Electronics engineering Books
University of Minnesota Press Small Tech The Culture of Digital Tools
Book SynopsisThe essays in Small Tech investigate the cultural impact of digital tools and provide fresh perspectives on mobile technologies such as iPods, digital cameras, and PDAs and software functions like cut, copy, and paste and WYSIWYG. Together they advance new thinking about digital environments.
£19.79
University of Minnesota Press The Exploit
Book Synopsis
£14.24
University of Minnesota Press From A to A Keywords of Markup
Book SynopsisEssays exploring the role of markup in contemporary discourse.Trade Review"From A to is a marvelous conception—notably good, in essay after essay, at constructing and mining a developmental history of web technologies. Bradley Dilger and Jeff Rice have assembled a remarkably thoughtful community of thinkers." —Stuart Muolthrop, University of BaltimoreTable of Contents ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction: Making a Vocabulary for Bradley Dilger and Jeff Rice1. Tarrying with the : The Emergence of Control through ProtocoThomas Rickert2. : Exploring Rhetorical Convergences in Transmedia WritingSarah J. Arroyo3. alt: Accessible Web Design or Token Gesture?Colleen A. Reilly4. English Jeff Rice5. A Style Guide to the Secrets of Brendan Riley6. An Accidental Imperative: The Menacing Presence of Brian Willems7. The Evil Tags, and : Two Icons of Early HTML, and Why Some People Love to Hate ThemBob Whipple8. ing Representations of the WebMichelle Glaros9. Breaking All the Rules: Using to Create Space in Online Writing EnvironmentsMatthew K. Gold10. Body on : Coding SubjectivityJennifer L. Bay11. : "Invisible" Code and the Mystique of Web WritingHelen J. Burgess12. From Cyberspaces to Cyberplaces: , Narrative, and the Psychology of PlaceRudy McDaniel and Sae Lynne Schatz13. ing the GridBradley DilgerAfterword. : Casuistic CodeCynthia HaynesContributorsIndex
£19.79
MP - University Of Minnesota Press Hypertext and the Female Imaginary
Book SynopsisExplores the use of hypertext in postmodern electronic and film media by women.Trade Review"Hypertext and the Female Imaginary is a much-needed examination of cultural studies issues as they relate to literary-oriented digital media and are played out in women’s works dealing with hypertext. Jaishree K. Odin has written an extremely valuable book." —Dene Grigar, Washington State University, VancouverTable of ContentsContents Preface Introduction. Contact Zone: Repetition and Difference 1. Discontinuity: In-between Spaces and Itineraries 2. Fragmentation: Gender and Performance 3. Multiplicity: Database and Interface 4. Assemblage: Memory and Difference 5. Technocracy: Imagined Futures and "Reality" Notes Bibliography Index
£17.99
University of Minnesota Press Junkware Posthumanities
Book SynopsisThe essential junkiness of our culture and biology.Trade Review"This book is thrilling. No other book takes the problem of junk (and especially junk DNA) so seriously; no other book takes the question of what molecular biology has done to us so thoroughly. Thierry Bardini’s answer is that we have literally become junk—Homo Nexus. In the age of genetic capitalism, we’ve moved beyond Deleuze’s societies of control and into an age of infinite repurposing. At the very moment that many are celebrating ‘remix culture’ Bardini's book provides a wild and weird wake-up call. We are junk, junk is us. Junkware will help us sort it out." —Christopher Kelty, author of Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software"Awakening us to the awe-ful splendor of an informatic planet crawling with self replicating ‘junkware,’ Professor Bardini joins a global cadre of interdisciplinary ecologists engaging with the digital evolution and development of living systems: Techno-Evo-Devo. Bardini’s inquiry owes as much to Woody Allen as it does to Gilbert Simondon, asking: Are we made of junk? In the tradition of Darwin's contemplation of an ‘entangled bank’ of interconnected life, Junkware beholds a planet transduced by the self replicating infoquake and a Dionysian festival of junk. Long may it replicate." —Richard Doyle, Penn State UniversityTable of ContentsContents Acknowledgments Coda: Lambdas All Over the Place Introduction, or a set of promoters: Robbe-Grillet Cleansing Every Object in Sight, and Vik Muniz Piling Them Up PL Envoi: where one learns about a deafening condition and a couple of figures of junk--PR' Presence of junk, this signature of our age--Pantiq Philology of junk, or what's in this name, the fabric of the rhizome, our very fiber--PRE Mapping junk, or how I wrote this book (or, maybe, how it wrote me)--PR Bio-molecular junk, first three chapters of the book: this uncanny detail on our genetic capital--PRM The Junkness of culture, last three chapters of the book, that might not be chapters at all: out of control. Part I. 3' Bio-Molecular Junk Chapter 1, or a repressor complex: How Junk Became, and Why it Might Remain, Selfish cI On genetic insignificance and its semiotics, or variations on the uncanny detail created by a "mini-revolution"--OR3 Bootstraps: two opposite takes on junk DNA, selfish and snake--OR2 The selfish contention, a repressor argument in Nature--OR1 Even the sharpest razor cannot shave its handle (scholastics return with a vengeance)--cro Genes and signs of meaning, or the fiction that turned us into junk--N Why junk might remain selfish, after all--Q Design, or everybody's good for a make-over. Chapter 2, mostly head: From Garbage to Junk DNA, or Life as a Software Problem cII Incipit junk: Ohno and the birth of a name--A (May) a thousand loops (bloom), or from teleology to teleonomy--B Regulation, without a program--C Bioinformatics, biologists using computers (or the other way around)--D Hyperreal junk, the aufhebung of code itself. Chapter 3, head again: Multi-Medium, or Life as an Interface Problem E The Field, back to the snake--F Rush and Burst, a real-life encounter with the X-files. Part II. 5' Molar Junk: Hyperviral Culture Chapter 4, all tail: Close Encounters of the Fourth Kind Z (which could appear to mean the end) The crime of the Millennium: it's a wonderful world, if you can afford it--U (as in U2 my son) Post-scripta: genetic capitalism and the machine of the fourth kind--V (Bio)ethics, or what to do you with your brand new (bio)engineered freedom--G The end of a common nature: junk as the black matter of the ontogenesis of the machine of the fourth kind--T Individuation, without a principle (or a program): another return of scholastics, from number to Oedipus. Chapter 5, lysis and replication: Homo nexus, Disaffected Subject S A philosophical fiction; nexus, nexialism and other aliens--R The debt and the contract, or nexi and addicts, all unite!--O Dis-affect, the condition of our times--P Promethean Angst: The god of junk and his paradoxical legacy, hope and all. Chapter 6, tail again: Presence of Junk H Stigmata, or the world Dick made--M Kipple: how it got its look and feel, from retrofitting and the semantics of Dr. Junk himself--L (yes, the "l" of "tail", the point of entry) Hypervirus, where it eventually becomes obvious why phage is the model entity for the ontogenesis of capitalism of the fourth kind--K Junkyard terror, or a mind for murder--I Junkspace, or how it got built--J Future Eves, artificial menials and capitalist re-genesis: a junk aesthetics. De-Coda Sib Tripping over the organism, or a tribute to Moebius: DNA is a spirit is a drug is a program--xis Thinking junk and period pieces; a Gnostic theodicy--attP (a vital non-coding sequence) Molecular gods, or when the religious is disqualified, remains the mantic--int Vanishing sequences (end credits). Glossary Notes Index
£55.80
Birkhäuser A SoftwareDefined GPS and Galileo Receiver
Book Synopsis
£66.49
CRC Press Intelligent Systems
Book SynopsisIntelligent systems, or artificial intelligence technologies, are playing an increasing role in areas ranging from medicine to the major manufacturing industries to financial markets. The consequences of flawed artificial intelligence systems are equally wide ranging and can be seen, for example, in the programmed trading-driven stock market crash of October 19, 1987. Intelligent Systems: Technology and Applications, Six Volume Set connects theory with proven practical applications to provide broad, multidisciplinary coverage in a single resource. In these volumes, international experts present case-study examples of successful practical techniques and solutions for diverse applications ranging from robotic systems to speech and signal processing, database management, and manufacturing.Trade Review"…a significant contribution to the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Edited by Professor Cornelius Leondes, a leading contributor to intelligent systems, this set of six well-integrated volumes on the subject of intelligent systems techniques and applications provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners. This landmark work features contributions from more than 60 of the world's foremost AI authorities in industry, government, and academia. Perhaps the most valuable feature of this work is the breadth of materials covered…should be in the possession of all individuals involved in the field of intelligent systems."- From the Foreword by Jack Durkin"…a significant contribution to the artificial intelligence (AI) field. Edited by Professor Cornelius Leondes, a leading contributor to intelligent systems, this set of six well-integrated volumes on the subject of intelligent systems techniques and applications provides a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners. This landmark work features contributions from more than 60 of the world's foremost AI authorities in industry, government, and academia. Perhaps the most valuable feature of this work is the breadth of materials covered…should be in the possession of all individuals involved in the field of intelligent systems."- From the Foreword by Jack DurkinTable of ContentsVOLUME I: IMPLEMENTATION TECHNIQUESThe Quest for the Intelligent Machine, J. DurkinSoft Computing Framework for Intelligent Human-Machine System Design, Simulation and Optimization, X.F. Zha and S.Y.E. Lim Visualization and Modeling for Intelligent Systems, A.W. Crapo, L.B. Waisel, W.A. Wallace, and T.R. WillemainOnline Adaptation of Intelligent Decision Making Systems, H. Ishibuchi, R. Sakamoto, and T. NakashimaKnowledge Intensive Collaborative Design Modeling and Decision Support Using Distributed Web-Based AI Tools, X.F. Zha and H.DuA Multi-Agent Framework for Collaborative Reasoning, C. Miao, A. Goh, and Yuan MiaoArchitecting Multi-Agent Systems: A Middleware Perspective, Z. Yang, R. Gay, and C.Y. MiaoAssisted Surgery Planning, C. Chee-Kai and C. Chi-MunIntelligent Software Systems for CNC Machining, G.-C. VosniakosProduct Forecasting, J. Jiang, G. Klein, and R.A. PickSoftware Sensor Systems for Chemical and Biotechnological Processes, S. Vassileva, and X.Z. WangFrom Simple Graphs to Powerful Knowledge Representation: The Conceptual Graph Formalism, G.W. MineauVOLUME II: FUZZY SYSTEMS, NEURAL NETWORKS, AND EXPERT SYSTEMSEngineering Applications of Neural Network Techniques, M. ZhouRecurrent Neural Fuzzy Network Techniques and Applications, C.-F. JuangSignal Processing, Y. TanNeural Network and Fuzzy Control Techniques for Robotic Systems, K. Kiguchi, K. Watanabe, and T. FukudaProcessing of Linguistic Symbols in Multi-Level Neural Networks, A. Kandel and J.J. ParkFuzzy Batching of Bulk Material, Z. Nikolaj, M. Miha, V. Jernej, and F. JelenaDesigning and Refining Linguistic Fuzzy Models to Improve Their Accuracy, R. Alcalá, J. Casillas, O. Cordón, and Francisco HerreraGA-FRB: A Novel GA-Optimised Fuzzy Rule System, W.J. Chen and C. QuekFuzzy Cellular Automata and Fuzzy Sequential Circuits, M. Miha, Z. Nikolaj, V. Jernej, and F. JelenaPACL-FNNS: A Novel Class of Falcon-Like Fuzzy Neural Networks Based on Positive and Negative Exemplars, W.L. Tung and C. QuekMaximum Margin Fuzzy Classifiers with Ellipsoidal Regions, S. AbeNeural Networks in Telecommunications Systems, S. WuVOLUME III: SIGNAL, IMAGE, AND SPEECH PROCESSINGSpeech Processing, D.R. Campbell, C. Fyfe, and M. GirolamiFuzzy theory in Nonlinear Signal Processing, K.E. BarnerIntelligent System Modeling of Bioacoustic Signals Using Advanced Signal Processing Techniques, L.J. Hadjileontiadis, Y.A. Tolias, and S.M. PanasAutomatic Recognition of Multichannel EEG Signals Using a Committee of Artificial Neural Networks, B.O. Peters, G. Pfurtscheller, and H. FlyvbjergMorphological Color Image Processing: Theory and Applications, I. Andreadis, M.I. Vardavoulia, G. Louverdis, and P. TsalidesThe Future of Artificial Neural Networks and Speech Recognition, Q. Liang and J.G. HarrisAdvanced Neural-Based Systems for 3D Scene Understanding, G.L. ForestiShape Representation and Automatic Model Inference in Character Recognition Systems, H. NishidaNovel Noise Modelling Using AI Techniques, A. Wahab and Q.H. ChaiVOLUME IV: DATABASE AND LEARNING SYSTEMSModel Selection in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, H.T. Bao and N.T. DungMining Chaotic Patterns in Relational Databases and Rule Extraction by Neural Networks, C. DengTopological Relations in Spatial Databases, E. ClementiniIntelligent Image Retrieval for Supporting Concept-based Queries: A Knowledge-Based Approach, J.D. YangIntegrating Deductive Database Management Systems and Intelligent Agents for Electronic Commerce Applications, C.-H. Wu, S.-H. Doong, and C.-C. LaiA Method for Fuzzy Query Processing in Relational Database Systems, S.-M. Chen and Y.-S. LinA Method for Generating Fuzzy Rules from Relational Database Systems for Estimating Null Values, S.-M. Chen and M.-S. YehAdaptation of Cluster Sizes in Objective Function Based Fuzzy Clustering, A. Keller and F. KlawonnLearning Rules about the Development of Variables over Time, F. Höppner and F. KlawonnIntegrating Adaptive and Intelligent Techniques into a Web-based Environment for Active Learning, H. Shi, O. Rodriguez-Jimenez, Y. Shang, and S.-S. ChenThe System Perspective of an Intelligent Tutoring System Based on the Inquiry Teaching Approach, L.H. Wong and C. QuekAn Intelligent Educational Metadata Repository, N. Bassiliades, F. Kokkoras, I. Vlahavas, and D. SampsonIndex VOLUME V: MANUFACTURING, INDUSTRIAL, AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEMSIntegrated Intelligent Systems in the Design of Products and Processes, X.F. Zha and H. DuSecure Identification and Communication in Distributed Manufacturing Systems, I. Mezgár and Z. KincsesConcurrent Engineering (CE) Product Design, S. Myint and M.T. TabucanonMulti-product Batch Processing Systems, S. Chung, J.H. Jung and I.-B. LeeForecasting Applications, C.W. Chan and H.H. NguyenAn Agent Approach for Intelligent Business Forecasting, Z. Shen, R. Gay, X. Li, and Zhonghua YangChemical and Process Systems, B. Lennox and G. MontagueNon-linear Chemical Processes, B. PostlethwaiteReinforcement Learning Applications to Process Control and Optimization, E.C. Martinez and O.A. SomagliaAnalyzing the Make-or-Buy Decision in the Automobile Industry Using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchical Process, A. de Korvin, R. Kleyle, and M. E. BayouThe Digital Factory Becomes Reality, E. Westkämper, J. Pirron, R. Weller, and Jörg NiemannAutomated Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards, H.S. ChoChemical Process Control Systems, M.A. Hussain, C.W. Ng, N. Aziz, and I.M. MujtabaVOLUME VI: CONTROL AND ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMSPower System Stabilizers Based on Adaptive Control and Artificial Intelligence Techniques, O.P. MalikMachine Learning Applied to Power System Dynamic Security Assessment, N.D. Hatziargyriou and E.S. KarapidakisPower Systems Control Centers, Z.A. ValeIntelligent Fault Diagnosis in Power Systems, M. Sforna, C.-C. Liu, S.-K. Joo, and D. SobajicShort Term and On-Line Electric Load Forecasting, M. SfornaIntelligent Multiagent Control for Power Plants, R. Garduno-Ramirez and K.Y. LeeApplying Architectural Patterns to the Design of Supervisory Control Systems, P.-W. Ng, H.-C. Quek, and M. PasquierFeature Based Integrated Design of Fuzzy Control Systems, G. Chen and H.-X. LiIntelligent Controllers for Flexible Pole Cart Balancing Problem, E.P. Dadios
£1,440.00
Springer London Adaptive Control Algorithms Analysis and
Book SynopsisThoroughly revised and updated, this second edition of Adaptive Control covers new developments in the field, including multi-model adaptive control with switching, direct and indirect adaptive regulation, and adaptive feedforward disturbance compensation.Trade ReviewFrom the book reviews:“This book is intended as a textbook for graduate students, and a basic reference for control researchers, applied mathematicians and practicing engineers. It has a clear and coherent exposition, showing the themes addressed and providing solutions to these, highlighting its relevance and possible applications.” (Guillermo Fernández-Anaya, Mathematical Reviews, February, 2015)“The aim of this book is to provide a coherent and comprehensive treatment of the field of adaptive control. Throughout the book, the mathematical aspects of the synthesis and analysis of various algorithms are emphasized. The book contains various applications of control techniques. The book is intended as a textbook for graduate students as well as basic reference for practicing engineers facing the problem of designing adaptive control systems.” (Vjatscheslav Vasiliev, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1234, 2012)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Adaptive Control.- Discrete-time System Models for Control.- Parameter Adaptation Algorithms: Deterministic Environment.- Parameter Adaptation Algorithms: Stochastic Environment.- Recursive Plant Model Identification in Open Loop.- Adaptive Prediction.- Digital Control Strategies.- Robust Digital Control Design.- Recursive Plant Model Identification in Closed Loop.- Robust Parameter Estimation.- Direct Adaptive Control.- Indirect Adaptive Control.- Practical Aspects and Applications.- Multimodel Adaptive Control with Switching.- Adaptive Regulation: Rejection of Unknown Disturbances.- Adaptive Feedforward Compensation of Disturbances.- Appendices: Stochastic Processes; Stability; Passive (Hyperstable) Systems; Martingales.
£134.99
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Electronic Technologies and Instruction
Book SynopsisNAPA Bulletin is a peer reviewed occasional publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology, dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods. peer reviewed publication of the National Association for the Practice of Anthropology dedicated to the practical problem-solving and policy applications of anthropological knowledge and methods most editions available for course adoption Table of ContentsIntroduction. Knowledge Building and Knowledge Access: Teaching with Electronic Tools (Associate Professor Frank A. Dubinskas National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 1–11. Articles). Interactive Courseware in Anthropology Classrooms (Associate Professor James F. Hamill , Associate Professor Linda F. Marchant National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 12–22). Hypertext Indexing Applied to Computer-Mediated Conferencing and Teaching: An Aid to Group Memory (Audrey E. Mason Weiss , Professor Duane G. Metzger , Assistant Professor James H. McDonald National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 23–36). Distance Education in Anthropology: Telecourses as a Teaching Strategy (Professor Edwin S. Segal National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 37–48). The Interpenetration of Technology and Institution: An Assessment of an Educational Computer Conferencing System (Assistant Professor James H. McDonald National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 49–65). When Freedom of Choice Fails: Ideology and Action in a Secondary School Hypermedia Project (Assistant Professor Gail Bader, Assistant Professor James M. Nyce National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 66–72. Commentaries). Romancing the User: Hi-Tech Teaching in Anthropology and Industry (Anna Hargreaves National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 73–78). Technology for Failure: Skeptical Perspectives on Alternate and Hi-tech Teaching Methodologies (Professor Gregory F. Truex National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 79–86. About the Contributors). About the Contributors (National Association for the Practice of Anthropology Bulletin Jan 1993, Vol. 12, No. 1: 87–89).
£22.75
Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp From Prototype to Product A Practical Guide for Electronic Engineers
£13.33
Swiss Creek Publications Introduction to Verilog
£9.94
jammyness.com Shenzhen Fast
Book Synopsis
£10.99
Legare Street Press Shades and Globes
Book Synopsis
£12.95
LEGARE STREET PR Automobile Electrical Systems An Analysis of All
Book Synopsis
£31.30
Legare Street Press Practical DynamoBuilding for Amateurs
Book Synopsis
£22.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Terahertz Technology
Book SynopsisTerahertz (THz) technology is an active area of research, but only in recent years has the application of THz waves (T waves) in food and agricultural industries been explored. Terahertz Technology: Principles and Applications in the Agri-Food Industry describes the operating principles of THz technology and discusses applications and advantages of the THz regime of the electromagnetic spectrum for use in the agri-food industry. The agri-food industry is focusing on the development of non-destructive quality evaluation techniques that can provide accurate analysis quickly and are environmentally friendly. Among such techniques is THz technology that provides a novel noninvasive approach to quality assessment and safety assurance of agri-food products. The low energy of T waves is best suited for the analysis of sensitive biomaterials and does not cause photoionization. Therefore, THz imaging is complementary to X-ray imaging. Although accessing the THz spectrum isTable of Contents1. THz Technology – A Non-Destructive Approach 2. Terahertz Spectroscopy 3. THz Imaging 4. Spectral measurements, image acquisition and processing 5. Molecular Characterization of Biomaterials 6. THz technology: an inspection and identification tool 7. THz technology – agricultural applications 8. THz technology for quality monitoring and control 9. Future prospects, opportunities, and challenges
£157.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Industry 5.0
Book SynopsisTechnology has created innovative new prospects for manufacturing industries with Industry 4.0 and has helped further the growth of the manufacturing sector. This book focuses on the next stage, which is Industry 5.0, and the steps in taking automation to that next level by increasing processes and operational efficiency, as well as reducing workforce size.Industry 5.0: The Future of the Industrial Economy discusses the integration of product, process, machine, software, and industrial robots in realizing Industry 5.0. It covers the dual integration of human intelligence with machine intelligence and reviews the results of making use of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The creation of a new category of robots named Collaborative Robots (Cobots) specifically designed to speed up the manufacturing process and profitability is explored. This book also explores how to reduce waste in product design through the manufacturing procTable of Contents1. Industrial Transformation. 2. Engineering and Manufacturing Transformation. 3. Technological Innovations of Industrial Revolution 3.0 to 5.0. 4. Transformation in Automotive Sector. 5. Transformation in Hi-Tech Electronics Industrial Sector. 6. Transformation in Process and Industrial Manufacturing Sectors. 7. Upgradation of Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0.
£87.39
CRC Press Computer Applications in Engineering and
Book SynopsisThe book Computer Applications in Engineering and Management is about computer applications in management, electrical engineering, electronics engineering, and civil engineering. It covers the software tools for office automation, introduces the basic concepts of database management, and provides an overview about the concepts of data communication, internet, and e-commerce. Additionally, the book explains the principles of computing management used in construction of buildings in civil engineering and the role of computers in power grid automation in electronics engineering.Features Provides an insight to prospective research and application areas related to industry and technology Includes industry-based inputs Provides a hands-on approach for readers of the book to practice and assimilate learning This book is primarily aimed at undergraduates and graduates in computer science, information technTable of Contents1. Introduction of Management, Civil, Electrical and Electronic (MCEE) in Computers. 2 Management Cost Computing. 3. Management Rule Mining Computing. 4. Quality Learning Management Computing. 5. MAS-Based Data Modeling in Civil Engineering. 6. Automated Building Information System in Civil. 7. Infrastructure Monitoring and Sustainable Building and Construction in Civil. 8. Circuit Simulation and Design. 9. Computational Electromagnetics. 10. Mathematical and Computational Methods. 11. Basic Chipper Design in Electronic Computing. 12. Demographic and Principles of Electronic Computing. 13. Rehabilitation Computing in Electronic Computing.
£142.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd Wind and Solar Energy Applications
Book SynopsisThis book examines the recent advances, from theoretical and applied perspectives, addressing the major issues associated with renewable energy systems, with each chapter covering fundamental issues and latest developments. This book covers important themes, including solar energy equipment, wind and solar energy systems, energy storage and bioenergy applications, hybrid renewable energy systems, as well as the measurement techniques that are used for these systems. Further, it focusses on original research outcomes on various technological developments and provides insights to taxonomy of challenges, issues, and research directions in renewable energy applications.Features: Covers research and technological developments in wind and solar energy applications Proposes resolution of limitations and performance issues of existing system models and design Incorporates the challenges of adoption of renewable energies system Provides hypotheses, mTable of Contents1 Investigation of Offshore Wind Energy Potential across Three Southern Coastal Regions in India; 2 Power Quality Enhancement of Fixed- and Variable-Speed WEGS Using HSAPF Based on 5-Level Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Fuzzy Logic Controller; 3 Forecasting of Wind Power Using Hybrid Machine Learning Approach; 4 Improving Power Quality of Modern Hybrid Polygeneration SOFC- and PMSG-Based WES Using ANN-Controlled UPQC; 5 Review on Reconfiguration Techniques to Track Down the Maximum Power Under Partial Shadings; 6 Electric Vehicles – Past, Present, and Future; 7 Onboard Electric Vehicle Charger in G2V and V2G Modes Based on PI, PR, and SMC Controllers with Solar PV Charging Circuit; 8 Experimental Investigation on Hybrid Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collector System; 9 Concentrated Solar Integrated Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Wastes and Algal Feedstock: Recent Advances and Challenges; 10 Integrated PV-Wind-Battery-Based Single-Phase System; 11 Modeling of Power Management Strategy Using Hybrid Energy Generating Sources; 12 Photovoltaic Transformerless Inverter Topologies for Grid-Integrated High-Efficiency Applications; 13 Performance Analysis of Rooftop Grid-Connected Solar PV System Under Net Metering System: A Case Study; 14 Isolated Bidirectional Dual Active Bridge (DAB) Converter for Photovoltaic System: An Overview; 15 Sustainable Energy Management in Lighting Urban Public Places; 16 A Review on Multiobjective Control Schemes of Conventional Hybrid DC/AC Microgrid; 17 Recent Advancements in Solar Thermal Technology for Heating and Cooling Applications; 18 Developments in Wide-Area Monitoring for Major Renewables: Wind and Solar Energy; 19 Solving Issues of Grid Integration of Solar and Wind Energy Models by Using a Novel Power Flow Algorithm; 20 Multifunctional PV-Integrated Bidirectional Off-Board EV Battery Charger Targeting Smart Cities; 21 Integration of Wind, Solar, and Pumped Hydro Renewable Energy Sources in Rayalaseema Region: A Case Study; 22 Photovoltaic-Based Hybrid Integration of DC Microgrid into Public Ported Electric Vehicle; 23 Battery Packs in Electric Vehicles; 24 Alternative Wind Energy Turbines; 25 MPPT Controller for Partially Shaded Solar PV System; 26 Adaptive Control of Smart Microgrid Using AI Techniques
£118.75
Taylor & Francis Ltd Multifunctional and Multiband Planar Antennas for
Book SynopsisThis work focuses on designing multiband-printed single/Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) CP antennas for WLAN/V2X and NR Sub-6GHz 5G applications. It also delves into the design and implementation of a Four-Port MIMO antenna for wireless applications, addressing theoretical foundations and challenges. Additionally, the book explores critical aspects of software-defined radios (SDR), including modulation, signal processing, radio systems, TX/RX blocks, SDR-enabled phased arrays, and beam hopping techniques, with relevance to 5G, 6G, and IoT applications.Features: Explores advancements in planar monopole antennas, including bandwidth enhancement techniques Analyzes innovative antenna design structures, like miniaturized and conformal monopole antennas; and discusses modeling and implementation Spotlights WLAN and Wi-Fi 6/6E antenna design for next-gen laptops with practical insights Addresses the use of triple-band antenna arrays for MIMOTable of Contents1. Introduction to Wireless Technologies2. Planar Monopole Antenna3. Miniaturized Antenna Designs for Laptop Computers4. Advanced Antenna Designs for WLAN and Wi-Fi 6E in Laptop Computers5. Enhancing Laptop Connectivity with Multiple Input Multiple Output Antenna Design6. Innovative Antenna Design Techniques for Next-Generation Wireless Communication 7. Cutting-Edge Design Approaches for Circularly Polarized Antenna 8. Maximizing Wireless Performance: Advancement in Wideband Four-Port MIMO Antennas 9. Software-Defined Radio, Receiver, and Transmitter Analysis
£142.50
Taylor & Francis Ltd ModelDriven Software Systems Development Using
Book SynopsisThe importance of architecture for software systems is widely accepted, but the role of architecture in the overall development process is not so clear. Presenting an architecture-centric process, Model-Driven Software Systems Development Using the Meta-Artifact Process makes the role of architecture clear. At its core, this book is about developing software systems and, more specifically, software code. It describes three major innovations for making software, which are combined with five widely used enabling technologies, to provide a complete, hypothesis-driven software development process known as Meta-Artifact Process (MAP). Having complete requirements is essential for making good software and supports the hypothesis-driven MAP.MAP offers properties, qualities, and capabilities that help stakeholders and developers understand and reason about a domain and target systems of interest. MAP, through the central role of the Meta-Artifact and in
£44.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Regulating Hate Speech Created by Generative AI
Book SynopsisRegulating Hate Speech Created by Generative AI explores the new hybrid space of Human Machine Interaction (HMI) in which hate speech is represented and computed through algorithms and AI generative systems. The book is exploratory because there are still many problem-solving challenges to be faced. It is also innovative because it is not assuming that solutions lie only in technological advancements but on a broader scale. In this sense, large language models can and are being considered from a holistic view (i.e., from the different dimensions and layers of regulatory and legal governance). Highlights of the book include: Generative AI and social engines of hate An introduction to generative Artificial Intelligence application, trends, and ethics The mechanics and validation of generative AI outcomes An evaluation of Generative AI for hate speech detection Best practices and key considerations for AI regulation Using GenAI
£42.74
Taylor & Francis Ltd Load Frequency Control of Microgrids
Book SynopsisThe book focuses on describing the emerging microgrid concept, and its various constituents, especially the EV technology, and investigates the load frequency control performance of different microgrid configurations by implementing the modern control theory. An exhaustive study is presented on the various renewable energy sources and an up-to-date status of their installed capacity and power generation. The text presents case studies for load frequency control of a microgrid in its various operating modes.This book: Discusses power system stability, significance of load frequency control in power system, modeling of a microgrid, and frequency deviation response. Covers various energy storage technologies such as superconducting magnetic energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and compressed air energy storage. Presents modes of interaction of the electric vehicles with the utility grid and implementation
£82.64
CRC Press Microlithography
Book SynopsisThe completely revised Third Edition to the bestselling Microlithography: Science and Technology provides a balanced treatment of theoretical and operational considerations, from fundamental principles to advanced topics of nanoscale lithography. The book is divided into chapters covering all important aspects related to the imaging, materials, and processes that have been necessary to drive semiconductor lithography toward nanometer-scale generations. Renowned experts from the worldïâïs leading academic and industrial organizations have provided in-depth coverage of the technologies involved in optical, deep-ultraviolet (DUV), immersion, multiple patterning, extreme ultraviolet (EUV), maskless, nanoimprint, and directed self-assembly lithography, together with comprehensive descriptions of the advanced materials and processes involved.New in the Third EditionIn addition to the full revision of existing chapters, this new Third Edition features coverage o
£42.74
CRC Press Intelligent Photonics Systems
Book SynopsisThe text comprehensively discusses the implementation of sensor systems using artificial intelligence, quantum device and circuit with artificial intelligence, and biomedical implementation of artificial intelligence-based optoelectronic circuits. It covers important topics such as photonic communication, optical and photonics neural networks, neuromorphic computing, quantum optics, and artificial intelligence leap in optical sensors, including biophotonics.This book:â Provides insights about the advancement in optoelectronics devices using artificial intelligence.â Discusses artificial intelligenceâintegrated photonic crystal fiber-based devices.â Covers artificial intelligenceâintegrated quantum networks for 6G communication and artificial intelligenceâenhanced quantum optical devices.â Presents neuromorphic computing for photonic circuits and deep learningâenabled optical sensors.â Showcases development in artificial intelligence for biophotonics applications, deep learning revolution in optical networks.It is primarily written for senior undergraduate students, graduate students, and academic researchers in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics and communications engineering, and computer engineering.
£84.16
Cambridge University Press Fundamentals of Lightning
Book SynopsisPresenting the current state of the art in lightning science, this book provides a focused set of topics suitable for advanced undergraduate or graduate students on a single-semester course. Pedagogical features designed to facilitate class learning include chapter summaries, further reading suggestions, questions and problems, and a glossary.Trade Review'This is a very clear, easy to read and insightful book on one of the most fascinating and yet complex natural phenomena. The content and structure of the book are well designed for use on an undergraduate or graduate course on lightning. It is enriched with interesting exercises and problems, and is nicely complemented by nine instructive appendices. The book is a must read for anyone interested in understanding lightning and its effects.' Farhad Rachidi, Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory (EMC Lab), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland'This is an outstanding textbook, written by a leading expert in our field. It provides an excellent quantitative and in-depth treatment of lightning from its atmospheric origins through to its practical implications. The content is nicely organized and layered, making it well-suited for a variety of levels of undergraduate and graduate courses in electrical engineering, applied physics and atmospheric sciences. It will also serve as a great long-term reference for researchers in our field.' Kenneth L. Cummins, University of ArizonaTable of ContentsDedication; Preface; 1. Types of lightning discharges and lightning terminology; 2. Incidence of lightning to areas and structures; 3. Electrical structure of thunderclouds; 4. Properties of the downward negative lightning discharge to ground; 5. Calculation of lightning electromagnetic fields; 6. Modeling of lightning processes; 7. Measurement of lightning electric and magnetic fields; 8. Electromagnetic methods of lightning location; 9. Lightning damaging effects and protective techniques; Appendix 1. How is lightning initiated in thunderclouds?; Appendix 2. Reconstruction of sources from measured electrostatic field changes; Appendix 3. Derivation of exact equations for computing lightning electric and magnetic fields; Appendix 4. Compact intracloud discharges (CIDs); Appendix 5. Is it true that lightning never strikes the same place twice?; Appendix 6. Is it possible to use lightning as an energy source?; Appendix 7. Lightning safety; Appendix 8. Lightning makes glass; Appendix 9. Bibliography on triggered lightning experiments and natural lightning observations at Camp Blanding, Florida (1995–2014); Glossary; References; Index.
£59.99
Cambridge University Press Semiconductor Nanolasers
Book SynopsisThe first of its kind, this comprehensive resource explains the fundamental physics of semiconductor nanolasers along with details of their design, fabrication, and applications. This is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in optoelectronics, applied photonics, physics, and materials science.Trade Review'For many years, photonics has sought to emulate the enormous success of electronics in miniaturizing devices - specifically with the aim of creating photonic integrated circuits. Nanolasers are strong potential candidates for the role of optical source in photonic integrated circuits. This excellent book provides the first in-depth description of the challenges faced in creating such lasers … It is anticipated that this book will help accelerate the creation of photonic integrated circuits and sensors based on nanolasers.' K. Alan Shore, Optics and Photonics News'This introduction to the growing literature on nanolaser is self-contained, and sufficiently user-friendly. … Although not conceived as a textbook, parts of the monograph would be suitable for courses in photonics or quantum electronics. … The authors are experts in this topical area and also have produced a substantial body of collaborative work. That history may well be at the heart of the impressive thematic, conceptual, and editorial coherence of the text.' Richard F. Haglund, Jr, MRS BulletinTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Photonic mode metal-dielectric-metal based nanolasers; 3. Purcell effect and the evaluation of Purcell and spontaneous emission factors; 4. Plasmonic mode metal-dielectric-metal based nanolasers; 5. Antenna-inspired nano-patch lasers; 6. Active medium for semiconductor nanolasers: MQW vs. bulk gain; 7. Electrically pumped nanolasers; 8. Multi-physics design for nanolasers; 9. Cavity-free nanolaser; 10. Beyond nanolasers: inversionless exciton-polariton microlaser; 11. Application of nanolasers: photonic integrated circuits and other applications.
£118.75
Cambridge University Press An Introduction to Radio Frequency Engineering
Book SynopsisThis 2004 book provides a detailed introduction to radio frequency (RF) engineering, using a straightforward and easily understood approach combined with numerous worked examples, illustrations and homework problems. The author focuses on minimising the mathematics needed to grasp the subject while providing a solid theoretical foundation for the student.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: '… this book is timely and could well provide third-to-fifth-year electronics students an added interest in their work but, more importantly, a means for qualified engineers in industry to update their knowledge in this specialised field. … the book is well-printed and robustly bound with a colourful glossy cover. The print is easy-to-read on a good quality, crisp, paper and the numerous line drawings are excellent in quality.' Circuit WorldReview of the hardback: 'This book provides an excellent introduction to radio frequency engineering, using a straightforward and easily understood approach combined with numerous worked examples, illustrations and homework problems … The book provides a broad coverage of RF systems, circuit design, antennas, propagation and digital techniques … Material in the book has been carefully chosen to provide a basic training in radio frequency and a springboard for more advanced students … Written for upper-level undergraduate courses, it also provides an excellent introduction to the subject for graduate students, researchers and practicing engineers.' Iasi Polytechnic MagazineTable of Contents1. Basic concepts; 2. Frequency selective circuits and matching; 3. Active devices and amplifiers; 4. Mixers, modulators and demodulators; 5. Oscillators and phase locked loops; 6. Transmission lines and scattering matrices; 7. Power amplifiers; 8. Filters; 9. Electromagnetic waves; 10. Antennas; 11. Propagation; 12. Digital techniques in radio; Index.
£44.99
Cambridge University Press A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism Volume 1 Cambridge Library Collection Physical Sciences
Book SynopsisArguably the most influential nineteenth-century scientist for twentieth-century physics, James Clerk Maxwell (1831â1879) demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. A fellow of Trinity College Cambridge, Maxwell became, in 1871, the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. His famous equations - a set of four partial differential equations that relate the electric and magnetic fields to their sources, charge density and current density - first appeared in fully developed form in his 1873 Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. This two-volume textbook brought together all the experimental and theoretical advances in the field of electricity and magnetism known at the time, and provided a methodical and graduated introduction to electromagnetism. Volume 1 covers the first elements of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory: electrostatics, and electrokinematics, including detailed analyses of electrolysiTable of ContentsPart I. Electrostatics: 1. Description of phenomena; 2. Elementary mathematical theory of electricity; 3. Systems of conductors; 4. General theorems; 5. Mechanical action between electrified bodies; 6. Points and lines of equilibrium; 7. Forms of equipotential surfaces and lines of flow; 8. Simple cases of electrification; 9. Spherical harmonics; 10. Confocal surfaces of the second degree; 11. Theory of electric images; 12. Conjugate functions in two dimensions; 13. Electrostatic instruments; Part II. Electrokinematics: 1. The electric current; 2. Conduction and resistance; 3. Electromotive force between bodies in contact; 4. Electrolysis; 5. Electrolytic polarization; 6. Mathematical theory of the distribution of electric currents; 7. Conduction in three dimensions; 8. Resistance and conductivity in three dimensions; 9. Conduction through heterogeneous media; 10. Conduction in dielectrics; 11. Measurement of the electric resistance of conductors; 12. Electric resistance of substances.
£38.99
Cambridge University Press A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
Book SynopsisJames Clerk Maxwell's influential contribution to nineteenth-century physics brought together the experimental and theoretical advances in the field of electricity and magnetism known at the time. Published in 1873, it contains Maxwell's famous equations on electromagnetic theory. Volume 2 covers magnetism and electromagnetism, including the electromagnetic theory of light.Table of ContentsPart III. Magnetism: 1. Elementary theory of magnetism; 2. Magnetic force and magnetic induction; 3. Particular forms of magnets; 4. Induced magnetization; 5. Magnetic problems; 6. Weber's theory of magnetic induction; 7. Magnetic measurements; 8. Terrestrial magnetism; Part IV. Electromagnetism: 1. Electromagnetic force; 2. Mutual action of electric currents; 3. Induction of electric currents; 4. Induction of a current on itself; 5. General equations of dynamics; 6. Application of dynamics to electromagnetism; 7. Electrokinetics; 8. Exploration of the field by means of the secondary circuit; 9. General equations; 10. Dimensions of electric units; 11. Energy and stress; 12. Current-sheets; 13. Parallel currents; 14. Circular currents; 15. Electromagnetic instruments; 16. Electromagnetic observations; 17. Electrical measurement of coefficients of induction; 18. Determination of resistance in electromagnetic measure; 19. Comparison of electrostatic with electromagnetic units; 20. Electromagnetic theory of light; 21. Magnetic action on light; 22. Electric theory of magnetism; 23. Theories of action at a distance; Index.
£44.99
Cambridge University Press Electromagnetic Waves Cambridge Library Collection Technology
Book SynopsisOliver Heaviside (1850â1925), the self-taught physicist and electrical engineer, began his career as an operator on the newly laid Anglo-Danish telegraph cable in 1868. The most advanced electrical technology of the time, the cable system inspired several of his early mathematical papers. This monograph, first published as a paper in the Philosophical Magazine in 1888, then as a book in 1889, draws on his established work on telegraphic propagation and self-inductance, and on Maxwell's field theory. In a fascinating insight into the contemporary scientific community, he complains that these subjects are still often misunderstood, and explains his formulae afresh from several angles. Also covered - and frequently questioned - are contemporary theories of permittivity, the speed of electromagnetic waves, and the dielectric properties of conductors. Heaviside's Electrical Papers (2 volumes, 1892) and his Electromagnetic Theory (3 volumes, 1893â1912) have also been reissued in this series.Table of ContentsOn electromagnetic waves, especially in relation to the vorticity of the impressed forces, and the forced vibrations of electromagnetic systems (1888); Note on a paper on electromagnetic waves (1888); The general solution of Maxwell's electromagnetic equations in a homogenous isotropic medium, especially in regard to the derivation of special solutions, and the formulae for plane waves (1889).
£24.45
Cambridge University Press ComputerGenerated PhaseOnly Holograms for 3D
Book Synopsis''Phase-only Fresnel holograms,'' which can be displayed on a single SLM without the need for lenses or complicated optical accessories, substantially simplifies 3-D holographic display systems. Exploring essential concepts, theories, and formulations of these phase-only Fresnel holograms, this book provides comprehensive coverage of modern methods for generating such holograms, which pave the way for commercial products such as compact holographic projectors, heads-up displays, and data security enhancement. Relevant MATLAB codes are provided for readers to implement and evaluate the theories and formulations of different methods, and can be used as a quick start framework for further research and development. This is a crucial and up-to-date treatment of phase-only Fresnel holograms for students and researchers in electrical and electronic engineering, computer science/engineering, applied physics, information technology, and multimedia technology, as well as engineers and scientistTrade Review'MATLAB programs, scattered throughout the book, might be the starting point for further research and be used as an educational tool (there are exercises at the end of each chapter). References are adequate, useful and up-to-date, while the index improves readability. The book is specialized, and I recommend it to those who actively use SLMs for holographic manipulation of light, but it can be useful to a more general community dealing with digital holography.' Dejan Pantelić, Optics & Photonics NewsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction to Digital Holography; 2. Fast Methods for Computer Generated Holography; 3. Generation of Phase-Only Fresnel Hologram; 4. Conversion of Complex-Valued Holograms to Phase-Only Holograms; 5. Applications of Phase-Only Hologram in Display, Holographic Encryption and Steganography.
£118.75
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Radiation and
Book SynopsisOne of the most methodical treatments of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scatteringincluding new applications and ideas Presented in two parts, this book takes an analytical approach on the subject and emphasizes new ideas and applications used today. Part one covers fundamentals of electromagnetic wave propagation, radiation, and scattering. It provides ample end-of-chapter problems and offers a 90-page solution manual to help readers check and comprehend their work. The second part of the book explores up-to-date applications of electromagnetic wavesincluding radiometry, geophysical remote sensing and imaging, and biomedical and signal processing applications. Written by a world renowned authority in the field of electromagnetic research, this new edition of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Radiation, and Scattering: From Fundamentals to Applications presents detailed applications with useful appendices, including mathematical formulasTable of ContentsAbout The Author Xix Preface Xxi Preface To The First Edition Xxv Acknowledgments Xxvii Part I Fundamentals 1 1 Introduction 3 2 Fundamental Field Equations 7 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations / 7 2.2 Time-Harmonic Case / 10 2.3 Constitutive Relations / 11 2.4 Boundary Conditions / 15 2.5 Energy Relations and Poynting’s Theorem / 18 2.6 Vector and Scalar Potentials / 22 2.7 Electric Hertz Vector / 24 2.8 Duality Principle and Symmetry of Maxwell’s Equations / 25 2.9 Magnetic Hertz Vector / 26 2.10 Uniqueness Theorem / 27 2.11 Reciprocity Theorem / 28 2.12 Acoustic Waves / 30 Problems / 33 3 Waves In Inhomogeneous And Layered Media 35 3.1 Wave Equation for a Time-Harmonic Case / 35 3.2 Time-Harmonic Plane-Wave Propagation in Homogeneous Media / 36 3.3 Polarization / 37 3.4 Plane-Wave Incidence on a Plane Boundary: Perpendicular Polarization (s Polarization) / 39 3.5 Electric Field Parallel to a Plane of Incidence: Parallel Polarization (p Polarization) / 43 3.6 Fresnel Formula, Brewster’s Angle, and Total Reflection / 44 3.7 Waves in Layered Media / 47 3.8 Acoustic Reflection and Transmission from a Boundary / 50 3.9 Complex Waves / 51 3.10 Trapped Surface Wave (Slow Wave) and Leaky Wave / 54 3.11 Surface Waves Along a Dielectric Slab / 57 3.12 Zenneck Waves and Plasmons / 63 3.13 Waves in Inhomogeneous Media / 66 3.14 WKB Method / 68 3.15 Bremmer Series / 72 3.16 WKB Solution for the Turning Point / 76 3.17 Trapped Surface-Wave Modes in an Inhomogeneous Slab / 77 3.18 Medium With Prescribed Profile / 80 Problems / 81 4 Waveguides And Cavities 85 4.1 Uniform Electromagnetic Waveguides / 85 4.2 TM Modes or E Modes / 86 4.3 TE Modes or H Modes / 87 4.4 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues / 89 4.5 General Properties of Eigenfunctions for Closed Regions / 91 4.6 k–β Diagram and Phase and Group Velocities / 95 4.7 Rectangular Waveguides / 98 4.8 Cylindrical Waveguides / 100 4.9 TEM Modes / 104 4.10 Dispersion of a Pulse in a Waveguide / 106 4.11 Step-Index Optical Fibers / 109 4.12 Dispersion of Graded-Index Fibers / 116 4.13 Radial and Azimuthal Waveguides / 117 4.14 Cavity Resonators / 120 4.15 Waves in Spherical Structures / 123 4.16 Spherical Waveguides and Cavities / 128 Problems / 133 5 Green’s Functions 137 5.1 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles in Homogeneous Media / 137 5.2 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by an Electric Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 139 5.3 Electromagnetic Fields Excited by a Magnetic Dipole in a Homogeneous Medium / 144 5.4 Scalar Green’s Function for Closed Regions and Expansion of Green’s Function in a Series of Eigenfunctions / 145 5.5 Green’s Function in Terms of Solutions of the Homogeneous Equation / 150 5.6 Fourier Transform Method / 155 5.7 Excitation of a Rectangular Waveguide / 157 5.8 Excitation of a Conducting Cylinder / 159 5.9 Excitation of a Conducting Sphere / 163 Problems / 166 6 Radiation From Apertures And Beam Waves 169 6.1 Huygens’ Principle and Extinction Theorem / 169 6.2 Fields Due to the Surface Field Distribution / 173 6.3 Kirchhoff Approximation / 176 6.4 Fresnel and Fraunhofer Diffraction / 178 6.5 Fourier Transform (Spectral) Representation / 182 6.6 Beam Waves / 183 6.7 Goos–Hanchen Effect / 187 6.8 Higher-Order Beam-Wave Modes / 191 6.9 Vector Green’s Theorem, Stratton–Chu Formula, and Franz Formula / 194 6.10 Equivalence Theorem / 197 6.11 Kirchhoff Approximation for Electromagnetic Waves / 198 Problems / 199 7 Periodic Structures And Coupled-Mode Theory 201 7.1 Floquet’s Theorem / 202 7.2 Guided Waves Along Periodic Structures / 203 7.3 Periodic Layers / 209 7.4 Plane Wave Incidence on a Periodic Structure / 213 7.5 Scattering from Periodic Surfaces Based on the Rayleigh Hypothesis / 219 7.6 Coupled-Mode Theory / 224 Problems / 229 8 Dispersion And Anisotropic Media 233 8.1 Dielectric Material and Polarizability / 233 8.2 Dispersion of Dielectric Material / 235 8.3 Dispersion of Conductor and Isotropic Plasma / 237 8.4 Debye Relaxation Equation and Dielectric Constant of Water / 240 8.5 Interfacial Polarization / 240 8.6 Mixing Formula / 241 8.7 Dielectric Constant and Permeability for Anisotropic Media / 244 8.8 Magnetoionic Theory for Anisotropic Plasma / 244 8.9 Plane-Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media / 247 8.10 Plane-Wave Propagation in Magnetoplasma / 248 8.11 Propagation Along the DC Magnetic Field / 249 8.12 Faraday Rotation / 253 8.13 Propagation Perpendicular to the DC Magnetic Field / 255 8.14 The Height of the Ionosphere / 256 8.15 Group Velocity in Anisotropic Medium / 257 8.16 Warm Plasma / 259 8.17 Wave Equations for Warm Plasma / 261 8.18 Ferrite and the Derivation of Its Permeability Tensor / 263 8.19 Plane-Wave Propagation in Ferrite / 266 8.20 Microwave Devices Using Ferrites / 267 8.21 Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem for Anisotropic Media / 270 8.22 Bi-Anisotropic Media and Chiral Media / 272 8.23 Superconductors, London Equation, and the Meissner Effects / 276 8.24 Two-Fluid Model of Superconductors at High Frequencies / 278 Problems / 280 9 Antennas, Apertures, And Arrays 285 9.1 Antenna Fundamentals / 285 9.2 Radiation Fields of Given Electric and Magnetic Current Distributions / 289 9.3 Radiation Fields of Dipoles, Slots, and Loops / 292 9.4 Antenna Arrays with Equal and Unequal Spacings / 296 9.5 Radiation Fields from a Given Aperture Field Distribution / 301 9.6 Radiation from Microstrip Antennas / 305 9.7 Self- and Mutual Impedances of Wire Antennas with Given Current Distributions / 308 9.8 Current Distribution of a Wire Antenna / 313 Problems / 314 10 Scattering Of Waves By Conducting And Dielectric Objects 317 10.1 Cross Sections and Scattering Amplitude / 318 10.2 Radar Equations / 321 10.3 General Properties of Cross Sections / 322 10.4 Integral Representations of Scattering Amplitude and Absorption Cross Sections / 325 10.5 Rayleigh Scattering for a Spherical Object / 328 10.6 Rayleigh Scattering for a Small Ellipsoidal Object / 330 10.7 Rayleigh–Debye Scattering (Born Approximation) / 334 10.8 Elliptic Polarization and Stokes Parameters / 338 10.9 Partial Polarization and Natural Light / 341 10.10 Scattering Amplitude Functions f11, f12, f21, and f22 and the Stokes Matrix / 342 10.11 Acoustic Scattering / 344 10.12 Scattering Cross Section of a Conducting Body / 346 10.13 Physical Optics Approximation / 347 10.14 Moment Method: Computer Applications / 350 Problems / 354 11 Waves In Cylindrical Structures, Spheres, And Wedges 357 11.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Conducting Cylinder / 357 11.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Dielectric Cylinder / 361 11.3 Axial Dipole Near a Conducting Cylinder / 364 11.4 Radiation Field / 366 11.5 Saddle-Point Technique / 368 11.6 Radiation from a Dipole and Parseval’s Theorem / 371 11.7 Large Cylinders and the Watson Transform / 373 11.8 Residue Series Representation and Creeping Waves / 376 11.9 Poisson’s Sum Formula, Geometric Optical Region, and Fock Representation / 379 11.10 Mie Scattering by a Dielectric Sphere / 382 11.11 Axial Dipole in the Vicinity of a Conducting Wedge / 390 11.12 Line Source and Plane Wave Incident on a Wedge / 392 11.13 Half-Plane Excited by a Plane Wave / 394 Problems / 395 12 Scattering By Complex Objects 401 12.1 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for Soft and Hard Surfaces / 402 12.2 Scalar Surface Integral Equations for a Penetrable Homogeneous Body / 404 12.3 EFIE and MFIE / 406 12.4 T-Matrix Method (Extended Boundary Condition Method) / 408 12.5 Symmetry and Unitarity of the T-Matrix and the Scattering Matrix / 414 12.6 T-Matrix Solution for Scattering from Periodic Sinusoidal Surfaces / 416 12.7 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TM Case / 418 12.8 Volume Integral Equations for Inhomogeneous Bodies: TE Case / 423 12.9 Three-Dimensional Dielectric Bodies / 426 12.10 Electromagnetic Aperture Integral Equations for a Conducting Screen / 427 12.11 Small Apertures / 430 12.12 Babinet’s Principle and Slot and Wire Antennas / 433 12.13 Electromagnetic Diffraction by Slits and Ribbons / 439 12.14 Related Problems / 441 Problems / 441 13 Geometric Theory Of Diffraction And Lowfrequency Techniques 443 13.1 Geometric Theory of Diffraction / 444 13.2 Diffraction by a Slit for Dirichlet’s Problem / 447 13.3 Diffraction by a Slit for Neumann’s Problem and Slope Diffraction / 452 13.4 Uniform Geometric Theory of Diffraction for an Edge / 455 13.5 Edge Diffraction for a Point Source / 457 13.6 Wedge Diffraction for a Point Source / 461 13.7 Slope Diffraction and Grazing Incidence / 463 13.8 Curved Wedge / 463 13.9 Other High-Frequency Techniques / 465 13.10 Vertex and Surface Diffraction / 466 13.11 Low-Frequency Scattering / 467 Problems / 470 14 Planar Layers, Strip Lines, Patches, And Apertures 473 14.1 Excitation of Waves in a Dielectric Slab / 473 14.2 Excitation of Waves in a Vertically Inhomogeneous Medium / 481 14.3 Strip Lines / 485 14.4 Waves Excited by Electric and Magnetic Currents Perpendicular to Dielectric Layers / 492 14.5 Waves Excited by Transverse Electric and Magnetic Currents in Dielectric Layers / 496 14.6 Strip Lines Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 500 14.7 Periodic Patches and Apertures Embedded in Dielectric Layers / 502 Problems / 506 15 Radiation From A Dipole On The Conducting Earth 509 15.1 Sommerfeld Dipole Problem / 509 15.2 Vertical Electric Dipole Located Above the Earth / 510 15.3 Reflected Waves in Air / 514 15.4 Radiation Field: Saddle-Point Technique / 517 15.5 Field Along the Surface and the Singularities of the Integrand / 519 15.6 Sommerfeld Pole and Zenneck Wave / 521 15.7 Solution to the Sommerfeld Problem / 524 15.8 Lateral Waves: Branch Cut Integration / 528 15.9 Refracted Wave / 536 15.10 Radiation from a Horizontal Dipole / 538 15.11 Radiation in Layered Media / 541 15.12 Geometric Optical Representation / 545 15.13 Mode and Lateral Wave Representation / 549 Problems / 550 Part II Applications 553 16 Inverse Scattering 555 16.1 Radon Transform and Tomography / 555 16.2 Alternative Inverse Radon Transform in Terms of the Hilbert Transform / 559 16.3 Diffraction Tomography / 561 16.4 Physical Optics Inverse Scattering / 567 16.5 Holographic Inverse Source Problem / 570 16.6 Inverse Problems and Abel’s Integral Equation Applied to Probing of the Ionosphere / 572 16.7 Radar Polarimetry and Radar Equation / 575 16.8 Optimization of Polarization / 578 16.9 Stokes Vector Radar Equation and Polarization Signature / 580 16.10 Measurement of Stokes Parameter / 582 Problems / 584 17 Radiometry, Noise Temperature, And Interferometry 587 17.1 Radiometry / 587 17.2 Brightness and Flux Density / 588 17.3 Blackbody Radiation and Antenna Temperature / 589 17.4 Equation of Radiative Transfer / 592 17.5 Scattering Cross Sections and Absorptivity and Emissivity of a Surface / 594 17.6 System Temperature / 598 17.7 Minimum Detectable Temperature / 600 17.8 Radar Range Equation / 601 17.9 Aperture Illumination and Brightness Distributions / 602 17.10 Two-Antenna Interferometer / 604 Problems / 607 18 Stochastic Wave Theories 611 18.1 Stochastic Wave Equations and Statistical Wave Theories / 612 18.2 Scattering in Troposphere, Ionosphere, and Atmospheric Optics / 612 18.3 Turbid Medium, Radiative Transfer, and Reciprocity / 612 18.4 Stochastic Sommerfeld Problem, Seismic Coda, and Subsurface Imaging / 613 18.5 Stochastic Green’s Function and Stochastic Boundary Problems / 615 18.6 Channel Capacity of Communication Systems with Random Media Mutual Coherence Function / 619 18.7 Integration of Statistical Waves with Other Disciplines / 621 18.8 Some Accounts of Historical Development of Statistical Wave Theories / 622 19 Geophysical Remote Sensing And Imaging 625 19.1 Polarimetric Radar / 626 19.2 Scattering Models for Geophysical Medium and Decomposition Theorem / 630 19.3 Polarimetric Weather Radar / 632 19.4 Nonspherical Raindrops and Differential Reflectivity / 634 19.5 Propagation Constant in Randomly Distributed Nonspherical Particles / 636 19.6 Vector Radiative Transfer Theory / 638 19.7 Space–Time Radiative Transfer / 639 19.8 Wigner Distribution Function and Specific Intensity / 641 19.9 Stokes Vector Emissivity from Passive Surface and Ocean Wind Directions / 644 19.10 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem Applied to Aperture Synthesis Radiometers Including Antenna Temperature / 646 19.11 Ionospheric Effects on SAR Image / 650 20 Biomedical Em, Optics, And Ultrasound 657 20.1 Bioelectromagnetics / 658 20.2 Bio-EM and Heat Diffusion in Tissues / 659 20.3 Bio-Optics, Optical Absorption and Scattering in Blood / 663 20.4 Optical Diffusion in Tissues / 666 20.5 Photon Density Waves / 670 20.6 Optical Coherence Tomography and Low Coherence Interferometry / 672 20.7 Ultrasound Scattering and Imaging of Tissues / 677 20.8 Ultrasound in Blood / 680 21 Waves In Metamaterials And Plasmon 685 21.1 Refractive Index n and μ–ε Diagram / 686 21.2 Plane Waves, Energy Relations, and Group Velocity / 688 21.3 Split-Ring Resonators / 689 21.4 Generalized Constitutive Relations for Metamaterials / 692 21.5 Space–Time Wave Packet Incident on Dispersive Metamaterial and Negative Refraction / 697 21.6 Backward Lateral Waves and Backward Surface Waves / 701 21.7 Negative Goos–Hanchen Shift / 704 21.8 Perfect Lens, Subwavelength Focusing, and Evanescent Waves / 708 21.9 Brewster’s Angle in NIM and Acoustic Brewster’s Angle / 712 21.10 Transformation Electromagnetics and Invisible Cloak / 716 21.11 Surface Flattening Coordinate Transform / 720 22 Time-Reversal Imaging 723 22.1 Time-Reversal Mirror in Free Space / 724 22.2 Super Resolution of Time-Reversed Pulse in Multiple Scattering Medium / 729 22.3 Time-Reversal Imaging of Single and Multiple Targets and DORT (Decomposition of Time- eversal Operator) / 731 22.4 Time-Reversal Imaging of Targets in Free Space / 735 22.5 Time-Reversal Imaging and SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) / 739 22.6 Time-Reversal Imaging with MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) / 739 22.7 Optimum Power Transfer by Time-Reversal Technique / 740 23 Scattering By Turbulence, Particles, Diffuse Medium, And Rough Surfaces 743 23.1 Scattering by Atmospheric and Ionospheric Turbulence / 743 23.2 Scattering Cross Section per Unit Volume of Turbulence / 746 23.3 Scattering for a Narrow Beam Case / 748 23.4 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Rain and Fog / 750 23.5 Gaussian and Henyey–Greenstein Scattering Formulas / 751 23.6 Scattering Cross Section Per Unit Volume of Turbulence, Particles, and Biological Media / 752 23.7 Line-of-Sight Propagation, Born and Rytov Approximation / 753 23.8 Modified Rytov Solution with Power Conservation, and Mutual Coherence Function / 754 23.9 MCF for Line-of-Sight Wave Propagation in Turbulence / 756 23.10 Correlation Distance and Angular Spectrum / 759 23.11 Coherence Time and Spectral Broadening / 760 23.12 Pulse Propagation, Coherence Bandwidth, and Pulse Broadening / 761 23.13 Weak and Strong Fluctuations and Scintillation Index / 762 23.14 Rough Surface Scattering, Perturbation Solution, Transition Operator / 765 23.15 Scattering by Rough Interfaces Between Two Media / 771 23.16 Kirchhoff Approximation of Rough Surface Scattering / 774 23.17 Frequency and Angular Correlation of Scattered Waves from Rough Surfaces and Memory Effects / 779 24 Coherence In Multiple Scattering And Diagram Method 785 24.1 Enhanced Radar Cross Section in Turbulence / 786 24.2 Enhanced Backscattering from Rough Surfaces / 787 24.3 Enhanced Backscattering from Particles and Photon Localization / 789 24.4 Multiple Scattering Formulations, the Dyson and Bethe–Salpeter Equations / 791 24.5 First-Order Smoothing Approximation / 793 24.6 First- and Second-Order Scattering and Backscattering Enhancement / 794 24.7 Memory Effects / 795 25 Solitons And Optical Fibers 797 25.1 History / 797 25.2 KDV (Korteweg–De Vries) Equation for Shallow Water / 799 25.3 Optical Solitons in Fibers / 802 26 Porous Media, Permittivity, Fluid Permeability Of Shales And Seismic Coda 807 26.1 Porous Medium and Shale, Superfracking / 808 26.2 Permittivity and Conductivity of Porous Media, Archie’s Law, and Percolation and Fractal / 809 26.3 Fluid Permeability and Darcy’s Law / 811 26.4 Seismic Coda, P-Wave, S-Wave, and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 812 26.5 Earthquake Magnitude Scales / 813 26.6 Waveform Envelope Broadening and Coda / 814 26.7 Coda in Heterogeneous Earth Excited by an Impulse Source / 815 26.8 S-wave Coda and Rayleigh Surface Wave / 819 Appendices 821 References 913 Index 929
£113.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Complete Electronics SelfTeaching Guide with
Book SynopsisAn all-in-one resource on everything electronics-related! For almost 30 years, this book has been a classic text for electronics enthusiasts. Now completely updated for today's technology, this latest version combines concepts, self-tests, and hands-on projects to offer you a completely repackaged and revised resource.Table of ContentsIntroduction xvii Chapter 1 DC Review and Pre-Test 1 Current Flow 2 Ohm’s Law 5 Resistors in Series 10 Resistors in Parallel 10 Power 12 Small Currents 15 The Graph of Resistance 16 The Voltage Divider 18 The Current Divider 24 Switches 30 Capacitors in a DC Circuit 33 Summary 41 DC Pre-Test 43 Chapter 2 The Diode 47 Understanding Diodes 48 Diode Breakdown 70 The Zener Diode 75 Summary 86 Self-Test 87 Chapter 3 Introduction to the Transistor 91 Understanding Transistors 92 The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) 123 Summary 129 Self-Test 129 Chapter 4 The Transistor Switch 135 Turning the Transistor On 136 Turning Off the Transistor 142 Why Transistors Are Used as Switches 146 The Three-Transistor Switch 161 Alternative Base Switching 166 Switching the JFET 172 Summary 181 Self-Test 182 Chapter 5 AC Pre-Test and Review 187 The Generator 188 Resistors in AC Circuits 193 Capacitors in AC Circuits 195 The Inductor in an AC Circuit 202 Resonance 204 Summary 207 Self-Test 207 Chapter 6 Filters 211 Capacitors in AC Circuits 212 Capacitors and Resistors in Series 214 Phase Shift of an RC Circuit 239 Resistor and Capacitor in Parallel 246 Inductors in AC Circuits 250 Phase Shift for an RL Circuit 258 Summary 260 Self-Test 260 Chapter 7 Resonant Circuits 267 The Capacitor and Inductor in Series 268 The Output Curve 286 Introduction to Oscillators 309 Summary 314 Self-Test 314 Chapter 8 Transistor Amplifiers 319 Working with Transistor Amplifiers 320 A Stable Amplifier 330 Biasing 334 The Emitter Follower 350 Analyzing an Amplifier 356 The JFET as an Amplifier 361 The Operational Amplifier 370 Summary 380 Self-Test 380 Chapter 9 Oscillators 385 Understanding Oscillators 386 Feedback 396 The Colpitts Oscillator 402 The Hartley Oscillator 414 The Armstrong Oscillator 421 Practical Oscillator Design 422 Simple Oscillator Design Procedure 423 Oscillator Troubleshooting Checklist 426 Summary and Applications 432 Self-Test 432 Chapter 10 The Transformer 435 Transformer Basics 436 Transformers in Communications Circuits 447 Summary and Applications 451 Self-Test 452 Chapter 11 Power Supply Circuits 455 Diodes in AC Circuits Produce Pulsating DC 456 Level DC (Smoothing Pulsating DC) 474 Summary 490 Self-Test 490 Chapter 12 Conclusion and Final Self-Test 493 Conclusion 493 Final Self-Test 495 Appendix A Glossary 509 Appendix B List of Symbols and Abbreviations 513 Appendix C Powers of Ten and Engineering Prefixes 517 Appendix D Standard Composition Resistor Values 519 Appendix E Supplemental Resources 521 Web Sites 521 Books 522 Magazines 522 Suppliers 523 Appendix F Equation Reference 525 Appendix G Schematic Symbols Used in This Book 529 Index 533
£24.65
John Wiley & Sons Inc Advances and Applications in Electroceramics II
Book SynopsisWith contributed papers from the 2011 Materials Science & Technology symposia, this is a useful one-stop resource for understanding the most important issues in the advances and applications of electroceramics. Logically organized and carefully selected, the articles cover the themes of the symposia: Magnetoelectric Multiferroic Thin Films and Multilayers; Dielectric Ceramic Materials and Electronic Devices; and Multifunctional Oxide. An essential reference for government labs and academics in mechanical and chemical engineering, materials and or ceramics, and chemistry.Table of ContentsPreface ix DIELECTRIC MATERIALS AND ELECTRONIC DEVICES Dielectric ll-VI and IV-VI Metal Chalcogenide Thin Films in Silver Coated Hollow Glass Waveguides (HGWS) for Infrared Spectroscopy and Laser Delivery 3 Carlos M. Bledt, Daniel V. Kopp, and James A. Harrington Dielectric Properties of Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics Fabricated with Wollastonite Powders 13 H. A. Colorado, A. Wong, and J. M. Yang Equivalent Circuit Modeling of Core-Shell Structured Ceramic Materials 23 Andreja Eräte, Barbara Malic, Brigita Ku2nik, Marija Kosec, and Vid Bobnar Bi2Te3 and Bi2Te3.xSx for Thermoelectric Applications 31 W. Wong-Ng, N. Lowhorn, J. Martin, P. Zavalij, H. Joress, Q. Huang, Y. Yan, A. N. Mansour, E. L. Thomas, J. Yang, and M. L Green Optimized Sputtering Parameters for ITO Thin Films of High Conductivity and Transparency 43 Jihoon Jung and Ruyan Guo Simulation of Enhanced Optical Transmission in Piezoelctric Materials 55 Robert Mclntosh, Amar S. Bhalla, and Ruyan Guo Evolution of Microstructure Due to Additives and Processing 65 N. B. Singh, A. Berghmans, D. Knuteson, J. Talvacchio, D. Kahler, M. House, B. Schreib, B. Wagner, and M. King Comparison of the Electrical Behavior of AIN-on-Diamond and AIN-on-Si MIS Rectifying Structures 77 N. Govindaraju, D. Das, R. N. Singh, and P. B. Kosel Effect of Nanocrystalline Diamond Deposition Conditions on Si MOSFET Device Characteristics 87 N. Govindaraju, P. B. Kosel, and R. N. Singh Study of the Diffusion from Melted Erbium Salt as the Surface-Modifying Technique for Localized Erbium Doping into Various Cuts of Lithium Niobate 95 Jakub Cajzl, Pavla Nekvindova, Blanka Svecova, Jarmila Spirkova, Anna Mackova, Petr Malinsky, Jiri Vacik, Jiri Oswald, and Andreas Kolitsch Acoustic Wave Velocities Measurement on Piezoelecrtic Ceramics to Evaluate Young's Modulus and Poisson's Ratio for Realization of High Piezoelectricity 105 Toshio Ogawa and Takayuki Nishina Long-Term and Light Stimulated Evolution of Semiconductor Properties 113 Sergei Pyshkin, John Ballato, George Chumanov, Donald VanDerveer, and Raisa Zhitaru Porosification of CaO-B203-Si02 Glass-Ceramics by Selective Etching for Super-Low k LTCC 125 F. Yuan, Y. T. Shi, J. E. Mu, Z. X. He, J. H. Guo, and Y. Cao Mechanochemical Behavior of BaNd2Ti4012 Powder in Ball Milling for High k Microwave Applications 135 J. E. Mu, Y. T. Shi, F. Yuan, and J. Liu Evaluation of Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Concept to Enhance Respirator Facial Seal 147 Mark Stasik, Jay Sayre, Rachel Thurston, Wes Childers, Aaron Richardson, Megan Moore, and Paul Gardner Effect of Spark Plasma Sintering on the Dielectric Behavior of Barium Titanate Nanoparticles 161 T. Sundararajan, S. Balasivanandha Prabu, and S. Manisha Vidyavathy Relationship between Ordering Ratio and Microwave Q Factor on Indialite/Cordierite Glass Ceramics 167 Hitoshi Ohsato, Jeong-Seog Kim, Ye-Ji Lee, Chae-ll Cheon, Ki-Woong Chae, and Isao Kagomiya Dielectric Properties of Nb-Rich Potassium Lithium Tantalate Niobate Single Crystals 179 Jun Li, Yang Li, Zhongxiang Zhou, Ruyan Guo, and Amar Bhalla Electrical Properties of Calcium Titanate:Hydroxyapatite Composites 191 Madhuparna Pal, A. K. Dubey, B. Basu, R. Guo, and A. Bhalla The Influence of Consolidation Parameters on Grain Contact Surfaces BaTi03-Ceramics 199 Vojislav V. Mitic, Vladimir B. Pavlovic, Vesna Paunovic, Miroslav Miljkovic, Jelena Nedin, and Milan Dukic MAGNETOELECTRIC MULTIFERROIC THIN FILMS AND MULTILAYERS Ferroic and Structural Investigations in Rare Earth Modified TbMn03 Ceramics 209 G. S. Dias, R. A. M. Gotardo, I. A. Santos, L. F. Cotica, and J. A. Eiras, D. Garcia HR-TEM Investigations in BiFe03-PbTi03 Multifunctional Ceramics 215 V. F. Freitas, F. R. Estrada, G. S. Dias, L F. Cotica, I. A. Santos, D. Garcia and J. A. Eiras MULTIFUNTIONAL OXIDES Modified Pechini Synthesis of La Doped Hexaferrite Co2Z with High Permeability 223 Lang Qin, Nahien Sharif, Lanlin Zhang, John Volakis, and Henk Verweij Zinc Oxide (ZnO) and Bandgap Engineering for Photoeiectrochemical Splitting of Water to Produce Hydrogen 231 Sudhakar Shet, Yanfa Yan, Heli Wang, Nuggehalli Ravindra, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Investigation of ZnO:N and ZnO:(AI,N) Films for Solar Driven Hydrogen Production 237 Sudhakar Shet, Yanfa Yan, Nuggehalli Ravindra, Heli Wang, John Turner, and Mowafak Al-Jassim Author Index 243
£108.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc UltraCapacitors in Power Conversion Systems
Book SynopsisUltra-capacitors, used as short-term energy storage devices, are growing in popularity especially in the transportation and renewable energy sectors. This text provides an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of ultra-capacitor theory, modeling and module design from an application perspective, focusing on the practical aspects of power conversion and ultra-capacitor integration with power electronics systems. Key features: clearly explains the theoretical and practical aspects of ultra-capacitor, analysis, modelling and design describes different power conversion applications such as variable speed drives, renewable energy systems, traction, power quality, diesel electric hybrid applications provides detailed guidelines for the design and selection of ultra-capacitor modules and interface dc-dc converters includes end-of-chapter exercises and design examples This is an essential reference for power electronics engTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Energy Storage Technologies and Devices 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Direct Electrical Energy Storage Devices 3 1.3 Indirect Electrical Energy Storage Technologies and Devices 11 1.4 Applications and Comparison 19 2 Ultra-Capacitor Energy Storage Devices 22 2.1 Background of Ultra-Capacitors 22 2.2 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors—EDLC 24 2.3 The Ultra-Capacitor Macro (Electric Circuit) Model 27 2.4 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Energy and Power 42 2.5 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Charge/Discharge Methods 47 2.6 Frequency Related Losses 59 2.7 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Thermal Aspects 65 2.8 Ultra-Capacitor High Power Modules 72 2.9 Ultra-Capacitor Trends and Future Development 74 2.10 Summary 76 3 Power Conversion and Energy Storage Applications 78 3.1 Fundamentals of Static Power Converters 78 3.2 Interest in Power Conversion with Energy Storage 84 3.3 Controlled Electric Drive Applications 90 3.4 Renewable Energy Source Applications 102 3.5 Autonomous Power Generators and Applications 113 3.6 Energy Transmission and Distribution Applications 121 3.7 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Applications 128 3.8 Electric Traction Applications 131 3.9 Summary 145 4 Ultra-Capacitor Module Selection and Design 149 4.1 Introduction 149 4.2 The Module Voltage Rating and Voltage Level Selection 152 4.3 The Capacitance Determination 164 4.4 Ultra-Capacitor Module Design 173 4.5 The Module's Thermal Management 189 4.6 Ultra-Capacitor Module Testing 207 4.7 Summary 214 5 Interface DC–DC Converters 216 5.1 Introduction 216 5.2 Background and Classification of Interface DC–DC Converters 216 5.3 State-of-the-Art Interface DC–DC Converters 223 5.4 The Ultra-Capacitor’s Current and Voltage Definition 229 5.5 Multi-Cell Interleaved DC–DC Converters 231 5.6 Design of a Two-Level N-Cell Interleaved DC–DC Converter 254 5.7 Conversion Power Losses: A General Case Analysis 295 5.8 Power Converter Thermal Management: A General Case Analysis 299 5.9 Summary 313 References 314 Index 317
£84.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Interactive Displays
Book SynopsisHow we interface and interact with computing, communications and entertainment devices is going through revolutionary changes, with natural user inputs based on touch, voice, and vision replacing or augmenting the use of traditional interfaces based on the keyboard, mouse, joysticks, etc.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii List of Contributors xv Series Editor’s Foreword xvii Preface xix List of Acronyms xxi 1 Senses, Perception, and Natural Human-Interfaces for Interactive Displays 1 Achintya K. Bhowmik 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Human Senses and Perception 4 1.3 Human Interface Technologies 9 1.3.1 Legacy Input Devices 9 1.3.2 Touch-based Interactions 11 1.3.3 Voice-based Interactions 13 1.3.4 Vision-based Interactions 15 1.3.5 Multimodal Interactions 18 1.4 Towards “True” 3D Interactive Displays 20 1.5 Summary 23 References 24 2 Touch Sensing 27 Geoff Walker 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Introduction to Touch Technologies 28 2.2.1 Touchscreens 30 2.2.2 Classifying Touch Technologies by Size and Application 30 2.2.3 Classifying Touch Technologies by Materials and Structure 32 2.2.4 Classifying Touch Technologies by the Physical Quantity Being Measured 33 2.2.5 Classifying Touch Technologies by Their Sensing Capabilities 33 2.2.6 The Future of Touch Technologies 34 2.3 History of Touch Technologies 35 2.4 Capacitive Touch Technologies 35 2.4.1 Projected Capacitive (P-Cap) 35 2.4.2 Surface Capacitive 47 2.5 Resistive Touch Technologies 51 2.5.1 Analog Resistive 51 2.5.2 Digital Multi-touch Resistive (DMR) 57 2.5.3 Analog Multi-touch Resistive (AMR) 59 2.6 Acoustic Touch Technologies 61 2.6.1 Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) 61 2.6.2 Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR) 64 2.6.3 Dispersive Signal Technology (DST) 67 2.7 Optical Touch Technologies 68 2.7.1 Traditional Infrared 68 2.7.2 Multi-touch Infrared 73 2.7.3 Camera-based Optical 76 2.7.4 In-glass Optical (Planar Scatter Detection – PSD) 81 2.7.5 Vision-based Optical 82 2.8 Embedded Touch Technologies 86 2.8.1 On-cell Mutual-capacitive 89 2.8.2 Hybrid In-cell/On-cell Mutual-capacitive 90 2.8.3 In-cell Mutual-capacitive 91 2.8.4 In-cell Light Sensing 93 2.9 Other Touch Technologies 96 2.9.1 Force-sensing 96 2.9.2 Combinations of Touch Technologies 98 2.10 Summary 98 2.11 Appendix 100 References 101 3 Voice in the User Interface 107 Andrew Breen, Hung H. Bui, Richard Crouch, Kevin Farrell, Friedrich Faubel, Roberto Gemello, William F. Ganong III, Tim Haulick, Ronald M. Kaplan, Charles L. Ortiz, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Holger Quast, Adwait Ratnaparkhi, Vlad Sejnoha, Jiaying Shen, Peter Stubley and Paul van Mulbregt 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 Voice Recognition 110 3.2.1 Nature of Speech 110 3.2.2 Acoustic Model and Front-end 112 3.2.3 Aligning Speech to HMMs 113 3.2.4 Language Model 114 3.2.5 Search: Solving Crosswords at 1000 Words a Second 115 3.2.6 Training Acoustic and Language Models 116 3.2.7 Adapting Acoustic and Language Models for Speaker Dependent Recognition 116 3.2.8 Alternatives to the “Canonical” System 117 3.2.9 Performance 117 3.3 Deep Neural Networks for Voice Recognition 119 3.4 Hardware Optimization 122 3.4.1 Lower Power Wake-up Computation 122 3.4.2 Hardware Optimization for Specific Computations 123 3.5 Signal Enhancement Techniques for Robust Voice Recognition 123 3.5.1 Robust Voice Recognition 124 3.5.2 Single-channel Noise Suppression 124 3.5.3 Multi-channel Noise Suppression 125 3.5.4 Noise Cancellation 125 3.5.5 Acoustic Echo Cancellation 127 3.5.6 Beamforming 127 3.6 Voice Biometrics 128 3.6.1 Introduction 128 3.6.2 Existing Challenges to Voice Biometrics 129 3.6.3 New Areas of Research in Voice Biometrics 130 3.7 Speech Synthesis 130 3.8 Natural Language Understanding 134 3.8.1 Mixed Initiative Conversations 135 3.8.2 Limitations of Slot and Filler Technology 137 3.9 Multi-turn Dialog Management 141 3.10 Planning and Reasoning 144 3.10.1 Technical Challenges 144 3.10.2 Semantic Analysis and Discourse Representation 146 3.10.3 Pragmatics 147 3.10.4 Dialog Management as Collaboration 148 3.10.5 Planning and Re-planning 149 3.10.6 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning 149 3.10.7 Monitoring 150 3.10.8 Suggested Readings 151 3.11 Question Answering 151 3.11.1 Question Analysis 152 3.11.2 Find Relevant Information 152 3.11.3 Answers and Evidence 153 3.11.4 Presenting the Answer 153 3.12 Distributed Voice Interface Architecture 154 3.12.1 Distributed User Interfaces 154 3.12.2 Distributed Speech and Language Technology 155 3.13 Conclusion 157 Acknowledgements 158 References 158 4 Visual Sensing and Gesture Interactions 165 Achintya K. Bhowmik 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Imaging Technologies: 2D and 3D 167 4.3 Interacting with Gestures 170 4.4 Summary 177 References 178 5 Real-Time 3D Sensing With Structured Light Techniques 181 Tyler Bell, Nikolaus Karpinsky and Song Zhang 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Structured Pattern Codifications 183 5.2.1 2D Pseudo-random Codifications 183 5.2.2 Binary Structured Codifications 184 5.2.3 N-ary Codifications 187 5.2.4 Continuous Sinusoidal Phase Codifications 187 5.3 Structured Light System Calibration 191 5.4 Examples of 3D Sensing with DFP Techniques 193 5.5 Real-Time 3D Sensing Techniques 195 5.5.1 Fundamentals of Digital-light-processing (DLP) Technology 196 5.5.2 Real-Time 3D Data Acquisition 198 5.5.3 Real-Time 3D Data Processing and Visualization 199 5.5.4 Example of Real-Time 3D Sensing 200 5.6 Real-Time 3D Sensing for Human Computer Interaction Applications 201 5.6.1 Real-Time 3D Facial Expression Capture and its HCI Implications 201 5.6.2 Real-Time 3D Body Part Gesture Capture and its HCI Implications 202 5.6.3 Concluding Human Computer Interaction Implications 204 5.7 Some Recent Advancements 204 5.7.1 Real-Time 3D Sensing and Natural 2D Color Texture Capture 204 5.7.2 Superfast 3D Sensing 206 5.8 Summary 208 Acknowledgements 209 References 209 6 Real-Time Stereo 3D Imaging Techniques 215 Lazaros Nalpantidis 6.1 Introduction 215 6.2 Background 216 6.3 Structure of Stereo Correspondence Algorithms 219 6.3.1 Matching Cost Computation 220 6.3.2 Matching Cost Aggregation 221 6.4 Categorization of Characteristics 222 6.4.1 Depth Estimation Density 222 6.4.2 Optimization Strategy 224 6.5 Categorization of Implementation Platform 225 6.5.1 CPU-only Methods 225 6.5.2 GPU-accelerated Methods 226 6.5.3 Hardware Implementations (FPGAs, ASICs) 227 6.6 Conclusion 229 References 229 7 Time-of-Flight 3D-Imaging Techniques 233 Daniël Van Nieuwenhove 7.1 Introduction 233 7.2 Time-of-Flight 3D Sensing 233 7.3 Pulsed Time-of-Flight Method 235 7.4 Continuous Time-of-Flight Method 236 7.5 Calculations 236 7.6 Accuracy 239 7.7 Limitations and Improvements 240 7.7.1 TOF Challenges 240 7.7.2 Theoretical Limits 241 7.7.3 Distance Aliasing 242 7.7.4 Multi-path and Scattering 243 7.7.5 Power Budget and Optimization 243 7.8 Time-of-Flight Camera Components 244 7.9 Typical Values 244 7.9.1 Light Power Range 244 7.9.2 Background Light 245 7.10 Current State of the Art 247 7.11 Conclusion 247 References 248 8 Eye Gaze Tracking 251 Heiko Drewes 8.1 Introduction and Motivation 251 8.2 The Eyes 253 8.3 Eye Trackers 256 8.3.1 Types of Eye Trackers 256 8.3.2 Corneal Reflection Method 257 8.4 Objections and Obstacles 260 8.4.1 Human Aspects 260 8.4.2 Outdoor Use 261 8.4.3 Calibration 261 8.4.4 Accuracy 261 8.4.5 Midas Touch Problem 262 8.5 Eye Gaze Interaction Research 263 8.6 Gaze Pointing 264 8.6.1 Solving the Midas Touch Problem 264 8.6.2 Solving the Accuracy Issue 265 8.6.3 Comparison of Mouse and Gaze Pointing 266 8.6.4 Mouse and Gaze Coordination 267 8.6.5 Gaze Pointing Feedback 269 8.7 Gaze Gestures 270 8.7.1 The Concept of Gaze Gestures 270 8.7.2 Gesture Detection Algorithm 270 8.7.3 Human Ability to Perform Gaze Gestures 271 8.7.4 Gaze Gesture Alphabets 272 8.7.5 Gesture Separation from Natural Eye Movement 273 8.7.6 Applications for Gaze Gestures 274 8.8 Gaze as Context 275 8.8.1 Activity Recognition 275 8.8.2 Reading Detection 277 8.8.3 Attention Detection 279 8.8.4 Using Gaze Context 280 8.9 Outlook 280 References 281 9 Multimodal Input for Perceptual User Interfaces 285 Joseph J. LaViola Jr., Sarah Buchanan and Corey Pittman 9.1 Introduction 285 9.2 Multimodal Interaction Types 286 9.3 Multimodal Interfaces 287 9.3.1 Touch Input 287 9.3.2 3D Gesture 294 9.3.3 Eye Tracking and Gaze 299 9.3.4 Facial Expressions 300 9.3.5 Brain-computer Input 301 9.4 Multimodal Integration Strategies 303 9.4.1 Frame-based Integration 304 9.4.2 Unification-based Integration 304 9.4.3 Procedural Integration 305 9.4.4 Symbolic/Statistical Integration 305 9.5 Usability Issues with Multimodal Interaction 305 9.6 Conclusion 307 References 308 10 Multimodal Interaction in Biometrics: Technological and Usability Challenges 313 Norman Poh, Phillip A. Tresadern and Rita Wong 10.1 Introduction 313 10.1.1 Motivations for Identity Assurance 314 10.1.2 Biometrics 10.1.3 Application Characteristics of Multimodal Biometrics 314 10.1.4 2D and 3D Face Recognition 316 10.1.5 A Multimodal Case Study 317 10.1.6 Adaptation to Blind Subjects 318 10.1.7 Chapter Organization 320 10.2 Anatomy of the Mobile Biometry Platform 320 10.2.1 Face Analysis 320 10.2.2 Voice Analysis 323 10.2.3 Model Adaptation 325 10.2.4 Data Fusion 326 10.2.5 Mobile Platform Implementation 326 10.2.6 MoBio Database and Protocol 327 10.3 Case Study: Usability Study for the Visually Impaired 328 10.3.1 Impact of Head Pose Variations on Performance 329 10.3.2 User Interaction Module: Head Pose Quality Assessment 329 10.3.3 User-Interaction Module: Audio Feedback Mechanism 333 10.3.4 Usability Testing with the Visually Impaired 336 10.4 Discussions and Conclusions 338 Acknowledgements 339 References 339 11 Towards “True” 3D Interactive Displays 343 Jim Larimer, Philip J. Bos and Achintya K. Bhowmik 11.1 Introduction 343 11.2 The Origins of Biological Vision 346 11.3 Light Field Imaging 352 11.4 Towards “True” 3D Visual Displays 359 11.5 Interacting with Visual Content on a 3D Display 368 11.6 Summary 371 References 371 Index 375
£90.86
John Wiley & Sons Inc Flexible Flat Panel Displays
Book SynopsisFlexible Flat Panel Displays A complete treatment of the entire lifecycle of flexible flat panel displays, from raw material selection to commercialization In the newly revised Second Edition of Flexible Flat Panel Displays, a distinguished team of researchers delivers a completely restructured and comprehensive treatment of the field of flexible flat panel displays. With material covering the end-to-end process that includes commercial and technical aspects of the technology, the editors have included contributions that introduce the business, marketing, entrepreneurship, and intellectual property content relevant to flexible flat panel displays. This edited volume contains a brand-new section on case studies using the Harvard Business School format that discusses current and emerging markets in flexible displays, such as an examination of the use of electronic ink and QD Vision in commercial devices. From raw material selection to dTable of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Introduction 1 Darran R. Cairns, Gregory P. Crawford, and Dirk J. Broer 1.1 Toward Flexible Mobile Devices 1 1.2 Flexible Display Layers 2 1.3 Other Flexible Displays and Manufacturing 2 2 Engineered Films for Display Technology 5 W.A. MacDonald 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Factors Influencing Film Choice 5 2.2.1 Application Area 5 2.2.2 Physical Form/Manufacturing Process 6 2.2.3 Film Property Set 7 2.2.3.1 Polymer Type 7 2.2.3.2 Optical Clarity 9 2.2.3.3 Birefringence 10 2.2.3.4 The Effect of Thermal Stress on Dimensional Reproducibility 10 2.2.3.5 Low-bloom Films 11 2.2.3.6 Solvent and Moisture Resistance 12 2.2.3.7 The Effect of Mechanical Stress on Dimensional Reproducibility 16 2.2.3.8 Surface Quality 18 2.3 Summary of Key Properties of Base Substrates 19 2.4 Planarizing Coatings 21 2.5 Examples of Film in Use 23 2.6 Concluding Remarks 24 Acknowledgments 25 3 Liquid Crystal Optical Coatings for Flexible Displays 27 Owain Parri, Johan Lub, and Dirk J. Broer 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 LCN Technology 27 3.3 Thin-film Polarizers 29 3.3.1 Smectic Polarizers 29 3.3.2 Cholesteric Polarizers 32 3.4 Thin-film Retarders 34 3.4.1 Reactive Mesogen Retarders 35 3.4.2 Chromonic Liquid Crystal-based Retarders 37 3.4.3 Liquid Crystal Alignment and Patterned Retarders 37 3.5 Color Filters 41 3.6 Conclusion 43 4 Large Area Flexible Organic Field-effect Transistor Fabrication 47 Zachary A. Lamport, Marco Roberto Cavallari, and Ioannis Kymissis 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Substrates 48 4.3 Photolithography 49 4.4 Printing for Roll-to-roll Fabrication 52 4.4.1 Inkjet Printing 52 4.4.2 Gravure and Flexographic Printing 55 4.4.3 Screen Printing 56 4.4.4 Aerosol Jet Printing 56 4.4.5 Contact Printing 58 4.4.6 Meniscus Dragging 60 4.5 Conclusions 62 5 Metallic Nanowires, Promising Building Nanoblocks for Flexible Transparent Electrodes 67 Jean-Pierre Simonato 5.1 Introduction 67 5.2 TEs Based on Metallic Nanowires 68 5.2.1 Metallic Nanowires, New Building Nanoblocks 68 5.2.2 Random Network Fabrication 69 5.2.3 Optical Characterization 70 5.2.4 Electrical Characterization 71 5.2.5 Mechanical Aspect 73 5.3 Application to Flexible Displays 73 5.3.1 Touch Screens 73 5.3.2 Light-emitting Diodes Displays 74 5.3.3 Electrochromic Flexible Displays 76 5.3.4 Other Displays 77 5.4 Conclusions 78 6 Optically Clear Adhesives for Display Assembly 85 Albert I. Everaerts 6.1 Introduction 85 6.2 OCA Definition and General Performance Specifications 86 6.3 Application Examples and Challenges 89 6.3.1 Outgassing Tolerant Adhesives 90 6.3.2 Anti-whitening Adhesives 91 6.3.3 Non-corrosive OCAs 92 6.3.4 Compliant OCAs for High Ink-step Coverage and Mura-free Assembly of LCD Panels 94 6.3.5 Reworkable OCAs 102 6.3.6 Barrier Adhesives 103 6.4 Summary and Remaining Challenges 104 7 Self-healing Polymer Substrates 107 Progyateg Chakma, Zachary A. Digby, and Dominik Konkolewicz 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 General Classes of Self-healing Polymers 108 7.2.1 Types of Dynamic Bonds in Self-healing Polymers 109 7.2.2 Supramolecularly Crosslinked Self-healing Polymers 109 7.2.2.1 Hydrogen Bonding 110 7.2.2.2 π–π Stacking 110 7.2.2.3 Ionic Interactions 111 7.2.3 Dynamic-covalently Crosslinked Self-healing Polymers 111 7.2.3.1 Cycloaddition Reactions 111 7.2.3.2 Disulfides-based Reversible Reactions 112 7.2.3.3 Acylhydrazones 113 7.2.3.4 Boronate Esters 113 7.3 Special Considerations for Flexible Self-healing Polymers 114 7.4 Incorporation of Electrically Conductive Components 115 7.4.1 Metallic Conductors 115 7.4.2 Conductive Polymers 116 7.4.3 Carbon Materials 118 7.4.4 Polymerized Ionic Liquids 119 7.5 Additional Possibilities Enabled by Three-dimensional Printing 119 7.6 Concluding Remarks 121 8 Flexible Glass Substrates 129 Armin Plichta, Andreas Habeck, Silke Knoche, Anke Kruse, Andreas Weber, and Norbert Hildebrand 8.1 Introduction 129 8.2 Display Glass Properties 129 8.2.1 Overview of Display Glass Types 129 8.2.2 Glass Properties 130 8.2.2.1 Optical Properties 130 8.2.2.2 Chemical Properties 130 8.2.2.3 Thermal Properties 131 8.2.2.4 Surface Properties 132 8.2.2.5 Permeability 133 8.3 Manufacturing of Thin “Flexible’’ Glass 134 8.3.1 Float and Downdraw Technology for Special Glass 134 8.3.2 Limits 135 8.3.2.1 Thickness Limits for Production 135 8.3.2.2 Surface Quality Limits for Production 136 8.4 Mechanical Properties 137 8.4.1 Thin Glass and Glass/Plastic Substrates 137 8.4.2 Mechanical Test Methods for Flexible Glasses 137 8.5 Improvement in Mechanical Properties of Glass 140 8.5.1 Reinforcement of Glass Substrates 140 8.5.1.1 Principal Methods of Reinforcement 141 8.5.1.2 Materials for Reinforcement Coatings 141 8.6 Processing of Flexible Glass 142 8.6.1 Cleaning 143 8.6.2 Separation 143 8.7 Current Thin Glass Substrate Applications and Trends 144 8.7.1 Displays 145 8.7.2 Touch Panels 145 8.7.3 Sensors 145 8.7.4 Wafer-level Chip Size Packaging 146 9 Toward a Foldable Organic Light-emitting Diode Display 149 Meng-Ting Lee, Chi-Shun Chan, Yi-Hong Chen, Chun-Yu Lin, Annie Tzuyu Huang, Jonathan HT Tao, and Chih-Hung Wu 9.1 Panel Stack-up Comparison: Glass-based and Plastic-based Organic Light-emitting Diode 149 9.1.1 Technology for Improving Contrast Ratio of OLED Display 151 9.2 CF–OLED for Achieving Foldable OLED Display 153 9.2.1 Mechanism of the AR coating in CF–OLED 154 9.2.2 Optical Performance of CF–OLED 155 9.3 Mechanical Performance of CF–OLED 157 9.3.1 Bi-directional Folding Performance and Minimum Folding Radius of SPS Cf–oled 159 9.4 Touch Panel Technology of CF–OLED 160 9.5 Foldable Application 162 9.5.1 Foldable Technology Summary 162 9.5.1.1 Polymer Substrates and Related Debonding Technology 162 9.5.1.2 Alternative TFT Types to LTPS 162 9.5.1.3 Encapsulation Systems to Protect Devices against Moisture 163 9.5.2 Novel and Next-generation Display Technologies 163 10 Flexible Reflective Display Based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystals 167 Deng-Ke Yang, J. W. Shiu, M. H. Yang, and Janglin Che 10.1 Introduction to Cholesteric Liquid Crystal 167 10.2 Reflection of CLC 169 10.3 Bistable CLC Reflective Display 171 10.4 Color Design of Reflective Bistable CLC Display 173 10.4.1 Mono-color Display 173 10.4.2 Full-color Display 173 10.5 Transitions between Cholesteric States 175 10.5.1 Transition from Planar State to Focal Conic State 175 10.5.2 Transition from Focal Conic State to Homeotropic State 177 10.5.3 Transition from Homotropic State to Focal Conic State 177 10.5.4 Transition from Homeotropic State to Transient Planar State 178 10.5.5 Transition from Transient Planar State to Planar State 179 10.6 Driving Schemes 181 10.6.1 Response to Voltage Pulse 181 10.6.2 Conventional Driving Scheme 183 10.6.3 Dynamic Driving Scheme 183 10.6.4 Thermal Driving Scheme 185 10.6.5 Flow Driving Scheme 186 10.7 Flexible Bistable CLC Reflective Display 187 10.8 Bistable Encapsulated CLC Reflective Display 188 10.9 Production of Flexible CLC Reflective Displays 189 10.9.1 Color e-Book with Single-layered Structure 191 10.9.2 Roll-to Roll E-paper and Applications 195 10.10 Conclusion 202 11 Electronic Paper 207 Guofu Zhou, Alex Henzen, and Dong Yuan 11.1 Introduction 207 11.2 Electrophoretic Display 210 11.2.1 Development History and Working Principle 210 11.2.2 Materials 212 11.2.2.1 Colored Particles/Pigments 212 11.2.2.2 Capsule Shell Materials 213 11.2.2.3 Suspending Medium (Mobile Phase) 213 11.2.2.4 Charge Control Agents 213 11.2.2.5 Stabilizers 213 11.2.3 Device Fabrication 214 11.2.4 Flexible EPD 215 11.3 Electrowetting Displays 216 11.3.1 Development History and Working Principle 216 11.3.2 Materials 218 11.3.2.1 Absorbing (Dyed) Hydrophobic Liquid 218 11.3.3 Device Fabrication 220 11.3.4 Flexible EWD 221 11.4 Other E-paper Display Technologies and Feasibility of Flexibility 222 11.4.1 Pcd 222 11.4.2 Lpd 223 11.5 Cholesteric (Chiral Nematic) LCDs 224 11.6 Electrochromic Displays 224 11.7 MEMS Displays 226 12 Encapsulation of Flexible Displays: Background, Status, and Perspective 229 Lorenza Moro and Robert Jan Visser 12.1 Introduction 229 12.2 Background 230 12.3 Multilayer TFE Technology 234 12.3.1 Multilayer Approach 234 12.3.2 Inorganic Layer Deposition Techniques 237 12.3.3 Organic Layer Deposition Techniques 238 12.4 Current Technology Implementation 242 12.5 Future Developments 246 12.6 Conclusions 249 Acknowledgments 250 13 Flexible Battery Fundamentals 255 Nicholas Winch, Darran R. Cairns, and Konstantinos A. Sierros 13.1 Introduction 255 13.2 Structural and Materials Aspects 256 13.2.1 Shape 257 13.2.2 One-dimensional Batteries 257 13.2.3 Two-dimensional Planar Batteries 258 13.2.4 Solid versus Liquid Electrolyte 259 13.2.5 Carbon Additives 259 13.3 Examples of Flexible Batteries 260 13.4 Future Perspectives 266 14 Flexible and Large-area X-ray Detectors 271 Gerwin Gelinck 14.1 Introduction 271 14.2 Direct and Indirect Detectors 272 14.3 Thin-film Photodiode Sensors for Indirect-conversion Detectors 273 14.3.1 Performance Parameters 273 14.3.2 Photodiode Materials on Plastic Substrates 275 14.3.2.1 Amorphous Silicon 275 14.3.2.2 Organic Semiconductor Materials 275 14.4 TFT Array 277 14.4.1 Pixel Architecture and Transistor Requirements 277 14.4.2 Flexible Transistor Arrays 278 14.5 Medical-grade Detector 282 14.6 Summary and Outlook 283 15 Interacting with Flexible Displays 287 Darran R. Cairns and Anthony S. Weiss 15.1 Introduction 287 15.2 Touch Technologies in Non-Flexible Displays 287 15.2.1 Resistive Touch Sensors 287 15.2.2 4-Wire Resistive 288 15.2.3 5-Wire Resistive 289 15.2.4 Capacitive Sensing 290 15.2.5 Surface Capacitive 291 15.2.6 Projected Capacitive 291 15.2.7 Infrared Sensing 293 15.2.8 Surface Acoustic Wave 293 15.2.9 Bending Wave Technologies 294 15.3 Touch Technologies in Flexible Displays 294 15.4 Summary 299 16 Mechanical Durability of Inorganic Films on Flexible Substrates 301 Yves Leterrier 16.1 Introduction 301 16.2 Flexible Display Materials 302 16.2.1 Property Contrast between Coating and Substrate Materials 302 16.2.2 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Inorganic Coatings 302 16.3 Stress and Strain Analyses 304 16.3.1 Intrinsic, Thermal, and Hygroscopic Stresses and Strains 304 16.3.2 Strain Analysis of Multilayer Films under Bending 307 16.3.3 Critical Radius of Curvature 308 16.4 Failure Mechanics of Brittle Films 309 16.4.1 Damage Phenomenology under Tensile and Compressive Loading 309 16.4.2 Experimental Methods 310 16.4.3 Fracture Mechanics Analysis 311 16.4.4 Role of Internal Stresses 312 16.4.5 Influence of Film Thickness on Critical Strain 312 16.5 Durability Influences 313 16.5.1 Influence of Temperature 313 16.5.2 Fatigue 314 16.5.3 Corrosion 315 16.6 Toward Robust Layers 317 16.7 Final Remarks 317 Acknowledgments 318 Nomenclature 318 17 Roll-to-roll Production Challenges for Large-area Printed Electronics 325 Dr. Grzegorz Andrzej Potoczny 17.1 Introduction 325 17.2 Infrastructure 327 17.3 Equipment 328 17.4 Materials 329 17.5 Processing 331 17.6 Summary 334 18 Direct Ink Writing of Touch Sensors and Displays: Current Developments and Future Perspectives 337 Konstantinos A. Sierros and Darran R. Cairns 18.1 Introduction 337 18.2 DIW and Ink Development 338 18.3 Applications of DIW for Displays and Touch Sensors 343 18.4 Future Challenges and Opportunities 347 19 Flexible Displays for Medical Applications 351 Uwadiae Obahiagbon, Karen S. Anderson, and Jennifer M. Blain Christen 19.1 Introduction 351 19.1.1 Flexible Displays in Medicine 351 19.1.2 A Brief Historical Perspective 351 19.1.3 Application of Flexible Displays for Biochemical Analysis 352 19.1.4 OLEDs and Organic Photodiodes as Optical Excitation Sources and Detectors 352 19.1.5 Device Integration 354 19.1.6 Fluorescence, Photoluminescence Intensity, and Decay-time Sensing 355 19.2 Flexible OLEDs for Oxygen Sensors 356 19.3 Glucose Sensing Using Flexible Display Technology 358 19.4 POC Disease Diagnosis and Pathogen Detection Using Flexible Display Optoelectronics 359 19.5 Flexible Display Technology for Multi-analyte Sensor Array Platforms 364 19.5.1 Integrated LOC and Flexible Display Devices 364 19.5.2 Multiplexed Sensor Platforms 364 19.6 Medical Diagnostic Displays 366 19.7 Wearable Health Monitoring Devices Based on Flexible Displays 366 19.7.1 Monitoring Vital Signs Using Flexible Display Technology 367 19.7.2 Flexible Display Technology for Phototherapy 369 19.7.3 Smart Clothing Using Flexible Display Technology 370 19.8 Competing Technologies, Challenges, and Future Trends 371 19.9 Conclusion 372 Acknowledgment 373 Conflicts of Interest 373 Index 379
£97.16
John Wiley & Sons Inc Mechatronics with Experiments
Book SynopsisComprehensively covers the fundamental scientific principles and technologies that are used in the design of modern computer-controlled machines and processes.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Case Study: Modeling and Control of Combustion Engines 16 1.2 Example: Electro-hydraulic Flight Control Systems for Commercial Airplanes 31 1.3 Embedded Control Software Development for Mechatronic Systems 38 1.4 Problems 43 CHAPTER 2 CLOSED LOOP CONTROL 45 2.1 Components of a Digital Control System 46 2.2 The Sampling Operation and Signal Reconstruction 48 2.3 Open Loop Control Versus Closed Loop Control 63 2.4 Performance Specifications for Control Systems 67 2.5 Time Domain and S-domain Correlation of Signals 69 2.6 Transient Response Specifications: Selection of Pole Locations 70 2.7 Steady-State Response Specifications 74 2.8 Stability of Dynamic Systems 76 2.9 Experimental Determination of Frequency Response 78 2.10 The Root Locus Method 89 2.11 Correlation Between Time Domain and Frequency Domain Information 93 2.12 Basic Feedback Control Types 97 2.13 Translation of Analog Control to Digital Control 125 2.14 Problems 128 CHAPTER 3 MECHANISMS FOR MOTION TRANSMISSION 133 3.1 Introduction 133 3.2 Rotary to Rotary Motion Transmission Mechanisms 136 3.3 Rotary to Translational Motion Transmission Mechanisms 139 3.4 Cyclic Motion Transmission Mechanisms 143 3.5 Shaft Misalignments and Flexible Couplings 153 3.6 Actuator Sizing 154 3.7 Homogeneous Transformation Matrices 162 3.8 A Case Study: Automotive Transmission as a “Gear Reducer” 172 3.9 Problems 201 CHAPTER 4 MICROCONTROLLERS 207 4.1 Embedded Computers versus Non-Embedded Computers 207 4.2 Basic Computer Model 214 4.3 Microcontroller Hardware and Software: PIC 18F452 218 4.4 Interrupts 235 4.5 Problems 243 CHAPTER 5 ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS FOR MECHATRONIC SYSTEMS 245 5.1 Introduction 245 5.2 Basics of Linear Circuits 245 5.3 Equivalent Electrical Circuit Methods 249 5.4 Impedance 252 5.5 Semiconductor Electronic Devices 260 5.6 Operational Amplifiers 282 5.7 Digital Electronic Devices 308 5.8 Digital and Analog I/O and Their Computer Interface 314 5.9 D/A and A/D Converters and Their Computer Interface 318 5.10 Problems 324 CHAPTER 6 SENSORS 329 6.1 Introduction to Measurement Devices 329 6.2 Measurement Device Loading Errors 333 6.3 Wheatstone Bridge Circuit 335 6.4 Position Sensors 339 6.5 Velocity Sensors 362 6.6 Acceleration Sensors 365 6.7 Strain, Force, and Torque Sensors 372 6.8 Pressure Sensors 376 6.9 Temperature Sensors 381 6.10 Flow Rate Sensors 385 6.11 Humidity Sensors 393 6.12 Vision Systems 394 6.13 GPS: Global Positioning System 397 6.14 Problems 403 CHAPTER 7 ELECTROHYDRAULIC MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 407 7.1 Introduction 407 7.2 Fundamental Physical Principles 425 7.3 Hydraulic Pumps 437 7.4 Hydraulic Actuators: Hydraulic Cylinder and Rotary Motor 457 7.5 Hydraulic Valves 461 7.6 Sizing of Hydraulic Motion System Components 507 7.7 Hydraulic Motion Axis Natural Frequency and Bandwidth Limit 518 7.8 Linear Dynamic Model of a One-Axis Hydraulic Motion System 520 7.9 Nonlinear Dynamic Model of One-Axis Hydraulic Motion System 527 7.10 Example: Open Center Hydraulic System – Force and Speed Modulation Curves in Steady State 571 7.11 Example: Hydrostatic Transmissions 576 7.12 Current Trends in Electrohydraulics 586 7.13 Case Studies 589 7.14 Problems 593 CHAPTER 8 ELECTRIC ACTUATORS: MOTOR AND DRIVE TECHNOLOGY 603 8.1 Introduction 603 8.2 Energy Losses in Electric Motors 629 8.3 Solenoids 633 8.4 DC Servo Motors and Drives 640 8.5 AC Induction Motors and Drives 659 8.6 Step Motors 670 8.7 Linear Motors 681 8.8 DC Motor: Electromechanical Dynamic Model 683 8.9 Problems 691 CHAPTER 9 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLERS 695 9.1 Introduction 695 9.2 Hardware Components of PLCs 697 9.3 Programming of PLCs 705 9.4 PLC Control System Applications 709 9.5 PLC Application Example: Conveyor and Furnace Control 712 9.6 Problems 714 CHAPTER 10 PROGRAMMABLE MOTION CONTROL SYSTEMS 717 10.1 Introduction 717 10.2 Design Methodology for PMC Systems 722 10.3 Motion Controller Hardware and Software 723 10.4 Basic Single-Axis Motions 724 10.5 Coordinated Motion Control Methods 729 10.6 Coordinated Motion Applications 735 10.7 Problems 747 CHAPTER 11 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS 749 11.1 Experiment 1: Basic Electrical Circuit Components and Kirchoff’s Voltage and Current Laws 749 11.2 Experiment 2: Transistor Operation: ON/OFF Mode and Linear Mode of Operation 754 11.3 Experiment 3: Passive First-Order RC Filters: Low Pass Filter and High Pass Filter 758 11.4 Experiment 4: Active First-Order Low Pass Filter with Op-Amps 762 11.5 Experiment 5: Schmitt Trigger With Variable Hysteresis using an Op-Amp Circuit 766 11.6 Experiment 6: Analog PID Control Using Op-Amps 770 11.7 Experiment 7: LED Control Using the PIC Microcontroller 775 11.8 Experiment 8: Force and Strain Measurement Using a Strain Gauge and PIC-ADC Interface 780 11.9 Experiment 9: Solenoid Control Using a Transistor and PIC Microcontroller 787 11.10 Experiment 10: Stepper Motor Motion Control Using a PIC Microcontroller 790 11.11 Experiment 11: DC Motor Speed Control Using PWM 794 11.12 Experiment 12: Closed Loop DC Motor Position Control 799 APPENDIX MATLAB®, SIMULINK®, STATEFLOW, AND AUTO-CODE GENERATION 805 A.1 MATLAB® Overview 805 A.1.1 Data in MATLAB® Environment 808 A.1.2 Program Flow Control Statements in MATLAB® 813 A.1.3 Functions in MATLAB®: M-script files and M-function files 815 A.1.4 Input and Output in MATLAB® 822 A.1.5 MATLAB® Toolboxes 831 A.1.6 Controller Design Functions: Transform Domain and State-Space Methods 832 A.2 Simulink® 836 A.2.1 Simulink® Block Examples 843 A.2.2 Simulink®S-Functions in C Language 852 A.3 Stateflow 856 A.3.1 Accessing Data and Functions from a Stateflow Chart 865 A.4 Auto Code Generation 876 REFERENCES 879 INDEX 883
£78.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc From LED to Solid State Lighting
Book SynopsisFROM LED TO SOLID STATE LIGHTING A comprehensive and practical reference complete with hands-on exercises and experimental data In From LED to Solid State Lighting: Principles, Materials, Packaging, Characterization, and Applications, accomplished mechanical engineers Shi-Wei Ricky Lee, Jeffery C. C. Lo, Mian Tao, and Huaiyu Ye deliver a practical overview of the design and construction of LED lighting modules, from the fabrication of the LED chip to the LED modules incorporated in complete LED lighting fixtures. The distinguished authors discuss the major advantages of solid-state lighting, including energy savings, environmental friendliness, and lengthy operational life, as well as the contributions offered by the packaging of light-emitting diodes in the pursuit of these features. Readers will discover presentations of the technical issues that arise in packaging LED components, like interconnection, phosphor deposition, and encapsulation. They'll alsoTable of ContentsPreface v About the Authors vii 1 LEDs for Solid-State Lighting 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Evolution of Light Sources and Lighting Systems 1 1.3 Historical Development of LEDs 6 1.4 Implementation of White Light Illumination with an LED 8 1.5 LEDs for General Lighting 10 References 12 2 Packaging of LED Chips 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Overall Packaging Process and LED Package Types 16 2.3 Chip Mounting and Interconnection 20 2.4 Phosphor Coating and Dispensing Process 38 2.5 Encapsulation and Molding Process 48 2.6 Secondary Optics and Lens Design 50 References 54 3 Chip Scale and Wafer Level Packaging of LEDs 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Chip Scale Packaging 63 3.3 Enabling Technologies forWafer Level Packaging 66 3.4 Designs and Structures of LED Wafer Level Packaging 91 3.5 Processes of LED Wafer Level Packaging 96 References 106 4 Board Level Assemblies and LED Modules 111 4.1 Introduction 111 4.2 Board Level Assembly Processes 112 4.3 Chip-on-Board Assemblies 130 4.4 LED Modules and Considerations 137 References 141 5 Optical, Electrical, and Thermal Performance 145 5.1 Evaluation of Optical Performance 145 5.2 Power Supply and Efficiency 159 5.3 Consideration of LED Thermal Performance 163 References 172 6 Reliability Engineering for LED Packaging 175 6.1 Concept of Reliability and Test Methods 175 6.2 Failure Analysis and Life Assessment 181 6.3 Design for Reliability 185 References 187 7 Emerging Applications of LEDs 189 7.1 LEDs for Automotive Lighting 189 7.2 Micro- and Mini-LED Display 194 7.3 LED for Visible Light Communication 203 References 208 8 LEDs Beyond Visible Light 213 8.1 Applications of UV-LED 213 8.2 Applications of IR-LEDs 225 8.3 Future Outlook and Other Technology Trends 233 References 235 Index 243
£98.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Camera Image Quality Benchmarking
Book SynopsisThe essential guide to the entire process behind performing a complete characterization and benchmarking of cameras through image quality analysis Camera Image Quality Benchmarking contains the basic information and approaches for the use of subjectively correlated image quality metrics and outlines a framework for camera benchmarking. The authors show how to quantitatively compare image quality of cameras used for consumer photography. This book helps to fill a void in the literature by detailing the types of objective and subjective metrics that are fundamental to benchmarking still and video imaging devices. Specifically, the book provides an explanation of individual image quality attributes and how they manifest themselves to camera components and explores the key photographic still and video image quality metrics. The text also includes illustrative examples of benchmarking methods so that the practitioner can design a methodology appropriate to the photographic usage in considerTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xv Series Preface xvii Preface xix List of Abbreviations xxiii About the CompanionWebsite xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Image Content and Image Quality 2 1.1.1 Color 3 1.1.2 Shape 8 1.1.3 Texture 10 1.1.4 Depth 11 1.1.5 Luminance Range 12 1.1.6 Motion 15 1.2 Benchmarking 18 1.3 Book Content 22 Summary of this Chapter 24 References 25 2 Defining Image Quality 27 2.1 What is Image Quality? 27 2.2 Image Quality Attributes 29 2.3 Subjective and Objective Image Quality Assessment 31 Summary of this Chapter 32 References 33 3 Image Quality Attributes 35 3.1 Global Attributes 35 3.1.1 Exposure, Tonal Reproduction, and Flare 35 3.1.2 Color 39 3.1.3 Geometrical Artifacts 40 3.1.3.1 Perspective Distortion 40 3.1.3.2 Optical Distortion 42 3.1.3.3 Other Geometrical Artifacts 42 3.1.4 Nonuniformities 43 3.1.4.1 Luminance Shading 45 3.1.4.2 Color Shading 45 3.2 Local Attributes 45 3.2.1 Sharpness and Resolution 45 3.2.2 Noise 49 3.2.3 Texture Rendition 50 3.2.4 Color Fringing 50 3.2.5 Image Defects 51 3.2.6 Artifacts 51 3.2.6.1 Aliasing and Demosaicing Artifacts 52 3.2.6.2 Still Image Compression Artifacts 53 3.2.6.3 Flicker 53 3.2.6.4 HDR Processing Artifacts 55 3.2.6.5 Lens Ghosting 55 3.3 Video Quality Attributes 56 3.3.1 Frame Rate 56 3.3.2 Exposure and White Balance Responsiveness and Consistency 58 3.3.3 Focus Adaption 58 3.3.4 Audio-Visual Synchronization 58 3.3.5 Video Compression Artifacts 59 3.3.6 Temporal Noise 60 3.3.7 Fixed Pattern Noise 60 3.3.8 Mosquito Noise 60 Summary of this Chapter 60 References 61 4 The Camera 63 4.1 The Pinhole Camera 63 4.2 Lens 64 4.2.1 Aberrations 64 4.2.1.1 Third-Order Aberrations 65 4.2.1.2 Chromatic Aberrations 66 4.2.2 Optical Parameters 67 4.2.3 Relative Illumination 69 4.2.4 Depth of Field 70 4.2.5 Diffraction 71 4.2.6 Stray Light 73 4.2.7 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Lens 74 4.3 Image Sensor 75 4.3.1 CCD Image Sensors 75 4.3.2 CMOS Image Sensors 77 4.3.3 Color Imaging 81 4.3.4 Image Sensor Performance 82 4.3.5 CCD versus CMOS 89 4.3.6 Image Quality Attributes Related to the Image Sensor 90 4.4 Image Signal Processor 91 4.4.1 Image Processing 91 4.4.2 Image Compression 98 4.4.2.1 Chroma Subsampling 98 4.4.2.2 Transform Coding 98 4.4.2.3 Coefficient Quantization 99 4.4.2.4 Coefficient Compression 100 4.4.3 Control Algorithms 101 4.4.4 Image Quality Attributes Related to the ISP 101 4.5 Illumination 102 4.5.1 LED Flash 103 4.5.2 Xenon Flash 103 4.6 Video Processing 103 4.6.1 Video Stabilization 103 4.6.1.1 Global Motion Models 104 4.6.1.2 Global Motion Estimation 105 4.6.1.3 Global Motion Compensation 106 4.6.2 Video Compression 107 4.6.2.1 Computation of Residuals 107 4.6.2.2 Video Compression Standards and Codecs 109 4.6.2.3 Some Significant Video Compression Standards 110 4.6.2.4 A Note On Video Stream Structure 111 4.7 System Considerations 111 Summary of this Chapter 112 References 113 5 Subjective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 117 5.1 Psychophysics 118 5.2 Measurement Scales 120 5.3 PsychophysicalMethodologies 122 5.3.1 Rank Order 123 5.3.2 Category Scaling 123 5.3.3 Acceptability Scaling 124 5.3.4 Anchored Scaling 125 5.3.5 Forced-Choice Comparison 125 5.3.6 Magnitude Estimation 125 5.3.7 Methodology Comparison 126 5.4 Cross-Modal Psychophysics 126 5.4.1 Example Research 127 5.4.2 Image Quality-Related Demonstration 128 5.5 Thurstonian Scaling 129 5.6 Quality Ruler 131 5.6.1 Ruler Generation 134 5.6.2 Quality Ruler Insights 135 5.6.2.1 Lab Cross-Comparisons 135 5.6.2.2 SQS2 JND Validation 136 5.6.2.3 Quality Ruler Standard Deviation Trends 139 5.6.2.4 Observer Impact 141 5.6.3 Perspective from Academia 142 5.6.4 Practical Example 144 5.6.5 Quality Ruler Applications to Image Quality Benchmarking 147 5.7 Subjective Video Quality 148 5.7.1 Terminology 149 5.7.2 Observer Selection 149 5.7.3 Viewing Setup 150 5.7.4 Video Display and Playback 151 5.7.5 Clip Selection 152 5.7.6 Presentation Protocols 154 5.7.7 Assessment Methods 156 5.7.8 Interpreting Results 158 5.7.9 ITU Recommendations 159 5.7.9.1 The Double-Stimulus Impairment Scale Method 160 5.7.9.2 The Double-Stimulus Continuous Quality Scale Method 160 5.7.9.3 The Simultaneous Double-Stimulus for Continuous Evaluation Method 160 5.7.9.4 The Absolute Category Rating Method 161 5.7.9.5 The Single Stimulus Continuous Quality Evaluation Method 161 5.7.9.6 The Subjective Assessment of Multimedia Video Quality Method 161 5.7.9.7 ITU Methodology Comparison 162 5.7.10 Other Sources 162 Summary of this Chapter 162 References 163 6 Objective Image Quality Assessment—Theory and Practice 167 6.1 Exposure and Tone 168 6.1.1 Exposure Index and ISO Sensitivity 168 6.1.2 Optoelectronic Conversion Function 169 6.1.3 Practical Considerations 170 6.2 Dynamic Range 170 6.3 Color 171 6.3.1 Light Sources 171 6.3.2 Scene 174 6.3.3 Observer 176 6.3.4 Basic Color Metrics 178 6.3.5 RGB Color Spaces 180 6.3.6 Practical Considerations 181 6.4 Shading 181 6.4.1 Practical Considerations 182 6.5 Geometric Distortion 182 6.5.1 Practical Considerations 184 6.6 Stray Light 184 6.6.1 Practical Considerations 185 6.7 Sharpness and Resolution 185 6.7.1 The Modulation Transfer Function 186 6.7.2 The Contrast Transfer Function 191 6.7.3 Geometry in Optical Systems and the MTF 193 6.7.4 Sampling and Aliasing 194 6.7.5 System MTF 195 6.7.6 Measuring the MTF 198 6.7.7 Edge SFR 198 6.7.8 Sine Modulated Siemens Star SFR 201 6.7.9 Comparing Edge SFR and Sine Modulated Siemens SFR 203 6.7.10 Practical Considerations 204 6.8 Texture Blur 204 6.8.1 Chart Construction 206 6.8.2 Practical Considerations 206 6.8.3 AlternativeMethods 207 6.9 Noise 207 6.9.1 Noise and Color 207 6.9.2 Spatial Frequency Dependence 209 6.9.3 Signal to Noise Measurements in Nonlinear Systems and Noise Component Analysis 211 6.9.4 Practical Considerations 212 6.10 Color Fringing 213 6.11 Image Defects 214 6.12 Video Quality Metrics 214 6.12.1 Frame Rate and Frame Rate Consistency 215 6.12.2 Frame Exposure Time and Consistency 215 6.12.3 Auto White Balance Consistency 216 6.12.4 Autofocusing Time and Stability 216 6.12.5 Video Stabilization Performance 217 6.12.6 Audio-Video Synchronization 218 6.13 Related International Standards 218 Summary of this Chapter 221 References 221 7 Perceptually Correlated Image Quality Metrics 227 7.1 Aspects of Human Vision 227 7.1.1 Physiological Processes 227 7.2 HVS Modeling 232 7.3 Viewing Conditions 232 7.4 Spatial Image Quality Metrics 234 7.4.1 Sharpness 235 7.4.1.1 Edge Acutance 235 7.4.1.2 Mapping Acutance to JND Values 237 7.4.1.3 Other Perceptual Sharpness Metrics 239 7.4.2 Texture Blur 239 7.4.3 Visual Noise 240 7.5 Color 244 7.5.1 Chromatic Adaptation Transformations 244 7.5.2 Color Appearance Models 245 7.5.3 Color and Spatial Content—Image Appearance Models 247 7.5.4 Image Quality Benchmarking and Color 249 7.6 Other Metrics 251 7.7 Combination of Metrics 252 7.8 Full-Reference Digital Video Quality Metrics 252 7.8.1 PSNR 253 7.8.2 Structural Similarity (SSIM) 256 7.8.3 VQM 260 7.8.4 VDP 262 7.8.4.1 Further Considerations 263 7.8.5 Discussion 265 Summary of this Chapter 267 References 267 8 Measurement Protocols—Building Up a Lab 273 8.1 Still Objective Measurements 273 8.1.1 Lab Needs 274 8.1.1.1 Lab Space 274 8.1.1.2 Lighting 275 8.1.1.3 Light Booths 278 8.1.1.4 Transmissive Light Sources 279 8.1.1.5 Additional Lighting Options 280 8.1.1.6 Light Measurement Devices 281 8.1.2 Charts 282 8.1.2.1 Printing Technologies for Reflective Charts 282 8.1.2.2 Technologies for Transmissive Charts 286 8.1.2.3 Inhouse Printing 286 8.1.2.4 Chart Alignment and Framing 287 8.1.3 Camera Settings 289 8.1.4 Supplemental Equipment 289 8.1.4.1 RealWorld Objects 290 8.2 Video Objective Measurements 293 8.2.0.2 Visual Timer 293 8.2.0.3 Motion 294 8.3 Still Subjective Measurements 297 8.3.1 Lab Needs 297 8.3.2 Stimuli 298 8.3.2.1 Stimuli Generation 298 8.3.2.2 Stimuli Presentation 301 8.3.3 Observer Needs 302 8.3.3.1 Observer Selection and Screening 302 8.3.3.2 Experimental Design and Duration 303 8.4 Video Subjective Measurements 304 Summary of this Chapter 305 References 305 9 The Camera Benchmarking Process 309 9.1 Objective Metrics for Benchmarking 309 9.2 Subjective Methods for Benchmarking 311 9.2.1 Photospace 312 9.2.2 Use Cases 313 9.2.3 Observer Impact 314 9.3 Methods of Combining Metrics 315 9.3.1 Weighted Combinations 316 9.3.2 Minkowski Summation 316 9.4 Benchmarking Systems 317 9.4.1 GSMArena 317 9.4.2 FNAC 318 9.4.3 VCX 318 9.4.4 Skype Video Capture Specification 319 9.4.5 VIQET 320 9.4.6 DxOMark 321 9.4.7 IEEE P1858 323 9.5 Example Benchmark Results 324 9.5.1 VIQET 324 9.5.2 IEEE CPIQ 325 9.5.2.1 CPIQ Objective Metrics 327 9.5.2.2 CPIQ Quality Loss Predictions from Objective Metrics 337 9.5.3 DxOMark Mobile 338 9.5.4 Real-World Images 339 9.5.5 High-End DSLR Objective Metrics 339 9.6 Benchmarking Validation 345 Summary of this Chapter 348 References 349 10 Summary and Conclusions 353 References 357 Index 359
£80.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Design for Excellence in Electronics
Book SynopsisDESIGN FOR EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS MANUFACTURING An authoritative guide to optimizing design for manufacturability and reliability from a team of expertsDesign for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing is a comprehensive, state-of-the-art book that covers design and reliability of electronics. The authorsnoted experts on the topicexplain how using the DfX concepts of design for reliability, design for manufacturability, design for environment, design for testability, and more, reduce research and development costs and decrease time to market and allow companies to confidently issue warranty coverage. By employing the concepts outlined in Design for Excellence in Electronics Manufacturing, engineers and managers can increase customer satisfaction, market share, and long-term profits. In addition, the authors describe the best practices regarding product design and show how the practices can be adapted for different manufacturing processes, suppliers, use environments, and reliabilTable of ContentsContributors xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv Series Foreword xxvii Foreword xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Acronyms xxxv 1 Introduction to Design for Excellence 1 1.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 1 1.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 2 1.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 3 1.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 3 1.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability (DfM) 4 1.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 4 1.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 5 2 Establishing a Reliability Program 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Best Practices and the Economics of a Reliability Program 9 2.2.1 Best-in-Class Reliability Program Practices 10 2.3 Elements of a Reliability Program 12 2.3.1 Reliability Goals 13 2.3.2 Defined Use Environments 14 2.3.3 Software Reliability 15 2.3.4 General Software Requirements 18 2.4 Reliability Data 24 2.4.1 Sources of Reliability Data 27 2.4.2 Reliability Data from Suppliers 27 2.5 Analyzing Reliability Data: Commonly Used Probability and Statistics Concepts in Reliability 29 2.5.1 Reliability Probability in Electronics 30 2.5.2 Reliability Statistics in Electronics 31 2.5.2.1 Basic Statistics Assumptions and Caveats 32 2.5.2.2 Variation Statistics 33 2.5.2.3 Statistical Distributions Used in Reliability 33 2.6 Reliability Analysis and Prediction Methods 34 2.7 Summary 40 References 40 3 Design for Reliability 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 DfR and Physics of Failure 45 3.2.1 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 48 3.2.2 Fault Tree Analysis 48 3.2.3 Sneak Circuit Analysis 48 3.2.4 DfR at the Concept Stage 48 3.3 Specifications (Product and Environment Definitions and Concerns) 52 3.4 Reliability Physics Analysis 55 3.4.1 Reliability Physics Alternatives 62 3.4.2 Reliability Physics Models and Examples 64 3.4.2.1 Arrhenius Equation 64 3.4.2.2 Eyring Equation 65 3.4.2.3 Black’s Equation 65 3.4.2.4 Peck’s Law 66 3.4.2.5 Norris-Landzberg Equation 66 3.4.2.6 Creep Mechanisms 68 3.4.3 Component Selection 68 3.4.4 Critical Components 70 3.4.5 Moisture-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.6 Temperature-Sensitivity Level 71 3.4.7 Electrostatic Discharge 72 3.4.8 Lifetime 73 3.5 Surviving the Heat Wave 74 3.6 Redundancy 78 3.7 Plating Materials: Tin Whiskers 79 3.8 Derating and Uprating 82 3.9 Reliability of New Packaging Technologies 84 3.10 Printed Circuit Boards 86 3.10.1 Surface Finishes 86 3.10.1.1 Organic Solderability Preservative (OSP) 88 3.10.1.2 Immersion Silver (ImAg) 88 3.10.1.3 Immersion Tin (ImSn) 90 3.10.1.4 Electroless Nickel Immersion Gold (ENIG) 90 3.10.1.5 Lead-Free Hot Air Solder Leveled (HASL) 91 3.10.2 Laminate Selection 93 3.10.3 Cracking and Delamination 93 3.10.4 Plated Through-Holes and Vias 95 3.10.5 Conductive Anodic Filament 98 3.10.6 Strain and Flexure Issues 101 3.10.7 Pad Cratering 105 3.10.8 PCB Buckling 106 3.10.9 Electrochemical Migration 106 3.10.9.1 Temperature 107 3.10.9.2 Relative Humidity 107 3.10.9.3 Voltage Bias 108 3.10.9.4 Conductor Spacing 108 3.10.9.5 Condensation 113 3.10.10 Cleanliness 117 3.10.10.1 Chloride 118 3.10.10.2 Bromide 118 3.10.10.3 Cations 119 3.10.10.4 Weak Organic Acids 119 3.10.10.5 Cleanliness Testing 119 3.11 Non-Functional Pads 120 3.12 Wearout Mechanisms 121 3.12.1 IC Wearout 121 3.13 Conformal Coating and Potting 124 3.13.1 Silicone 125 3.13.2 Polyurethane 126 3.13.3 Epoxy 126 3.13.4 Acrylic 126 3.13.5 Superhydrophobics 127 References 131 4 Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 135 4.1 Introduction 135 4.1.1 Elements of a Testing Program 136 4.1.2 Know the Environment 140 4.2 Standards and Measurements 142 4.3 Failure-Inducing Stressors 143 4.4 Common Test Types 143 4.4.1 Temperature Cycling 143 4.4.2 Temperature-Humidity-Bias Testing 145 4.4.3 Electrical Connection 146 4.4.4 Corrosion Tests 146 4.4.5 Power Cycling 147 4.4.6 Electrical Loads 147 4.4.7 Mechanical Bending 147 4.4.8 Random and Sinusoidal Vibration 148 4.4.9 Mechanical Shock 154 4.4.10 ALT Testing 154 4.4.11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing (HALT) 156 4.4.12 EMC Testing Dos and Don’ts 157 4.5 Test Plan Development 158 4.5.1 The Process 161 4.5.2 Failure Analysis 162 4.5.3 Screening Tests 162 4.5.4 Case Study One 165 4.5.5 Case Study Two 167 4.5.6 Case Study Three 169 References 172 5 Design for Manufacturability 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 177 5.3 Overview of DfM Processes 181 5.3.1 The DfM Process 182 5.4 Component Topics 183 5.4.1 Part Selection 184 5.4.2 Moisture Sensitivity Level (MSL) 184 5.4.3 Temperature Sensitivity Level (TSL) 185 5.4.4 ESD 186 5.4.5 Derating 187 5.4.6 Ceramic Capacitor Cracks 188 5.4.7 Life Expectancies 193 5.4.8 Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors 194 5.4.9 Resistors 195 5.4.10 Tin Whiskers 196 5.4.11 Integrated Circuits 198 5.5 Printed Circuit Board Topics 199 5.5.1 Laminate Selection 199 5.5.2 Surface Finish 200 5.5.3 Discussion of Different Surface Finishes 200 5.5.4 Stackup 204 5.5.5 Plated Through-Holes 206 5.5.6 Conductive Anodic Filament (CAF) Formation 206 5.5.7 Copper Weight 208 5.5.8 Pad Geometries 208 5.5.9 Trace and Space Separation 210 5.5.10 Non-Functional Pads 211 5.5.11 Shipping and Handling 211 5.5.12 Cleanliness and Contamination 211 5.6 Process Materials 215 5.6.1 Solder 215 5.6.2 Solder Paste 215 5.6.3 Flux 216 5.6.4 Stencils 218 5.6.5 Conformal Coating 219 5.6.6 Potting 223 5.6.7 Underfill 224 5.6.8 Cleaning Materials 225 5.6.9 Adhesives 226 5.7 Summary: Implementing DfM 227 References 227 6 Design for Sustainability 229 6.1 Introduction 229 6.2 Obsolescence Management 230 6.2.1 Obsolescence-Resolution Techniques 230 6.2.1.1 Industry Standards 233 6.2.1.2 Asset Security 235 6.3 Long-Term Storage 236 6.4 Long-Term Reliability Issues 238 6.5 Counterfeit Prevention and Detection Strategies 243 6.6 Supplier Selection 257 6.6.1 Selecting a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 260 6.6.2 Auditing a Printed Circuit Board Fabricator 266 6.6.2.1 Selecting a Contract Manufacturer 284 6.6.2.2 Auditing a Contract Manufacturer 287 6.6.2.3 Summary 292 References 292 7 Root Cause Problem-Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 295 7.1 Introduction 295 7.1.1 Continual Improvement 296 7.1.2 Problem-Solving 297 7.1.3 Identifying Problems and Improvement Opportunities 297 7.1.4 Overview of Industry Standard Organizations 299 7.2 Root Cause Failure Analysis Methodology 301 7.2.1 Strategies for Selecting an Approach 301 7.2.2 The 5Whys Approach 302 7.2.3 The Eight Disciplines (8D) 304 7.2.4 Shainin Red X: Diagnostic Journey 308 7.2.5 Six Sigma 310 7.2.6 Physics of Failure 311 7.3 Failure Reporting, Analysis, and Corrective Action System (FRACAS) 312 7.4 Failure Analysis 314 7.4.1 Failure Analysis Techniques 317 7.4.1.1 Visual Inspection 318 7.4.1.2 Electrical Characterization 318 7.4.1.3 Scanning Acoustic Microscopy 319 7.4.1.4 X-Ray Microscopy 321 7.4.1.5 Thermal Imaging 323 7.4.1.6 SQUID Microscopy 324 7.4.1.7 Decapsulation 324 7.4.1.8 Cross-Sectioning 325 7.4.1.9 Scanning Electron Microscope / Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) 326 7.4.1.10 Surface/Depth Profiling Techniques: Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger 329 7.4.1.11 Focused Ion Beam (FIB) 330 7.4.1.12 Mechanical Testing: Wire Pull, Wire Shear, Solder Ball Shear, Die Shear 330 7.4.1.13 Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy FTIR 330 7.4.1.14 Ion Chromatography 332 7.4.1.15 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 333 7.4.1.16 Thermomechanical Analysis / Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA/TMA) 334 7.4.1.17 Digital Image Correlation (DIC) 334 7.4.1.18 Other Simple Failure Analysis Tools 334 7.4.2 Failure Verification 335 7.4.3 Corrective Action 336 7.4.4 Closing the Failure Report 337 7.5 Continuing Education and Improvement Activities 338 7.6 Summary: Implementing Root Cause Methodology 338 References 339 8 Conclusion to Design for Excellence: Bringing It All Together 341 8.1 Design for Excellence (DfX) in Electronics Manufacturing 341 8.2 Chapter 2: Establishing a Reliability Program 341 8.3 Chapter 3: Design for Reliability (DfR) 343 8.4 Chapter 4: Design for the Use Environment: Reliability Testing and Test Plan Development 344 8.5 Chapter 5: Design for Manufacturability 346 8.6 Chapter 6: Design for Sustainability 348 8.7 Chapter 7: Root Cause Problem Solving, Failure Analysis, and Continual Improvement Techniques 349 Index 351
£98.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Advanced Electrode Materials
Book SynopsisThis book covers the recent advances in electrode materials and their novel applications at the cross-section of advanced materials. The book is divided into two sections: State-of-the-art electrode materials; and engineering of applied electrode materials. The chapters deal with electrocatalysis for energy conversion in view of bionanotechnology; surfactant-free materials and polyoxometalates through the concepts of biosensors to renewable energy applications; mesoporous carbon, diamond, conducting polymers and tungsten oxide/conducting polymer-based electrodes and hybrid systems. Numerous approaches are reviewed for lithium batteries, fuel cells, the design and construction of anode for microbial fuel cells including phosphate polyanion electrodes, electrocatalytic materials, fuel cell reactions, conducting polymer based hybrid nanocomposites and advanced nanomaterials.Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 State-of-the-art electrode materials 1 Advances in Electrode Materials 3 J. Sołoducho, J. Cabaj and D. Zając 1.1 Advanced Electrode Materials for Molecular Electrochemistry 4 1.1.1 Graphite and Related sp2-Hybridized Carbon Materials 4 1.1.2 Graphene 6 1.1.2.1 Graphene Preparation 6 1.1.2.2 Engineering of Graphene 7 1.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes 8 1.1.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Networks for Applications in Flexible Electronics 9 1.1.4 Surface Structure of Carbon Electrode Materials 11 1.2 Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 12 1.2.1 Carbon-based Electrodes 12 1.2.2 Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 13 1.2.3 Conductive Polymers-based Electrodes 15 1.2.4 Nanocomposites-based Electrode Materials for Supercapacitor 16 1.3 Nanostructure Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 16 1.3.1 Assembly and Properties of Nanoparticles 17 1.4 Progress and Perspective of Advanced Electrode Materials 18 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 Diamond-based Electrodes 27 Emanuela Tamburri and Maria Letizia Terranova 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Techniques for Preparation of Diamond Layers 28 2.2.1 HF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 30 2.2.2 MW-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.2.3 RF-CVD Diamond Synthesis 31 2.3 Why Diamond for Electrodes? 32 2.4 Diamond Doping 33 2.4.1 In Situ Diamond Doping 34 2.4.2 Ion Implantation 37 2.5 Electrochemical Properties of Doped Diamonds 37 2.6 Diamond Electrodes Applications 39 2.6.1 Water Treatment and Disinfection 39 2.6.2 Electroanalytical Sensors 40 2.6.3 Energy Technology 45 2.6.3.1 Supercapacitors 45 2.6.3.2 Li Ion Batteries 49 2.6.3.3 Fuel Cells 51 2.7 Conclusions 52 References 53 3 Recent Advances in Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrid Assemblies for Electrochromic Applications 61 Cigdem Dulgerbaki and Aysegul Uygun Oksuz 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 History and Technology of Electrochromics 63 3.3 Electrochromic Devices 63 3.3.1 Electrochromic Contrast 64 3.3.2 Coloration Efficiency 64 3.3.3 Switching Speed 65 3.3.4 Stability 65 3.3.5 Optical Memory 65 3.4 Transition Metal Oxides 67 3.5 Tungsten Oxide 67 3.6 Conjugated Organic Polymers 69 3.7 Hybrid Materials 70 3.8 Electrochromic Tungsten Oxide/Conducting Polymer Hybrids 71 3.9 Conclusions and Perspectives 95 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Contents vii 4 Advanced Surfactant-free Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Conversion Systems: From Electrocatalysis to Bionanotechnology 103 Yaovi Holade, Teko W. Napporn and Kouakou B. Kokoh 4.1 Advanced Electrode Materials Design: Preparation and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 104 4.1.1 Current Strategies for Metal Nanoparticles Preparation: General Consideration 104 4.1.2 Emerged Synthetic Methods without Organic Molecules as Surfactants 109 4.2 Electrocatalytic Performances Toward Organic Molecules Oxidation 114 4.2.1 Electrocatalytic Properties of Metal Nanoparticles in Alkaline Medium 114 4.2.1.1 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Glycerol Oxidation 114 4.2.1.3 Electrocatalytic Properties Toward Carbohydrates Oxidation 116 4.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Characterization of the Electrode–Electrolyte Interface 118 4.2.2.1 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Electrode Materials Surface by CO Stripping 118 4.2.2.2 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glycerol Electrooxidation Reaction 120 4.2.2.3 Spectroelectrochemical Probing of Glucose Electrooxidation Reaction 121 4.2.3 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sustainable Chemicals: Electroanalytical Study 123 4.2.4 Electrochemical Energy Conversion: Direct Carbohydrates Alkaline Fuel Cells 128 4.3 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Bionanotechnology 131 4.3.1 Metal Nanoparticles at Work in Closed-Biological Conditions: Toward Implantable Devices 131 4.3.2 Activation of Implantable Biomedical and Information Processing Devices by Fuel Cells 133 4.4 Conclusions 136 Acknowledgments 137 Notes 137 References 138 Part 2 Engineering of applied electrode materials 5 Polyoxometalate-based Modified Electrodes for Electrocatalysis: From Molecule Sensing to Renewable Energy-related Applications 149 Cristina Freire, Diana M. Fernandes, Marta Nunes and Mariana Araújo 5.1 Introduction 150 5.2 POM and POM-based (Nano)Composites 151 5.2.1 Polyoxometalates 151 5.2.2 Polyoxometalate-based (Nano)Composites 154 5.2.3 General Electrochemical Behavior of POMs 157 5.3 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Sensing Applications 160 5.3.1 Reductive Electrocatalysis 161 5.3.1.1 Nitrite Reduction 161 5.3.1.2 Bromate Reduction 167 5.3.1.3 Iodate Reduction 168 5.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction Reaction 170 5.3.2 Oxidative Electrocatalysis 173 5.3.2.1 Dopamine and Ascorbic Acid Oxidations 173 5.3.2.2 l-Cysteine Oxidation 177 5.4 POM-based Electrocatalysis for Energy Storage and Conversion Applications 178 5.4.1 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 179 5.4.2 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 183 5.4.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 185 5.5 Concluding Remarks 191 Acknowledgments 193 List of Abbreviations and Acronyms 193 References 196 6 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 213 Xiangjie Bo and Ming Zhou 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on OMCs 217 6.3 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Redox Mediators/OMCs 222 6.4 Electrochemical Sensors Based on NPs/OMCs 226 6.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Transition Metal NPs/OMCs 228 6.4.2 Electrochemical Sensors Based on Noble Metal NPs/OMCs 230 6.5 Conclusions 233 Acknowledgments 236 References 236 7 Non-precious Metal Oxide and Metal-free Catalysts for Energy Storage and Conversion 243 Tahereh Jafari, Andrew Meguerdichian, Ting Jiang, Abdelhamid El-Sawy and Steven L. Suib 7.1 Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon (M–N–C) Electrocatalysts 244 7.1.1 Introduction 244 7.1.2 Catalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 245 7.1.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction 248 7.1.4 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 249 7.1.5 None-Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 250 7.1.6 Heat-treated M–N–C Electrocatalysts 254 7.1.7 Conclusion 261 7.2 Transition Metal Oxide Electrode Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction, Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Bifuctional Purposes (OER/ORR) 262 7.2.1 Introduction 262 7.2.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 266 7.2.2.1 Synthesis Methodology 267 7.2.2.2 OER Properties of Catalyst 272 7.2.2.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis of TM Oxide for OER 274 7.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 276 7.2.3.1 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 277 7.2.3.2 ORR Properties of Catalyst 278 7.2.3.3 Synthesis Methodology 278 7.2.3.4 Theoretical Analyses of ORR Active Catalysts 279 7.2.4 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 279 7.2.5 Bifunctional Oxide Materials (OER/ORR) 281 7.2.5.1 Bifunctional Properties of Catalyst 281 7.2.5.2 Dopant Effects 283 7.2.5.3 Morphology or Microstructure Analysis 283 7.2.5.4 Synthesis Methodology 284 7.2.6 Conclusion 285 7.3 Transition Metal Chalcogenides, Nitrides, Oxynitrides, and Carbides (By: Ting Jiang) 285 7.3.1 Transition Metal Chalcogenides 285 7.3.2 Transition Metal Nitrides 294 7.3.3 Transition Metal Oxynitrides 296 7.3.4 Transition Metal Carbides 298 7.4 Oxygen Reduction Reaction for Metal-free 300 7.4.1 Different Doping Synthesis Strategies 300 7.4.2 ORR Activity in Different Carbon Source 303 7.4.2.1 1D Carbon Nanotube Doped 303 7.4.2.2 2D Graphene 306 7.4.3 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 308 References 310 8 Study of Phosphate Polyanion Electrodes and Their Performance with Glassy Electrolytes: Potential Application in Lithium Ion Solid-state Batteries 321 S. Terny and M.A. Frechero 8.1 Introduction 321 8.2 Glass Samples Preparation 323 8.3 Nanostructured Composites Sample Preparation 324 8.4 X-Ray Powder Diffraction 325 8.4.1 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Glassy Materials 325 8.4.2 X-Ray Powder Diffraction Patterns of Composites Materials 326 8.5 Thermal Analysis 326 8.5.1 Thermal Analysis of Glassy Systems 326 8.5.2 Thermal Analysis of Nanocomposites Materials 329 8.6 Density and Appearance 330 8.6.1 Density and Oxygen Packing Density of Glassy Materials 330 8.6.2 Materials’ Appearance 331 8.6.2.1 Glasses 331 8.6.2.2 Nanostructured Composites 332 8.7 Structural Features 332 8.7.1 Glassy Materials 332 8.7.1.1 FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 334 8.7.2 Nanocomposites Materials 337 8.8 Electrical Behavior 342 8.8.1 Glasses Materials 342 8.8.2 Composite Materials 347 8.9 All-solid-state Lithium Ion Battery 349 8.10 Final Remarks 350 Acknowledgments 352 References 352 9 Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Promising Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries 355 O.Yu. Posudievsky, O.A. Kozarenko, V.G. Koshechko and V.D. Pokhodenko 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries Based on Conducting Polymer-based Nanocomposites Prepared by Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 357 9.2.1 Host–Guest Hybrid Nanocomposites 357 9.2.2 Core–Shell Hybrid Nanocomposites 361 9.3 Mechanochemical Preparation of Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposites as Electrode Materials of Lithium Batteries 368 9.3.1 Principle of Mechanochemical Synthesis 368 9.3.2 Mechanochemically Prepared Conducting Polymer-based Hybrid Nanocomposite Materials for Lithium Batteries 370 9.4 Conclusion 384 References 385 10 Energy Applications: Fuel Cells 397 Mutlu Sönmez Çelebi 10.1 Introduction 398 10.2 Catalyst Supports for Fuel Cell Electrodes 399 10.2.1 Commercial Carbon Supports 399 10.2.2 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Supports 401 10.2.3 Graphene Supports 403 10.2.4 Mesoporous Carbon Supports 405 10.2.5 Other Carbon Supports 406 10.2.6 Conducting Polymer Supports 408 10.2.7 Hybrid Supports 410 10.2.8 Non-carbon Supports 411 References 421 11 Novel Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes Materials for Fuel Cell Reactions 435 Mingshan Zhu, Chunyang Zhai and Cheng Lu 11.1 Introduction 435 11.2 Basic Understanding on the Improved Catalytic Performance of Photo-Responsive Metal/ Semiconductor Electrodes 438 11.3 Synthetic Methods for Metal/Semiconductor Electrodes 440 11.3.1 Electrochemical Deposition 441 11.3.2 Chemical Reduction Method 442 11.3.3 Physical Mixing Method 443 11.3.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method 444 11.3.5 Microwave-assisted Method 445 11.3.6 Other Preparation Methods 445 11.4 Photo-responsive Metal/Semiconductor Anode Catalysts 446 11.4.1 TiO2 Nanoparticles 446 11.4.2 One-dimensional Well-aligned TiO2 Nanotube Arrays 448 11.4.3 Other Semiconductor Supports 450 11.5 Conclusions and Future Outlook 452 References 453 12 Advanced Nanomaterials for the Design and Construction of Anode for Microbial Fuel Cells 457 Ming Zhou, Lu Bai and Chaokang Gu 12.1 Introduction 457 12.2 Carbon Nanotubes-based Anode Materials for MFCs 459 12.3 Graphene-based Anode Materials for MFCs 466 12.4 Other Anode Materials for MFCs 470 12.5 Conclusions 474 Acknowledgments 475 References 475 13 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensing 485 Filiz Kuralay 13.1 Introduction 486 13.2 Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 487 13.3 Conducting Polymer-based Electrochemical DNA Biosensors 489 13.4 Conclusions and Outlook 493 Acknowledgments 494 References 494
£176.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory
Book SynopsisProvides a self-contained account on applications of electromagnetic reciprocity theorems to multiport antenna systems The reciprocity theorem is among the most intriguing concepts in wave field theory and has become an integral part of almost all standard textbooks on electromagnetic (EM) theory. This book makes use of the theorem to quantitatively describe EM interactions concerning general multiport antenna systems. It covers a general reciprocity-based description of antenna systems, their EM scattering properties, and further related aspects. Beginning with an introduction to the subject, Electromagnetic Reciprocity in Antenna Theory provides readers first with the basic prerequisites before offering coverage of the equivalent multiport circuit antenna representations, EM coupling between multiport antenna systems and their EM interactions with scatterers, accompanied with the corresponding EM compensation theorems. In addition, the text: Presents basic prerequisites includiTable of ContentsIntroduction xi 1 Basic Prerequisites 1 1.1 Laplace Transformation 3 1.2 Time Convolution 4 1.3 Time Correlation 5 1.4 EMReciprocity Theorems 6 1.4.1 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 8 1.4.2 Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 9 1.4.3 Application of the Reciprocity Theorems to an Unbounded Domain 11 1.5 Description of the Antenna Configuration 13 1.5.1 Antenna Power Conservation 14 1.5.2 Antenna Interface Relations 16 2 Antenna Uniqueness Theorem 19 2.1 Problem Description 19 2.2 Problem Solution 19 3 Forward-Scattering Theorem in Antenna Theory 23 3.1 Problem Description 23 3.2 Problem Solution 23 4 Antenna Matching Theorems 31 4.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Correlation Type 31 4.1.1 Transmitting State 31 4.1.2 Receiving State 34 4.1.3 EquivalentMatching Condition 35 5 Equivalent Kirchhoff Network Representations of a Receiving Antenna System 41 5.1 Reciprocity Analysis of the Time-Convolution Type 41 5.1.1 Equivalent Circuits for Plane-Wave Incidence 41 5.1.2 Equivalent Circuits for a Known Volume-Current Distribution 45 6 The Antenna Systemin the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.1 Receiving Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 51 6.2 Transmitting Antenna in the Presence of a Scatterer 56 6.2.1 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 57 6.2.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 59 7 EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antenna Systems 65 7.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 65 7.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 68 7.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 71 8 Compensation Theorems for the EMCoupling Between Two Multiport Antennas 77 8.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 77 8.2 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Convolution Type 79 8.2.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 79 8.2.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 82 8.3 Analysis Based on the Reciprocity Theorem of the Time-Correlation Type 85 8.3.1 The Change in Scenario (BA) 85 8.3.2 The Change in Scenario (AB) 88 9 Compensation Theorems for the EMScattering of an Antenna System 95 9.1 Description of the Problem Configuration 95 9.2 Reciprocity Analysis 96 9.2.1 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Electric Current-excited Sensing EM Fields 99 9.2.2 Compensation Theorems in Terms of Voltage-Excited Sensing EM Fields 100 9.2.3 Power Reciprocity Expressions 101 AppendixA Lerch’s Uniqueness Theorem 107 A.1 Problem ofMoments 107 A.2 Proof of Lerch’s Theorem 108 References 111 Index 115
£46.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc 5G Radio Access Network Architecture
Book SynopsisDiscover how the NG-RAN architecture is, and isn''t, ready for the challenges introduced by 5G 5G Radio Access Network Architecture: The Dark Side of 5G explores foundational and advanced topics in Radio Access Network (RAN) architecture and why a re-thinking of that architecture is necessary to support new 5G requirements. The distinguished engineer and editor Sasha Sirotkin has included numerous works written by industry insiders with state of the art research at their disposal. The book explains the relevant standards and technologies from an academic perspective, but also explains why particular standards decisions were made and how a variety of NG-RAN architecture options could be deployed in real-life networks. All major standards and technologies associated with the NG-RAN architecture are discussed in this book, including 3GPP, O-RAN, Small Cell Forum, IEEE, and IETF. Readers will learn about how a re-design of the RAN architecture would ensure that 5G neTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii List of Contributors xix Acronyms and Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 2 Market Drivers 5Reza Arefi and Sasha Sirotkin 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Key Ideas 7 2.3 Spectrum 9 2.3.1 Spectrum Needs 9 2.3.2 Target Spectrum 12 2.3.3 Spectrum Implications 13 2.4 New Spectrum Models 14 2.4.1 New Ways of Sharing Spectrum 15 2.4.2 Localized Licensing 17 2.5 Regulations Facilitating 5G Applications 18 2.6 Network Deployment Models 19 2.7 Technical Requirements of 5G Radio Interfaces 20 2.8 Business Drivers 23 2.9 Role of Standards 25 2.10 Role of Open Source 29 2.11 Competition 31 2.12 Challenges 32 2.13 Summary 34 References 35 3 5G System Overview 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 5G Core Network 37Sebastian Speicher 3.2.1 Introduction 37 3.2.2 Service-Based Architecture 39 3.2.2.1 Fostering Functional Reuse 39 3.2.2.2 Overview of 5GC Control-Plane Functions 41 3.2.3 Control-User Plane Separation (CUPS) 43 3.2.4 Common Access-Agnostic Core Network 44 3.2.5 Enablers for Concurrent and Efficient Access to Local and Centralized Services 46 3.2.5.1 Overview 46 3.2.5.2 Single PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 47 3.2.5.3 Multiple PDU Session-Based Access to Local Services 48 3.2.6 Network Slicing 50 3.2.7 Private Networks 53 3.2.7.1 Overview 53 3.2.7.2 Stand-Alone Non-public Networks 54 3.2.7.3 Public-Network-Integrated Non-public Network 55 References 57 3.3 NG Radio Access Network 59Sasha Sirotkin 3.3.1 Introduction 59 3.3.2 Network Protocol Stacks 62 3.3.2.1 Control-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.2 User-Plane Protocol Stack 62 3.3.2.3 Standards 63 3.3.3 NG Interface 63 3.3.3.1 NG-C Interface 64 3.3.3.2 NG-U Interface 69 3.3.4 Xn Interface 70 3.3.4.1 Xn Control Plane (Xn-C) Interface 70 3.3.4.2 Xn User Plane (Xn-U) Interface 75 3.3.5 Additional NG-RAN Features 76 3.3.5.1 RAN Sharing 76 3.3.5.2 Slicing 77 3.3.5.3 Virtualization 78 3.3.5.4 Non-3GPP Access 78 References 79 3.4 NR Protocol Stack 80Sudeep Palat 3.4.1 Introduction 80 3.4.2 NG-RAN Architecture 81 3.4.3 NR User Plane 81 3.4.4 Supporting QoS with 5GC 86 3.4.5 NR Control Plane 88 3.4.5.1 RRC States 88 3.4.5.2 RRC Procedures and Functions 89 3.4.6 Summary 97 References 98 3.5 NR Physical Layer 99Alexei Davydov 3.5.1 Introduction 99 3.5.2 Waveform and Numerology 100 3.5.3 Frame Structure 101 3.5.4 Synchronization and Initial Access 104 3.5.4.1 Downlink Synchronization Signals 104 3.5.4.2 Random Access Channel 106 3.5.5 Downlink Control Channel 107 3.5.6 Uplink Control Channel 109 3.5.7 Reference Signals 112 3.5.7.1 CSI-RS 112 3.5.7.2 DM-RS 114 3.5.7.3 PT-RS 115 3.5.7.4 SRS 116 3.5.8 Beam Management 116 3.5.9 Channel Coding and Modulation 118 3.5.10 Co-Existence with LTE, Forward Compatibility and Uplink Coverage Enhancement 121 References 122 4 NG-RAN Architecture 123Colby Harper and Sasha Sirotkin 4.1 Introduction 123 4.1.1 Monolithic gNB Architecture 124 4.1.2 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI) 125 4.1.3 Antenna Interface 129 4.1.3.1 Before 5G: WhereWe Have Been 130 4.1.3.2 New 5G Era: WhereWe Are 131 4.1.3.3 Release-17 and Beyond: WhereWe Are Going 132 4.1.4 gNB Functional Split(s) 133 4.1.5 Conclusions 138 4.1.6 Further Reading 138 References 138 4.2 High-Level gNB-CU/DU Split 140 4.2.1 Key Ideas 140 4.2.2 Market Drivers 141 4.2.3 Functional Description 143 4.2.3.1 F1 Control-Plane Protocol 144 4.2.3.2 User-Plane Protocol 154 4.2.3.3 OAM Aspects 154 4.2.4 Further Reading 154 References 155 4.3 Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity 156Sergio Parolari 4.3.1 Key Ideas 157 4.3.2 MR-DC Options 157 4.3.3 Market Drivers 158 4.3.4 Functional Description 160 4.3.4.1 Control Plane 160 4.3.4.2 User Plane 164 4.3.4.3 Procedures 169 4.3.5 Further Reading 174 References 175 4.4 Control–User Plane Separation 176Feng Yang 4.4.1 Key Ideas 176 4.4.2 Market Drivers 177 4.4.3 Functional Description 179 4.4.3.1 Control Plane 180 4.4.3.2 OAM Aspects 187 4.4.3.3 Relation to SDN 188 4.4.3.4 Relation to 5GC 188 4.4.4 Further Reading 189 References 190 4.5 Lower-Layer Split 191 4.5.1 Key Ideas 191 4.5.2 Market Drivers 192 4.5.3 Functional Split 194 4.5.3.1 Fronthaul Bandwidth Requirements 195 4.5.3.2 Low-Level Functional Split Details 196 4.5.3.3 Latency Management 198 4.5.4 Fronthaul Interface 200 4.5.4.1 Messages 201 4.5.4.2 Scheduling Procedure 207 4.5.4.3 Beamforming Methods 209 4.5.5 Fronthaul Timing Synchronization 209 4.5.6 Operation, Administration and Maintenance (OAM) 210 4.5.7 Further Reading 211 References 212 4.6 Small Cells 213Clare Somerville 4.6.1 Key Ideas 213 4.6.2 Market Drivers 214 4.6.3 Barriers and Solutions 215 4.6.3.1 Site Locations 215 4.6.3.2 Scaling Up Deployment 215 4.6.3.3 Backhaul 216 4.6.3.4 Edge Compute 216 4.6.4 Small Cell Variants 216 4.6.4.1 Disaggregation Architectures 216 4.6.4.2 Platform Architectures 218 4.6.4.3 Operating Frequency Impacts on Architecture 220 4.6.4.4 Operational Models 221 4.6.5 Key Interfaces for Small Cells 222 4.6.5.1 FAPI 222 4.6.5.2 nFAPI 226 4.6.5.3 Management Plane 228 4.6.6 Worked Examples 229 4.6.6.1 Indoor Enterprise Example 229 4.6.6.2 Outdoor Urban Example 230 4.6.6.3 Private Network Example 231 4.6.7 Further Reading 232 References 232 4.7 Summary 233 5 NG-RAN Evolution 235 5.1 Introduction 235 5.2 Wireless Relaying in 5G 235Georg Hampel 5.2.1 Key Ideas 236 5.2.2 Market Drivers 237 5.2.3 Functional Description 239 5.2.3.1 IAB Architecture 239 5.2.3.2 Backhaul Transport and QoS 242 5.2.3.3 Resource Coordination 247 5.2.3.4 Plug-and-Play Network Integration 250 5.2.4 Outlook 255 References 255 5.3 Non-terrestrial Networks 257Leszek Raschkowski, Eiko Seidel, Nicolas Chuberre, Stefano Cioni, Thibault Deleu, and Thomas Heyn 5.3.1 Key Ideas 258 5.3.2 Market Drivers 260 5.3.3 NTN Based NG-RAN Architecture 261 5.3.3.1 Access Network with Transparent NTN Payload 261 5.3.3.2 Access Network with Regenerative NTN Payload 262 5.3.3.3 Transport network based on NTN 262 5.3.4 NTN radio protocol 262 5.3.4.1 Scheduling and Link Adaptation 264 5.3.4.2 NR Layer 2 Enhancements for NTN 264 5.3.4.3 NR Control-Plane Procedure Adaptations for NTN 265 5.3.4.4 NR Mobility within NTN 266 5.3.5 NR Physical Layer Adaptations for NTN 267 5.3.5.1 Timing and Frequency Acquisition and Tracking 267 5.3.5.2 HARQ 268 5.3.5.3 Timing Advance (TA) 271 5.3.5.4 Physical Layer Control Loops 272 5.3.6 NTN Channel Model 272 5.3.7 Outlook 274 References 274 6 Enabling Technologies 277 6.1 Introduction 277 6.2 Virtualization 277Sridhar Rajagopal 6.2.1 Key Ideas 278 6.2.2 Market Drivers 279 6.2.3 Architecture Evolution Toward Virtualization 280 6.2.4 Containers and Microservices 280 6.2.5 NFV Evolution 284 6.2.6 RAN Virtualization Platform 285 6.2.6.1 gNB-DU and gNB-CU Virtualization 286 6.2.6.2 Standardization of Orchestration and Cloudification in O-RAN 288 6.2.7 Virtualization Challenges 289 6.2.7.1 Accelerator Integration 289 6.2.7.2 Timing and Synchronization 290 6.2.7.3 RAN Scaling withWorkload 290 6.2.7.4 Inter-Process Communication 291 6.2.7.5 Virtualization Overhead 291 6.2.7.6 SCTP/GTP Interface Support 291 6.2.7.7 High Availability 292 6.2.7.8 Power Consumption 292 6.2.7.9 Distributed Cloud Deployments for RAN Nodes 292 6.2.8 Further Reading 293 References 293 6.3 Open Source 294Sasha Sirotkin 6.3.1 Key Ideas 295 6.3.2 Market Drivers 296 6.3.3 Open Source License 296 6.3.4 Software-Defined Radio 298 6.3.5 Open Source RAN Projects 299 6.3.5.1 srsLTE 299 6.3.5.2 OpenLTE 300 6.3.5.3 OpenBTS 300 6.3.5.4 Open Air Interface 300 6.3.5.5 TIP 301 6.3.5.6 O-RAN 301 6.3.6 Summary 302 References 302 6.4 Multi-Access Edge Computing 303Miltiadis Filippou and Dario Sabella 6.4.1 Key Ideas 304 6.4.2 Market Drivers 304 6.4.3 MEC Standard 305 6.4.3.1 ETSI MEC System Architecture 305 6.4.3.2 ETSI MEC APIs 308 6.4.3.3 Location API 308 6.4.4 ETSI MEC Deployment in 3GPP 5G Systems 310 6.4.4.1 MEC Deployment in a 5G Network 311 6.4.5 Inter-MEC System Communication 313 6.4.5.1 Possible Implementation 315 6.4.6 Flexible MEC Service Consumption 316 6.4.6.1 Edge Host Zoning in Multi-Vendor Environments 316 6.4.7 High Mobility Automotive Scenarios 321 6.4.7.1 MEC-Supported Cooperative Information 321 6.4.8 Further Reading 323 References 323 6.5 Operations, Administration, and Management 326Vladimir Yanover 6.5.1 Introduction 326 6.5.2 Key Ideas 326 6.5.3 Service-Based Management Architecture 327 6.5.3.1 Examples of Management Services 328 6.5.3.2 Management Service Exposure 329 6.5.4 NG-RAN and 5GC Information Models 330 6.5.5 Performance Management 330 6.5.6 Management of Split NG-RAN 332 6.5.6.1 Background 332 6.5.6.2 Information Object Classes 332 6.5.7 O-RAN Alliance Management Architecture 333 6.5.8 Management of Network Slicing 334 6.5.8.1 Basic Concepts of Slicing Management 334 6.5.8.2 Support of Slicing Management in RAN Provisioning Service 336 6.5.8.3 Configuration and LCM of NSSI and NSI 337 6.5.8.4 NSI and NSSI Information Models (NRMs) 338 6.5.9 SON in 5G 338 6.5.9.1 SON Evolution 338 6.5.9.2 “Legacy” SON Use Cases 339 6.5.9.3 Multi-Domain SON with E2E Optimization 340 6.5.9.4 SON Enablers in 5G System 342 6.5.9.5 Distributed SON 342 6.5.9.6 Hybrid SON 343 6.5.10 Further Reading 343 References 345 6.6 Transport Network 346Yaakov (J.) Stein, Yuri Gittik, and Ron Insler 6.6.1 Key Ideas 346 6.6.2 Market Drivers 347 6.6.3 Defining the Problem 349 6.6.4 The Physical Layer 350 6.6.4.1 Achieving the Required Data Rates 351 6.6.4.2 Achieving the Required Latencies 352 6.6.4.3 Achieving the Required Reliability 355 6.6.4.4 Frequency and Time Synchronization 357 6.6.4.5 Energy Efficiency 360 6.6.5 Higher Layers 360 6.6.5.1 xHaul Network Topology 362 6.6.5.2 Transport Protocols 363 6.6.5.3 Protocol Stacks for User Traffic 366 6.6.5.4 Technology Comparison 367 6.6.6 Conclusions 374 References 374 7 NG-RAN Deployment Considerations 379Andreas Neubacher and Vishwanath Ramamurthi 7.1 Introduction 379 7.2 Key Ideas 381 7.3 Deployment Objectives and Challenges 381 7.3.1 Where to Provide Coverage 381 7.3.2 Network Capacity and Compute Resource Planning 383 7.3.2.1 Air Interface Capacity 383 7.3.2.2 Compute Resources for Edge Computing Services 384 7.3.2.3 Reliability Considerations 385 7.3.3 Service Fulfillment Criteria 386 7.4 Deployment Considerations 387 7.4.1 Deployment Cost 387 7.4.2 Spectrum and Radio Propagation Considerations 388 7.4.3 5G Frequency Ranges 390 7.4.4 Transport Considerations 391 7.4.5 Baseband Pooling 393 7.4.6 Choice of a NG-RAN Split Architecture 394 7.4.6.1 Sub-6 GHz Case 394 7.4.6.2 High-Band (mmWave) Case 394 7.5 Conclusions 395 References 395 Index 397
£98.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Digital Logic
Book SynopsisDigital Logic with an Introduction to Verilog and FPGA-Based Design provides basic knowledge of field programmable gate array (FPGA) design and implementation using Verilog, a hardware description language (HDL) commonly used in the design and verification of digital circuits. Emphasizing fundamental principles, this student-friendly textbook is an ideal resource for introductory digital logic courses. Chapters offer clear explanations of key concepts and step-by-step procedures that illustrate the real-world application of FPGA-based design. Designed for beginning students familiar with DC circuits and the C programming language, the text begins by describing of basic terminologies and essential concepts of digital integrated circuits using transistors. Subsequent chapters cover device level and logic level design in detail, including combinational and sequential circuits used in the design of microcontrollers and microprocessors. Topics include Boolean algebra and fuTable of ContentsPreface ix 1 Introduction to Digital Systems 1 1.1 Explanation of Terms 2 1.2 Design Levels 4 1.3 Combinational vs. Sequential Systems 4 1.4 Digital Circuits 5 1.4.1 Diodes 5 1.4.2 Transistors 5 1.4.3 MOS Transistors 11 1.5 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 14 1.6 CAD (Computer-Aided Design) 16 1.7 Evolution of Digital Logic, Microprocessors, and Microcontrollers 16 1.8 A Typical Application of a Digital System such as a Microcontroller 18 2 Number Systems, Arithmetic/Logic Operations, and Codes 21 2.1 Number Systems 21 2.1.1 General Number Representation 21 2.1.2 Converting Numbers from One Base to Another 23 2.2 Unsigned and Signed Binary Numbers 27 2.3 Codes 30 2.3.1 Binary-Coded-Decimal Code (8421 Code) 30 2.3.2 Alphanumeric Codes 31 2.3.3 Excess-3 Code 31 2.3.4 Gray Code 33 2.3.5 Unicode 35 2.4 Fixed-Point and Floating-Point Representations 35 2.5 Arithmetic Operations 36 2.5.1 Binary Arithmetic 36 2.5.2 BCD Arithmetic 44 2.5.3 Multiword Binary Addition and Subtraction 45 2.5.4 Binary Multiplication and Division by Shift Operations 46 2.6 Error Correction and Detection 48 Questions and Problems 50 3 Digital Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, and Simplification 53 3.1 Basic Logic Operations 53 3.1.1 NOT Operation 53 3.1.2 OR operation 54 3.1.3 AND operation 56 3.2 Other Logic Operations 57 3.2.1 NOR operation 57 3.2.2 NAND operation 58 3.2.3 Exclusive-OR operation (XOR) 59 3.2.4 Exclusive-NOR Operation (XNOR) 61 3.3 Positive and Negative Logic 62 3.4 Boolean Algebra 63 3.4.1 Boolean Identities 64 3.4.2 Simplification Using Boolean Identities 65 3.4.3 Consensus Theorem 69 3.4.4 Getting Rid of Glitches or Hazards in Combinational Circuits 70 3.4.5 Complement of a Boolean Function 71 3.5 XOR / XNOR Implementations 71 Questions and Problems 74 4 Minterms, Maxterms, and Karnaugh Map 77 4.1 Standard Representations 77 4.2 Karnaugh Maps 81 4.2.1 Two-Variable K-map 81 4.2.2 Three-Variable K-map 82 4.2.3 Four-Variable K-map 84 4.2.4 Prime Implicants 87 4.2.5 Expressing a Boolean function in Product-of-sums (POS) form using a K-map 89 4.2.6 Don’t Care Conditions 90 4.2.7 Five-Variable K-map 94 4.3 Quine–McCluskey Method 95 4.4 Implementation of Digital Circuits with NAND, and NOR Gates 96 4.4.1 NAND Gate Implementation 97 4.4.2 NOR Gate Implementation 98 Questions and Problems 103 5 Analysis and Design of Combinational Circuits Using Gates 107 5.1 Basic Concepts 107 5.2 Analysis of a Combinational Logic Circuit 107 5.3 Design of Combinational Circuits Using Logic Gates 108 5.4 Multiple-Output Combinational Circuits 113 Questions and Problems 118 6 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.1 Design of Typical Combinational Logic Components 121 6.2 Comparators 121 6.3 Decoders 124 6.4 Encoders 130 6.5 Multiplexers 133 6.6 Demultiplexers 137 6.7 Binary Adder/Subtractor and BCD Adder 139 Questions and Problems 148 7 Combinational Shifter, Fast Adders, Array Multipliers, ALU, & PLDS 151 7.1 Combinational Shifter 151 7.2 Central Processing Unit (CPU) 152 7.3 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) 154 7.4 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 165 7.5 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) 167 7.6 Commercially Available Field Programmable Devices (FPDs) 170 Questions and Problems 172 8 Combinational Logic Using Verilog 175 8.1 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs) 175 8.2 Basics of Verilog 176 8.2.1 Verilog keywords 176 8.2.2 Representing numbers in Verilog 176 8.2.3 A typical Verilog Segment 177 8.3 Structural Modeling 182 8.4 Dataflow Modeling 189 8.5 Behavioral modeling 195 8.5.1 if-else block 197 8.5.2 Modeling logical conditions in a circuit 198 8.5.3 Case-endcase construct 198 8.5.4 Conditional Operator 200 8.6 Simulation 201 Questions and Problems 207 9 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1 Latches and Flip-Flops 211 9.1.1 SR Latch 211 9.1.2 Gated SR Latch 213 9.1.3 Gated D Latch 213 9.1.4 Edge-Trigerred D Flip-Flop 214 9.1.5 JK Flip-Flop 216 9.1.6 T Flip-Flop 217 9.2 Timing parameters for edge-triggered flip-flops 218 9.3 Preset and Clear Inputs 219 9.4 Summary of Flip-Flops 220 Questions and Problems 224 10 Analysis and Design of Sequential Circuits 227 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Analysis of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 228 10.3 Types of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 233 10.4 Minimization of States 235 10.5 Design of Synchronous Sequential Circuits 237 10.6 Serial Adder 240 10.7 Sequence Generator/Detector 242 10.8 Random-Access Memory (RAM) 245 10.9 Algorithmic State Machines (ASM) Chart 247 10.10 Asynchronous Sequential Circuits 255 Questions and Problems 258 11 Counters and Registers 263 11.1 Design of Counters 263 11.2 Design of Registers 268 11.2.1 Shift Register 268 11.2.2 “Shift register” Counters 271 11.2.3 General-Purpose Register (GPR) 275 Questions and Problems 277 12 Sequential Logic Design Using Verilog 281 12.1 Basics 281 12.2 Examples Illustrating Non-blocking and Blocking Assignments 283 12.3 RTL (Register Transfer Level) modeling 289 Questions and Problems 298 13 Implementation of Digital Design Using FPGA 301 13.1 Basics of FPGA 301 13.1.1 LUTs (Look-Up Tables) 302 13.1.2 Programmable Switch Matrix 308 13.1.3 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs) 308 13.1.4 FPGA Architecture 311 13.1.5 FPGA Programming 311 13.2 A Typical FPGA Chip 312 13.2.1 Configuration Pins 314 13.2.2 User I/O Pins 315 13.2.3 Power/Ground Pins 315 13.3 A Typical FPGA Board 315 13.4 FPGA-based Design and Implementation 320 13.4.1 Design 320 13.4.2 Synthesis 320 13.4.3 Implementation, Programming, and Verification 320 13.5 FPGA Examples 322 Questions and Problems 374 Appendix A: Answers to Selected Problems 379 Appendix B: Glossary 389 Appendix C: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Downloading and Installing Xilinx Vivado IDE 395 Appendix D: Step-By-Step Tutorial for Creating & Simulating a Verilog Design Using Xilinx Vivado IDE 399 I Combinational Circuit 399 II Sequential Circuit 407 Appendix E: Step-By-Step Procedure for Implementing FPGA-Based Design Using Vivado IDE & Nexys A7 FPGA Board 419 I Combinational Circuit 419 II FPGA Implementation of Sequential Circuit 426 Bibliography 437 Index 439
£109.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc INCOSE Systems Engineering Handbook
Book SynopsisTable of ContentsHistory of Changes xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix How to Use This Handbook xxi 1 Systems Engineering Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Systems Engineering? 1 1.2 Why Is Systems Engineering Important? 4 1.3 Systems Concepts 8 1.3.1 System Boundary and the System of Interest (SoI) 8 1.3.2 Emergence 9 1.3.3 Interfacing Systems, Interoperating Systems, and Enabling Systems 10 1.3.4 System Innovation Ecosystem 11 1.3.5 The Hierarchy within a System 12 1.3.6 Systems States and Modes 14 1.3.7 Complexity 15 1.4 Systems Engineering Foundations 15 1.4.1 Uncertainty 15 1.4.2 Cognitive Bias 17 1.4.3 Systems Engineering Principles 17 1.4.4 Systems Engineering Heuristics 20 1.5 System Science and Systems Thinking 21 2 System Life Cycle Concepts, Models, and Processes 25 2.1 Life Cycle Terms and Concepts 25 2.1.1 Life Cycle Characteristics 25 2.1.2 Typical Life Cycle Stages 26 2.1.3 Decision Gates 29 2.1.4 Technical Reviews and Audits 31 2.2 Life Cycle Model Approaches 33 2.2.1 Sequential Methods 35 2.2.2 Incremental Methods 36 2.2.3 Evolutionary Methods 38 2.3 System Life Cycle Processes 39 2.3.1 Introduction to the System Life Cycle Processes 39 2.3.1.1 Format and Conventions 40 2.3.1.2 Concurrency, Iteration, and Recursion 42 2.3.2 Agreement Processes 44 2.3.2.1 Acquisition Process 45 2.3.2.2 Supply Process 48 2.3.3 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes 50 2.3.3.1 Life Cycle Model Management Process 51 2.3.3.2 Infrastructure Management Process 54 2.3.3.3 Portfolio Management Process 57 2.3.3.4 Human Resource Management Process 60 2.3.3.5 Quality Management Process 63 2.3.3.6 Knowledge Management Process 67 2.3.4 Technical Management Processes 70 2.3.4.1 Project Planning Process 70 2.3.4.2 Project Assessment and Control Process 75 2.3.4.3 Decision Management Process 78 2.3.4.4 Risk Management Process 81 2.3.4.5 Configuration Management Process 87 2.3.4.6 Information Management Process 91 2.3.4.7 Measurement Process 93 2.3.4.8 Quality Assurance Process 98 2.3.5 Technical Processes 101 2.3.5.1 Business or Mission Analysis Process 103 2.3.5.2 Stakeholder Needs and Requirements Definition Process 107 2.3.5.3 System Requirements Definition Process 112 2.3.5.4 System Architecture Definition Process 118 2.3.5.5 Design Definition Process 124 2.3.5.6 System Analysis Process 129 2.3.5.7 Implementation Process 132 2.3.5.8 Integration Process 134 2.3.5.9 Verification Process 138 2.3.5.10 Transition Process 143 2.3.5.11 Validation Process 146 2.3.5.12 Operation Process 152 2.3.5.13 Maintenance Process 154 2.3.5.14 Disposal Process 156 3 Life Cycle Analyses and Methods 159 3.1 Quality Characteristics and Approaches 159 3.1.1 Introduction to Quality Characteristics 159 3.1.2 Affordability Analysis 160 3.1.3 Agility Engineering 165 3.1.4 Human Systems Integration 168 3.1.5 Interoperability Analysis 171 3.1.6 Logistics Engineering 172 3.1.7 Manufacturability/Producibility Analysis 175 3.1.8 Reliability, Availability, Maintainability Engineering 176 3.1.9 Resilience Engineering 180 3.1.10 Sustainability Engineering 184 3.1.11 System Safety Engineering 185 3.1.12 System Security Engineering 190 3.1.13 Loss-Driven Systems Engineering 191 3.2 Systems Engineering Analyses and Methods 192 3.2.1 Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation 192 3.2.2 Prototyping 200 3.2.3 Traceability 201 3.2.4 Interface Management 202 3.2.5 Architecture Frameworks 206 3.2.6 Patterns 208 3.2.7 Design Thinking 212 3.2.8 Biomimicry 213 4 Tailoring and Application Considerations 215 4.1 Tailoring Considerations 215 4.2 SE Methodology/Approach Considerations 219 4.2.1 Model-Based SE 219 4.2.2 Agile Systems Engineering 221 4.2.3 Lean Systems Engineering 224 4.2.4 Product Line Engineering (PLE) 226 4.3 System Types Considerations 229 4.3.1 Greenfield/Clean Sheet Systems 229 4.3.2 Brownfield/Legacy Systems 230 4.3.3 Commercial-off-the-Shelf (COTS)-Based Systems 231 4.3.4 Software-Intensive Systems 232 4.3.5 Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) 233 4.3.6 Systems of Systems (SoS) 235 4.3.7 Internet of Things (IoT)/Big Data-Driven Systems 238 4.3.8 Service Systems 239 4.3.9 Enterprise Systems 241 4.4 Application of Systems Engineering for Specific Product Sector or Domain Application 244 4.4.1 Automotive Systems 245 4.4.2 Biomedical and Healthcare Systems 248 4.4.3 Commercial Aerospace Systems 249 4.4.4 Defense Systems 250 4.4.5 Infrastructure Systems 251 4.4.6 Oil and Gas Systems 253 4.4.7 Power & Energy Systems 254 4.4.8 Space Systems 255 4.4.9 Telecommunication Systems 257 4.4.10 Transportation Systems 258 5 Systems Engineering in Practice 261 5.1 Systems Engineering Competencies 261 5.1.1 Difference between Hard and Soft Skills 262 5.1.2 System Engineering Professional Competencies 263 5.1.3 Technical Leadership 263 5.1.4 Ethics 264 5.2 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 265 5.3 Systems Engineering Relationships to Other Disciplines 266 5.3.1 SE and Software Engineering (SWE) 266 5.3.2 SE and Hardware Engineering (HWE) 267 5.3.3 SE and Project Management (PM) 268 5.3.4 SE and Industrial Engineering (IE) 270 5.3.5 SE and Operations Research (OR) 271 5.4 Digital Engineering 273 5.5 Systems Engineering Transformation 274 5.6 Future of SE 275 6 Case Studies 277 6.1 Case 1: Radiation Therapy—the Therac-25 277 6.2 Case 2: Joining Two Countries—the Øresund Bridge 278 6.3 Case 3: Cybersecurity Considerations in Systems Engineering—the Stuxnet Attack on a Cyber-Physical System 280 6.4 Case 4: Design for Maintainability—Incubators 282 6.5 Case 5: Artificial Intelligence in Systems Engineering—Autonomous Vehicles 283 6.6 Other Case Studies 285 Appendix A: References 287 Appendix B: Acronyms 305 Appendix C: Terms and Definitions 311 Appendix D: N2 Diagram of Systems Engineering Processes 317 Appendix E: Input/Output Descriptions 321 Appendix F: Acknowledgments 335 Appendix G: Comment Form 337 Index 339
£61.65
John Wiley & Sons Inc Cloudnative Computing
Book SynopsisExplore the cloud-native paradigm for event-driven and service-oriented applications In Cloud-Native Computing: How to Design, Develop, and Secure Microservices and Event-Driven Applications, a team of distinguished professionals delivers a comprehensive and insightful treatment of cloud-native computing technologies and tools. With a particular emphasis on the Kubernetes platform, as well as service mesh and API gateway solutions, the book demonstrates the need for reliability assurance in any distributed environment. The authors explain the application engineering and legacy modernization aspects of the technology at length, along with agile programming models. Descriptions of MSA and EDA as tools for accelerating software design and development accompany discussions of how cloud DevOps tools empower continuous integration, delivery, and deployment. Cloud-Native Computing also introduces proven edge devices and clouds used to construct microservices-centric and real-time edge applications. Finally, readers will benefit from: Thorough introductions to the demystification of digital transformationComprehensive explorations of distributed computing in the digital era, as well as reflections on the history and technological development of cloud computingPractical discussions of cloud-native computing and microservices architecture, as well as event-driven architecture and serverless computingIn-depth examinations of the Akka framework as a tool for concurrent and distributed applications development Perfect for graduate and postgraduate students in a variety of IT- and cloud-related specialties, Cloud-Native Computing also belongs in the libraries of IT professionals and business leaders engaged or interested in the application of cloud technologies to various business operations.Table of ContentsPreface Chapter 1 - The Dawning of Digital Era Chapter 2 – Leveraging the Cloud-Native Computing Model for the Digital Era Chapter 3 - Kubernetes Architecture, Best Practices and Patterns Chapter 4 - The Resiliency and Observability Aspects of Cloud-native Applications Chapter 5 - Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Private Cloud (VMware vSphere) Chapter 6: Creating Kubernetes Clusters on Public Cloud (Microsoft Azure) Chapter 7: Design, Development and Deployment of Event-driven Microservices Practically Chapter 8 - Serverless Computing for the Cloud-native Era Chapter 9 - Demonstrating a Serverless Application using Knative on a Kubernetes Cluster Chapter 10 - Delineating Cloud-native Edge Computing Chapter 11 - Setting up a Kubernetes Cluster using Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Chapter 12 - Reliable Cloud-native Applications through Service Mesh Chapter 13 – Cloud-native Computing: The Security Challenges and the Solution Approaches Chapter 14 – Microservices Security: The Concerns and the Solution Approaches Chapter 15 - Apache Kafka: Setup, Monitor and Secure Kubernetes cluster.
£95.40
