Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisEnterprises and organizations of any kind embedded in today's economic environment are deeply dependent on their ability to take part in collaborations. Consequently, it is strongly required for them to get actively involved for their own benefit in emerging, potentially opportunistic collaborative enterprise networks. The concept of “interoperability” has been defined by INTEROP-VLab as “The ability of an enterprise system or application to interact with others at a low cost in a flexible approach”. Consequently, interoperability of organizations appears as a major issue to succeed in building on the fly emerging enterprise networks. The International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Systems and Applications (I-ESA 2014) was held under the motto “interoperability for agility, resilience and plasticity of collaborations” on March 26-28, 2014 and organized by the Ecole des Mines d’Albi-Carmaux, France on behalf of the European Laboratory for Enterprise Interoperability (INTEROP-VLab). On March 24-25, co-located with the conference eight workshops and one doctoral symposium were held in four tracks complementing the program of the I-ESA’14 conference. The workshops and the doctoral symposium address areas of greatest current activity focusing on active discussions among the leading researchers in the area of Enterprise Interoperability. This part of the conference helps the community to operate effectively, building co-operative and supportive international links as well as providing new knowledge of on-going research to practitioners. The workshops and doctoral symposium aimed at exploiting new issues, challenges and solutions for Enterprise Interoperability (EI) and associated domains of innovation such as Smart Industry, Internet-Of-Things, Factories of the Future, EI Applications and Standardisation. These proceedings include the short papers from the I-ESA’14 workshops and the doctoral symposium. The book is split up into 9 sections, one for each workshop and one for the doctoral symposium. All sections were organized following four tracks: (1) EI and Future Internet / Factory of the Future; (2) EI Application Domains and IT; (3) EI Standards; (4) EI Doctoral Symposium. For each section, a workshop report is provided summarizing the content and the issues discussed during the sessions. The goal of the first track was to offer a discussion opportunity on interoperability issues regarding the use of Internet of Things on manufacturing environment (Workshops 1 and 3) on one hand, and regarding the potential of innovation derived from the use of digital methods, architectures and services such as Smart Networks (Workshops 2 and 4) on the other hand. The second track focused on particular application domains that are looking for innovative solutions to support their strong collaborative needs. Thus, the track developed one workshop on the use of EI solution for Future City-Logistics (Workshop 5) and one on the use of EI solutions for Crisis / Disaster Management (Workshop 6). The third track studied the recent developments in EI standardization. Two workshops were dedicated to this issue. The first one has proposed to focus on the management of standardization (Workshop 8) and the second one has chosen to work on the new knowledge on standardization developments in the manufacturing service domain (Workshop 9). The last track, the doctoral symposium presented research results from selected dissertations. The session discussed EI knowledge issues, notably in terms of gathering through social networks or Internet of Things and of exploitation through innovative decision support systems.Table of ContentsPreface xiM. LAURAS, M. ZELM, B. ARCHIMÈDE, F. BÉNABEN, G. DOUMEINGTS Workshop 1. IoT Interoperability for Manufacturing: Challenges and Experiences 1 ReportD. ROTONDI 2 Smart Industry Services in Times of Internet of Things and Cloud Computing 5M. SERRANO, P. DIMITROPOULOS Designing and Executing Interoperable IoT Manufacturing Systems 15U. KANNENGIESSER, G. WEICHHART Internet of Things Research on Semantic Interoperability to Address Manufacturing Challenges 21P. COUSIN, M. SERRANO, J. SOLDATOS Manufacturing Integration Challenges: Top-Down Interoperability and Bottom-Up Comprehensiveness Towards a Global Information Backbone for Smart Factory 31V.K. NGUYEN An Improved Decision Support System in Factory Shop-Floor through an IoT Approach 37P. PETRALI Leveraging IoT Interoperability for Enhanced Business Process in Smart, Digital and Virtual Factories 43J. SOLA, A. GONZALEZ, O. LAZARO Workshop 2. Future Internet Methods, Architectures and Services for Digital Business Innovation in Manufacturing, Health and Logistics Enterprises 49 Report 50S. GUSMEROLI, G. DOUMEINGTS Future Internet Technologies and Platforms to Support Smart, Digital and Virtual and Business Processes for Manufacturing 53J. SOLA, A. GONZALEZ, O. LAZARO Delivering Care in a Future Internet59 C. THUEMMLER, T. JELL FITMAN Verification and Validation Method: Business Performance Indicators and Technical Indicators 64G. DOUMEINGTS, B. CARSALADE, M. RAVELOMANANTSOA, F. LAMPATHAKI, P. KOKKINAKOS, D. PANOPOULOS Validation and Quality in FI-PPP e-Health Use Case, FI-STAR Project 71P. COUSIN, S. FRICKER, D. FEHLMY, F. LE GALL, M. FIEDLER Workshop 3. ICT Services and Interoperability for Manufacturing 81 Report82K. POPPLEWELL Intelligent Systems Configuration Services for Flexible Dynamic Global Production Networks 85R.I.M. YOUNG, K. POPPLEWELL, F.-W. JAEKEL, B. OTTO, G. BHULLAR Binding Together Heterogeneous Future Internet Services in Manufacturing Workplaces 91M. SESANA, S. GUSMEROLI, R. SANGUINI Holistic, Scalable and Semantic Approach at Interoperable Virtual Factories 95G. PAVLOV, V. MANAFOV, I. PAVLOVA, A. MANAFOV Predictive Industrial Maintenance: A Collaborative Approach 101F. FERREIRA, A. SHAMSUZZOHA, A. AZEVEDO, P. HELO On Optimizing Collaborative Manufacturing Processes in Virtual Factories 108D. SCHULLER, R. HANS, S. ZÖLLER, R. STEINMETZ Modelling Interoperability-Related, Economic and Efficiency Benefits in Dynamic Manufacturing Networks through Cognitive Mapping 115O.I. MARKAKI, S. KOUSSOURIS, P. KOKKINAKOS, D. PANOPOULOS, D. ASKOUNIS Cloud-Based Interoperability for Dynamic Manufacturing Networks 122D. STOCK, A. BILDSTEIN A smart Mediator to Integrate Dynamic Networked Enterprises 128C. DIOP, A. KAMOUN, E. MEZGHANI, M. ZOUARI, E. EXPOSITO Workshop 4. SmartNets – Collaborative Development and Production of Knowledge-Intensive Products and Services 135 Report 136A. LAU The Industrial Model of Smart Networks for SME Collaboration: Implementation and Success Stories 139A. LAU, M. TILEBEIN, T. FISCHER Towards a Conceptual Model of the Resource Base for Hyperlinking in Innovation Networks 146S.-V. REHM, S. GROSS Enhanced Incubators: Fostering Collaboration, Growth and Innovation 152T.J. MARLOWE, V. KIROVA, M. MOHTASHAMI Application of the SmartNets Methodology in Manufacturing Service Ecosystems 158M. HIRSCH, D. OPRESNIK, H. MATHEIS Application of a Domain-Specific Language to Support the User-Oriented Definition of Visualizations in the Context of Collaborative Product Development 164T. RESCHENHOFER, I. MONAHOV, F. MATTHES Workshop 5. Collaboration Issues for City-Logistics 171 Report – G. MACE-RAMETE, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU 172 Simulation-Based Analysis of Urban Freight Transport with Stochastic Features 175N. HERAZO-PADILLA, J.R. MONTOYA-TORRES, S. NIETO-ISAZA, L. RAMIREZ POLO, L. CASTRO, D. RAMÍREZ, C.L. QUINTERO-ARAÚJO Impacts of Urban Logistics on Traffic Flow Dynamics 181N. CHIABAUT, J.-M. SIGAUD, G. MARQUES, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU A Basic Collaborative City Logistics’ Solution: The Urban Consolidation Centre 188L. FAURE, B. MONTREUIL, G. MARQUÈS, P. BURLAT VRP Algorithms for Decision Support Systems to Evaluate Collaborative Urban Freight Transport Systems 196J. GONZALEZ-FELIU, J.-M. SALANOVA GRAU The Last Food Mile Concept as a City Logistics Solution for Perishable Products: The Case of Parma's Food Urban Distribution Center 202E. MORGANTI, J. GONZALEZ-FELIU Supporting Decision for Road Crisis Management through an Agile and Collaborative Information System 208G. MACÉ-RAMÈTE, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS, J. LAMOTHE Workshop 6. Applications of Advanced Technologies in the Context of Disaster Relief and Crisis Management 213 Report – A. CHARLES214 Enhancing the Emergency Response Using an Event-Driven System 216A.-M. BARTHE-DELANOË, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS, S. TRUPTIL Designing Decision Support Systems for Humanitarian Organisations: Requirements and Issues 222K. SAKSRISATHAPORN, A. CHARLES, A. BOURAS From Global to Local Disaster Resilience: The Case of Typhoon Haiyan 228T. COMES, B. VAN DE WALLE Workshop 8. Corporate Standardisation Management 235 Report – K. JAKOBS 236 Lack of Openness as a Potential Failure in Standardisation Management: Lessons Learnt from Setbacks in European Learning Technology Standardisation 238T. HOEL The Individual in Standard Setting: Selection, Training, Motivation in the Public Sector 244G. CANARSLAN A Framework for the Management of Intra-Organizational Security Process Standardization 250C. SILLABER, M. BRUNNER, R. BREU Standards Roles in Hacklin's Strategic Model: Cases in the Space Sector 256K. BENMEZIANE, A. MIONE Standardization Management and Decision-Making: The Case of a Large Swedish Automotive Manufacturer 261A. FOUKAKI Some Factors Influencing Corporate ICT Standardisation Management 267K. JAKOBS Workshop 9. Standardisation Developments for Enterprise Interoperability and the Manufacturing Service Domain 273 Report – M. ZELM, D. CHEN 274 Towards Standardisation in Manufacturing Service Engineering of Ecosystem 277M. ZELM, G. DOUMEINGTS Framework for Manufacturing Servitization: Potentials for standardization 283D. CHEN, S. GUSMEROLI How Can Existing Standards Support Service Life Cycle Management 290M. FREITAG, M. HIRSCH, J. NEUHÜTTLER An Approach to Interoperability Testing to Speed up the Adoption of Standards 295A. BRUTTI, P. DE SABBATA, N. GESSA A Common Vocabulary to Express Standardization Features: Towards the Interoperability of Industrial Data Standards 301A.-F. CUTTING-DECELLE, G.-I. MAGNAN, C. MOUTON, R.I.M. YOUNG An Info*Engine-Based Architecture to Support Interoperability with Windchill System 308M. ANIS DHUIEB, F. BELKADI, F. LAROCHE, A. BERNARD Doctoral Symposium 315 Report – B. ARCHIMÈDE, J. LAMOTHE 316 Build Enterprise Relationship Network to Support Collaborative Business 318L. WANG, S. LIU, L. WU, L. PAN, X. MENG Analysing Internet of Things to Feed Internet of Knowledge: Support Decision-Making in Crisis Context 325A. SIRKO, S. TRUPTIL, A.-M. BARTHE- DELANOË, F. BÉNABEN On the Interoperability in Marine Pollution Disaster Management 331V. NICOLESCU, M. CARAIVAN, G. SOLOMON, V. CIUPINA A Framework for Characterizing Collaborative Networks of Organizations 337A. MONTARNAL, X. FERNANDEZ, J. LAMOTHE, F. GALASSO, C. THIERRY, F. BÉNABEN, M. LAURAS Index of Authors 343

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Book SynopsisThe digital economy is now expanding rapidly, and is starting to overturn the past achievements of the Industrial Revolution. Initially engaging in the world of services, it is now turning to the manufacture of objects. Just as microcomputing evolved from large scale computing to more personal use, and as the Internet left behind the world of armies and universities to become universal, industrial production is gradually becoming directly controlled by individuals. This appropriation is being done either on a personal level, or, more significantly, within local or planetary communities: Fab Labs. These digital fabrication laboratories offer workshops to members of the public where all sorts of tools are available (including 3D printers, laser cutters and sanders) for the design and creation of personalized objects. The bringing together of various users (amateurs, designers, artists, “dabblers”, etc.) and possibilities for collaboration lies at the heart of these open-access productive spaces. This book covers a range of advances in this new personal fabrication and various issues that it has raised, especially in terms of the alternatives to salaried work, intellectual property, ecological openings and the hitherto unseen structuring of societies.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction xi Chapter 1. Fab Labs: Observations on a Topical Phenomenon 1 1.1. Origins and an attempt at a definition 1 1.1.1. The origins: a concept from MIT 1 1.1.2. Definition of a Fab Lab 4 1.2. Current state of distribution 12 1.2.1. Deployment in industrialized countries 13 1.2.2. Deployment in developing countries 18 1.3. Constitution and operation of a Fab Lab 19 1.3.1. Varied user profiles 20 1.3.2. The main equipment in a Fab Lab 23 1.3.3. From the creative idea to prototyping: a collaborative process 26 1.4. Factors of success and sustainability of a Fab Lab 30 1.4.1. Members’ motivation 32 1.4.2. The relationship to innovation 33 1.4.3. Constitution of self-learning communities 41 1.5. A moving community: the makers 49 Chapter 2. The Emergence of the New Production System of Personal Fabrication 51 2.1. A new time for digital revolution 52 2.1.1. From the 19th Century revolution of the invention 54 2.1.2. to the 21st Century inventor-entrepreneur 56 2.1.3. The revolution in personal production 58 2.2. The rise of a new economic model 64 2.2.1. Links with the previous model, the centralized industrial economy 66 2.2.2. Breaking with the old model of centralized industrial economy 72 2.3. Innovation by the user 79 2.3.1. The distinctive identity of the user 80 2.3.2. The principled substrate of the new innovation model 85 2.4. The challenged economic system 92 2.4.1. Are owners still needed? 92 2.4.2. How can polluting emissions be reduced effectively? 93 2.4.3. Employment is dead, long live work! 95 2.4.4. From the vertical public to horizontal community 97 2.5. Conclusion: everything needs to be reinvented 101 2.5.1. The issue of ownership 101 2.5.2. The issue of subordination 103 2.5.3. The issue of measurement 103 Conclusion 107 Bibliography 109 Index 121

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Book SynopsisThe innovation capacity-building can contribute to improve the integration of developing countries in the world economy. The economic development has been a much discussed subject of the period after the Second World War until the 1990s. After the implementation of a global regulation system for trade and capital flows in the 1990s, the development economics has almost disappeared in favor of different theories on globalization, on finance and on international trade. The purpose of this book is to show that the innovation capacity building in developing countries is necessary to improve their weight in the world economy and to facilitate their economic ties with northern countries. However, there are important difficulties due to the lack of proactive economic policies. Our aim is to contribute to the revival of the development economics. The issue of improving the well-being of the world population as a whole is highly topical. However, studies neglect the need to give economic, financial, technological and political resources to developing countries to promote their own development. One of the most important means is to strengthen their innovation capabilities that allow them to better integrate into the world economy.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. Theories and Policies of Economic Development 1 1.1. The era of economic interventionism 3 1.1.1. Impasses of economic take-off theories 4 1.1.2. The crisis of the interventionist State 9 1.2. The era of liberalism 11 1.2.1. Structural adjustment programs 12 1.2.2. Failure of the “minimum State” 17 1.3. The era of “good governance” 21 1.3.1. Institutions, “good governance” and development 22 1.3.2. “Development” in global governance 26 1.4. The system of “global governance” under scrutiny 30 1.4.1. Global governance as a substitute for economic voluntarism 31 1.4.2. Toward an alternative model of economic growth? 38 Chapter 2. Innovative Capacities and Systems of the South in Globalization 47 2.1. Innovation for economic development 48 2.1.1. Understanding globalization through technology transfer 50 2.1.2. Innovation for development 55 2.2. Innovation systems and integration into the world economy 60 2.2.1. Innovation capacity and learning process 61 2.2.2. About national innovation systems 64 2.2.3. Measuring the performance of innovation systems in developing countries 70 2.2.4. Location strategies of multinational firms and the role of NIS 76 2.3. The difficulties of implementing innovation policies in developing countries 80 2.3.1. Asymmetries and endemic blockages 81 2.3.2. The North/South and South/South technology gap 86 2.3.3. The structural problems of innovation policies 97 Conclusion 105 Bibliography 111 Index 125

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Book SynopsisThe world has become digital and technological advances have multiplied circuits with access to data, their processing and their diffusion. New technologies have now reached a certain maturity. Data are available to everyone, anywhere on the planet. The number of Internet users in 2014 was 2.9 billion or 41% of the world population. The need for knowledge is becoming apparent in order to understand this multitude of data. We must educate, inform and train the masses. The development of related technologies, such as the advent of the Internet, social networks, "cloud-computing" (digital factories), has increased the available volumes of data. Currently, each individual creates, consumes, uses digital information: more than 3.4 million e-mails are sent worldwide every second, or 107,000 billion annually with 14,600 e-mails per year per person, but more than 70% are spam. Billions of pieces of content are shared on social networks such as Facebook, more than 2.46 million every minute. We spend more than 4.8 hours a day on the Internet using a computer, and 2.1 hours using a mobile. Data, this new ethereal manna from heaven, is produced in real time. It comes in a continuous stream from a multitude of sources which are generally heterogeneous. This accumulation of data of all types (audio, video, files, photos, etc.) generates new activities, the aim of which is to analyze this enormous mass of information. It is then necessary to adapt and try new approaches, new methods, new knowledge and new ways of working, resulting in new properties and new challenges since SEO logic must be created and implemented. At company level, this mass of data is difficult to manage. Its interpretation is primarily a challenge. This impacts those who are there to "manipulate" the mass and requires a specific infrastructure for creation, storage, processing, analysis and recovery. The biggest challenge lies in "the valuing of data" available in quantity, diversity and access speed.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements vii Foreword ix Key Concepts xi Introduction xix Chapter 1 The Big Data Revolution 1 1.1 Understanding the Big Data universe 2 1.2 What changes have occurred in data analysis? 8 1.3 From Big Data to Smart Data: making data warehouses intelligent 12 1.4 High-quality information extraction and the emergence of a new profession: data scientists 16 1.5 Conclusion 21 Chapter 2 Open Data: A New Challenge 23 2.1 Why Open Data? 23 2.2 A universe of open and reusable data 28 2.3 Open Data and the Big Data universe 33 2.4 Data development and reuse 38 2.5 Conclusion 41 Chapter 3 Data Development Mechanisms 43 3.1 How do we develop data? 44 3.2 Data governance: a key factor for data valorization 54 3.3 CI: protection and valuation of digital assets 60 3.4 Techniques of data analysis: data mining/text mining 65 3.5 Conclusion 72 Chapter 4 Creating Value from Data Processing 73 4.1 Transforming the mass of data into innovation opportunities 74 4.2 Creation of value and analysis of open databases 82 4.3 Value creation of business assets in web data 87 4.4 Transformation of data into information or “DataViz” 94 4.5 Conclusion 100 Conclusion 101 Bibliography 109 Index 121

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Book SynopsisSmart cities are a new vision for urban development. They integrate information and communication technology infrastructures – in the domains of artificial intelligence, distributed and cloud computing, and sensor networks – into a city, to facilitate quality of life for its citizens and sustainable growth. This book explores various concepts for the development of these new technologies (including agent-oriented programming, broadband infrastructures, wireless sensor networks, Internet-based networked applications, open data and open platforms), and how they can provide smart services and enablers in a range of public domains. The most significant research, both established and emerging, is brought together to enable academics and practitioners to investigate the possibilities of smart cities, and to generate the knowledge and solutions required to develop and maintain them.Table of ContentsPreface xiAmal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI Introduction xviiAmal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Kenji TEI Chapter 1. Shared Wireless Sensor Networks as Enablers for a Context Management System in Smart Cities 1Kenji TEI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Background 3 1.3. XAC middleware 5 1.3.1. Architecture of XAC middleware 6 1.4. Task-description language 7 1.4.1. Existing solutions 8 1.4.2. XAC middleware solutions 10 1.5. Runtime task management 12 1.5.1. Existing solutions 12 1.5.2. XAC middleware solutions 14 1.6. Self-adaptation 16 1.6.1. Existing solutions 17 1.6.2. XAC middleware solutions 17 1.7. Discussion 18 1.8. Conclusion 19 1.9 Bibliography 19 Chapter 2. Sensorizer: An Architecture for Regenerating Cyber-physical Data Streams from the Web 23Jin NAKAZAWA 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Sensorizer architecture 25 2.2.1. Sensing process of EWC 25 2.2.2. Sensorizer architecture 25 2.3. Implementation 27 2.3.1. Sensorizer browser extension 27 2.3.2. Probe 28 2.3.3. Sensorizer/SoX API 29 2.4. Case of sensorized smart cities 29 2.5. Conclusion 32 2.6. Bibliography 32 Chapter 3. Smart Agent Foundations: From Planning to Spatio-temporal Guidance 33Ahmed-Chawki CHAOUCHE, Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Jean-Michel ILIÉ and Djamel Eddine SAÏDOUNI 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Smart-campus: use case and scenario 35 3.2.1. Smart-campus architecture 36 3.2.2. Scenario 37 3.3. Description of the software architecture for a smart ambient agent 37 3.4. Higher order agent model 38 3.4.1. Application to the scenario 39 3.5. Description of the concurrent planner based on AgLOTOS language 40 3.5.1. Agent plan structure 40 3.5.2. Syntax of AgLOTOS plans 42 3.5.3. Building of the agent plan from the intentions 44 3.5.4. Planning state of the agent 45 3.6. Contextual planning guidance 45 3.6.1. Semantics of AgLOTOS plans 46 3.6.2. Contextual planning system 48 3.6.3. Application to the scenario 50 3.7. Spatio-temporal guidance from past experiences 52 3.7.1. Contextual planning architecture 52 3.7.2. Learning actions from past experiences 53 3.7.3. Spatio-temporal guidance 58 3.8. Conclusion 61 3.9. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. A Multi-Agent Middleware for Deployment of Ambient Applications 65Ferdinand PIETTE, Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI, Patrick TAILLIBERT, Costin CAVAL and CÉDRIC DINONT 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2. Challenges for ambient intelligence and Internet of Things 67 4.2.1. Toward the heterogeneity of hardware and protocols 67 4.2.2. Data transport and processing 69 4.2.3. Management of data privacy 71 4.3. Deployment of applications for ambient systems 73 4.3.1. Reasoning about heterogeneity 73 4.3.2. Graph modeling 74 4.3.3. Mathematical formalization of the deployment process 76 4.3.4. Modified graph-matching algorithm 81 4.3.5. Conclusion 85 4.4. Multi-agent middleware for ambient systems 86 4.4.1. Scenario 87 4.4.2. Multi-agent modeling 88 4.4.3. Distributed reasoning 92 4.4.4. Design and implementation 96 4.5. Conclusion 102 4.6. Bibliography 103 Chapter 5. ClouT: Cloud of Things for Empowering Citizen’s Clout in Smart Cities 107Kenji TEI, Levent GÜREEN and TAKURO YONEZAWA 5.1. Objective of the ClouT project 107 5.2. Goal of the ClouT project 109 5.3. ClouT concept 110 5.3.1. CIaaS concept 112 5.3.2. CPaaS concept 115 5.3.3. CSaaS concept 117 5.4. ClouT reference architecture 118 5.4.1. CIaaS components 118 5.4.2. CPaaS components 120 5.4.3. Security and Dependability components 121 5.5. Mapping the architecture 122 5.6. Conclusion 125 5.7. Bibliography 126 Chapter 6. sensiNact IoT Platform as a Service 127Levent GÜRGEN, Christophe MUNILLA, Rémi DRUILHE, Etienne GANDRILLE and Jander BOTELHO DO NASCIMENTO 6.1. Introduction 128 6.2. State of the art 130 6.2.1. IoT solutions architectures 130 6.2.2. Existing IoT platforms 131 6.3. Architecture and data model 133 6.4. Platform security management 138 6.5. The sensiNact studio 140 6.5.1. Graphical user interface 141 6.5.2. Creating applications 143 6.5.3. Application deployment 144 6.6. Conclusion 146 6.7. Bibliography 146 Chapter 7. Verification and Configuration of Smart Space Applications 149Fuyuki ISHIKAWA and Shinichi HONIDEN 7.1. Introduction 149 7.2. Conflicts in smart space applications 150 7.2.1. Event-driven control of smart spaces 150 7.2.2. Description of event-driven behavior 151 7.2.3. Conflicts in event-driven control 151 7.2.4. Application of model checking techniques 153 7.3. Framework for verifying and configuring smart space applications 154 7.3.1. Overview 154 7.3.2. Semantic model 155 7.3.3. Definition of state transition model 158 7.3.4. Properties to verify 159 7.3.5. Implementation 160 7.3.6. Model checker implementation 161 7.4. Case study 161 7.4.1. Scenario and initial specification 161 7.4.2. Analyzing sound conflicts 162 7.4.3. Further scenarios 164 7.5. Related work 164 7.6. Concluding remarks 165 7.7. Acknowledgments 166 7.8. Bibliography 166 Chapter 8. SmartSantander: A Massive Self-Managed, Scalable and Interconnected IoT Deployment 169José Antonio GALACHE, Juan Ramón SANTANA and Luis MUÑOZ 8.1. Introduction 169 8.2. SmartSantander: novel architecture for service provision and experimentation 170 8.3. SmartSantander deployment: use cases 173 8.4. SmartSantander interacting with ClouT 175 8.4.1. IoT device naming 176 8.4.2. IoT device description 177 8.4.3. IoT resource manager 181 8.4.4. Virtualization module 182 8.5. Conclusions 184 8.6. Bibliography 185 Chapter 9. Using Context-aware Multi-agent Systems for Robust Smart City Infrastructure 187Andrei OLARU, Adina Magda FLOREA and Amal EL FALLAH SEGHROUCHNI 9.1. Introduction 187 9.1.1. Smart cities and ambient intelligence 188 9.2. Requirements 189 9.2.1. Information at the right time 191 9.2.2. Robustness, reliability, dependability and trust 192 9.2.3. Privacy and personal information 192 9.3. Solutions for managing context information 193 9.3.1. Related work and projects 193 9.3.2. A local solution for a global result 195 9.4. MAS-based application-independent middleware 196 9.4.1. Architecture 198 9.4.2. Generality of the design 203 9.4.3. Resilience in case of failures 203 9.5. Conclusion 204 9.6. Bibliography 204 Chapter 10. City of Santander 207Sonia SOTERO MUÑIZ and José Antonio TEIXEIRA VITIENES 10.1. Introduction 207 10.2. ClouT project 210 10.2.1. Participatory sensing for city management 211 10.2.2. Traffic mobility management 215 10.2.3. Conclusions 219 10.3. Bibliography 220 Chapter 11. Fujisawa, Towards a Sustainable Smart City 221Takuro YONEZAWA 11.1. Introduction 221 11.1.1. Sensorized garbage trucks 222 11.1.2. Enoshima Info Surfboard 223 11.1.3. Smile Coupon 224 11.2. Architecture and application domains 225 11.2.1. Architecture with ClouT components 225 11.2.2. Components for implementation 226 11.2.3. Interaction among components 227 11.2.4. Development scenario 228 11.2.5. Design and implementation 229 11.3. Results 236 11.4. Conclusion 237 11.5. Bibliography 237 List of Authors 239 Index 241

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Book SynopsisStereoscopic processes are increasingly used in virtual reality and entertainment. This technology is interesting because it allows for a quick immersion of the user, especially in terms of depth perception and relief clues. However, these processes tend to cause stress on the visual system if used over a prolonged period of time, leading some to question the cause of side effects that these systems generate in their users, such as eye fatigue. This book explores the mechanisms of depth perception with and without stereoscopy and discusses the indices which are involved in the depth perception. The author describes the techniques used to capture and retransmit stereoscopic images. The causes of eyestrain related to these images are then presented along with their consequences in the long and short term. The study of the causes of eyestrain forms the basis for an improvement in these processes in the hopes of developing mechanisms for easier virtual viewing.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Principles of Depth and Shape Perception 1 1.1. Function of the eye 1 1.2. Depth perception without stereoscopy 2 1.2.1. Monocular cues 2 1.2.2. Proprioceptive cues 7 1.3. Depth perception through stereoscopic vision 9 1.4. Perception of inclinations and curves 10 1.4.1. Perception of inclination and obliqueness 10 1.4.2. Perception of curves 14 1.5. Artificial stereoscopic vision 22 Chapter 2. Technological Elements 25 2.1. Taking a picture 25 2.2. Reproduction 26 2.2.1. Colorimetric differentiation 27 2.2.2. Differentiation by polarization 28 2.2.3. Active glasses 30 2.2.4. Auto-stereoscopic screens 31 2.2.5. Virtual reality headsets 33 2.3. Motion parallax restitution 34 2.3.1. Pseudoscopic movement 34 2.3.2. Correcting pseudoscopic movements 35 2.3.3. Monoscopic motion parallax 40 Chapter 3. Causes of Visual Fatigue in Stereoscopic Vision 41 3.1. Conflict between accommodation and convergence 41 3.2. Too much depth 44 3.3. High spatial frequencies 46 3.3.1. Limits of fusion 49 3.3.2. Comfort and high frequencies. 50 3.4. High temporal frequency 52 3.5. Conflicts with monoscopic cues 52 3.6. Vertical disparities 53 3.7. Improper device settings 55 3.7.1. Quality of image and display 55 3.7.2. Differences between left and right images 56 3.7.3. Speed of correction of pseudoscopic movements 57 Chapter 4. Short- and Long-term Consequences 59 4.1. Short-term effects 59 4.1.1. Decreasing ease of accommodation 59 4.1.2. Decrease in stereoscopic acuity 59 4.1.3. Effects on the punctum proximum 61 4.1.4. More subjective effects 61 4.2. Long-term consequences 62 4.2.1. Long-term effects on children 62 Chapter 5. Measuring Visual Fatigue 63 5.1. Visual acuity 63 5.1.1. Different possible measurements 64 5.1.2. Optotypes 64 5.2. Proximum accommodation function 65 5.3. Ease of accommodation 66 5.4. Stereoscopic acuity 67 5.4.1. Tests of distance vision 67 5.4.2. Tests of near vision 68 5.5. Disassociated heterophorias 71 5.6. Fusional reserves 72 5.7. Subjective tests 74 Chapter 6. Reducing Spatial Frequencies 75 6.1. Principle 75 6.2. Technical solution 75 6.2.1. Wavelets 76 6.2.2. BOX FILTER 92 6.2.3. Using a rolling average and other “blurs” 98 6.2.4. Comparison of algorithms 103 6.2.5. Chosen solution 114 6.3. Experiment 116 6.3.1. The task 116 6.4. Measurements of fatigue taken 118 6.4.1. Objective measurements 118 6.4.2. Procedure 119 6.4.3. The subjects 120 6.5. Result 120 6.5.1. Proximum accommodation function 120 6.5.2. Ease of accommodation 121 6.5.3. Stereoscopic acuity 122 6.5.4. Effectiveness in execution of the task 122 6.5.5. Subjective measurements 123 6.5.6. Conclusions 124 6.5.7. Discussion 124 Chapter 7. Reducing the Distance Between the Virtual Cameras 131 7.1. Principle 131 7.1.1. Usefulness of stereoscopy in depth perception 132 7.1.2. The objects 133 7.1.3. Hypothesis 142 7.2. Experiment 142 7.2.1. Tasks 142 7.2.2. Experimental conditions 143 7.2.3. Subjects 144 7.2.4. Measurements 144 7.3. Results 145 7.3.1. Results for fatigue 145 7.3.2. Perception results 147 7.4. Discussion 152 7.4.1. Influence on visual fatigue 152 7.4.2. Influence on visual perception 153 Conclusion 155 Bibliography 157 Index 167

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Book SynopsisNew technologies will have an increasing effect on prospects for development and growth in the world economy. Technology and Innovation in the International Economy contains extensive and detailed assessments of two key areas of technological innovation which present both a threat and an opportunity for developing countries: microelectronics and biotechnology.The two major review essays - Jeffrey James on microelectronic technology and Martin Fransman on biotechnology - assess the impact of these new technologies on production, trade, employment and welfare in developing countries. The introduction by Charles Cooper deals with recent advances in the economics of innovation and diffusion of new technologies, and attempts to build a bridge between the study of technology in the industrial sectors of developed countries and the type of technology policy needed in the developing countries.Policymakers, researchers and students will welcome the clarity and breadth of this important volume which contains much original analysis and detailed information on a major issue confronting developing and developed nations alike.Trade Review’This book provides a valuable discussion of the existing literature on technology and innovation, both theoretical and empirical, drawing lines for its relevance to the Third World and about future research agenda in these areas.’Table of ContentsForeward - Charles Cooper. 1. Relevance of innovation studies to developing countries - Charles Cooper. 1. I Introduction. 1.2 Innovation and technological change. 1.3 Implications for developing countries. 1.4 Concluding remarks. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. 2. Biotechnology: Generation, diffusion, and policy - Martin Fransman. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The generation of biotechnology: invention and innovation. 2.3 Economic effects of biotechnology 2.4 Implications for the third world. 2.5 Recent additions to the literature. 2.6 Towards a general research agenda. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. Annotated bibliography. For further reading. 3. Microelectronics and the Third World - Jeffrey James. 3. 1 Introduction. 3.2 Patterns of adoption and diffusion in the Third World 3.3 Impacts of microelectronics. 3.4 Policy implications and future research directions. Acknowledgements. Notes. References. For further reading.

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Book SynopsisInterface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors Systematic summary of advances in developing effective methodologies of interface engineering in organic field-effect transistors, from models to experimental techniques Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors covers the state of the art in organic field-effect transistors and reviews charge transport at the interfaces, device design concepts, and device fabrication processes, and gives an outlook on the development of future optoelectronic devices. This book starts with an overview of the commonly adopted methods to obtain various semiconductor/semiconductor interfaces and charge transport mechanisms at these heterogeneous interfaces. Then, it covers the modification at the semiconductor/electrode interfaces, through which to tune the work function of electrodes as well as reveal charge injection mechanisms at the interfaces. Charge transport physics at the semiconductor/dielectric interface is discussed in detail. The book describes the remarkable effect of SAM modification on the semiconductor film morphology and thus the electrical performance. In particular, valuable analyses of charge trapping/detrapping engineering at the interface to realize new functions are summarized. Finally, the sensing mechanisms that occur at the semiconductor/environment interfaces of OFETs and the unique detection methods capable of interfacing organic electronics with biology are discussed. Specific sample topics covered in Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors include: Noncovalent modification methods, charge insertion layer at the electrode surface, dielectric surface passivation methods, and covalent modification methods Charge transport mechanism in bulk semiconductors, influence of additives on materials’ nucleation and morphology, solvent additives, and nucleation agents Nanoconfinement effect, enhancing the performance through semiconductor heterojunctions, planar bilayer heterostructure, ambipolar charge-transfer complex, and supramolecular arrangement of heterojunctions Dielectric effect in OFETs, dielectric modification to tune semiconductor morphology, surface energy control, microstructure design, solution shearing, eliminating interfacial traps, and SAM/SiO2 dielectrics A timely resource providing the latest developments in the field and emphasizing new insights for building reliable organic electronic devices, Interface Engineering in Organic Field-Effect Transistors is essential for researchers, scientists, and other interface-related professionals in the fields of organic electronics, nanoelectronics, surface science, solar cells, and sensors.Table of ContentsPreface ix Author Biographies xi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Different Interfaces in OFETs 1 1.2 Brief Historic Overview of Interface Engineering in OFETs 3 1.3 Scope of the Book 3 2 Interfacial Modification Methods 7 2.1 Noncovalent Modification Methods 7 2.1.1 Charge Insertion Layer at the Electrode Surface 7 2.1.2 Dielectric Surface Passivation Methods 9 2.2 Covalent Modification Methods 12 2.2.1 SAM Modification of Electrodes 12 2.2.2 SAM Modification of Dielectrics 12 2.2.2.1 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.2 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 14 2.2.2.3 Self-Assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 28 2.3 Efforts in Developing New Methods 31 3 Semiconductor/Semiconductor Interface 33 3.1 Influence of Additives on a Material’s Nucleation and Morphology 37 3.1.1 Solvent Additives 37 3.1.2 Nucleating Agents 41 3.1.3 Template-Mediated Crystallization 43 3.1.4 Blending with Insulating Polymers 45 3.1.5 Blending with Polymer Elastomer: Nanoconfinement Effect 50 3.2 Enhancing the Performance Through Semiconductor Heterojunctions 55 3.2.1 Planar Bilayer Heterostructures 57 3.2.2 Molecular-Level Heterojunction 61 3.2.3 Supramolecular Arrangement of the Heterojunctions 64 3.3 Integrating Molecular Functionalities into Electrical Circuits 69 3.3.1 Charge-Trapping-Induced Memory Effect 69 3.3.2 Photochromism-Induced Switching Effect 72 4 Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 77 4.1 Work Function Tuning for Better Contact 79 4.1.1 SAM Modification 80 4.1.2 Charge Insertion Layer Modification 84 4.1.3 Polymer-Based Electrodes 89 4.1.4 Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Electrodes 92 4.1.5 Covalent Bond Formation at the Molecular Level 97 4.2 Installing Switching Effects at Semiconductor/Electrode Interface 100 5 Semiconductor/Dielectric Interface 103 5.1 Dielectric Modification to Tune Semiconductor Morphology 105 5.1.1 Dielectric Surface Energy Control 106 5.1.1.1 Modify with SAM 106 5.1.1.2 Surface Modification with Polymers 112 5.1.2 Dielectric Microstructure Design 113 5.1.2.1 Roughness Effect 114 5.1.2.2 Nano-fabrication Created Microstructure 116 5.1.2.3 Self-assembled Morphology of Dielectric 118 5.2 Eliminating Interfacial Traps 120 5.2.1 Dielectric Surface Passivation (Treatment) Methods 121 5.2.1.1 Polymer Encapsulation of Dielectrics 122 5.2.1.2 Gap Dielectrics 124 5.2.2 SAM/SiO2 Dielectrics 126 5.2.2.1 Provide Efficient Insulating Barrier Height 127 5.2.2.2 Control Surface Polarity and Carrier Density 128 5.2.3 SAM/High-k Dielectrics 131 5.2.3.1 Fundamentals of SAM-Modified High-k Dielectrics 132 5.2.3.2 SAM/High-k Hybrid Dielectrics for Flexible Substrate 134 5.2.4 Self-assembled Monolayer Field-Effect Transistors (SAMFETs) 137 5.2.4.1 Molecule Design for SAMFETs 137 5.2.4.2 Morphology Control of SAMFET 139 5.3 Integrating New Functionalities 141 5.3.1 Photoresponsive Dielectrics 142 5.3.2 Other External Stimuli-Responsive Dielectrics 144 5.3.2.1 Pressure Sensor 145 5.3.2.2 Thermal Sensor 147 5.3.2.3 Magnetic Sensor 147 5.3.2.4 Multifunctional Sensor 148 5.3.3 Integrating Memory Effect at the Dielectrics 148 6 Semiconductor/Environment Interface 155 6.1 Device Optimization to Improve Sensing Performance 156 6.1.1 Monolayer Functionalization 156 6.1.2 Bilayer Heterojunction Approach 158 6.1.3 Remote Floating Gate 159 6.2 OECT-Based and EGOFET-Based Sensors 160 7 Interfacing Organic Electronics with Biology 165 7.1 Integration of OFETs/OECTs with Nonelectrogenic Cells 166 7.2 Integration of Flexible Bioelectronics with Electrogenic Cells 170 7.3 Light/Cell/Device Interfaces 174 8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook 179 8.1 New Challenges in Molecular Design 179 8.2 High-Quality OSC Films: Self-Assembly Control 180 8.3 High-Performance Scalable Flexible Optoelectronics 180 8.4 Exploration of Novel Structures: Organic/2D Heterostructures and Vertical Structures 181 8.5 Instability: Stability in Aqueous Media and Thermal Stability in Hygienic Applications 181 8.6 Multifunctional Sensor Systems 183 References 185 Index 251

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Book SynopsisPositron Emission Tomography (PET) is a key technique in the medical imaging area, which allows to diagnose the organism functions and to track the tumor changes. In PET measurement the patient is injected with radiotracer, containing a large number of metastable atoms of radionuclide, that emmits positrons. As the result of positron annihilation, the two photons travelling off with nearly opposite directions are produced and registered by detection system positioned so that it surrounds the patient body. State-of-the-art PET scanners use scintillation crystals which are characterized by high detection efficiency of annihilation photons. In this context, it is worth to mention that the Jagiellonian PET (J-PET) Collaboration developed a novel whole-body PET scanner based on plastic scintillators. They are much cheaper than crystal scintillators, which gives the opportunity to reduce the high cost of PET scanners and make them more affordable. However, plastic scintillators have much lower detection efficiency of gamma quanta compared to inorganic scintillation crystals. This can be compensated by increasing the scanner field of view and improving the time resolution in the measurement of the time of flight of gamma quanta. The J-PET scanner consists of plastic scintillator strips read out at both ends by a pair of photomultipliers and arranged axially around a cylindrical tomograph tunnel. The axial coordinate of the annihilation photon interaction point in the scintillator strip is derived from the difference of the light propagation time measured with the pair of photomultipliers. The operational principles of the J-PET scanner are similar to conventional tomographs, except that the highly accurate time information is of paramount importance. Therefore, the J-PET scanner demands a preparation of novel methods on each step of the data processing. The goal of the work presented in this dissertation is a development of the signal and image processing algorithms taking into account uniqueness of the J-PET detector. The proposed methods include: signal recovery based on samples of a waveform registered on photomultiplier output, reconstruction of position and time of interaction of annihilation photon in the scintillator strip, classification of PET events types and image reconstruction that operates exclusively in the image space. Due to the dissimilarity from the conventional PET scanners, majority of the methods presented in this dissertation are innovative solutions in digital signal and image processing in tomography.

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Book SynopsisPhotovoltaic technology - or the direct conversion of light into electricity - is the fastest growing means of electricity generation today, however it is generally used outdoors. Relatively little attention has been focused on the many obstacles to overcome when designing efficient indoor products.Table of ContentsAbout the author. Preface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. 1. State of the Art. Introduction. Low Power Energy Sources. Intellectual Property Rights. IPV Taxonomies. IPV gaps in knowledge. Conclusion. 2. Engineering design. Introduction. Defining design. Trends in engineering design. Life Cycle Methods. Conclusion. 3. Radiant Energy Indoors. Introduction. Physics of buildings. Photometric characterisation. Radiometric characterisations. Computer simulation. Discussion. Conclusion. Future work. Further reading. 4. Fundamentals of Solar Cells. Introduction. A brief history of solar collectors and PV. Photonic semiconductors. Photovoltaic Technology. Suboptimal solar cell efficiency. IPV Material Technologies. Efficiency improvements. Conclusion. Further reading. 5. Solar Cells for Indoor Use. Introduction. Technology performance at indoor light levels. Indoor light level model presentation. Discussion. Designing PV modules for indoor use. Conclusion. Further work. 6. Indoor Ambient Energy Charge Storage. Introduction. Trends in charge storage. Charge storage technology. Charge storage parameters. To determine storage capacity. Electrochemical Storage Technologies. Conclusion. Future Work. Further reading. 7. Ambient Energy Power Source Design. Introduction. Clarification. Conceptual Design. Embodiment. Detailed Design. Case studies. Conclusion. Further reading. Conclusion. Abbreviations and Symbols. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe basic concepts and methodologies of DSP are introduced, leading students through the fundamental mathematical principles underlying signal processing. Blending theory with practical implementation, outlining the limitations of digital signal processing, and with a focus on MATLAB, students and practitioners are shown how to better connect theory and practice.Trade Review'The primary advantage of this book is the integrated inclusion of MATLAB throughout … in some textbooks the MATLAB components appear to have been added as an afterthought.' Richard M. Dansereau, Carleton University, Ontario'… a good balance between the depth and clarity of discussion of important topics in DSP and the requirement of mathematical adequacy for the students. This textbook matches with the background of my students.' Yuanwei Jin, University of Hartford, Connecticut'The innovative figures help students visualise complicated concepts.' Thad B. Welch, Boise State University'A main strength of this book is its inclusion of MATLAB throughout. There are other books that do this, but I think that MATLAB is more integrated in this book than in the competing books. It provides an appropriate amount of information when it is needed, without overwhelming the reader with excessive detail.' Matthew Valenti, West Virginia UniversityTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Discrete-time signals and systems; 3. The z-transform; 4. Fourier representation of signals; 5. Transform analysis of LTI systems; 6. Sampling of continuous-time signals; 7. The discrete Fourier transform; 8. Computation of the discrete Fourier transform; 9. Structures for discrete-time systems; 10. Design of FIR filters; 11. Design of IIR filters; 12. Multirate signal processing; 13. Random signals; 14. Random signal processing; 15. Finite wordlength effects.

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Book SynopsisSignal processing is everywhere in modern technology. Its mathematical basis and many areas of application are the subject of this book, based on a series of graduate-level lectures held at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute. Emphasis is on challenges in the subject, particular techniques adapted to particular technologies, and certain advances in algorithms and theory. The book covers two main areas: computational harmonic analysis, envisioned as a technology for efficiently analysing real data using inherent symmetries; and the challenges inherent in the acquisition, processing and analysis of images and sensing data in general [EMDASH] ranging from sonar on a submarine to a neuroscientist's fMRI study.Table of Contents1. Introduction D. Rockmore and D. Healy; 2. Hyperbolic geometry, Nehari's theorem, electric circuits, and analog signal processing J. Allen and D. Healy; 3. Engineering applications of the motion-group Fourier transform G. Chirikjian and Y. Wang; 4. Fast x-ray and beamlet transforms for three-dimensional data D. Donoho and O. Levi; 5. Fourier analysis and phylogenetic trees S. Evans; 6. Diffuse tomography as a source of challenging nonlinear inverse problems for a general class of networks A. Grunbaum; 7. An invitation to matrix-valued spherical functions A. Grunbaum, I. Pacharoni and J. Tirao; 8. Image registration for MRI P. Kostelec and S. Periaswamy; 9. The mathematics of JPEG 2000 Jin Li; 10. Integrated sensing and processing for statistical pattern recognition C. Priebe, D. Marchette and D. Healy; 11. Sampling of functions and sections for compact groups D. Maslen; 12. The Cooley-Tukey FFT and group theory D. Maslen and D. Rockmore; 13. Mathematical challenges for optical communications U. Osterberg; 14. The generalized spike process, sparsity and statistical independence N. Saito.

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Software Receiver Design by Jr

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Book SynopsisThis comprehensive, well-illustrated book covers almost all important examples of the physics of electronic fluctuations (noise) in solids. Written for both physics and electronic engineering graduates, it is ideal for researchers in noise phenomena and highly sensitive electronic devices.Trade Review'I … recommend this book to anyone interested in the theory of fluctuation phenomena and how it is applied in applied research.' Contemporary PhysicsTable of ContentsPreface; Part I. Introduction. Some Basic Concepts of the Theory of Random Processes: 1. Probability density functions. Moments. Stationary processes; 2. Correlation function; 3. Spectral density of noise; 4. Ergodicity and nonergodicity of random processes; 5. Random pulses and shot noise; 6. Markov processes. General theory; 7. Discrete Markov processes. Random telegraph noise; 8. Quasicontinuous (Diffusion-like) Markov processes; 9. Brownian motion; 10. Langevin approach to the kinetics of fluctuations; Part II. Fluctuation-Dissipation Relations in Equilibrium Systems: 11. Derivation of fluctuation-dissipation relations; 12. Equilibrium noise in quasistationary circuits. Nyquist theorem; 13. Fluctuations of electromagnetic fields in continuous media; Part III. Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Gases: 14. Some basic concepts of hot-electrons' physics; 15. Simple model of current fluctuations in a semiconductor with hot electrons; 16. General kinetic theory of quasiclassical fluctuations in a gas of particles. The Boltzmann-Langevin equation; 17. Current fluctuations and noise temperature; 18. Current fluctuations and diffusion in a gas of hot electrons; 19. One-time correlation in nonequilibrium gases; 20. Intervalley noise in multivalley semiconductors; 21. Noise of hot electrons emitting optical phonons in the streaming regime; 22. Noise in a semiconductor with a postbreakdown stable current filament; Part IV. Generation-recombination noise: 23. G-R noise in uniform unipolar semiconductors; 24. Noise produced by recombination and diffusion; Part V. Noise in quantum ballistic systems: 25. Introduction; 26. Equilibrium noise and shot noise in quantum conductors; 27. Modulation noise in quantum point contacts; 28. Transition from a ballistic conductor to a macroscopic one; 29. Noise in tunnel junctions; Part VI. Resistance noise in metals: 30. Incoherent scattering of electrons by mobile defects; 31. Effect of mobile scattering centers on the electron interference pattern; 32. Fluctuations of the number of diffusing scattering centers; 33. Temperature fluctuations and the corresponding noise; Part VII. Noise in strongly disordered conductors: 34. Basic ideas of the percolation theory; 35. Resistance fluctuations in percolation systems. 36. Experiments; Part VIII. Low-frequency noise with an 1/f-type spectrum and random telegraph noise: 37. Introduction; 38. Some general properties of 1/f noise; 39. Basic models of 1/f noise; 40./f noise in metals; 41. Low-frequency noise in semiconductors; 42. Magnetic noise in spin glasses and some other magnetic systems; 43. Temperature fluctuations as a possible source of 1/f noise; 44. Random telegraph noise; 45. Fluctuations with 1/f spectrum in other systems; 46. General conclusions on 1/f noise; Part IX. Noise in Superconductors and Superconducting Structures: 47. Noise in Josephson junctions; 48. Noise in type II superconductors; References; Subject index.

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Book SynopsisThis complete guide to physical-layer security presents the theoretical foundations, practical implementation, challenges and benefits of a groundbreaking model for secure communication. Using a bottom-up approach from the link level all the way to end-to-end architectures, it provides tools that enable students, researchers and practitioners to build more secure systems.Table of ContentsPart I. Preliminaries: 1. An information-theoretic approach to physical-layer security; 2. Fundamentals of information theory; Part II. Information-Theoretic Security: 3. Secrecy capacity; 4. Secret-key capacity; 5. Security limits of Gaussian and wireless channels; Part III. Coding and System Aspects: 6. Coding for secrecy; 7. System aspects; Part IV. Other Applications of Information-Theoretic Security: 8. Secrecy and jamming in multi-user channels; 8. Network coding security.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the conceptual framework underlying the atomistic theory of matter, emphasizing those that relate to current flow. No prior acquaintance with quantum mechanics is assumed. The corresponding MATLAB codes and videostreamed lectures are also available through the Web. For senior and graduate students.Trade Review'Molecular transport phenomena in junctions is a very 'hot' area, that is best understood in terms of quantum transport phenomena in general. This book, by one of the true leaders in this field, presents and clarifies molecular transport in the context of the larger quantum transport area. The text is lucid, masterful, understandable and unified. The numerical examples and MATLAB codes combine with the discussions to provide a strongly integrated and very readable overview of the field.' Mark Ratner, Northwestern University, Illinois'A lucid treatment of what's destined to be the 'next big thing' for electrical engineers - conduction at the atomic scale - eminently suitable for students and professionals alike. The generous use of examples and clarifying remarks, together with the novel approach of sequentially building up transport theory from the 'bottom up' and a genuine flair for effortlessly bringing together salient aspects of physics and engineering makes this a very useful book, indeed.' Steve Laux, IBM, Yorktown Heights'In recent years, scientists have developed a powerful practical technique based on Green function methods for calculating transport through small open systems. Supriyo Datta is one of its leading exponents and his new textbook makes a valiant and fascinating effort to use the formalism to provide a simple exposition of quantum transport on the atomic scale … It is more accessible, more embracing and a much better read than his earlier monograph Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems. It contains excellent examples, good breadth and progressive detail, and is of real value to electronic engineers, physicists, and chemists researching modern interdisciplinary nanoelectronics.' Chemistry WorldTable of ContentsForeword; 1. Prologue - electrical resistance: an atomistic view; 2. Schrödinger equation; 3. Self-consistent field; 4. Basis functions; 5. Bandstructure; 6. Subbands; 7. Capacitance; 8. Level broadening; 9. Coherent transport; 10. Non-coherent transport; 11. Atom to transistor; Epilogue; Appendix/advanced formalism; Selected bibliography; MATLAB codes for text figures.

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Book SynopsisInformation theory and inference, taught together in this exciting textbook, lie at the heart of many important areas of modern technology - communication, signal processing, data mining, machine learning, pattern recognition, computational neuroscience, bioinformatics and cryptography. The book introduces theory in tandem with applications. Information theory is taught alongside practical communication systems such as arithmetic coding for data compression and sparse-graph codes for error-correction. Inference techniques, including message-passing algorithms, Monte Carlo methods and variational approximations, are developed alongside applications to clustering, convolutional codes, independent component analysis, and neural networks. Uniquely, the book covers state-of-the-art error-correcting codes, including low-density-parity-check codes, turbo codes, and digital fountain codes - the twenty-first-century standards for satellite communications, disk drives, and data broadcast. RichlyTrade Review'This is an extraordinary and important book, generous with insight and rich with detail in statistics, information theory, and probabilistic modeling across a wide swathe of standard, creatively original, and delightfully quirky topics. David MacKay is an uncompromisingly lucid thinker, from whom students, faculty and practitioners all can learn.' Peter Dayan and Zoubin Ghahramani, Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College, London'This is primarily an excellent textbook in the areas of information theory, Bayesian inference and learning algorithms. Undergraduates and postgraduates students will find it extremely useful for gaining insight into these topics; however, the book also serves as a valuable reference for researchers in these areas. Both sets of readers should find the book enjoyable and highly useful.' David Saad, Aston University'An utterly original book that shows the connections between such disparate fields as information theory and coding, inference, and statistical physics.' Dave Forney, Massachusetts Institute of Technology'An instant classic, covering everything from Shannon's fundamental theorems to the postmodern theory of LDPC codes. You'll want two copies of this astonishing book, one for the office and one for the fireside at home.' Bob McEliece, California Institute of Technology'… a quite remarkable work … the treatment is specially valuable because the author has made it completely up-to-date … this magnificent piece of work is valuable in introducing a new integrated viewpoint, and it is clearly an admirable basis for taught courses, as well as for self-study and reference. I am very glad to have it on my shelves.' Robotica'With its breadth, accessibility and handsome design, this book should prove to be quite popular. Highly recommended as a primer for students with no background in coding theory, the set of chapters on error correcting codes are an excellent brief introduction to the elements of modern sparse graph codes: LDPC, turbo, repeat-accumulate and fountain codes are described clearly and succinctly.' IEEE Transactions on Information TheoryTable of Contents1. Introduction to information theory; 2. Probability, entropy and inference; 3. More about inference; Part I. Data Compression: 4. The source coding theorem; 5. Symbol codes; 6. Stream codes; 7. Codes for integers; Part II. Noisy-Channel Coding: 8. Dependent random variables; 9. Communication over a noisy channel; 10. The noisy-channel coding theorem; 11. Error-correcting codes and real channels; Part III. Further Topics in Information Theory: 12. Hash codes; 13. Binary codes; 14. Very good linear codes exist; 15. Further exercises on information theory; 16. Message passing; 17. Constrained noiseless channels; 18. Crosswords and codebreaking; 19. Why have sex? Information acquisition and evolution; Part IV. Probabilities and Inference: 20. An example inference task: clustering; 21. Exact inference by complete enumeration; 22. Maximum likelihood and clustering; 23. Useful probability distributions; 24. Exact marginalization; 25. Exact marginalization in trellises; 26. Exact marginalization in graphs; 27. Laplace's method; 28. Model comparison and Occam's razor; 29. Monte Carlo methods; 30. Efficient Monte Carlo methods; 31. Ising models; 32. Exact Monte Carlo sampling; 33. Variational methods; 34. Independent component analysis; 35. Random inference topics; 36. Decision theory; 37. Bayesian inference and sampling theory; Part V. Neural Networks: 38. Introduction to neural networks; 39. The single neuron as a classifier; 40. Capacity of a single neuron; 41. Learning as inference; 42. Hopfield networks; 43. Boltzmann machines; 44. Supervised learning in multilayer networks; 45. Gaussian processes; 46. Deconvolution; Part VI. Sparse Graph Codes; 47. Low-density parity-check codes; 48. Convolutional codes and turbo codes; 49. Repeat-accumulate codes; 50. Digital fountain codes; Part VII. Appendices: A. Notation; B. Some physics; C. Some mathematics; Bibliography; Index.

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