Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisBoasting trillion-dollar companies, the digital economy profits from our emotions, our relationships with each other, and the ways we interact with the world. In this timely book, Tim Jordan deftly explores the workings of the digital economy. He discusses the hype and significance surrounding its activities and practices in order to outline important concepts, theory, and policy questions. Through a variety of in-depth case studies, he examines the areas of search, social media, service providers, free economic activity, and digital gaming. Companies discussed include Google, Baidu, Uber, Bitcoin, Wikipedia, Fortnight, and World of Warcraft. Jordan argues that the digital economy is not concerned primarily with selling products, but relies instead on creating communities that can be read by software and algorithms. Profit is then extracted through targeted advertising, subscriptions, misleading 'purchases', and service relations. The Digital Economy is an important reference for students and scholars getting to grips with this enormous contemporary phenomenon.Trade Review"A lively excursion across the varied terrains of the “digital economy”, in which the author argues that it’s not platform technologies that drive our digital searching, working, socialising and gaming, but our deep embeddedness in shared social practices, habits and collective communities."Mark Banks, University of Leicester "Writing in a personal and lively style, Tim Jordan intelligently explores the digital economic practices that constitute search, social media, online gaming and more. Tracing the perspectives, tactics and activities of users, advertisers and platforms, he separates the hype from the reality."Thomas Poell, University of Amsterdam“a welcome addition that STS scholars may find useful for future research projects conceptualising the remaking of property regimes.”LSE Review of Books Table of ContentsAcknowledgements 1 Introduction: The Meaning of the Digital Economy 2 Search 3 Social Media 4 Taxis, Hotels and Blockchains 5 Free Online Economies 6 Online Games 7 Profit, Labour, Production and Consumption 8 Defining the Digital Economy 9 Policy 10 Conclusion References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThere are more ways of connecting and communicating via technology than ever before. Yet loneliness is on the rise as we begin to experience an 'attachment crisis' in forming and maintaining intimate relationships. Enter sex robots. Built from the bodies of sex dolls, they are created to help humans – particularly men – cope with our inability to connect. In this bold and trenchant critique, Kathleen Richardson explores important questions surrounding this emerging technology. What does the rise of sex robots tell us about the way that women and girls are imagined? To what extent are porn, prostitution and child sexual exploitation driving the attachment crisis? The author argues that sex robots are produced within a framework of 'property relations' – in which egocentric Man (and his disconnection from Woman) shapes the building of robots and AI. Can this tide of destruction and disconnection be turned, and what would a revolution for the love of humanity look like? Presenting a passionate case for the abolition of practices that cast women as property, Sex Robots: The End of Love is essential reading for students and scholars of robot ethics, anthropology, gender studies, philosophy of technology, sociology and related fields, as well as anyone concerned for the future of human relationships.

Read more less

Book SynopsisCommunication and artificial intelligence (AI) are closely related. It is communication – particularly interpersonal conversational interaction – that provides AI with its defining test case and experimental evidence. Likewise, recent developments in AI introduce new challenges and opportunities for communication studies. Technologies such as machine translation of human languages, spoken dialogue systems like Siri, algorithms capable of producing publishable journalistic content, and social robots are all designed to communicate with users in a human-like way. This timely and original textbook provides educators and students with a much-needed resource, connecting the dots between the science of AI and the discipline of communication studies. Clearly outlining the topic's scope, content and future, the text introduces key issues and debates, highlighting the importance and relevance of AI to communication studies. In lively and accessible prose, David Gunkel provides a new generation with the information, knowledge, and skills necessary to working and living in a world where social interaction is no longer restricted to humans. The first work of its kind, An Introduction to Communication and Artificial Intelligence is the go-to textbook for students and scholars getting to grips with this crucial interdisciplinary topic.Trade Review“Gunkel’s book is an accessible but technically savvy monograph introducing students and scholars of communication and computer science to the intersections between AI and communication. … Gunkel’s book will also be a particularly useful resource to instructors, not only due to its accessible language and wide- reaching scope, but also thanks to the five ‘Maker exercises’ included in the last section. These provide useful entry points for students that are not versed in computer programming for experimenting with simple computer programs.”Communication Theory “An introduction to communication and artificial intelligence aims and succeeds in making sense of AI for students and scholars in social sciences.”CommunicationsTable of ContentsPreface Part I: Introduction and Orientation 1 Introduction 2 Communication and AI 3 Basic Concepts and Terminology Part II: Applications 4 Machine Translation 5 Natural Language Processing 6 Computational Creativity 7 Social Robots Part III: Impact and Consequences 8 Social Issues 9 Social Responsibility and Ethics Part IV: Maker Exercises Introduction Exercise 1 – Demystifying ELIZA Exercise 2 – Algorithms Exercise 3 – Machine Translation Exercise 4 – Chatbot and Quasi-Loebner Prize Exercise 5 – Template NLG Notes References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe use of renewables is spreading rapidly. Over a quarter of global electricity is already generated from solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy. With costs falling significantly, renewables are booming, helping to avoid the major climate change risks associated with fossil fuel use in power stations, homes and vehicles. But can we get rid of all of these dirty energy sources – and nuclear power, as well – and deliver 100% of our energy from renewables? Or are renewable energy systems inherently unreliable and expensive, given the need to deal with their variability? In this timely analysis, leading energy expert David Elliott tackles these issues head on and asks to what extent renewables can deliver a technologically and economically viable energy future. Exploring both the progress and problems of renewables against a backdrop of rising energy demand, he argues that, on balance, they do seem to be living up to their promises. With renewables rapidly expanding across the globe, and China now leading the pack, a renewable future could really be on the horizon.Trade Review“This timely book provides an easily readable account of how renewable energy has emerged as the main driver of a transition away from fossil fuels. I highly recommend it for all readers interested in energy and climate.”Mark Z. Jacobson, Stanford University “How can we move to a sustainable energy system? This book addresses the key issues, with the insights and clarity expected from the UK’s most distinguished commentator on renewables.”Nick Eyre, Director, Centre for Research into Energy Demand SolutionsTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsList of BoxesAbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1. Introduction: all change?Chapter 2. The Renewable Transition Chapter 3. Energy technologies for the future Chapter 4. System development: tying it all together Chapter 5. The limits to a sustainable future Chapter 6. The Geopolitics of the transition Chapter 7. Global action Chapter 8. Conclusions References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe use of renewables is spreading rapidly. Over a quarter of global electricity is already generated from solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy. With costs falling significantly, renewables are booming, helping to avoid the major climate change risks associated with fossil fuel use in power stations, homes and vehicles. But can we get rid of all of these dirty energy sources – and nuclear power, as well – and deliver 100% of our energy from renewables? Or are renewable energy systems inherently unreliable and expensive, given the need to deal with their variability? In this timely analysis, leading energy expert David Elliott tackles these issues head on and asks to what extent renewables can deliver a technologically and economically viable energy future. Exploring both the progress and problems of renewables against a backdrop of rising energy demand, he argues that, on balance, they do seem to be living up to their promises. With renewables rapidly expanding across the globe, and China now leading the pack, a renewable future could really be on the horizon.Trade Review“This timely book provides an easily readable account of how renewable energy has emerged as the main driver of a transition away from fossil fuels. I highly recommend it for all readers interested in energy and climate.”Mark Z. Jacobson, Stanford University “How can we move to a sustainable energy system? This book addresses the key issues, with the insights and clarity expected from the UK’s most distinguished commentator on renewables.”Nick Eyre, Director, Centre for Research into Energy Demand SolutionsTable of ContentsAcknowledgementsList of BoxesAbbreviationsPrefaceChapter 1. Introduction: all change?Chapter 2. The Renewable Transition Chapter 3. Energy technologies for the future Chapter 4. System development: tying it all together Chapter 5. The limits to a sustainable future Chapter 6. The Geopolitics of the transition Chapter 7. Global action Chapter 8. Conclusions References Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisTransport systems are facing an impossible dilemma: satisfy an increasing demand for mobility of people and goods, while decreasing their fossil-energy requirements and preserving the environment. Additionally, transport has an opportunity to evolve in a changing world, with new services, technologies but also new requirements (fast delivery, reliability, improved accessibility). The subject of traffic is organized into two separate but complementary volumes: Volume 3 on Traffic Management and Volume 4 on Traffic Safety. Traffic Management, Volume 3 of the 'Research for Innovative Transports' Set, presents a collection of updated papers from the TRA 2014 Conference, highlighting the diversity of research in this field. Theoretical chapters and practical case studies address topics such as cooperative systems, the global approach in modeling, road and railway traffic management, information systems and impact assessment.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xvii Preface xix Introduction xxiiiSimon COHEN and George YANNIS Part 1. Data Collection 1 Chapter 1. A Review of Statewide Traffic Data Collection, Processing, Projection and Quality Control 3Rafiqul TAREFDER and James BROGAN 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Current traffic data collection in New Mexico 4 1.3. NMDOT data processing and reporting 9 1.4. Traffic data projection and quality control 10 1.5. Conclusions 17 1.6. Acknowledgments 17 1.7. Bibliography 18 Chapter 2. SYNCRO – An Innovative Public Procurement of an Advanced Data Gathering System for Interurban Roads Based on its Technologies 19Jean-Christophe MAISONOBE, Jean Daniel DEMOND, Giannicola MARENGO, Dolores ADAMSKI, Diego ALBESANO and Olivier LATOUILLE 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Elaboration of the SYNCRO technical vision: the SYNCRO functional program 21 2.3. A system to gather road data and to provide the current operational road management center with data 24 2.4. Impact and potential of the SYNCRO system 26 2.5. An innovative legal framework to implement three phases of the SYNCRO project 27 2.6. Conclusion 30 2.7. Acknowledgments 32 Chapter 3. Tailoring a Reference Model for C-ITS Architectures and Using a DATEX II Profile to Communicate Traffic Signal Information 33Jörg FREUDENSTEIN and Ian CORNWELL 3.1. Introduction 33 3.2. Architecture of intelligent transport systems 34 3.3. A generic C-ITS architecture 36 3.4. A tailored architecture for the use case “Traffic Light Phase Assistant” 39 3.5. A DATEX II profile to communicate traffic light information 41 3.6. Summary 43 3.7. Bibliography 44 Chapter 4. Sensor City Mobility: The City of Assen as a “Living Lab” for Smart Mobility Solutions Using Sensor Data 45Jan BURGMEIJER, Janiek DE KRUIJFF, Ernst Jan VAN ARK, Gerdien KLUNDER and Diana VONK NOORDEGRAAF 4.1. Introduction 45 4.2. Architecture, sensor network and technologies used 48 4.3. Use cases for mobility 51 4.4. Modeling 54 4.5. Preliminary results and evaluation of the experiment 57 4.6. Acknowledgments 58 4.7. Bibliography 59 Part 2. Traffic Modeling and Simulation 61 Chapter 5. Forecasting Capabilities of a Micro-Simulation Method for Trip Generation 63Jorge CABRERA DELGADO and Patrick BONNEL 5.1. Introduction 63 5.2. Methodology 65 5.3. Results 72 5.4. Conclusion 75 5.5. Acknowledgments 75 5.6. Bibliography 75 Chapter 6. Modeling and Solving International Journey Planning Problems 79Konstantinos N. ANDROUTSOPOULOS and Konstantinos G. ZOGRAFOS 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Defining international itinerary planning problems 80 6.3. Modeling issues 83 6.4. Previous related work 85 6.5. Algorithmic approach 87 6.6. Concluding remarks 92 6.7. Acknowledgments 92 6.8. Bibliography 92 Chapter 7. Optimized Intermodal Roundtrips in Transport Networks 95Cecília VALE and Isabel RIBEIRO 7.1. Introduction 95 7.2. Model description 96 7.3. Computational applications 98 7.4. Conclusions 102 7.5. Bibliography 103 Chapter 8. Modeling Traffic Hindrance Caused by Road Construction as Part of a Multicriteria Assessment Framework 105Eric VAN BERKUM and Henny TER HUERNE 8.1. Introduction 105 8.2. Framework 106 8.3. Route choice during road works 111 8.4. Example 115 8.5. Conclusion 117 8.6. Acknowledgments 118 8.7. Bibliography 118 Part 3. Traffic Management, Monitoring and Routing 121 Chapter 9. Behavioral Responses to Traffic Congestion – Findings from Paris, São Paulo and Mumbai 123Gaele LESTEVEN 9.1. Introduction 123 9.2. Methodology 127 9.3. Results 130 9.4. Conclusions 134 9.5. Acknowledgments 136 9.6. Bibliography 136 Chapter 10. Empirical Analysis of Lane Changing Behavior at a Freeway Weaving Section 139Florian MARCZAK, Winnie DAAMEN and Christine BUISSON 10.1. Introduction 139 10.2. Data collection site and technique 142 10.3. Methodology and definitions 143 10.4. Results 145 10.5. Discussion and conclusion 149 10.6. Bibliography 150 Chapter 11. Applying and Testing a New Generation Traffic Management with Multi-objectives 153Martijn DE KIEVIT and Yusen CHEN 11.1. Introduction 153 11.2. Definitions 155 11.3. Literature review 156 11.4. Methodology 159 11.5. Application cases and results 159 11.6. Concluding remarks 164 11.7. Acknowledgments 164 11.8. Bibliography 165 Chapter 12. ON-TIME: A Framework for Integrated Railway Network Operation Management 167Thomas ALBRECHT, and Meena DASIGI 12.1. Introduction 167 12.2. Real-time perturbation management 171 12.3. Train speed control 175 12.4. Demonstration and validation approach 178 12.5. Conclusions 180 12.6. Acknowledgments 180 12.7. Bibliography 180 Chapter 13. A Multi-Lane Capacity Model Designed for Variable Speed Limit Applications 183Aurélien DURET 13.1. Background 183 13.2. MLC model 186 13.3. Meso-LWR model and multi-lane capacity model 192 13.4. Application 194 13.5. Discussion 199 13.6. Acknowledgments 200 13.7. Bibliography 200 Chapter 14. Evaluation Parameters of Re-routing Strategy 203Vladimir ZYRYANOV and Anastasia FEOFILOVA 14.1. Introduction 203 14.2. Simulation framework 205 14.3. Determination of the dynamic re-routing start based on traffic flow conditions 209 14.4. Conclusion 214 14.5. References 215 Part 4. Travel Information 217 Chapter 15. Pre-Trip Road Information Impact Assessment: A Literature Review 219Sylvain BELLOCHE, Charlotte PIERREFEU and Caroline SORAND 15.1. Introduction 219 15.2. Pre-trip road information content and broadcasting media 220 15.3. Determining factors for user choice 223 15.4. Pre-trip road information impacts 225 15.5. Conclusions and discussion 231 15.6. Bibliography 232 Chapter 16. Transferability Study on Full-scale Implementation of Real-time Passenger Information 235Mitja KLEMENCIC, Vlasta RODOšEK, Marko CELAN and Marjan LEP 16.1. Introduction 235 16.2. RTPI testing in Maribor 236 16.3. Benefits of the RTPI system 238 16.4. Cost benefit analysis and RTPI system 240 16.5. Mobility toolbox as transferability tool 246 16.6. Conclusion 248 16.7. Acknowledgments 248 16.8. Bibliography 249 Chapter 17. Excess Commuting and Commuting Economy: Peak and Off-Peak Variation in Travel Efficiency Measures 251Enda MURPHY 17.1. Introduction . 251 17.2. Excess commuting, commuting economy and off-peak travel 252 17.3. Data and methods 256 17.4. Results 259 17.5. Conclusions and limitations 264 17.6. Bibliography 265 Chapter 18. Deployment of Interoperable Cross-Border Multimodal Traveler Information in Central Europe 267Gerhard MENZEL, Martin BÖHM and Katharina ZWICK 18.1. Introduction 267 18.2. The EDITS concept 269 18.3. Conclusion 274 18.4. Bibliography 275 Part 5. Assessment and Impacts 277 Chapter 19. The Impacts of Cooperative raffic Systems on Safety, Environment and Travel Times: A Literature Survey 279Isabela MOCANU, Philippe NITSCHE and Kerry MALONE 19.1. Introduction 279 19.2. Description of systems and bundles 281 19.3. Reviewed literature 283 19.4. Methodology 284 19.5. Results 287 19.6. Conclusions and recommendations 289 19.7. Acknowledgments 290 19.8. Bibliography 291 Chapter 20. The Impact of Navigation Support and Traffic Information on Distance-keeping Behavior 293Aikaterini TOULIOU, Evangelia GAITANIDOU and Evangelos BEKIARIS 20.1. Introduction 293 20.2. Methods 296 20.3. Results 299 20.4. Discussion 302 20.5. Bibliography 304 Chapter 21. Impact Evaluation of Traffic Performance and Road Safety: A Case Study on an Urban Motorway in France 307Simon COHEN and Zoi CHRISTOFOROU 21.1. Introduction 307 21.2. The site and the its application 308 21.3. Evaluation of the impact on traffic 310 21.4. Road safety implications 313 21.5. Discussion 315 21.6. Conclusions 316 21.7. Bibliography 317 Chapter 22. Assessment of the Main New Travel-times Calculation Technologies on Lyon East Ring Road 319Eric PURSON, Alexis BACELAR, Eric KLEIN, Bruno LEVILLY and Fabrice RECLUS 22.1. Introduction 319 22.2. The trial site 321 22.3. Assessed technologies 323 22.4. Implemented methodology 324 22.5. Innovative administrative procedure 328 22.6. Conclusion 329 22.7. Acknowledgments 329 22.8. Bibliography 329 Chapter 23. Rail Externalities: Assessing the Social Cost of Rail Congestion 331María PÉREZ HERRERO, Julien BRUNEL and Gregoire MARLOT 23.1. Introduction 331 23.2. Related literature 332 23.3. The model and the econometric strategy 335 23.4. The data set 336 23.5. Results 338 23.6. Conclusions 341 23.7. Acknowledgments 342 23.8. Bibliography 342 List of Authors 345 Index 349

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this book, the authors focus on the concrete aspects of IoT (Internet of Things): the daily operation, on the ground, of this domain, including concrete and detailed discussion of the designs, applications and realizations of Secure Connected Things and IoT. As experts in the development of RFID and IoT technologies, the authors offer the reader a highly technical discussion of these topics, including the many approaches (technical, security, safety, ergonomic, economic, normative, regulations, etc.) involved in Secure Connected Objects projects. This book is written both for readers wishing to familiarize themselves with the complex issues surrounding networking objects and for those who design these connective "things".Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv Preamble xvii Part 1 Introduction – The Buzz about IoT and IoE 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Definition of communicating- or connected Things 3 1.1.1 Connected Things – Communicating Things 3 1.1.2 Definition of the IoT 4 1.1.3 Internet of X 5 Chapter 2 The (Overly) Vast World of IoT 9 2.1 2011–2016: the craze for the term “Connected Thing” 9 2.1.1 The catch-all 9 2.1.2 Fashion, buzz and “bubble” 10 2.1.3 “Hype” cycle for innovations 11 2.2 The true goal of this book 14 Chapter 3 Why a Connectable Thing? 15 3.1 Examples of connectable things 15 3.1.1 Home care for the elderly 16 3.1.2 In the automotive industry 19 Part 2 Constraints Surrounding an IoT Project 21 Chapter 4 Aspects to be Taken into Consideration 23 4.1 Aspects pertaining to the concrete realization of Connected Things 23 4.1.1 Financial and marketing aspects 24 4.1.2 Technical and industrial aspects 24 4.1.3 Regulatory and normative aspects 24 4.1.4 Security aspects 24 4.1.5 Cost aspects 24 Chapter 5 Financial and Marketing Aspects 27 5.1 Economic aspects 27 5.1.1 Saleable / buyable 27 5.2 Ergonomic aspects 29 5.2.1 Mechanical form and design vs ergonomics 29 Chapter 6 Technical and Industrial Aspects 31 6.1 Technical aspects 31 6.1.1 Life cycle of a new product 31 6.1.2 Techno-economic feasibility 32 6.1.3 Design 32 6.1.4 Industrialization, manufacturing process and quality assurance 32 6.2 Energy aspects 32 6.2.1 Power supply to the Thing 33 6.3 Industrial aspects 39 Chapter 7 Regulatory and Normative Aspects 41 7.1 Regulatory aspects and recommendations 41 7.1.1 Radiofrequency regulations 42 7.2 Health-related recommendations 43 7.2.1 Exposure of the human body to electromagnetic fields 44 7.2.2 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 44 7.3 Societal regulations and individual freedoms (privacy) 45 7.3.1 The various data needing to be protected 45 7.3.2 Loi Informatique et Libertés 45 7.3.3 Mandate 436, PIA and RFID and IoT applications 46 7.3.4 GDPR – General Data Protection Regulation 49 7.3.5 Privacy by design 51 7.4 Environmental regulations and recycling 53 7.4.1 Electronic waste treatment 53 7.4.2 Regulation and organization of the chain 54 7.4.3 Labeling of electrical and electronic equipment 54 7.5 Normative aspects 55 7.5.1 ISO/AFNOR 55 7.5.2 IEEE 56 7.5.3 ETSI 56 Chapter 8 Security Aspects 59 8.1 Security aspects 59 8.1.1 The weak links 60 8.1.2 Possible solutions 62 8.1.3 Definition and choice of security target 63 8.1.4 Concepts of security levels applied in IoT 64 8.1.5 True security – the “Secure Element” 67 8.1.6 Cryptography 70 8.1.7 Symmetric and asymmetric encryption 71 8.1.8 Consumer Things, IoT, security… and the Cloud 75 8.2 Judging the quality of security 80 8.3 Some thoughts about security, privacy and IoT 81 8.4 Vulnerabilities and attacks in the IoT chain 82 8.4.1 Attacks on the software layer 83 8.4.2 Attacks on the board or Thing 84 8.4.3 Attacks on the integrated circuits 84 8.4.4 Security standards 85 Part 3 Overall Architecture of the IoT Chain 87 Chapter 9 Communication Models in IoT 89 9.1 Communication models in IoT 89 9.1.1 OSI model 89 9.1.2 TCP/IP model 92 9.1.3 By way of conclusion 98 Chapter 10. Overall Architecture of an IoT System 101 10.1 Overall architecture of a CT and IoT solution 101 10.1.1 Description of the complete chain 102 10.2 From a more technological point of view 102 10.2.1 Architecture and overview of an IoT chain 102 10.2.2 The “base station/gateway” 106 10.2.3 The “Cloud” zone 109 10.2.4 The “User” zone 110 10.3 The very numerous protocols involved 113 Part 4 Detailed Description of the IoT Chain 117 Part 4A From the User (The Outside World) to the Thing 119 Chapter 11 From the Outside World to the Thing 121 11.1 Connection of the Thing to the outside world 121 11.1.1 Using sensors 121 11.1.2 Using wired connections 122 11.1.3 Using RF links 122 11.1.4 Very Short Range (<10 cm) 122 11.1.5 Short range SR Wide band (tens of meters) 124 Chapter 12 The Secure Connected Thing 127 12.1 Physical constitution of the Thing 127 12.1.1 Sensors 127 12.1.2 Local intelligence – microcontroller 128 12.1.3 Security (SE)… 128 Part 4B From the Thing to the Base Station 131 Chapter 13 Means of Communication to Access a Base Station 133 13.1 Possible network connectivity technologies 133 13.1.1 Local or ultra-local non-operated RF networks 135 13.1.2 Extended-deployment operated RF networks 136 13.1.3 Is there space for all these technologies? 136 13.2 Medium-range MR Wide-band (hundreds of meters) 136 13.2.1 Wi-Fi 137 13.3 Long-range (LR– tens of kilometers) 138 13.3.1 NB, UNB, WB, UWB, FHSS, DSSS and RF regulations 138 13.3.2 Regulators and regulations 140 13.3.3 RF bases 146 13.4 LTN – Low-Throughput Network 152 13.4.1 Long Range LR - LTN 153 13.4.2 LR LTN in (U)NB– SIGFOX 156 13.4.3 LR LTN in DSSS (spectrum spreading) – LoRa, from Semtech 167 13.4.4 A discussion of spectrum spreading – SS 169 13.4.5 LR WB 192 13.4.6 Operated LR WB networks 196 Part 4C From the Base Station to the Server 203 Chapter 14 Network Access Layer – IP 205 14.1 IPv4 205 14.1.1 Operation 206 14.1.2 Services provided 206 14.1.3 Reliability 206 14.2 IPv6 207 14.2.1 Differences between IPv6 and IPv4 207 14.2.2 Problems of privacy and/or anonymity? 209 14.3 6LoWPAN 209 14.3.1 Description of the technology 210 14.3.2 Integration of an IPv6 packet into an IEEE 802.15.4 frame 210 14.3.3 Autoconfiguration of an IP address 211 14.3.4 Network supervision and management 211 14.3.5 Constraints on “upper-layer” applications 211 14.3.6 Security 212 14.3.7 Routing 212 Chapter 15 The Server 215 15.1 Conventional functions of a server in IoT 216 Chapter 16 Transport and Messaging Protocols 219 16.1 Transport 219 16.1.1 Operation 220 16.1.2 Structure of a TCP segment 220 16.2 “IoT messaging” technologies 221 16.2.1 Main protocol parameters 221 16.3 Protocols 225 16.4 HTTP – HyperText Transfer Protocol 226 16.5 Http/2 227 16.6 MQTT – Message Queuing Telemetry Transport 227 16.6.1 Security in MQTT 229 16.7 CoAP – Constrained Application Protocol 229 16.8 XMPP 230 16.9 DDS – Data Distribution Service 231 16.10 AMQP – Advanced Message Queuing Protocol 232 16.11 SMQ 233 16.12 JMS – Java Messaging Service 233 16.13 Other protocols 234 16.14 The broker 234 16.14.1 Examples of possibilities 235 16.15 Programming languages 236 16.16 Operating systems 236 Part 4D From the Cloud Server to the Various Users 237 Chapter 17 Cloud and Fog Computing 239 17.1 Cloud computing? 239 17.1.1 What is its mode of operation? 240 17.1.2 Advantages and benefits in IoT applications 240 17.1.3 Types of Cloud computing 241 17.1.4 Cloud products and services 241 17.2 Example: the PaaS platform AWS IoT 242 17.3 How security is managed 244 17.4 Fog computing? 245 17.5 Big data 246 17.6 Natural interfaces 247 Part 5 Concrete Realization of an IoT Solution Examples and Costs 249 Chapter 18 Examples of the Concrete Realization of Connected Things 251 18.1 Subject/application taken as an example 251 18.1.1 Architecture of the product: a communicating physical Thing 253 18.1.2 Mandatory steps in creating the Thing 255 Chapter 19 Cost Aspects 261 19.1 CAPEX and OPEX are in the same boat… 261 19.1.1 CAPEX 262 19.1.2 OPEX 273 19.1.3 Conclusions 275 19.1.4 Very important conclusions 276 Conclusion 279 Bibliography 281 Index 285

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims at exploring and illustrating the different ways in which hypermedia systems and tools are designed according to those aspects. The design and visualization schemes included in any system will be related to the variety of social and technical complexities confronted by researchers in social, communication, humanities, art and design.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Everado REYES-GARCIA Chapter 1 From Controversies to Decision-making: Between Argumentation and Digital Writing 1 Orélie DESFRICHES-DORIA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Hypertexts and hypermedia 2 1.3 From decision-making to the study of controversies 3 1.3.1 Definition of the concept of controversy 3 1.3.2 Shifts from one situation to another 4 1.3.3 Controversy representation 5 1.3.4 Some controversy visualization and processing tools and methods 7 1.4 Detailed presentation of Vesta Cosy 9 1.5 What is the content of argument representations? 14 1.5.1 Interactions between the two fields 14 1.5.2 Theoretical approaches to argumentation 16 1.5.3 Hypermedia structure in the process of decision-making map construction with Vesta Cosy 19 1.6 Application of Vesta Cosy to controversy analysis 22 1.6.1 Characterization of the nature of a controversy 22 1.6.2 Methodological principles of controversy analysis 24 1.7 New digital writings with hypermedia 29 1.7.1 Extension of reasoning and paradigm shift 29 1.7.2 Hyperlinked content according to diversified details 30 1.7.3 Disorientation, hypernarrativity and interactions 32 1.8 Conclusion 33 1.9 Bibliography 33 Chapter 2 Training in Digital Writing Through the Prism of Tropisms: Case Studies and Propositions 37 Stéphane CROZAT 2.1 Abstract 37 2.2 Introduction 37 2.3 Issue: theoretical approach to digital technology 38 2.3.1 The possibility of mechanizing intellectual labor 38 2.3.2 Digitization of content 39 2.3.3 “It has been manipulated”: manipulation as a source of digital content 40 2.3.4 “And it will be again”: manipulation as the future of digital content 41 2.4 Proposition: tropisms of digital content 42 2.4.1 The concept of tropism 42 2.4.2 Modeling of functional tendencies of digital objects 44 2.5 Detailed description of tropisms 44 2.5.1 Abstraction: it has been coded and will be recoded 44 2.5.2 Addressing: it has been found and will be found again 45 2.5.3 Connection: it has been transmitted and will be retransmitted 46 2.5.4 Duplication: it has been copied and will be recopied 46 2.5.5 Transformation: it has been changed and will be changed again 47 2.5.6 Universality: it has been integrated and will be reintegrated 48 2.6 Application: training in digital technology with tropisms 48 2.6.1 Training in ordinary digital writing at the University of Technology of Compiègne (UTC) 48 2.6.2 BABA strings (abstraction and polymorphism) 49 2.6.3 SolSys string (staging, hypertextualization) 51 2.6.4 BD string (transclusion, interactivity) 53 2.7 Case study: training in digital writing at IFCAM 53 2.7.1 Introduction to training 53 2.7.2 Training scenario 54 2.7.3 An experience to increase awareness using Etherpad 54 2.7.4 Understanding the properties of digital technology and theoretical content 56 2.7.5 Assignment 1: analysis of practices 57 2.7.6 Part two: reading and writing, second assignment (critical observation) 57 2.8 Perspective: a MOOC “digital literacy” project 57 2.8.1 Defining information literacy 58 2.8.2 Defining digital technology 59 2.8.3 Issue: teaching information literacy 60 2.8.4 Components of teaching information literacy 61 2.8.5 Format: challenges of MOOCs 62 2.8.6 Proposition: content and scenario for an information literacy MOOC 64 2.9 Conclusion and perspectives 65 2.10 Acknowledgments 66 2.11 Further reading 66 2.12 Bibliography 67 Chapter 3 Assessing the Design of Hypermedia Interfaces: Differing Perspectives 69 María Inés LAITANO 3.1 Man–machine interaction 70 3.1.1 Fundamental principles of usability 70 3.1.2 Cognitive engineering 72 3.2 Mediated human activity 74 3.2.1 The Danish school 76 3.2.2 Instrumental psychology 78 3.3 Meaningful systems 80 3.3.1 Semiotic engineering 80 3.3.2 The sociocognitive model 84 3.3.3 Semiotic scenario 86 3.4 Three mediations: three ways of evaluating a design? 88 3.5 Bibliography 93 Chapter 4 Experience Design: Explanation and Best Practices 97 Leslie MATTÉ GANET 4.1 Several problems identified with interface creation 99 4.1.1 Users have difficulty too often 99 4.1.2 An awkward practice of Experience Design 99 4.1.3 A difficult beginning for Experience Design in France 100 4.1.4 Ill-defined jobs 101 4.1.5 Manufacturers at various XD maturity levels 102 4.2 What is good Experience Design? 104 4.3 How does Experience Design work? 106 4.3.1 A method, more than a result 106 4.3.2 Focused on humans 106 4.3.3 A transformed project management 106 4.3.4 New professions 108 4.3.5 Tools in DX 112 4.4 A powerful approach 114 4.4.1 XD protects from rejection 114 4.4.2 XD allows for an important gain in time 115 4.4.3 The XD facilitator 116 4.5 Example of XD contribution to an industrial project 116 4.5.1 Creating the Website with classic project management 117 4.5.2 Revising the Website with XD project management 121 4.6 How can we improve the quality of Experience Design in the ICT industries? 124 4.6.1 A team with an open mind and empathy 124 4.6.2 Co-design, creativity, ideation and respiration 124 4.6.3 Good skills for appropriate responsibilities 125 4.6.4 The systematic presence of the user and going into the field 126 4.6.5 No longer using the term UX 126 4.7 Conclusion 127 4.8 Bibliography 128 Chapter 5 Designing Authoring Software Environments for the Interactive Arts: An Overview of Mobilizing.js 131 Dominique CUNIN 5.1 Research context: artistic practices of interactivity 131 5.1.1 Art and technique in the face of the digital 131 5.1.2 An idea: an authoring software environment 134 5.2 Computer graphics, game engine, art engine? 138 5.2.1 Reusability 138 5.2.2 Game engine: when the metaphor and the objective design the tool 140 5.2.3 Programming for the interactive arts: toward complexity 142 5.2.4 Art engine, an authoring environment possibility? 149 5.3 Mobilizing.js: an attempt at a multi-paradigmatic authoring software environment 151 5.3.1 Artistic technical conduct and critical technical practice 153 5.3.2 An engine with many speeds 157 5.4 Structure and results of Mobilizing.js 163 5.4.1 Overview of a technical sequence 163 5.4.2 Constructing interactivities 170 5.4.3 Interactive, immersive and collaborative system 175 5.5 Conclusion 181 5.6 Bibliography 182 Chapter 6 Clues Anomalies Understanding Detecting Underlying Assumptions and Expected Practices in the Digital Humanities through the AIME Project 185 Donato RICCI, Robin DE MOURAT, Christophe LECLERCQ and Bruno LATOUR 6.1 Abstract 185 6.2 Introduction 186 6.3 AIME and its digital humanities set-up 188 6.4 Methodology: multiplying listening devices 193 6.5 Anomaly family #1: displacements in acknowledging on-and-offline practices ecosystem 197 6.6 Anomaly family #2: interface-driven methodology and its encounters with scholarly publics 199 6.7 Anomaly family #3: the shock of collaboration’s ethoses 204 6.8 Qualifying anomalies for a better understanding of Digital Humanities projects 207 6.9 Bibliography 209 List of Authors 213 Index 215

Read more less

Book SynopsisVolume 3 begins with an introduction to which are added four chapters focused on modeling and flow simulation in an environment in 2 or 3 dimensions (2D or 3D). They deal with different cases taken from situations found in the field. A conclusion comes close this third book: The different software used in this third volume Computer simulation of discrete flows Mixed flow simulation Flows in 3D and the evacuation simulation Flows in 3D for conveying and storage The conclusion discusses the future developments of the software and their integration into society. At the end of each volume is a bibliography and a list of web links. There is also a glossary explaining some abbreviations, acronyms and some very specific terminology of logistics and operations research.Table of ContentsAbout This Book ix Introduction xv Chapter 1 Computer Simulation of Discrete Flows 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Worked example 1 1.2.1 Map of the resort 2 1.2.2 Problem statement and design brief 3 1.3 Setting up the project in the ExtendSim 9 software 5 1.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 5 1.3.2 Designing the model and inputting constraints 7 1.3.3 Definition of flows 22 1.3.4 Running the simulation 22 1.3.5 Creation and allocation of resources 24 1.3.6 Rerunning the simulation 28 1.3.7 Generating a report and analysis 29 1.3.8 Development, enhancement and improvement 31 1.3.9 Hierarchy 38 1.3.10 Appearance design 40 1.4 Conclusion 44 Chapter 2 Simulation of Mixed Flows 47 2.1 Mixed Flows 47 2.2 An example of modeling mixed flows 48 2.2.1 Problem statement and specifications 48 2.3 Creating and inputting the project in ExtendSim 52 2.3.1 Definition of the principal parameters 52 2.3.2 Soda production and bottling 53 2.3.3 Transport, carbonation and labeling 80 2.3.4 Packaging and storage 85 2.3.5 Maintenance and cleaning 93 2.3.6 Finishing touches 98 2.4 Conclusion 108 Chapter 3 3D Flows and Evacuation Simulation 109 3.1 3D flows 109 3.2 The Pathfinder software 110 3.3 Evacuation of a building with PathFinder 111 3.3.1 Importing and formatting the first floor plans 113 3.3.2 Creating the different first floor rooms 117 3.3.3 Creating the first floor doors 120 3.3.4 Populating with occupants 122 3.3.5 Simulation and results for the first floor evacuation 123 3.3.6 Incorporating furniture 126 3.3.7 Importing and formatting the second floor plans 128 3.3.8 Creating rooms, doors and populating with occupants 129 3.3.9 Creating the stairs 130 3.3.10 Simulation and results for evacuation of the whole building 134 3.4 Extensions 146 3.4.1 Moving to SFPE mode 146 3.4.2 Groups of occupants 148 3.4.3 Managing the elevators 148 3.4.4 Creating viewpoints 154 3.4.5 Creating camera tours 156 3.4.6 Further possibilities 158 Chapter 4 3D Flows, Distribution and Warehousing 159 4.1 Product distribution 159 4.2 The FlexSim software 159 4.3 Basic concepts of the FlexSim software 160 4.3.1 General appearance of FlexSim 160 4.3.2 Libraries 162 4.3.3 Mouse-based functions 164 4.3.4 Connections between objects 165 4.4 Worked example 166 4.4.1 Description of the warehouse 167 4.4.2 Warehouse operation 168 4.4.3 Modeling stage 1 170 4.4.4 Modeling stage 2 178 4.4.5 Modeling stage 3 184 4.5 Detailed flow and task executer management 194 4.5.1 Generation of containers with several types of content 194 4.5.2 A fixed resource for task executers 198 4.5.3 Shared task executers 200 4.5.4 Pulled and pushed flows and more 204 4.5.5 Naming items 210 4.5.6 Timetables, groups and resources 216 4.6 Experimenter 231 4.6.1 Constructing the model 231 4.6.2 Adding the dashboard 232 4.6.3 Configuring the Experimenter 235 4.7 Concluding remarks 239 Conclusion 241 Glossary 245 Bibliography 251 Index 259

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book aims to learn to use the basic concepts in signal processing. Each chapter is a reminder of the basic principles is presented followed by a series of corrected exercises. After resolution of these exercises, the reader can pretend to know those principles that are the basis of this theme. "We do not learn anything by word, but by example."Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Fourier Series 1 1.1. Theoretical background 1 1.1.1. Orthogonal functions 1 1.1.2. Fourier Series 3 1.1.3. Periodic functions 5 1.1.4. Properties of Fourier series 6 1.1.5. Discrete spectra. Power distribution 8 1.2. Exercises 9 1.2.1. Exercise 1.1. Examples of decomposition calculations 10 1.2.2. Exercise 1.2 11 1.2.3. Exercise 1.3 12 1.2.4. Exercise 1.4 12 1.2.5. Exercise 1.5 12 1.2.6. Exercise 1.6. Decomposing rectangular functions 13 1.2.7. Exercise 1.7. Translation and composition of functions 14 1.2.8. Exercise 1.8. Time derivation of a function 15 1.2.9. Exercise 1.9. Time integration of functions 15 1.2.10. Exercise 1.10 15 1.2.11. Exercise 1.11. Applications in electronic circuits 16 1.3. Solutions to the exercises 17 1.3.1. Exercise 1.1. Examples of decomposition calculations 17 1.3.2. Exercise 1.2 25 1.3.3. Exercise 1.3 26 1.3.4. Exercice 1.4 26 1.3.5. Exercise 1.5 27 1.3.6. Exercise 1.6 27 1.3.7. Exercise 1.7. Translation and composition of functions 29 1.3.8. Exercise 1.8. Time derivation of functions 31 1.3.9. Exercise 1.9. Time integration of functions 32 1.3.10. Exercise 1.10 32 1.3.11. Exercise 1.11 35 Chapter 2. Fourier Transform 39 2.1. Theoretical background 39 2.1.1. Fourier transform 39 2.1.2. Properties of the Fourier transform 42 2.1.3. Singular functions 46 2.1.4. Fourier transform of common functions 51 2.1.5. Calculating Fourier transforms using the Dirac impulse method 53 2.1.6. Fourier transform of periodic functions 54 2.1.7. Energy density 54 2.1.8. Upper limits to the Fourier transform 55 2.2. Exercises 56 2.2.1. Exercise 2.1 56 2.2.2. Exercise 2.2 57 2.2.3. Exercise 2.3 58 2.2.4. Exercise 2.4 59 2.2.5. Exercise 2.5 59 2.2.6. Exercise 2.6 59 2.2.7. Exercise 2.7 60 2.2.8. Exercise 2.8 60 2.2.9. Exercise 2.9 61 2.2.10. Exercise 2.10 62 2.2.11. Exercise 2.11 62 2.2.12. Exercise 2.12 63 2.2.13. Exercise 2.13 63 2.2.14. Exercise 2.14 64 2.2.15. Exercise 2.15 64 2.2.16. Exercise 2.16 65 2.2.17. Exercise 2.17 66 2.3. Solutions to the exercises 67 2.3.1. Exercise 2.1 67 2.3.2. Exercise 2.2 68 2.3.3. Exercise 2.3 74 2.3.4. Exercise 2.4 74 2.3.5. Exercise 2.5 76 2.3.6. Exercise 2.6 76 2.3.7. Exercise 2.7 77 2.3.8. Exercise 2.8 79 2.3.9. Exercise 2.9 82 2.3.10. Exercise 2.10 85 2.3.11 Exercise 2.11 86 2.3.12 Exercise 2.12 88 2.3.13 Exercise 2.13 91 2.3.14 Exercise 2.14 91 2.3.15 Exercice 2.15 92 2.3.16 Exercise 2.16 94 2.3.17 Exercise 2.17 95 Chapter 3. Laplace Transform 97 3.1. Theoretical background 97 3.1.1. Definition 97 3.1.2. Existence of the Laplace transform 98 3.1.3. Properties of the Laplace transform 98 3.1.4. Final value and initial value theorems 102 3.1.5. Determining reverse transforms 102 3.1.6. Approximation methods 105 3.1.7. Laplace transform and differential equations 107 3.1.8. Table of common Laplace transforms 108 3.1.9. Transient state and steady state 110 3.2. Exercise instruction 111 3.2.1. Exercise 3.1 111 3.2.2. Exercise 3.2 111 3.2.3. Exercise 3.3 112 3.2.4. Exercise 3.4 112 3.2.5. Exercise 3.5 112 3.2.6. Exercise 3.6 113 3.2.7. Exercise 3.7 113 3.2.8. Exercise 3.8 115 3.2.9. Exercise 3.9 115 3.2.10. Exercise 3.10 115 3.3. Solutions to the exercises 116 3.3.1. Exercise 3.1 116 3.3.2. Exercise 3.2 117 3.3.3. Exercise 3.3 121 3.3.4. Exercise 3.4 122 3.3.5. Exercise 3.5 130 3.3.6. Exercise 3.6 131 3.3.7. Exercise 3.7 132 3.3.8. Exercise 3.8 136 3.3.9. Exercise 3.9 138 3.3.10. Exercise 3.10 139 Chapter 4. Integrals and Convolution Product 143 4.1. Theoretical background 143 4.1.1. Analyzing linear systems using convolution integrals 143 4.1.2. Convolution properties 144 4.1.3. Graphical interpretation of the convolution product 145 4.1.4. Convolution of a function using a unit impulse 145 4.1.5. Step response from a system 147 4.1.6. Eigenfunction of a convolution operator 148 4.2. Exercises 149 4.2.1. Exercise 4.1 149 4.2.2. Exercise 4.2 150 4.2.3. Exercise 4.3 150 4.2.4. Exercise 4.4 151 4.2.5. Exercise 4.5 151 4.2.6. Exercise 4.6 152 4.3. Solutions to the exercises 153 4.3.1. Exercise 4.1 153 4.3.2. Exercise 4.2 156 4.3.3. Exercise 4.3 160 4.3.4. Exercise 4.4 163 4.3.5. Exercise 4.5 164 4.3.6. Exercise 4.6 165 Chapter 5. Correlation 169 5.1. Theoretical background 169 5.1.1. Comparing signals 169 5.1.2. Correlation function 170 5.1.3. Properties of correlation functions 172 5.1.4. Energy of a signal 176 5.2. Exercises 177 5.2.1. Exercise 5.1 177 5.2.2. Exercise 5.2 178 5.2.3. Exercise 5.3 178 5.2.4. Exercise 5.4 178 5.2.5. Exercice 5.5 179 5.2.6. Exercice 5.6 179 5.2.7. Exercise 5.7 179 5.2.8. Exercice 5.8 180 5.2.9. Exercise 5.9 180 5.2.10. Exercise 5.10 181 5.2.11. Exercise 5.11 181 5.2.12. Exercise 5.12 182 5.2.13. Exercise 5.13 182 5.2.14. Exercise 5.14 183 5.3. Solutions to the exercises 183 5.3.1. Exercise 5.1 183 5.3.2. Exercice 5.2 188 5.3.3. Exercise 5.3 191 5.3.4. Exercice 5.4 192 5.3.5. Exercise 5.5 193 5.3.6. Exercise 5.6 196 5.3.7. Exercise 5.7 197 5.3.8. Exercise 5.8 201 5.3.9. Exercise 5.9 204 5.3.10. Exercise 5.10 205 5.3.11 Exercise 5.11 206 5.3.12 Exercise 5.12 207 5.3.13 Exercise 5.13 208 5.3.14 Exercise 5.14 209 Chapter 6. Signal Sampling 213 6.1. Theoretical background 213 6.1.1. Sampling principle 213 6.1.2. Ideal sampling 214 6.1.3. Finite width sampling 218 6.1.4. Sample and hold (S/H) sampling 221 6.2. Exercises 225 6.2.1. Exercise 6.1 225 6.2.2. Exercise 6.2 225 6.2.3. Exercise 6.3 226 6.2.4. Exercise 6.4 226 6.2.5. Exercise 6.5 226 6.2.6. Exercise 5.6 227 6.2.7. Exercise 6.7 227 6.2.8. Exercice 6.8 228 6.3. Solutions to the exercises 229 6.3.1. Exercise 6.1 229 6.3.2. Exercise 6.2 229 6.3.3. Exercise 6.3 233 6.3.4. Exercice 6.4 235 6.3.5. Exercise 6.5 236 6.3.6. Exercise 6.6 238 6.3.7. Exercise 6.7 240 6.3.8. Exercise 6.8 242 Bibliography 245 Index 247

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis second edition of the fully revised and updated From Photon to Pixel presents essential elements in modern digital photographic devices. Our universal infatuation with photography profoundly affects its usage and development.While some sides of photographic “culture” remain wholly unchanged – art photography, journalistic and advertising photography, scientific photography, etc. – new facets emerge: leisure or travel photography, everyday life photography, anecdotal, observational or unusual photography, and microcosm, or micro-community, photography with its culmination in the narcissistic selfie. These new forms combine an often simplified manner of photographing and modern means of instantaneous, remote and mass communication. This book does not extend into the sociological study of photography, instead it explains how the digital camera works by examining in detail each of the components that constitutes it to provide the reader with a preliminary guide into the inner workings of this device.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xi Chapter 1. First Contact 1 1.1. Toward a society of the image 1 1.1.1. A bit of vocabulary in the form of zoology 4 1.1.2. A brief history of photography 7 1.2. The reason for this book 10 1.3. Physical principle of image formation 11 1.3.1. Light 11 1.3.2. Electromagnetic radiation: wave and particle 12 1.3.3. The pinhole 13 1.3.4. From pinholes to photo cameras 15 1.4. Camera block diagram 21 Chapter 2. The Photographic Objective Lens 25 2.1. Focusing 26 2.1.1. From focusing to blurring 26 2.1.2. Focusing complex scenes 28 2.2. Depth of field 34 2.2.1. Long-distance photography 35 2.2.2. Macrophotography 36 2.2.3. Hyperfocal 37 2.3. Angle of view 38 2.3.1. Angle of view and human visual system 38 2.3.2. Angle of view and focal length 39 2.4. Centered systems 41 2.4.1. Of the importance of glasses in lenses 42 2.4.2. Chromatic corrections 45 2.4.3. The choice of an optical system 47 2.4.4. Diaphragms and apertures 50 2.4.5. Zoom 53 2.4.6. Zoom and magnification 54 2.5. Fisheye systems 57 2.5.1. Projection functions 57 2.5.2. Circular and diagonal fisheyes 59 2.5.3. Fisheyes in practice 61 2.6. Diffraction and incoherent light 63 2.6.1. Coherence: incoherence 63 2.6.2. Definitions and notations 65 2.6.3. For a single wavelength 66 2.6.4. Circular diaphragm 68 2.6.5. Discussion 70 2.6.6. Case of a wide spectrum 71 2.6.7. Separation power 73 2.7. Camera calibration 74 2.7.1. Some geometry of image formation 74 2.7.2. Multi-image calibration: bundle adjustment 77 2.7.3. Fisheye camera calibration 78 2.8. Aberrations 79 2.8.1. Chromatic aberration 79 2.8.2. Geometrical aberrations 80 2.8.3. Internal reflections 82 2.8.4. Vignetting 83 2.8.5. The correction of the aberrations 86 Chapter 3. The Digital Sensor 89 3.1. Sensor size 90 3.1.1. Sensor aspect ratio 90 3.1.2. Sensor dimensions 91 3.1.3. Pixel size 93 3.2. The photodetector 93 3.2.1. Image detection materials 93 3.2.2. CCDs 94 3.2.3. CMOSs 97 3.2.4. Back-side illuminated arrangement (BSI), stacked arrangement 101 3.2.5. Stacked arrangements 102 3.2.6. Influence of the choice of technology on noise 103 3.2.7. Conclusion 104 3.3. Integrated filters in the sensor 104 3.3.1. Microlenses 104 3.3.2. Anti-aliasing filters 106 3.3.3. Chromatic selection filters 109 Chapter 4. Radiometry and Photometry 111 4.1. Radiometry: physical parameters 112 4.1.1. Definitions 112 4.1.2. Radiating objects: emissivity and source temperature 116 4.1.3. Industrial lighting sources 122 4.1.4. Reflecting objects: reflectance and radiosity 123 4.2. Subjective aspects: photometry 125 4.2.1. Luminous efficiency curve 126 4.2.2. Photometric quantities 128 4.3. Real systems 128 4.3.1. Etendue 129 4.3.2. Camera photometry 130 4.4. Radiometry and photometry in practice 134 4.4.1. Measurement with a photometer 134 4.4.2. Integrated measurements 137 4.5. From the watt to the ISO 138 4.5.1. ISO sensitivity: definitions 138 4.5.2. Standard output ISO sensitivity SOS 143 4.5.3. Recommended exposure index 143 4.5.4. Exposure value 144 Chapter 5. Color 145 5.1. From electromagnetic radiation to perception 147 5.1.1. The color of objects 147 5.1.2. Color perception 149 5.2. Color spaces 151 5.2.1. The CIE 1931 RGB space 153 5.2.2. Other chromatic spaces 160 5.2.3. The Lab space 162 5.2.4. Other colorimetric spaces 163 5.2.5. TV spaces 164 5.2.6. The sRGB space 165 5.2.7. ICC profile 168 5.2.8. Chromatic thresholds 169 5.3. The white balance 170 5.3.1. Presettings 171 5.3.2. Color calibration 172 5.3.3. Gray test pattern usage 173 5.3.4. Automatic white balance techniques 173 5.3.5. The Retinex model 175 5.4. Acquiring color 178 5.4.1. “True color” images 181 5.4.2. Chromatic arrays 186 5.4.3. Chromatic selection of the arrays 192 5.5. Reconstructing color: demosaicing 195 5.5.1. Linear interpolation demosaicing 196 5.5.2. Per channel, nonlinear interpolations 199 5.5.3. Interchannel, non-linear interpolations 199 Chapter 6. Image Quality 205 6.1. Qualitative attributes 206 6.1.1. The signal–noise ratio 207 6.1.2. Resolution 211 6.1.3. The modulation transfer function 215 6.1.4. Sharpness 221 6.1.5. Acutance 221 6.2. Global image quality assessment 226 6.2.1. Reference-based evaluations 228 6.2.2. No-reference evaluation 230 6.2.3. Perception model evaluation 234 6.3. Information capacity 237 6.3.1. The number of degrees of freedom 238 6.3.2. Entropy 243 6.3.3. Information capacity in photography 245 6.4. What about aesthetics? 252 6.4.1. Birkhoff’s measure of beauty 253 6.4.2. Gestalt theory 254 6.4.3. Shannon information theory, Kolmogorov Complexity and Computational Complexity theory 254 6.4.4. Learning aesthetic by machine 254 Chapter 7. Noise in Digital Photography 257 7.1. Photon noise 258 7.1.1. Fluctuations in the optical signal 258 7.1.2. The Poisson hypothesis in practice 261 7.1.3. From photon flux to electrical charge 262 7.2. Electronic noise 265 7.2.1. Dark current 265 7.2.2. Pixel reading noise 266 7.2.3. Crosstalk noise 266 7.2.4. Reset noise 267 7.2.5. Quantization noise 267 7.3. Non-uniform noise 268 7.3.1. Non-uniformity in detectors 268 7.3.2. Salt-and-pepper noise 268 7.3.3. Image reconstruction and compression noise 268 7.4. Noise models for image acquisition 269 7.4.1. Orders of magnitude 270 Chapter 8. Image Representation: Coding and Formats 273 8.1. “Native” format and metadata 274 8.2. RAW (native) format 275 8.2.1. Contents of the RAW format 278 8.2.2. Advantages of the native format 280 8.2.3. Drawbacks of the native format 281 8.2.4. Standardization of native formats 281 8.3. Metadata 283 8.3.1. The XMP standard 283 8.3.2. The Exif metadata format 284 8.4. Lossless compression formats 286 8.4.1. General lossless coding algorithms 287 8.4.2. Lossless JPEG coding 288 8.5. Image formats for graphic design 289 8.5.1. The PNG format 289 8.5.2. The TIFF format 291 8.5.3. The GIF format 292 8.6. Lossy compression formats 292 8.6.1. JPEG 294 8.6.2. JPEG 2000 299 8.7. Tiled formats 304 8.8. Video coding 305 8.8.1. Video encoding and standardization 306 8.8.2. MPEG coding 307 8.9. Compressed sensing 310 Chapter 9. Elements of Camera Hardware 313 9.1. Image processors 313 9.1.1. Global architecture and functions 314 9.1.2. The central processing unit 315 9.1.3. The digital signal processor 318 9.1.4. The graphics processing unit 320 9.2. Memory 321 9.2.1. Volatile memory 321 9.2.2. Archival memory cards 321 9.3. Screens 327 9.3.1. Two screen types 327 9.3.2. Performance 329 9.3.3. Choice of technology 330 9.4. The shutter 333 9.4.1. Mechanical shutters 333 9.4.2. Electronic shutters 333 9.5. Measuring focus 335 9.5.1. Maximum contrast detection 337 9.5.2. Phase detection 340 9.5.3. Focusing on multiple targets 341 9.5.4. Telemeter configuration and geometry 342 9.5.5. Mechanics of the autofocus system 343 9.5.6. Autofocus in practice 344 9.6. Stabilization 346 9.6.1. Motion sensors 346 9.6.2. Compensating for movement 349 9.6.3. Video stabilization 352 9.7. Additions to the lens assembly: supplementary lenses and filters 353 9.7.1. Focal length adjustment 353 9.7.2. Infra-red filters 356 9.7.3. Attenuation filters 357 9.7.4. Polarizing filters 358 9.7.5. Chromatic filters 365 9.7.6. Colored filters 366 9.7.7. Special effect filters 367 9.8. Power cells 367 9.8.1. Batteries 368 9.8.2. Rechargeable Ni-Cd batteries 368 9.8.3. Lithium-ion batteries 369 Chapter 10. Photographic Software 373 10.1. Integrated software 374 10.1.1. Noise reduction 374 10.1.2. Classic approaches 375 10.1.3. Iterative methods 376 10.1.4. Non-local approaches 377 10.1.5. Facial detection 379 10.1.6. Motion tracking 382 10.1.7. Image rotation 384 10.1.8. Panoramas 385 10.2. Imported software 394 10.2.1. Improving existing functions 395 10.2.2. Creating new functions 395 10.3. External software 397 10.3.1. High-dynamic images (HDR) 397 10.3.2. Plenoptic imaging: improving the depth of field 402 10.3.3. Improving resolution: super-resolution 408 10.3.4. Flutter-shutters 412 Bibliography 417 Index 439

Read more less

Book SynopsisMany instrumentation engineers and scientists often deal with analog electronic issues when approaching delicate measurements. Even if off-the-shelf measuring solutions exist, comprehension of the analog behavior of the measuring system is often a necessity. This book provides a concise introduction to the main elements of a low frequency analog acquisition chain. It aims to be sufficiently general to provide an introduction, yet specific enough to guide the reader through some classical problems that may be encountered in the subject. Topics include sensors, conditioning circuits, differential and instrumentation amplifiers, active filters (mainly for anti-aliasing purposes) and analog to digital converters. A chapter is devoted to an introduction to noise and electronic compatibility.This work is intended for people with a general background in electronics and signal processing, who are looking for an introduction to classical electronic solutions employed in measuring instruments involving low frequency analog signal processing. Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Sensing and Signal Conditioning 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Voltage generating sensors 1 1.3 Current generating sensors 9 1.4 Charge generating sensors 19 1.5 Resistive sensors 24 1.6 Reactive sensors 36 1.7 Conclusion 37 Chapter 2 Amplification and Amplifiers 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Introduction to operational amplifiers 40 2.3 Limitations of real operational amplifiers 42 2.4 Instrumentation amplifiers 47 2.5 Isolation amplifiers 57 2.6 Conclusion 59 Chapter 3 Elements of Active Filter Synthesis 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Low-pass filter approximation 64 3.3 Active filter synthesis by means of standard cells 76 3.4 Frequency transform techniques 82 3.5 Conclusion 88 Chapter 4 Analog to Digital Converters 89 4.1 Digital to analog converters and analog to digital converters: an introduction 89 4.2 Notations and digital circuits 91 4.3 Sample and hold circuits 94 4.4 Converter structures 96 4.5 No silver bullet: choosing the best trade-off 112 4.6 Conclusion 118 Chapter 5 Introduction to Noise Analysis in Low Frequency Circuits 121 5.1 What is noise? 121 5.2 Stochastic modeling of a noise 123 5.3 Different kinds of stochastic noises 129 5.4 Limits of modeling 134 5.5 Contributions from stochastically independent noise sources 135 5.6 Noise equivalent bandwidth and noise factor 137 5.7 Amplifiers and noise 139 5.8 Noise from “outer space”: electromagnetic compatibility 148 5.9 Conclusion 152 Appendix 153 Bibliography 155 Index 157

Read more less

Book SynopsisColor is a sensation generated both by the interaction of the visual sensors in the eyes with the natural environment and by the elaboration of visual information by higher brain functions.This book presents the mathematical framework needed to deal with several models of color processing of digital images. The book starts with a short yet exhaustive introduction to the basic phenomenological features of color vision, which are constantly used throughout the book. The discussion of computational issues starts with color constancy, which is dealt with in a rigorous and self-contained mathematical setting. Then, the original Retinex model and its numerous variants are introduced and analyzed with direct discrete equations. The remainder of the book is dedicated to the variational analysis of Retinex-like models, contextualizing their action with respect to contrast enhancement. Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Rudiments of Human Visual System (HVS) Features 1 1.1. The retina 1 1.1.1. Photoreceptors: rods and cones 2 1.2. Adaptation and photo-electrical response of receptors 4 1.3. Spatial locality of vision 5 1.4. Local contrast enhancement 6 1.5. Physical vs. perceived light intensity contrast: Weber- Fechner’s law 9 Chapter 2. Computational Color Constancy Algorithms 13 2.1. The dichromatic and Lambertian image formation models 14 2.2. Classical hypotheses for illuminant and reflectance estimation 17 2.2.1. White-patch assumption and related models 18 2.2.2. Gray-world assumption and related models 20 2.2.3. Shades of gray and multi-scale max-RGB assumptions to mix white-patch and gray-world hypotheses 22 2.2.4. Gray-edge assumption and related models 24 2.2.5. Multi-scale n-th order shades of gray-edge assumption: a general hypothesis 26 Chapter 3. Retinex-like Algorithms for Color Image Processing 29 3.1. Mathematical description of the original ratio-threshold-reset Retinex algorithm 30 3.2. Analysis of the ratio-reset Retinex formula: the limit ε → 0 33 3.2.1. Retinex: “a melody that everyone plays differently” 37 3.3. From paths to pixel sprays: RSR 41 3.3.1. LRSR and SMRSR 43 3.4. A psychophysical method to measure (achromatic) induction 45 3.5. Automatic Color Equalization: ACE 50 3.6. RACE: a model with mixed features between RSR and ACE 52 3.6.1. Regularization of RACE formula: attachment to original image 54 3.7. An alternative fusion between RSR and ACE: STRESS 56 Chapter 4. Variational Formulation of Histogram Equalization 59 4.1. The Caselles–Sapiro model 59 4.2. Interpretation of Caselles–Sapiro’s functional for histogram equalization 65 4.3. Application of histogram equalization techniques to color images 67 Chapter 5. Perceptually-inspired Variational Models for Color Enhancement in the RGB Space 69 5.1. Beyond the Caselles–Sapiro model: modification of the histogram equalization functional to approach visual properties 70 5.1.1. A contrast term coherent with HVS properties 70 5.1.2. Entropic adjustment term 73 5.2. Minimization of perceptual functionals 75 5.2.1. Stability of the iterative semi-implicit gradient descent scheme 80 5.2.2. A general strategy for the reduction of computational complexity 81 5.2.3. Results 83 5.3. Embedding existing perceptually inspired color correction models in the variational framework 85 5.3.1. Alternative variational and EDP formalizations of Retinex-like algorithms 89 5.4. Variational interpretation of the Rudd-Zemach model of achromatic induction 92 5.5. Perceptual enhancement in the wavelet domain 95 5.5.1. Adjustment to the average value in the wavelet domain 98 5.5.2. Local contrast enhancement in the wavelet domain 99 5.6. High-dynamic-range (HDR) imaging 101 5.6.1. A two-stage tone mapping 105 Appendix 111 Bibliography 117 Index 125

Read more less

Book SynopsisMost physical problems can be written in the form of mathematical equations (differential, integral, etc.). Mathematicians have always sought to find analytical solutions to the equations encountered in the different sciences of the engineer (mechanics, physics, biology, etc.). These equations are sometimes complicated and much effort is required to simplify them. In the middle of the 20th century, the arrival of the first computers gave birth to new methods of resolution that will be described by numerical methods. They allow solving numerically as precisely as possible the equations encountered (resulting from the modeling of course) and to approach the solution of the problems posed. The approximate solution is usually computed on a computer by means of a suitable algorithm. The objective of this book is to introduce and study the basic numerical methods and those advanced to be able to do scientific computation. The latter refers to the implementation of approaches adapted to the treatment of a scientific problem arising from physics (meteorology, pollution, etc.) or engineering (structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, signal processing, etc.) .Table of ContentsPreface xi Part 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Review of Linear Algebra 3 1.1. Vector spaces 3 1.1.1. General definitions 3 1.1.2. Free families, generating families and bases 4 1.2. Linear mappings 5 1.3. Matrices 7 1.3.1. Operations on matrices 7 1.3.2. Change-of-basis matrices 8 1.3.3. Matrix notations 9 1.4. Determinants 10 1.5. Scalar product 12 1.6. Vector norm 12 1.7. Matrix eigenvectors and eigenvalues 13 1.7.1. Definitions and properties 13 1.7.2. Matrix diagonalization 15 1.7.3. Triangularization of matrices 15 1.8 Using Matlab 16 Chapter 2 Numerical Precision 21 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Machine representations of numbers 22 2.3. Integers 23 2.3.1. External representation 23 2.3.2. Internal representation of positive integers 24 2.4. Real numbers 25 2.4.1. External representation 25 2.4.2. Internal encoding of real numbers 25 2.5. Representation errors 26 2.5.1. Properties of computer-based arithmetic 27 2.5.2. Operation of subtraction 28 2.5.3. Stability 29 2.6. Determining the best algorithm 29 2.7 Using Matlab 30 2.7.1. Definition of variables 30 2.7.2. Manipulating numbers 30 Part 2 Approximating Functions 35 Chapter 3 Polynomial Interpolation 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Interpolation problems 37 3.2.1. Linear interpolation 38 3.3. Polynomial interpolation techniques 38 3.4. Interpolation with the Lagrange basis 39 3.4.1. Polynomial interpolation error 43 3.4.2. Neville–Aitken method 46 3.5. Interpolation with the Newton basis 46 3.6. Interpolation using spline functions 48 3.6.1. Hermite interpolation 50 3.6.2. Spline interpolation error 55 3.7 Using Matlab 58 3.7.1. Operations on polynomials 58 3.7.2. Manipulating polynomials 59 3.7.3. Evaluation of polynomials 60 3.7.4. Linear and nonlinear interpolation 60 3.7.5. Lagrange function 63 3.7.6. Newton function 64 Chapter 4 Numerical Differentiation 67 4.1. First-order numerical derivatives and the truncation error 67 4.2. Higher-order numerical derivatives 70 4.3. Numerical derivatives and interpolation 71 4.4. Studying the differentiation error 73 4.5. Richardson extrapolation 77 4.6. Application to the heat equation 78 4.7 Using Matlab 81 Chapter 5 Numerical Integration 83 5.1. Introduction 83 5.2. Rectangle method 84 5.3. Trapezoidal rule 84 5.4. Simpson’s rule 87 5.5. Hermite’s rule 90 5.6. Newton–Côtes rules 91 5.7. Gauss–Legendre method 92 5.7.1. Problem statement 92 5.7.2. Legendre polynomials 94 5.7.3 Choosing the αi and xi (i = 0, . . . , n) 99 5.8 Using Matlab 100 5.8.1. Matlab functions for numerical integration 100 5.8.2. Trapezoidal rule 101 5.8.3. Simpson’s rule 103 Part 3 Solving Linear Systems 107 Chapter 6 Matrix Norm and Conditioning 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Matrix norm 109 6.3. Condition number of a matrix 113 6.3.1 Approximation of K(A) 116 6.4. Preconditioning 116 6.5 Using Matlab 117 6.5.1. Matrices and vectors 117 6.5.2. Condition number of a matrix 119 Chapter 7 Direct Methods 123 7.1. Introduction 123 7.2. Method of determinants or Cramer’s method 123 7.2.1. Matrix inversion by Cramer’s method 124 7.3. Systems with upper triangular matrices 124 7.4. Gaussian method 125 7.4.1. Solving multiple systems in parallel 129 7.5. Gauss–Jordan method 129 7.5.1. Underlying principle 129 7.5.2. Computing the inverse of a matrix with the Gauss–Jordan algorithm 131 7.6. LU decomposition 132 7.7. Thomas algorithm 133 7.8. Cholesky decomposition 134 7.9 Using Matlab 136 7.9.1. Matrix operations 136 7.9.2. Systems of linear equations 138 Chapter 8 Iterative Methods 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Classical iterative techniques 148 8.2.1. Jacobi method 149 8.2.2. Gauss–Seidel method 151 8.2.3. Relaxation method 152 8.2.4. Block forms of the Jacobi, Gauss–Seidel and relaxation methods 154 8.3. Convergence of iterative methods 155 8.4. Conjugate gradient method 157 8.5 Using Matlab 159 8.5.1. Jacobi method 159 8.5.2. Relaxation method 160 Chapter 9 Numerical Methods for Computing Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 163 9.1. Introduction 163 9.2. Computing det (A − λI) directly 164 9.3. Krylov methods 166 9.4. LeVerrier method 167 9.5. Jacobi method 168 9.6. Power iteration method 171 9.6.1. Deflation algorithm 172 9.7. Inverse power method 173 9.8. Givens–Householder method 174 9.8.1. Givens algorithm 175 9.9 Using Matlab 176 9.9.1. Application to a buckling beam 177 Chapter 10 Least-squares Approximation 185 10.1. Introduction 185 10.2. Analytic formulation 185 10.3. Algebraic formulation 191 10.3.1. Standard results on orthogonality 191 10.3.2. Least-squares problem 191 10.3.3. Solving by orthogonalization 192 10.4. Numerically solving linear equations by QR factorization 193 10.4.1. Householder transformations 193 10.4.2. QR factorization 193 10.4.3. Application to the least-squares problem 193 10.5. Applications 194 10.5.1. Curve fitting 194 10.5.2. Approximations of derivatives 195 10.6 Using Matlab 195 Part 4 Appendices 199 Appendix 1 Introduction to Matlab 201 Appendix 2 Introduction to Optimization 209 Bibliography 215 Index 217

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book covers various modern theoretical, technical, practical and technological aspects of computerized numerical control and control systems of deterministic and stochastic dynamical processes. Readers will discover: A review of the fundamentals and results of the theory of analogue control systems A clear and detailed presentation on the experimental modeling of dynamic processes Frequency synthesis techniques and in the state space of digital control systems Concrete applications of deterministic and stochastic optimal regulation laws New multimedia platforms, training and experimental automated research Various topologies and creation strategies, computer-aided telecontrol regulation systems, as well as a prototype of an automated laboratory that can be remotely operated via the Internet Simple Matlab programs to reproduce, where necessary, the main numerical and graphical results presented Many exercises corrected at the end of each chapter Detailed studies of practical automation projects, aimed at consolidating the skills of the automation profession acquired in the book Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Part 1. Analog Feedback Control Systems 1 Chapter 1. Models of Dynamic Processes 3 1.1. Introduction to dynamic processes 3 1.1.1. Definition, hypotheses and notations 3 1.1.2. Implications of hypotheses 4 1.1.3. Dynamic model: an automation perspective 5 1.2. Transfer functions 6 1.2.1. Existence conditions 6 1.2.2. Construction 6 1.2.3. General structure of a transfer function 8 1.2.4. Tools for the analysis of the properties of transfer functions 8 1.2.5. First- and second-order transfer functions 8 1.3. State models 12 1.3.1. Definition 12 1.3.2. Illustrative example 13 1.3.3. General structure of the state model 14 1.4. Linear state models with constant parameters 15 1.4.1. Linearization-based construction 15 1.4.2. Structure of a linear state model with constant parameters 16 1.4.3. Properties of a model without pure input delay (τ0 = 0) 18 1.5. Similarity transformation 20 1.6. Exercises and solutions 21 Chapter 2. Experimental Modeling Approach of Dynamic Processes 39 2.1. Introduction to experimental modeling 39 2.1.1. Problem statement 39 2.1.2. Principle of experimental modeling 39 2.1.3. Experimental modeling methodology 40 2.2. Step response-based modeling 44 2.2.1. Model of order 1 44 2.2.2. Under-damped model of order 2 (ξ < 1) 44 2.2.3. Damped model of order ≥ 2 (Strejc method) 46 2.3. Frequency response-based modeling 50 2.4. Modeling based on ARMA model 52 2.4.1. ARMA model 52 2.4.2. Parameter estimation of an ARMA model 54 2.5. Matlab-aided experimental modeling 56 2.6. Exercises and solutions 58 Chapter 3. Review of Analog Feedback Control Systems 73 3.1. Open-loop analog control 73 3.1.1. Principle 73 3.1.2. Open-loop control 74 3.2. Analog control system 74 3.3. Performances of an analog control system 75 3.3.1. Closed-loop transfer functions 75 3.3.2. Performance quantities 76 3.4. Simple analog controllers 76 3.5. PID/PIDF controllers 77 3.5.1. Structure and role of the parameters of a PID/PIDF controller 77 3.5.2. Ziegler–Nichols methods for parameter calculation 79 3.5.3. Calculation of parameters by pole placement 79 3.5.4. Direct calculation of optimal PID parameters 81 3.5.5. LQR-based indirect calculation of optimal PID parameters 85 3.5.6. Implementation of analog controllers 85 3.6. Controllers described in the state space 86 3.6.1. Principle and block diagram of a linear state feedback 86 3.6.2. Techniques for calculating the state feedback gain 87 3.6.3. Integral action state feedback 88 3.6.4. State feedback with integral action and observer 90 3.6.5. State feedback with output error compensator 92 3.7. Principle of equivalence between PID and LQR controllers 92 3.7.1. Proof of the equivalence principle 93 3.7.2. Equivalence relation 96 3.7.3. Case study 96 3.8. Exercises and solutions 99 Part 2. Synthesis and Computer-aided Simulation of Digital Feedback Control Systems 123 Chapter 4. Synthesis of Digital Feedback Control Systems in the Frequency Domain 125 4.1. Synthesis methodology 125 4.2. Transfer function G(z) of a dynamic process 125 4.2.1. Sampled dynamic model 125 4.2.2. Discretization of Gc(p) if input delay τ0 = 0 126 4.2.3. Discretization of Gc(s) if input delay τ0 # 0 128 4.2.4. Examples of calculation of G(z) by discretization of Gc(s) 132 4.3. Transfer function D(z): discretization method 136 4.3.1. Interest of discretization 136 4.3.2. Discretization of Dc(s) by invariance methods 137 4.3.3. Discretization of Dc(s) by transformation methods 139 4.3.4. z-Transfer functions of simple controllers 142 4.3.5. General structure of D(z) and recurrence equation 144 4.3.6. Discretization of transfer functions with Matlab 145 4.4. Transfer function D(z): model method 146 4.4.1. Principle of the model method 146 4.4.2. Examples of direct design of digital controllers 146 4.4.3. Conditions for the use of model approach 148 4.4.4. Practical rules for using the model approach 149 4.5. Discrete block diagram of digital control 150 4.5.1. Closed-loop characteristic transfer functions 151 4.5.2. Sampling frequency 152 4.6. Exercises and solutions 154 Chapter 5. Computer-aided Simulation of Digital Feedback Control Systems 177 5.1. Approaches to computer-aided simulation 177 5.2. Programming of joint recurrence equations 178 5.2.1. Formulation 178 5.2.2. Example of Matlab® programming 179 5.3. Simulation using Matlab macro programming 183 5.4. Graphic simulation 186 5.5. Case study: simulation of servomechanisms 187 5.5.1. Simulation of a speed servomechanism 187 5.5.2. Simulation of a position servomechanism 191 5.6. Exercises and solutions 194 Chapter 6. Discrete State Models of Dynamic Processes 199 6.1. Discretization of the state model of a dynamic process 199 6.1.1. Discretization of a state model 200 6.1.2. Discretization of a state model with input delay 201 6.2. Calculation of {A, B, C, D} parameters of a discrete state model 204 6.2.1. Calculation of A = eAT 204 6.2.2. Calculation of B 206 6.2.3. Calculation of C and D 208 6.3. Properties of a discrete state model {A, B, C, D} 208 6.3.1. Infinity of state models of one dynamic process 208 6.3.2. Stability 209 6.3.3. Controllability and stabilizability 209 6.3.4. Observability and detectability 210 6.4. Exercises and solutions 210 Appendices 215 Appendix 1. Table of Z-transforms 217 Appendix 2. Matlab® Elements Used in This Book 219 Bibliography 223 Index 227

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces an original fractional calculus methodology (‘the infinite state approach’) which is applied to the modeling of fractional order differential equations (FDEs) and systems (FDSs). Its modeling is based on the frequency distributed fractional integrator, while the resulting model corresponds to an integer order and infinite dimension state space representation. This original modeling allows the theoretical concepts of integer order systems to be generalized to fractional systems, with a particular emphasis on a convolution formulation.Table of Contents1. The Fractional Integrator. 2. Frequency Approach to the Synthesis of the Fractional Integrator. 3. Comparison of Two Simulation Techniques. 4. Fractional Modeling of the Diffusive Interface. 5. Modeling of Physical Systems with Fractional Models: an Illustrative Example. 6. The Distributed Model of the Fractional Integrator. 7. Modeling of FDEs and FDSs. 8. Fractional Differentiation. 9. Analytical Expressions of FDS Transients. 10. Infinite State and Fractional Differentiation of Functions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisFollowing the rapid development of connected technologies, which are now highly sophisticated and spread across the globe, Society 5.0 has emerged and brought with it a dramatic societal shift. In 1998, Kodak, the world leader in photographic film, had 170,000 employees. It thus seemed unthinkable that just 3 years later, the majority of people would stop taking photographs to paper film and that Kodak would have disappeared. These are the stakes of this new society that is taking shape. This book, which does not seek to critique current politics, management or marketing literature, aims to fight against the excesses of this often-misunderstood Society 5.0 and to present the ideas and associated technologies that comprise it, all working towards societal improvement. Among these technologies, artificial intelligence, robotics, digital platforms and 3D printing are undoubtedly the most important, and thus receive the greatest focus. Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Introduction xix Chapter 1. Society 5.0, Its Logic and Its Construction 1 1.1. The origins of society 5.0 1 1.2. The ancient ages 6 1.3. Cybernics or cyber-physical systems 7 1.4. The Council on Competitiveness-Nippon (COCN) 8 1.5. The lessons of history 8 1.6. The decision variables of society 5.0 9 1.6.1. Which role for information? 9 1.6.2. Which role for time? 11 1.6.3. Which role for nature? 11 1.6.4. Which role for distraction? 12 1.6.5. Which role for identity? 13 1.6.6. Which role for alienation? 16 1.6.7. Which role for action? 17 1.7. The contribution of the first revolution 18 1.8. Humanity 2.0 and society 5.0 18 1.9. The new role of society 5.0: a return to bio? 19 1.10. Growing sectors and lagging sectors 19 1.11. The elements of society 5.0 20 Chapter 2. From Society 5.0 to Its Associated Policies 23 2.1. The place of politics in organizations 23 2.1.1. The three levels: strategic, tactical, operational 23 2.1.2. Politics and ethics 24 2.1.3. The relationship between the strategic, tactical and operational levels, and the organization’s functions and tasks 25 2.2. The implementation of national policies 25 2.3. The notion of walls 27 2.3.1. Different types of walls 27 2.3.2. The “NIMBY” wall 28 2.3.3. The wall between private individuals and professionals 29 2.4. New political attitudes 30 2.4.1. Vetocracy 30 2.4.2. Ultrademocracy 33 2.5. The role of governments 34 2.5.1. The protection of national industry 34 2.5.2. The limitations required by governments 35 2.5.3. The question of public orders 36 2.5.4. New cultural policies 36 Chapter 3. Industry 4.0 at the Core of Society 5.0 37 3.1. Business in society 5.0 38 3.1.1. The recent history of the decline of industry 38 3.1.2. The impact of political choices 39 3.1.3. Pierre Musso’s perspective 40 3.2. The firm: a general theory 41 3.2.1. The management of a firm 41 3.2.2. The definition of a market 43 3.2.3. The concept of productive activity 43 3.2.4. The fundamental structures of the firm 44 3.2.5. The question of the appearance of improved structures 46 3.2.6. The usefulness of the concept of profit center 48 3.2.7. The difference between functions and structures 49 3.2.8. The relationship between environment, strategy and structure 49 3.3. The determinants of the factory of the future 50 3.3.1. The main determinants 50 3.3.2. The place of digital 52 3.3.3. Direct manufacturing 53 3.4. The different types of factories of the future 53 3.4.1. Factory 4.0: “integrated logistics chain” 54 3.4.2. The Key-Technology factory: “a highly differentiating process” 54 3.4.3. The Craft-Industrial factory: “tailor-made industrialized production” 54 3.4.4. The Client Drive factory: “the customer operates the process” 54 3.4.5. The Low Cost factory: “in Open Source” 55 3.5. The regulatory determinants of the factory of the future 56 3.6. The main questions regarding the factory of the future 56 3.6.1. The location of the factory of the future 58 3.6.2. Production cycles 58 3.6.3. Finances in the factory of the future 59 3.6.4. The conditions of its emergence 60 3.7. Changes related to the factory of the future 60 3.7.1. Actions for favoring the advent of the factory of the future 61 3.7.2. The notion of industrial revolution 61 3.8. Daily management 62 3.9. Additive manufacturing technologies 62 3.9.1. CNC tools 62 3.9.2. The notion of CPPS 62 3.10. The example of the textile industry 63 Chapter 4. The City and Mobility 3.0 67 4.1. Research 67 4.1.1. The city in motion 67 4.1.2. Transit-City program 68 4.1.3. Research on smart vehicles 69 4.2. The link between smart vehicles and road infrastructure 70 4.2.1. Smart vehicles’ levels 71 4.2.2. Current examples of autonomous vehicles 73 4.2.3. The challenges of the road environment 73 4.2.4. The smart and mobile habitat 74 Chapter 5. Information Technology 2.0, the Foundation of Society 5.0 75 5.1. The reference to Jean-Paul Sartre 75 5.2. The “Sartrian” man in the digital world 77 5.3. Schemata 79 5.4. Data in their environment 79 5.4.1. The sources of data 79 5.4.2. Regulations on data use 80 5.5. The impact of the digital world 81 5.6. The digital shift of organizations 82 5.6.1. Organizations where the digital shift has been a failure 82 5.6.2. Organizations that made the digital shift early 82 5.6.3. Organizations blocked at ICT 1.0 83 5.7. ICT infrastructure 84 5.8. Primitive technologies 84 5.8.1. Text analysis 84 5.8.2. Voice recognition 85 5.8.3. The mobile phone as an inclusive technology 85 5.9. Recent technologies 86 5.9.1. Robotics and automation 86 5.9.2. Virtual reality 87 5.9.3. Computer-aided design 87 5.9.4. Artificial intelligence 89 Chapter 6. Society 5.0 and the Management of the Future 91 6.1. The firm from the managerial viewpoint 91 6.1.1. The definition of management 91 6.1.2. Management’s contents 92 6.2. The definition of market 92 6.3. Marketing 93 6.3.1. Marketing is an approach which only makes sense in a certain context 93 6.3.2. The four historical periods of marketing.95 6.3.3. The features of the different phases 96 6.4. The logics: need, desire, expectation and demand 99 6.4.1. The Lacanian perspective applied to marketing 99 6.4.2. The place of marketing 100 6.5. New managerial skills 102 6.6. Boredom comes from repetition 103 6.7. Customer satisfaction 103 6.8. Resistance to consumption 104 6.9. Recovery, gleaning, etc 105 6.10. Customer relationship management: an essential tool 105 6.11. The holistic approach to management 106 6.11.1. Sociocracy 106 6.11.2. Holacracy 107 6.12. The hacker’s position 108 6.12.1. Corporate hacking 108 6.12.2. Managing a hacking session 111 6.12.3. Human resources management 112 6.13. Feeble signals for understanding evolution 114 6.14. The generations 115 6.14.1. The Beta generation 115 6.14.2. The more “ecological” consumption of new generations 115 6.14.3. The middle-class generation 116 6.15. Skills and generations 117 6.15.1. The distinctive skills of a firm 117 6.15.2. The history of Low and Less 117 6.15.3. The cashless generation 117 6.15.4. Changes in commercialization and in business 118 6.15.5. Changes in the market 118 Chapter 7. The Consequences of the End of Major Innovations 121 7.1. The end of the major innovations: some observations 121 7.2. Marketing philosophy as a vehicle for enhancing technology 123 7.2.1. Why do we mention a marketing philosophy? 123 7.2.2. The example of Intel processors 124 7.2.3. Innovation balance 124 7.3. The new forms of innovation 125 7.4. The globalization of research 126 7.4.1. The globalization of science does not really exist 126 7.4.2. Scientific globalization is only real for mathematics, physics and health 127 7.4.3. The key point is European research 127 7.5. The globalization of scientific publications 128 7.5.1. Scientific communication: publish or perish 128 7.5.2. The solution, to expand the scope of “publications” 129 7.6. The role of bureaucracy in research 129 7.7. The role of China 130 7.8. The solution: to restore philosophy, poetry and morality to science and innovation 131 7.9. The new research in society 5.0 132 7.10. Innovation related to opportunities 132 7.11. The paradigm of innovation 134 7.12. Design thinking 135 7.12.1. Stage 1: identifying a problem and understanding its environment, “observation phase” 135 7.12.2. Stage 2: finding the concept or idea that will make it possible to find a solution, “ideation” phase.136 7.12.3. Stage 3: designing 136 7.12.4. Stage 4: building a model and a prototype 136 7.12.5. Stage 5: the assessment phase or “evaluation” 137 7.13. The risks of innovation 138 7.14. The lessons of Thomas Edison 139 7.15. Methods for innovating 140 7.15.1. The preliminary questions related to the genesis of a product or a service 141 7.15.2. The choice on whether to innovate a product-service or to innovate a process 142 7.16. Man in innovation 142 7.16.1. The human resources of the innovative firm 142 7.16.2. The answer to the society of boredom 142 7.17. The different forms of boredom 143 7.18. The transgression phenomenon and the transcendence one 144 7.19. Boredom comes from the ugly 145 7.19.1. The risk of uniformity 145 7.19.2. The search for harmony 146 7.20. The search for equilibrium 147 7.21. Design as a technical answer 147 7.21.1. Industrial aesthetics and design laws 147 7.21.2. The evolution of design needs 149 7.21.3. The use of a former theoretical approach in design 150 7.21.4. The aesthetic components 152 7.21.5. The impact of the sociometrics and homology 154 7.22. The sources and forms of design 155 7.23. The other criteria for innovating a product or a service 156 Chapter 8. Innovation in Society 5.0 157 8.1. The innovative product service 157 8.1.1. Losses during the innovation process 158 8.1.2. The question on the validation of a new product or a service 159 8.1.3. Improving a product 160 8.2. The paradigm shift 160 8.3. Mash-up forms 162 8.4. “Co” society 163 8.5. The sharing of information 163 8.6. Social networks, Internet and innovation 164 8.7. The collaborative forms 164 8.8. Innovation ecosystems 165 8.8.1. Resource centers 165 8.8.2. The concept of the Digital Innovation Hub 166 8.9. The evolution of former innovation organizations 168 8.10. Innovation in human resources 168 Chapter 9. “Co” Society 171 9.1. “Co” society 171 9.2. The evolution from prosthetic man to the current man 171 9.2.1. Types of bored men 172 9.2.2. Prosthetic man 172 9.2.3. Civilized man 173 9.2.4. Rational man. 173 9.2.5. Information society man 174 9.2.6. Augmented or improved man 174 9.3. The split between boredom and innovation 174 9.4. New innovative strategies 175 9.4.1. Innovation must be everywhere 175 9.4.2. The end of the dynamics of jealous marketing 175 9.4.3. “Co” society as a means for understanding the consumer 176 9.5. Porter’s strategic model 176 9.5.1. The notion of strategy and of strategic model 176 9.5.2. The concept of value chain 177 9.5.3. Porter’s three basic strategies 178 9.5.4. Cost strategic advantage 179 9.5.5. Differentiation advantage 179 9.5.6. Focus strategy 180 9.5.7. Development pathways 181 9.5.8. The origins of market massification 181 9.5.9. The vision through differentiation 182 9.6. Useful partnerships 183 9.7. Different types of alliances 184 9.7.1. The conditions of alliances 184 9.7.2. Strategic alliance through fusion 185 9.7.3. Strategic alliances involved via the execution of an agreement 185 9.7.4. Alliances through the integration of products.186 9.7.5. Determinants of an alliance 187 9.8. Typology of firms (according to Kotler) 188 9.8.1. The leader’s strategy 188 9.8.2. The challenger’s strategy 189 9.8.3. The follower’s strategy 189 9.8.4. The specialist’s strategy 190 Chapter 10. The Challenges of Localization, the Market, Skills and Knowledge 191 10.1. Localization is increasingly losing its interest 191 10.2. New practices related to the lack of importance of localization 192 10.3. The importance of reconstruction 193 10.4. Changes in market shares: why and how? 193 10.5. The issue of skills and knowledge 194 10.6. The notion of intellectual capital 194 10.7. Changes in operational marketing 196 10.8. Intrusive marketing 197 10.9. The use of acquired knowledge 198 10.10. Identification of regulations in documents 199 10.11. Identification of forms of commitment 200 10.12. Implementation of normalization 200 10.13. Organizational consequences 201 10.13.1. The norm as an agent for contextual change 201 10.13.2. The norm and machines 202 10.14. The impact of change on data 203 10.15. Changes in programs and processes 203 10.16. Organizational evolution 204 10.17. The challenge of generating trust 206 10.17.1. Specialized marketplaces 206 10.17.2. Rating, the representation of trust 206 10.17.3. Commitment as an ingredient of trust 207 10.17.4. The necessary confidence for inviting financing 207 Chapter 11. On-Demand Society 209 11.1. Does boredom have any influence on need, desire, expectation and demand? 209 11.1.1. Collective neurosis and diverted uses 209 11.1.2. The theory of diverted uses and the role of boredom 210 11.1.3. Examples of diverted uses 211 11.2. “Servitization”, the products and services of revolution 5.0 212 11.3. The notion of “servitization” 213 11.4. The nature of “servitization” 213 11.4.1. Servicizing 214 11.4.2. The different forms of servicizing 214 11.4.3. “Servuction” 215 11.4.4. Competitive advantage 215 11.5. The paths toward “servitization” 216 11.5.1. The formation of value 217 11.5.2. “XaaS” logic 218 11.5.3. The “rental” rather than the “purchase” logic 219 11.6. Enterprise manufacturing services 220 11.6.1. The fabless 220 11.6.2. Original design manufacturers 221 11.6.3. The example of the EMS of electronics 221 11.7. The key points of “servitization”: visualization and virtualization 222 11.8. Recent developments 223 11.8.1. Tokyo University of Technology 224 11.8.2. The SPREE project 224 11.8.3. The example of the firm Komatsu 224 Chapter 12. The Economy of Society 5.0 227 12.1. The new economies 228 12.2. The problems in the age of connectivity 230 12.3. Evolution of economy 230 12.3.1. Hunting and gathering economy 231 12.3.2. Bartering economy 231 12.3.3. Souk economy or the basis of market economy. 232 12.3.4. Production economy 232 12.3.5. Mass distribution economy 233 12.3.6. Market economy 234 12.3.7. Environmental economy 234 12.3.8. Intangible economy 234 12.4. Economy related to digital tools 235 12.5. The power of platforms 237 12.5.1. The concept of platform 237 12.5.2. The role of trust in platforms 237 12.5.3. The different types of platforms 238 12.5.4. The State as platform 239 12.5.5. Platform as a service 242 12.5.6. Marketing platforms 243 12.6. The limits of platforms 243 12.7. Free economy 244 12.7.1. The characteristics of free economy 245 12.7.2. The example of the “free” newspaper market 245 12.8. The fight against large firms 245 12.9. The notion of data visualization 246 12.10. Technology creating new resources 247 Conclusion 249 Bibliography 251 Index 269

Read more less

Book SynopsisDue to their special properties, organic semiconductors enable the development of large-area, low-cost devices, paving the way for flexible and nomadic applications that advantageously replace those made with traditional semiconductors. This book describes the properties and deposition methods of organic semiconductors, transparent conductive materials or metals which are used in the fabrication of organic devices. The physical processes (optical, electrical and interface) that control the mechanisms in the formation and transport of the charge carriers of the materials are studied and explained in detail. Organic Electronics 1 introduces the fundamental and applied aspects of the field of organic electronics. It is intended for researchers and students in university programs or engineering schools specializing in electronics, energy and materials.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Semiconductor Theory 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Review of the basic concepts of crystalline semiconductors 3 1.2.1. Intrinsic semiconductors 4 1.2.2. Extrinsic semiconductors 5 1.2.3. Fermi level 7 1.2.4. Charge transport in semiconductors 7 1.3. P–N junction 9 1.3.1. Space charge region 9 1.3.2. Junction capacitance 11 1.4. Impurities and defects 11 1.4.1. Traps and recombination centers 12 1.5. Metal/semiconductor contact 20 1.5.1. Parameters of metal/semiconductor contacts 20 1.5.2. Formation of metal/semiconductor contacts 21 1.5.3. Width λ of the space charge region 23 1.5.4. Junction capacitance 23 1.5.5. Schottky effect 24 1.5.6. Schottky diode 25 1.6. Semiconductors under non-equilibrium conditions 27 1.6.1. Parameters of a semiconductor under non-equilibrium conditions 27 1.6.2. Recombination of carriers via recombination centers (Shockley–Read–Hall theory) 29 1.6.3. Transient relaxation current 31 1.7. Space charge current 34 1.7.1. The case of an ideal semiconductor 35 1.7.2. Trap-filled limit voltage 37 1.7.3. Discrete traps and trap distribution 37 1.8. Hopping conduction 38 Chapter 2. Materials 41 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2. Organic materials 42 2.2.1. Binding and hybridization of carbon 46 2.3. Conjugated polymers 48 2.3.1. Polyacetylene 49 2.3.2. Benzene 51 2.3.3. Deposition of polymer films 52 2.4. Energy bands 53 2.4.1. Concepts of solitons and polarons 55 2.4.2. Concept of doping 58 2.5. Small molecules 61 2.6. Design and engineering of organic materials 63 2.7. Hybrid materials or nanocomposites 65 2.7.1. Polymer matrix nanocomposites 67 2.7.2. Nanocomposites with nanomaterials 67 2.7.3. Preparation of nanocomposites 68 2.8. Transparent and conductive materials 73 2.8.1. Indium tin oxide 73 2.8.2. Fluorine-doped tin oxide 74 2.8.3. Other transparent oxide conductors 75 2.8.4. Other transparent conductive materials 75 2.9. Materials for encapsulation 78 2.9.1. Glass slides 78 2.9.2. Hybrid multilayers 79 Chapter 3. Optical Processes 81 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Interaction between light and molecules 81 3.2.1. Electronic transitions 81 3.2.2. Selection rules 82 3.3. Optical processes 84 3.3.1. Light absorption 84 3.3.2. Light emission 88 3.3.3. Perrin–Jablonski diagram 91 3.3.4. Quenching 91 3.4. Excitons 99 3.4.1. Classification of excitons 100 3.4.2. Binding energy of excitons 101 3.4.3. Movement of excitons 103 3.4.4. Dissociation of excitons 103 3.5. Experimental techniques 104 3.5.1. UV–visible absorption spectroscopy 104 3.5.2. Photoluminescence spectroscopy 106 3.5.3. Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 110 Chapter 4. Electronic Processes 115 4.1. Introduction 115 4.2. Charge carrier injection process 116 4.2.1. Injection mechanisms 117 4.2.2. Hole or electron devices 119 4.2.3. Transport layers 121 4.3. Charge transport process 123 4.3.1. Hopping mechanisms 124 4.3.2. Space-charge limited conduction 133 4.3.3. Defects and traps in organic semiconductors 140 Chapter 5. Interface Processes 155 5.1. Introduction 155 5.2. Formation of organic semiconductor/metal interfaces 155 5.2.1. Vacuum-level alignment model: Mott–Schottky theory 156 5.2.2. Interface dipole model: Bardeen’s theory 156 5.2.3. Characteristics of organic semiconductor/metal interfaces 158 5.2.4. Fermi-level pinning 160 5.2.5. Integer charge transfer process 162 5.3. Surface characterization techniques 166 5.3.1. Atomic force microscopy 166 5.3.2. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 167 5.3.3. UV photoelectron spectroscopy 168 5.4. Interface engineering 169 5.4.1. Inverted structure devices 170 5.4.2. Self-assembled monolayers 172 5.5. Conclusion 174 List of Acronyms 175 References 183 Index 191

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the last few decades, metamaterials have revolutionized the ways in which waves are controlled, and applied in physics and practical situations. The extraordinary properties of metamaterials, such as their locally resonant structure with deep subwavelength band gaps and their ranges of frequency where propagation is impossible, have opened the way to a host of applications that were previously unavailable. Acoustic metamaterials have been able to replace traditional treatments in several sectors, due to their better performance in targeted and tunable frequency ranges with strongly reduced dimensions. This is a training book composed of nine chapters written by experts in the field, giving a broad overview of acoustic metamaterials and their uses. The book is divided into three parts, covering the state-of-the-art, the fundamentals and the real-life applications of acoustic metamaterials.Table of ContentsPart 1. Overview of the Current Research in Acoustic 1. Visco-thermal Effects in Acoustic Metamaterials Based on Local Resonances, José Sanchez-Dehesa and Vincente Cutanda Henriquez. 2. Locally Resonant Metamaterials for Plate Waves: the Respective Role of Compressional Versus Flexural Resonances of a Dense Forest of Vertical Rods, Martin Lott and Philippe Roux. 3. Slow Sound and Critical Coupling to Design Deep Sub wave length Acoustic Metamaterials for Perfect Absorption and Efficient Diffusion, Vincente Romero-Garcìa, Noé Jiménez and Jean-Philippe Groby. Part 2. Principles and Fundamentals of Acoustic Metamaterials 4. Homogenization of Thin 3D Periodic Structures in the Time Domain – Effective Boundary and Jump Conditions, Agnès Maurel, Kim Pham and Jean-Jacques Marigo. 5.The Plane Wave Expansion Method, Jérôme Vasseur. 6. Introduction to Multiple Scattering Theory, Logan Schwan and Jean-Philippe Groby. Part 3. Applications of Acoustic Metamaterials 7. Acoustic Metamaterials for Industrial Applications, Clément Lagarrigue and Damien Lecoq. 8. Elastic Metamaterials for Radio Frequency Applications, Sarah Benchabane and Alexandre Reinhardt. 9. Acoustic Metamaterials and Underwater Acoustics Applications, Christian Audoly.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThroughout history, engineers have been defined as those who bring technological innovation to society. However, the concept of innovation and the role of the engineer are now changing as a result of globalization, the digital revolution, growing inequalities and environmental concerns. Training Engineers for Innovation therefore analyzes the ways in which the educational systems for engineers are adapting to these new demands, as well as the conditions in which this training has developed. This book brings together the works of a consortium of researchers dedicated to the subject area as part of the Innov’Ing 2020 project. Its contributors present various means to devise effective pedagogies adapted to a holistic approach to innovation which incorporates the technical, economic, social, ethical and environmental dimensions of engineering.Table of ContentsPart 1. Innovation Design and Expectations toward Training 1. From Technological Innovation to “Situated” Innovation: Improving the Adaptation of Engineering Training to the Societal Challenges of the 21st Century, Emmanuel Cardona Gil, Linda Gardelle and Brad Tabas. 2. Responding to an Event: Innovation of the Contemporary Engineer?, Frédéric Huet, Hugues Choplin, Isabelle Cailleau and Pierre Steiner. 3. Innovation within Companies: Changes and Impacts on Our Student Engineer Training Models, Christiane Gillet and Klara Kövesi. 4. Skills and Competencies for Innovators: New Priorities and Requirements for Engineering Graduates, Klara Kövesi and Péter Csizmadia. Part 2. New Skills and Adaptation to Training Systems 5. The Training of Innovators between Skill Acquisition and Construction of an Individual Socioprofessional Identity, Tiphaine Liu. 6. Innovation Training and Entrepreneurship in French Engineering Higher Education Institutions: An Investigation of the Commission des Titres d’Ingénieur, Anne-Marie Jolly and Julie Nolland. 7. Determinants of Skill Matching among Young Hungarian Engineers, Péter Csizmadia and Zsuzsanna Veroszta. Part 3. Pedagogies of Innovation 8. Swimming with Sharks without Being Eaten: How Engineering Students can Learn Creativity, Entrepreneurial Thinking and Innovation, Claudius Terkowsky, Tobias Haertel, Anna-Lena Rose, Liudvika Leisyte and Dominik May. 9. Engaging with Heritage to Promote Innovative Thinking in Engineering Management Education, Jane Andrews and Robin Clark. 10. How Do Graduate Engineering Schools Train for Innovation? Study of the Curricula of Three French Schools, Denis Lemaître and Christophe Morace. 11. Developing Methods and Programs for Teaching Innovation to Engineers: Toward Eco-Innovation?, Catherine Adam and Serge Coco.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the application of metaheuristic optimization in trajectory generation and control issues in robotics. In this area, as in other fields of application, the algorithmic tools addressed do not require a comprehensive list of eligible solutions to effectively solve an optimization problem. This book investigates how, by reformulating the problems to be solved, it is possible to obtain results by means of metaheuristics. Through concrete examples and case studies – particularly related to robotics – this book outlines the essentials of what is needed to reformulate control laws into concrete optimization data. The resolution approaches implemented – as well as the results obtained – are described in detail, in order to give, as much as possible, an idea of metaheuristics and their performance within the context of their application to robotics.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Optimization: Theoretical Foundations and Methods 1 1.1. The formalization of an optimization problem 1 1.2. Constrained optimization methods 5 1.2.1. The method of Lagrange multipliers 9 1.2.2. Method of the quadratic penalization 11 1.2.3. Methods of interior penalties 12 1.2.4. Methods of exterior penalties 13 1.2.5. Augmented Lagrangian method 14 1.3. Classification of optimization methods 15 1.3.1. Deterministic methods 16 1.3.2. Stochastic methods 18 1.4. Conclusion 21 1.5. Bibliography 22 Chapter 2. Metaheuristics for Robotics 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Metaheuristics for trajectory planning problems 28 2.2.1. Path planning 29 2.2.2. Trajectory generation 43 2.3. Metaheuristics for automatic control problems 45 2.4. Conclusion 50 2.5. Bibliography 50 Chapter 3. Metaheuristics for Constrained and Unconstrained Trajectory Planning 53 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Obstacle avoidance 54 3.3. Bilevel optimization problem 58 3.4. Formulation of the trajectory planning problem 59 3.4.1. Objective functions 60 3.4.2. Constraints 62 3.5. Resolution with a bigenetic algorithm 63 3.6. Simulation with the model of the Neuromate robot 66 3.6.1. Geometric model of the Neuromate robot 67 3.6.2. Kinematic model of the Neuromate robot 71 3.6.3. Simulation results 72 3.7. Conclusion 83 3.8. Bibliography 83 Chapter 4. Metaheuristics for Trajectory Generation by Polynomial Interpolation 87 4.1. Introduction 87 4.2. Description of the problem addressed 88 4.3. Formalization 91 4.3.1. Criteria 91 4.3.2. Constraints 92 4.4. Resolution 94 4.4.1. Augmented Lagrangian 95 4.4.2. Genetic operators 97 4.4.3. Solution coding 99 4.5. Simulation results 100 4.6. Conclusion 116 4.7. Bibliography 118 Chapter 5. Particle Swarm Optimization for Exoskeleton Control 121 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. The system and the problem under consideration 123 5.2.1. Representation and model of the system under consideration 123 5.2.2. The problem under consideration 125 5.3. Proposed control algorithm 126 5.3.1. The standard PSO algorithm 126 5.3.2. Proposed control approach 128 5.4. Experimental results 135 5.5. Conclusion 142 5.6. Bibliography 143 Conclusion 147 Index 153

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn recent years, there has been a proliferation of opinion-heavy texts on the Web: opinions of Internet users, comments on social networks, etc. Automating the synthesis of opinions has become crucial to gaining an overview on a given topic. Current automatic systems perform well on classifying the subjective or objective character of a document. However, classifications obtained from polarity analysis remain inconclusive, due to the algorithms' inability to understand the subtleties of human language. Automatic Detection of Irony presents, in three stages, a supervised learning approach to predicting whether a tweet is ironic or not. The book begins by analyzing some everyday examples of irony and presenting a reference corpus. It then develops an automatic irony detection model for French tweets that exploits semantic traits and extralinguistic context. Finally, it presents a study of portability in a multilingual framework (Italian, English, Arabic).Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. From Opinion Analysis to Figurative Language Treatment 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Defining the notion of opinion 3 1.2.1. The many faces of opinion 3 1.2.2. Opinion as a structured model 4 1.2.3. Opinion extraction: principal approaches 5 1.3. Limitations of opinion analysis systems 7 1.3.1. Opinion operators 8 1.3.2. Domain dependency 9 1.3.3. Implicit opinions 10 1.3.4. Opinions and discursive context above phrase level 11 1.3.5. Presence of figurative expressions 12 1.4. Definition of figurative language 13 1.4.1. Irony 13 1.4.2. Sarcasm 18 1.4.3. Satire 20 1.4.4. Metaphor 21 1.4.5. Humor 22 1.5. Figurative language: a challenge for NLP 23 1.6. Conclusion 23 Chapter 2. Toward Automatic Detection of Figurative Language 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. The main corpora used for figurative language 27 2.2.1. Corpora annotated for irony/sarcasm 28 2.2.2. Corpus annotated for metaphors 33 2.3. Automatic detection of irony, sarcasm and satire 36 2.3.1. Surface and semantic approaches 36 2.3.2. Pragmatic approaches 39 2.4. Automatic detection of metaphor 51 2.4.1. Surface and semantic approaches 52 2.4.2. Pragmatic approaches 53 2.5. Automatic detection of comparison 58 2.6. Automatic detection of humor 58 2.7. Conclusion 61 Chapter 3. A Multilevel Scheme for Irony Annotation in Social Network Content 63 3.1. Introduction 63 3.2. The FrIC 65 3.3. Multilevel annotation scheme 66 3.3.1. Methodology 66 3.3.2. Annotation scheme 69 3.4. The annotation campaign 79 3.4.1. Glozz 79 3.4.2. Data preparation 80 3.4.3. Annotation procedure 81 3.5. Results of the annotation campaign 83 3.5.1. Qualitative results 83 3.5.2. Quantitative results 84 3.5.3. Correlation between different levels of the annotation scheme 89 3.6. Conclusion 93 Chapter 4. Three Models for Automatic Irony Detection 95 4.1. Introduction 95 4.2. The FrICAuto corpus 97 4.3. The SurfSystem model: irony detection based on surface features 99 4.3.1. Selected features 99 4.3.2. Experiments and results 101 4.4. The PragSystem model: irony detection based on internal contextual features 104 4.4.1. Selected features 104 4.4.2. Experiments and results 109 4.4.3. Discussion 116 4.5. The QuerySystem model: developing a pragmatic contextual approach for automatic irony detection 118 4.5.1. Proposed approach 118 4.5.2. Experiments and results 122 4.5.3. Evaluation of the query-based method 123 4.6. Conclusion 124 Chapter 5. Towards a Multilingual System for Automatic Irony Detection 127 5.1. Introduction 127 5.2. Irony in Indo-European languages 128 5.2.1. Corpora 128 5.2.2. Results of the annotation process 130 5.2.3. Summary 139 5.3. Irony in Semitic languages 140 5.3.1. Specificities of Arabic 142 5.3.2. Corpus and resources 143 5.3.3. Automatic detection of irony in Arabic tweets 146 5.4. Conclusion 149 Conclusion 151 Appendix 155 References 169 Index 189

Read more less

Book SynopsisMathematical morphology has developed a powerful methodology for segmenting images, based on connected filters and watersheds. We have chosen the abstract framework of node- or edge-weighted graphs for an extensive mathematical and algorithmic description of these tools.Volume 2 proposes two physical models for describing valid flooding on a node- or edge-weighted graph, and establishes how to pass from one to another. Many new flooding algorithms are derived, allowing parallel and local flooding of graphs. Watersheds and flooding are then combined for solving real problems. Their ability to model a real hydrographic basin represented by its digital elevation model constitutes a good validity check of the underlying physical models. The last part of Volume 2 explains why so many different watershed partitions exist for the same graph. Marker-based segmentation is the method of choice for curbing this proliferation. This book proposes new algorithms combining the advantages of the previous methods which treated node- and edge-weighted graphs differently.Table of ContentsNotations xi Introduction xxv Part 1. Flooding 1 Chapter 1. Modelling Flooding in Edgeor Node-weighted Graphs 3 1.1. Summary of the chapter 3 1.2. The importance of flooding 4 1.2.1. Flooding creates lakes 4 1.2.2. Flooding for controlling watershed segmentation 4 1.2.3. Flooding, razing, leveling and flattening 5 1.3. Description of the flood covering a topographic surface 6 1.3.1. Observing the same flooding on two levels of abstraction 6 1.3.2. Modeling the two scales of flooding: at the pixel level or at the region level 7 1.3.3. Modeling a flooded topographic surface as a node-weighted graph 8 1.3.4. Modeling an edge-weighted graph as a tank network 15 1.4. The relations between n-floodings and e-floodings 19 1.4.1. Modeling flooding on two scales: the equivalence of both models 19 1.5. Flooding a flowing graph 21 1.5.1. Flowing graphs: reminder 21 1.5.2. Starting from an edge-weighted graph G[nil, η] 22 1.5.3. Starting from a node-weighted graph G[ν, nil] 24 1.5.4. Summarizing 24 Chapter 2. Lakes and Regional Minima 27 2.1. Summary of the chapter 27 2.2. Lakes from e-floodings and n-floodings 27 2.2.1. e-flooding of graphs G[nil, η] 27 2.2.2. n-flooding of graphs G[ν, nil] 28 2.3. Regional minimum lakes and full lakes 29 2.3.1. e-floodings of graphs G[nil, η] 29 2.3.2. n-floodings of graphs G[ν, nil] 30 2.4. Coherence between the definitions of lakes in G[ν, nil] and in G[nil, δenν] 31 Chapter 3. Among all Possible Floodings, Choosing One 33 3.1. Summary of the chapter 33 3.2. Various mechanisms for selecting a particular flooding 34 3.2.1. Dominated flooding in node- and edge-weighted graphs 34 3.2.2. Dominated flooding in node- and edge-weighted graphs 36 3.2.3. Dominated flooding as a function of the ceiling function 37 3.3. The topography of dominated flooding 37 3.3.1. The regional minima of dominated flooding in an edge-weighted graph G[nil, η] 38 3.3.2. The regional minima of dominated n-flooding in node-weighted graphs G[ν, nil] 39 3.3.3. Algorithmic consequences 41 3.4. Computing dominated flooding by local adjustments 43 3.4.1. The case of edge-weighted graphs G[nil, η] 43 3.4.2. The case of node-weighted graphs G[ν, nil] 44 3.4.3. Software or hardware implementation of Berge’s algorithm 45 Chapter 4. Flooding and Flooding Distances 49 4.1. Summary of the chapter 49 4.2. Flooding distances 49 4.2.1. The flooding distance associated with the lakes of node- or edge-weighted graphs 49 4.2.2. Characterization of the flooding distance 50 4.2.3. Flooding distances on a graph or a tree 52 4.2.4. The shortest flooding distances 53 4.2.5. Dominated flooding and flooding distances 56 4.3. The shortest path algorithms for computing dominated flooding 66 4.3.1. Computing the shortest flooding distance with the Moore–Dijkstra algorithm 66 4.4. The flooding core-expanding algorithm 75 4.4.1. The first version of the core-expanding algorithm applied to the augmented graph G 76 4.4.2. The second version of the core-expanding algorithm applied to the initial graph G 78 4.4.3. The third version of the core-expanding algorithm applied to the initial graph G 79 4.5. Marker-based segmentation 81 4.5.1. The case of a node-weighted graph G(ν, nil) 81 Chapter 5. Graph Flooding via Dendrograms 83 5.1. Summary of the chapter 83 5.2. Introduction 84 5.3. Dendrograms: reminder 86 5.3.1. The structure associated with an order relation 86 5.3.2. Dendrograms 87 5.3.3. Stratification index and partial ultrametric distances (PUD) 88 5.4. The hierarchy of lake zones 89 5.4.1. The lake zones of an edge-weighted graph G(nil, η) 89 5.4.2. The hierarchy of lake zones, i.e. the closed balls of χ 92 5.4.3. Representing of hierarchy of lake zones 94 5.5. The law of communicating vessels 98 5.5.1. The flooding levels in connected subgraphs and closed balls 99 5.6. Dominated flooding on the dendrogram of lake zones 100 5.6.1. Notations 100 5.6.2. Incidence of the ceiling function on the dendrogram flooding levels 100 5.6.3. Finding the flooding level of a leaf 102 5.6.4. Parallel processing for flooding the dendrogram 105 5.6.5. Strategies for flooding the dendrogram of lake zones 106 5.7. Constructing and flooding a binary dendrogram 111 5.7.1. Two dendrograms representing the same hierarchy 111 5.7.2. Constructing a binary dendrogram representing a hierarchy 112 5.7.3. Flooding a binary dendrogram 113 5.8. A derived algorithm for dominated flooding 113 5.8.1. Algorithm “ancestor-flood without constructing the dendrogram” 117 5.8.2. Illustration 117 Part 2. Modeling a Real Hydrographic Basin 119 Chapter 6. The Hydrographic Basin of a Digital Elevation Model 121 6.1. Summary of the chapter 121 6.2. Preprocessing the digital elevation model 121 6.2.1. Suppressing the spurious regional minima 121 6.2.2. Creating an ∞ − steep digraph 123 6.2.3. Local pruning for extracting marked rivers 126 6.2.4. Extracting all rivers 128 6.2.5. Labeling sources and rivers 129 6.2.6. Detection of crest lines 131 6.2.7. Detecting the upstream of sources 132 6.2.8. Analyzing the tree structure of rivers 133 6.2.9. Constructing the catchment zones of riverlets 137 Part 3. Watershed Partitions 139 Chapter 7. Minimum Spanning Forests and Watershed Partitions 141 7.1. Summary of the chapter 141 7.2. Flooding distance, minimum spanning trees and forests 142 7.2.1. Flooding distances 142 7.2.2. Flooding distance on the minimum spanning tree of the graph G(nil, η) 143 7.2.3. Characterizing the MST 145 7.3. Minimum spanning forests rooted in markers 146 7.3.1. Constructing the minimum spanning forest 147 7.3.2. Converting the minimum spanning forest into a minimum spanning tree 149 7.4. Watershed partitions of weighted graphs 150 7.4.1. Catchment basins and watershed partitions 150 7.4.2. Flowing paths and catchment basins 151 7.5. Minimum spanning forests rooted in the regional minima 151 7.5.1. A minimum spanning forest corresponds to each watershed partition 151 7.5.2. Inversely, each watershed partition spans a minimum spanning forest 154 7.5.3. A rather unexpected watershed partition 156 7.6. A manifold of different watershed partitions 159 7.6.1. Catchment zones and catchment basins 159 7.7. Reducing the number of watershed partitions 160 7.7.1. Minimum spanning forests of k – steep or ∞ − steep graphs 163 7.7.2. The waterfall hierarchy 168 7.7.3. Usefulness of the waterfall hierarchy 171 Chapter 8. Marker-based Segmentation 175 8.1. Dominated flooding and minimum spanning forests 177 8.1.1. Dominated flooding 177 8.1.2. Minimum spanning forests 177 8.1.3. Illustration 178 8.1.4. Minimum spanning forests and dominated flooding 179 8.2. Constructing a minimum spanning forest rooted in the markers 183 8.2.1. Algorithms for constructing a minimum spanning forest 183 8.2.2. Increasing the selectiveness of Prim’s algorithm 186 8.2.3. Marker-based segmentation of node-weighted graphs 187 8.2.4. Derived algorithms 190 8.3. Marker-based segmentation after flooding the graph 194 8.3.1. Segmenting the dominated flooding of a graph 194 8.3.2. The case of an edge-weighted graph 194 8.3.3. Constructing a k – steep or ∞ − steep watershed partition for a node-weighted graph G(ν, nil) 200 8.4. Directly constructing a marker-based ∞ − steep watershed partition with the core expanding algorithm 201 8.5. The early days of marker-based segmentation 202 8.5.1. The level-by-level construction of a watershed 203 8.6. A two scale marker-based segmentation 205 8.7. Instant marker-based segmentation 205 8.7.1. Why and when we need instant marker-based segmentation 205 8.7.2. The reef and cascade distance 206 8.7.3. Computing the reef and cascade distance for all pairs of nodes in G(nil, η) 209 8.7.4. Computing the smallest reef and cascade distances between all couples of nodes in a graph 212 Conclusion 217 Appendix 227 References 239 Index 241

Read more less