Electronics engineering Books

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Book SynopsisKid Crafts introduces younger children to the magic of electronics through the softer side of circuits! Young explorers will learn about electronics through sewing and craft projects aimed at maker parents and their children, elementary school teachers, and kids' activity leaders. Each project introduces new skills and new components in a progressive series of projects that take learners from the very basics to understanding how to use components such as sensors, transistors, and timers. The book is breezy, highly illustrated, and fun for everyone!

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Book SynopsisThe results are in for our 6th annual Desktop Digital Fabrication Shoot Out! Make: Volume 60 has more than 30 reviews that show off the latest and greatest FDM and resin 3D printers, CNC machines, laser cutters, and vinyl cutters, including new machines from Ultimaker, Prusa, Lulzbot, ShopBot, and Glowforge. Also, learn about our revamped 3D printer scoring system! Get the latest reviews of 3D printers and CNC devices Add graphics to your prints using hydrographic film Why you should buy a laser cutter over a 3D printer How to design dual color models for multi-material prints Laser cut a map of the stars And more!

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Book SynopsisWe're excited to present our 2019 Make: Digital Fabrication Guide! This year we get our hands on maker-ready waterjet cutters with machines from Wazer and Omax. We also review the latest 3D printers, CNC routers, laser cutters, and vinyl cutters. More than 20 tools tested to help you find the best one for your shop or makerspace. Plus, more than 30 DigiFab projects and lessons: Build a robot companion that reacts to the faces of people around youMake Nixie tube-style display with LEDs and acrylicCreate a mini Intaglio printing press and create unique artworkand much more.

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Book SynopsisWelcome to Make: 's 2020 Guide to Boards! This year brings powerful new releases from Adafruit, Arduino, BeagleBoard, Google, Nvidia, Raspberry Pi, Teensy, and more. We've assembled the technical data for new boards and returning favorites (listing over 50% more than our previous guide!), along with highlighting options to consider for your next project. To further help your decision-making process, some of our favorite electronics experts explain how they pick the right board for their projects. But the real star of electronic prototyping in 2020 is the software: In our cover story, we look at how Python-powered boards make it easier than ever to code for hardware.Plus, your favorite YouTube makers offer their tips and tricks for getting started making videos, how to grow your channel, and what you need to get a great shot (Hint: it's probably in your pocket right now).And don't forget, Halloween is right around the corner! Learn to build an R/C roving pop-up zombie-in-a-trashcan to scare the daylights out of the neighborhood, make a light and cheap fog projection screen for your haunted house, and create a flaming window setup so realistic, you'll have to warn the fire department about erroneous reports ahead of time.Lastly, read the finale of Make: 's series on how our community can help avert catastrophic climate change.Plus, over 43 projects including: Block ads across your entire home network with the Pi-hole ad blocker Use code to make beautiful topographical maps of the Moon, Mars, and more Create a swirling stormy snow globe with LED-lit rheoscopic fluid Build a DIY mobile handwashing station for your community Tips and builds for exercising your constitutional right to protest safely and effectively Macrame an adorable Bay Yoda from The Mandalorian And much more!

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Book SynopsisDigital fabrication is a cornerstone of the maker community, and in Make: Volume 75 (our diamond issue!), we take a fun look at the state of digifab today. In our cover story, we break out of the cartesian box with a look at Nick Sewarda's weird and wild 3D printer designs, from undulating arms to roving printers. Next, dive into the latest desktop mills, routers and 3D printers with reviews of machines from Bantam Tools, Prusa Research, and more. Plus, get tips for recycling your old prints, adding supports for resin prints, printing in clay, and more. Plus, over 16 projects and skill builders, including: Fit real AI onto microcontroller with TinyML and ArduinoBuild a super efficient rocket stove out of tin cans for your next camping tripBeam streaming services to your TV using a Raspberry Pi 4Create an adorable light-up felted mushroom gardenAnd much more!

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Book SynopsisMake: Volume 76's cover story is an enlightening profile feature about Jorvon Moss, aka "Odd Jayy," the genesis of his delightful robotic companions and his new set of moving, responsive sci-fi goggles.Then, take a deep dive into LoRa, the long-range, free-to-use wireless protocol that's great for tracking sensor data. Learn the basics in our in-depth primer, and then put your knowledge to use building an off-the-grid portable text messaging network.And in our special music section, create new and interesting musical instruments using everyday maker tools like microcontrollers, servos, and more. Learn to set up a MIDI-enabled, BLE driven xylophone. Then make a tapping bot that listens to the rhythms around it and synchronizes its output to match them. And finally, build a 3D-printed pocket synthesizer that omits a dedicated PCB for simple route-in-place wiring. Now you're ready to rock!Plus, explore 30+ projects and skill builders, including: Construct a location tracking clock like the Weasley family has in the Harry Potter series Build a unique, single-rotor "ball drone" that uses air vanes to navigate Learn to use a Raspberry Pi & Pi camera to stream live video Make a fold-up kayak out of corrugated plastic sheets And tons more projects and maker inspiration!

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Book SynopsisLearn how to create functional gadgets using simple but clever circuits based on the venerable "555." These projects will give you hands-on experience with useful, basic circuits that will aid you across other projects. These inspiring designs might even lead you to develop the next big thing. The 555 Timer Oscillator Integrated Circuit chip is one of the most popular chips in the world. Through clever projects, you will gain permanent knowledge of how to use the 555 timer will carry with you for life. With this book you'll build a series of unique and useful projects. Each one gets more and more complicated, and you'll learn more as you go along. Start off with a basic 555 timer IC design concept to build a simple project. Learn how to create a simple form of digital memory that can store data, the basis of every computer system ever created. Build a collection of lighting effect circuits that will flash and animate LEDs in different ways. Use a simple configuration of the 555 timer IC to create a complex traffic light system. You'll even create sound with an audio synthesizer! No programming is needed to make startlingly functional electronic devices. Get started today building the next big thing. Or even the next small thing. But build some thing! What You Need: The only physical things people need are the parts to build the projects, which are labeled out with part numbers in the beginning of each project. Otherwise, only an hour here or there is needed to build these projects. Only some familiarity with electrical components is necessary in regards to purchasing for each project.

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Book SynopsisThe book Types of Photodetectors and their Applications, edited by Dr. S. S. Kushvaha and Dr. V. N. Singh and published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc., USA, is the result of joint efforts of some well-known researchers in the field. The broad electromagnetic spectrum bands from ultraviolet (UV) to terahertz (THz) are effectively detected by PDs depending upon specific applications. Broadband PDs have various applications in various fields, i.e., security, defense, optical communication, imaging, bio-medical, night vision, environmental sensing, process control, etc. Thus, PDs are touching almost all aspects of life. The book comprises eight chapters and discusses various aspects of photodetectors, starting from multiple materials, configurations, methods to enhance its performance, etc. The book aims to cater to the need of budding researchers in the field of optoelectronics and post-graduate students.Table of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgments; Enhancing the Performance of the Photodetector; Broadband Photodetectors Based on Kesterite Thin Films; Solution Processed Lateral Photodetector; Lead Halide Perovskite-Based Photodetectors; Epitaxial GaN Nanostructures-Based Ultraviolet Photodetectors Developed by Laser-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy; Next-Generation Materials for Broadband Photodetection: From Solar-Blind to NIR; Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodetectors for Infrared Imaging; Gallium Nitride (GaN)-Based Ultraviolet/Broadband Photodetectors Using High-k Dielectric Oxides as an Interfacial Oxide Layer; Index.

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Book SynopsisEdited by professionals with years of experience, this book provides an introduction to the theory of evolutionary algorithms and single- and multi-objective optimization, and then goes on to discuss to explore applications of evolutionary algorithms for many uses with real-world applications. Covering both the theory and applications of evolutionary computation, the book offers exhaustive coverage of several topics on nontraditional evolutionary techniques, details working principles of new and popular evolutionary algorithms, and discusses case studies on both scientific and real-world applications of optimizationTable of ContentsTheory and Applications in Engineering Systems. Introduction. Bio-Mimetic Adaptations of Genetic Algorithm and Their Applications to Chemical Engineering. Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Computing Methods. Evolutionary Algorithms in Ironmaking Applications. Harmony Search Optimization for Multilevel Thresholding in Digital Images. Swarm Intelligence in Software Engineering Design Problems. Gene Expression Programming in Nanotechnology Applications. Theory and Applications of Single Objective Optimization Studies. An Alternate Hybrid Evolutionary Method for Solving MINLP Problems. Differential Evolution for Optimal Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. Evolutionary Computation Based QoS-Aware Multicast Routing. Performance Assessment of the Canonical Genetic. An Efficient Approach for Populating Deep Web Repositories Using SFLA. Closed Loop Simulation of Quadraple Tank Process Using Adaptive Multi-Loop Fractional. Theory and Applications of Single and Multi-Objective Optimization Studies. A Practical Approach towards Multi Objective Shape Optimization. Nature-Inspired Computing Techniques for Integer Factorization. Genetic Algorithm Based Real-Time Parameter Identifier for an Adaptive Power System Stabilizer. Applied Evolutionary Computation in Fire Safety Upgrading. Elitist Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms for Voltage and Reactive Power Optimization in Power Systems. Evaluation of Simulated Annealing, Differential Evolution and Particle Swarm Optimization for Solving Pooling Problems. Performance Improvement of NSGA-II Algorithm by Modifying Crossover Probability Distribution. Evolutionary Algorithms for Malware Detection and Classification. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume helps to fill the gap between data analytics, image processing, and soft computing practices. Soft computing methods are used to focus on data analytics and image processing to develop good intelligent systems. To this end, readers of this volume will find quality research that presents the current trends, advanced methods, and hybridized techniques relating to data analytics and intelligent systems. The book also features case studies related to medical diagnosis with the use of image processing and soft computing algorithms in particular models. Providing extensive coverage of biometric systems, soft computing, image processing, artificial intelligence, and data analytics, the chapter authors discuss the latest research issues, present solutions to research problems, and look at comparative analysis with earlier results. Topics include some of the most important challenges and discoveries in intelligent systems today, such as computer vision concepts and image identification, data analysis and computational paradigms, deep learning techniques, face and speaker recognition systems, and more.Table of ContentsPart 1: Biometric Systems And Image Processing 1. Intelligent Techniques: An Overview 2. A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques Used in Bio-Metric Systems 3. Speech-Based Biometric Using Odia Phonetics 4. Deep Learning Techniques to Classify and Analyze Medical Imaging Data 5. Face Recognition System: An Overview 6. An Overview on the Concept of Speaker Recognition 7. Analysis of a Unimodal and Multimodal Biometric System Part 2: Soft Computing And Data Analytics 8. A Heuristic Approach of Parameter Tuning in a Smote-Based Preprocessing Algorithm for Imbalanced Ordinal Classification 9. Aspects of Deep Learning: Hyper-Parameter Tuning, Regularization, and Normalization 10. Super-Resolution of Reconstruction of Infrared Images Adopting Counter Neural Networks 11. High-End Tools and Technologies for Managing Data in the Age of Big Data 12. An AI-Based Chatbot Using Deep Learning Part 3: Intelligent Systems And Hybrid Systems 13. A Real-Time Data Analytics-Based Crop Diseases Recognition System 14. Image Caption Generation with Beam Search

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a synthesis of Electronics through keynotes which are substantiated in three volumes. The first one comprises four chapters devoted to elementary devices, i.e. diodes, bipolar transistors and related devices, field effect transistors and amplifiers. In each of one, device physics, non linear and linearized models, and applications are studied. The second volume is devoted to systems in the continuous time regime and contains two chapters: one describes different approaches to the transfer function concept and applications, and the following deals with the quadripole properties, filtering and filter synthesis. The third volume presents the various aspects of sampling systems and quantized level systems in the two last chapters.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Continuous-time Systems: General Properties, Feedback, Stability, Oscillators 1 1.1. Representation of continuous time signals 2 1.1.1. Sinusoidal signals 2 1.1.2. Periodic signals 4 1.1.3. Non-periodic real signals and Fourier transforms 5 1.2. Representations of linear and stationary systems and circuits built with localized elements 8 1.2.1. Representation using ordinary differential equation 8 1.2.2. Periodic permanent conditions and harmonic conditions 10 1.2.3. Unilateral Laplace transform of causal systems and study of the various regimes 12 1.3. Negative feedback 25 1.3.1. Inversion of a transfer function 26 1.3.2. Linearization of a nonlinear system 27 1.3.3. Gain-bandwidth product for first-order low-pass systems 28 1.3.4. Simultaneous negative and positive feedback 29 1.4. Study of system stability 30 1.4.1. Time response: pole mapping 31 1.4.2. Nyquist criterion in general case 33 1.4.3. Stability of looped systems assumed stable in open loop: Nyquist and Bode criteria 35 1.4.4. Stability of linear and nonlinear networks of any order, analyzed from state variables 37 1.5. State space form 40 1.6. Oscillators and unstable systems 42 1.6.1. Sinusoidal oscillators 42 1.6.2. Relaxation oscillators using a nonlinear dipole and other resonant circuit oscillators 49 1.6.3. General case of systems comprising a nonlinear dipole and study of oscillation in phase space 52 1.7. Exercises 66 1.7.1. Response and stability of an operational amplifier not compensated until unity gain and loaded by a capacitor 66 1.7.2. Active filters built with operational amplifiers 69 1.7.3. Study of a looped system and its stability: sample and hold circuit 72 1.7.4. Study of a Colpitts oscillator built with a JFET 78 1.7.5. Study of a system in state-space form 80 Chapter 2. Continuous-time Linear Systems: Quadripoles, Filtering and Filter Synthesis 85 2.1. Quadripoles or two-port networks 85 2.1.1. Quadripoles deduced from dynamic circuits 86 2.1.2. Quadripoles and transfer matrices 87 2.1.3. Modification of the parameters of the quadripoles using negative feedback 89 2.1.4. Passive quadripoles 91 2.1.5. Dipole impedances and admittances; iterative impedance 92 2.1.6. Scattering matrix (or s-matrix) and transfer matrix 102 2.1.7. Powers in quadripoles and matching 107 2.1.8. Image-impedances and image-matching 118 2.1.9. Representation of quadripoles by block diagrams 124 2.2. Analog filters 126 2.2.1. Definition and impulse response 126 2.2.2. Properties of real, causal and stable filters 131 2.3. Synthesis of analog active filters using operational amplifiers 146 2.3.1. Cascading second-order cell filters 146 2.3.2. Multiple feedback loop cell 148 2.4. Non-dissipative filters synthesis methods 150 2.4.1. Synthesis based on effective parameters 151 2.4.2. Synthesis based on image parameters 166 2.4.3. Filter sensitivity and Orchard’s argument 195 2.5. Exercises 196 2.5.1. Impedance matching by means of passive two-port networks; application to class B push–pull power RF amplifier with MOS transistors 196 2.5.2. Passive low-pass filtering of an ideal voltage source by a two-port network built with an LC ladder (single-ended ladder filter) 204 2.5.3. Dual-ended passive filter, synthesized by the image impedance method 211 2.5.4. Lattice filter 214 Appendix 223 Bibliography 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisThis book will teach you how to take advantage of the JavaScript language to process data provided on the Internet. Much attention is given to the main JavaScript backbone: prototype based objects, and functional capabilities, while common features (loops, etc.) are summarized in a few cheat-sheets. Only operational features are detailed through the coding of several applications -the second and largest part of the book-, on free-access datasets (e.g. World Bank). It includes: cartography (SVG or API's based), data-sheets access (via Ajax or Jsonp), video data and post-synchronization, and animation examples.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Part 1. Core JavaScript 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. Variables: Declaration, Definition and Type 5 1.1. Declarations of functions and variables 6 1.1.1. The different declaration keywords 6 1.1.2. Lexical scope and definition of a variable according to declaration mode: var, let, const 9 1.1.3. Comments (important improvements carried over by ES6) 11 1.1.4. General conclusion about the variable declarations in JavaScript 11 1.1.5. Naming variables and functions: best practices 14 1.2. Variable definition, initialization and typing in JavaScript 15 1.2.1. Variables initialization and definition 15 1.2.2. Types 15 1.2.3. How to use the type “undefined” and the value undefined 17 Chapter 2. Controls: Booleans, Branch and Loops 19 2.1. Truth values and boolean operators 19 2.1.1. Boolean operators: “!” (not), “&&” (and), “||” (or) 19 2.1.2. Relational operators: >, <, >=, <= 20 2.1.3. Comparison operators: = =, != (simple) or = = =, != = (strict) 20 2.2. Conditional instructions: branch test, loop test 21 2.2.1. Conditional instructions: if ... else, if ... else if ... else 21 2.2.2. Ternary conditional operator 21 2.2.3. Instruction “switch” 22 2.2.4. Classical iteration loop: instruction “for” 22 2.2.5. Repeat under condition: instructions “while”, and “do..while” 23 2.2.6. Implicit casting of values “undefined” and “null” in boolean context 23 2.2.7. Short-cut evaluation: tips for the uncertain definitions 24 2.2.8. Exception handling 24 Chapter 3. Data: Numbers and Strings 27 3.1. Handling numbers 28 3.1.1. Literal notation of type “number” variables 28 3.1.2. Arithmetic operators 29 3.1.3. Math operations using the methods of the object Math 30 3.1.4. Evaluation in the “numerical context” versus “boolean context” 32 3.2. Handling character strings 32 3.2.1. Literal notation of strings 32 3.2.2. Backtick syntax, or template syntax, introduced by ES6 33 3.2.3. Concatenation operator 34 3.2.4. Resolving polymorphism issues with operator + in numerical or string context 34 3.2.5. Behavior of the relational and equality operators 35 3.2.6. Various facets of string-related issues in a sample application 35 3.3. The String.prototype methods 37 3.3.1. The need for preprocessing before comparison 37 3.3.2. Handling partial comparisons 38 3.3.3. Methods for handling strings 39 3.3.4. Regular expressions 41 3.3.5. Evaluation and uses 42 3.3.6. Some examples of useful patterns 42 3.3.7. General syntax of a regular expression 43 3.3.8. Combining RegExp and String.prototype methods 44 Chapter 4. Objects and Prototypes 45 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. The objects: concepts versus named entities 46 4.3. Object literal notation in JavaScript 47 4.3.1. Syntax for “object literal”: 47 4.3.2. Important warnings about writing JavaScript object notation 48 4.3.3. The object literal first use: to define an object type variable 49 4.3.4. The object literal second use: data notation in JSON format 49 4.3.5. Accessing the individual properties of an object 50 4.3.6. Notation syntax evolution with ES6 51 4.4. The builtin methods of Object and Object.prototype 51 4.4.1. The methods of Object, Object.prototype, and JSON 51 4.4.2. Create an object and specify its properties 53 4.4.3. Syntax and usage of the “descriptor” property 53 4.4.4. Listing the properties of an object, analyzing a literal 54 4.5. Basics of the “prototypal approach” in JavaScript 56 4.5.1. JavaScript object's fundamental relation: “has prototype” 57 4.5.2. Role of the prototypes and inheritance mechanism 58 4.5.3. Object construction: the “literal approach” 60 4.5.4. Object construction: the “prototypal approach” 61 4.5.5. The pattern “assign/create” 62 4.5.6. Object construction: the “classical approach” 63 4.6. Comparing “prototypal” and “classical” approaches 64 4.6.1. Simulating a class hierarchy in JavaScript 65 4.6.2. Summing up what we learned so far 68 Chapter 5. Arrays 71 5.1. Handling arrays: creation and access to its elements 72 5.1.1. Creating an array with the array literal notation 72 5.1.2. Checking if a variable is an array 72 5.1.3. The length property, the index count 73 5.1.4. Accessing individual values in an array: the indices 74 5.2. Methods of the object Array and Array.prototype 74 5.2.1. The “Mutators” family 75 5.2.2. The “Accessors” family 77 5.2.3. The “Iteration” family 78 5.2.4. Iterating over the elements of an array 78 5.2.5. Iteration without a loop, with Array/Array.prototype methods 79 5.2.6. Chaining array methods 81 5.2.7. Arrays and the arrow function syntax 82 5.2.8. The “Iterables” 83 5.3. Array of arrays (multidimensional array) 83 5.3.1. Frameworks proposing an “augmented Array.prototype” 85 Chapter 6. Functions 87 6.1. General syntax of a JavaScript function 88 6.1.1. Name 88 6.1.2. Parameters 88 6.1.3. Return 89 6.1.4. Function code block and scope 89 6.1.5. Creating functions 89 6.2. Invoking a function with operator (.) 90 6.2.1. The three facets of the “parentheses operator” in a function context 91 6.3. Choosing function declaration versus function expression 92 6.4. Arguments 93 6.4.1. The arguments are passed by value 93 6.4.2. The inner object “arguments” 94 6.5. Scope: global scope, function scopes and block scopes 94 6.5.1. Vocabulary: lexical scope and “namespace” 94 6.5.2. Wrapping-up and warnings 98 6.6. Function “closures” 101 6.6.1. Saving the value of a free variable in a given context 102 6.6.2. Creating a list of functions linked to an array of data 103 6.6.3. Currying”: breaking down a function into 1-parameter functions 106 6.6.4. Compositing functions from an array of functions 107 6.7. Immediately invocable functions: IIFE 109 6.7.1. Creating a “namespace”, or a named library, with an IIFE 109 6.8. The methods of Function.prototype 110 6.8.1. Function.prototype.call() and .apply(), and pronoun 'this' 112 6.8.2. Function.prototype.bind() 112 6.9. Built-in functions 113 6.10. Closure and IIFE cheat-sheet 114 Chapter 7. From Signs to Patterns 117 7.1. Reserved words 118 7.2. The pronoun “this” 119 7.2.1. The many ways to link the pronoun “this” 119 7.2.2. How to explicitly bind the pronoun? 121 7.3. Operator: new 121 7.4. Punctuation signs 122 7.5. JavaScript usual design patterns 123 7.5.1. Programming idioms 124 7.5.2. Creational pattern: “Assign/Create Combo” 125 7.5.3. Structural pattern: singleton or namespace pattern 127 7.5.4. Another structural pattern: the Decorator pattern 128 7.5.5. Behavioral pattern: the observer or publish/subscribe pattern 130 7.6. Metaprogramming with ES6 131 7.6.1. “Reflection” by “Symbols” 131 7.6.2. New tool for measuring code performance 131 Part 2. Client-Side JavaScript 133 Introduction to Part 2 135 Chapter 8. JavaScript in the Web Page 137 8.1. Ecosystem of the web page: the HTML sequence 137 8.1.1. Structure and semantics/layout and presentation 137 8.1.2. Reminder about HTML5 tags 138 8.2. Building the web page DOM: the layout engine 140 8.2.1. DOM tree built by the layout engine: selecting nodes via CSS 141 8.2.2. CSS rules and relationship with JavaScript selection methods 142 8.3. Dynamic behavior of the web page: the script engine 143 8.4. Interface with the DOM 145 8.4.1. DOM interface 1: selecting elements 145 8.4.2. DOM interface 2: reading/writing/creating an element 146 8.4.3. Methods for HTML DOM document and element prototypes 148 8.5. The events in client side JavaScript 150 8.5.1. The browser event loop 150 8.5.2. Handling DOM events 151 8.6. Interacting with the DOM: to link elements/events 153 8.6.1. Waiting for the DOM 153 8.6.2. Example: to build an HTML list 153 8.6.3. Using events: modifying attributes and class names of an element. 154 8.6.4. Dispatching events, creating a CustomEvent 155 Chapter 9. Graphic and Multimedia Tools 157 9.1. To draw in the web page 157 9.1.1. The elements and 158 9.1.2. 2D curve plot 158 9.2. SVG language 161 9.3. Handling time in graphics animation 163 9.3.1. Methods setTimeout, setInterval, requestAnimationFrame 163 9.3.2. Performance considerations, generator functions 165 9.4. Data persistence between client sessions 166 9.4.1. Http cookies 166 9.4.2. Local storages 167 9.5. Note about “JavaScript frameworks” (jQuery, d3, etc.) 168 9.5.1. A few words about jQuery 168 9.5.2. Recommendation 169 Chapter 10. AJAX Technology (Asynchrony) 171 10.1. Architecture for client–server data exchange 171 10.1.1. The object XMLHttpRequest 172 10.1.2. Using XMLHttpRequest: several steps 172 10.2. Remarks about HTTP 173 10.3. “Promises” and asynchronous programming 173 10.3.1. Example: promisifying XMLHttpRequest 174 10.3.2. Chaining promises 175 10.3.3. Parallel processing of several promises 175 10.3.4. Fetch: the promise to fetch AJAX 176 10.3.5. About the “Same Origin Policy” 177 10.4. The exchange format: JSON 177 10.4.1. A very useful application of JSON: converting data from a spreadsheet 178 10.4.2. Exporting spreadsheet data into JSON format 179 10.4.3. Differences between JSON and the Javascript object Notation 182 10.5. JavaScript Object Notation with Padding 184 10.6. A parallel JavaScript: the “worker” 185 Part 3. Applications 187 Introduction to Part 3 189 Chapter 11. Chronological Data 191 11.1. Accessing a JSON file via Ajax 191 11.1.1. Quick presentation of the Quandl API 191 11.1.2. Processing an example with promises 192 11.2. Using open source graphic libraries 195 11.2.1. Plot multiple data series against the same time axis 195 11.2.2. Dynamic plot: simulating time evolution 197 Chapter 12. Relational Data 199 12.1. Aggregating tabulated JSON data 199 12.1.1. lectoral data: administrative breakdown, political breakdown 200 12.1.2. Aggregating data along the spatial dimension: votes by circonscription 203 12.1.3. Aggregating data along the affiliations dimension: labels by candidate 205 12.2. Joining data: multiple JSON files 207 12.2.1. Advantage of the flexibility brought by the prototypal approach 207 12.2.2. Coding the join on the electoral application 208 12.3. Postprocessing: analysis 210 12.3.1. Analyzing the affiliations 210 12.4. The role of promises 211 12.4.1. Performance considerations with the electoral application 213 12.5. Using Google Gantt chart for a graphic visualization 214 Chapter 13. Cartographic Data 217 13.1. Cartographic application: using cartographic libraries 217 13.1.1. Preparation of the map 219 13.1.2. Creating a layer of markers 220 13.1.3. Interacting and selecting features 222 13.2. SVG-based cartography 222 13.2.1. Description of the application 223 13.2.2. Embedding the whole SVG document by direct copy 224 13.2.3. Embedding the SVG code, element by element 225 13.2.4. Joining relational data and SVG data 225 13.2.5. Processing the combined information 226 13.3. Getting coordinates from Wikipedia pages 227 Chapter 14. Data Served by JSONP 229 14.1. Serving RSS feeds through Yahoo Query Language 229 14.2. Serving shared spreadsheets through Google spreadsheets 231 14.2.1. Client-side code: HTML and script of the callback function 231 14.2.2. Server-side code under the GoogleScript global object 232 14.3. Serving images and their metadata through the Flickr API 233 Bibliography 235 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThe ability of future industry to create interactive, flexible and always-on connections between design, manufacturing and supply is an ongoing challenge, affecting competitiveness, efficiency and resourcing. The goal of enterprise interoperability (EI) research is therefore to address the effectiveness of solutions that will successfully prepare organizations for the advent and uptake of new technologies. This volume outlines results and practical concepts from recent and ongoing European research studies in EI, and examines the results of research and discussions cultivated at the I-ESA 2018 conference, “Smart services and business impact of enterprise interoperability”. The conference, designed to encourage collaboration between academic inquiry and real-world industry applications, addressed a number of advanced multidisciplinary topics including Industry 4.0, Big Data, the Internet of Things, Cloud computing, ontology, artificial intelligence, virtual reality and enterprise modelling for future “smart” manufacturing. Readers will find this book to be a source of invaluable knowledge for enterprise architects in a range of industries and organizations. Table of ContentsPart 1. Embedded Intelligence 1. Exploiting Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision Support, Paul Goodall, Heinz Lugo, Richard Sharpe, Kate Van-Lopik, Sarogini Pease, Andrew West and Bob Young. 2.Test of the Industrial Internet of Things: Opening the Black Box, Frank-Walter Jaekel and Jan Torka. 3. Intelligent Decision-support Systems in Supply Chains: Requirements Identification, Eduardo Saiz, Raul Poler and Beatriz Andres. 4. A Total Solution Provider’s Perspective on Embedded Intelligence in Manufacturing Decision-support Systems, Gash Bhullar. Part 2. Business Impact of Enterprise Interoperability 5. Enterprise Interoperability Management and Artifacts, Frank-Walter Jaekel. 6. Challenges for Adaptable Energy-efficient Production Processes, Kay Burow, Marc Allan Redecker, Alena V. Fedotova, Quan Deng, Marco Franke, Zied Ghrairi and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 7. Interoperability Requirements for Adaptive Production System-of-Systems, Georg Weichhart and Alexander Egyed. 8. Platforms for the Industrial Internet of Things: Enhancing Business Models through Interoperability, David Soto Setzke, Nicolas Scheidl, Tobias Riasanow, Markus Böhm and Helmut Krcmar. Part 3. Virtual Factory 9. vf-OS Architecture, Danny Pape, Tobias Hinz, Oscar Garcia Perales, Francisco Fraile, José Luis Flores and Oscar J. Rubio. 10. Enablers Framework: Developing Applications Using FIWARE, Pedro Corista, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar Garcia Perales, Raquel Almeida and Nejib Moalla. 11. vf-OS IO Toolkit, Víctor Anaya, Nejib Moalla, Ludo Stellingwerff, José Luis Flores and Francisco Fraile. 12. Data Management Component for Virtual Factories Systems, Artem A. Nazarenko, Joao Giao, Joao Sarraipa, Oscar J. Saiz, Oscar Garcia Perales and Ricardo Jardim-Gonçalves. 13. An Open Environment for Development of Manufacturing Applications on vf-OS, Carlos Coutinho, Luís Lopes, Vítor Viana, Danny Pape, Gerrit Klasen, Bastian von Halem, Oscar Garcia Perales, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. 14. A Novel Approach to Software Development in the Microservice Environment of vf-OS, Luís Manteigas Da Cunha, Ludo Stellingwerff and Andries Stam. Part 4. Standardization 15. Standardization and Innovation: a Multipriority Approach, Eitan Naveh. 16. Why Should Interoperability R&D Work Be Driven by Agile Integration and Message Standards Concerns?, Nenad Ivezic and Boonserm Kulvatunyou. 17. Managing IT Standardization in Government: Towards a Descriptive Reference Model, Dian Balta, Nina-Mareike Harders and Helmut Krcmar. 18. Review: What are the Strategies for and Benefits of Effective IT Standardization in Government?, Dian Balta, Florian Feller and Helmut Krcmar. 19. Licensing Terms for IoT Standard Setting: Do We Need “End-User” or “License for All” Concepts?, Matt Heckman. Part 5. Industrial Big Data and Platforms 20. Semantic Interoperability for the IoT: Analysis of JSON for Linked Data, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires and Marten van Sinderen. 21. FIWARE for Industry: A Data-driven Reference Architecture,Stefano De Panfilis, Sergio Gusmeroli, Jorge Rodriguez, Ernö Kovacs and Jesús Benedicto. 22. European Big Data Value Association Position Paper on the Smart Manufacturing Industry, Anibal Reñones, Davide Dalle Carbonare and Sergio Gusmeroli. 23. SmTIP: A Big Data Integration Platform for Synchromodal Transport, Prince M. Singh, Marten van Sinderen and Roel Wieringa. 24. Fault Prediction in Aerospace Product Manufacturing: A Model-based Big Data Analytics Service, Anna Maria Crespino, Carla Di Biccari, Mariangela Lazoi and Marianna Lezzi. 25. A SAREF Extension for Semantic Interoperability in the Industry and Manufacturing Domain, Laura M. Daniele, Matthijs Punter, Christopher Brewster, Raúl García Castro, María Poveda and Alba Fernández. 26. A Building Information Model-centered Big Data Platform to Support Digital Transformation in the Construction Industry, Yvar Bosdriesz, Marten van Sinderen, Maria Iacob and Pieter Verkroost. 27. ISBM: a Data Integration Infrastructure for IoT Applications, Helder Oliveira Gomes Filho, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. 28. RS4IoT: a Recommender System for IoT, Caio Martins Barbosa, Roberta Lima Gomes, José Gonçalves Pereira Filho and João Luiz Rebelo Moreira. Part 6. Predictive Maintenance 29. Using Sensor Data for Predictive Maintenance of a Complex Transportation Asset, Bernd Bredehorst, Olaf Peters, Jeroen Versteeg, Markus Neuhaus, Carl Hans and Moritz von Stietencron. 30. The ProaSense Platform for Predictive Maintenance in the Automotive Lighting Equipment Industry ,Alexandros Bousdekis, Babis Magoutas, Dimitris Apostolou,Gregoris Mentzas and Primoz Puhar. 31. Predictive Maintenance Framework: Implementation of Local and Cloud Processing for Multi-stage Prediction of CNC Machines’ Health, Panagiotis Aivaliotis, Konstantinos Georgoulias, Raffaele Ricatto and Michele Surico. 32. An Onboard Model-of-signals Approach for Condition Monitoring in Automatic Machines, Matteo Barbieri, Alessandro Bosso, Christian Conficoni, Roberto Diversi, Matteo Sartini and Andrea Tilli. 33. Maintenance Planning Support Tool Based on Condition Monitoring with Semantic Modeling of Systems, Alice Reina, Sang-Je Cho, Gökan May, Eva Coscia, Jacopo Cassina and Dimitris Kiritsis. 34. SERENA: Versatile Plug-and-Play Platform Enabling Remote Predictive Maintenance, Sotirios Makris, Nikolaos Nikolakis, Konstantinos Dimoulas, Apostolos Papavasileiou and Massimo Ippolito. 35. DRIFT: A Data-driven Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis Tool, Davide Zanardi, Manuele Barbieri and Giovanni Uguccioni. 36. Real-time Predictive Maintenance Based on Complex Event Processing, Klaus-Dieter Thoben, Abderrahim Ait-Alla, Marco Franke, Karl Hribernik, Michael Lütjen and Michael Freitag. 37. The Standards as Critical Means of Integration of Advanced Maintenance Approaches to Production Systems, Yves Keraron. Part 7. Industry 4.0 Qualification 38. Evaluation of Industry 4.0 Technology – Applications,Moritz von Stietencron, Bjørnar Henriksen, Carl Christian Røstad, Karl Hribernik and Klaus-Dieter Thoben. 39. Improving the Efficiency of Industrial Processes with a Plug and Play IOT Data Acquisition Platform, Daniele Mazzei, Gabriele Montelisciani, Giacomo Baldi, Andrea Baù, Matteo Cipriani and Gualtiero Fantoni. 40. Knowledge Transfer from Students to Companies: Understanding Industry 4.0 Maturity Levels, Leonello Trivelli, Simona Pira, Gualtiero Fantoni and Andrea Bonaccorsi. Part 8. Enterprise Modelling and Simulation 41. Developing an Enterprise Modeling Ontology, David Chen. 42. Model-driven Requirements Elicitation for Manufacturing System Development, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, João Sousa, Carlos Agostinho, Sudeep Ghimire and Cristiano Fertuzinhos. 43. A Comprehensive Architecture to Integrate Modeling and Simulation Solutions in CPPS, Carlos Agostinho, José Ferreira, Sudeep Ghimire, Gregory Zacharewicz, Amir Pirayesh and Guy Doumeingts. 44. Modeling and Simulation of Decision Systems, Raul Poler, Beatriz Andres, Guy Doumeingts and Amir Pirayesh. Part 9. Methods and Tools for Product-Service Systems 45. Identifying New PSS Concepts: the Product-Service Concept Tree, Giuditta Pezzotta, Fabiana Pirola, Roberto Sala, Antonio Margarito, Paulo Pina and Rui Neves-Silva. 46. Role of Enterprise Strategy in Product-Service System Innovation Process, Amir Pirayesh, Guy Doumeingts, Carl Hans and Maria José Nuñez Ariño. 47. Technological and Organizational Pathways towards 2025 Collaborative Product-Service Connected Factories of the Future, Chris Decubber, Sergio Gusmeroli, Guy Doumeingts, Domenico Rotondi, Fenareti Lampathaki and Luis Usatorre Arazusta. 48. Circular Engineering and Product-Service Systems in the Machine Tool Sector: the PSYMBIOSYS Approach, Nerea Sopelana, Lara Gonzalez, Oscar Lazaro, Andoni Laskurain and Rikardo Minguez . Part 10. Interoperability for Crisis Management 49. Assessment of Climate Change-related Risks and Vulnerabilities in Cities and Urban Environments, Jingquan Xie, Manfred Bogen, Daniel Lückerath, Erich Rome, Betim Sojeva, Oliver Ullrich and Rainer Worst. 50. Semantic Interoperability of Early Warning Systems: a Systematic Literature Review, João Luiz Rebelo Moreira, Luís Ferreira Pires, Patricia Dockhorn Costa and Marten van Sinderen. 51. Towards Semantic Generation of Geolocalized Models of Risk, Alex Coletti, Antonio De Nicola, Antonio Di Pietro, Maurizio Pollino, Vittorio Rosato, Giordano Vicoli and Maria Luisa Villani. 52. An Ontology-based Emergency Response System for Interoperability in a Crisis Situation in Smart Cities, Linda Elmhadhbi, Mohamed-Hedi Karray and Bernard Archimède. 53. Analyzing Interoperability in a Non-functional Requirements Ecosystem to Support Crisis Management Response, Nicolas Daclin, Behrang Moradi and Vincent Chapurlat. Part 11. I-ESA 2018 Doctoral Symposium 54. Providing the Flexibility of the Shop Floor to Information Systems for Monitoring Tasks, Alexander Dennert. 55. Shop Floor Management Systems in Case of Increasing Process Variation, Wolf Schliephack. 56. Comprehensive Function Models for the Management of Heterogeneous Industrial Networks as Enabler for Interoperability, Santiago Soler Perez Olaya.

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Book SynopsisWith the end of Moore's law and the emergence of new application needs such as those of the Internet of Things (IoT) or artificial intelligence (AI), neuro-inspired, or neuromorphic, information processing is attracting more and more attention from the scientific community. Its principle is to emulate in a simplified way the formidable machine to process information which is the brain, with neurons and artificial synapses organized in network. These networks can be software – and therefore implemented in the form of a computer program – but also hardware and produced by nanoelectronic circuits. The �material� path allows very low energy consumption, and the possibility of faithfully reproducing the shape and dynamics of the action potentials of living neurons (biomimetic approach) or even being up to a thousand times faster (high frequency approach). This path is promising and welcomed by the major manufacturers of nanoelectronics, as circuits can now today integrate several million neurons and artificial synapses.Table of Contents1. Information Processing. 2. Information Processing in the Living. 3. Neurons and Synapses. 4. Artificial Neural Networks.

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Book SynopsisThe emergence of a true systemic science - the systemic one - capable of rigorously addressing the many problems posed by the design and management of the evolution of modern complex systems is therefore urgently needed if wants to be able to provide satisfactory answers to the many profoundly systemic challenges that humanity will have to face at the dawn of the third millennium. This emergence is of course not easy because one can easily understand that the development of the systemic is mechanically confronted with all the classical disciplines which can all pretend to bring part of the explanations necessary to the understanding of a system and which do not naturally see a good eye a new discipline claim to encompass them in a holistic approach ... The book of Jacques Printz is therefore an extremely important contribution to this new emerging scientific and technical discipline: it is indeed first of all one of the very few "serious" works published in French and offering a good introduction to the systemic. It gives an extremely broad vision of this field, taking a thread given by the architecture of systems, in other words by the part of the systemic that is interested in the structure of systems and their design processes, which allows everyone to fully understand the issues and issues of the systemic. We can only encourage the reader to draw all the quintessence of the masterful work of Jacques Printz which mixes historical reminders explaining how the systemic emerged, introduction to key concepts of the systemic and practical examples to understand the nature and the scope of the ideas introduced.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Part 1. The Foundations of Systemics 1 Introduction to Part 1 3 Chapter 1. The Legacy of Norbert Wiener and the Birth of Cybernetics 5 1.1. The birth of systemics: the facts 6 1.1.1. The idea of integration 8 1.1.2. Implementation and the first applications 14 1.2. Modeling for understanding: the computer science singularity 21 1.3. Engineering in the 21st Century 24 1.4. Education: systemics at MIT 29 Chapter 2. At the Origins of System Sciences: Communication and Control 33 2.1. A little systemic epistemology 33 2.2. Systems sciences: elements of systemic phenomenology 38 2.2.1. Control/regulation 42 2.2.2. Communication/information 45 2.3. The means of existence of technical objects 51 Chapter 3. The Definitions of Systemics: Integration and Interoperability of Systems 55 3.1. A few common definitions 55 3.2. Elements of the system 59 3.3. Interactions between the elements of the system 62 3.4. Organization of the system: layered architectures 65 3.4.1. Classification trees 65 3.4.2. Meaning and notation: properties of classification trees 74 Chapter 4. The System and its Invariants 83 4.1. Models 83 4.2. Laws of conservation 89 4.2.1. Invariance 96 4.2.2. System safety: risks 106 Chapter 5. Generations of Systems and the System in the System 113 5.1. System as a language 116 5.2. The company as an integrated system 119 5.2.1. The computer, driving force behind the information system 120 5.2.2. Digital companies 126 Part 2. A World of Systems of Systems 129 Introduction to Part 2 131 Chapter 6. The Problem of Control 133 6.1. An open world: the transition from analog to all-digital 133 6.2. The world of real time systems 142 6.3. Enterprise architectures: the digital firm 145 6.4. Systems of systems 147 Chapter 7. Dynamics of Processes 151 7.1. Processes 153 7.2. Description of processes 158 7.2.1. Generalizing to simplify 165 7.2.2. Constructing and construction pathways 166 7.2.3. Evolution of processes 168 7.2.4. Antagonistic processes: forms of invariants 170 7.3. Degenerative processes: faults, errors and “noise” 173 7.4. Composition of processes 176 7.4.1. Antagonistic interactions 178 7.5. Energetics of processes and systems 181 Chapter 8. Interoperability 191 8.1. Means of systemic growth 195 8.2. Dynamics of the growth of systems 197 8.2.1. The nature of interactions between systems 200 8.2.2. Pre-eminence of the interaction 204 8.3. Limits of the growth of systems 207 8.3.1. Limits and limitations regarding energy 211 8.3.2. Information energy 214 8.3.3. Limitations of external origin: PESTEL factors 216 8.4. Growth by cooperation 221 8.4.1. The individuation stage 223 8.4.2. The cooperation/integration stage 226 8.4.3. The opening stage 233 Chapter 9. Fundamental Properties of Systems of Systems 235 9.1. Semantic invariance: notion of a semantic map 235 9.2. Recursive organization of the semantic 239 9.3. Laws of interoperability: control of errors 240 9.3.1. Models and metamodels of exchanges 241 9.3.2. Organization “in layers” of the models and systems 243 9.3.3. Energy performance of the interaction between systems 245 9.3.4. Systemic approach to system safety 247 9.4. Genealogy of systems 252 Conclusion 257 List of Acronyms 269 References 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisThe concept of a data lake is less than 10 years old, but they are already hugely implemented within large companies. Their goal is to efficiently deal with ever-growing volumes of heterogeneous data, while also facing various sophisticated user needs. However, defining and building a data lake is still a challenge, as no consensus has been reached so far. Data Lakes presents recent outcomes and trends in the field of data repositories. The main topics discussed are the data-driven architecture of a data lake; the management of metadata – supplying key information about the stored data, master data and reference data; the roles of linked data and fog computing in a data lake ecosystem; and how gravity principles apply in the context of data lakes. A variety of case studies are also presented, thus providing the reader with practical examples of data lake management.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Data Lakes: Definitions and Discussions 1Anne LAURENT, Dominique LAURENT and Cédrine MADERA 1.1. Introduction to data lakes 1 1.2. Literature review and discussion 3 1.3. The data lake challenges 7 1.4. Data lakes versus decision-making systems 10 1.5. Urbanization for data lakes 13 1.6. Data lake functionalities 17 1.7. Summary and concluding remarks 20 Chapter 2. Architecture of Data Lakes 21Houssem CHIHOUB, Cédrine MADERA, Christoph QUIX and Rihan HAI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. State of the art and practice 25 2.2.1. Definition 25 2.2.2. Architecture 25 2.2.3. Metadata 26 2.2.4. Data quality 27 2.2.5. Schema-on-read 27 2.3. System architecture 28 2.3.1. Ingestion layer 29 2.3.2. Storage layer 31 2.3.3. Transformation layer 32 2.3.4. Interaction layer 33 2.4. Use case: the Constance system 33 2.4.1. System overview 33 2.4.2. Ingestion layer 35 2.4.3. Maintenance layer 35 2.4.4. Query layer 37 2.4.5. Data quality control 38 2.4.6. Extensibility and flexibility 38 2.5. Concluding remarks 39 Chapter 3. Exploiting Software Product Lines and Formal Concept Analysis for the Design of Data Lake Architectures 41Marianne HUCHARD, Anne LAURENT, Thérèse LIBOUREL, Cédrine MADERA and André MIRALLES 3.1. Our expectations 41 3.2. Modeling data lake functionalities 43 3.3. Building the knowledge base of industrial data lakes 46 3.4. Our formalization approach 49 3.5. Applying our approach 51 3.6. Analysis of our first results 53 3.7. Concluding remarks 55 Chapter 4. Metadata in Data Lake Ecosystems 57Asma ZGOLLI, Christine COLLET† and Cédrine MADERA 4.1. Definitions and concepts 57 4.2. Classification of metadata by NISO 58 4.2.1. Metadata schema 59 4.2.2. Knowledge base and catalog 60 4.3. Other categories of metadata 61 4.3.1. Business metadata 61 4.3.2. Navigational integration 63 4.3.3. Operational metadata 63 4.4. Sources of metadata 64 4.5. Metadata classification 65 4.6. Why metadata are needed 70 4.6.1. Selection of information (re)sources 70 4.6.2. Organization of information resources 70 4.6.3. Interoperability and integration 70 4.6.4. Unique digital identification 71 4.6.5. Data archiving and preservation 71 4.7. Business value of metadata 72 4.8. Metadata architecture 75 4.8.1. Architecture scenario 1: point-to-point metadata architecture 75 4.8.2. Architecture scenario 2: hub and spoke metadata architecture 76 4.8.3. Architecture scenario 3: tool of record metadata architecture 78 4.8.4. Architecture scenario 4: hybrid metadata architecture 79 4.8.5. Architecture scenario 5: federated metadata architecture 80 4.9. Metadata management 82 4.10. Metadata and data lakes 86 4.10.1. Application and workload layer 86 4.10.2. Data layer 88 4.10.3. System layer 90 4.10.4. Metadata types 90 4.11. Metadata management in data lakes 92 4.11.1. Metadata directory 93 4.11.2. Metadata storage 93 4.11.3. Metadata discovery 94 4.11.4. Metadata lineage 94 4.11.5. Metadata querying 95 4.11.6. Data source selection 95 4.12. Metadata and master data management 96 4.13. Conclusion 96 Chapter 5. A Use Case of Data Lake Metadata Management 97Imen MEGDICHE, Franck RAVAT and Yan ZHAO 5.1. Context 97 5.1.1. Data lake definition 98 5.1.2. Data lake functional architecture 100 5.2. Related work 103 5.2.1. Metadata classification 104 5.2.2. Metadata management 105 5.3. Metadata model 106 5.3.1. Metadata classification 106 5.3.2. Schema of metadata conceptual model 110 5.4. Metadata implementation 111 5.4.1. Relational database 112 5.4.2. Graph database 115 5.4.3. Comparison of the solutions 119 5.5. Concluding remarks 121 Chapter 6. Master Data and Reference Data in Data Lake Ecosystems 123Cédrine MADERA 6.1. Introduction to master data management 125 6.1.1. What is master data? 125 6.1.2. Basic definitions 125 6.2. Deciding what to manage 126 6.2.1. Behavior 126 6.2.2. Lifecycle 127 6.2.3. Cardinality 127 6.2.4. Lifetime 128 6.2.5. Complexity 128 6.2.6. Value 128 6.2.7. Volatility 129 6.2.8. Reuse 129 6.3. Why should I manage master data? 130 6.4. What is master data management? 131 6.4.1. How do I create a master list? 136 6.4.2. How do I maintain a master list? 138 6.4.3. Versioning and auditing 139 6.4.4. Hierarchy management 140 6.5. Master data and the data lake 141 6.6. Conclusion 143 Chapter 7. Linked Data Principles for Data Lakes 145Alessandro ADAMOU and Mathieu D’AQUIN 7.1. Basic principles 145 7.2. Using Linked Data in data lakes 148 7.2.1. Distributed data storage and querying with linked data graphs 151 7.2.2. Describing and profiling data sources 153 7.2.3. Integrating internal and external data 156 7.3. Limitations and issues 159 7.4. The smart cities use case 162 7.4.1. The MK Data Hub 163 7.4.2. Linked data in the MK Data Hub 165 7.5. Take-home message 169 Chapter 8. Fog Computing 171Arnault IOUALALEN 8.1. Introduction 171 8.2. A little bit of context 171 8.3. Every machine talks 172 8.4. The volume paradox 173 8.5. The fog, a shift in paradigm 174 8.6. Constraint environment challenges 176 8.7. Calculations and local drift 177 8.7.1. A short memo about computer arithmetic 178 8.7.2. Instability from within 179 8.7.3. Non-determinism from outside 180 8.8. Quality is everything 181 8.9. Fog computing versus cloud computing and edge computing 184 8.10. Concluding remarks: fog computing and data lake 185 Chapter 9. The Gravity Principle in Data Lakes 187Anne LAURENT, Thérèse LIBOUREL, Cédrine MADERA and André MIRALLES 9.1. Applying the notion of gravitation to information systems 187 9.1.1. Universal gravitation 187 9.1.2. Gravitation in information systems 189 9.2. Impact of gravitation on the architecture of data lakes 193 9.2.1. The case where data are not moved 195 9.2.2. The case where processes are not moved 197 9.2.3. The case where the environment blocks the move 198 Glossary 201 References 207 List of Authors 217 Index 219

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Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part 1. Integrated Analysis in Geography: The Way to Cloud Computing xix Introduction to Part 1 xxiDominique LAFFLY Chapter 1. Geographical Information and Landscape, Elements of Formalization 1Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 2. Sampling Strategies 7Dominique LAFFLY 2.1. References 18 Chapter 3. Characterization of the Spatial Structure 19Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 4. Thematic Information Structures 27Dominique LAFFLY Chapter 5. From the Point to the Surface, How to Link Endogenous and Exogenous Data 35Dominique LAFFLY 5.1. References 44 Chapter 6. Big Data in Geography 45Dominique LAFFLY Conclusion to Part 1 55Dominique LAFFLY Part 2. Basic Mathematical, Statistical and Computational Tools 59 Chapter 7. An Introduction to Machine Learning 61Hichem SAHLI 7.1. Predictive modeling: introduction 61 7.2. Bayesian modeling61 7.2.1. Basic probability theory 62 7.2.2. Bayes rule 63 7.2.3. Parameter estimation 63 7.2.4. Learning Gaussians 64 7.3. Generative versus discriminative models 66 7.4. Classification 67 7.4.1. Naïve Bayes 68 7.4.2. Support vector machines 69 7.5. Evaluation metrics for classification evaluation 71 7.5.1. Confusion matrix-based measures 71 7.5.2. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) 73 7.6. Cross-validation and over-fitting 73 7.7. References 74 Chapter 8. Multivariate Data Analysis 75Astrid JOURDAN and Dominique LAFFLY 8.1. Introduction 75 8.2. Principal component analysis 77 8.2.1. How to measure the information 78 8.2.2. Scalar product and orthogonal variables 80 8.2.3. Construction of the principal axes 81 8.2.4. Analysis of the principal axes 84 8.2.5. Analysis of the data points 86 8.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 88 8.3.1. Indicator matrix 89 8.3.2. Cloud of data points 90 8.3.3. Cloud of levels 92 8.3.4. MCA or PCA? 94 8.4. Clustering 96 8.4.1. Distance between data points 97 8.4.2. Dissimilarity criteria between clusters 98 8.4.3. Variance (inertia) decomposition 99 8.4.4. k-means method 101 8.4.5. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering 104 8.5. References 105 Chapter 9. Sensitivity Analysis 107Astrid JOURDAN and Peio LOUBIÈRE 9.1. Generalities 107 9.2. Methods based on linear regression 109 9.2.1. Presentation 109 9.2.2. R practice 111 9.3. Morris’ method 114 9.3.1. Elementary effects method (Morris’ method) 114 9.3.2. R practice 117 9.4. Methods based on variance analysis 119 9.4.1. Sobol’ indices 120 9.4.2. Estimation of the Sobol’ indices 122 9.4.3. R practice 123 9.5. Conclusion 126 9.6. References 127 Chapter 10. Using R for Multivariate Analysis 129Astrid JOURDAN 10.1. Introduction 129 10.1.1. The dataset 131 10.1.2. The variables 134 10.2. Principal component analysis 136 10.2.1. Eigenvalues 137 10.2.2. Data points (Individuals) 139 10.2.3. Supplementary variables 143 10.2.4. Other representations 143 10.3. Multiple correspondence analysis 144 10.4. Clustering 145 10.4.1. k-means algorithm 145 10.5. References 151 Part 3. Computer Science 153 Chapter 11. High Performance and Distributed Computing 155Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Eleonora LUPPI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN and Luca TOMASSETTI 11.1. High performance computing 155 11.2. Systems based on multi-core CPUs 157 11.2.1. Systems based on GPUs 159 Chapter 12. Introduction to Distributed Computing 163Eleonora LUPPI 12.1. Introduction 163 12.1.1. A brief history 163 12.1.2. Design requirements165 12.1.3. Models 168 12.1.4. Grid computing 171 12.2. References 176 Chapter 13. Towards Cloud Computing 179Peio LOUBIÈRE and Luca TOMASSETTI 13.1. Introduction 179 13.1.1. Generalities 179 13.1.2. Benefits and drawbacks 180 13.2. Service model 180 13.2.1. Software as a Service 181 13.2.2. Platform as a Service 182 13.2.3. Infrastructure as a Service 182 13.2.4. And many more: XaaS 182 13.3. Deployment model 183 13.3.1. Public cloud 183 13.3.2. Private cloud 183 13.3.3. Hybrid cloud 184 13.4. Behind the hood, a technological overview 184 13.4.1. Structure 184 13.4.2. Virtualization 185 13.4.3. Scalability 186 13.4.4. Web-Oriented Architecture 187 13.5. Conclusion 187 13.6. References 188 Chapter 14. Web-Oriented Architecture – How to design a RESTFull API 191Florent DEVIN 14.1. Introduction 191 14.2. Web services 192 14.2.1. Introduction 192 14.2.2. SOAP web services 193 14.2.3. REST web services 195 14.3. Web-Oriented Applications – Microservice applications 198 14.3.1. Stateless and scalabilty 199 14.3.2. API 200 14.3.3. HTTP Methods 201 14.3.4. Example of an API 202 14.4. WSDL example 203 14.5. Conclusion 205 14.6. References 205 Chapter 15. SCALA – Functional Programming 207Florent DEVIN 15.1. Introduction 207 15.1.1. Programming languages 208 15.1.2. Paradigm 208 15.2. Functional programming 212 15.2.1. Introduction 212 15.2.2. Why now? 212 15.2.3. High order function 213 15.2.4. Basic functional blocks 215 15.3. Scala 217 15.3.1. Types systems 218 15.3.2. Basic manipulation of collection 222 15.4. Rational 224 15.5. Why immutability matters? 224 15.6. Conclusion 226 15.7. References 227 Chapter 16. Spark and Machine Learning Library 229Yannick LE NIR 16.1. Introduction 229 16.2. Spark 230 16.2.1. Spark introduction 230 16.2.2. RDD presentation 230 16.2.3. RDD lifecycle 231 16.2.4. Operations on RDD 232 16.2.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 236 16.3. Spark machine learning library 237 16.3.1. Local vectors 237 16.3.2. Labeled points 237 16.3.3. Learning dataset 238 16.3.4. Classification and regression algorithms in Spark 238 16.3.5. Exercises for environmental sciences 239 16.4. Conclusion 242 Chapter 17. Database for Cloud Computing 245Peio LOUBIÈRE 17.1. Introduction 245 17.2. From myGlsrdbms to NoSQL 245 17.2.1. CAP theorem 246 17.2.2. From ACID to BASE 247 17.3. NoSQL database storage paradigms 248 17.3.1. Column-family oriented storage 249 17.3.2. Key/value-oriented storage 249 17.3.3. Document-oriented storage 250 17.3.4. Graph-oriented storage 251 17.4. SQL versus NoSQL, the war will not take place 251 17.5. Example: a dive into MongoDB 252 17.5.1. Presentation 253 17.5.2. First steps 254 17.5.3. Database level commands 254 17.5.4. Data types 255 17.5.5. Modifying data 255 17.6. Conclusion 273 17.7. References 273 Chapter 18. WRF Performance Analysis and Scalability on Multicore High Performance Computing Systems 275Didin Agustian PERMADI, Sebastiano Fabio SCHIFANO, Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Eleonora LUPPI and Luca TOMASSETTI 18.1. Introduction 276 18.2. The weather research and forecast model and experimental set-up 276 18.2.1. Model architecture 276 18.3. Architecture of multicore HPC system 282 18.4. Results 283 18.4.1. Results of experiment E1 283 18.4.2. Results of experiment E2 286 18.5. Conclusion 288 18.6. References 288 List of Authors 291 Index 293 Summaries of other volumes 295

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Book SynopsisThis book, presented in three volumes, examines �environmental� disciplines in relation to major players in contemporary science: Big Data, artificial intelligence and cloud computing. Today, there is a real sense of urgency regarding the evolution of computer technology, the ever-increasing volume of data, threats to our climate and the sustainable development of our planet. As such, we need to reduce technology just as much as we need to bridge the global socio-economic gap between the North and South; between universal free access to data (open data) and free software (open source). In this book, we pay particular attention to certain environmental subjects, in order to enrich our understanding of cloud computing. These subjects are: erosion; urban air pollution and atmospheric pollution in Southeast Asia; melting permafrost (causing the accelerated release of soil organic carbon in the atmosphere); alert systems of environmental hazards (such as forest fires, prospective modeling of socio-spatial practices and land use); and web fountains of geographical data. Finally, this book asks the question: in order to find a pattern in the data, how do we move from a traditional computing model-based world to pure mathematical research? After thorough examination of this topic, we conclude that this goal is both transdisciplinary and achievable.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Environmental Management and Services 1Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Quoc Tuan LE, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Environmental components 2 1.2.1. Lithosphere 3 1.2.2. Atmosphere 3 1.2.3. Hydrosphere 4 1.2.4. Biosphere 5 1.3. Environmental pollution 6 1.3.1. Air pollution 6 1.3.2. Water pollution 7 1.3.3. Soil pollution 8 1.3.4. Biological pollution 8 1.4. Environmental quality management 9 1.4.1. Air quality management: technical tools and data management 9 1.4.2. Water quality management 11 1.4.3. Biosphere reservation and management 12 1.5. Data services for the environment 14 1.6. References 15 Part. Environmental Case Studies 17 Chapter 2. Air Quality Monitoring with Focus on Wireless Sensor Application and Data Management 19Tan Loi HUYNH, Sathita FAKPRAPAI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 2.1. Introduction 20 2.2. Development of air pollution monitoring techniques 20 2.2.1. Conventional air pollution monitoring 21 2.2.2. Sensing technology for air monitoring 25 2.3. Wireless sensor network for air monitoring 28 2.3.1. Case studies of application of wireless sensors for air quality monitoring 29 2.3.2. AIT case study 1 30 2.3.3. AIT case study 2 32 2.3.4. Influencing factors of low-cost sensor performance in air pollution monitoring 35 2.4. Summary: toward application of cloud computing for air quality monitoring data management 36 2.5. References 36 Chapter 3. Emission Inventories for Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases with Emphasis on Data Management in the Cloud 41Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI, Didin Agustian PERMADI, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Kok SOTHEA, Sukhuma CHITAPORPAN, Thongchai KANABKAEW, Jantira RATTANARAT and Surasak SICHUM 3.1. Introduction 42 3.2. Methodology for development of EI database 43 3.2.1. Framework of EI development 43 3.2.2. Calculation of EI 44 3.2.3. Sources of data 45 3.3. Case studies 52 3.3.1. Southeast Asia (SEA) 52 3.3.2. Vietnam inland domain 56 3.3.3. Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand 59 3.3.4. Forest fire emissions from Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand 60 3.3.5. Phnom Penh (PNH), Cambodia 63 3.4. Summary and conclusion 65 3.5. References 65 Chapter 4. Atmospheric Modeling with Focus on Management of Input/Output Data and Potential of Cloud Computing Applications 73Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN, Nhat Ha Chi NGUYEN, Nguyen Huy LAI and Didin Agustian PERMADI 4.1. Introduction 74 4.1.1. Atmospheric modeling 74 4.1.2. Roles of modeling in air quality management 75 4.1.3. Existing modeling systems 76 4.2. Model architecture of chemistry transport model 80 4.2.1. Conceptual framework and structure 80 4.2.2. Data flow and processing 83 4.3. Output data processing 85 4.3.1. Output data processing 85 4.3.2. Model performance evaluation 86 4.4. Potential applications of cloud computing in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.1. Current status of cloud computing applications in atmospheric modeling 87 4.4.2. Potential applications of cloud computing in air quality modeling 88 4.5. Case studies of air pollution modeling in Southeast Asia 89 4.5.1. Modeling air quality in Vietnam 89 4.5.2. Modeling air quality in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region 93 4.5.3. Modeling air quality in the Southeast Asia domain 96 4.6. Summary and conclusion 99 4.7. References 100 Chapter 5. Particulate Matter Concentration Mapping from Satellite Imagery 103Thi Nhat Thanh NGUYEN, Viet Hung LUU, Van Ha PHAM, Quang Hung BUI and Thi Kim Oanh NGUYEN 5.1. Introduction 103 5.2. Relation of aerosol optical thickness, meteorological variables and particulate matter concentration 104 5.2.1. Data collection 105 5.2.2. Outlier detection 105 5.2.3. Data integration 105 5.2.4. Correlation analysis 106 5.2.5. Validation of satellite-derived AOD and ground-measured AOD 107 5.2.6. Relation of particulate matter concentration and meteorological variables 108 5.2.7. Relation of particulate matter concentration and satellite-derived AOD 111 5.3. PM2.5 mapping from moderate resolution satellite images 114 5.3.1. Data collection 114 5.3.2. Multiple variable regressions 115 5.3.3. Data interpolation 115 5.3.4. Evaluation metrics 116 5.3.5. Predictor variables and model selection 116 5.3.6. Interpolation model 117 5.3.7. Map validation results 118 5.4. PM10 mapping from high resolution satellite images 119 5.4.1. Dataset 119 5.4.2. Radiometric normalization 120 5.4.3. Relative Aerosol Optical Depth Extraction 121 5.4.4. Least square fitting 123 5.4.5. PM10 estimation from SPOT images 124 5.5. Conclusion 127 5.6. References 127 Chapter 6. Comparison and Assessment of Culturable Airborne Microorganism Levels and Related Environmental Factors in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam 131Tri Quang Hung NGUYEN, Minh Ky NGUYEN and Ngoc Thu Huong HUYNH 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Materials and methods 132 6.2.1. Studying sites 132 6.2.2. Sampling 133 6.2.3. Identification of microorganisms 134 6.2.4. Statistical analysis 134 6.3. Results and discussions 135 6.3.1. Results of environmental factors in Ho Chi Minh City 135 6.3.2. Results of monitoring on culturable microorganism levels in ambient air 136 6.3.3. Comparison and assessment of environmental factor effects on culturable microorganism levels 139 6.3.4. Principal component analysis of microorganism groups 146 6.4. Conclusion 149 6.5. References 150 Chapter 7. Application of GIS and RS in Planning Environmental Protection Zones in Phu Loc District, Thua Thien Hue Province 155Quoc Tuan LE, Trinh Minh Anh NGUYEN, Huy Anh NGUYEN and Truong Ngoc Han LE 7.1. Introduction 155 7.2. Materials and research methods 157 7.2.1. Materials 157 7.3. Research methods 158 7.3.1. Research approach 158 7.3.2. Research methods 158 7.3.3. Results and discussion 160 7.3.4. Environmental protection planning map 161 7.4. Conclusion 164 7.5. References 164 Chapter 8. Forecasting the Water Quality and the Capacity of the Dong Nai River to Receive Wastewater up to 2020 165Quoc Tuan LE, Thi Kieu Diem NGO and Truong Ngoc Han LE 8.1. Introduction 165 8.2. Materials and methods 166 8.2.1. Assessing the water quality and partitioning the receiving zone 166 8.2.2. MIKE 11 modeling 167 8.3. Results and discussion 167 8.3.1. The water quality of the Dong Nai River 167 8.3.2. Waste sources to the Dong Nai River 168 8.3.3. Waste load to Dong Nai river 169 8.3.4. Forecasting load to the Dong Nai River in 2020 170 8.3.5. Water quality forecasting 172 8.3.6. Partition for water receiving of the Dong Nai River 173 8.4. Conclusion 173 8.5. Appendix 174 8.6. References 175 Chapter 9. Water Resource Management 177Imeshi WEERASINGHE 9.1. Introduction 177 9.1.1. The hydrological cycle 178 9.1.2. Hydrological models 179 9.2. Hydrological models for water resource management 179 9.2.1. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) 180 9.2.2. Geographical information systems (GIS) and the SWAT model 181 9.3. Setting up of a SWAT model for the Blue Nile basin 181 9.4. Scenario analysis using SWAT 184 9.4.1. Management scenarios 185 9.4.2. Land use scenarios 185 9.4.3. Climate change scenarios 185 9.5. Cloud computing and SWAT 186 9.6. References 186 Chapter 10. Assessing Impacts of Land Use Change and Climate Change on Water Resources in the La Vi Catchment, Binh Dinh Province 191Kim Loi NGUYEN, Le Tan Dat NGUYEN, Hoang Tu LE, Duy Liem NGUYEN, Ngoc Quynh Tram VO, Van Phan LE, Duy Nang NGUYEN, Thi Thanh Thuy NGUYEN, Gia Diep PHAM, Dang Nguyen Dong PHUONG, Thi Hong NGUYEN, Thong Nhat TRAN, Margaret SHANAFIELD and Okke BATELAAN 10.1. Introduction 191 10.1.1. Background of the study/related literature 192 10.1.2. Description of study area 195 10.1.3. Land use/land cover 197 10.2. Materials and methodology 198 10.2.1. Brief description of the SWAT model 198 10.2.2. Materials 200 10.2.3. Data collection 200 10.2.4. Methodology 203 10.3. Primary results 203 10.3.1. The automatic hydro-meteorology 203 10.3.2. Assessing water discharge in the La Vi catchment using the SWAT model 205 10.4. Conclusion 206 10.5. Acknowledgments 206 10.6. References 207 Conclusion and Future Prospects 211 List of Authors 215 Index 219 Summaries of other volumes 221Dominique LAFFLY and Yannick LE NIR

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Book SynopsisCapturing, recording and broadcasting the voice is often difficult. Many factors must be taken into account and achieving a true representation is much more complex than one might think. The capture devices such as the position of the singer(s) or narrator(s), the acoustics, atmosphere and equipment are just some of the physical aspects that need to be mastered. Then there is the passage through the analog or digital channel, which disrupts the audio signal, as well as the processes that are often required to enrich, improve or even transform the vocal timbre and tessitura. While in the past these processes were purely material, today digital technologies and software produce surprising results that every professional in recording and broadcasting should know how to master.Recording and Voice Processing 1 addresses some general theoretical concepts. A history of recording and the physiology of the vocal apparatus are detailed in order to give the reader an understanding of the fundamental aspects of the subject. This volume also includes an advanced study of microphones, addressing their characteristics and typologies. The acoustic environment and its treatment are also considered in terms of the location of the sound capture - whether in a home studio, recording studio, live or natural environment - in order to achieve a satisfactory sound recording.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Recording History 1 1.1 In the beginning was the phonautograph 1 1.2 When it really started 2 1.3 Magnetic recording 8 1.4 The advent of 78 rpm 9 1.5 The magnetic tape and the LP 15 1.6 8-track cartridges, mini-cassette and Trimicron 20 1.7 The compact disk and the advent of digital technology 27 1.8 Digital technology is essential 29 1.9 Hard disk recorder and minidisc 36 1.10 Microcomputer, direct-to-disk and DAW 38 1.11 To conclude 42 Chapter 2 The Voice 45 2.1 The vocal apparatus and its functioning 45 2.2 Voice and breath 48 2.3 Song and speech 49 2.4 Frequency, intensity and timbre 50 2.5 Voice and range 51 2.6 Voice quality 54 2.7 Characteristics of the vocal timbre 55 2.8 Conclusion 57 Chapter 3 Microphones 59 3.1 A little history 59 3.2 The characteristics of a microphone 71 3.2.1 General characteristics 71 3.2.2 Specific characteristics 91 3.3 Microphone families 93 3.3.1 Microphone and transformer 94 3.3.2 Dynamic moving coil microphones 96 3.3.3 Ribbon microphones 98 3.3.4 Condenser microphones 100 3.3.5 USB microphones 104 3.4 Uses of microphones according to their directivity 107 3.4.1 Omnidirectional microphones 107 3.4.2 Bidirectional microphones (figure-8) 107 3.4.3 Cardioid microphones 109 3.5 Conclusion 110 Chapter 4 The Acoustic Environment 111 4.1 Location of pickup and sound isolation 111 4.2 Acoustic processing 112 4.2.1 State of the art 112 4.2.2 Bass traps 114 4.2.3 Acoustic diffusers 123 4.3 Acoustic booths 130 4.4 Accessories 132 4.4.1 Acoustic shields 132 4.4.2 Pop filters 135 4.4.3 Headphones 136 4.4.4 Microphone suspensions 142 4.4.5 Feet, poles, and arms 142 4.4.6 Bonnets 146 4.5 Conclusion 148 Conclusion 149 Appendices 151 Appendix 1 Sound Unit 153 Appendix 2 Audio Connectivity 161 Appendix 3 Audio Processing Plugins 171 Appendix 4 Tube and JFET Microphone Amplifiers 177 Appendix 5 Microphone Pairs 181 Glossary 195 References 203 Index 213

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Book SynopsisResources designed to support learners of the 2010 BTEC Level 2 First Engineering specification*. Covers all mandatory and 6 optional units providing the breadth of units needed to tailor this course to the needs and interests of specific groups of learners. Visually-appealing learner-friendly format. Assessment activities in each unit covering all assessment criteria give students the opportunity to practice for their assignments and deepen their knowledge and understanding. WorkSpace case studies take learners into the real world of work, showing them how they can apply their knowledge in a real-life context. Advice from former students: shows current learners how they can make their BTEC experience a stepping stone to success. * From 2012, Pearson’s BTEC First qualifications have been under re-development, so schools and colleges could be teaching the existing 2010 specification or the new next generation 2012-2013 specification. There are different Student Books to support each specification. If learners are unsure, they should check with their teacher or tutor.

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Book SynopsisSemiconductor flash memory is an indispensable component of modern electronic systems which has gained a strategic position in recent decades due to the progressive shift from computing to consumer (and particularly mobile) products as revenue drivers for Integrated Circuits (IC) companies. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the different technological approaches currently being studied to fulfill future memory requirements. Two main research paths are identified and discussed. Different "evolutionary paths" based on the use of new materials (such as silicon nanocrystals for storage nodes and high-k insulators for active dielectrics) and of new transistor structures (such as multi-gate devices) are investigated in order to extend classical floating gate technology to the 32 nm node. "Disruptive paths" based on new storage mechanisms or new technologies (such as phase-change devices, polymer or molecular cross-bar memories) are also covered in order to address 22 nm and smaller IC generations. Finally, the main factors at the origin of these phenomena are identified and analyzed, providing pointers on future research activities and developments in this area.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Semiconductor Industry Overview 7 2.1. The cyclical semiconductor market 7 2.2. The leading IC companies 12 2.3. The world IC market distribution 17 2.4. Semiconductor sales by IC devices 19 2.5. The semiconductor memory market 22 2.6. The impressive price decline of IC circuits 26 2.7. Moore’s Law, the ITRS and their economic impacts 33 2.8. Exponential growth of manufacturing and R&D costs 46 2.9. The structural evolution of the semiconductor industry 56 2.10. Consolidation of the semiconductor memory sector 64 2.11. Conclusions 70 2.12. References 73 Chapter 3. Research on Advanced Charge Storage Memories 77 3.1. Key features of Flash technology 78 3.2. Flash technology scaling 87 3.3. Innovative paths in silicon NVM technologies 96 3.4. Research on advanced charge storage memories 97 3.4.1. Silicon nanocrystal memories 97 3.4.2. Silicon nanocrystal memories with high-k IPDs 112 3.4.3. Hybrid silicon nanocrystal/SiN memories with high-k IPDs 117 3.4.4. Silicon nanocrystal double layer memories with high-k IPDs 119 3.4.5. Metal nano-dots coupled with organic templates 121 3.4.6. High-k IPD-based memories 127 3.4.7. High-k/metal gate stacks for “TANOS” memories 136 3.4.8. FinFlash devices 139 3.4.9. Molecular charge-based memories 151 3.4.10. Effects of the few electron phenomena 159 3.5. Conclusions 163 3.6. References 164 Chapter 4. Future Paths of Innovation 171 4.1. 3D integration of charge-storage memories 172 4.2. Alternative technologies 185 4.2.1. Ferro RAMs 187 4.2.2. Magnetic RAMs 187 4.2.3. Phase-change RAMs 188 4.2.4. Conductive bridging RAMs 199 4.2.5. Oxide resistive RAMs 202 4.2.6. New crossbar architectures 206 4.3. Conclusion 215 4.4. References 216 Chapter 5. Conclusions 223 5.1. References 232 Index 233

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the theoretical problems of modeling electrical behavior of the interconnections encountered in everyday electronic products. The coverage shows the theoretical tools of waveform prediction at work in the design of a complex and high-speed digital electronic system. Scientists, research engineers, and postgraduate students interested in electromagnetism, microwave theory, electrical engineering, or the development of simulation tools software for high speed electronic system design automation will find this book an illuminating resource.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Theoretical Foundations of Electromagnetism 1 1.1. Elements of the theory of distributions applied to electromagnetism 1 1.1.1. Choosing a presentation of the foundations of electromagnetism 1 1.1.2. Linear modeling of physical laws and Green’s kernels 2 1.1.3. Accounting for the “natural symmetries” of physical laws 3 1.1.4. Motivation for using the theory of distributions 4 1.1.5. Quick review of the theory of distributions 5 1.1.6. Application to electromagnetism 9 1.2. Vector analysis review according to the theory of distributions 11 1.2.1. Derivation of discontinuous functions defined on R 11 1.2.2. Derivative of linear mappings 12 1.2.3. Derivation of discontinuous functions on a surface in 3 12 1.2.4. Derivation of vector distributions in 3 13 1.2.5. Algebra of the operator ?n 13 1.3. Maxwell’s equations according to the theory of distributions 14 1.3.1. Symmetries and duality in electromagnetism 14 1.3.2. The symmetry laws of distributions in electromagnetism 14 1.3.3. Application to the first couple of Maxwell’s equations 15 1.3.4. Behavior law of materials by means of the theory of distributions 19 1.3.5. Application to the second couple of Maxwell’s equations 19 1.3.6. Charge density, current density, continuity equations 20 1.3.7. Integral form of Maxwell’s equations 22 1.4. Conclusion 24 Chapter 2. Full Wave Analysis 25 2.1. Discontinuities in electromagnetism 25 2.1.1. Initial and boundary conditions according to the theory of distributions 25 2.1.2. Electromagnetic images, incident and reflected fields 28 2.1.3. Method of moments for the numerical computation of electromagnetic fields 29 2.2. Potentials in electromagnetism 33 2.2.1. Scalar and vector potentials, duality between electrical and magnetic potentials 33 2.2.2. Lossy propagation equations, the Lorentz gauge 35 2.2.3. Green’s kernels for harmonic electromagnetic waves in heterogenous media 39 2.3. Topology of electromagnetic interferences 42 2.3.1. Introduction 42 2.3.2. Topological modeling of electromagnetic interferences 43 2.3.3. Partitioning the electrical network in respect of electromagnetic interferences 45 2.3.4. The tree of electromagnetic interferences and the problem of loops 46 2.4. Conclusion 50 Chapter 3. Electromagnetism in Stratified Media 51 3.1. Electrical and magnetic currents in stratified media 52 3.1.1. Scope of the theory, defining stratified media 52 3.1.2. Integral formulation of the current derivative versus time: general case 53 3.1.3. Integral formula of the current derivative relative to space in the direction of the vector potential 61 3.1.4. Duality between electrical and magnetic currents in lossless media 63 3.2. Straight stratified media 67 3.2.1. Scope 67 3.2.2. Lossy propagation equations and the variational approach 67 3.2.3. Spectral analysis of the longitudinal field 71 3.2.4. From Maxwell’s equations to transmission line equations 76 3.2.5. Generalized transmission line matrix equation 79 3.2.6. Non-existence of the TM and TE modes separately 81 3.2.7. Electrical (or magnetic) currents 84 3.3. Conclusion 84 Chapter 4. Transmission Line Equations 85 4.1. Straight homogenous dielectric media with lossless conductors 86 4.1.1. Hypothesis 86 4.1.2. Electrical current formulae in TM mode of propagation 86 4.1.3. Magnetic current formulae in TE mode of propagation 89 4.1.4. Spectral analysis of electromagnetic fields 89 4.1.5. Modal analysis of electrical current and lineic charge 96 4.1.6. Modal analysis of scalar and vector potentials 101 4.1.7. Transmission line with distributed sources corresponding to a waveguide 103 4.2. TEM mode of wave propagation 104 4.2.1. Defining the TEM mode and the transmission lines 104 4.2.2. Basic existence condition of a TEM propagation mode 105 4.2.3. Variational numerical computation of the lowest wavelength 107 4.2.4. Telegrapher’s equation for current and electrical charge per unit length 109 4.2.5. Lorentz condition and telegrapher’s equation for vector potentials and scalars in TEM mode 111 4.2.6. Lineic distribution of electrical charges and the Poisson equation 112 4.2.7. Transmission line equations for lossy dielectrics and lossless conductors 115 4.2.8. Green’s kernels and the numerical computation of lineic parameters 117 4.3. Quasi-TEM approximation for lossy conductors and dielectrics 122 4.3.1. Foucault’s modal currents of electromagnetic field propagation in lossy media 122 4.3.2. Quasi-TEM approximation of coupled lossy transmission lines 124 4.4. Weakly bent transmission lines in the quasi-TEM approximation 126 4.4.1. Bent lossy heterogenous media with lossless conductors 126 4.4.2. Bent lossy homogenous media with lossless conductors 127 4.4.3. Bent lossless conductors such that en does not depend on q1, and e1 and CH do not depend on qn 128 4.4.4. Lineic capacitance tied to a weak curvature of a transmission line 128 4.5. Conclusion 130 Chapter 5. Direct Time-domain Methods 131 5.1. “Direct” methods in the time domain 132 5.1.1. Defining a “direct” method in the time domain 132 5.1.2. Single lossless transmission lines in homogenous media 132 5.2. Lossless coupled transmission lines in homogenous media 143 5.2.1. Homogenous coupling 143 5.2.2. Heterogenous coupling 150 5.2.3. Bifurcations 151 5.2.4. Complex distributed parameter networks 156 5.2.5. Estimation of the transient state time of signals 159 5.2.6. Numerical computation of the characteristic impedance matrix 161 5.3. Conclusion 162 Chapter 6. Discretization in the Time Domain 163 6.1. Finite difference method in the time domain 163 6.1.1. From full wave analysis to nodal operational matrices 163 6.1.2. Recursive differential transmission line matrix equation of complex networks 167 6.1.3. Estimation of the transient state time 168 6.1.4. Finite difference approximation of differential operators in the time domain 170 6.1.5. Application to lumped quadripole modeling approximation in the time domain 173 6.1.6. Complex distributed and lumped parameter networks approximation 175 6.2. Matrix velocity operator interpolation method 179 6.2.1. Difficulties set by the compounded matrix functions 179 6.2.2. Matrix velocity matrix operator of stratified heterogenous media 181 6.2.3. Matrix velocity operator interpolation method for the matrix drift equation 183 6.3. Conclusion 187 Chapter 7. Frequency Methods 189 7.1. Laplace transform method for lossy transmission lines 190 7.1.1. Transfer matrix in the Laplace domain 190 7.1.2. Transfer impedance matrix, impedance matching, scattering matrix 198 7.2. Coming back in the time domain 202 7.2.1. Inverse Laplace transform for lossy transmission lines 202 7.2.2. Method of the contribution of loops 203 7.2.3. Application to the distortion of a Dirac pulse in lossy media 206 7.2.4. Classical kernel of the convolution methods 207 7.2.5. Diffusion equation and the time-varying “skin depth” 208 7.2.6. Multiple reflections processing 209 7.3. Method of the discrete Fourier transform 210 7.3.1. Fourier transform and the harmonic steady state 210 7.3.2. Discrete Fourier transform and the sampling procedure 211 7.3.3. Application to digital signal processing 213 7.3.4. Bifurcations and complex networks of lossy transmission lines 215 7.4. Conclusion 217 Chapter 8. Time-domain Wavelets 219 8.1. Theoretical introduction 219 8.1.1. Motivation for the time-domain wavelets method 219 8.1.2. General mathematical framework 220 8.1.3. Seed and generator of direct and reverse wavelets family 221 8.2. Application to digital signal propagation 226 8.2.1. Application to lossless guided wave analysis in the time domain 226 8.2.2. Application to the telegrapher’s equation 230 8.2.3. Convergence of wavelet expansions, numerical approximation 233 8.3. Conclusion 241 Chapter 9. Applications of the Wavelet Method 243 9.1. Coupled lossy transmission lines in the TEM approximation 243 9.1.1. Wavelets in homogenously coupled lossy transmission lines 243 9.1.2. Multiple reflections into lossy coupled lines 250 9.1.3. Comparative analysis of frequency and wavelets methods 255 9.2. Extension to 3D wavelets and electromagnetic perturbations 256 9.2.1. Basic second-order partial differential equation of electromagnetic waves 256 9.2.2. Obtaining the wavelet generating equation: Au = u. 257 9.2.3. Direct and reverse generators of the wavelet base 258 9.2.4. Spherical seed and wavelets having a zero divergence 260 9.2.5. Modeling electromagnetic perturbations in lossy media 261 9.2.6. Guided propagation in interconnection structures 262 9.3. Conclusion 262 Appendices 263 Appendix A. Physical Data 263 Appendix B. Technological Data 267 Appendix C. Lineic Capacitors 269 Appendix D. Modified Relaxation Method 275 Appendix E. Cylindrical Wavelets 277 Appendix F. Wavelets and Elliptic Operators 281 References 287 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThe scientific and technical basis underpinning modern measurement techniques used for electromagnetic quantities and phenonema is necessarily wide-ranging, as the electromagnetic environment spans all possible frequencies and wavelengths. Measurements must be applicable in fields as varied as nanotechnologies, telecommunications, meteorology, geo-location, radio-astronomy, health, biology, and many others. In order to adequately cover the many different facets of the topic, this book provides examples from the entire range of the electromagnetic spectrum — covering frequencies from several hertz to terahertz, and considering wavelength distances ranging from nanometers to light-years in optics. It then provides coverage of the various measurement techniques using electromagnetic waves for various applications, devoting chapters to each different field of application. This comprehensive book gives detailed information on: the various techniques and methods available to measure the key characteristics of electromagnetic waves, in terms of the local field and phase for a broad field of frequencies; determination of physical quantities such as distance, time, etc., using electromagnetic properties; new approaches to measurements in the field of electromagnetic distribution in complex structures media, such as biological tissues and in the nanosciences. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Electromagnetic Environment 1 Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC 1.1. Electromagnetic radiation sources 1 1.2. Electromagnetic fields 18 1.3. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. From Measurement to Control of Electromagnetic Waves using a Near-field Scanning Optical Microscope 23 Loïc LALOUAT, Houssein NASRALLAH, Benoit CLUZEL, Laurent SALOMON, Colette DUMAS and Frédérique DE FORNEL 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Principle of the measurement using a local probe 24 2.3. Measurement of the electromagnetic field distribution inside nanophotonic components 30 2.4. Measuring the amplitude and phase in optical near-field 39 2.5. Active optical near-field microscopy 41 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Acknowledgements 45 2.8. Bibliography 45 Chapter 3. Meteorological Visibility Measurement: Meteorological Optical Range 51 Hervé SIZUN and Maher AL NABOULSI 3.1. Introduction 51 3.2. Definitions 52 3.3. Atmospheric composition 53 3.4. Atmospheric effects on light propagation 54 3.5. Units and scales 57 3.6. Measurement methods 58 3.7. Visibility perturbation factors 68 3.8. Applications 71 3.9. Appendix – optical contrast and Koschmieder’s law 75 3.10. Glossary 77 3.11. Bibliography 78 Chapter 4. Low Coherence Interferometry 81 Xavier CHAPELEAU, Dominique LEDUC, Cyril LUPI, Virginie GAILLARD and Christian BOISROBERT 4.1. Introduction 81 4.2. Phase measurement 82 4.3. Metrology considerations 86 4.4. Applications 91 4.5. Conclusion 106 4.6. Bibliography 107 Chapter 5. Passive Remote Sensing at Submillimeter Wavelengths and THz 113 Gérard BEAUDIN 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. Submillimeter-THz low noise heterodyne receivers 115 5.3. Submillimeter – THz applications for astronomy and astrophysics 120 5.4. Submillimeter – THz remote-sensing applications to aeronomy and planetology 124 5.5. Conclusion 126 5.6. Acknowledgements 127 5.7. Bibliography 127 Chapter 6. Exposimetry – Measurements of the Ambient RF Electromagnetic Fields 131 Pierre-Noël FAVENNEC 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. Definitions 132 6.3. Interactions of the electromagnetic fields with biological tissues and medical risks 136 6.4. Exposure limit values 141 6.5. Electromagnetic environment to be measured 146 6.6. Measurement equipment 150 6.7. Measurements 159 6.8. Control stations and uninterrupted electromagnetic measurements: towards a 3D electromagnetic land register 175 6.9. Appendix 1 – some field measurements 176 6.10. Appendix 2 – principal characteristics of mobile communication systems 177 6.11. Bibliography 177 Chapter 7. Ambient RF Electromagnetic Measurements in a Rural Environment 181 Hervé SIZUN and Philippe MALIET 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Measurement set-up 182 7.3. Operating mode 184 7.4. Different studies 185 7.5. Measurements results 186 7.6. Electrical field strength 188 7.7. Conclusion 189 7.8. Acknowledgements 189 7.9. Bibliography 189 Chapter 8. Radio Mobile Measurement Techniques 191 Hervé SIZUN 8.1. Introduction 191 8.2. Field strength measurements 192 8.3. Measurement of the impulse response 195 8.4. Measurement of directions of arrival 198 8.5. WiFi measurements in a home environment (field strength, data rate) 216 8.6. Conclusion 222 8.7. Glossary 224 8.8. Acknowledgments 225 8.9. Bibliography 225 Chapter 9. Dosimetry of Interactions Between the Radioelectric Waves and Human Tissues – Hybrid Approach of the Metrology 229 Joe WIART and Man Faï WONG 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Evaluation of the power absorber for the tissues 230 9.3. Experimental evaluation of the specific absorption rate (SAR) 232 9.4. SAR evaluation in biological tissues 235 9.5. Variability, representativeness and uncertainty 242 9.6. Conclusions 245 9.7. Bibliography 246 Chapter 10. Measurement for the Evaluation of Electromagnetic Compatibility 249 Philippe BESNIER, Christophe LEMOINE and Mohammed SERHIR 10.1. Introduction 249 10.2. General aspects of EMC measurement 250 10.3. Emissivity and radiated immunity testing 253 10.4. Efficiency and limitations of EMC measurement techniques 261 10.5. Mode-stirred reverberation chambers 262 10.6. Electromagnetic near-field measurement techniques applied to EMC 268 10.7. Conclusions and future prospects 272 10.8. Bibliography 272 Chapter 11. High Precision Pulsar Timing in Centrimetric Radioastronomy 277 Ismaël COGNARD 11.1. Introduction 277 11.2. Ultra-stable clocks to the limits of the Galaxy 277 11.3. Dispersion by the interstellar medium 280 11.4. Instrumentation used to study pulsars 281 11.5. Swept local oscillator dedispersion 282 11.6. Filterbank dedispersion 283 11.7. Real-time coherent dedispersion 284 11.8. The coherent pulsar instrumentation installed at Nançay 285 11.9. Conclusion 288 11.10. Bibliography 289 Chapter 12. Long Baseline Decameter Interferometry between Nançay and LOFAR 291 Philippe ZARKA 12.1. Introduction 291 12.2. Observations 293 12.3. Analysis 297 12.4. Conclusions and perspectives 303 12.5. Acknowledgements 305 12.6. Bibliography 305 List of Authors 307 Index 311

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