Electronics engineering Books

Book SynopsisHuman-Robot Interaction: Safety, Standardization, and Benchmarking provides a comprehensive introduction to the new scenarios emerging where humans and robots interact in various environments and applications on a daily basis. The focus is on the current status and foreseeable implications of robot safety, approaching these issues from the standardization and benchmarking perspectives. Featuring contributions from leading experts, the book presents state-of-the-art research, and includes real-world applications and use cases. It explores the key leading sectorsârobotics, service robotics, and medical roboticsâand elaborates on the safety approaches that are being developed for effective human-robot interaction, including physical robot-human contacts, collaboration in task execution, workspace sharing, human-aware motion planning, and exploring the landscape of relevant standards and guidelines.Features Presenting aTable of Contents 1 The Role of Standardization in Technical Regulations André Pirlet 2 The intricate relationships between private standards and publicpolicymakingin the case of personal care robot. Who cares more? Eduard Fosch-Villaronga and Angelo Jr Golia 3 Standard Ontologies and HRI Sandro Rama Fiorini, Abdelghani Chibani, Tamas Haidegger, Joel Luis Carbonera, Craig Schlenoff, Jacek Malec, Edson Prestes, Paulo Gonçalves, S. Veera Ragavan, Howard Li, Hirenkumar Nakawala, Stephen Balakirsky, Sofiane Bouznad, Noauel Ayari, and Yacine Amirat 4 Robot Modularity and safety for Service Robots Hong Seong Park and Gurvinder Singh Virk 5 Human-robot shared workspace in aerospace factories Gilber Tang 6 Workspace sharing in mobile manipulation José Saenz 7 On rehabilitation robotics safety, benchmarking, standards Jan F. Veneman 8 A practical appraisal of ISO 13482 as a reference for an orphan robot category Paolo Barattini 9 Safety of Medical Robots, Regulation and Standards Kiyo Chinzei 10 The Other End of Human–Robot Interaction: Models for Safe and Efficient Tool–Tissue Interactions Arpad Takacs, Imre J. Rudas, Tamas Haidegger 11 Passive Bilateral Teleoperation with Safety Considerations Lorinc Marton 12 Human-Robot Interfaces in Autonomous Surgical Robots Paolo Fiorini and Riccardo Muradore

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Book SynopsisThe primary purpose of PV Systems Engineering is to provide a comprehensive set of PV knowledge and understanding tools for the design, installation, commissioning, inspection, and operation of PV systems. During recent years in the United States, more PV capacity was installed than any other electrical generation source. In addition to practical system information, this new edition includes explanation of the basic physical principles upon which the technology is based and a consideration of the environmental and economic impact of the technology. The material covers all phases of PV systems from basic sunlight parameters to system commissioning and simulation, as well as economic and environmental impact of PV. With homework problems included in each chapter and numerous design examples of real systems, the book provides the reader with consistent opportunities to apply the information to real-world scenarios.Trade Review"The new edition of the text represents an outstanding improvement over earlier versions. I would highly recommend it to any faculty interested in teaching a course related to photovoltaic systems engineering for the following reasons: a) It represents an excellent balance of theory and practical engineering application of science, technology, and economic analysis; b) It is up-to-date on the latest technology, system components, codes and standards, and accepted design practices, c) The problem sets at the end of each chapter are well thought out and provide students with relevant needed practice necessary for developing comprehensive design knowledge and skills for a variety of PV system configurations; d) The book is extremely well organized, well written, easy to follow, and should appeal to a large segment of both student and practicing engineering populations. In short, it is an excellent engineering text on extremely important subject matter from which faculty will enjoy teaching and from which student learning will be enhanced."— Jerry Ventre, Florida Solar Energy Center (Retired), USA"This book, now in its 4th edition, is thorough, comprehensive and frequently revised, so it is up-to-date. I have always liked it, in earlier editions, for bothering to address the low profile but important aspects of photovoltaic systems that tend to be left out of other books – the mechanical engineering aspects, including mounting methods, loads and stresses and wind loading; electrical protection; standards (for USA at least); wire sizing; junction boxes; environmental impacts, etc."— Richard Corkish, University of New South Wales, Australia"I find this book to be excellent, containing both the theoretical and practical knowledge to analyze and design a wide range of solar photovoltaic systems. I am not aware of any currently available books that include such breadth and depth."— John Murray, Dine College, USA"The new edition of the text represents an outstanding improvement over earlier versions. I would highly recommend it to any faculty interested in teaching a course related to photovoltaic systems engineering for the following reasons: a) It represents an excellent balance of theory and practical engineering application of science, technology, and economic analysis; b) It is up-to-date on the latest technology, system components, codes and standards, and accepted design practices, c) The problem sets at the end of each chapter are well thought out and provide students with relevant needed practice necessary for developing comprehensive design knowledge and skills for a variety of PV system configurations; d) The book is extremely well organized, well written, easy to follow, and should appeal to a large segment of both student and practicing engineering populations. In short, it is an excellent engineering text on extremely important subject matter from which faculty will enjoy teaching and from which student learning will be enhanced."— Jerry Ventre, Florida Solar Energy Center (Retired), USA"This book, now in its 4th edition, is thorough, comprehensive and frequently revised, so it is up-to-date. I have always liked it, in earlier editions, for bothering to address the low profile but important aspects of photovoltaic systems that tend to be left out of other books – the mechanical engineering aspects, including mounting methods, loads and stresses and wind loading; electrical protection; standards (for USA at least); wire sizing; junction boxes; environmental impacts, etc."— Richard Corkish, University of New South Wales, Australia"I find this book to be excellent, containing both the theoretical and practical knowledge to analyze and design a wide range of solar photovoltaic systems. I am not aware of any currently available books that include such breadth and depth."— John Murray, Dine College, USATable of ContentsPrefaceDisclaimerAcknowledgmentsAuthorsAbbreviations Chapter 1: Background1.1 Introduction1.2 Population and Energy Demand1.3 Current World Energy Use Patterns1.4 Exponential Growth1.5 Hubbert’s Gaussian Model1.6 Net Energy, BTU Economics, and the Test for Sustainability1.7 Direct Conversion of Sunlight to Electricity with PV1.8 Energy UnitsReferencesSuggested ReadingChapter 2: The Sun2.1 Introduction2.2 The Solar Spectrum2.3 Effect of Atmosphere on Sunlight2.4 Sunlight Specifics2.5 Capturing SunlightReferencesSuggested ReadingChapter 3: Introduction to PV Systems3.1 Introduction3.2 The PV Cell3.3 The PV Module3.4 The PV Array3.5 Energy Storage3.6 PV System Loads3.7 PV System Availability: Traditional Concerns and New Concerns 3.8 Associated System Electronic Components 3.9 Generators3.10 Balance of System ComponentsReferences Suggested ReadingChapter 4: Grid-Connected Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic Systems4.1 Introduction4.2 Applicable Codes and Standards4.3 Design Considerations for Straight Grid-Connected PV Systems 4.4 Design of a System Based on Desired Annual System Performance4.5 Design of a System Based upon Available Roof Space4.6 Design of a Microinverter-Based System4.7 Design of a Nominal 20 kW System That Feeds a Three-Phase Distribution Panel4.8 Design of a Nominal 500-kW System 4.9 System Commissioning4.10 System Performance MonitoringReferences Suggested ReadingChapter 5: Mechanical Considerations5.1 Introduction5.2 Important Pr

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an understanding of the nature of short-circuit currents, current interruption theories, circuit breaker types, calculations according to ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, theoretical and practical basis of short-circuit current sources, and the rating structure of switching devices. The book aims to explain the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions, which are invariably used on digital computers. It includes innovations, worked examples, case studies, and solved problems.Trade Review"This handy reference book provides essential details, both theoretical and practical, on short-circuit calculations for power transmission and distribution systems. It would be especially useful for practicing power engineers who need a good refence book for calculating short-circuits in power systems as well as those in academia studying power system analysis."-IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February — Vol. 36, No. 1"This handbook is an excellent book which is filled not only with practical wisdom for all of practicing engineers to use as one of their references but also with theoretical depth for all of academia (senior and postgraduate levels) to gain in-depth knowledge of modern power systems in real world situations. An Excellent contribution."— Tek Tjing Lie, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"This book provides a good balance among theoretical, practical, fundamental and advanced analyses. Consequently, this book can be useful for students as well as senior researchers and engineers. The examples discuss from basic problems to advanced applications. The inclusion of DC systems is also very timely, as the interest surrounding these systems has increased recently. These characteristics make this book relevant and valuable."— Walmir Freitas, University of Campinas, Brazil"The book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment to the analysis and computation of common short-circuit faults in modern power systems. Not only it brings together theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit analysis but also present it in a lucid manner. The book elucidates ANSI and IEC short-circuit calculation methods through illustrative examples. It is clearly an outstanding and great resource for college students and power engineers in understanding short-circuit analysis and standard calculation methods."— Surya Santoso, The University of Texas at Austin"Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems: ANSI, IEEE, and IEC Standards contains all essential material to understand the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions that are used on digital computers. It also covers the methodology of short-circuit calculations using both ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, thus making it useful for both sides of the Atlantic. The conceptual and analytical differences in the calculations between the two standards are illustrated with many practical examples. I am deeply convinced that the approach and selection of topics for this volume is appropriate for practicing electrical power systems engineers or professionals-in-training."—Dimitris P. Labridis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece"This handy reference book provides essential details, both theoretical and practical, on short-circuit calculations for power transmission and distribution systems. It would be especially useful for practicing power engineers who need a good refence book for calculating short-circuits in power systems as well as those in academia studying power system analysis."-IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, January/February — Vol. 36, No. 1"This handbook is an excellent book which is filled not only with practical wisdom for all of practicing engineers to use as one of their references but also with theoretical depth for all of academia (senior and postgraduate levels) to gain in-depth knowledge of modern power systems in real world situations. An excellent contribution."— Tek Tjing Lie, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand"This book provides a good balance among theoretical, practical, fundamental, and advanced analyses. Consequently, this book can be useful for students as well as senior researchers and engineers. The examples discuss from basic problems to advanced applications. The inclusion of DC systems is also very timely, as the interest surrounding these systems has increased recently. These characteristics make this book relevant and valuable."— Walmir Freitas, University of Campinas, Brazil"The book provides a comprehensive and in-depth treatment to the analysis and computation of common short-circuit faults in modern power systems. Not only it brings together theoretical and practical aspects of short-circuit analysis but also present it in a lucid manner. The book elucidates ANSI and IEC short-circuit calculation methods through illustrative examples. It is clearly an outstanding and great resource for college students and power engineers in understanding short-circuit analysis and standard calculation methods."— Surya Santoso, University of Texas at Austin"Short-Circuits in AC and DC Systems: ANSI, IEEE, and IEC Standards contains all essential material to understand the nature of short-circuit currents, the symmetrical components for unsymmetrical faults, and matrix methods of solutions that are used on digital computers. It also covers the methodology of short-circuit calculations using both ANSI/IEEE and IEC standards, thus making it useful for both sides of the Atlantic. The conceptual and analytical differences in the calculations between the two standards are illustrated with many practical examples. I am deeply convinced that the approach and selection of topics for this volume is appropriate for practicing electrical power systems engineers or professionals-in-training."—Dimitris P. Labridis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GreeceTable of Contents1. Design and Analyses Concepts of Power Systems 2. Modern Electrical Power Systems 3. Wind and Solar Power Generation and Interconnections with Utility 4. Short-Circuit Currents and Symmetrical Components 5. Unsymmetrical Fault Calculations 6. Matrix Methods for Network Solutions 7. Current Interruptions in AC Networks 8. Application and Ratings of Circuit Breakers and Fuses according to ANSI Standards 9. Short Circuit of Synchronous and Induction Machines and Converters 10. Short-Circuit Calculations according to ANSI Standards 11. Short-Circuit Calculations according to IEC Standards 12. Calculations of Short-Circuit Currents in Direct Current Systems

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of System Design.- Radio Architectures and Design Considerations.- Receiver System Analysis and Design.- Transmitter System Analysis and Design.- Applications of System Design.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1. Wireless Systems. 1.2. System Design Convergence. 1.3. Organization of This Book. -2. Fundamentals of System Design. 2.1. Linear Systems and Transformations. 2.2. Nonlinear System Representation and Analysis Approaches. 2.3. Noise and Random Process. 2.4. Elements of Digital Base-Band System. -3. Radio Architectures and Design Considerations. 3.1. Superheterodyne Architecture. 3.2. Direct Conversion (Zero IF) Architecture. 3.3. Low IF Architecture. 3.4. Band-Pass Sampling Radio Architecture. Appendix 3A. Intermodulation Distortion Formulas. Appendix 3B. Effective Interference Evaluation of Second Order Distortion Products. Appendix 3C. I and Q Imbalance and Image Rejection Formula. Appendix 3D. Estimation of ADC Equivalent Noise Figure.-4. Receiver System Analysis and Design. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. Sensitivity and Noise Figure of Receiver. 4.3. Intermodulation Characteristics. 4.4. Single Tone Desensitization. 4.5. Adjacent/Alternate Channel Selectivity and Blocking Characteristics. 4.6. Receiver Dynamic Range and AGC System. 4.7. System Design and Performance Evaluation. Appendix 4A. Conversion Between Power dBm and Electric Field Strength dBuV/m. Appendix 4B. Proof of Relationship (4.4.6) Appendix 4C. A Comparison of Wireless Mobile Station Minimum Performance Requirements. Appendix 4D. An Example of Receiver Performance Evaluation by Means of Matlab.-5. Transmitter System Analysis and Design. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Transmission Power and Spectrum. 5.3. Modulation Accuracy. 5.4. Adjacent and Alternate Channel Power. 5.5. Noise Emission Calculation. 5.6. Some Important Considerations in System Design. Appendix 5A. Approximate Relationship between p and EVM. Appendix 5B. Image Suppression of Transmission Signal. Appendix 5C. Amplifier Nonlinear Simulation: ACPR Calculation. -6. Applications of System Design. 6.1. Multimode and Multiband Superheterodyne Transceiver. 6.2. Direct Conversion Transceiver.

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Book SynopsisFoundations.- to Music Transcription.- An Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing and Spectrum Estimation.- Sparse Adaptive Representations for Musical Signals.- Rhythm and Timbre Analysis.- Beat Tracking and Musical Metre Analysis.- Unpitched Percussion Transcription.- Automatic Classification of Pitched Musical Instrument Sounds.- Multiple Fundamental Frequency Analysis.- Multiple Fundamental Frequency Estimation Based on Generative Models.- Auditory Model-Based Methods for Multiple Fundamental Frequency Estimation.- Unsupervised Learning Methods for Source Separation in Monaural Music Signals.- Entire Systems, Acoustic and Musicological Modelling.- Auditory Scene Analysis in Music Signals.- Music Scene Description.- Singing Transcription.Table of ContentsFoundations.- to Music Transcription.- An Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing and Spectrum Estimation.- Sparse Adaptive Representations for Musical Signals.- Rhythm and Timbre Analysis.- Beat Tracking and Musical Metre Analysis.- Unpitched Percussion Transcription.- Automatic Classification of Pitched Musical Instrument Sounds.- Multiple Fundamental Frequency Analysis.- Multiple Fundamental Frequency Estimation Based on Generative Models.- Auditory Model-Based Methods for Multiple Fundamental Frequency Estimation.- Unsupervised Learning Methods for Source Separation in Monaural Music Signals.- Entire Systems, Acoustic and Musicological Modelling.- Auditory Scene Analysis in Music Signals.- Music Scene Description.- Singing Transcription.

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Book SynopsisNanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging.- Modelling Technologies and Applications.- Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Electronic Packaging.- Advances in Delamination Modeling.- Nanoparticle Properties.- Nanoparticle Fabrication.- Nanoparticle-Based High-k Dielectric Composites: Opportunities and Challenges.- Nanostructured Resistor Materials.- Nanogranular Magnetic Core Inductors: Design, Fabrication, and Packaging.- Nanoconductive Adhesives.- Nanoparticles in Microvias.- Materials and Technology for Conductive Microstructures.- A Study of Nanoparticles in SnAg-Based Lead-Free Solders.- Nano-Underfills for Fine-Pitch Electronics.- Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization.- Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic Device Applications.- Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Management of Microsystems.- Electromagnetic Shielding of Transceiver Packaging Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes.- Properties of 63Sn-37Pb and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solders ReinfoTrade ReviewFrom the reviews: “This is an impressive work that provides a substantial and relatively in depth coverage of a wide range of electronics packaging and assembly related applications for nanotechnology. Each chapter concludes with a list of references that can be used by the reader to further investigate a particular subject and the book is well produced with good quality figures and illustrations. … I am pleased to be able to conclude this … Nanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging as ‘highly recommended’.” (Martin Goosey, Microelectronics International, Vol. 26 (3), 2009)Table of ContentsNanopackaging: Nanotechnologies and Electronics Packaging.- Modelling Technologies and Applications.- Application of Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Electronic Packaging.- Advances in Delamination Modeling.- Nanoparticle Properties.- Nanoparticle Fabrication.- Nanoparticle-Based High-k Dielectric Composites: Opportunities and Challenges.- Nanostructured Resistor Materials.- Nanogranular Magnetic Core Inductors: Design, Fabrication, and Packaging.- Nanoconductive Adhesives.- Nanoparticles in Microvias.- Materials and Technology for Conductive Microstructures.- A Study of Nanoparticles in SnAg-Based Lead-Free Solders.- Nano-Underfills for Fine-Pitch Electronics.- Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis and Characterization.- Characteristics of Carbon Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic Device Applications.- Carbon Nanotubes for Thermal Management of Microsystems.- Electromagnetic Shielding of Transceiver Packaging Using Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes.- Properties of 63Sn-37Pb and Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu Solders Reinforced With Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes.- Nanowires in Electronics Packaging.- Design and Development of Stress-Engineered Compliant Interconnect for Microelectronic Packaging.- Flip Chip Packaging for Nanoscale Silicon Logic Devices: Challenges and Opportunities.- Nanoelectronics Landscape: Application, Technology, and Economy.- Errata.

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Book SynopsisAcoustic Signals and Systems.- Signals and Systems.- Acoustic Data Acquisition.- Spectral Analysis and Correlation.- The FFT and Tone Identification.- Measuring Transfer-Functions and Impulse Responses.- Digital Sequences.- Filters.- Adaptive Processing.- Beamforming and Wavenumber Processing.- Auditory System and Hearing.- Anatomy, Physiology and Function of the Auditory System.- Physiological Measures of Auditory Function.- Auditory Processing Models.- Speech Intelligibility.- Signal Processing in Hearing Aids.- Psychoacoustics.- Methods for Psychoacoustics in Relation to Long-Term Sounds.- Masking and Critical Bands.- Aspects of Modeling Pitch Perception.- Calculation of Loudness for Normal and Hearing-Impaired Listeners.- Psychoacoustical Roughness.- Musical Acoustics.- Automatic Music Transcription.- Music Structure Analysis from Acoustic Signals.- Computer Music Synthesis and Composition.- Singing Voice Analysis, Synthesis, and Modeling.- Instrument Modeling and Synthesis.- DigitTrade ReviewFrom the reviews:“The ‘Handbook of Signal Processing in Acoustics’ provides an excellent reference for practicing acousticians and engineers. … encompasses essential background material, technical details, standards, and practical tips. It is aimed to a public with some knowledge of signal processing, and it is meant to be used as a reference. … Signal processing techniques which find major application in different areas of acoustics are well presented from different perspectives … . this compendium is an excellent reference for engineers and professionals working in acoustics.” (Joaquin E. Moran, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 58 (6), November-December, 2010)Table of Contents1. Acoustical oceanography Models for Propagation Codes Transducer Arrays: structure, data acquisition, signal generation, calibration Sonar MFP Tomography Other Inverse Techniques Signal and Noise Characteristics 2. Active Noise Control Principles of adaptive techniques Plant modeling Sound/vibration field sensing Actuator characteristics and requirements Performance limitations Multi-channel systems Performance and complexity 3. Animal bioacoustics Recording and monitoring systems Models of echolocation Hearing performance and modelling Characteristics of calls Stimuli generation Locating and tracking Archives and Databases of signals 4. Architectural acoustics Room models Measurement of transmissions, absorption, reverberation, etc. Sound fields (definitions, criteria, measurement, typical values) MLS and other coded signals Auralization: Modelling techniques, listening modes, processing requirements, existing systems, performace Artificial reverberation Sound reinforcement Acoustic privacy 5. Audio engineering Transducer modeling Loudspeaker performance characteristics Audio recording and playback formats Audio-visual interaction ADC, DAC, and Codec technologies Multi-channel sound and Virtual audio Restoration Digital audio editing Effects generation 6. Auditory System, Hearing Modeling of hearing Thresholds and Masking Frequency and level discrimination Binaural hearing and spatialization HRTF HATS and other physical models Hearing aids Auditory illusions 7. Education in acoustics 8. Electroacoustics Microphone types and their characteristics Vibration sensors and their characteristics Acoustic actuators and their characteristics Smart sensors and actuators 9. Engineering acoustics 10. Infrasonics Background noise and source signals Sensors and their characteristics Propagation models Event detection Data archiving Source identification 11. Musical Acoustics Computer music synthesis and composition Computer music recognition and analysis Singing voice analysis, synthesis, and processing Instrument measurement, modeling and synthesis Coding and compression of music 12. Noise Noise source modeling Acoustic holography Atmospheric sound propagation Source localization Noise evaluation and Annoyance thresholds 13. Non-linear acoustics Propagation equations and codes Example non-linear systems Parametric array Measurement methods Detection of non-linearities 14. Psychoacoustics Perceptual models Cochlear implants Auditory alarms 15. Seismology Seismic Coda Acoustic Profiling Propagation modes and properties for modeling Seismo-acoustic coupling 16. Speech Characteristics of speech as signals Synthesis Recognition Intelligibility and quality metrics Corpus for tests Coding and compression Display and analysis 17. Strutural acoustics and vibration BEM, FEM, EA, etc. Actuator design and deployment Propagation and radiation Machine diagnostics and prognosis Modeling, measuring and analyzing shock Materials testing 18. Telecomm POTS Wideband Echo supression Hearing aids Handset, Headset, and Wireless standards Systems for handicapped users 19. Ultrasonics

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Book Synopsisto Magnetism.- Quantum Theory of Spin Waves.- Magnetic Susceptibilities.- Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic-Dispersive Media.- Magnetostatic Modes.- Propagation Characteristics and Excitation of Dipolar Spin Waves.- Variational Formulation for Magnetostatic Modes.- Optical-Spin Wave Interactions.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Novel Applications.Trade Reviewws, Issue 2010 j)Table of Contentsto Magnetism.- Quantum Theory of Spin Waves.- Magnetic Susceptibilities.- Electromagnetic Waves in Anisotropic-Dispersive Media.- Magnetostatic Modes.- Propagation Characteristics and Excitation of Dipolar Spin Waves.- Variational Formulation for Magnetostatic Modes.- Optical-Spin Wave Interactions.- Nonlinear Interactions.- Novel Applications.

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Book SynopsisHumans have always been fascinated by marine life, from extremely small diatoms to the largest mammal that inhabits our planet, the blue whale.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Provides a comprehensive overview of the bioacoustics of marine life. It is targeted for bioacousticians, and is intended to focus on areas of knowledge that they should master. … This book achieves its objective of providing that knowledge base. It also is a valuable information source for engineers and scientists with a background in acoustics, and who are interested in gaining insights into the bioacoustics of marine life. … a valuable information source on marine bioacoustics and is recommended.” (Martin L. Pollack, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 58 (6), November-December, 2010)“The book incorporates detailed qualitative and quantitative information and analysis of the sounds produced by marine life with a particular emphasis on marine mammals. … the book contains a vast amount of useful information supported by extensive experimental evidence. … The descriptions of experimental design, measurement, and analysis techniques make this a good starting point for someone planning further experiments in this domain. … I recommend this book to anyone searching for knowledge of marine bioacoustics.” (Adrian Brown, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 16 (2), 2011)Table of ContentsPrinciples and Methodology.- Measurement and Generation of Underwater Sounds.- Transducer Properties and Utilization.- Acoustic Propagation.- Signal Recording and Data Acquisition.- Fourier Analysis.- Auditory Systems of Marine Animals.- Experimental Psychological and Electrophysiological Methodology.- Acoustics of Marine Animals.- Hearing in Marine Animals.- Emission of Social Sounds by Marine Animals.- Echolocation in Marine Mammals.- Some Signal Processing Techniques.- Some Instrumentation for Marine Bioacoustics Research.

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Book SynopsisA visual history of the electronic age captures the collision of technology and art—and our collective visions of the future.Trade Review"Fascinating…. [A] fantastically geeky visual tour of tech industry history as seen through the lens of the commercial art that helped popularize it." -- Meg Miller - Fast Company"Attentive readers of Prelinger’s lively chronology will come away with an appreciation of how the visual representations of technology are integral to our understanding of it." -- Chris Rasmussen - Bookforum"Unusual and insightful…. Filled with retro tech-industry ads, magazine covers and other commercial artworks, this erudite book takes readers on a cultural history tour that sharply reveals ‘art’s ability to touch the intangible and render it visible.’" -- John Wilwol - San Francisco Chronicle"[An] unusual and compelling study." -- Nature"An essential and eye-popping visual history of electronics, a glimpse of the electronic infrastructure captured in the brief moment before it miniaturized down to a scale too small for the eye to see, disappearing from our ordinary view forever, even as it burrowed into our buildings, streets, vehicles and even our bodies." -- Cory Doctorow coeditor of Boing Boing and author of In Real Life and Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free"A highly original cultural history of 20th-century technology examined through the lens of commercial art…. Sophisticated in its grasp of science and technological history but also accessible to general readers." -- Kirkus Reviews"A tour de force of the computer and electronic age that takes readers on a fascinating voyage that spans everything from graphic renderings of theoretical space gondolas to depictions of transistors as the route to utopia. Like Trevor Paglen’s exploration of the visual aspects of secrecy, Megan Prelinger’s Inside the Machine provides readers with a unique window into the history of electronics and computer science during the Cold War, and beyond. Merging science with art, Prelinger challenges our linear notions of scientific progress, helping us see a new dimension to our modern technological world." -- Sharon Weinberger, author of Imaginary Weapons: A Journey Through the Pentagon’s Scientific Underworld"Because electrons are mostly invisible, our visualizations of them tell us more about our dreams than about electrons. This cool and unusual book gathers our earliest collective dreams about circuits and electronics and makes them visible. It got me thinking about our assumptions for tomorrow. I love it when a book like this makes me see the world differently." -- Kevin Kelly, senior maverick for Wired magazine and author of What Technology Wants

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Book SynopsisThe TransNav 2011 Symposium held at the Gdynia Maritime University, Poland in June 2011 has brought together a wide range of participants from all over the world. The program has offered a variety of contributions, allowing to look at many aspects of the navigational safety from various different points of view. Topics presented and discussed at the Symposium were: navigation, safety at sea, sea transportation, education of navigators and simulator-based training, sea traffic engineering, ship's manoeuvrability, integrated systems, electronic charts systems, satellite, radio-navigation and anti-collision systems and many others.This book is part of a series of six volumes and provides an overview of International recent issues about ECDIS, E-Navigation and Safety at Sea and is addressed to scientists and professionals involved in research and development of navigation, safety of navigation and sea transportation.Table of Contentse-Navigation ConceptECDISVisualization and Presentation of Navigational InformationData Transmission and Communication SystemsSafety at Sea

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This textbook will help you learn all the skills you need to pass all Vehicle Electrical and Electronic Systems courses and qualifications.As electrical and electronic systems become increasingly more complex and fundamental to the workings of modern vehicles, understanding these systems is essential for automotive technicians. For students new to the subject, this book will help to develop this knowledge, but will also assist experienced technicians in keeping up with recent technological advances. This new edition includes information on developments in pass-through technology, multiplexing, and engine control systems. In full colour and covering the latest course specifications, this is the guide that no student enrolled on an automotive maintenance and repair course should be without.Designed to make learning easier, this book contains: Photographs, flow charts, quick reference tables, overview descriptions and step-by-step instructions. <

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Book SynopsisSoftware modernisation or re-engineering as a concept lacks universal clarity. System Building with APL + Win seeks to clarify this problem by identifying the solution to the long term survival of the APL application as the elimination of APL specific considerations in the choice of a development tool. The author shows how to deploy mainstream industry standard system components within an APL + Win development environment, enabling the APL application to be just like any application on the Windows platform. Demonstrates the power and agility of APL + Win in today's approach to system building Features a code intensive' approach, which overcomes the lack of APL+Win specific documentation of system components Illustrates the potential for multi-language system building from an APL+Win environment Explains how increasing the collaborative nature of APL will enable it to become an even more valuable tool for application development Table of ContentsEditorial Foreword. Acknowledgements. Preface. Chapter 1 - System Building Overview. 1.1 Why APL? 1.2 Which APL? 1.3 The n-tier model. 1.4 Prevailing design architecture. 1.5 APL interface to components. 1.6 Structured Query Language (SQL). 1.7 The Windows Registry. 1.8 Regional settings. 1.9 Software development. 1.10 APL and Windows API. 1.11 The future challenge. Chapter 2 - Advanced APL Techniques. 2.1 Removing legacy code clutter. 2.2 Bit-wise Boolean techniques. 2.3 Managing workspace variables. 2.4 Generating test data. 2.5 APL+Win as an ActiveX Server. 2.6 Debugging applications. 2.7 Functions with methods. Chapter 3 - Application Interface. 3.1 Managing the hidden interface. 3.2 The user interface. 3.3 The user interface is the application. 3.4 APL+Win design safeguards. 3.5 Context sensitive help. 3.6 Help format as a user option. 3.7 Application messages. 3.8 User-defined properties of the system object. 3.9 The scope of user documentation. 3.10 Designing menus. 3.11 Designing forms. 3.12 Access control. 3.13 Empower the user. 3.14 Sales considerations. 3.15 Application exit. Chapter 4 - Working with Windows. 4.1 The APL legacy. 4.2 Windows resources. 4.3 API calls. 4.4 The Windows Script Host (WSH). 4.5 Creating a shortcut. 4.6 Intelligent file operations with API calls. 4.7 Universal Naming Convention (UNC). 4.8 Application configuration. 4.9 Using INI files with APL. 4.10 XML files for application configuration. 4.11 INI/XML comparative advantage. 4.12 The filing system. 4.13 Platform enhancements. Chapter 5 - The Component Object Model. 5.1 Objects are global. 5.2 APL+Win COM event handling. 5.3 The promise of COM development. 5.4 Types of COM components. 5.5 Maintaining objects. 5.6 APL+Win and ActiveX components. 5.7 APL+Win post version 4.0 ActiveX syntax. 5.8 ActiveX typed parameters. 5.9 Development environment features. 5.10 Using ActiveX asynchronously. Chapter 6 - Mixed Language Programming. 6.1 Application extension trade-offs. 6.2 VB ActiveX DLLs. 6.3 A sample ActiveX DLL project. 6.4 Using VBDLLINAPL.DLL. 6.5 Processing APL+Win arrays. 6.6 Deploying ActiveX DLLs. 6.7 Building a DLL for APL using C# Express 5. Chapter 7 - Application Extension using Scripting. 7.1 The APL/VBScript affinity. 7.2 Error trapping. 7.3 Exploring the Script Control. 7.4 Extending the Script Control. 7.5 Multi-language programming. 7.6 Sharing with the APL Grid object. 7.7 Concurrent sharing with the Script Control. 7.8 APL+Win and HTML. Chapter 8 - Windows Script Components. 8.1 Building a Script Component using JavaScript. 8.2 Building a Script Component using VBScript. 8.3 About the VBS file. 8.4 Runtime errors in script components. 8.5 Which Scripting language? 8.6 Multi-language Script component. 8.7 What is in MULTILANGUAGE.WSC? 8.8 Finally, just because it is possible…. 8.9 The way forward with script components. Chapter 9 - Working with Excel. 9.1 Application or automation server. 9.2 The basic structure of Excel. 9.3 APL arrays and Excel ranges. 9.4 Object syntax. 9.5 Excel using APL+Win to retrieve APL data. 9.6 The Excel Add-In. 9.7 The EWA model in action. 9.8 Transferring APL+Win data to Excel. 9.9 Automation issues. 9.10 Why use Excel with APL? Chapter 10 - Working with Word. 10.1 The Word difference. 10.2 Word templates. 10.3 Starting Word. 10.4 Word as a report generation component. 10.5 Populating form fields. 10.6 Word vs. Excel for APL+Win automation. 10.7 Automation. Chapter 11 - Working with Access. 11.1 The Access pathways. 11.2 The Access object. 11.3 JET Engine types. 11.4 Access—below the surface. 11.5 Working with many data sources. 11.6 Troubleshooting data projects. 11.7 The Jet compromise. 11.8 Unified approach with ADO and SQL. 11.9 Access SQL. 11.10 Database filing. 11.11 Automation issues. Chapter 12 - Working with ActiveX Data Object (ADO). 12.1 Translating code examples into APL+Win. 12.2 The connection object. 12.3 The record object. 12.4 The data source catalogue. 12.5 Learning ADO. Chapter 13 - Data Source Connection Strategies. 13.1 The application handle. 13.2 The DSN overhead. 13.3 Automating user/system DSN creation. 13.4 The ODBC Data Source Administrator. 13.5 System DSN connection. 13.6 User DSN Connection. 13.7 DSNManager syntax summary. 13.8 File DSN Connection. 13.9 UDL connection. 13.10 DSN-less connection. 13.11 Server data sources. 13.12 Access data sources. 13.13 Excel data sources. 13.14 Text data sources. 13.15 Data source issues. 13.16 Inward APL+Win issues. 13.17 Outward APL issues. 13.18 The way forward with the data tier. Chapter 14 - Structured Query Language. 14.1 SQL statements. 14.2 SQL prime culprits. 14.3 APL and SQL. 14.4 Learning SQL. Chapter 15 - Application Evolution. 15.1 Application deployment. 15.2 The next release. 15.3 Application workspace. 15.4 APL libraries vs UNC names. 15.5 Readability. 15.6 Global variables. 15.7 Using API calls. 15.8 Version control. 15.9 Change management. 15.10 Legacy management. 15.11 Indentation. 15.12 Documentation. 15.13 Testing. 15.14 Release. 15.15 Application listings. 15.16 Epilogue. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe major themes for this book are intelligent materials; sensing and control of adaptive systems; applications to aerospace engineering. Every chapter is written by a global leader in their field and provides insights into the future directions of this field, setting the agenda for future research in adaptive structures.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xvii 1 Adaptive Structures for Structural Health Monitoring 1Daniel J. Inman and Benjamin L. Grisso 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Structural Health Monitoring 4 1.3 Impedance-Based Health Monitoring 6 1.4 Local Computing 8 1.5 Power Analysis 11 1.6 Experimental Validation 13 1.7 Harvesting, Storage and Power Management 18 1.7.1 Thermal Electric Harvesting 19 1.7.2 Vibration Harvesting with Piezoceramics 22 1.8 Autonomous Self-healing 25 1.9 The Way Forward: Autonomic Structural Systems for Threat Mitigation 27 1.10 Summary 29 Acknowledgements 30 References 30 2 Distributed Sensing for Active Control 33Suk-Min Moon, Leslie P. Fowler and Robert L. Clark 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Description of Experimental Test Bed 35 2.3 Disturbance Estimation 36 2.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 36 2.3.2 Application of PCA: Case Studies 37 2.3.3 Combining Active Control and PCA to Identify Secondary Disturbances 40 2.4 Sensor Selection 43 2.4.1 Model Estimation 45 2.4.2 Optimal Sensor Strategy 45 2.4.3 Experimental Demonstration 48 2.5 Conclusions 55 Acknowledgments 56 References 56 3 Global Vibration Control Through Local Feedback 59Stephen J. Elliott 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Centralised Control of Vibration 61 3.3 Decentralised Control of Vibration 63 3.4 Control of Vibration on Structures with Distributed Excitation 67 3.5 Local Control in the Inner Ear 76 3.6 Conclusions 84 Acknowledgements 85 References 85 4 Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Airfoils: A New Challenge for an Old Dream 89L.F. Campanile 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Otto Lilienthal and the Flying Machine as a Shape-Adaptable Structural System 91 4.3 Sir George Cayley and the Task Separation Principle 93 4.4 Being Lightweight: A Crucial Requirement 95 4.5 Coupling Mechanism and Structure: Compliant Systems as the Basis of Lightweight Shape-Adaptable Systems 104 4.5.1 The Science of Compliant Systems 104 4.5.2 Compliant Systems for Airfoil Shape Adaptation 113 4.5.3 The Belt-Rib Airfoil Structure 115 4.6 Extending Coupling to the Actuator System: Compliant Active Systems 118 4.6.1 The Need for a Coupled Approach 118 4.6.2 Solid-State Actuation for Solid-State Deformability 120 4.6.3 Challenges and Trends of Structure–Actuator Integration 123 4.7 A Powerful Distributed Actuator: Aerodynamics 125 4.7.1 The Actuator Energy Balance 125 4.7.2 Balancing Kinematics by Partially Recovering Energy from the Flow 125 4.7.3 Active and Semi-Active Aeroelasticity 126 4.8 The Common Denominator: Mechanical Coupling 127 4.9 Concluding Remarks 128 Acknowledgements 129 References 129 5 Adaptive Aeroelastic Structures 137Jonathan Cooper 5.1 Introduction 137 5.2 Adaptive Internal Structures 142 5.2.1 Moving Spars 143 5.2.2 Rotating Spars 147 5.3 Adaptive Stiffness Attachments 152 5.4 Conclusions 159 5.5 The Way Forward 160 Acknowledgements 161 References 162 6 Adaptive Aerospace Structures with Smart Technologies – A Retrospective and Future View 163Christian Boller 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 The Past Two Decades 165 6.2.1 SHM 167 6.2.2 Shape Control and Active Flow 170 6.2.3 Damping of Vibration and Noise 173 6.2.4 Smart Skins 176 6.2.5 Systems 177 6.3 Added Value to the System 179 6.4 Potential for the Future 185 6.5 A Reflective Summary with Conclusions 186 References 187 7 A Summary of Several Studies with Unsymmetric Laminates 191Michael W. Hyer, Marie-Laure Dano, Marc R. Schultz, Sontipee Aimmanee and Adel B. Jilani 7.1 Introduction and Background 191 7.2 Room-Temperature Shapes of Square [02/902]T Cross-Ply Laminates 193 7.3 Room-Temperature Shapes of More General Unsymmetric Laminates 198 7.4 Moments Required to Change Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminates 200 7.5 Use of Shape Memory Alloy for Actuation 206 7.6 Use of Piezoceramic Actuation 210 7.7 Consideration of Small Piezoceramic Actuators 216 7.8 Conclusions 228 References 228 8 Negative Stiffness and Negative Poisson’s Ratio in Materials which Undergo a Phase Transformation 231T.M. Jaglinski and R.S. Lakes 8.1 Introduction 231 8.2 Experimental Methods 234 8.2.1 Material Preparation 234 8.3 Composites 236 8.3.1 Theory 236 8.3.2 Experiment 237 8.4 Polycrystals 238 8.4.1 Theory 238 8.4.2 Experimental Results 239 8.5 Discussion 244 References 244 9 Recent Advances in Self-Healing Materials Systems 247M.W. Keller, B.J. Blaiszik, S.R. White and N.R. Sottos 9.1 Introduction 247 9.1.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing 248 9.1.2 Critical Issues for Microencapsulated Healing 250 9.2 Faster Healing Systems – Fatigue Loading 251 9.3 Smaller Size Scales 253 9.4 Alternative Materials Systems – Elastomers 256 9.5 Microvascular Autonomic Composites 258 9.6 Conclusions 259 References 260 10 Adaptive Structures – Some Biological Paradigms 263Julian F.V. Vincent 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Deployment 264 10.3 Turgor-Driven Mechanisms 266 10.3.1 The Venus Fly Trap 270 10.3.2 Previous Theories 271 10.3.3 Background to an Elastic Model 271 10.3.4 The Trigger 273 10.4 Dead Plant Tissues 274 10.5 Morphing and Adapting in Animals 276 10.6 Sensing in Arthropods – Campaniform and Slit Sensilla 277 10.7 Developing an Interface Between Biology and Engineering 279 10.7.1 A Catalogue of Engineering 279 10.7.2 Challenging Engineering with Biology 280 10.7.3 Adaptive Structures – The TRIZ Route 282 10.7.4 Materials and Information 283 10.8 Envoi 285 Acknowledgements 285 References 285 Index 289

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Book SynopsisThe third edition of this highly successful manual is not only a revised text but has been extended to meet the interpretive needs of Raman users as well as those working in the IR region. The result is a uniquely practical, comprehensive and detailed source for spectral interpretation.Trade Review“…a powerful tool for everyone dealing with infrared or Raman spectroscopy…highly recommended.” (Colloid & Polymer Science, Vol.283, No.2, December 2004)Table of ContentsList of Charts and Figures. List of Tables. Symbols Used. Preface. 1. Introduction. 2. Alkane Group Residues: C-H Group. 3. Alkenes, Oximes, Imines, Amidines, Azo Compounds: C=C, C=N, N=N Groups. 4. Triple Bond Compounds: -C=C-, -C=N, -N=C, -N=N Groups. 5. Cumulated Double-bond Compounds:X=Y=Z Group. 6. Hydroxyl Group Compounds: O-H Group. 7. Ethers: G1-O-G2 Group. 8. Peroxides and Hydroperoxides: -O-O-Group. 9. Amines, Imines, and Their Hydrohalides. 10. The Carbonyl Group: C=O. 11. Aromatic Compounds. 12. Six-membered Ring Heterocyclic Compounds. 13. Five-membered Ring Heterocyclic Compounds. 14. Organic Nitrogen Compounds. 15. Organic Halogen Compounds. 16. Sulphur and Selenium Compounds. 17. Organic Phosphorus Compounds. 18. Organic Silicon Compounds. 19. Boron Compounds. 20. The Near Infrared Region. 21. Polymers — Macromolecules. 22. Inorganic Compounds and Coordination Complexes. 23. Biological Molecules — Macromolecules. Appendix: Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisTopology control is fundamental to solving scalability and capacity problems in large-scale wireless ad hoc and sensor networks. Forthcoming wireless multi-hop networks such as ad hoc and sensor networks will allow network nodes to control the communication topology by choosing their transmitting ranges.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgments. List of Abbreviations. List of Figures. List of Tables. I: Introduction. 1. Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks. 1.1 The Future ofWireless Communication. 1.2 Challenges. 2. Modeling Ad Hoc Networks. 2.1 The Wireless Channel. 2.2 The Communication Graph. 2.3 Modeling Energy Consumption. 2.4 Mobility Models. 2.5 Asymptotic Notation. 3. Topology Control. 3.1 Motivations for Topology Control. 3.2 A Definition of Topology Control. 3.3 A Taxonomy of Topology Control. 3.4 Topology Control in the Protocol Stack. II: The Critical Transmitting Range. 4. The CTR for Connectivity: Stationary Networks. 4.1 The CTR in Dense Networks. 4.2 The CTR in Sparse Networks. 4.3 The CTR with Different Deployment Region and Node Distribution. 4.4 Irregular Radio Coverage Area. 5. The CTR for Connectivity: Mobile Networks. 5.1 The CTR in RWPMobile Networks. 5.2 The CTR with Bounded, Obstacle-free Mobility. 6. Other Characterizations of the CTR 63 6.1 The CTR for k-connectivity. 6.2 The CTR for Connectivity with Bernoulli Nodes. 6.3 The Critical Coverage Range. III: Topology Optimization Problems. 7. The Range Assignment Problem. 7.1 Problem Definition. 7.2 The RA Problem in One-dimensional Networks. 7.3 The RA Problem in Two- and Three-dimensional Networks. 7.4 The Symmetric Versions of the Problem. 7.5 The Energy Cost of the Optimal Range Assignment. 8. Energy-efficient Communication Topologies. 8.1 Energy-efficient Unicast. 8.2 Energy-efficient Broadcast. IV: Distributed Topology Control. 9. Distributed Topology Control: Design Guidelines. 9.1 Ideal Features of a Topology Control Protocol. 9.2 The Quality of Information. 9.3 Logical and Physical Node Degrees. 10. Location-based Topology Control. 10.1 The R&M Protocol. 10.2 The LMST Protocol. 11. Direction-based Topology Control. 11.1 The CBTC Protocol. 11.2 The DistRNG Protocol. 12. Neighbor-based Topology Control. 12.1 The Number of Neighbors for Connectivity. 12.2 The KNeigh Protocol. 12.3 The XTC Protocol. 13. Dealing with Node Mobility. 13.1 TC Design Guidelines with Mobility. 13.2 TC in Mobile Networks: an Example. 13.3 The Effect of Mobility on the CNN. 13.4 Distributed TC in Mobile Networks: Existing Solutions. V: Toward an Implementation of Topology Control. 14. Level-based Topology Control. 14.1 Level-based TC:Motivations. 14.2 The COMPOW Protocol. 14.3 The CLUSTERPOW Protocol. 14.4 The KNeighLev Protocol. 14.5 Comparing CLUSTERPOW and KneighLev. 15. Open Issues. 15.1 TC for Interference. 15.2 More-realistic Models. 15.3 Mobility and Topology Control. 15.4 Considering MultiHop Data Traffic. 15.5 Implementation of TC. VI: Case Study and Appendices. 16. Case Study: TC and Cooperative Routing in Ad hoc Networks. 16.1 Cooperation in Ad hoc Networks. 16.2 Reference Application Scenario. 16.3 Modeling Routing as a Game. 16.4 A Practical Interpretation of Truthfulness. 16.5 Truthful Routing without TC. 16.6 Truthful Routing with TC. 16.7 Conclusion. A: Elements of Graph Theory. A.1 Basic Definitions. A.2 Proximity Graphs. B: Elements of Applied Probability. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA synergistic approach to signal integrity for high-speed digital design This book is designed to provide contemporary readers with an understanding of the emerging high-speed signal integrity issues that are creating roadblocks in digital design. Written by the foremost experts on the subject, it leverages concepts and techniques from non-related fields such as applied physics and microwave engineering and applies them to high-speed digital designcreating the optimal combination between theory and practical applications. Following an introduction to the importance of signal integrity, chapter coverage includes: Electromagnetic fundamentals for signal integrity Transmission line fundamentals Crosstalk Non-ideal conductor models, including surface roughness and frequency-dependent inductance Frequency-dependent properties of dielectrics Differential signaling Mathematical requirements of physical channeTable of ContentsPreface xv 1. Introduction: The Importance of Signal Integrity 1 1.1 Computing Power: Past and Future 1 1.2 The Problem 4 1.3 The Basics 5 1.4 A New Realm of Bus Design 7 1.5 Scope of the Book 7 1.6 Summary 8 References 8 2. Electromagnetic Fundamentals for Signal Integrity 9 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 10 2.2 Common Vector Operators 13 2.2.1 Vector 13 2.2.2 Dot Product 13 2.2.3 Cross Product 14 2.2.4 Vector and Scalar Fields 15 2.2.5 Flux 15 2.2.6 Gradient 18 2.2.7 Divergence 18 2.2.8 Curl 20 2.3 Wave Propagation 23 2.3.1 Wave Equation 23 2.3.2 Relation Between E and H and the Transverse Electromagnetic Mode 25 2.3.3 Time-Harmonic Fields 27 2.3.4 Propagation of Time-Harmonic Plane Waves 28 2.4 Electrostatics 32 2.4.1 Electrostatic Scalar Potential in Terms of an Electric Field 36 2.4.2 Energy in an Electric Field 37 2.4.3 Capacitance 40 2.4.4 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 41 2.5 Magnetostatics 42 2.5.1 Magnetic Vector Potential 46 2.5.2 Inductance 48 2.5.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field 51 2.6 Power Flow and the Poynting Vector 53 2.6.1 Time-Averaged Values 56 2.7 Reflections of Electromagnetic Waves 57 2.7.1 Plane Wave Incident on a Perfect Conductor 57 2.7.2 Plane Wave Incident on a Lossless Dielectric 60 References 62 Problems 62 3. Ideal Transmission-Line Fundamentals 65 3.1 Transmission-Line Structures 66 3.2 Wave Propagation on Loss-Free Transmission Lines 67 3.2.1 Electric and Magnetic Fields on a Transmission Line 68 3.2.2 Telegrapher’s Equations 73 3.2.3 Equivalent Circuit for the Loss-Free Case 76 3.2.4 Wave Equation in Terms of LC 80 3.3 Transmission-Line Properties 82 3.3.1 Transmission-Line Phase Velocity 82 3.3.2 Transmission-Line Characteristic Impedance 82 3.3.3 Effective Dielectric Permittivity 83 3.3.4 Simple Formulas for Calculating the Characteristic Impedance 85 3.3.5 Validity of the TEM Approximation 86 3.4 Transmission-Line Parameters for the Loss-Free Case 90 3.4.1 Laplace and Poisson Equations 91 3.4.2 Transmission-Line Parameters for a Coaxial Line 91 3.4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters for a Microstrip 94 3.4.4 Charge Distribution Near a Conductor Edge 100 3.4.5 Charge Distribution and Transmission-Line Parameters 104 3.4.6 Field Mapping 107 3.5 Transmission-Line Reflections 113 3.5.1 Transmission-Line Reflection and Transmission Coefficient 113 3.5.2 Launching an Initial Wave 116 3.5.3 Multiple Reflections 116 3.5.4 Lattice Diagrams and Over- or Underdriven Transmission Lines 118 3.5.5 Lattice Diagrams for Nonideal Topologies 121 3.5.6 Effect of Rise and Fall Times on Reflections 129 3.5.7 Reflections from Reactive Loads 129 3.6 Time-Domain Reflectometry 134 3.6.1 Measuring the Characteristic Impedance and Delay of a Transmission Line 134 3.6.2 Measuring Inductance and Capacitance of Reactive Structures 137 3.6.3 Understanding the TDR Profile 140 References 140 Problems 141 4. Crosstalk 145 4.1 Mutual Inductance and Capacitance 146 4.1.1 Mutual Inductance 147 4.1.2 Mutual Capacitance 149 4.1.3 Field Solvers 152 4.2 Coupled Wave Equations 153 4.2.1 Wave Equation Revisited 153 4.2.2 Coupled Wave Equations 155 4.3 Coupled Line Analysis 157 4.3.1 Impedance and Velocity 157 4.3.2 Coupled Noise 165 4.4 Modal Analysis 177 4.4.1 Modal Decomposition 178 4.4.2 Modal Impedance and Velocity 180 4.4.3 Reconstructing the Signal 180 4.4.4 Modal Analysis 181 4.4.5 Modal Analysis of Lossy Lines 192 4.5 Crosstalk Minimization 193 4.6 Summary 194 References 195 Problems 195 5. Nonideal Conductor Models 201 5.1 Signals Propagating in Unbounded Conductive Media 202 5.1.1 Propagation Constant for Conductive Media 202 5.1.2 Skin Depth 204 5.2 Classic Conductor Model for Transmission Lines 205 5.2.1 Dc Losses in Conductors 206 5.2.2 Frequency-Dependent Resistance in Conductors 207 5.2.3 Frequency-Dependent Inductance 213 5.2.4 Power Loss in a Smooth Conductor 218 5.3 Surface Roughness 222 5.3.1 Hammerstad Model 223 5.3.2 Hemispherical Model 228 5.3.3 Huray Model 237 5.3.4 Conclusions 243 5.4 Transmission-Line Parameters for Nonideal Conductors 244 5.4.1 Equivalent Circuit Impedance and Propagation Constant 244 5.4.2 Telegrapher’s Equations for a Real Conductor and a Perfect Dielectric 246 References 247 Problems 247 6. Electrical Properties of Dielectrics 249 6.1 Polarization of Dielectrics 250 6.1.1 Electronic Polarization 250 6.1.2 Orientational (Dipole) Polarization 253 6.1.3 Ionic (Molecular) Polarization 253 6.1.4 Relative Permittivity 254 6.2 Classification of Dielectric Materials 256 6.3 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Behavior 256 6.3.1 Dc Dielectric Losses 257 6.3.2 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Model: Single Pole 257 6.3.3 Anomalous Dispersion 261 6.3.4 Frequency-Dependent Dielectric Model: Multipole 262 6.3.5 Infinite-Pole Model 266 6.4 Properties of a Physical Dielectric Model 269 6.4.1 Relationship Between ε_ and ε__ 269 6.4.2 Mathematical Limits 271 6.5 Fiber-Weave Effect 274 6.5.1 Physical Structure of an FR4 Dielectric and Dielectric Constant Variation 275 6.5.2 Mitigation 276 6.5.3 Modeling the Fiber-Weave Effect 277 6.6 Environmental Variation in Dielectric Behavior 279 6.6.1 Environmental Effects on Transmission-Line Performance 281 6.6.2 Mitigation 283 6.6.3 Modeling the Effect of Relative Humidity on an FR4 Dielectric 284 6.7 Transmission-Line Parameters for Lossy Dielectrics and Realistic Conductors 285 6.7.1 Equivalent Circuit Impedance and Propagation Constant 285 6.7.2 Telegrapher’s Equations for Realistic Conductors and Lossy Dielectrics 291 References 292 Problems 292 7. Differential Signaling 297 7.1 Removal of Common-Mode Noise 299 7.2 Differential Crosstalk 300 7.3 Virtual Reference Plane 302 7.4 Propagation of Modal Voltages 303 7.5 Common Terminology 304 7.6 Drawbacks of Differential Signaling 305 7.6.1 Mode Conversion 305 7.6.2 Fiber-Weave Effect 310 Reference 313 Problems 313 8. Mathematical Requirements for Physical Channels 315 8.1 Frequency-Domain Effects in Time-Domain Simulations 316 8.1.1 Linear and Time Invariance 316 8.1.2 Time- and Frequency-Domain Equivalencies 317 8.1.3 Frequency Spectrum of a Digital Pulse 321 8.1.4 System Response 324 8.1.5 Single-Bit (Pulse) Response 327 8.2 Requirements for a Physical Channel 331 8.2.1 Causality 331 8.2.2 Passivity 340 8.2.3 Stability 343 References 345 Problems 345 9. Network Analysis for Digital Engineers 347 9.1 High-Frequency Voltage and Current Waves 349 9.1.1 Input Reflection into a Terminated Network 349 9.1.2 Input Impedance 353 9.2 Network Theory 354 9.2.1 Impedance Matrix 355 9.2.2 Scattering Matrix 358 9.2.3 ABCD Parameters 382 9.2.4 Cascading S-Parameters 390 9.2.5 Calibration and Deembedding 395 9.2.6 Changing the Reference Impedance 399 9.2.7 Multimode S-Parameters 400 9.3 Properties of Physical S-Parameters 406 9.3.1 Passivity 406 9.3.2 Reality 408 9.3.3 Causality 408 9.3.4 Subjective Examination of S-Parameters 410 References 413 Problems 413 10. Topics in High-Speed Channel Modeling 417 10.1 Creating a Physical Transmission-Line Model 418 10.1.1 Tabular Approach 418 10.1.2 Generating a Tabular Dielectric Model 419 10.1.3 Generating a Tabular Conductor Model 420 10.2 NonIdeal Return Paths 422 10.2.1 Path of Least Impedance 422 10.2.2 Transmission Line Routed Over a Gap in the Reference Plane 423 10.2.3 Summary 434 10.3 Vias 434 10.3.1 Via Resonance 434 10.3.2 Plane Radiation Losses 437 10.3.3 Parallel-Plate Waveguide 439 References 441 Problems 442 11. I/O Circuits and Models 443 11.1 I/O Design Considerations 444 11.2 Push–Pull Transmitters 446 11.2.1 Operation 446 11.2.2 Linear Models 448 11.2.3 Nonlinear Models 453 11.2.4 Advanced Design Considerations 455 11.3 CMOS receivers 459 11.3.1 Operation 459 11.3.2 Modeling 460 11.3.3 Advanced Design Considerations 460 11.4 ESD Protection Circuits 460 11.4.1 Operation 461 11.4.2 Modeling 461 11.4.3 Advanced Design Considerations 463 11.5 On-Chip Termination 463 11.5.1 Operation 463 11.5.2 Modeling 463 11.5.3 Advanced Design Considerations 464 11.6 Bergeron Diagrams 465 11.6.1 Theory and Method 470 11.6.2 Limitations 474 11.7 Open-Drain Transmitters 474 11.7.1 Operation 474 11.7.2 Modeling 476 11.7.3 Advanced Design Considerations 476 11.8 Differential Current-Mode Transmitters 479 11.8.1 Operation 479 11.8.2 Modeling 480 11.8.3 Advanced Design Considerations 480 11.9 Low-Swing and Differential Receivers 481 11.9.1 Operation 481 11.9.2 Modeling 482 11.9.3 Advanced Design Considerations 483 11.10 IBIS Models 483 11.10.1 Model Structure and Development Process 483 11.10.2 Generating Model Data 485 11.10.3 Differential I/O Models 488 11.10.4 Example of an IBIS File 490 11.11 Summary 492 References 492 Problems 494 12. Equalization 499 12.1 Analysis and Design Background 500 12.1.1 Maximum Data Transfer Capacity 500 12.1.2 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 502 12.1.3 Ideal Versus Practical Interconnects 506 12.1.4 Equalization Overview 511 12.2 Continuous-Time Linear Equalizers 513 12.2.1 Passive CTLEs 514 12.2.2 Active CTLEs 521 12.3 Discrete Linear Equalizers 522 12.3.1 Transmitter Equalization 525 12.3.2 Coefficient Selection 530 12.3.3 Receiver Equalization 535 12.3.4 Nonidealities in DLEs 536 12.3.5 Adaptive Equalization 536 12.4 Decision Feedback Equalization 540 12.5 Summary 542 References 545 Problems 546 13. Modeling and Budgeting of Timing Jitter and Noise 549 13.1 Eye Diagram 550 13.2 Bit Error Rate 552 13.2.1 Worst-Case Analysis 552 13.2.2 Bit Error Rate Analysis 555 13.3 Jitter Sources and Budgets 560 13.3.1 Jitter Types and Sources 561 13.3.2 System Jitter Budgets 568 13.4 Noise Sources and Budgets 572 13.4.1 Noise Sources 572 13.4.2 Noise Budgets 579 13.5 Peak Distortion Analysis Methods 583 13.5.1 Superposition and the Pulse Response 583 13.5.2 Worst-Case Bit Patterns and Data Eyes 585 13.5.3 Peak Distortion Analysis Including Crosstalk 594 13.5.4 Limitations 598 13.6 Summary 599 References 599 Problems 600 14. System Analysis Using Response Surface Modeling 605 14.1 Model Design Considerations 606 14.2 Case Study: 10-Gb/s Differential PCB Interface 607 14.3 RSM Construction by Least Squares Fitting 607 14.4 Measures of Fit 615 14.4.1 Residuals 615 14.4.2 Fit Coefficients 616 14.5 Significance Testing 618 14.5.1 Model Significance: The F-Test 618 14.5.2 Parameter Significance: Individual t-Tests 619 14.6 Confidence Intervals 621 14.7 Sensitivity Analysis and Design Optimization 623 14.8 Defect Rate Prediction Using Monte Carlo Simulation 628 14.9 Additional RSM Considerations 633 14.10 Summary 633 References 634 Problems 635 Appendix A: Useful Formulas Identities Units and Constants 637 Appendix B: Four-Port Conversions Between T- and S-Parameters 641 Appendix C: Critical Values of the F-Statistic 645 Appendix D: Critical Values of the T-Statistic 647 Appendix E: Causal Relationship Between Skin Effect Resistance and Internal Inductance for Rough Conductors 649 Appendix F: Spice Level 3 Model for 0.25 μm MOSIS Process 653 Index 655

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Book SynopsisThe most up-to-date book available on the physics of photonic devices This new edition of Physics of Photonic Devices incorporates significant advancements in the field of photonics that have occurred since publication of the first edition (Physics of Optoelectronic Devices). New topics covered include a brief history of the invention of semiconductor lasers, the Lorentz dipole method and metal plasmas, matrix optics, surface plasma waveguides, optical ring resonators, integrated electroabsorption modulator-lasers, and solar cells. It also introduces exciting new fields of research such as: surface plasmonics and micro-ring resonators; the theory of optical gain and absorption in quantum dots and quantum wires and their applications in semiconductor lasers; and novel microcavity and photonic crystal lasers, quantum-cascade lasers, and GaN blue-green lasers within the context of advanced semiconductor lasers. Physics of Photonic Devices, Second Edition presents novel informatTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction. 1.1 Basic Concepts of Semiconductor Bonding and Band Diagrams. 1.2 The Invention of Semiconductor Lasers. 1.3 The Field of Optoelectronics. 1.4 Overview of the book. Problems. References. Bibliography. PART I: FUNDAMENTALS. Chapter 2: Basic Semiconductor Electronics. 2.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Boundary Conditions. 2.2 Semiconductor Electronics Equations. 2.3 Generation and Recombination in Semiconductors. 2.4 Examples and Applications to Optoelectronic Devices. 2.5 Semiconductor p-N and n-P Heterojunctions. 2.6 Semiconductor n-N Heterojunctions and Metal-Semiconductor Junctions. Problems. References. Chapter 3: Basic Quantum Mechanics. 3.1 Schrödinger Equation. 3.2 The Square Well. 3.3 The Harmonic Oscillator. 3.4 The Hydrogen Atom and Excitons in 2D and 3D. 3.5 Time-Independent Perturbation Theory. 3.6 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory . Appendix 3A. Löwdin’s Renormalization Method. Problems. References. Chapter 4: Theory of Electronic Band Structures in Semiconductors. 4.1 The Bloch Theorem and the k•p Method for Simple Bands. 4.2 Kane's Model for Band Structure--The k•p Method with the Spin-Orbit Interaction. 4.3 Luttinger-Kohn’s Model--The k•p Method for Degenerate Bands. 4.4 The Effective Mass Theory for a Single Band and Degenerate Bands. 4.5 Strain Effects on Band Structures. 4.6 Electronic States in an Arbitrary One-Dimensional Potential. 4.7 Kronig-Penny Model for a Superlattice. 4.8 Band Structures of Semiconductor Quantum Wells. 4.9 Band Structures of Strained Semiconductor Quantum Wells. Problems. References. PART II: PROPAGATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 5: Electromagnetics and Light Propagation. 5.1 Time-Harmonic Fields and Duality Principle. 5.2 Poynting's Theorem and Reciprocity Relations. 5.3 Plane Wave Solutions for Maxwell’s Equations in Homogeneous Media. 5.4 Light Propagation in Isotropic Media. 5.5 Wave Propagation in Lossy Medium-Lorentz Oscillator Model and Metal Plasma. 5.6 Plane Wave Reflection from a Surface. 5.7 Matrix Optics. 5.8 Propagation Matrix Approach for Plane Wave Reflection from a Multilayered Medium. 5.9 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media. Appendix 5A Kramers-Kronig Relations. Problems. References. Chapter 6: Light Propagation in Anisotropic Media and Radiation. 6.1 Light Propagation in Uniaxial Media. 6.2 Wave Propagation in Gyrotropic Media- Magnetooptic Effects. 6.3 General Solutions to Maxwell's Equations and Gauge Transformations. 6.4 Radiation and the Far-Field Pattern. Problems. References. Chapter 7: Optical Waveguide Theory. 7.1 Symmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides. 7.2 Asymmetric Dielectric Slab Waveguides. 7.3 Rectangular Dielectric Waveguides. 7.4 Ray Optics Approach to Waveguide Problems. 7.5 The Effective Index Method. 7.6 Wave Guidance in a Lossy or Gain Medium. 7.7 Surface Plasmon Waveguide. Problems. References. Chapter 8: Coupled Mode Theory. 8.1 Waveguide Couplers. 8.2 Coupled Optical Waveguides. 8.3 Applications of Optical Waveguide Couplers. 8.4 Optical Ring Resonators and Add-Drop Filters. 8.5 Distributed Feedback Structures. Appendix 8A Coupling Coefficients for Parallel Waveguides. Appendix 8B Improved Coupled-Mode Theory. Problems. References. PART III: GENERATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 9: Optical Processes in Semiconductors. 9.1 Optical Transitions Using the Fermi’s Golden Rule. 9.2 Spontaneous and Stimulation Emissions. 9.3 Interband Absorption and Gain of Bulk Semiconductors. 9.4 Interband Absorption and Gain in a Quantum Well. 9.5 Interband Momentum Matrix Elements of Bulk and Quantum-Well Semiconductors. 9.6 Quantum Dots and Quantum Wires. 9.7 Intersubband Absorption. 9.8 Gain Spectrum in a Quantum-Well Laser with Valence-Band-Mixing Effects. Appendix 9A Coordinate Transformation of the Basis Functions and the Momentum Matrix Elements. Problems. References. Chapter 10: Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers. 10.1 Double Heterojunction Semiconductor Lasers. 10.2 Gain-Guided and Index-Guided Semiconductor Lasers. 10.3 Quantum-Well Lasers. 10.4 Strained Quantum-Well Lasers. 10.5 Strained Quantum-Dot Lasers. Problems. References. Chapter 11: Advanced Semiconductor Lasers. 11.1 Distributed Feedback Lasers. 11.2 Vertical-Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers. 11.3 Microcavity and Photonics Crystal Lasers . 11.4 Quantum-Cascade Lasers. 11.5 GaN-based Blue-Green Lasers and LEDs. 11.6 Coupled Laser Arrays. Appendix 11A. Hamiltonin for Strained Wurtzite Crystals. Appendix 11B. Band-edge Optical Matrix Elements. Problems. References. PART IV: MODULATION OF LIGHT. Chapter 12: Direct Modulation of Semiconductor Lasers. 12.1 Rate Equations and Linear Gain Analysis. 12.2 High-Speed Modulation Response with Nonlinear Gain Saturation . 12.3 Transport Effects on Modulation of Quantum-Well Lasers: Electrical vs. Optical Modulation. 12.4 Semiconductor Laser Spectral Linewidth and the Linewidth Enhancement Factor. 12.5 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) Spectrum. Problems. References. Chapter 13: Electrooptic and Acoustooptic Modulators. 13.1 Electrooptic Effects and Amplitude Modulators. 13.2 Phase Modulators. 13.3 Electrooptic Effects in Waveguide Devices. 13.4 Scattering of Light by Sound: Raman-Nath and Bragg Diffractions. 13.5 Coupled-Mode Analysis for Bragg Acoustooptic Wave Couplers. Problems. References. Chapter 14: Electroabsorption Modulators. 14.1 General Formulation for Optical Absorption due to an Electron-Hole Pair. 14.2 Franz-Keldysh Effect--Photon-Assisted Tunneling. 14.3 Exciton Effect. 14.4 Quantum Confined Stark Effect (QCSE). 14.5 Electroabsorption Modulator. 14.6 Integrated Electroabsorption Modulator-Laser (EML). 14.7 Self-Electrooptic Effect Devices (SEEDs). Appendix 14A. Two-Particle Wave Function and the Effective Mass Equation. Appendix 14B. Solution of the Electron-Hole Effective-Mass Equation with Exciton Effects. Problems. References. PART V: DETECTION OF LIGHT AND SOLAR CELLS. Chapter 15: Photodetectors and Solar Cells. 15.1 Photoconductors. 15.2 p-n Junction Photodiodes. 15.3 p-i-n Photodiodes. 15.4 Avalanche Photodiodes. 15.5 Intersubband Quantum-Well Photodetectors. 15.6 Solar Cells. Problems. References. Appendices. A. Semiconductor Heterojunction Band Lineups in the Model-Solid Theory. B. Optical Constants of GaAs and InP. C. Electronic Properties of Si, Ge, and Binary, Ternary, and Quarternary Compounds. D. Parameters for GaN, InN, and AlN and Ternary InGaN, AlGaN, and AlGaN Compounds. Index.

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Book SynopsisMaking VHDL a simple and easy-to-use hardware description language Many engineers encountering VHDL (very high speed integrated circuits hardware description language) for the first time can feel overwhelmed by it. This book bridges the gap between the VHDL language and the hardware that results from logic synthesis with clear organisation, progressing from the basics of combinational logic, types, and operators; through special structures such as tristate buses, register banks and memories, to advanced themes such as developing your own packages, writing test benches and using the full range of synthesis types. This third edition has been substantially rewritten to include the new VHDL-2008 features that enable synthesis of fixed-point and floating-point hardware. Extensively updated throughout to reflect modern logic synthesis usage, it also contains a complete case study to demonstrate the updated features. Features to this edition include: a coTable of ContentsPreface xi List of Figures xv List of Tables xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The VHDL Design Cycle 1 1.2 The Origins of VHDL 2 1.3 The Standardisation Process 3 1.4 Unification of VHDL Standards 4 1.5 Portability 4 2 Register-Transfer Level Design 7 2.1 The RTL Design Stages 8 2.2 Example Circuit 8 2.3 Identify the Data Operations 10 2.4 Determine the Data Precision 12 2.5 Choose Resources to Provide 12 2.6 Allocate Operations to Resources 13 2.7 Design the Controller 14 2.8 Design the Reset Mechanism 15 2.9 VHDL Description of the RTL Design 15 2.10 Synthesis Results 16 3 Combinational Logic 19 3.1 Design Units 19 3.2 Entities and Architectures 20 3.3 Simulation Model 22 3.4 Synthesis Templates 25 3.5 Signals and Ports 27 3.6 Initial Values 29 3.7 Simple Signal Assignments 30 3.8 Conditional Signal Assignments 31 3.9 Selected Signal Assignment 33 3.10 Worked Example 34 4 Basic Types 37 4.1 Synthesisable Types 37 4.2 Standard Types 37 4.3 Standard Operators 38 4.4 Type Bit 39 4.5 Type Boolean 39 4.6 Integer Types 41 4.7 Enumeration Types 46 4.8 Multi-Valued Logic Types 47 4.9 Records 48 4.10 Arrays 49 4.11 Aggregates, Strings and Bit-Strings 53 4.12 Attributes 56 4.13 More on Selected Signal Assignments 60 5 Operators 63 5.1 The Standard Operators 63 5.2 Operator Precedence 64 5.3 Boolean Operators 70 5.4 Comparison Operators 73 5.5 Shifting Operators 76 5.6 Arithmetic Operators 79 5.7 Concatenation Operator 84 6 Synthesis Types 85 6.1 Synthesis Type System 85 6.2 Making the Packages Visible 87 6.3 Logic Types – Std_Logic_1164 90 6.4 Numeric Types – Numeric_Std 95 6.5 Fixed-Point Types – Fixed_Pkg 105 6.6 Floating-Point Types – Float_Pkg 119 6.7 Type Conversions 134 6.8 Constant Values 144 6.9 Mixing Types in Expressions 146 6.10 Top-Level Interface 147 7 Std_Logic_Arith 151 7.1 The Std_Logic_Arith Package 151 7.2 Contents of Std_Logic_Arith 152 7.3 Type Conversions 161 7.4 Constant Values 162 7.5 Mixing Types in Expressions 164 8 Sequential VHDL 167 8.1 Processes 167 8.2 Signal Assignments 170 8.3 Variables 171 8.4 If Statements 172 8.5 Case Statements 177 8.6 Latch Inference 178 8.7 Loops 181 8.8 Worked Example 187 9 Registers 191 9.1 Basic D-Type Register 191 9.2 Simulation Model 192 9.3 Synthesis Model 193 9.4 Register Templates 195 9.5 Register Types 199 9.6 Clock Types 199 9.7 Clock Gating 200 9.8 Data Gating 201 9.9 Asynchronous Reset 203 9.10 Synchronous Reset 208 9.11 Registered Variables 210 9.12 Initial Values 211 10 Hierarchy 213 10.1 The Role of Components 213 10.2 Indirect Binding 214 10.3 Direct Binding 219 10.4 Component Packages 220 10.5 Parameterised Components 222 10.6 Generate Statements 225 10.7 Worked Examples 230 11 Subprograms 243 11.1 The Role of Subprograms 243 11.2 Functions 243 11.3 Operators 254 11.4 Type Conversions 258 11.5 Procedures 261 11.6 Declaring Subprograms 267 11.7 Worked Example 270 12 Special Structures 279 12.1 Tristates 279 12.2 Finite State Machines 284 12.3 RAMs and Register Banks 292 12.4 Decoders and ROMs 297 13 Test Benches 301 13.1 Test Benches 301 13.2 Combinational Test Bench 302 13.3 Verifying Responses 305 13.4 Clocks and Resets 307 13.5 Other Standard Types 310 13.6 Don’t Care Outputs 312 13.7 Printing Response Values 314 13.8 Using TextIO to Read Data Files 315 13.9 Reading Standard Types 318 13.10 TextIO Error Handling 319 13.11 TextIO for Synthesis Types 321 13.12 TextIO for User-Defined Types 322 13.13 Worked Example 325 14 Libraries 327 14.1 The Library 327 14.2 Library Names 328 14.3 Library Work 329 14.4 Standard Libraries 330 14.5 Organising Your Files 333 14.6 Incremental Compilation 335 15 Case Study 337 15.1 Specification 337 15.2 System-Level Design 338 15.3 RTL Design 340 15.4 Trial Synthesis 352 15.5 Testing the Design 353 15.6 Floating-Point Version 361 15.7 Final Synthesis 362 15.8 Generic Version 364 15.9 Conclusions 366 Appendix A Package Listings 369 A.1 Package Standard 369 A.2 Package Standard_Additions 373 A.3 Package Std_Logic_1164 380 A.4 Package Std_Logic_1164_Additions 383 A.5 Package Numeric_Std 389 A.6 Package Numeric_Std_Additions 393 A.7 Package Fixed_Float_Types 400 A.8 Package Fixed_Pkg 401 A.9 Package Float_Pkg 415 A.10 Package TextIO 429 A.11 Package Standard_Textio_Additions 431 A.12 Package Std_Logic_Arith 432 A.13 Package Math_Real 436 Appendix B Syntax Reference 439 B.1 Keywords 439 B.2 Design Units 440 B.3 Concurrent Statements 441 B.4 Sequential Statements 443 B.5 Expressions 444 B.6 Declarations 445 References 449 Index 451

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Book SynopsisWIND ENERGY GENERATION WIND ENERGY GENERATIONMODELLING AND CONTROL With increasing concern over climate change and the security of energy supplies, wind power is emerging as an important source of electrical energy throughout the world. Modern wind turbines use advanced power electronics to provide efficient generator control and to ensure compatible operation with the power system. Wind Energy Generation describes the fundamental principles and modelling of the electrical generator and power electronic systems used in large wind turbines. It also discusses how they interact with the power system and the influence of wind turbines on power system operation and stability. Key features: Includes a comprehensive account of power electronic equipment used in wind turbines and for their grid connection. Describes enabling technologies which facilitate the connection of large-scale onshore and offshore wind farms. Provides detaiTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Preface xiii Acronyms and Symbols xv 1 Electricity Generation from Wind Energy 1 1.1 Wind Farms 2 1.2 Wind Energy-generating Systems 3 1.2.1 Wind Turbines 3 1.2.2 Wind Turbine Architectures 7 1.3 Wind Generators Compared with Conventional Power Plant 10 1.3.1 Local Impacts 11 1.3.2 System-wide Impacts 13 1.4 Grid Code Regulations for the Integration of Wind Generation 14 References 17 2 Power Electronics for Wind Turbines 19 2.1 Soft-starter for FSIG Wind Turbines 21 2.2 Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) 21 2.2.1 The Two-level VSC 21 2.2.2 Square-wave Operation 24 2.2.3 Carrier-based PWM (CB-PWM) 25 2.2.4 Switching Frequency Optimal PWM (SFO-PWM) 27 2.2.5 Regular and Non-regular Sampled PWM (RS-PWM and NRS-PWM) 28 2.2.6 Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM (SHEM) 29 2.2.7 Voltage Space Vector Switching (SV-PWM) 30 2.2.8 Hysteresis Switching 33 2.3 Application of VSCs for Variable-speed Systems 33 2.3.1 VSC with a Diode Bridge 34 2.3.2 Back-to-Back VSCs 34 References 36 3 Modelling of Synchronous Generators 39 3.1 Synchronous Generator Construction 39 3.2 The Air-gap Magnetic Field of the Synchronous Generator 39 3.3 Coil Representation of the Synchronous Generator 42 3.4 Generator Equations in the dq Frame 44 3.4.1 Generator Electromagnetic Torque 47 3.5 Steady-state Operation 47 3.6 Synchronous Generator with Damper Windings 49 3.7 Non-reduced Order Model 51 3.8 Reduced-order Model 52 3.9 Control of Large Synchronous Generators 53 3.9.1 Excitation Control 53 3.9.2 Prime Mover Control 55 References 56 4 Fixed-speed Induction Generator (FSIG)-based Wind Turbines 57 4.1 Induction Machine Construction 57 4.1.1 Squirrel-cage Rotor 58 4.1.2 Wound Rotor 58 4.2 Steady-state Characteristics 58 4.2.1 Variations in Generator Terminal Voltage 61 4.3 FSIG Configurations for Wind Generation 61 4.3.1 Two-speed Operation 62 4.3.2 Variable-slip Operation 63 4.3.3 Reactive Power Compensation Equipment 64 4.4 Induction Machine Modelling 64 4.4.1 FSIG Model as a Voltage Behind a Transient Reactance 65 4.5 Dynamic Performance of FSIG Wind Turbines 70 4.5.1 Small Disturbances 70 4.5.2 Performance During Network Faults 73 References 76 5 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)-based Wind Turbines 77 5.1 Typical DFIG Configuration 77 5.2 Steady-state Characteristics 77 5.2.1 Active Power Relationships in the Steady State 80 5.2.2 Vector Diagram of Operating Conditions 81 5.3 Control for Optimum Wind Power Extraction 83 5.4 Control Strategies for a DFIG 84 5.4.1 Current-mode Control (PVdq) 84 5.4.2 Rotor Flux Magnitude and Angle Control 89 5.5 Dynamic Performance Assessment 90 5.5.1 Small Disturbances 91 5.5.2 Performance During Network Faults 94 References 96 6 Fully Rated Converter-based (FRC) Wind Turbines 99 6.1 FRC Synchronous Generator-based (FRC-SG) Wind Turbine 100 6.1.1 Direct-driven Wind Turbine Generators 100 6.1.2 Permanent Magnets Versus Electrically Excited Synchronous Generators 101 6.1.3 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator 101 6.1.4 Wind Turbine Control and Dynamic Performance Assessment 103 6.2 FRC Induction Generator-based (FRC-IG) Wind Turbine 113 6.2.1 Steady-state Performance 113 6.2.2 Control of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine 114 6.2.3 Performance Characteristics of the FRC-IG Wind Turbine 119 References 119 7 Influence of Rotor Dynamics on Wind Turbine Operation 121 7.1 Blade Bending Dynamics 122 7.2 Derivation of Three-mass Model 123 7.2.1 Example: 300 kW FSIG Wind Turbine 124 7.3 Effective Two-mass Model 126 7.4 Assessment of FSIG and DFIG Wind Turbine Performance 128 Acknowledgement 132 References 132 8 Influence of Wind Farms on Network Dynamic Performance 135 8.1 Dynamic Stability and its Assessment 135 8.2 Dynamic Characteristics of Synchronous Generation 136 8.3 A Synchronizing Power and Damping Power Model of a Synchronous Generator 137 8.4 Influence of Automatic Voltage Regulator on Damping 139 8.5 Influence on Damping of Generator Operating Conditions 141 8.6 Influence of Turbine Governor on Generator Operation 143 8.7 Transient Stability 145 8.8 Voltage Stability 147 8.9 Generic Test Network 149 8.10 Influence of Generation Type on Network Dynamic Stability 150 8.10.1 Generator 2 – Synchronous Generator 151 8.10.2 Generator 2 – FSIG-based Wind Farm 152 8.10.3 Generator 2 – DFIG-based Wind Farm (PVdq Control) 152 8.10.4 Generator 2 – DFIG-based Wind Farm (FMAC Control) 152 8.10.5 Generator 2 – FRC-based Wind Farm 152 8.11 Dynamic Interaction of Wind Farms with the Network 153 8.11.1 FSIG Influence on Network Damping 153 8.11.2 DFIG Influence on Network Damping 158 8.12 Influence of Wind Generation on Network Transient Performance 161 8.12.1 Generator 2 – Synchronous Generator 161 8.12.2 Generator 2 – FSIG Wind Farm 162 8.12.3 Generator 2 – DFIG Wind Farm 163 8.12.4 Generator 2 – FRC Wind Farm 165 References 165 9 Power Systems Stabilizers and Network Damping Capability of Wind Farms 167 9.1 A Power System Stabilizer for a Synchronous Generator 167 9.1.1 Requirements and Function 167 9.1.2 Synchronous Generator PSS and its Performance Contributions 169 9.2 A Power System Stabilizer for a DFIG 172 9.2.1 Requirements and Function 172 9.2.2 DFIG-PSS and its Performance Contributions 178 9.3 A Power System Stabilizer for an FRC Wind Farm 182 9.3.1 Requirements and Functions 182 9.3.2 FRC–PSS and its Performance Contributions 186 References 191 10 The Integration of Wind Farms into the Power System 193 10.1 Reactive Power Compensation 193 10.1.1 Static Var Compensator (SVC) 194 10.1.2 Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) 195 10.1.3 STATCOM and FSIG Stability 197 10.2 HVAC Connections 198 10.3 HVDC Connections 198 10.3.1 LCC–HVDC 200 10.3.2 VSC–HVDC 201 10.3.3 Multi-terminal HVDC 203 10.3.4 HVDC Transmission – Opportunities and Challenges 204 10.4 Example of the Design of a Submarine Network 207 10.4.1 Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm 207 10.4.2 Onshore Grid Connection Points 208 10.4.3 Technical Analysis 210 10.4.4 Cost Analysis 212 10.4.5 Recommended Point of Connection 213 Acknowledgement 214 References 214 11 Wind Turbine Control for System Contingencies 217 11.1 Contribution of Wind Generation to Frequency Regulation 217 11.1.1 Frequency Control 217 11.1.2 Wind Turbine Inertia 218 11.1.3 Fast Primary Response 219 11.1.4 Slow Primary Response 222 11.2 Fault Ride-through (FRT) 228 11.2.1 FSIGs 228 11.2.2 DFIGs 229 11.2.3 FRCs 231 11.2.4 VSC–HVDC with FSIG Wind Farm 233 11.2.5 FRC Wind Turbines Connected Via a VSC–HVDC 234 References 237 Appendix A: State–Space Concepts and Models 241 Appendix B: Introduction to Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 249 Appendix C: Linearization of State Equations 255 Appendix D: Generic Network Model Parameters 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisFailure analysis is the preferred method to investigate product or process reliability and to ensure optimum performance of electrical components and systems. The physics-of-failure approach is the only internationally accepted solution for continuously improving the reliability of materials, devices and processes.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword. Foreword by Dr. Craig Hillman. Series Editor’s Preface. Preface. About the Authors. 1 Introduction. 1.1. The Three Goals of the Book. 1.2. Historical Perspective 1.3. Terminology. 1.4. State of the Art and Future Trends. 1.5. General Plan of the Book. References. 2 Failure Analysis - Why? 2.1. Eight Possible Applications. 2.2. Forensic Engineering. 2.3. Reliability Modeling. 2.4. Reverse Engineering. 2.5. Controlling Critical Input Variables. 2.6. Design for Reliability. 2.7. Process Improvement. 2.8. Saving Money by Early Control. 2.9. A Synergetic Approach. References. 3 Failure Analysis - When? 3.1. During Development Cycle. 3.2. Preparing the Fabrication. 3.3. FA during Fabrication. 3.4. FA after Fabrication. 3.5. FA during Operation or Storage. References. 4 Failure Analysis - How? 4.1. Procedures for failure analysis. 4.2. Techniques for decapsulating the device and for sample preparation. 4.3. Techniques for failure analysis. References. 5. Failure Analysis - What? 5.1 Failure Modes and Mechanisms at Various Process Steps. 5.2 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Passive Electronic Parts. 5.3 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Silicon Bipolar Technology. 5.4 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of MOS Technology. 5.5 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Optoelectronic and Photonic Technologies. 5.6 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Non-Silicon Technologies. 5.7 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Hybrid Technology. 5.8 Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Microsystem Technologies. References. 6 Case Studies. 6.1 Case Study No. 1: Capacitors. 6.2 Case Study No. 2: Bipolar Power Devices. 6.3 Case Study No. 3: CMOS Devices. 6.4 Case Study No. 4: MOS Field Effect Transistors. 6.5 Case Study No. 5: Thin Film Transistors. 6.6 Case Study No. 6: High Electron Mobility Transistors. 6.7 Case Study No. 7: MEMS Resonators. 6.8 Case Study No. 8: MEMS Micro-Cantilevers. 6.9 Case Study No. 9: MEMS Switches. 6.10 Case Study No. 10: Magnetic MEMS Switches. 6.11 Case Study No. 11: Chip-Scale Packages. 6.12 Case Study No. 12: Solder Joints. 6.13 Conclusions. References. 7. Conclusions. References. Acronyms. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete introduction tocar-to-X communications networking Automotive Inter-networking will introduce a range of new network and system technologies for vehicle safety, entertainment and comfort systems currently being researched and developed.Table of ContentsPreface xi List of Abbreviations xiii 1 Automotive Internetworking: The Evolution Towards Connected and Cooperative Vehicles 1 1.1 Evolution of In-Vehicle Electronics 1 1.2 Motivation for Connected Vehicles 4 1.3 Terminology 7 1.4 Stakeholders 10 1.5 Outline of this Book 10 References 12 2 Application Classifications and Requirements 13 2.1 Classification of Applications and their Implications 14 2.1.1 Driving-Related Applications 15 2.1.2 Vehicle-Related Applications 19 2.1.3 Passenger-Related Applications 22 2.2 Requirements and Overall System Properties 25 2.3 Overview on Suitable Communication Technologies 28 2.3.1 Communication Technologies 28 2.3.2 Suitability for AutoNet Applications 31 2.4 Summary 34 References 34 3 System Architecture 37 3.1 Domain View of AutoNets 37 3.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model View 40 3.3 Profiling 42 3.4 Standardised Architectures 43 3.4.1 Architecture of the C2C Communication Consortium (C2C-CC) 44 3.4.2 ISO TC204 CALM Architecture 45 3.4.3 ETSI TC ITS Architecture: EN 302 655 47 3.4.4 IEEE WAVE Architecture Featuring IEEE802.11p and IEEE1609.x Standards 49 3.5 Subsystem Architectures 50 3.5.1 Vehicle Architecture 51 3.5.2 Roadside Architecture 55 3.5.3 Infrastructure Architecture 56 3.5.4 Mobile Device Architecture 61 3.6 Summary 62 References 63 4 Applications: Functionality and Protocols 65 4.1 Foresighted Safety Case Study: Environmental Notifications 67 4.1.1 Data Collection and Individual Situation Analysis 68 4.1.2 Cooperative Situation Analysis 71 4.1.3 Distributed Knowledge Management 73 4.1.4 Individual Relevance and Interface to the Driver 75 4.1.5 Data Security and Privacy 77 4.1.6 Reliable Estimation of the Current Driving Condition 78 4.1.7 Communication and Information Dissemination 79 4.1.8 Standardisation Issues 80 4.2 Active Safety Case Study: Cooperative Collision Avoidance and Intersection Assistance 81 4.2.1 Data Collection 82 4.2.2 Situation Analysis and Application Logic 83 4.2.3 Knowledge Management 88 4.2.4 Communication 90 4.2.5 Security and Privacy 93 4.2.6 Driver Interaction 95 4.3 Green Driving Case Study: Traffic Lights Assistance 98 4.3.1 Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory 99 4.3.2 Example: TRAVOLUTION 107 4.4 Business and Convenience Case Study: Insurance and Financial Services 107 4.4.1 Accident Management Services 108 4.4.2 Examples for Insurance and Financial Services (IFS) 116 References 118 5 Application Support 121 5.1 Application Support in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 121 5.2 Communication Aspects in the Application Support 123 5.2.1 CAM: Cooperative Awareness Messages 123 5.2.2 DENM: Decentralised Environmental Notification Messages 125 5.3 AutoNet Facilities 125 5.3.1 Application Plane 126 5.3.2 Information Plane 128 5.3.3 Communication Plane 130 5.4 Implementation Issues for the Application Support Layer 131 5.5 Summary 133 References 133 6 Transport Layer 135 6.1 Transport Layer Integration in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 135 6.1.1 AutoNet Transport 137 6.1.2 TCP, UDP 138 6.2 TCP in AutoNets 139 6.2.1 Congestion Control in TCP 140 6.2.2 Impact of AutoNets 141 6.2.3 Enhancements of TCP and Technical Requirements for AutoNet Scenarios 143 6.2.4 The MOCCA Transport Protocol 144 6.2.5 Evaluation Results 148 6.3 Summary 151 References 152 7 Networking 155 7.1 Networking Principles in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 155 7.1.1 Network Layer Functionality in AutoNets 155 7.1.2 Network Protocol Data Units 158 7.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Networking 160 7.2.1 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Characteristics 160 7.2.2 AutoNet Ad-Hoc Network Addressing and Routing 165 7.2.3 Beaconing 176 7.2.4 Network Utility Maximisation in AutoNets 177 7.3 AutoNet Cellular Networking 187 7.3.1 Communication Architecture for AutoNet Cellular Networking 189 7.3.2 Deployment Strategies 190 7.3.3 Interactions and Cross-Layer Optimisations 192 7.4 IPv6 and Mobility Extensions 192 7.4.1 IPv6 193 7.4.2 Mobility Extensions 194 7.4.3 Deployment Issues 197 References 200 8 Physical Communication Technologies 205 8.1 Wireless Networks in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 206 8.2 Automotive WLAN and DSRC 208 8.2.1 Spectrum Policies 209 8.2.2 IEEE 802.11p 213 8.2.3 ETSI G5A 221 8.3 Utility-Centric Medium Access in IEEE 802.11p 221 8.3.1 Data Differentiation 221 8.3.2 Inter-Vehicle Contention 222 8.3.3 Cross-Layer Issues 223 8.3.4 Evaluation of Utility-Centric Medium Access 225 8.4 Technology Comparison 230 8.5 Conclusion 231 References 231 9 Security and Privacy 233 9.1 Stakes, Assets, Threats and Attacks 235 9.1.1 Stakeholders and Assets 235 9.1.2 Threats and Attacks 236 9.2 Challenges and Requirements 238 9.3 AutoNet Security Architecture and Management 241 9.4 Security Services 244 9.4.1 Cryptographic Mechanisms 244 9.4.2 Digital Signatures 246 9.5 Certification 247 9.5.1 Trust 247 9.5.2 Trusted Third Platforms: Certificate Authorities 249 9.5.3 Certificate Generation and Distribution 250 9.5.4 Certificate Revocation 253 9.6 Securing Vehicles 253 9.7 Secure Communication 254 9.7.1 Secure Messaging 254 9.7.2 Secure Routing and Forwarding 255 9.7.3 Secure Group Communication 255 9.7.4 Plausibility Checks 255 9.8 Privacy 256 9.8.1 Secret Information 256 9.9 Conclusion 258 References 259 10 System Management 261 10.1 System Management in the AutoNet Generic Reference Protocol Stack 261 10.2 Functional Management Building Blocks 263 10.3 Selected Management Issues of an AutoNet Station 264 10.3.1 Cost/Benefit Management 264 10.3.2 Congestion Control 265 10.3.3 Mobility Management 265 10.3.4 TCP Management 268 10.4 Implementation Issues of the Management Layer 270 10.5 Summary 271 References 271 11 Research Methodologies 273 11.1 Early Activities to Investigate AutoNets 274 11.1.1 Activities at the University of Duisburg 274 11.1.2 Activities at the Ohio State University 275 11.2 Methodologies 277 11.2.1 Model Domains for AutoNets 278 11.2.2 Dependency Examples 280 11.3 Simulation Methodology 282 11.3.1 Communication Network Simulation 284 11.3.2 Traffic Simulation 287 11.3.3 Implementation Issues 290 11.4 Field Operational Testing Methodology 298 11.4.1 Applications and Requirements 300 11.4.2 System Architecture 302 11.4.3 Trials 304 11.4.4 Analysis 306 11.5 Summary 307 References 307 12 Markets 309 12.1 Current Market Developments 310 12.1.1 Technological Push 311 12.1.2 Economic Pull 311 12.1.3 Stakeholder Analysis 312 12.2 Challenges 327 12.2.1 Harmonisation and Standardisation 328 12.2.2 Life Cycle 330 12.2.3 Costs and Revenues in an Emerging Business Ecosystem 330 12.2.4 Customer Acceptance 331 12.3 Driving the Emergence of a Coherent Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.1 Strategies for the Development of a Modular Business Ecosystem 333 12.3.2 Early Examples of Telematic Business Ecosystems 339 12.4 Summary 342 References 342 13 Impact and Future Projections 345 A Appendix 351 A.1 Standardisation Bodies for AutoNets 351 A.1.1 ETSI 351 A.1.2 CEN 352 A.1.3 ISO 353 A.1.4 IETF 354 A.1.5 IEEE 354 A.1.6 Car2Car Communication Consortium 354 A.2 Research Projects on AutoNets 355 A.2.1 Early Activities 355 A.2.2 The eSafety Initiative 358 A.2.3 COMeSafety 360 A.2.4 COOPERS 361 A.2.5 CVIS 361 A.2.6 SAFESPOT 363 A.2.7 SeVeCom 363 A.2.8 GeoNet 363 A.2.9 FRAME, E-FRAME 364 A.2.10 VII and IntelliDrive 364 A.2.11 Travolution 365 A.2.12 Aktiv 365 A.2.13 PRE-DRIVE C2X 366 A.2.14 simTD 367 References 368 Index 369

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Book SynopsisThe explosion of traffic over data communications networks has resulted in a demand for Quality of Service (QoS) techniques to ensure network reliability, particularly in regard to e-commerce applications. This book covers the implementation of QoS techniques from an engineering point of view.Trade Review"...loaded with the traffic and QoS engineering knowledge necessary for any researcher or designer to keep pace with current progress in both ATM and IP networking..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, November 2002) "The authors do an excellent job of describing the building blocks of QoS control..." (Computing Reviews)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Admission Control. Traffic Access Control. Packet Scheduling. Packet Fair Queuing Implementations. Buffer Management. Flow and Congestion Control. QoS Routing. Differentiated Services. Multiprotocol Label Switching. Appendix: SONET and ATM Protocols. Index.

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Book SynopsisUltrasmall Radio Frequency and Micro-wave Microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMs), such as switches, varactors, and phase shifters, exhibit nearly zero power consumption or loss. For this reason, they are being developed intensively by corporations worldwide for use in telecommunications equipment.Trade Review"...an excellent book for graduate students or practicing engineers in the field of RF microwave technology who need to learn about the latest developments in the RF MEMS world." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2004) "It provides the most comprehensive survey of this new and important technology.” (Microwave Journal, January 2004) "...an invaluable addition to the research library, and highly recommended to all interested in this fascinating technology." (Microwaves & RF, June 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1- Introduction: RF MEMS for Microwave Applications. Chapter 2- Mechanical Modeling of MEMS Devices: Static Analysis. Chapter 3- Mechanical Modeling of MEMS Devices: Dynamic Analysis. Chapter 4- Electromagnetic Modeling of MEMS Switches. Chapter 5- MEMS Switch Library. Chapter 6-MEMS Switch Fabrication and Packaging. Chapter 7-MEMS Switch Reliability and Power Handling. Chapter 8- Design of MEMS Switch Circuits. Chapter 9-MEMS Phase Shifters. Chapter 10- Distributed MEMS Phase Shifters and Switches. Chapter 11- MEMS Varactors and Tunable Oscillators. Chapter 12- Micro machined Inductors. Chapter 13- Reconfigurable MEMS Networks, Filters, Antennas, and Subsystem. Chapter 14- Phase Noise Analysis of MEMS Circuits, Phase Shifters, and Oscillators. Chapter 15- Future Work in RF MEMS. Appendix A: Detailed Analysis and Measurements of Intermodulation Distortion and Power Handling in RF MEMS Switches, Varactors, and Tunable Filters. Appendix B: Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of RF MEMS Materials. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the packaging of electronic equipment to prevent damage from vibration and exposure to large variations in temperature.Trade Review"...text s purpose is to show manufacturers how to design, analyze, and evaluate electronic systems for lower cost and improved reliability in harsh environments..." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Symbols. Physics of Failure In Electronic Systems. Thermal Expansion Displacements, Forces, and Stresses. Vibration of Beams and Other Simple Structures. Vibration of Printed Circuit Boards and Flat Plates. Estimating Fatigue Life in Thermal Cycling and VibrationEnvironments. Octave Rule, Snubbers, Dampers, and Isolation for PreventingVibration Damage to Electronic Systems. Displacements, Forces, and Stresses in Axial Leaded ComponentWires Due to Thermal Expansions. Designing Electronic Equipment for Sinusoidal Vibration. Assessment of Random Vibration on Electronic Design. Combining Fatigue Damage for Random Vibration and Thermal Cycling. Thermal Cycling Failures in Surface-Mounted Components. Stresses and Fatigue Life in Component Lead Wires and SolderJoints Due to Dynamic Forces and PCB Displacements. Fatigue Life of Long Components, Tall Components, and SmallComponents Mounted on PCBs. Wear and Interface Surface Fretting Corrosion in ElectricalConnectors. Case Histories of Failures and Failure Analyses. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA complete, one-stop reference on the state of the art of unsupervised adaptive filtering While unsupervised adaptive filtering has its roots in the 1960s, more recent advances in signal processing, information theory, imaging, and remote sensing have made this a hot area for research in several diverse fields.Table of ContentsContributors vii Preface xi 1 Introduction 1Simon Haykin 1.1 Why Adaptive Filtering? 1 1.2 Supervised and Unsupervised Forms of Adaptive Filtering 2 1.3 Two Important Unsupervised Signal-Processing Tasks 3 1.4 Three Fundamental Approaches to Unsupervised Adaptive Filtering 6 1.5 Organization of Volume II 10 References 11 2 The Core of FSE-CMA Behavior Theory 13C. R. Johnson, Jr., P. Schniter, I. Fijalkow, L. Tong, J. D. Behm, M. G. Larimore, D. R. Brown, R. A. Casas, T. J. Endres, S. Lambotharan, A. Touzni, H. H. Zeng, M. Green, and J. R. Treichler 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 MMSE Equalization and LMS 22 2.3 The CM Criterion and CMA 41 2.4 CMA-Adapted-Equalizer Design Issues with Illustrative Examples 75 2.5 Case Studies 89 2.6 Conclusions 106 References 108 3 Relationships between Blind Deconvolution and Blind Source Separation 113Scott C. Douglas and Simon Haykin 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 Problem Descriptions 117 3.3 Algorithmic Relationships 122 3.4 Structural Relationships 129 3.5 Extensions 140 3.6 Conclusions 142 References 142 4 Blind Separation of Independent Sources Based on Multiuser Kurtosis Optimization Criteria 147Constantinos B. Papadias 4.1 Introduction 148 4.2 Problem Formulation and Assumptions 150 4.3 Review: The Single-User Equalization Problem 154 4.4 Necessary and Su½cient Conditions for BSS 160 4.5 Unconstrained Criteria: The MU-CM Approach 162 4.6 Constrained Criteria: The MUK Approach 165 4.7 Numerical Examples 171 4.8 Conclusions 175 References 176 Index 181

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive introduction to ICA for students and practitioners Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is one of the most exciting new topics in fields such as neural networks, advanced statistics, and signal processing.Trade Review"...researchers...introduce independent component analysis as a statistical and computational technique for revealing hidden factors that underlie sets of random variables, measurements, or signals." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface. Introduction. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES. Random Vectors and Independence. Gradients and Optimization Methods. Estimation Theory. Information Theory. Principal Component Analysis and Whitening. BASIC INDEPENDENT COMPONENT ANALYSIS. What is Independent Component Analysis? ICA by Maximization of Nongaussianity. ICA by Maximum Likelihood Estimation. ICA by Minimization of Mutual Information. ICA by Tensorial Methods. ICA by Nonlinear Decorrelation and Nonlinear PCA. Practical Considerations. Overview and Comparison of Basic ICA Methods. EXTENSIONS AND RELATED METHODS. Noisy ICA. ICA with Overcomplete Bases. Nonlinear ICA. Methods using Time Structure. Convolutive Mixtures and Blind Deconvolution. Other Extensions. APPLICATIONS OF ICA. Feature Extraction by ICA. Brain Imaging Applications. Telecommunications. Other Applications. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe deregulation of the power utilities industry has made the quality of power supply a worldwide issue. Providing background theory and illustrative examples, this text is structured in three parts covering fundamental theory, conventional power plant equipment and power electronic equipmentTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. FUNDAMENTAL THEORY. Introduction. Orthogonal Series Expansions. Electric Circuit Analysis Under Non-sinusodal Conditions. Harmonic Evaluation of Non-linear Functions. Linearisation in Harmonic Domain. Real Fourier Harmonic Domain. Hartley Harmonic Domain. Iterative Solutions of Non-linear Power Plant Components. CONVENTIONAL POWER PLANT EQUIPMENT. Synchronous Generator. Transmission Lines. Magnetic Non-linearities. Electric Arcs. POWER ELECTRONICS EQUIPMENT. Static VAR Compensator. Thyristor-controlled Series Compensator. Three-phase, Six-pulse Rectifier. Static Compensator with PWM Converters. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll packaging engineers and technologists who want to ensure thatthey give their customers the highest quality, most cost-effectiveproducts should know that the paradigm has shifted. It has shiftedaway from the MIL-STDs and other government standards and testprocedures that don''t cost-effectively address potential failuremechanisms or the manufacturing processes of the product. It hasshifted decisively towards tackling the root causes of failure andthe appropriate implementation of cost-effective process controls,qualityscreens, and tests. This book''s groundbreaking, science-based approach to developingqualification and quality assurance programs helps engineers reacha new level of reliability in today''s high-performancemicroelectronics. It does this with powerful... * Techniques for identifying and modeling failure mechanismsearlier in the design cycle, breaking the need to rely on fielddata * Physics-of-failure product reliability assessment methods thatcan be proTable of ContentsThree-Dimensional Stacked Dies. Cofired Ceramic Substrates. Organic Laminated Substrates and Chip-on-Board. High-Density Interconnects and Deposited Dielectrics. Wire and Wirebonds. Tape Automated Bonds. Flip-Chip Bonds. Device and Substrate Attachment. Cases. Leads. Lead Seals. Lid Seals. Material and Product Evaluation Methods. Rework Methods. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisHumanless space exploration, as in the use of Rover in exploring Mars, has demonstrated the importance of human-computer communications. This book provides a comprehensive look at 'general automata' as a method of establishing the fundamentals for communication in human-computer systems (HCS).Trade Review"Essential teaching resource; exhaustive bibliography, including Koenig's 34 previously published works on GAM in HCS." (CHOICE, April 2007) "Readers have been provided with more than sufficient detail-led analysis and practical illustrations…" (Kybernetes, Volume 36, No.34, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Considerations for Establishing Knowledge Structures for Computers. 1.2 Knowledge About Automata as a Subset of World Knowledge. 1.2.1 General Automata. 1.2.2 Extracting and Storing the Meanings of Sentences. 1.2.3 Associating Knowledge. 1.2.4 Establishing Conclusions and Inferences. Exercises. 2. A General Automaton. 2.1 Formal Analysis for a General Automaton. 2.1.1 General Analysis. 2.1.2 Graph Model. 2.1.3 Select Properties of the Graph Model. 2.2 An Application of the Disciplines to the Modeling of Natural Automata. 2.2.1 A Case Study. 2.2.2 Required State Changes. 2.2.3 Algorithm for Determining Required State Changes. Exercises. 3. A General Automaton: Detailed Analysis. 3.1 Distinguishable Receptors and Effectors. 3.2 Nonhomogeneous Environments. 3.3 Transformation Response Components. 3.4 Nonshared Environments Interpreted as Distinguishable. 3.4.1 Model for Performance in Both Shared and Nonshared Environments. 3.4.2 Model for Performance in Shared Environments. Exercises. 4. Processing of Knowledge About Automata. 4.1 Formulation of a Language Information Theory. 4.1.1 Class 1 Sentence. 4.1.2 Class 2 Sentence. 4.1.3 Class 3 Sentence. 4.1.4 Class 4 Sentence. 4.1.5 Class 5 Sentence. 4.1.6 Class 6 Sentence. 4.1.7 Class 7 Sentence. 4.2 Extracting and Storing the Meaning of Sentences by Computer. 4.2.1 Description of an Algorithm. 4.3 Knowledge Association. 4.3.1 Association by Combining Graphs Through Common Points. 4.3.2 Associations by Combining Graph (n + 1)-Tuples. 4.3.3 Computer Methods for Association of Knowledge. 4.4 Deductive Processes. 4.4.1 Deductive Processes Related to Association Through Common Points. 4.4.2 Deductive Processes Related to Association by Combining Graph Tuples. 4.4.3 Deductive Processes with Aristotelian Form A as a Premise. 4.5 Inferences. 4.5.1 Inferences Related to a Single Graph Tuple of Associated Knowledge. 4.5.2 Inferences Related to More than One Graph Tuple of Associated Knowledge. Exercises. 5. A General System of Interactive Automata. 5.1 Formal Analysis for a General System of Interactive Automata. 5.1.1 General Analysis. 5.1.2 Microsystem Model. 5.1.3 Macrosystem Model. 5.2 Example Applications. 5.2.1 A Two-Component System. 5.2.2 A System of Many Components. Exercises. 6. Processing of Knowledge About Systems of Automata. 6.1 A General System of Interactive Automata: Detailed Analysis. 6.1.1 The Microsystem Model. 6.1.2 The Macrosystem Model. 6.2 Knowledge Structures for Sentences Describing Systems of Interactive Automata. Exercises. 7. Changing Expressions of Knowledge for Communication from One Form and Style to Another. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Sets and Relations. 7.3 Establishing Open Expressions and Open Sentences. 7.4 Selecting Subsets of Open Expressions. 7.5 Applying the Results of the Above Analysis. 7.6 Summary and Conclusions. Exercises. 8. Electronic Security Through Pseudo Languages. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Defi nitions, Sets, and Relations. 8.3 Analysis for E-Security Through Pseudo Languages. 8.3.1 A Basic E-Security System. 8.3.2 A Two-Step Encryption System. 8.3.3 E-Signing. 8.4 Summary and Conclusions. Exercises. Appendix A: Analysis for an Effective Operation of a General Automaton. A.1 Introduction. A.2 Recursive Methods. A.3 Effective Operation Analysis. Exercises. Appendix B: Analysis for an Effective Operation of a General System of Interactive Automata. B.1 Introduction. B.2 Microsystem Graphs. B.3 Macrosystem Graphs. B.4 Example. Exercises. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisOriginally a training course; best nontechnical coverage. Topics include batteries, circuits, conductors, AC and DC, inductance and capacitance, generators, motors, transformers, amplifiers, etc. Many questions with answers. 349 illustrations. 1969 edition.

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive treatment of modern quantum measurement and measurement-based quantum control, this important book will interest graduate students and researchers in quantum information, quantum metrology, quantum control and related fields. It introduces key experiments and technologies through dozens of recent experiments, and contains nearly 300 exercises to build understanding.Trade Review"An outstanding introduction, at the advanced graduate level, to the mathematical description of quantum measurements, parameter estimation in quantum mechanics, and open quantum systems, with attention to how the theory applies in a variety of physical settings. Once assembled, these mathematical tools are used to formulate the theory of quantum feedback control. Highly recommended for the physicist who wants to understand the application of control theory to quantum systems and for the control theorist who is curious about how to use control theory in a quantum context." Carlton Caves, University of New Mexico"A comprehensive and elegant presentation at the interface of quantum optics and quantum measurement theory. Essential reading for students and practitioners, both, in the growing quantum technologies revolution." Howard Carmichael, The University of Auckland"Quantum Measurement and Control provides a comprehensive and pedagogical introduction to critical new engineering methodology for emerging applications in quantum and nano-scale technology. By presenting fundamental topics first in a classical setting and then with quantum generalizations, Wiseman and Milburn manage not only to provide a lucid guide to the contemporary toolbox of quantum measurement and control but also to clarify important underlying connections between quantum and classical probability theory. The level of presentation is suitable for a broad audience, including both physicists and engineers, and recommendations for further reading are provided in each chapter. It would make a fine textbook for graduate-level coursework.” Hideo Mabuchi, Stanford University"This book presents a unique summary of the theory of quantum measurements and control by pioneers in the field. The clarity of presentation and the varied selection of examples and exercises guide the reader through the exciting development from the earliest foundation of measurements in quantum mechanics to the most recent fundamental and practical developments within the theory of quantum measurements and control. The ideal blend of precise mathematical arguments and physical explanations and examples reflects the authors’ affection for the topic to which they have themselves made pioneering contributions." Klaus Mølmer, University of Aarhus"This book is a pioneering work in the modern, rapidly developing field of quantum measurement and measurement-based quantum control. It provides a comprehensive and pedagogical introduction to a critical new engineering methodology for emerging applications in quantum and nano-scale technology. The clarity of the presentation and the fine and careful selection of examples and exercises make this important book an excellent textbook for graduate-level course-work, but it can also serve as a reference on the recent results in the exciting field of quantum measurement and control theory." Katalin M. Hangos, Mathematical ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Quantum measurement theory; 2. Quantum parameter estimation; 3. Open quantum systems; 4. Quantum trajectories; 5. Quantum feedback control; 6. State-based quantum feedback control; 7. Applications to quantum information processing; Appendixes; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisCovering one of the most flourishing fields in physics, this is an ideal textbook for advanced undergraduate level courses in geometrical optics. It will also interest those wanting to learn its concepts and theories. Each chapter contains worked examples, and exercises are also included.Table of Contents1. Light propagation; 2. Reflections and refractions at optical surfaces; 3. Image formation; 4. Mirrors and prisms; 5. Curved optical surfaces; 6. Thin lenses; 7. Thick lenses; 8. Mirrors; 9. Optical apertures; 10. Paraxial ray tracing; 11. Aberrations in optical systems; 12. Real ray tracing; Appendices; Index.

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Book SynopsisAgent Technology, or Agent-Based Approaches, is a new paradigm for developing software applications. It has been hailed as 'the next significant breakthrough in software development', and 'the new revolution in software' after object technology or object-oriented programming.In this context, an agent is a computer system which is capable of acting autonomously in its environment in order to meet its design objectives. So in the area of concurrent design and manufacturing, a manufacturing resource, namely a machine or an operator, may cooperate and negotiate with other agents for task assignment; and an existing engineering software can be integrated with a distributed integrated engineering design and manufacturing system. Hence in agent-based systems, there is no centralized system control structure, and no pre-defined agenda for the system execution, as exist in traditional systems.This book systematically describes the principles, key issues, and applications of agentTable of ContentsPart One: Introduction Chapter 1: General Introduction. 1.1 Motivation. 1.2 Book Organization. 1.3 How To Use This Book. Chapter 2: Collaborative Design and Manufacturing. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Engineering Design. 2.3 Advanced Manufacturing Systems. 2.4 Next Generation Collaborative Design and Manufacturing Systems. Chapter 3: DAI and Agents. 3.1 Classic AI and DAI. 3.2 Research Themes in DAI. 3.3 Models of DAI Systems. 3.4 Objects vs. Agents. 3.5 Different Types of Agents. 3.6. Why Agents for Collaborative Design and Manufacturing. Part Two: Important Issues Chapter 4: Knowledge Representation in Agent-Based Concurrent Design and Manufacturing Systems. 4.1 Introduction 4.2 What needs to be Represented. 4.3 How to Represent Knowledge in Agent-Based Systems. 4.4 Research Literature and Further References. Chapter 5: Learning in Agent-Based Concurrent Design and Manufacturing Systems. 5.1 Introdution. 5.2 Why to Learn. 5.3 Single-Agent Learning or Multi-Agent Learning. 5.4 When to Learn. 5.5 Where to Learn. 5.6 What is to be Learned. 5.7 How to Learn. 5.8 Examples. 5.9 Research Literature and Additional References. Chapter 6: Agent Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Desirable characteristics of an agent. 6.3 Essential Modules (Components) for agents. 6.4 Different Approaches. 6.5 Comparison of Different Approaches. 6.6 Research Literature and further References. Chapter 7: Multi-Agent System Architectures. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Organization and System Architectures. 7.3 Different Approaches. 7.4 Select a suitable system architecture for a specific application. 7.5 Research Literature and Additional Readings. Chapter 8: Communication, Cooperation and Coordination. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Communication. 8.3 Coordination. 8.4 Cooperation. 8.5 Coordination, Cooperation and Communication. 8.6 Research Literature and Further References. Chapter 9: Collaboration, Task Decompsition and Allocation. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Different Approaches for Task Decomposition and Allocation. 9.3 Coordinated Task Allocation by Mediation. 9.4 Distributed Task Allocation. 9.5 Task Decomposition in MetaMorph: an Example. 9.6 Research Literature and Additional References. Chapter 10: Negotiation and Conflict Resolution. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Classification of Negotiation Categories. 103. Negotiation Protocols. 10.4 Negotiation Strategies. 10.5 Negotiation for Conflict Resolution. 10.6 Examples in Concurrent Design and Manufacturing. 10.7 Research Literature and Additional Information. Chapter 11: Ontology Problems. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 What is Ontology? 11.3 Ontology and Knowledge Sharing. 11.4 Ontology Problems in Concurrent Design and Manufacturing. 11.5 Related concepts, Theories and Methods. 11.6 Ontolingua: A System for Managing Portable Ontologies. 11.7 Research Literature and Additional References. Chapter 12: Other Important Issues. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Agent Encapsulation. 12.3 Human machine integration (human participation). 12.4 System dynamics. 12.5. Design and manufacturability assessments. 12.6 Integration of manufacturing Planning, Scheduling and Execution. 12.7 Distributed Dynamic Scheduling. 12.8 Enterprise Integration and Supply Chain Management. 12.9 Legacy problem. 12.10 External interfaces. Part Three: Agent-Based Systems for Engineering Design & Manufacturing Chapter 13: Agent-Based Engineering Design Systems. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 PACT (PACE) 13.3 SHARE (DSC) 13.4 First-Link, Next-Link and Process Link. 13.5 DIDE. 13.6 SiFAs. 13.7 RAPPID. 13.8 Other projects. 13.9 Summary. Chapter 14: Agent-Based manufacturing Planning, Scheduling and Control. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 MetaMorph. 14.3 AARIA. 14.4 ADDYMS. 14.5 Other Projects. 14.6 Summary. Chapter 15: Enterprise Integration and Supply Chain Management. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 ISCM. 15.3 CIIMPLEX. 15.4 MetaMorph II. 15.5 AIMS. 15.6 Other Projects. 15.7 Summary. Part Five: Developing Agent-Based Design and Manufacturing Systems Chapter 16: Methodology, Standards, Tools, Languages, and Frameworks. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Tools and Framework. 16.3 Methodology, Languages, and Standards. 16.4 Further references. Chapter 17: Building Agent-Based Design and Manufacturing Systems. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Selecting or developing an agent architecture. 17.3 Selecting an approach for agent organization. 17.4 Selecting or developing protocols for inter-agent communication. 17.5 Developing mechanisms for cooperation, coordination and negotiation. 17.6 Selecting platforms, tools and languages. 17.7 Agent-Oriented Design and Analysis. 17.8 Simulation and Implementation. 17.9 Testing, Debugging and Evaluation. Chapter 2: Collaborative Design and Manufacturing, Chapter 3: DAI and Agents. Part Two: Important Issues Chapter 4: Knowledge Representation in Agent-Based Concurrent Design and Manufacturing Systems. Chapter 5: Learning in Agent-Based Concurrent Design and Manufacturing Systems. Chapter 6: Agent Structures. Chapter 7: Multi-Agent System Architectures. Chapter 8: Communication, Cooperation and Coordination. Chapter 9: Collaboration, Task Decomposition and Allocation. Chapter 10: Negotiation and Conflict Resolution. Chapter 11: Ontology Problems. Chapter 12: Other Important Issues. Part Three: Agent-Based Systems for Engineering Design and Manufacturing Chapter 13: Agent-Based Engineering Design Systems. Chapter 14: Agent-Based manufacturing Planning, Scheduling and Control. Chapter 15: Enterprise Integration and Supply Chain Management. Part Four: Developing Agent-Based Design and Manufacturing Systems Chapter 16: Methodlogy, Standards, Tools, Languages, and Frameworks

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Book SynopsisAn international perspective on recent research, Compound Semiconductors 2001 provides an overview of important developments in III-V compound semiconductors, such as GaAs, InP, and GaN; II-VI compounds, such as ZnSe and CdTe; and IV-IV compounds, such as SiC and SiGe. The book contains 139 papers arranged in chapters on electronic devices, optical devices, magnetic materials, novel systems, quantum transport, optical characterization, quantum nanostructures, and material growth and characterization. The content encompasses the development of optical and electronic devices based on nitride semiconductors as well as the steady advances in traditional topics like III-V-based electronic and optical devices, growth and processing, and characterization. The book also includes novel research trends in quantum structures, such as quantum wires and dots, and spintronics, which are very promising for future developments in nanotechnology. As the primary forum for research into these Table of Contents1 Electronic Devices (24 papers).2 Optical Devices (15 papers).3 Magnetic Materials (5 papers).4 Novel Systems (10 papers).5 Quantum Transport (8 papers).6 Optical Characterization (16 papers).7 Quantum Nanostructures (20 papers).8 Material Growth and Characterization (15 papers).9 Material Growth and Characterization (Nitride) (26 papers).Author Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contentsch. 1. 1907-1919: the phonograph in disguise -- ch. 2. 1920-1929: toward a new visual identity -- ch. 3. 1930-1940: reverberations of deco -- ch. 4. 1941-1949: style in transition -- ch. 5. 1950-1977: fads, fashions and final frontiers.

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Book SynopsisOver the years, electronic technology - especially digital - has transformed our world. This title helps you to: understand Ohm's Law, magnetism, insulators, and conductors; review circuit diagrams and principles of parallel circuits; examine electromagnetic induction, capacitance, and resistance; and, explore fiber optics, LED, and laser.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiv Chapter 1 What Is Electricity? 01 The Invisible Force 01 Amazing Usefulness 02 The Invisible Twin 03 Devices That Do Intelligent Work 04 Summary 04 Review Questions 05 Chapter 2 The Primary Factors 07 The Three Primaries 07 Origins Inside of Atoms 09 Key Terms 09 The Basic Structure of an Atom 15 Current 16 Voltage 17 Resistance 18 Ohm’s Law 19 Analogy of Ohm’s Law 20 Illustrations of Ohm’s Law 21 The Ohm’s Law Circle 23 Power 24 Magnetism 26 Magnetic Poles 27 Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substances 28 The Earth as a Magnet 28 Magnetic Lines of Force 29 The Molecular Origins of Magnetism 30 The Strength of a Magnet 31 The Lifting Power of a Magnet 31 Static Electricity 34 Types of Current 38 Insulators and Conductors 40 Electromagnetism 41 Galvanoscope 47 Solenoids 47 Summary 49 Review Questions 49 Exercises 50 Chapter 3 Circuits 51 Open and Closed Circuits 51 Series and Parallel Circuits 52 Series Circuits 52 Parallel Circuits 52 Series-Parallel Circuits 53 Short Circuits 54 Circuit Diagrams 56 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 58 Voltage Measurements with Respect to Ground 60 Batteries 61 Principles of Parallel Circuits 68 Shortcuts for Parallel Circuits 70 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Parallel Circuits 71 Practical Problems in Parallel Circuits 72 Parallel Connection of Cells 74 Principles of Series-Parallel Circuits 76 Kirchhoff’s Current Law for Series-Parallel Circuits 77 Series-Parallel Connection of Cells 78 Circuit Reduction 79 Power in a Series-Parallel Circuit 82 Three-Wire Distribution Circuit 83 Thevenin’s Theorum 88 Summary 91 Review Questions 92 Exercises 93 Chapter 4 Alternating Current 95 Alternating Current Characteristics 95 Frequency 95 Instantaneous and Effective Voltages 95 Ohm’s Law in AC Circuits 98 Power Laws in Resistive AC Circuits 100 Combining AC Voltages 103 Inductive and Capacitive Circuits 108 Inductive Circuits 109 Power in an Inductive Circuit 113 Resistance in an AC Circuit 115 Capacitive Reactance 119 Capacitive Reactance and Resistance in Series 123 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Series 127 Inductance and Resistance in Parallel 130 Capacitance and Resistance in Parallel 132 Inductance, Capacitance, and Resistance in Parallel 134 Principles of Electromagnetic Induction 135 Laws of Electromagnetic Induction 136 Self-Induction of a Coil 139 Transformers 142 Reversal of Induced Secondary Voltage 150 Transformer Operation 151 Windings and Voltages 152 Recap and Formulas 155 The Primaries 155 Ohm’s Law 156 Reactance 158 Series Circuits 161 Parallel Circuits 162 Series-Parallel Circuits 164 Formulas 166 Summary 166 Review Questions 168 Exercises 169 Chapter 5 Resonance 171 RC Circuits 172 RCL Circuit 173 Parallel LC Circuit 177 Series Resonant Circuits 178 Parallel Resonant Circuits 180 Uses of Series and Parallel Resonant Circuits 181 Summary 183 Review Questions 183 Exercises 184 Chapter 6 Semiconductors 185 Doping and Molecular Structure 185 P and N Types 186 Vacuum Tube Devices 186 The PN Junction 189 Holes 191 How the PN Junction Works 192 PNP Junctions 194 Transistors 197 Summary 198 Review Questions 200 Exercises 200 Chapter 7 Semiconductor Devices 201 Diodes 201 Diode Applications 202 Types of Diodes 202 Transistors 207 Transistor Applications 209 Types of Transistors 209 Thyristors 213 Triacs 215 Summary 215 Review Questions 216 Exercises 216 Chapter 8 Optoelectronics 217 The Origins of Light 217 The Nature of Light 218 Wavelength 219 Intensity 221 Optoelectronic Devices 221 Photodiodes 221 Phototransistors 222 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 222 Laser Diodes 222 Optical Isolators 222 Photoresistors 223 Photomultipliers 223 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 223 Summary 224 Review Questions 225 Exercises 226 Chapter 9 Circuit Components 227 Conductors 227 Copper Wire 227 Other Conductors 230 Cables 230 Connections 230 Soldering 231 Crimp Connectors 231 Switches 232 Fuses 234 Resistors 236 Capacitors 237 Inductors 238 Relays 238 Transformers 243 Overcurrent Protection 244 Installation 245 Power Supplies 246 Working with Electronic Components 247 Printed Circuit Boards 248 Grounding 249 Grounding Requirements 250 Summary 250 Review Questions 252 Exercises 252 Chapter 10 Filters 253 Types of Filters 255 Low-Pass Filters 256 High-Pass Filters 258 Band-Pass Filters 260 Notch Filters 261 Summary 262 Review Questions 263 Exercises 263 Chapter 11 Amplifiers 265 Signal Distortion 265 Amplitude Distortion 266 Frequency Distortion 266 Clipping 266 Crossover Distortion 267 Phase Distortion 267 Heterodyning 267 Amplifier Classes 268 Class A Amplifiers 268 Class B Amplifiers 269 Class C Amplifiers 269 Transistor Coupling 270 Direct Coupling 270 RC Coupling 270 Transformer Coupling 271 Impedance Coupling 272 Transistor Amplifiers 272 Common-Base Circuits 272 Common-Emitter Circuits 273 Common-Collector Circuits 273 Op-amps 274 Summary 276 Review Questions 277 Exercises 278 Chapter 12 Oscillators 279 The Tank Circuit 279 Timing 280 Positive Feedback 281 RC Timers 281 Types of Oscillators 283 Tuned-Base Oscillator 283 RC Relaxation Oscillator 283 Crystal Oscillators 285 Additional Oscillators 286 Summary 286 Review Questions 288 Exercises 288 Chapter 13 Digital Electronics 289 Digital and Data 289 Binary Code 289 Sending Binary Numbers 290 Basic Logic Circuits 292 Transistor Gates 294 Combination Logic Circuits 296 Sequential Logic Circuits 298 Combination Logic Circuits 302 Integrated Circuits 304 Linear and Digital 306 Summary 306 Review Questions 308 Exercises 309 Chapter 14 Fiber Optics 311 Light Recap 311 Sending Light through Glass Fibers 312 Optical-Signal Transmission 313 Attenuation and Dispersion 313 Internal Reflection 315 Types of Fibers 316 Transmission Devices and Methods 318 Decibels 318 Optical System Materials 319 Light Sources 320 Cabling 321 Connectors 322 Splices 323 Receivers 324 Testing 324 Continuity Testing 324 Power Testing 324 OTDR Testing 329 Optical System Parameters 329 Summary 329 Review Questions 332 Exercises 333 Chapter 15 Radio Transmission 335 Early Development 335 Radio Waves and Propagation 336 Tuned Circuits 340 Oscillators and the Audion 342 Basics 343 Modulation 347 Amplitude Modulation 347 Demodulation 348 Frequency Modulation 349 Pulse Modulation 352 Multiplexing 353 Antennas 353 Transmitting Antennas 354 Polarity 354 Receiving Antennas 355 Wave Paths 356 Summary 357 Review Questions 359 Exercises 360 Chapter 16 Audio 361 The Nature of Sound 361 Elements of Sound 361 Acoustics 364 Audio Systems 364 Audio Devices 365 Microphones 366 Tape Recorders 369 Equalizers 371 Amplifiers 372 Speakers 372 Autotransformers 375 Crossovers 375 Summary 375 Review Questions 377 Exercises 378 Chapter 17 Television 379 Television Basics 379 The Television Picture 382 The Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) 383 Color Television 385 Television Systems 385 Closed-Circuit Television 385 Video Cameras 386 Cable TV Channels 387 Summary 387 Review Questions 389 Exercises 390 Chapter 18 Radar 391 Radar Basics 391 Measuring Distance 392 Measuring Speed 394 Measuring Position 395 Waveguides 395 Cavity Resonators 396 Antennas 397 Reciprocity 397 Analyzing Radar Images 397 Radar Systems 399 Summary 399 Review Questions 400 Exercises 401 Chapter 19 Computers 403 Computer Basics 404 Integrated Circuit Chips 405 The Flip-Flop Circuit 406 Personal Computers 407 The CPU 407 Bios 407 Memory 407 Operating System 408 I/O Interfaces 408 Power Supply 408 Bus Systems 408 Disk Drives 408 Summary 408 Review Questions 409 Exercises 409 Appendix A Required Mathematics 411 Appendix B Symbols and Abbreviations 421 Appendix C Circuits 433 Glossary 443 Index 453

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Book SynopsisGain an understanding of the inspection of large synchronous machines, generators, condensers, and motors! This text describes each component of the machine, operational functions, typical design features, and tell-tale signs that indicate each mode of failure. Compact with photos, graphs, commonly-used inspection forms, along with extensive references for each topic, INSPECTION OF LARGE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES is an excellent tool for operators, inspectors, and student engineers. Sponsored by IEEE Power Engineering Society.Table of ContentsList of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. PREPARATION. Site Preparation. Inspection Tools. Inspection Forms. INSPECTION. Description of Stator Items (Form 4). Description of Rotor Items (Form 5). Description of Excitation Items (Form 7). Description of Generator Auxiliaries. Standard Electrical and Mechanical Tests. Appendix: Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines. Index.

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Book SynopsisPrinciples of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomedical/Electrical Engineering Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging A Signal Processing Perspective A volume in the IEEE Press Series in Biomedical EngineeringMetin Akay. Series Editor Since its inception in 1971. MRI has developed into a premier tool for anatomical and runaional imaging. Prin??ples ofMagne??c Resonance Imaging provides a clear and comprehensive treatment of MR image formation principles from a signal processing perspective. You will find discussion of these essential topics: Mathematical fundamentals Signal generation and detection principles Signal characteristics Signal localization principles Image reconstruction techniques Image contrast mechanisms Image resolution. noise, and artifacts Fast-scan imaging Constrained reconstruction Spatial information encoding Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Mathematical Fundamentals. Signal Generation and Detection. Signal Characteristics. Signal Localization. Image Reconstruction. Image Contrast. Image Resolution, Noise, and Artifacts. Fast-Scan Imaging. Constrained Reconstruction. Appendix A: Mathematical Formulas. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Abbreviations. Appendix D: Mathematical Symbols. Appendix E: Physical Constants. Bibliography. Index. About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisExplores ultrasonic metal welding (USMW), particularly for the manufacturing of lithium-ion (li-ion) battery cells, modules, and packs as used in electric vehicles. The book focuses mainly on two-layer and multi-layer aluminum (with and without anodizing) and copper (with and without nickel coating) welding configurations.

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Book SynopsisElectronics relates the fascinating stories of how scientists and engineers created and commercialized such devices as the transistor, the Magnetron tube used to power microwave ovens, the CRT (cathode ray tube), the laser, the first integrated circuit, the microprocessor, and memory chips.Trade ReviewThis book will be very useful if you are involved in delivering courses, such as general studies, which attempt to make connections between science and society. If you ignore the plethora of names and acronyms, this book is a sobering account of the economics of the past development of the semiconductor devices which give us so much ease and delight today... Put this book in your school library. Read it if you teach, or aspire to teach, electronics or physics. It will give you a fresh perspective on how silk purses (such as iPods) can indeed be made from sows' ears (such as ICBM guidance systems). School Science Review This book will allow the reader to become familiar with some of the basics of the technology that surrounds us all and will lead to questions about what can and should happen next. Science Books and FilmsTable of ContentsPrefaceTimeline1. The Origins of Electronics, 1900-19502. From lubes to Semiconductors3. Microchips and Lasers4. The Peak Years5. The Triumph of Microelectronics6. ConclusionsGlossaryFurther ReadingIndex

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Book SynopsisThe book covers various issues related to machinery condition monitoring, signal processing and conditioning, instrumentation and measurements, faults for induction motors failures, new trends in condition monitoring, and the fault identification process using motor currents electrical signature analysis. It aims to present a new non-invasive and non-intrusive condition monitoring system, which has the capability to detect various defects in induction motor at incipient stages within an arbitrary noise conditions. The performance of the developed system has been analyzed theoretically and experimentally under various loading conditions of the motor. Covers current and new approaches applied to fault diagnosis and condition monitoring. Integrates concepts and practical implementation of electrical signature analysis. Utilizes LabVIEW tool for condition monitoring problems. Incorporates real-world case studies.Table of Contents1. Introduction to Condition Monitoring of Electrical Machines 2. Background on Condition Monitoring Techniques 3. Noninvasive Methods for Motor Fault Diagnosis 4. Design and Development of a Noninvasive Condition Monitoring System 5. Faults Analysis and Evaluations via IPA and PVA Methods 6. Summary on Noninvasive Electrical Signature Analysis Methods: IPA and PVA

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Book SynopsisThe essays in Small Tech investigate the cultural impact of digital tools and provide fresh perspectives on mobile technologies such as iPods, digital cameras, and PDAs and software functions like cut, copy, and paste and WYSIWYG. Together they advance new thinking about digital environments.

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