapter 5. First-Order Logic (FOL) or Predicate Logic (PL1, PC1) 131 5.1. Syntax 133 5.2. Semantics 137 5.3. Semantic tableauxin FOL 154 5.4. Unification in the method of semantic tableaux 166 5.5. Toward a semi-decision procedure for FOL 169 5.6. Semantic trees inFOL 186 5.7. The resolutionmethodinFOL 190 5.8. Adecidable class: themonadic class 202 5.9. Limits: Godel’s (first) incompleteness theorem 206 Chapter 6. Foundations of Logic Programming 213 6.1. Specifications and programming 213 6.2. Toward a logic programming language 219 6.3. Logicprogramming: examples 222 6.4. Computability and Horn clauses 241 Chapter 7. Artificial Intelligence 245 7.1. Intelligent systems: AI 245 7.2. What approaches to studyAI? 249 7.3. Toward an operational definition of intelligence 249 7.4. Can we identify human intelligence with mechanicalintelligence? 251 7.5. Somehistory 254 7.6. Some undisputed themes in AI 256 Chapter 8. Inference 259 8.1. Deductiveinference 260 8.2. An important concept: clause subsumption 266 8.3. Abduction 273 8.4. Inductive inference 278 8.5. Generalization: the generation of inductive hypotheses 284 Chapter 9. Problem Specification in Logical Languages 291 9.1. Equality 291 9.2. Constraints 309 9.3. Second Order Logic (SOL): a few notions 319 Chapter 10. Non-classical Logics 327 10.1. Many-valuedlogics 327 10.2. Inaccurate concepts: fuzzy logic 337 10.3. Modal logics 353 10.4. Some elements of temporal logic 371 Chapter 11. Knowledge and Logic: Some Notions 385 11.1. What is knowledge? 386 11.2. Knowledge and modal logic 389 Chapter 12. Solutions to the Exercises 395 Bibliography 515 Index 517

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Book SynopsisThe recent “concept of 2.0", a consequence of "Web 2.0", discusses the emergence of a new style, emancipated from the Web, which finds applications in all areas of social activity: management, innovation, education , organization, territory, etc. This book considers the implications of the changing paradigm for competitive, economic and territorial intelligence applied to innovation, value creation and enhancement of territories. Competitive intelligence is therefore in the "2.0" and its values: perpetual beta, user-generated content, social relations, etc., horizontality, a renewed legitimacy. This book, collecting contributions from international experts, testifies to the heterogeneity and richness of possible approaches. It provides a totally new way of evaluating the impact of 2.0 with concrete examples, while analyzing the theoretical models allowing the reader to develop in other contexts the described cases of success.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Zhouying JIN Introduction xv Luc QUONIAM PART ONE: Organization 1 Chapter 1. Competitive Intelligence 2.0: A Three-Dimensional Relationship? 3 Philippe KISLIN 1.1. Introduction: From information society boom 3 1.2. … to the emergence of competitive intelligence 5 1.3. CI perceived as a way of managing relationships 8 1.4. Decision-maker – watcher – information triangle: Toward a “bermudization” of actors? 11 1.5. Teaching companies to be “intelligent”: competitive versus competition? 15 1.6. Conclusion 17 1.7. Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Management 2.0 23 Miguel ROMBERT TRIGO, João CASQUEIRA CARDOSO and Bruno Filipe CARVALHO SOARES 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Competitive environment of the 21st Century 24 2.3. Management 2.0: the world is flat, but organizations should be full 34 2.4. Conclusion 42 2.5. Bibliography 42 Chapter 3. Sustainable Development 2.0: Seeking “The Creation of Shared Values” 45 Fabrice MAULEON 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Common features of a new paradigm of 2.0 compliant organizational management 47 3.3. The outlines of Sustainable Development 2.0 56 3.4. Conclusion 68 3.5. Bibliography 69 Chapter 4. Corporate Education and Web 2.0 73 Miguel ROMBERT TRIGO, Alice Maria SALGADO GONÇALVES and João CASQUEIRA CARDOSO 4.1. Introduction: what is corporate education? 73 4.2. Evolution of corporate education 76 4.3. Corporate Education 2.0 79 4.4. Good examples of Corporate Education 2.0 84 4.5. Competitive Intelligence and Corporate Education 2.0 88 4.6. Conclusion 89 4.7. Bibliography 89 Chapter 5. Marketing 2.0 93 Sébastien BRUYÈRE 5.1. Introduction 93 5.2. E-marketing: a changing activity 93 5.3. Web Analytics: an essential discipline for an effective e-marketing piloting 98 5.4. Conclusion 110 5.5. Bibliography 111 PART TWO: Innovation 117 Chapter 6. Parallax: Mindset 2.0 119 Patricia DUPIN 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Thought and action in the digital age 119 6.3. Talent for economic intelligence 126 6.4. Final considerations 135 6.5. Bibliography 136 Chapter 7. Competitive Intelligence 2.0 Tools 139 Christophe DESCHAMPS 7.1. Introduction 139 7.2. The impact of 2.0 tools on the deployment of competitive intelligence in business 140 7.3. Typology of 2.0 technologies for competitive intelligence 148 7.4. Perspectives of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 156 7.5. Conclusion 158 7.6. Bibliography 159 Chapter 8. Patent Information 2.0, Technology Transfer, and Resource Development 161 Henri DOU 8.1. Introduction161 8.2. Methodology 162 8.3. International patent classification 163 8.4. A systematic analysis 164 8.5. Search strategies for establishing the initial corpus 167 8.6. Interpretation of results 169 8.7. More precise choices from selected patent 171 8.8. Generalization of the method 173 8.9. Conclusion 177 8.10. Bibliography 178 Chapter 9. Industrial Property: Competitive Weapon 2.0 (Case Study of Tenofovir) 179 Wanise BARROSO and Joachim QUEYRAS 9.1. Introduction179 9.2. Current status of the subject in the international context 181 9.3. Research and results on Tenofovir 183 9.4. Results 187 9.5. Conclusion 188 9.6. Bibliography 191 Chapter 10. Innovation, Serendipity 2.0, Filing Patents from Biomedical Literature Exploration 195 Jean-Dominique PIERRET and Fabrizio DOLFI 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. The work of Don Swanson 197 10.3. Diseases-Physiopathology-Molecules (DPM) 201 10.4. Conclusion: the place of LBD today 208 10.5. Acknowledgment 213 10.6. Bibliography 213 Chapter 11. Processing Business News for Detecting Firms’ Global Networking Strategies 219 Brigitte GAY 11.1. Introduction 219 11.2. A strong trend: Webs of transactions 221 11.3. Leveraging Web 2.0 for analysis of global interfirm trade 224 11.4. Companies: “open” but “caught in the Web” 227 11.5. Conclusion 236 11.6. Bibliography 238 Chapter 12. Information Property and Liability in the 2.0? 241 Arnaud LUCIEN 12.1. Introduction 241 12.2. Information Property 2.0: questioning authors’ status 244 12.3. Personal information property: considering the topic in the light of 2.0 250 12.4. Publishing Activity 2.0: liability and information 253 12.5. Conclusion 257 12.6. Bibliography 258 PART THREE: Territory 261 Chapter 13. Territory and Organizational Reputation 2.0 263 Serge CHAUDY and Lucia GRANGET 13.1. Introduction 263 13.2. Communication strategies of organizations in the 2.0 concept 265 13.3. Promotion of the territories 272 13.4. Conclusion 281 13.5. Bibliography 282 Chapter 14. Triple Helix and Territorial Intelligence 2.0 285 Rosana PAULUCI 14.1. Evolution in the 2.0 world 285 14.2. Knowledge, innovation, and development 286 14.3. The ST&I systems for Brazilian intelligence 288 14.4. Innovation Portal, the observatory for strategic intelligence 294 14.5. The strategic intelligence system of the Innovation Portal (SISIP): a tool for the Brazilian government 300 14.6. Conclusion 312 14.7. Bibliography 312 Chapter 15. Regional Development 2.0 315 Henri DOU 15.1. Introduction 315 15.2. Definition of Competitive Intelligence 316 15.3. Innovation 317 15.4. An introductory example: South Korea 321 15.5. Other examples of cluster development 324 15.6. The “pre-clustering” in developing countries 327 15.7. Conclusion 330 15.8. Bibliography 331 Chapter 16. Government Strategies of Territorial Intelligence 2.0: Support to SMEs-TPE 333 Kira TARAPANOFF, José RINCON FERREIRA, and Lillian AlVARES 16.1. Introduction 333 16.2. Elements of the 2.0 concept applied to the TIN network 334 16.3. Social and economic impact of the TIN network: some indicators 346 16.4. Telecenters and competitive intelligence: The future of Innovation 2.0 348 16.5. Bibliography 349 Chapter 17. University: Catalyst for the Implementation of Competitive Intelligence 2.0 in Africa (Case Study of Nigeria) 351 Amos DAVID 17.1. Introduction 351 17.2. Genesis of the introduction of EI in Nigeria 352 17.3. Participation in international projects 356 17.4. Economic intelligence: a developmental perspective for Nigeria 359 17.5. Bibliography 360 List of Authors 363 Index 367

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Book SynopsisMicroelectronics is a complex world where many sciences need to collaborate to create nano-objects: we need expertise in electronics, microelectronics, physics, optics and mechanics also crossing into chemistry, electrochemistry, as well as biology, biochemistry and medicine. Chemistry is involved in many fields from materials, chemicals, gases, liquids or salts, the basics of reactions and equilibrium, to the optimized cleaning of surfaces and selective etching of specific layers. In addition, over recent decades, the size of the transistors has been drastically reduced while the functionality of circuits has increased. This book consists of five chapters covering the chemicals and sequences used in processing, from cleaning to etching, the role and impact of their purity, along with the materials used in “Front End Of the Line” which corresponds to the heart and performance of individual transistors, then moving on to the “Back End Of the Line” which is related to the interconnection of all the transistors. Finally, the need for specific functionalization also requires key knowledge on surface treatments and chemical management to allow new applications. Contents 1. Chemistry in the “Front End of the Line” (FEOL): Deposits, Gate Stacks, Epitaxy and Contacts, François Martin, Jean-Michel Hartmann, Véronique Carron and Yannick Le Tiec. 2. Chemistry in Interconnects, Vincent Jousseaume, Paul-Henri Haumesser, Carole Pernel, Jeffery Butterbaugh, Sylvain Maîtrejean and Didier Louis. 3. The Chemistry of Wet Surface Preparation: Cleaning, Etching and Drying, Yannick Le Tiec and Martin Knotter. 4. The Use and Management of Chemical Fluids in Microelectronics, Christiane Gottschalk, Kevin Mclaughlin, Julie Cren, Catherine Peyne and Patrick Valenti. 5. Surface Functionalization for Micro- and Nanosystems: Application to Biosensors, Antoine Hoang, Gilles Marchand, Guillaume Nonglaton, Isabelle Texier-Nogues and Francoise Vinet. About the Authors Yannick Le Tiec is a technical expert at CEA-Leti, Minatec since 2002. He is a CEA-Leti assignee at IBM, Albany (NY) to develop the advanced 14 nm CMOS node and the FDSOI technology. He held different technical positions from the advanced 300 mm SOI CMOS pilot line to different assignments within SOITEC for advanced wafer development and later within INES to optimize solar cell ramp-up and yield. He has been part of the ITRS Front End technical working group at ITRS since 2008.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Chemistry in the "Front End of the Line" (FEOL): Deposits, Gate Stacks, Epitaxy and Contacts 1 François MARTIN, Jean-Michel HARTMANN, Véronique CARRON and Yannick LE TIEC 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Arrangement of the gate 3 1.3. Chemistry of crystalline materials 19 1.4. Contact areas between the gate and the "source" and "drain" 38 1.5. General conclusion 57 1.6. List of Abbreviations 58 1.7. Bibliography 59 Chapter 2. Chemistry in Interconnects 81 Vincent JOUSSEAUME, Paul-Henri HAUMESSER, Carole PERNEL, Jeffery BUTTERBAUGH, Sylvain MAÎTREJEAN and Didier LOUIS 2.1. Introduction 81 2.2. Interconnects: generalities and background 83 2.3. Dielectric deposits 99 2.4. Deposition and properties of metal layers for interconnect structures 122 2.5. Cleaning process for copper interconnects 144 2.6. General conclusions and perspectives 161 2.7. List of Abbreviations 164 2.8. Bibliography 165 Chapter 3. The Chemistry of Wet Surface Preparation: Cleaning, Etching and Drying 187 Yannick LE TIEC and Martin KNOTTER 3.1. Introduction 187 3.2. Cleaning 188 3.3. Wet etching 202 3.4. Rinsing and drying 214 3.5. Conclusion 224 3.6. List of Abbreviations 225 3.7. Bibliography 225 Chapter 4. The Use and Management of Chemical Fluids in Microelectronics 233 Christiane GOTTSCHALK, Kevin MCLAUGHLIN, Julie CREN, Catherine PEYNE and Patrick VALENTI 4.1. Ultrapure water 233 4.2. Gases for semiconductors 251 4.3. Dissolved gases 268 4.4. High-purity chemicals 283 4.5. Waste management 290 4.6. List of Abbreviations 301 4.7. Bibliography 303 Chapter 5. Surface Functionalization for Micro- and Nanosystems: Application to Biosensors 309 Antoine HOANG, Gilles MARCHAND, Guillaume NONGLATON, Isabelle TEXIER-NOGUES and Francoise VINET 5.1. Introduction 309 5.2. Materials 310 5.3. Functionalization process 317 5.4. Molecule and macromolecule immobilization 332 5.5. Analytes capture 340 5.6. Conclusion 348 5.7. List of Abbreviations 349 5.8. Bibliography 349 List of Authors 361 Index 363

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Book SynopsisScientists largely attribute the recent deterioration of the electromagnetic environment to power electronics. This realization has spurred the study of methodical approaches to electromagnetic compatibility designs as explored in this text. The book addresses major challenges, such as handling numerous parameters vital to predicting electro magnetic effects and achieving compliance with line-harmonics norms, while proposing potential solutions.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Phenomena of Perturbation in Electrical Systems 1 1.1. Electromagnetic perturbations in energy systems 1 1.1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Power grid harmonics 6 1.2.1 Presentation 6 1.2.2. Characterization of the quality of electrical energy 8 1.2.3. Relevant standards for harmonic emissions 10 1.2.4. Classification of appliances 11 1.2.5. The limits of harmonic currents 12 1.2.6. Examples of observations of harmonic currents 15 1.2.7. Fluorescent lighting scenario 16 1.2.8. Practical scenario of the improvement of the total harmonic distortion generated by a variable-frequency drive 20 1.2.9. Converter with sinusoidal absorption 24 1.3. Common-mode and differential-mode conducted perturbations. 29 1.3.1. Common mode and differential mode 30 1.3.2. Crosstalk 41 1.4. Measuring electromagnetic perturbations 44 1.4.1. The line impedance stabilization network 44 1.4.2. Current sensors 46 1.4.3. Antennae 53 1.4.4. Spectrum analyzer 65 1.5. The standards 72 1.6. Bibliography 73 Chapter 2. Fundamental Principles 75 2.1. Sources of noise: the switching cell and its control 75 2.1.1. Origin of conducted and radiated perturbations in static converters 76 2.2. Modeling 77 2.2.1. Simple model of the switching cell 77 2.2.2. More complex model of the switching cell 82 2.3. Characterization of coupling functions and parasitic elements 86 2.3.1. Passive components and differential-mode effects 86 2.3.2. Invisible parasitic elements and common-mode effects 89 2.3.3. Parasitic effects contributing to undesirable couplings 91 2.4. Electromagnetic compatibility study of a practical scenario: the Buck chopper 103 2.4.1. Description of the case study 104 2.4.2. Influence of the design parameters of the converter 109 2.4.3. Influence of technological parameters and control 111 2.4.4. Other sources of switching noise 112 2.4.5. Other switching modes: soft switching, advantages and constraints 113 2.5. EMC study of an insulated DC-DC fly back power supply 114 2.5.1. Description of the device 114 2.5.2. Creation of the circuit model 117 2.5.3. Analysis of switchings in the structure 121 2.5.4. Electric simulation of the complete structure 123 2.6. Corrected exercise number 1: conducted perturbations of a step-up chopper 127 2.7. Answers with comments 130 2.8. Bibliography 141 Chapter 3. EMC of Complex Electrical Energy Conversion Systems: Electromagnetic Actuators 143 3.1. How to define a complex system? 143 3.2. Qualitative study 145 3.2.1. Description of the conversion chain 145 3.2.2. Reminder of the standards. 147 3.2.3. Propagation methods 149 3.3. Modeling in frequency domain 152 3.3.1. Linearization of the switching cell 152 3.3.2. Modeling of the perturbation sources 157 3.4. Frequency-based representation of an inverter 173 3.4.1. Equivalent common-mode source – simplified diagram 173 3.4.2. Differential-mode influence 176 3.4.3. Proposed frequency-based diagram 178 3.5. Modeling of the cables and motors 179 3.5.1. Estimation of the primary parameters of the power cables 179 3.5.2. High-frequency model of an asynchronous machine 185 3.6. Connection of the cable and the motor 196 3.6.1. Total impedance read by the variable-speed drive 196 3.6.2. Measuring the total common-mode impedance 197 3.7. Results 198 3.7.1. Time-based simulation and frequency-based simulation 198 3.7.2. Measurement versus simulation 200 3.8. Passing from the time domain to the frequency domain: circuit simulations 201 3.9. Conclusion 204 3.10. Bibliography 205 Chapter 4. Concrete Study of Solutions for the Reduction of Electromagnetic Perturbations 207 4.1. Concrete study of solutions for the reduction of electromagnetic perturbations 207 4.1.1. Introduction 207 4.2. Filtering conducted emissions: analysis and conceptual design of common-mode filters 212 4.2.1. Introduction 212 4.2.2. Description of a common-mode filter 214 4.3. Case study: determining a common-mode filter for a variable-speed drive 221 4.3.1. Equivalent model of the drive 221 4.3.2. Filter simulated using perfect components 223 4.3.3. Effect of the parasitic elements of components 226 4.4. Design and optimization components 230 4.4.1. Study of capacitors 230 4.4.2. Study of the common-mode toric inductance 232 4.4.3. Results 237 4.5. Conclusion 239 4.5.1. Corrected exercise: filtering the conducted perturbations of a step-up chopper 239 4.6. Shielding 248 4.6.1. Introduction 248 4.6.2. Breakdown of shielding effects 249 4.6.3. Materials 252 4.6.4. Wave impedance 257 4.6.5. Expression of attenuations 264 4.6.6. Global attenuation: case study 269 4.6.7. Shielding issues for magnetic fields in low frequency 273 4.7. Conclusion 275 4.8. Bibliography 276 Index 279

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Book SynopsisResource allocation and power optimization is a new challenge in multimedia services in cellular communication systems. To provide a better end-user experience, the fourth generation (4G) standard Long Term Evolution/Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE/LTE-Advanced) has been developed for high-bandwidth mobile access to accommodate today’s data-heavy applications. LTE/LTE-Advanced has adopted discontinuous reception (DRX) to extend the user equipment’s battery lifetime, thereby further supporting various services and large amounts of data transmissions. By introducing the basics of mathematical analysis and performance evaluation of power-saving mechanisms in 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) LTE and LTE-Advanced networks, the authors of this book aim to describe novel algorithms which could have better performance capabilities than previous methods. Chapter 1 gives the basic theory description of the 3GPP LTE network and 3GPP DRX power saving mechanism, empirical measurements of LTE network traffic and an overview of the basic LTE DRX model in the field of power saving techniques. Chapter 2 provides steps for deriving a 2-state analytical model up to a 4-state DRX model. The third and final chapter summarizes alternative methods for the implementation of LTE DRX. Contents 1. Basic Theory. 2. Analytical Semi-Markov Power-Saving Models. 3. Other Approaches for LTE Power Saving. About the Authors Scott A. Fowler is Associate Professor at Linköping University, Sweden, working with the Mobile Telecommunication (MT) group. He has served on several IEEE conferences/workshops as TPC to Chair, including Special Interest Groups coordinator for IEEE Communications Software (CommSoft) Technical Committee since 2012. His research interests include Quality of Service (QoS) support over heterogeneous networks, computer networks (wired, wireless), energy management, mobile computing, pervasive/ubiquitous, performance evaluation of networks and security. Abdelhamid Mellouk is Full Professor at the University of Paris-Est Créteil VdM (UPEC, ex. Paris 12), Networks & Telecommunications (N&T) Department (IUT C/V) and LiSSi Laboratory in France. He is a founder of the Network Control Research activity with extensive international academic and industrial collaborations. His general area of research is in adaptive real-time control for high-speed new generation dynamic wired/wireless networking in order to maintain acceptable Quality of Service/Experience for added-value services. Naomi Yamada is a research associate at Linköping University, Sweden.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. BASIC THEORY 1 1.1. LTE overview 2 1.2. Scheduling in LTE 5 1.2.1. Quality of Service parameters 6 1.2.2. Channel quality indicator 8 1.2.3. Buffer state and resource allocation history 10 1.3. LTE Traffic measurements 11 1.3.1. Testing environment 12 1.3.2. VoIP preliminary capacity 13 1.3.3. Video conversation preliminary capacity 14 1.3.4. Post video and live video preliminary capacity 15 1.3.5. Summary on the LTE Traffic measurements 18 1.4. User equipment power saving in LTE 18 1.4.1. DRX cycle 18 1.5. Models for LTE Power Saving 24 1.5.1. 3GPP power consumption model 25 1.5.2. Characteristics of NokiaTM power consumption model 26 1.6. Conclusion 29 1.7. Bibliography 30 CHAPTER 2. ANALYTICAL SEMI-MARKOV POWER-SAVING MODELS 33 2.1. Introduction of bursty packet data traffic 33 2.2. Designing a simple Two-state DRX model using semi-Markov 36 2.2.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 38 2.2.2. Transition probability matrix 39 2.2.3. How we obtain equation [2.4] 39 2.2.4. Holding states 40 2.2.5. State H1 40 2.2.6. Sleep states H2 42 2.2.7. DRX cycles in basic 3GPP LTE 43 2.2.8. Wake-up delay 43 2.2.9. Power-saving factor (PS) 44 2.2.10. Numerical results 44 2.3. Three-state fixed model 47 2.3.1. State 1 to state 1 and state 1 to state 2 49 2.3.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 49 2.3.3. Transition probability matrix 50 2.3.4. State H1 51 2.3.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 51 2.3.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 52 2.3.7. Numerical results 54 2.3.8. Summary of the Three-state model 59 2.4. Four-state fixed model 60 2.4.1. State 1 to state 1, state 1 to state 2 and state 1 to state 3 61 2.4.2. State 2 to state 1, state 2 to state 2 and state 2 to state 3 61 2.4.3. State 3 to state 1, state 3 to state 2 and state 3 to state 4 62 2.4.4. State 4 to state 1 and state 4 to state 2 63 2.4.5. Transition probability matrix 63 2.4.6. Sleep states H3 and H4 65 2.4.7. Power-saving factor (PS) 66 2.4.8. Numerical results 68 2.5. Conclusion 69 2.6. Bibliography 69 CHAPTER 3. OTHER APPROACHES FOR LTE POWER SAVING 71 3.1. Scheduling schemes 71 3.2. DRX power-saving method 74 3.3. Analytical work 78 3.4. Analytical Adjustable-DRX Three-state model 79 3.4.1. Adjustable DRX timer state for light sleep 79 3.4.2. State 2 to state 1 and state 2 to state 3 80 3.4.3. Transition probability matrix 81 3.4.4. Adjustable DRX cycles in 3GPP LTE 82 3.4.5. Sleep states H2 and H3 83 3.4.6. Power-saving factor (PS) 84 3.4.7. Numerical results 86 3.5. Conclusion 92 3.6. Bibliography 92 ACRONYMS AND NOTATIONS 95 INDEX 101

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Book SynopsisThe improvement of energy efficiency in electronics and computing systems is currently central to information and communication technology design; low-cost cooling, autonomous portable systems and functioning on recovered energy all need to be continuously improved to allow modern technology to compute more while consuming less. This book presents the basic principles of the origins and limits of heat dissipation in electronic systems. Mechanisms of energy dissipation, the physical foundations for understanding CMOS components and sophisticated optimization techniques are explored in the first half of the book, before an introduction to reversible and quantum computing. Adiabatic computing and nano-relay technology are then explored as new solutions to achieving improvements in heat creation and energy consumption, particularly in renewed consideration of circuit architecture and component technology. Concepts inspired by recent research into energy efficiency are brought together in this book, providing an introduction to new approaches and technologies which are required to keep pace with the rapid evolution of electronics.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Dissipation Sources in Electronic Circuits 1 1.1. Brief description of logic types 1 1.1.1. Boolean logic 1 1.1.2. Combinational and sequential logic 7 1.1.3. NMOS and PMOS transistors 15 1.1.4. Complementary CMOS logic 21 1.1.5. Pass-transistor logic 26 1.1.6. Dynamic logic 29 1.2. Origins of heat dissipation in circuits 32 1.2.1. Joule effect in circuits 32 1.2.2. Calculating dynamic power 34 1.2.3. Calculating static power and its origins 37 Chapter 2. Thermodynamics and Information Theory 39 2.1. Recalling the basics: entropy and information 39 2.1.1. Statistical definition of entropy 39 2.1.2. Macroscopic energy and entropy 42 2.1.3. Thermostat exchange, Boltzmann’s law and the equal division of energy 46 2.1.4. Summary and example of energy production in a conductor carrying a current 50 2.1.5. Information and the associated entropy 52 2.2. Presenting Landauer’s principle 57 2.2.1. Presenting Landauer’s principle and other examples 57 2.2.2. Experimental validations of Landauer’s principle 64 2.3. Adiabaticity and reversibility 66 2.3.1. Adiabatic principle of charging capacitors 66 2.3.2. Adiabaticity and reversibility: a circuit approach 82 Chapter 3. Transistor Models in CMOS Technology 91 3.1. Reminder on semiconductor properties 91 3.1.1. State densities and semiconductor properties 91 3.1.2. Currents in a semiconductor 100 3.1.3. Contact potentials 102 3.1.4. Metal-oxide semiconductor structure 103 3.1.5. Weak and strong inversion 109 3.2. Long- and short-channel static models 114 3.2.1. Basic principle and brief history of semiconductor technology 114 3.2.2. Transistor architecture and Fermi pseudo-potentials 117 3.2.3. Calculating the current in a long-channel static regime 120 3.2.4. Calculating the current in a short-channel regime 129 3.3. Dynamic transistor models 132 3.3.1. Quasi-static regime 132 3.3.2. Dynamic regime 135 3.3.3. “Small signals” transistor model 136 Chapter 4. Practical and Theoretical Limits of CMOS Technology 143 4.1. Speed–dissipation trade-off and limits of CMOS technology 143 4.1.1. From the transistor to the integrated circuit 143 4.1.2. Trade-off between speed and consumption 146 4.1.3. The trade-off between dynamic consumption and static consumption 149 4.2. Sub-threshold regimes 154 4.2.1. Recall of the weak inversion properties 154 4.2.2. Limits to sub-threshold CMOS technology 160 4.3. Practical and theoretical limits in CMOS technology 162 4.3.1. Economic considerations and evolving methodologies 162 4.3.2. Technological difficulties: dissipation, variability and interconnects 164 4.3.3. Theoretical limits and open questions 171 Chapter 5. Very Low Consumption at System Level 177 5.1. The evolution of power management technologies 177 5.1.1. Basic techniques for reducing dynamic power 177 5.1.2. Basic techniques for reducing static power 180 5.1.3. Designing in 90, 65 and 45 nm technology 185 5.2. Sub-threshold integrated circuits 186 5.2.1. Sub-threshold circuit features 186 5.2.2. Pipeline and parallelization 187 5.2.3. New SRAM structures 187 5.3. Near-threshold circuits 188 5.3.1. Optimization method 189 5.4. Chip interconnect and networks 194 5.4.1. Dissipation in the interconnect 194 5.4.2. Techniques for reducing dissipation in the interconnect 199 Chapter 6. Reversible Computing and Quantum Computing 203 6.1. The basis for reversible computing 203 6.1.1. Introduction 203 6.1.2. Group structure of reversible gates 205 6.1.3. Conservative gates, linearity and affinity 206 6.1.4. Exchange gates 207 6.1.5. Control gates 210 6.1.6. Two basic theorems: “no fan-out” and “no cloning” 213 6.2. A few elements for synthesizing a function 214 6.2.1. The problem and constraints on synthesis 214 6.2.2. Synthesizing a reversible function 215 6.2.3. Synthesizing an irreversible function 218 6.2.4. The adder example 219 6.2.5. Hardware implementation of reversible gates 222 6.3. Reversible computing and quantum computing 225 6.3.1. Principles of quantum computing 226 6.3.2. Entanglement 227 6.3.3. A few examples of quantum gates 229 6.3.4. The example of Grover’s algorithm 231 Chapter 7. Quasi-adiabatic CMOS Circuits 237 7.1. Adiabatic logic gates in CMOS 237 7.1.1. Implementing the principles of optimal charge and adiabatic pipeline 237 7.1.2. ECRL and PFAL in CMOS 244 7.1.3. Comparison to other gate technologies 250 7.2. Calculation of dissipation in an adiabatic circuit 251 7.2.1. Calculation in the normal regime 251 7.2.2. Calculation in sub-threshold regimes 259 7.3. Energy-recovery supplies and their contribution to dissipation 264 7.3.1. Capacitor-based supply 264 7.3.2. Inductance-based supply 273 7.4. Adiabatic arithmetic architecture 280 7.4.1. Basic principles 280 7.4.2. Adder example 281 7.4.3. The interest in complex gates 283 Chapter 8. Micro-relay Based Technology 285 8.1. The physics of micro-relays 285 8.1.1. Different computing technologies 285 8.1.2. Different actuation technologies 287 8.1.3. Dynamic modeling of microelectro-mechanical relays 290 8.1.4. Implementation examples and technological difficulties 297 8.2. Calculation of dissipation in a micro-relay based circuit 299 8.2.1. Optimization of micro-relays through electrostatic actuation 299 8.2.2. Adiabatic regime solutions 307 8.2.3. Comparison between CMOS logic and micro-relays 312 Bibliography 317 Index 321

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Book SynopsisIntelligence is defined by the ability to optimize, manage and reconcile the currents of physical, economic and even social flows. The strong constraint of immediacy proves to be an opportunity to imagine, propose and deliver solutions on the common basis of optimization techniques. Metaheuristics for Intelligent Electrical Networks analyzes the use of metaheuristics through independent applications but united by the same methodology.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1 Single Solution Based Metaheuristics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The descent method 2 1.3 Simulated annealing 3 1.4 Microcanonical annealing 4 1.5 Tabu search 6 1.6 Pattern search algorithms 6 1.6.1 The GRASP method 7 1.6.2 Variable neighborhood search 8 1.6.3 Guided local search 10 1.6.4 Iterated local search 11 1.7 Other methods 12 1.7.1 The Nelder–Mead simplex method 13 1.7.2 The noising method 14 1.7.3 Smoothing methods 15 1.8 Conclusion 16 Chapter 2 Population-based Methods 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Evolutionary algorithms 18 2.2.1 Genetic algorithms 18 2.2.2 Evolution strategies 20 2.2.3 Coevolutionary algorithms 21 2.2.4 Cultural algorithms 21 2.2.5 Differential evolution 23 2.2.6 Biogeography-based optimization 25 2.2.7 Hybrid metaheuristic based on Bayesian estimation 27 2.3 Swarm intelligence 29 2.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization 29 2.3.2 Ant colony optimization 32 2.3.3 Cuckoo search 35 2.3.4 The firefly algorithm 36 2.3.5 The fireworks algorithm 38 2.4 Conclusion 42 Chapter 3 Performance Evaluation of Metaheuristics 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Performance measures 44 3.2.1 Quality of solutions 44 3.2.2 Computational effort 45 3.2.3 Robustness 46 3.3 Statistical analysis 46 3.3.1 Data description 47 3.3.2 Statistical tests 48 3.4 Literature benchmarks 49 3.4.1 Characteristics of a test function 49 3.4.2 Test functions 50 3.5 Conclusion 58 Chapter 4 Metaheuristics for FACTS Placement and Sizing 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 FACTS devices 61 4.2.1 The SVC 62 4.2.2 The STATCOM 63 4.2.3 The TCSC 63 4.2.4 The UPFC 63 4.3 The PF model and its solution 64 4.3.1 The PF model 64 4.3.2 Solution of the network equations 66 4.3.3 FACTS implementation and network modification 69 4.3.4 Formulation of FACTS placement problem as an optimization issue 69 4.4 PSO for FACTS placement 72 4.4.1 Solutions coding 73 4.4.2 Binary particle swarm optimization 75 4.4.3 Proposed Lévy-based hybrid PSO algorithm 82 4.4.4 “Hybridization” of continuous and discrete PSO algorithms for application to the positioning and sizing of FACTS 99 4.5 Application to the placement and sizing of two FACTS 100 4.5.1 Application to the 30-node IEEE network 103 4.5.2 Application to the IEEE 57-node network 104 4.5.3. Significance of the modified velocity likelihoods method 109 4.5.4 Influence of the upper and lower bounds on the velocity Vciof particles ci 111 4.5.5 Optimization of the placement of several FACTS of different types (general case) 115 4.6 Conclusion 118 Chapter 5 Genetic Algorithm-based Wind Farm Topology Optimization 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Problem statement 122 5.2.1 Context 122 5.2.2 Calculation of power flow in wind turbine connection cables 125 5.3 Genetic algorithms and adaptation to our problem 129 5.3.1 Solution encoding 129 5.3.2 Selection operator 131 5.3.3 Crossover 132 5.3.4 Mutation 135 5.4 Application 137 5.4.1 Application to farms of 15–20 wind turbines 140 5.4.2 Application to a farm of 30 wind turbines 140 5.4.3 Solution of a farm of 30 turbines proposed by human expertise 144 5.4.4 Validation 145 5.5 Conclusion 145 Chapter 6 Topological Study of Electrical Networks 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Topological study of networks 150 6.2.1 Random graphs 151 6.2.2 Generalized random graphs 151 6.2.3 Small-world networks 152 6.2.4 Scale-free networks 152 6.2.5 Some results inspired by the theory of percolation 153 6.2.6 Network dynamic robustness 160 6.3 Topological analysis of the Colombian electrical network 161 6.3.1 Phenomenological characteristics 161 6.3.2 Fractal dimension 169 6.3.3 Network robustness 179 6.4 Conclusion 182 Chapter 7. Parameter Estimation of α-Stable Distributions 183 7.1 Introduction 183 7.2 Lévy probability distribution 184 7.2.1 Definitions 184 7.2.2 McCulloch α-stable distribution generator 189 7.3 Elaboration of our non-parametric α-stable distribution estimator 191 7.3.1 Statistical tests 192 7.3.2 Identification of the optimization problem and design of the non-parametric estimator 195 7.4 Results and comparison with benchmarks 197 7.4.1 Validation with benchmarks 197 7.4.2 Parallelization of the process on a GP/GPU card 211 7.5 Conclusion 220 Chapter 8 SmartGrid and MicroGrid Perspectives 221 8.1 New SmartGrid concepts 221 8.2 Key elements for SmartGrid deployment 224 8.2.1 Improvement of network resilience in the face of catastrophic climate events 225 8.2.2 Increasing electrical network efficiency 227 8.2.3 Integration of the variability of renewable energy sources 229 8.3 SmartGrids and components technology architecture 231 8.3.1 Global SmartGrid architecture 231 8.3.2 Basic technological elements for SmartGrids 232 8.3.3 Integration of new MicroGrid layers: definition 235 Appendix 1 241 Appendix 2 245 Bibliography 251 Index 265

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to metaheuristics as applied to vehicle routing problems. Several implementations are given as illustrative examples, along with applications to several typical vehicle routing problems. As a first step, a general presentation intends to make the reader more familiar with the related field of logistics and combinatorial optimization. This preamble is completed with a description of significant heuristic methods classically used to provide feasible solutions quickly, and local improvement moves widely used to search for enhanced solutions. The overview of these fundamentals allows appreciating the core of the work devoted to an analysis of metaheuristic methods for vehicle routing problems. Those methods are exposed according to their feature of working either on a sequence of single solutions, or on a set of solutions, or even by hybridizing metaheuristic approaches with others kind of methods.Table of ContentsNotations and Abbreviations ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. General Presentation of Vehicle Routing Problems 1 1.1. Logistics management and combinatorial optimization 1 1.1.1. History of logistics 2 1.1.2. Logistics as a science 5 1.1.3. Combinatorial optimization 5 1.2. Vehicle routing problems 6 1.2.1. Problems in transportation optimization 6 1.2.2. Vehicle routing problems in other contexts 7 1.2.3. Characteristics of vehicle routing problems 7 1.2.4. The capacitated vehicle routing problem 11 1.3. Conclusion 13 Chapter 2. Simple Heuristics and Local Search Procedures 15 2.1. Simple heuristics 16 2.1.1. Constructive heuristics 16 2.1.2. Two-phase methods 19 2.1.3. Best-of approach and randomization 22 2.2. Local search 23 2.2.1. Principle 23 2.2.2. Classical moves 24 2.2.3. Feasibility tests 25 2.2.4. General approach from Vidal et al 28 2.2.5. Multiple neighborhoods 30 2.2.6. Very constrained problems 33 2.2.7. Acceleration techniques 33 2.2.8. Complex moves 36 2.3. Conclusion 37 Chapter 3. Metaheuristics Generating a Sequence of Solutions 39 3.1. Simulated annealing (SA) 39 3.1.1. Principle 39 3.1.2. Simulated annealing in vehicle routing problems 40 3.2. Greedy randomized adaptive search procedure: GRASP 41 3.2.1. Principle 41 3.2.2. GRASP in vehicle routing problems 43 3.3. Tabu search 44 3.3.1. Principle 44 3.3.2. Tabu search in vehicle routing problems 45 3.4. Variable neighborhood search 47 3.4.1. Principle 47 3.4.2. Variable neighborhood search in vehicle routing problems 49 3.5. Iterated local search 50 3.5.1. Principle 50 3.5.2. Iterated local search in vehicle routing problems 52 3.6. Guided local search 54 3.6.1. Principle 54 3.6.2. Guided local search in vehicle routing problems 55 3.7. Large neighborhood search 56 3.7.1. Principle 56 3.7.2. Large neighborhood search in vehicle routing problems 58 3.8. Transitional forms 59 3.8.1. Evolutionary local search principle 59 3.8.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 60 3.9. Selected examples 61 3.9.1. GRASP for the location-routing problem 61 3.9.2. Granular tabu search for the CVRP 65 3.9.3. Adaptive large neighborhood search for the pickup and delivery problem with time windows 69 3.10. Conclusion 74 Chapter 4. Metaheuristics Based on a Set of Solutions 77 4.1. Genetic algorithm and its variants 77 4.1.1. Genetic algorithm 77 4.1.2. Memetic algorithm 79 4.1.3. Memetic algorithm with population management 79 4.1.4. Genetic algorithm and its variants in vehicle routing problems 80 4.2. Scatter search 82 4.2.1. Scatter search principle 82 4.2.2. Scatter search in vehicle routing problems 83 4.3. Path relinking 83 4.3.1. Principle 84 4.3.2. Path relinking in vehicle routing problems 85 4.4. Ant colony optimization 86 4.4.1. Principle 86 4.4.2. ACO in vehicle routing problems 89 4.5. Particle swarm optimization 89 4.5.1. Principle 89 4.5.2. PSO in vehicle routing problems 90 4.6. Other approaches and their use in vehicle routing problems 91 4.7. Selected examples 92 4.7.1. Scatter search for the periodic capacitated arc routing problem 92 4.7.2. PR for the muti-depot periodic VRP 97 4.7.3. Unified genetic algorithm for a wide class of vehicle routing problems 101 4.8. Conclusion 106 Chapter 5. Metaheuristics Hybridizing Various Components 109 5.1. Hybridizing metaheuristics 109 5.1.1. Principle 110 5.1.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 111 5.1.3. Selected examples 112 5.2. Matheuristics 122 5.2.1. Principle 123 5.2.2. Application to vehicle routing problems 124 5.2.3. Selected examples 128 5.3. Conclusion 144 Conclusion 145 Bibliography 149 Index 167

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Book SynopsisThis didactic book presents the main elements of acoustics, aeroacoustics and vibrations. Illustrated with numerous concrete examples linked to solid and fluid continua, Acoustics, Aeroacoustics and Vibrations proposes a selection of applications encountered in the three fields, whether in room acoustics, transport, energy production systems or environmental problems. Theoretical approaches enable us to analyze the different processes in play. Typical results, mostly from numerical simulations, are used to illustrate the main phenomena (fluid acoustics, radiation, diffraction, vibroacoustics, etc.).Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. A Bit of History 1 1.1. The production of sound 1 1.2. The propagation of sound 4 1.3. The reception of sound 6 1.4. Aeroacoustics 7 Chapter 2. Elements of Continuum Mechanics 9 2.1. Mechanics of deformable media 9 2.1.1. Continuum 9 2.1.2. Kinematics of deformable media 10 2.1.3. Deformation tensor (or Green’s tensor) 12 2.2. Conservation laws 13 2.2.1. Conservation of mass 13 2.2.2. Conservation of momentum 14 2.2.3. Conservation of energy 15 2.3. Constitutive laws 15 2.3.1. Elasticity 16 2.3.2. Thermoelasticity and effects of temperature variations 19 2.3.3. Viscoelasticity 21 2.3.4. Fluid medium 28 2.4. Hamilton principle 29 2.5. Characteristics of materials 29 Chapter 3. Small Mathematics Travel Kit 31 3.1. Measure theory and Lebesgue integration 32 3.1.1. Boolean algebra 32 3.1.2. Measure on a σ-algebra 33 3.1.3. Convergence and integration of measurable functions 33 3.1.4. Functional space – functional 35 3.1.5. Measure as linear functional 36 3.2. Distributions 37 3.2.1. The space D of test functions 37 3.2.2. Distributions definition 37 3.2.3. Operations on distributions 39 3.2.4. N-dimensional generalization 43 3.2.5. Distributions tensor product 47 3.3. Convolution 48 3.3.1. Definition and first properties 48 3.3.2. Convolution algebra and Green’s function 50 3.4. Modal methods 52 3.4.1. Eigenmodes of a conservative system 52 3.4.2. Eigenmodes of a non-conservative system 55 Chapter 4. Fluid Acoustics 65 4.1. Acoustics equations 66 4.1.1. Conservation equations 66 4.1.2. Establishment of general equations 67 4.1.3. Establishment of the wave equation 68 4.1.4. Velocity potential 69 4.2. Propagation and general solutions 69 4.2.1. One-dimensional motion 69 4.2.2. Three-dimensional motion 70 4.3. Permanent regime: Helmholtz equation 71 4.3.1. General solutions 72 4.3.2. Green’s kernels 76 4.3.3. Wave group, phase velocity and group velocity 78 4.4. Discontinuity equations 80 4.4.1. Interface between two propagating media 80 4.4.2. Interface between a propagating and a non-propagating medium 82 4.5. Impedance: measurement and model 83 4.5.1. Kundt’s tube 83 4.5.2. Delany–Bazley model 85 4.6. Homogeneous anisotropic medium 87 4.7. Medium with a slowly varying celerity 88 4.8. Media in motion 89 4.8.1. Homogeneous medium in uniform motion 89 4.8.2. Plane interface between media in motion 90 4.8.3. Cylindrical interface between media in motion 92 4.8.4. Acoustic radiation of a moving surface 94 Chapter 5. Radiation, Diffraction, Enclosed Space 105 5.1. Acoustic radiation 106 5.1.1. A simple example 106 5.2. Acoustic radiation of point sources 107 5.2.1. Multipolar sources in a harmonic regime 107 5.2.2. Far-field 111 5.3. Radiation of distributed sources 111 5.3.1. Layer potentials 111 5.3.2. Green’s representation of pressure and introduction to the theory of diffraction 114 5.4. Acoustic radiation of a piston in a plane 119 5.4.1. Far-field radiation of a circular piston: directivity 122 5.4.2. Radiation along the axis of a circular piston 125 5.5. Acoustic radiation of a rectangular baffled structure 126 5.6. Acoustic radiation of moving sources 131 5.6.1. Compact and non-compact sources 131 5.6.2. Sources in uniform and non-uniform motion 135 5.7. Sound propagation in a bounded medium 138 5.7.1. Eigenfrequencies and resonance frequencies 138 5.7.2. The Helmholtz resonator 139 5.7.3. Example in dimension 1 140 5.7.4. Example in dimension 3 141 5.7.5. Propagation of pure sound in a circular enclosure 143 5.8. Basics of room acoustics 149 5.8.1. The concept of acoustic power 149 5.8.2. Directivity index 149 5.8.3. Reverberation duration 150 5.8.4. Reverberant fields 153 5.8.5. Pressure level in rooms 154 5.8.6. Crossover frequency and the reverberation distance 155 5.9. Sound propagation in a wave guide 156 5.9.1. General solution in a wave guide 156 5.9.2. Physical interpretation and theory of modes 157 5.9.3. Green’s function 160 5.9.4. Section change 161 5.9.5. Propagation in a conduit in the presence of flow 164 Chapter 6. Wave Propagation in Elastic Media 167 6.1. Equation of mechanical wave propagation 168 6.2. Free waves 169 6.2.1. Volumic waves 169 6.2.2. Plane wave case 170 6.2.3. Surface waves 171 6.3. Green’s kernels in a harmonic regime 176 6.4. Thin body approximation for plannar structures 177 6.4.1. Straight beams 178 6.4.2. Plane plates 186 6.5. Thin body approximation for cylindrical structures 198 6.5.1. Cylinder 198 6.5.2. Ring 212 Chapter 7. Vibrations of Thin Structures 219 7.1. Beam vibrations 219 7.1.1. Beam compression vibrations 219 7.1.2. Beam bending vibrations 223 7.2. Plate vibrations 233 7.2.1. Infinite plate 233 7.2.2. Finite plate 239 7.2.3. Plate of arbitrary shape 256 7.3. Cylindrical shell vibrations 260 7.3.1. Infinite shell 260 7.3.2. Finite shell 264 Chapter 8. Acoustic Radiation of Thin Plates 275 8.1. First notions of vibroacoustics: a simple example 276 8.1.1. Motion equations 277 8.1.2. Acoustic radiation 278 8.1.3. “Light fluid” approximation 280 8.1.4. Sound transmission 281 8.1.5. Transient regime 290 8.2. Free waves in an infinite plate immersed in a fluid 294 8.2.1. Roots of the dispersion equation 295 8.2.2. Light fluid approximation 297 8.3. Transmission of a plane wave by a thin plate 299 8.4. Radiation of an infinite plate under point excitation 302 8.4.1. Integro-differential equation with respect to u 303 8.4.2. Fourier transform of u 303 8.4.3. Calculation of u(r) 305 8.4.4. Radiated acoustic pressure 306 8.5. Acoustic radiation and vibration of finite plates 307 8.5.1. Statement of the problem 307 8.5.2. Exact methods 308 8.5.3. Light fluid approximation 313 8.5.4. Higher order approximations 319 8.6. Heavy fluid coupling: resonance estimation 327 8.6.1. Clamped rectangular plate coupled with a heavy fluid 327 8.6.2. Location of resonances of a coupled plate 343 8.7. Vibrations of a thin plate in a turbulent flow 346 8.7.1. Interspectral density: simple models 347 8.7.2. Green’s representation of a coupled plate 350 8.8. Aeroelastic coupling and sloshing 354 8.8.1. Sloshing 354 8.8.2. Convective instability 356 8.8.3. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability 360 Chapter 9. Basic Theoretical Aeroacoustics Models 363 9.1. Preamble 363 9.2. Lighthill’s equation and some of the generalizations that have followed 365 9.3. Reminder of some notions on turbulence which will be useful here 376 9.4. The Proudman model for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence 381 9.5. The Lilley model for homogeneous and isotropic turbulence 386 9.6. The recent models and a few experimental validations 387 9.7. The Powell Howe equation for vorticity-generated sound 397 Chapter 10. A Few Situations Closer to Reality 403 10.1. The Ribner model for jets 403 10.2. Problems and approaches specific to boundary layers 416 10.3. Flame-generated noise 426 10.4. Noise generated by blades 432 10.4.1. Noise generated by a solid body in motion, in the temporal domain 433 10.4.2. Noise generated by a set of rotating blades and fixed cascading blades, in the frequency domain 440 10.4.3. Noise generated by blade–vortex interaction, using the vortex sound generation method 449 10.5. Noise generated and propagation in the outer atmosphere: accounting for the thermal stratification and for likely obstacles 454 10.5.1. Characteristic properties of the atmospheric boundary layer and impacts on sound propagation 455 10.5.2. Models of sound wave propagation in the atmosphere 464 Chapter 11. Implementation and Usage of Numerical Simulations 475 11.1. Hybrid methods 476 11.2. Direct numerical simulations/large eddy simulations 478 11.3. Conclusion 488 Bibliography 491 Index 507

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Book SynopsisThe omnipresence of electronic devices in our everyday lives has been accompanied by the downscaling of chip feature sizes and the ever increasing complexity of digital circuits. This book is devoted to the analysis and design of digital circuits, where the signal can assume only two possible logic levels. It deals with the basic principles and concepts of digital electronics. It addresses all aspects of combinational logic and provides a detailed understanding of logic gates that are the basic components in the implementation of circuits used to perform functions and operations of Boolean algebra. Combinational logic circuits are characterized by outputs that depend only on the actual input values. Efficient techniques to derive logic equations are proposed together with methods of analysis and synthesis of combinational logic circuits. Each chapter is well structured and is supplemented by a selection of solved exercises covering logic design practices.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Number Systems 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Decimal numbers 1 1.3. Binary numbers 2 1.4. Octal numbers 4 1.5. Hexadecimal numeration 5 1.6. Representation in a radix B 6 1.7. Binary-coded decimal numbers 7 1.8. Representations of signed integers 8 1.8.1. Sign-magnitude representation 9 1.8.2. Two’s complement representation 10 1.8.3. Excess-E representation 12 1.9. Representation of the fractional part of a number 13 1.10. Arithmetic operations on binary numbers 16 1.10.1. Addition 16 1.10.2. Subtraction 17 1.10.3. Multiplication 18 1.10.4. Division 19 1.11. Representation of real numbers 20 1.11.1. Fixed-point representation 20 1.11.2. Floating-point representation 22 1.12. Data representation 28 1.12.1. Gray code 28 1.12.2. p-out-of-n code 29 1.12.3. ASCII code 31 1.12.4. Other codes 31 1.13. Codes to protect against errors 31 1.13.1. Parity bit 31 1.13.2. Error correcting codes 33 1.14. Exercises 36 1.15. Solutions 38 Chapter 2. Logic Gates 49 2.1. Introduction 49 2.2. Logic gates 50 2.2.1. NOT gate 51 2.2.2. AND gate 51 2.2.3. OR gate 52 2.2.4. XOR gate 52 2.2.5. Complementary logic gates 53 2.3. Three-state buffer 54 2.4. Logic function 54 2.5. The correspondence between a truth table and a logic function 55 2.6. Boolean algebra 57 2.6.1. Boolean algebra theorems 59 2.6.2. Karnaugh maps 65 2.6.3. Simplification of logic functions with multiple outputs 73 2.6.4. Factorization of logic functions 74 2.7. Multi-level logic circuit implementation 76 2.7.1. Examples 77 2.7.2. NAND gate logic circuit 78 2.7.3. NOR gate based logic circuit 80 2.7.4. Representation based on XOR and AND operators 82 2.8. Practical considerations 89 2.8.1. Timing diagram for a logic circuit 90 2.8.2. Static hazard 90 2.8.3. Dynamic hazard 92 2.9. Demonstration of some Boolean algebra identities 93 2.10. Exercises 97 2.11. Solutions 101 Chapter 3. Function Blocks of Combinational Logic 115 3.1. Introduction 115 3.2. Multiplexer 115 3.3. Demultiplexer and decoder 121 3.4. Implementation of logic functions using multiplexers or decoders 127 3.4.1. Multiplexer 127 3.4.2. Decoder 129 3.5. Encoders 130 3.5.1. 4:2 encoder 131 3.5.2. 8:3 encoder 134 3.5.3. Priority encoder 136 3.6. Transcoders 143 3.6.1. Binary code and Gray code 143 3.6.2. BCD and excess-3 code 149 3.7. Parity check generator 155 3.8. Barrel shifter 160 3.9. Exercises 165 3.10. Solutions 173 Chapter 4. Systematic Methods for the Simplification of Logic Functions 203 4.1. Introduction 203 4.2. Definitions and reminders 203 4.2.1. Definitions 204 4.2.2. Minimization principle of a logic function 204 4.3. Karnaugh maps 205 4.3.1. Function of five variables 205 4.3.2. Function of six variables 207 4.3.3. Karnaugh map with entered variable 208 4.3.4. Applications 215 4.3.5. Representation based on the XOR and AND operators 220 4.4. Systematic methods for simplification 220 4.4.1. Determination of prime implicants 221 4.4.2. Finding the constitutive terms of a minimal expression 224 4.4.3. Quine–McCluskey technique: simplification of incompletely defined functions 235 4.4.4. Simplification of functions with multiple outputs 235 4.5. Exercises 241 4.6. Solutions 243 Bibliography 257 Index 259

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Book SynopsisAs electronic devices become increasingly prevalent in everyday life, digital circuits are becoming even more complex and smaller in size. This book presents the basic principles of digital electronics in an accessible manner, allowing the reader to grasp the principles of combinational and sequential logic and the underlying techniques for the analysis and design of digital circuits. Providing a hands-on approach, this work introduces techniques and methods for establishing logic equations and designing and analyzing digital circuits. Each chapter is supplemented with practical examples and well-designed exercises with worked solutions. This second of three volumes focuses on sequential and arithmetic logic circuits. It covers various aspects related to the following topics: latch and flip-flop; binary counters; shift registers; arithmetic and logic circuits; digital integrated circuit technology; semiconductor memory; programmable logic circuits. Along with the two accompanying volumes, this book is an indispensable tool for students at a bachelors or masters level seeking to improve their understanding of digital electronics, and is detailed enough to serve as a reference for electronic, automation and computer engineers.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Latch and Flip-Flop 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General overview 1 1.2.1. SR latch 6 1.2.2. S R latch 9 1.2.3. Application: switch debouncing 11 1.3. Gated SR latch 11 1.3.1. Implementation based on an SR latch 12 1.3.2. Implementation based on an S R latch 14 1.4. Gated D latch 15 1.5. Basic JK flip-flop 16 1.6. T flip-flop 18 1.7. Master-slave and edge-triggered flip-flop 20 1.7.1. Master-slave flip-flop 20 1.7.2. Edge-triggered flip-flop 24 1.8. Flip-flops with asynchronous inputs 30 1.9. Operational characteristics of flip-flops 33 1.10. Exercises 34 1.11. Solutions 39 Chapter 2. Binary Counters 51 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. Modulo 4 counter 52 2.3. Modulo 8 counter 53 2.4. Modulo 16 counter 55 2.4.1. Modulo 10 counter 57 2.5. Counter with parallel load 60 2.6. Down counter 62 2.7. Synchronous reversible counter 64 2.8. Decoding a down counter 65 2.9. Exercises 66 2.10. Solutions 73 Chapter 3. Shift Register 85 3.1. Introduction 85 3.2. Serial-in shift register 85 3.3. Parallel-in shift register 85 3.4. Bidirectional shift register 88 3.5. Register file 90 3.6. Shift register based counter 91 3.6.1. Ring counter 92 3.6.2. Johnson counter 93 3.6.3. Linear feedback counter 94 3.7. Exercises 101 3.8. Solutions 107 Chapter 4. Arithmetic and Logic Circuits 117 4.1. Introduction 117 4.2. Adder 117 4.2.1. Half adder 117 4.2.2. Full adder 119 4.2.3. Ripple-carry adder 120 4.2.4. Carry-lookahead adder 122 4.2.5. Carry-select adder 124 4.2.6. Carry-skip adder 125 4.3. Comparator 127 4.4. Arithmetic and logic unit 129 4.5. Multiplier 136 4.5.1. Multiplier of 2-bit unsigned numbers 136 4.5.2. Multiplier of 4-bit unsigned numbers 137 4.5.3. Multiplier for signed numbers 138 4.6. Divider 143 4.7. Exercises 149 4.8. Solutions 158 Chapter 5. Digital Integrated Circuit Technology 177 5.1. Introduction 177 5.2. Characteristics of the technologies 177 5.2.1. Supply voltage 177 5.2.2. Logic levels 178 5.2.3. Immunity to noise 178 5.2.4. Propagation delay 179 5.2.5. Electric power consumption 179 5.2.6. Fan-out or load factor 179 5.3. TTL logic family 180 5.3.1. Bipolar junction transistor 180 5.3.2. TTL NAND gate 181 5.3.3. Integrated TTL circuit 182 5.4. CMOS logic family 183 5.4.1. MOSFET transistor 183 5.4.2. CMOS logic gates 184 5.5. Open drain logic gates 185 5.5.1. Three-state buffer 187 5.5.2. CMOS integrated circuit 188 5.6. Other logic families 189 5.7. Interfacing circuits of different technologies 189 5.8. Exercises 190 5.9. Solutions 193 Chapter 6. Semiconductor Memory 195 6.1. Introduction 195 6.2. Memory organization 195 6.3. Operation of a memory 197 6.4. Types of memory 199 6.4.1. Non-volatile memory 199 6.4.2. Volatile memories 202 6.4.3. Characteristics of the different memory types 207 6.5. Applications 207 6.5.1. Memory organization 208 6.5.2. Applications 209 6.6. Other types of memory 218 6.6.1. Ferromagnetic RAM 220 6.6.2. Content-addressable memory 222 6.6.3. Sequential access memory 223 6.7. Exercises 226 6.8. Solutions 230 Chapter 7. Programmable Logic Circuits 245 7.1. General overview 245 7.2. Programmable logic device 246 7.3. Applications 255 7.3.1. Implementation of logic functions 255 7.3.2. Two-bit adder 257 7.3.3. Binary-to-BCD and BCD-to-binary converters 263 7.4. Programmable logic circuits (CPLD and FPGA) 263 7.4.1. Principle and technology 264 7.4.2. CPLD 268 7.4.3. FPGA 270 7.5. References 274 7.6. Exercises 275 7.7. Solutions 284 Appendix 307 Bibliography 309 Index 311

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Book SynopsisThis third volume in the comprehensive Digital Electronics series, which explores the basic principles and concepts of digital circuits, focuses on finite state machines. These machines are characterized by a behavior that is determined by a limited and defined number of states, the holding conditions for each state, and the branching conditions from one state to another. They only allow one transition at a time and can be divided into two components: a combinational logic circuit and a sequential logic circuit.The approach is gradual and relatively independent of each other chapters. To facilitate the assimilation and practical implementation of various concepts, the book is complemented by a selection of practical exercises.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Synchronous Finite State Machines 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. State diagram 2 1.3. Design of synchronous finite state machines 6 1.4. Examples 7 1.4.1. Flip-flops 7 1.4.2. Binary sequence detector 12 1.4.3. State machine implementation based on a state table 21 1.4.4. Variable width pulse generator 22 1.5. Equivalent states and minimization of the number of states 27 1.5.1. Implication table method 28 1.5.2. Partitioning method 37 1.5.3. Simplification of incompletely specified machines 42 1.6. State encoding 55 1.7. Transformation of Moore and Mealy state machines 61 1.8. Splitting finite state machines 63 1.8.1. Rules for splitting 63 1.8.2. Example 1 64 1.8.3. Example 2 67 1.9. Sequence detector implementation based on a programmable circuit 68 1.10. Practical considerations 70 1.10.1. Propagation delays and race conditions . 72 1.10.2. Timing specifications 74 1.11. Exercises 79 1.12. Solutions 97 Chapter 2. Algorithmic State Machines 169 2.1. Introduction 169 2.2. Structure of an ASM 169 2.3. ASM chart 170 2.4. Applications 175 2.4.1. Serial adder/subtracter 175 2.4.2. Multiplier based on addition and shift operations 183 2.4.3. Divider based on subtraction and shift operations 187 2.4.4. Controller for an automatic vending machine 189 2.4.5. Traffic light controller 193 2.5. Exercises 200 2.6. Solutions 205 Chapter 3. Asynchronous Finite State Machines 213 3.1. Introduction 213 3.2. Overview 214 3.3. Gated D latch 214 3.4. Muller C-element 218 3.5. Self-timed circuit 220 3.6. Encoding the states of an asynchronous state machine 224 3.7. Synthesis of asynchronous circuits 227 3.7.1. Oscillatory cycle 227 3.7.2. Essential and d-trio hazards 228 3.7.3. Design of asynchronous state machines 239 3.8. Application examples of asynchronous state machines 240 3.8.1. Pulse synchronizer 240 3.8.2. Asynchronous counter 243 3.9. Implementation of asynchronous machines using SR latches or C-elements 247 3.10. Asynchronous state machine operating in pulse mode 251 3.11. Asynchronous state machine operating in burst mode 256 3.12. Exercises 258 3.13. Solutions 266 Appendix. Overview of VHDL Language 287 A.1. Introduction 287 A.2. Principles of VHDL 287 A.2.1. Names 288 A.2.2. Comments 288 A.2.3. Library and packages 289 A.2.4. Ports 289 A.2.5. Signal and variable 289 A.2.6. Data types and objects 289 A.2.7. Attributes 290 A.2.8. Entity and architecture 291 A.3. Concurrent instructions 292 A.3.1. Concurrent instructions with selective assignment 293 A.3.2. Concurrent instructions with conditional assignment 293 A.4. Components 294 A.4.1. Generics 296 A.4.2. The GENERATE Instruction 296 A.4.3. Process 297 A.5. Sequential structures 298 A.5.1. The IF instruction 298 A.5.2. CASE instruction 303 A.6. Testbench 306 Bibliography 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisModern signal and image acquisition systems used in the field of cardiology acquire, analyze, and store data digitally. Surface electrocardiography, intra-cardiac electrogram recording, echocardiograms, x-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography are among the modalities in the cardiology field where signal processing is applied. Digital signal processing techniques allow us to automate many of the analyses that had previously been done manually with greater precision, accuracy and speed, as well as detect features and patterns in data that may be too subtle to observe by eye. As more cardiologists are becoming more reliant on such technology, a basic understanding of digital signals and the techniques used to extract information from these signals are required. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This is a review of the technical aspects of signal processing and its application to various areas of cardiology. … It is intended for cardiologists, physicians in training, and students interested in the basics of signal processing. … This well-organized book provides readers with a clearer understanding of signal processing and data acquisition related to cardiovascular imaging.” (Amit Prasad, Doody’s Review Service, March, 2011)Table of ContentsFundamental Signal and Image Processing Concepts.- Architecture of the Basic Physiologic Recorder.- Analog and Digital Signals.- Signals in the Frequency Domain.- Filters.- Techniques for Event and Feature Detection.- Alternative Techniques for Rate Estimation.- Signal Averaging for Noise Reduction.- Data Compression.- Image Processing.- Cardiology Applications.- Electrocardiography.- Intravascular and Intracardiac Pressure Measurement.- Blood Pressure and Pulse Oximetry.- Coronary Angiography.- Echocardiography.- Nuclear Cardiology: SPECT and PET.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Computed Tomography.- ECG Telemetry and Long Term Electrocardiography.- Intracardiac Electrograms.- Advanced Signal Processing Applications of the ECG: T-Wave Alternans, Heart Rate Variability, and the Signal Averaged ECG.- Digital Stethoscopes.

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Book SynopsisOwen Bishop‘s First Course starts with the basics of electricity and component types, introducing students to practical work almost straight away. No prior knowledge of electronics is required. The approach is student-centred with self-test features to check understanding, including numerous activities suitable for practicals, homework and other assignments. Multiple choice questions are incorporated throughout the text in order to aid student learning. Key facts, formulae and definitions are highlighted to aid revision, and theory is backed up by numerous examples within the book. Each chapter ends with a set of problems that includes exam-style questions, for which numerical answers are provided at the end of the book. This text is ideal for a wide range of introductory courses in electronics, technology, physics and engineering. The coverage has been carefully matched to the latest UK syllabuses including GCSE Electronics, GCSE Design & Technology, Engineering GCSE and Edexcel‘s BTEC First in Engineering, resulting in a text that meets the needs of students on all Level 2 electronics units and courses. Owen Bishop‘s talent for introducing the world of electronics has long been a proven fact with his textbooks, professional introductions and popular circuit construction guides being chosen by thousands of students, lecturers and electronics enthusiasts.Table of ContentsPart 1: Electricity 1 Electrons 2 Static and current electricity 3 Cells and batteries 4 Current, voltage and power 5 Alternating currents 6 Mains electricity 7 Plugs and features 8 Electricity in the home 9 Sources of energy 10 More sources of energy Part 2: Electronic components 11 Resistance 12 Resistors 13 More about resistors 14 Resistor networks 15 Capacitors 16 Charging capacitors 17 Inductors 18 SI units 19 Switches 20 Diodes 21 Rectifier diodes 22 Light-emitting diodes 23 Light-dependent resistors 24 Thermistors 25 Transistors 26 Transistor action 27 Transistor switches 28 Thyristors 29 Field effect transistors Part 3: Electronic systems 30 The structure of a system 31 Sensors 32 Interfacing sensors 33 Amplifying signals 34 Timing 35 Logic 36 Logical systems 37 Logical sequences 38 Storing data 39 Microcontrollers 40 Programs 41 Visual output 42 Audible output 43 Mechanical output Part 4: Electronic systems in action 44 Audio systems 45 Radio transmission 46 Radio reception 47 Digital communications 48 Computers 49 Control systems Appendices Symbols used for circuits. Symbols used in flowcharts. Answers to questions.

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Book SynopsisThe long awaited revision of the classic book Transmission Line Transformers, by Jerry Sevick, is now in its fifth edition and has been updated and reorganised by Raymond Mack to provide communication engineers with a clear technical presentation of both the theory and practical applications of the transmission of radio communication. Sevick's Transmission Line Transformers: Theory and Practice, 5th Edition reviews the underlying principles that promote a better understanding of transmission line transformers. Ideal for academics and practicing engineers, this edition is divided into two clear parts for easy reference. Part one is a review of the theory and new concepts, including a discussion on the magnetic properties that affect the core of a transmission line transformer. Part two essentially focuses on the 'practice' element of the book title. This section has been updated to reflect the significant changes in component suppliers over the 30 years since the first edition of the book. Highlights of this title include the coverage of substantial background theory, recent work on fractional ratio transformers and high power Balun designs, and provides updated sources for transformer materials to reflect mergers, sales, and business failures over the past 20 years. There is also expanded coverage of commercial sources of low impedance coaxial cable; expanded construction hints for purpose built rectangular parallel transmission lines; plus an updated test equipment chapter to reflect modern computer based experimenter grade test equipment sources. Ray has leveraged his experience with ferrite materials for switching power to explain the performance characteristics of the ferrite materials used for RF power transmission line transformers.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Transformer Basics Chapter 2: Ferrite Materials Chapter 3: Guanella Analysis Chapter 4: Ruthroff Analysis Chapter 5: Transmission Line Construction Chapter 6: 1:4 Unun Transformer Designs Chapter 7: Unun Transformer Designs with Impedance Ratios Less Than 1:4 Chapter 8: Unun Transformer Designs with Impedance Ratios Greater Than 1:4 Chapter 9: Baluns Chapter 10: Multimatch Transformers Chapter 11: Equal Delay Transformers Chapter 12: Simple Test Equipment Chapter 13: Construction Techniques Appendix A: Reprint of Guanella Article Appendix B: Some Broad-Band Transformers

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Book SynopsisA handy, splash-proof, on-the-water reference guide containing all the essential information for when you need it most about keeping your boat electrics running. Covers formulae, tools, anodes, protection, multimeters, soldering, AC power, testing, wiring, batteries, connections and power consumption.Table of ContentsFormulae; Multimeters; Testing; Batteries; Circuit Protection; Tools; Soldering & Wiring; Connections; Faults; Anodes; AC Power; Charging; Power Consumption

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Book SynopsisSelected for J.P. Morgan's 2018 Holiday Reading List Imagine your life without the internet. Without phones. Without television. Without sprawling cities. Without the freedom to continue working and playing after the sun goes down. Electricity is at the core of all modern life. It has transformed our society more than any other technology. Yet, no book offers a comprehensive history about this technological marvel.Until now. Simply Electrifying: The Technology that Transformed the World, from Benjamin Franklin to Elon Musk brings to life the 250-year history of electricity through the stories of the men and women who used it to transform our world: Benjamin Franklin, James Watt, Michael Faraday, Samuel F.B. Morse, Thomas Edison, Samuel Insull, Albert Einstein, Rachel Carson, Elon Musk, and more. In the process, it reveals for the first time the complete, thrilling, and often-dangerous story of electricity's historic discovery, development, and worldwide application.Electricity plays a fundamental role not only in our everyday lives but in history's most pivotal events, from global climate change and the push for wind- and solar-generated electricity to Japan's nuclear accident at Fukushima and Iran's pursuit of nuclear weapons.Written by electricity expert and four-decade veteran of the industry Craig R. Roach, Simply Electrifying marshals, in fascinating narrative detail, the full range of factors that shaped the electricity business over time—science, technology, law, politics, government regulation, economics, business strategy, and culture—before looking forward toward the exhilarating prospects for electricity generation and use that will shape our future.Trade Review"Well written and extremely accessible, Simply Electrifying provides a comprehensive history of this life-changing discovery and is a fascinating and deeply engaging look at how we live today and where we may be headed in the future." —Booklist Online "Ten years in the making, Simply Electrifying is an inspiring book about the pioneers and visionaries who brought the transformative technology of electricity to all of society. Thoroughly researched, with insightful commentary, the book provides a thought-provoking and comprehensive examination of the challenges and evolving opportunities surrounding the electrification of our economy."—Tom Kuhn, president, Edison Electric Institute "Simply Electrifying is as impressive as it is engaging and informative. Documenting the comprehensive history of one of humanity's greatest achievements is no small feat, but Craig R. Roach has given us an elegant book that provides an excellent review of electricity and the utility industry in this country."—Joshua W. Martin III, director, Southwest Power Pool "Craig Roach is a very accomplished economist, so as I sat down to read his Simply Electrifying, I expected another economic treatise replete with graphs and equations geared more toward the academic community than the general public. Just the opposite: As an economist myself, I was captivated as he filled in the blanks of history on a subject that has governed most of my career. . . . This book should fill a prominent place on anyone's bookshelf as a reference to one of man's greatest achievements."—Alan R. Schriber, PhD, former chair, Public Utilities Commission of Ohio "In this well-researched, well-written, and engaging book, Dr. Roach presents an accessible history of this simply electrifying topic: electricity itself. Starting with Benjamin Franklin and continuing through to Elon Musk and Bill Gates, Dr. Roach gives us the inside story, unpacking scientific breakthroughs and connecting physics and engineering to the economic, regulatory, legal, business, and environmental policies that shape this crucial industry. Both newbies to the field and experienced policy wonks will learn much from this important book." —Julie Simon, energy industry expert, Washington, DC "A history buff's delight! Step into the incredible story of the origins of electricity like never before. It's fascinating to see how far we've come and consider what the future may hold. Simply Electrifying is a gem and a must-read for anybody that has ever reached for a light switch."—Kent Parsons, energy and electricity lawyer, Baton Rouge, LA "If you have any interest in learning about the roles that science, governments, and private enterprise can play in determining the economics and choice of new technologies for social benefit or harm, read Craig's book on the US electricity market. It is a comprehensive, balanced, and very informative analysis of the history of this essential product. I am already recommending Simply Electrifying to my students."—Ken Hendricks, Laurits R. Christensen Distinguished Chair, Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin–Madison "Simply Electrifying brings into vivid focus both the inventors responsible for the turning points in the discovery, production, and commercialization of electricity, and the executives and investors who shaped the electricity business. This incisive work connects advances in electricity technology and uses to the broader sweep of scientific progress, while also framing the transformative consequences of the democratization of electricity in economic, regulatory, and environmental terms. Dr. Roach's outstanding book, by explaining how electricity became fundamental to modern life, allows us to better understand where the industry will go next." —Kenneth M. Simon, partner (ret.), Latham & Watkins LLP

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive introduction to advanced methods for image and video analysis and processing. It covers deraining, dehazing, inpainting, fusion, watermarking and stitching. It describes techniques for face and lip recognition, facial expression recognition, lip reading in videos, moving object tracking, dynamic scene classification, among others. The book combines the latest machine learning methods with computer vision applications, covering topics such as event recognition based on deep learning，dynamic scene classification based on topic model, person re-identification based on metric learning and behavior analysis. It also offers a systematic introduction to image evaluation criteria showing how to use them in different experimental contexts. The book offers an example-based practical guide to researchers, professionals and graduate students dealing with advanced problems in image analysis and computer vision.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Overview.- Matlab Functions of Image and Video.- Image and Video Segmentation.- Feature Extraction and Representation.- Common Evaluation Criterion.- Image Correction.- Image Inpainting.- Fusions.- Image Stitching.- Image Watermarking.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of this popular textbook thoroughly covers the practical basics and applications of conducting polymers. It also addresses materials that have gained prominence since the first edition of this book was published, namely carbon nanotubes and graphene.The features of this new edition include: New and updated chapters on novel concepts in conducting polymers Details on interdisciplinary applications of conducting polymers An in depth description of classes of conducting polymers Trade Review“The second edition of this popular textbook provides a comprehensive overview on the practical basics and applications of conducting polymers. It fulfills its intension of assisting various researchers from diverse fields to become familiar with fundamentals and applications of conducting polymers.” (Ralph Bäßler, Materials and Corrosion, 2018)Table of ContentsPart I: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS), Fundamentals.- Introducing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS).- Conduction Models and Electronic Structure of CNTS.- Synthesis, Purification and Chemical Modification of CNTS.- Physical, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of CNTS.- Toxicology of CNTS.- Part II: Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS), Applications.- Brief, General Overview of Applications.- CNT Applications in Specialized Materials.- CNT Applications in Batteries and Energy Devices.- CNT Applications in Sensors and Actuators.- CNT Applications in Drug and Biomolecule Delivery.- CNT Applications in Microelectronics, “Nanoelectronics” and “Nano-bioelectronics”.- CNT Applications in Displays and Transparent, Conductive Films/Substrates.- CNT Applications in Electrical Conductors, “Quantum Nanowires”, Potential Superconductors.- CNT Applications in the Environment and in Materials Used in Separation Science.- Miscellaneous CNT Applications.- Part III: Graphene, Fundamentals.- Introducing Graphene.- Electronic Structure and Conduction Models of Graphene.- Synthesis and Chemical Modification of Graphene.- Part IV: Graphene, Applications.- Brief, General Overview of Applications.- Graphene Applications in Sensors.- Graphene Applications in Batteries and Energy Devices.- Graphene Applications in Electronics, Electrical Conductors, and Related Uses.- Graphene Applications in Displays and Transparent, Conductive Films/Substrates.- Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Graphene.- Graphene Applications in Specialized Materials.- Miscellaneous Applications of Graphene.- Part V: Conducting Polymers, Fundamentals.- Introducting Conducting Polymers (CPS).- Conduction Models and Electronic Structure of CPS.- Basic Electrochromics of CPS.- Basic Electrochemistry of CPS.- Syntheses and Processing of CPS.- Structural Aspects and Morphology of CPS.- Characterization Methods.- Classes of CPS: Part 1.- Classes of CPS: Part 2.- Part VI: Conducting Polymers, Applications.- Sensors.- Batteries and Energy Devices.- Electrochromics.- Displays, Including Light Emitting Diodes (LEDS) and Conductive Films.- Microwave- and Conductivity-based Technologies.- Electro-optic and Optical Devices.- Electrochemomechanical, Chemomechanical and Related Devices.- Miscellaneous Applications.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology is the art, science, and engineering of designing materials, devices, and systems at the nanoscale from bottom-up and/or top-down approaches. The material properties at the nanoscale are governed by quantum mechanics, and hence are drastically different than those at the macro/micro scale. It is thus no surprise, that nanotechnology has led to a scientific and technological revolution. This book provides a gentle introduction to the field of nanotechnology for first-year undergraduate students. It not only covers the fundamental scientific concepts in a tutorial fashion, but also provides an overview of applications in nanoelectronics, spintronics, nanophotonics, nanofabrication and nanocharacterization. End of chapter research assignments focus on nanomanufacturing, computing and communication, renewable energy, defense applications, food processing and agriculture, automobile and aerospace technology, nanobiotechnology and bionanotechnology, industrial and consumer applications. Finally, the topics related to safety, health, and societal impact of nanotechnology are discussed. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Particles, waves and duality.- Atomic Mater.- Atomic Structure and Interactions.- Electronic Structure.- Nanoelectronics.- DOS and Dimensionality.- Spintronics.- Nanophotonics.- Nanofabrication.- Nanocharacterization.- Safety, Health, Environmental and Social Impact.

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Book SynopsisThis indispensable handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the current state-of-the-art in inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels – from synthesis and characterization to cutting-edge applications and their potential market impact. Built upon Springer’s successful Aerogels Handbook published in 2011, this handbook features extensive revisions and timely updates, reflecting the changes in this fast-growing field. Aerogels are the lightest solids known to man. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density only four times that of air, they possess extraordinarily high thermal, electrical, and acoustic insulation properties, and boast numerous entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to incorporate non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal, and ceramic materials. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation, and household uses are being developed.Readers of this fully updated and expanded edition will find an exhaustive source for all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and the most recent advances towards applications and commercial use. This key reference is essential reading for a combined audience of graduate students, academic researchers, and industry professionals.Table of ContentsPART A: Unit Operations: Processing Steps used in Aerogel Science.- Sol-Gel.- Solvent Exchange and Functionalization.- Supercritical drying of aerogels: theory and practice.- Freeze drying.- Postprocessing.- PART B: Characterization.- Structural Characterization of Aerogels.- Mechanical Characterization of Aerogels.- Thermal Properties of Aerogels.- Permeability of Aerogels.- Simulation and Modeling of Aerogels Using Atomistic and Mesoscale Methods.- Part C: Oxide Based Aerogels.- SiO2 aerogels.- Hydrophobic Silica Aerogels.- Superhydrophobic and Flexible Aerogels and Xerogels derived from organosilane precursors.- Sodium Silicate-based Aerogels.- A Robust Approach to Inorganic Aerogels: The Use of Epoxides in Sol-Gel Synthesis.- High Temperature Oxide Aerogels.- Preparation of TiO2 Aerogels-Like Materials under Ambient Pressure.- ZrO2 Aerogels.- Part D: Synthetic Polymer Aerogels.- Phenolic-type aerogels and derived carbons: the paradigms of resorcinol-formaldehyde and polybenzoxazine chemistries.- Isocyanate-derived aerogels and applications.- Aerogels from Engineering Polymers: Polyimide and Polyamide Aerogels.- Part E: Biopolymer Aerogels.- Cellulose Aerogels: Monoliths, Beads and Fibers.- Silica Biopolymer Aerogel Nanocomposites.- Polysaccharide (non-cellulosic) aerogels.- Nanocellulose Aerogels.- Potential of anisotropic cellulosic aerogels.- Part F: Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Aerogels.- Polymer Crosslinked Aerogels.- Improving Elastic Properties of Polymer-Reinforced Aerogels.- Aerogels containing metal, alloy and oxide nanoparticles embedded into dielectric matrices.- Tuning the physical properties of aerogels by spatially selective modification.- Aerogels through ultrasonically-assisted synthesis.- Part G: Carbon-Based Aerogels.- Preparation and Application of Carbon Aerogels.- Nanocarbons: Diamond, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Graphene Aerogels.- Nanotube Aerogels made through Elastic Smoke.- Part H: Frontier / Emerging Aerogels.- Chalcogenide Aerogels.- Fluorinated and Fluoride Inorganic Aerogels.- Nanoparticle-Based Inorganic Aerogels.- Metal aerogels.- Noble Metal Aerogels.- Nanoporous metal foams made by combustion synthesis.- Interpenetrating phenolic/oxide networks and carbothermal synthesis of metallic aerogels as energetic materials.- Synthesis of largescale nanoporous metallic networks by PVD.- Part I: Applications.- Aerogels and Sol-Gel Composites as Nanostructured Energetic Materials.- Aerogel as thermal super-insulating materials: an overview.- Aerogels as platforms for chemical sensors.- Aerogels for Electrochemical energy storage applications.- Transparent Silica Aerogel Blocks for High-Energy Physics Research.- Aerogels for fusion target fabrication.- Porous Glasses, Binary Glasses and Composite Glasses from Aerogels.- Aerogels for Environmental Applications.- Aerogels for Pollution Mitigation.- Application of Aerogels in Optical Devices.- Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- in vivo Biomedical Applications of Aerogels.- Pharmaceutical Applications of Aerogels.- Applications of Aerogels in Space Exploration.- Airbone Ultrasonic Transducer.- Aerogels for foundry applications.- Aer()sculpture: A Free-Dimensional Space Art.- Aerogels from industrial waste.- Part J: Commercial Products and Industry Overview.- Industry overview.- Part K: Recipes and Designs.- Recipes and Designs.- Subject index.- Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations.

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Book SynopsisHigh voltage engineering is extremely important for the reliable design, safe manufacture and operation of electric devices, equipment and electric power systems. The 21st International Symposium on High Voltage Engineering, organized by the 90 years old Budapest School of High Voltage Engineering, provides an excellent forum to present results, advances and discussions among engineers, researchers and scientists, and share ideas, knowledge and expertise on high voltage engineering.The proceedings of the conference presents the state of the art technology of the field. The content is simultaneously aiming to help practicing engineers to be able to implement based on the papers and researchers to link and further develop ideas.Table of ContentsPartial Discharges of High Frequency Transformer for Space Application in Near Vacuum.- Optimization of Magnetic Shunts Towards Efficient and Economical Power Transformers Design.- Assessment of Thermal and Electric Field Characteristics of HVDC Cable According to the Inner Filler Size of XLPE.- Study on Conducted EMI Based on Wide-Band Model for a ±500kV MMC-HVDC Station.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the fundamentals of digital electronics in a focused and comprehensivemanner with many illustrations for understanding of the subject with high clarity. DigitalSignal Processing (DSP) application information is provided for many topics of the subjectto appreciate the practical significance of learning. To summarize, this book lays afoundation for students to become DSP engineers.Table of ContentsOverview of Digital Signal Processing.- Programmable Logic Devices.- Logic Gates.- Combinational Logic Devices.- Clock and Timing Signals.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses and compares several new trends that can be used to overcome Moore’s law limitations, including Neuromorphic, Approximate, Parallel, In Memory, and Quantum Computing. The author shows how these paradigms are used to enhance computing capability as developers face the practical and physical limitations of scaling, while the demand for computing power keeps increasing. The discussion includes a state-of-the-art overview and the essential details of each of these paradigms. Table of Contents1. An Introduction: New Trends in Computing2. Numerical Computing3. Parallel Computing: OpenMP, MPI, and CUDA4. Deep Learning and Cognitive computing: Pillars and Ladders5. Approximate Computing: Towards Ultra Low Power Systems Design6. Near-Memory/In-Memory Computing: Pillars and Ladders7. Quantum Computing and DNA Computing: Beyond Conventional Approaches8. Cloud, Fog and Edge Computing9. Reconfigurable and Heterogeneous Computing10. ConclusionIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a scholarly forum for researchers both in academia and industry from a wide range of application areas of smart cities and smart technologies to share their research findings. This book presents contributions on emerging approaches and case studies including future technological trends and challenges. This book is intended for researchers and companies in several areas such as transportation, computer science, and electrical engineering, among others. The book is composed of extended versions of selected papers from the 1st International Conference on Smart Cities and Smart Technologies (MIC-Smart 2019), 7-9 June 2019 Istanbul Turkey. Presents research from a wide range of application areas into smart cities and smart technologies; Includes topics such as smart devices, smart grid, and smart transportation and vehicles; Composed of extended versions of selected papers from the 1st International Conference on Smart Cities and Smart Technologies (MIC-Smart 2019). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Smart Cities.- Smart Technologies.- Smart Devices.- Smart Grid.- Smart Transportation and Vehicles.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis Springer brief provides the necessary foundations to understand differential privacy and describes practical algorithms enforcing this concept for the publication of real-time statistics based on sensitive data. Several scenarios of interest are considered, depending on the kind of estimator to be implemented and the potential availability of prior public information about the data, which can be used greatly to improve the estimators' performance. The brief encourages the proper use of large datasets based on private data obtained from individuals in the world of the Internet of Things and participatory sensing. For the benefit of the reader, several examples are discussed to illustrate the concepts and evaluate the performance of the algorithms described. These examples relate to traffic estimation, sensing in smart buildings, and syndromic surveillance to detect epidemic outbreaks.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Defining Privacy Preserving Data Analysis.- Chapter 2. Basic Differentially Private Mechanism.- Chapter 3. A Two-Stage Architecture for Differentially Private Filtering.- Chapter 4. Differentially Private Filtering for Stationary Stochastic Collective Signals.- Chapter 5. Differentially Private Kalman Filtering.- Chapter 6. Differentially Private Nonlinear Observers.- Chapter 7. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis book will give a detailed description of different carbon based materials synthesis methods, characterization, and applications. It serves as a fundamental information source on the actual techniques and methodologies involved in carbon materials synthesis, such as CVD, plasma in liquids, fusion reactors, or frequency-doubled yttrium–aluminum– garnet (YAG) lasers. This book includes coverage of several categories of carbon materials, such as graphene, carbon fiber composites, functionalized carbons, and polyimides used for various applications, from microelectronic industry to slotted waveguide antennas.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Raman spectroscopy of chemically functionalized CVD graphene2. Applications of Graphite Materials in the Field of Electromagnetic Compatibility3. Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer Materials for Antennas and Microwave Technologies4. Structural Design and Optimization of Slotted Waveguide Antenna Stiffened Structures Under Compressive Load5. The Influence of Azobenzene Content on Azopolyimides Capacity to Form Laser-Induced Surface Relief Gratings6. Structural Modifications of Polymers and Nanocomposites Synthesis by Pulsed Electrical Discharges in LiquidsIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book describes a set of SystemC‐based virtual prototype analysis methodologies, including design understanding, verification, security validation, and design space exploration. Readers will gain an overview of the latest research results in the field of Electronic Design Automation (EDA) at the Electronic System Level (ESL). The methodologies discussed enable readers to tackle easily key tasks and applications in the design process.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Background.- Chapter 3. Design Understanding Methodology.- Chapter 4. Application I: Verification.- Chapter 5. Application II: Security Validation.- Chapter 6. Application III: Design Space Exploration.- Chapter 7. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook offers a unique compendium of measurement procedures for experimental data acquisition. After introducing readers to the basic theory of uncertainty evaluation in measurements, it shows how to apply it in practice to conduct a range of laboratory experiments with instruments and procedures operating both in the time and frequency domains. Offering extensive practical information and hands-on tips on using oscilloscopes, spectrum analyzers and reflectometric instrumentation, the book shows readers how to deal with e.g. filter characterization, operational amplifiers, digital and analogic spectral analysis, and reflectometry-based measurements. For each experiment, it describes the corresponding uncertainty evaluation in detail. Bridging the gap between theory and practice, the book offers a unique, self-contained guide for engineering students and professionals alike. It also provides university teachers and professors with a valuable resource for their laboratory courses on electric and electronic measurements.Table of ContentsBasic theory of uncertainty evaluation in measurements.- Time Domain Measurements.- Frequency Domain Measurements.- Reflectometric Measurements.- PCB scheme.

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together the latest research in smart sensors technology and exposes the reader to myriad industrial applications that this technology has enabled. The book emphasizes several topics in the area of smart sensors in industrial real-world applications. The contributions in this book give a broader view on the usage of smart sensor devices covering a wide range of interdisciplinary areas like Intelligent Transport Systems, Healthcare, Agriculture, Drone communications and Security.By presenting an insight into Smart Sensors for Industrial IoT, this book directs the readers to explore the utility and advancement in smart sensors and their applications into numerous research fields. Lastly, the book aims to reach through a mass number of industry experts, researchers, scientists, engineers, and practitioners and help them guide and evolve to advance research practices.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Section 1: Industrial Internet of things (IIoT).- Introduction to Industrial Internet of things (IIoT).- IIoT Architecture.- IIoT Key Technologies .- IIoT Use Cases.- Section 2: Smart Sensors for IIoT.- How Smart? – Role of Smart Sensors in IIoT.- Challenges to IIoT Smart Sensor Manufacturing and Deployment.- Section 3: IIoT Smart.- Sensors and Business Aspects.- Smart Sensor IIoT Businesses.- Predictive Analytics with Sensor Data.- Efficient Business Predictions .- Section 4: IIoT Smart Sensors Potential and Applications.- Potential and Importance of Smart Sensors for IIoT.- Real-World Applications of Smart Sensor IIoT.- Section 5: IIoT Smart Sensor Case Studies.- Connected Vehicles – Intelligent Transport Systems.- Internet of Drones.- Precision Farming/Agriculture.- Healthcare.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisRadio and radar astronomy are powerful tools when studying the wonders of the universe, yet they tend to mystify amateur astronomers. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to newcomers, containing everything you need to start observing at radio wavelengths.Written by a mechanical engineer who has actually built and operated the tools described, the book contains a plethora of tested advice and practical resources. This revised edition of the original 2014 book Getting Started in Radio Astronomy provides a complete overview of the latest technology and research, including the newest models and equipment on the market as well as an entirely new section on radio astronomy with software-defined radios (SDRs). Four brand-new beginner projects are included, including bouncing a radar signal off the Moon, detecting the aurora, and tuning into the downlink radio used by astronauts aboard the ISS. Requiring no previous knowledge, no scary mathematics, and no expensive equipment, the book will serve as a fun and digestible reference for any level of astronomers hoping to expand their skills into the radio spectrum.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book explores C-based design, implementation, and analysis of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms for signature generation and verification. The authors investigate NIST round 2 PQC algorithms for signature generation and signature verification from a hardware implementation perspective, especially focusing on C-based design, power-performance-area-security (PPAS) trade-offs and design flows targeting FPGAs and ASICs. Describes a comprehensive set of synthesizable c code base as well as the hardware implementations for the different types of PQC algorithms including lattice-based, code-based, and multivariate-based; Demonstrates the hardware (FPGA and ASIC) and hardware-software optimizations and trade-offs of the NIST round 2 signature-based PQC algorithms; Enables designers to build hardware implementations that are resilient to a variety of side-channels. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- qTESLA.- CRYSTALS –Dilithium.- MQDSS.- SPHINCS.- Luov.- Falcon.- Picnic.- GeMSS.- Power, Performance, Area, and Security (PPAS) Comparison of the PQC Algorithms.- Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisDrawing on their experiences in successfully executing hundreds of MEMS development projects, the authors present the first practical guide to navigating the technical and business challenges of MEMS product development, from the initial concept stage all the way to commercialization. The strategies and tactics presented, when practiced diligently, can shorten development timelines, help avoid common pitfalls, and improve the odds of success, especially when resources are limited. MEMS Product Development illuminates what it really takes to develop a novel MEMS product so that innovators, designers, entrepreneurs, product managers, investors, and executives may properly prepare their companies to succeed.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Understanding global silicon wafer manufacturing infrastructure.- Stages of development.- MEMS parameter sensitivity models.- Co-development of control and readout electronics.- Process integration.- Planning for test and data gathering.- Planning for package integration.- Mask layout.- Documentation.- Opportunity analysis.- Operational requirements.- MEMS product cost modeling.- Timeline planning.- When is the right time to move to a production facility?.- Finding foundry and supply chain vendors.- Transferring technology for production.- Quality control requirements.- Managing a global supply chain.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a true A to Z of recorded sound, from its inception to the present day, outlining how technologies, techniques, and social attitudes have changed things, noting what is good and what is less good. The author starts by discussing the physics of sound generation and propagation. He then moves on to outline the history of recorded sound and early techniques and technologies, such as the rise of multi-channel tape recorders and their impact on recorded sound. He goes on to debate live sound versus recorded sound and why there is a difference, particularly with classical music. Other topics covered are the sound of real instruments and how that sound is produced and how to record it; microphone techniques and true stereo sound; digital workstations, sampling, and digital media; and music reproduction in the home and how it has changed. The author wraps up the book by discussing where we should be headed for both popular and classical music recording and reproduction, the role of the Audio Engineer in the 21st century, and a brief look at technology today and where it is headed. This book is ideal for anyone interested in recorded sound. “[Julian Ashbourn] strives for perfection and reaches it through his recordings… His deep knowledge of both technology and music is extensive and it is with great pleasure that I see he is passing this on for the benefit of others. I have no doubt that this book will be highly valued by many in the music industry, as it will be by me.” -- Claudio Di Meo, Composer, Pianist and Principal Conductor of The Kensington Philharmonic Orchestra, The Hemel Symphony Orchestra and The Lumina ChoirTable of ContentsIntroduction.- How the war changed audio.- The V record label for US troops.- Stereo sound, multi-channel sound, film sound and more.- The physics of sound.- The advent of tape and moving coil microphones.- The development of microphone techniques.- Multi-channel Tape recorders.- The advent of the Big Studios.- The record business.- The Maverick producers and freelance engineers.- The big time with 24 track everywhere and heaps of signal processing.- How the technology changed the music.- Classical music recording is effectively broken by the technology.- Digital arrives, but something is not right.- A to D and D to A convertors and compressors in the digital domain.- High resolution Digital recording and re-sampling.- Lossless compression.- The revolution in playback technology.- The social revolution in consumed music.- The change in musicians.- How to do things properly.- The use of Digital Audio Workstations and the impact on music.- Why recordings sound worse now than they did in the 50s and 60s.- Music and Civilisation and why it is important.- Where is the future archive for serious music being produced now.- Are advances in technology always good.- Teaching Audio Engineers.- The future.- Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe handbook comprehensively covers the field of inorganic photochemistry from the fundamentals to the main applications. The first section of the book describes the historical development of inorganic photochemistry, along with the fundamentals related to this multidisciplinary scientific field. The main experimental techniques employed in state-of-art studies are described in detail in the second section followed by a third section including theoretical investigations in the field. In the next three sections, the photophysical and photochemical properties of coordination compounds, supramolecular systems and inorganic semiconductors are summarized by experts on these materials. Finally, the application of photoactive inorganic compounds in key sectors of our society is highlighted. The sections cover applications in bioimaging and sensing, drug delivery and cancer therapy, solar energy conversion to electricity and fuels, organic synthesis, environmental remediation and optoelectronics among others. The chapters provide a concise overview of the main achievements in the recent years and highlight the challenges for future research. This handbook offers a unique compilation for practitioners of inorganic photochemistry in both industry and academia.Table of ContentsBackground/Fundaments.- Experimental Techniques (from steady-state to ultrafast methods).- Theoretical modeling.- Homogeneous systems.- Supramolecular systems.- Heterogeneous systems.- Biological Applications.- Photovoltaic Applications.- Applications on solar to fuel conversion.- Applications on organic synthesis.- Applications on environmental remediation.- Inorganic materials for optoelectronics.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a system-level analysis of inductive wireless power transfer (WPT) links. The basic requirements, design parameters, and utility of key building blocks used in inductive WPT links are presented, followed by detailed theoretical analysis, design, and optimization procedure, while considering practical aspects for various application domains. Readers are provided with fundamental, yet easy to follow guidelines to help them design high-efficiency inductive links, based on a set of application-specific target specifications. The authors discuss a wide variety of recently proposed approaches to achieve the maximum efficiency point, such as the use of additional resonant coils, matching networks, modulation of the load quality factor (Q-modulation), and adjustable DC-DC converters. Additionally, the attainability of the maximum efficiency point together with output voltage regulation is addressed in a closed-loop power control mechanism. Numerous examples, including MATLAB/Octave calculation scripts and LTspice simulation files, are presented throughout the book. This enables readers to check their own results and test variations, facilitating a thorough understanding of the concepts discussed. The book concludes with real examples demonstrating the practical application of topics discussed. Covers both introductory and advanced levels of theory and practice, providing readers with required knowledge and tools to carry on from simple to advanced wireless power transfer concepts and system designs; Provides theoretical foundation throughout the book to address different design aspects; Presents numerous examples throughout the book to complement the analysis and designs; Includes supplementary material (numerical and circuit simulation files) that provide a "hands-on" experience for the reader; Uses real examples to demonstrate the practical application of topics discussed. Table of ContentsIntroduction to Wireless Power Transfer.- Inductive Wireless Power Transfer.- Inductive Link: Practical Aspects.- Back telemetry.- Achieving the Optimum Operating Point (OOP).- Adaptive circuits to track the Optimum Operating Point (OOP).- Closed-loop WPT links.- System Design Examples.

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Book SynopsisThis undergraduate textbook first introduces basic electronic circuitry before explaining more advanced elements such as the Arithmetic Logic Unit, sequential circuits, and finally microprocessors. In keeping with this integrated and graduated approach, the authors then explain the relationship to first assembly programming, then higher-level languages, and finally computer organisation. Authors use the Raspberry Pi and ARM microprocessors for their explanationsThe material has been extensively class tested at TU Eindhoven by an experienced team of lecturers and researchers. This is a modern, holistic treatment of well-established topics, valuable for undergraduate students of computer science and electronics engineering and for self-study. The authors use the Raspberry Pi and ARM microprocessors for their explanations.Table of ContentsBasic Components and Combinatorial Circuits.- Numbers, Basic Circuits, and the ALU.- Sequential Circuits.- An Elementary Processor.- Assembly Programming.- Compiling Higher-Level Languages.- Computer Organisation.- The Raspberry Pi and the ARM Processor.- App. A, An Extended Instruction Set for the Simple Processor.- App. B, The ARM Instruction Set.- App. C, Syntax of the Register Transfer Language.- App. D, Exercise Answers.

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