Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisSmart power integration is at the crossroads of different fields of electronics such as high and low power, engine control and electrothermal studies of devices and circuits. These circuits are complex and are heavily influenced by substrate coupling, especially where 3D integration is concerned. This book provides an overview of smart power integration, including high voltage devices, dedicated and compatible processes, as well as isolation techniques.Two types of integration are highlighted: modular or hybrid integration, together with compatible devices such as the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT); and monolithic integration, specifically through the paradigm of functional integration. Smart Power Integration outlines the main MOS devices for high voltage integrated circuits, and explores into the fields of codesign, coupling hardware and software design, including applications to motor control. Studies focusing on heat pipes for electronics cooling are also outlined.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Overview of Smart Power Integration 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Smart PIC applications 2 1.2.1. Flat panel displays 4 1.2.2. Computer power supplies and disk drivers 4 1.2.3. Variable speed motor drives 4 1.2.4. Factory automation 4 1.2.5. Telecommunications 5 1.2.6. Appliance controls 5 1.2.7. Consumer electronics 5 1.2.8. Lighting controls 5 1.2.9. Smart homes 6 1.2.10. Aircraft electronics (Avionics) 6 1.2.11. Automotive electronics 6 1.3. Historical view of the MOS power devices 6 1.4. Smart PIC fabrication processes 9 1.4.1. Dedicated processes 9 1.4.2. Compatible processes 10 1.5. Insulation techniques 10 1.5.1. Self-insulation 10 1.5.2. Dielectric insulation 11 1.5.3. Junction insulation 11 1.5.4. Advanced junction insulation techniques 12 1.6. Motivation of the book 13 Chapter 2. Modular or Hybrid Integration 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. IGBT technology evolution 18 2.2.1. IGBT presentation 18 2.2.2. Epitaxial structure with buffer layer and reduction of carrier lifetime 30 2.2.3. Homogeneous structure with control of load injection 36 2.2.4. Silicon direct bonding-IGBT 38 2.2.5. IGBT trench 39 2.2.6. Lateral IGBT 39 2.3. Assembly technology 40 2.4. Thermal aspect 41 2.4.1. Thermal impedance 43 2.5. Applications fields 45 2.5.1. IGBT power modules for electric traction applications 45 2.5.2. IPM for low- and medium-power applications 48 Chapter 3. Monolithic Integration 51 3.1. Functional integration and smart power 51 3.2. Transition from low-voltage technology (CMOS) to high voltage 52 3.2.1. Introduction 52 3.2.2. A typical CMOS technology 62 3.2.3. Breakdown voltage of a microelectronics structure 63 3.2.4. Improved junctions breakdown by guard techniques 68 3.2.5. Improvement using electrical insulation techniques 73 3.2.6. Review of the main MOS devices for high-voltage integrated circuits 75 3.3. Combining analog and digital (mixed) 82 3.3.1. Analog: basic functional blocks in CMOS technology and basic analog structures 82 3.3.2. Reminder on the general structure of the operational amplifier 88 3.3.3. Digital 96 3.3.4. The notion of codesign 96 3.3.5. Assessment 99 Chapter 4. Technology for Simulating Power Integrated Systems 101 4.1. Introduction 101 4.2. Hardware and software design of engine control 102 4.2.1. Functional specification 105 4.2.2. Exploring the space of solutions: the partitioned specification model 106 4.2.3. Mixed synthesis, hardware and software code 107 4.2.4. Model functional testing 110 4.2.5. Synthesis of the approach and related tools of the functional model 111 4.3. Proposed design stream: related tools 112 4.3.1. Accuracy 113 4.3.2. Resources and system architecture 113 4.3.3. Realization 120 4.4. Conclusion 123 Chapter 5. 3D Electrothermal Integration 125 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Electrothermal modeling of substrate 126 5.2.1. Brief introduction to mathematical tools 127 5.2.2. Simulation results by using Green/TLM 132 5.2.3. Thermal management in a 3D-integrated figure 146 5.2.4. Thermo-mechanical design 156 5.2.5. Thermal modeling of the connectors 157 5.3. Heat analysis for 3D ICs 157 5.3.1. 3D IC heat transfer compact model without TSVs 157 5.3.2. IC model for analyzing the temperature of the chip of the top layer taking into account the TSVs 159 5.3.3. 3D IC thermal modeling result 161 5.3.4. Electrothermal (ET) modeling of very large scale circuits 166 5.3.5. Electrical modeling of very large scale 167 5.3.6. Thermal modeling of very large scale circuits 170 5.3.7. Electrothermal modeling of very large scale circuits 171 5.4. Conclusion 184 5.5. Heat pipe 185 5.6. Conclusion 203 Chapter 6. Substrate Coupling in Smart Power Integration 205 6.1. Introduction 205 6.2. Part I: smart power integration using the DTI technique 205 6.2.1 DTI technology 205 6.2.2 DTI structure 206 6.2.3. LDMOSFET performance with DTI 207 6.2.4. Parasitic suppression in 2D smart power ICs with deep trench 211 6.2.5. HV dynamic signal impact on CMOS devices 215 6.2.6. Mixed-mode CMOS-substrate coupling simulation 227 6.3. Part II: smart power integration using stacked 3D technology 232 6.3.1. From 2D planar integration to 3D integration 232 6.3.2. 3D smart power integration 234 6.3.3. TSV-CMOS mixed-mode coupling 253 6.3.4. Electromagnetic impact of TSV in RF range 264 Conclusion 271 Appendix: Semiconductor Physical Models 275 References 299 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThis book pioneers the synergy between state-of-the-art edge computing technologies and the power of operations research. It comprehensively explores real-world applications, demonstrating how various operations'' research techniques enhance edge computing's efficiency, reliability and resource allocation. Innovative solutions for dynamic task scheduling, load balancing and data management, all tailored to the unique challenges of edge environments, are displayed. Starting with operation research methodologies with foundations, applications and research challenges in edge computing and an overview of digital education, this book continues with an exploration of applications in the health sector using IoT, intelligent payment procedures and performance measurement of edge computing, using edge computing and operation research. Smart or AI-based applications are also explored further on and the book ends with insight into ultralightweight and security protocols with solutions f

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Book SynopsisAt the end of the Second World War, a new technological trend was born: integrated electronics. This trend relied on the enormous rise of integrable electronic devices. Analog Devices and Circuits is composed of two volumes: the first deals with analog components, and the second with associated analog circuits. The goal here is not to create an overly comprehensive analysis, but rather to break it down into smaller sections, thus highlighting the complexity and breadth of the field. This first volume, after a brief history, describes the two main devices, namely bipolar transistors and MOS, with particular importance given to the modeling aspect. In doing so, we deal with new devices dedicated to radio frequency, which touches on nanoelectronics. We will also address some of the notions related to quantum mechanics. Finally, Monte Carlo methods, by essence statistics, will be introduced, which have become more and more important since the middle of the twentieth

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Book SynopsisThe Ondes Martenot is one of the precursors of electronic musical instruments, and is today considered, with the desire for a return to analogue, as a cult instrument. This book, which is the result of several years of research, sheds light on the intrinsic functioning of the Ondes Martenot. Based on the study of numerous prototypes, the authors trace the historical evolution of the different techniques used: additive, multiplicative and relaxation syntheses. Often, the analysis of the functioning of these instruments demonstrates atypical technological choices, underpinned by a logic that places artistic creation at the forefront. Several models and simulations are built, so as to understand the functioning of each of the different sub-assemblies (keyboard, ribbon, intensity key, timbre filter...). At the end of the book, the complete construction of an Onde (copy of model no. 208) is described in detail. This practical realization of a facsimile is an opportunity to explore the knowhow of the electronic luthier Maurice Martenot.Table of ContentsForeword xi Hugues GENEVOIS Photo Credits xiii Introduction xv Chapter 1 Ondes 1928 1 1.1 Presentation 1 1.2 Principle of operation 3 1.3 The diagram 4 1.4 Construction of a model of the “1928” ondes 8 1.4.1 The box 8 1.4.2 Construction 9 1.4.3 The tuning capacitor controlled by a wire 10 1.4.4 The intensity key 14 1.5 Tests 18 1.5.1 Energy sources 18 1.5.2 The wiring 18 1.5.3 Tuning capacitor calibration 20 1.5.4 Adjusting the instrument 21 1.6 Perspectives of evolution 22 Chapter 2 Ondes No. 15 (1930) 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Presentation 23 2.3 Organization of the instrument 24 2.4 The heterodyne system + mixer-preamplifier + amplifier 27 2.4.1 General organization 27 2.4.2 Heterodynes 31 2.4.3 The mixer-preamplifier 34 2.4.4 The amplifier 35 2.5 The drawer 37 2.6 The diffuser 41 2.7 Power supplies 43 2.8 Trials 48 2.8.1 Preparations 48 2.8.2 Measurements 53 2.8.3 Measurement results 55 Chapter 3 Ondes No. 169 (1937) 63 3.1 Presentation of the instrument 63 3.2 Organization of the instrument 63 3.3 The heterodyne system + mixer + LF audio amplifier+ power amplifier 65 3.3.1 General organization 65 3.3.2 Heterodynes 67 3.3.3 The mixer–amplifier 79 3.3.4 The amplifier 81 3.4 The drawer 88 3.4.1 Description 88 3.4.2 Circuit diagram 89 3.4.3 Functional study 94 3.4.4 The intensity key 96 3.5 The diffuser 101 3.6 The power supply module 108 3.7 Model 112 3.7.1 Presentation 112 3.7.2 Realization 112 3.7.3 Tests and measurements 121 Chapter 4 Model ‘47 125 4.1 Presentation 125 4.2 Synoptic diagram 125 4.3 Operation analysis 125 4.3.1 Heterodynes 125 4.3.2 The mixer 130 4.3.3 First LF 131 4.3.4 The T9 timbre 136 4.3.5 LF power stage 137 4.3.6 Power module 142 4.4 The intensity key, ribbon capacitor and keyboard 142 Chapter 5 Ondes No. 208 (1953) 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Functional descriptions 146 5.2.1 The unit 146 5.2.2 The block diagram 150 5.2.3 Mechanical/electrical arrangement 150 5.3 Operation analysis 153 5.3.1 Oscillators 153 5.3.2 The fixed-frequency oscillator 154 5.3.3 The variable-frequency oscillator 157 5.4 The ribbon capacitor 161 5.4.1 General provisions 161 5.4.2 Sizing 164 5.4.3 Comments 179 5.5 Keyboard inductors 180 5.5.1 General provisions 180 5.5.2 Sizing 182 5.5.3 The register change 188 5.6 The mixer 190 5.7 1st LF 193 5.8 LF power stage 196 5.9 Timbre filters 198 5.10 Diffusers 209 5.11 Power supply 209 Chapter 6 Building an Ondes with Vacuum Tubes 213 6.1 Introduction 213 6.2 The electrical schematic 213 6.3 The chassis 214 6.4 The wiring 217 6.5 Special devices 217 6.5.1 The high register tuning capacitor 217 6.5.2 The diapason capacitor 218 6.5.3 The variable tuning inductor of the low register 219 6.5.4 Capacitors for timbre 7 219 6.5.5 HF inductors 220 6.6 The LF output transformer 225 6.7 Generic components 225 6.8 The drawer 225 6.8.1 Introduction 225 6.8.2 The box 225 6.8.3 Switches 227 6.8.4 The quarter-tone control buttons 228 6.8.5 The T8 timbre control knob 230 6.8.6 The power control knob 231 6.8.7 The needle block 232 6.8.8 The intensity key 232 6.8.9 The wiring 232 6.9 The keyboard/ribbon system 234 6.9.1 Introduction 234 6.9.2 The ribbon capacitor 234 6.9.3 The keyboard 241 6.10 The accessories 248 6.10.1 Command buttons 248 6.10.2 Other accessories 250 6.11 Calibration and tuning 254 6.11.1 Introduction 254 6.11.2 Ribbon capacitor calibration 254 6.11.3 Calibrating the keyboard coils 256 6.11.4 Tuning setting 257 6.11.5 The tuning procedure 259 6.12 Some photographs of ondes 2208 260 Chapter 7 Manufacture of the Leather Bag of the Intensity Key and the Ribbon 263 7.1 The intensity key 263 7.2 The mercury key 264 7.2.1 Description 264 7.2.2 Operating constraints 264 7.2.3 Realization 266 7.3 The powder key, first version 268 7.3.1 Abandonment of the mercury key 268 7.3.2 Description 268 7.3.3 Operating constraints 269 7.3.4 Realization 269 7.4 The powder key, second version 270 7.4.1 Description 270 7.4.2 Operating constraints 271 7.4.3 Realization 271 7.5 The powder key, third version 272 7.5.1 Description 272 7.5.2 Operating constraints 272 7.5.3 Realization 273 7.6 The powder key, fourth version 275 7.6.1 Description 275 7.6.2 Operating constraints 276 7.6.3 Realization 276 7.7 Other powder bags 277 7.7.1 Introduction 277 7.7.2 The pedal 277 7.7.3 The knee lever 278 7.8 Intensity key and gesture control 280 7.9 Manufacturing a powder bag 282 7.9.1 Introduction 282 7.9.2 Problem 283 7.9.3 Manufacturing the mixture 283 7.9.4 Manufacturing the powder bag 285 7.10 Ribbon manufacturing 288 7.10.1 Introduction 288 7.10.2 Problem 291 7.10.3 Ribbon manufacturing 291 Chapter 8 Transistorization 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 The support 297 8.3 The problems of transistorization 299 8.4 Compatible transistor experimental ondes 301 8.4.1 Introduction 301 8.4.2 Diagram of the HF sub-assembly 301 8.4.3 The LF subset 302 8.4.4 Power supplies 303 8.5 Tests 304 References 305 Index 307

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Book SynopsisWind energy conversion systems are subject to many different types of faults and therefore fault detection is highly important to ensure reliability and safety. Monitoring systems can help to detect faults before they result in downtime. This book presents efficient methods used to detect electrical and mechanical faults based on electrical signals occurring in the different components of a wind energy conversion system. For example, in a small and high power synchronous generator and multi-phase generator, in the diode bridge rectifier, the gearbox and the sensors. This book also presents a method for keeping the frequency and voltage of the power grid within an allowable range while ensuring the continuity of power supply in the event of a grid fault. Electrical and Mechanical Fault Diagnosis in Wind Energy Conversion Systems presents original results obtained from a variety of research. It will not only be useful as a guideline for the conception of more robust wind turbines systems, but also for engineers monitoring wind turbines and researchersTable of ContentsIntroduction ixMonia BEN KHADER BOUZID and Gérard CHAMPENOIS Chapter 1 Accurate Electrical Fault Detection in the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator and in the Diode Bridge Rectifier of a Wind Energy Conversion System 1Monia BEN KHADER BOUZID and Gérard CHAMPENOIS 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Description of the system under study and the used fault detection method 2 1.3 Fundamental notions of the symmetrical components 5 1.4 Development of the analytical expressions of the NSV in the case of the different considered faults 7 1.4.1 Analytical expression of 2 V in the case of simultaneous faults 7 1.4.2 Analytical expression of 2 V in the case of ITSCF in the PMSG 12 1.4.3 Analytical expression of 2 V in the case of OCDF in the rectifier 14 1.5 Analytical study of the indicators of the different faults 15 1.5.1 Analytical study in the case of ITSCF 16 1.5.2 Analytical study in the case of OCDF in the rectifier 19 1.5.3 Analytical study in the case of SF 24 1.6 Experimental validation of the proposed fault indicators 25 1.6.1 Description of the tests process 25 1.6.2 Experimental results in the case of healthy operation 26 1.6.3 Experimental results in the case of ITSCF in the PMSG 27 1.6.4 Experimental results in the case of an OCDF fault in the rectifier 29 1.6.5 Experimental results in the case of SF in the system considered 31 1.7 Description of the method proposed 32 1.8 Conclusion 37 1.9 References 37 Chapter 2 Control and Diagnosis of Faults in Multiphase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for High-Power Wind Turbines 39Sérgio CRUZ and Pedro GONÇALVES 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Wind energy conversion systems 40 2.3 Multiphase electric drives on WECS 41 2.4 Model of a six-phase PMSG drive 43 2.4.1 Natural reference frame 44 2.4.2 Synchronous reference frame 48 2.5 Control strategies 51 2.5.1 Introduction 51 2.5.2 Field-oriented control 51 2.5.3 Direct torque control 52 2.5.4 Finite control set model predictive control 54 2.6 Fault diagnosis in multiphase drives 71 2.6.1 Introduction 71 2.6.2 Interturn short-circuit faults 73 2.6.3 High-resistance connections and open-phase faults 76 2.6.4 Permanent magnet faults 78 2.6.5 Current sensor faults 79 2.6.6 Speed sensor faults 80 2.7 Conclusion 81 2.8 References 82 Chapter 3 Gearbox Fault Monitoring Using Induction Machine Electrical Signals 89Khmais BACHA and Walid TOUTI 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Motor stator current signature approach 90 3.2.1 Air gap magnetic flux density-based approach 90 3.2.2 Magnetizing current approach 97 3.3 Wound rotor current signature approach 99 3.4 Experimental results 101 3.4.1 MCSA for geared motor fault diagnosis 101 3.4.2 MCSA for WT gearbox 103 3.4.3 WT generator current processing 104 3.4.4 Current transformations for geared motor fault diagnosis 106 3.5 Conclusion 116 3.6 Acknowledgments 116 3.7 References 117 Chapter 4 Control of a Wind Distributed Generator for Auxiliary Services Under Grid Faults 119Youssef KRAIEM and Dhaker ABBES 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Description of the renewable distributed generator 123 4.3 Control of the distributed generator 124 4.3.1 Control of the wind generator 124 4.3.2 Control of the hybrid storage system 128 4.3.3 Control of the DC bus voltage 130 4.4 Power management algorithm 132 4.4.1 Specifications 132 4.4.2 Determination of inputs/outputs 133 4.4.3 Determination of membership functions 133 4.4.4 Inference engine for energy management 136 4.5 Detection and control of the grid faults 138 4.5.1 Fuzzy logic islanding detection 141 4.5.2 Fuzzy droop control technique for the adjustment of the grid frequency and voltage 144 4.6 Simulation results 146 4.6.1 Control and power management of the distributed generator 147 4.6.2 Detection and correction of the grid voltage and frequency variations at the PCC 150 4.7 Conclusion 154 4.8 References 154 Chapter 5 Fault-Tolerant Control of Sensors and Actuators Applied to Wind Energy Systems 159Elkhatib KAMAL and Abdel AITOUCHE 5.1 Introduction 159 5.2 Objective 161 5.3 RFFTC of WES with DFIG 163 5.3.1 TS fuzzy model with parameter uncertainties and fuzzy observer 164 5.3.2 Proposed RFFTC based on FPIEO and FDOS 167 5.3.3 Proposed RFFTC stability and robustness analysis 170 5.3.4 WES with DFIG application 171 5.3.5 Simulations and results 174 5.4 RFSFTC of WES with DFIG subject to sensor and actuator faults 178 5.4.1 TS fuzzy plant model with actuator faults, sensor faults and parameter uncertainties 179 5.4.2 Proposed RFSFTC algorithm based on FPIEO and FDOS 180 5.4.3 Derivation of the stability and robustness conditions 181 5.4.4 WES with DFIG application and simulations and results 183 5.5 RDFFTC of hybrid wind-diesel storage system subject to actuator and sensor faults 186 5.5.1 Fuzzy observer scheme for the uncertain system with sensor and actuator faults 187 5.5.2 Proposed RDFFTC, reference model and stability analysis 188 5.5.3 HWDSS application and simulations and results 191 5.6 Conclusion 197 5.7 References 198 List of Authors 203 Index 205

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Book SynopsisThe energy sector is undergoing unprecedented change. Twenty years ago, the main concern was having enough oil and gas, whereas today, political leaders are faced with the need to reduce the CO2 emissions produced by still-dominant fossil fuels, without being able to totally rely on renewable energies, which are intermittent and whose share in energy production remains low. Geopolitics and Energy Transition 1 presents the technical aspects of energy and its main characteristics, and outlines the challenges of the energy transition, the conditions for the development of renewable energies and the geopolitical stakes of this transition. It also describes the various energy markets and the consequences of liberalization policies, not forgetting to analyze the structures of the different sectors, while pointing out the fundamental problems of supply security and ways of strengthening it.

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Book SynopsisNetworks are now embedded in daily life thanks to smaller, faster, inexpensive components that are more powerful and increasingly connected. Parallel to this quantitative explosion of communication networks, technology has become more complex. This development comes with challenges related to management and control, and it has become necessary to manage the service level demands of the client to which the service provider commits. Different approaches to managing one or more service level components in different emerging environments are explored, such as: the Internet of Things, the Cloud, smart grids, e-health, mesh networking, D2D (Device to Device), smart cities and even green networking. This book therefore allows for a better understanding of the important challenges and issues relating to Quality of Service (QoS) management, security and mobility in these types of environment.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Service Level Management in the Internet of Things (IoT) 1Ahmad KHALIL, Nader MBAREK and Olivier TOGNI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. IoT: definitions 2 1.3. IoT: an overview 3 1.3.1. IoT architectures 3 1.3.2. Application fields of the IoT 6 1.4. Security management and privacy protection in the IoT 8 1.4.1. Motivations and challenges 8 1.4.2. Security services in the IoT environment 10 1.4.3. Privacy protection and trust in the IoT 18 1.5. QoS management for IoT services 21 1.5.1. Motivations and challenges 21 1.5.2. Guaranteeing QoS in IoT 22 1.6. QBAIoT: QoS-based access method for IoT environments 28 1.6.1. Service level guarantee in the IoT 28 1.6.2. The QBAIoT process in the IoT 31 1.6.3. QBAIoT performance evaluation 36 1.7. Conclusion 38 1.8. References 39 Chapter 2. Service Level Management in the Cloud 45Nader MBAREK 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. The Cloud environment 46 2.2.1. Cloud Computing 46 2.2.2. Cloud Networking 50 2.2.3. Inter-Cloud 52 2.3. Service level and self-management in the Cloud 54 2.3.1. Quality of Service in a Cloud environment 54 2.3.2. Security in a Cloud environment 57 2.3.3. Self-management of Cloud environments 60 2.4. QoS guarantee in Cloud Networking 63 2.4.1. Cloud Networking architectures 63 2.4.2. Performance evaluation 68 2.5. Conclusion 75 2.6. References 75 Chapter 3. Managing Energy Demand as a Service in a Smart Grid Environment 83Samira CHOUIKHI, Leila MERGHEM-BOULAHIA and Moez ESSEGHIR 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. The Smart Grid environment 84 3.2.1. Smart microgrids 85 3.2.2. Information and communication infrastructure 86 3.3. Demand management: fundamental concepts 87 3.3.1. Predicting loads 87 3.3.2. DR – demand response 88 3.4. Demand-side management 89 3.4.1. The architectures and components of DSM platforms 90 3.4.2. Classifying DSM approaches 91 3.4.3. Deterministic approaches for individual users 92 3.4.4. Stochastic approaches for individual users 93 3.4.5. Deterministic approaches for consumer communities 94 3.4.6. Stochastic approaches for consumer communities 94 3.5. Techniques and methods for demand scheduling 96 3.5.1. Game theory 97 3.5.2. Multiagent systems 98 3.5.3. Machine learning 99 3.6. Conclusion 100 3.7. References 101 Chapter 4. Managing Quality of Service and Security in an e-Health Environment 107Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. e-health systems 109 4.2.1. Architecture 110 4.2.2. Characteristics 111 4.3. QoS in e-health systems 114 4.3.1. e-health services and QoS 114 4.3.2. QoS management in e-health systems 117 4.4. Security of e-health systems 124 4.4.1. Threats and attacks specific to e-health systems 124 4.4.2. Security management in e-health systems 127 4.5. Conclusion 130 4.6. References 131 Chapter 5. Quality of Service Management in Wireless Mesh Networks 139Hajer BARGAOUI, Nader MBAREK and Olivier TOGNI 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. WMNs: an overview 140 5.2.1. Definition of a WMN 140 5.2.2. Architecture of a radio mesh wireless network 140 5.2.3. Characteristics of a WMN environment 142 5.2.4. Standards for WMNs 143 5.2.5. Domains of applications 144 5.3. QoS in WMNs 146 5.3.1. QoS in networks 146 5.3.2. QoS constraints in WMNs 146 5.3.3. QoS mechanisms in WMNs 147 5.3.4. Research projects on QoS in WMNs 150 5.4. QoS-based routing for WMNs 152 5.4.1. Routing requirements in WMNs 152 5.4.2. Routing metrics in WMNs 153 5.4.3. QoS-based routing protocols in WMNs 154 5.5. HQMR: QoS-based hybrid routing protocol for mesh radio networks 157 5.5.1. Description of the HQMR protocol 157 5.5.2. How the HQMR protocol works 160 5.5.3. Validation of the HQMR protocol 162 5.6. Conclusion 168 5.7. References 168 Chapter 6. Blockchain Based Authentication and Trust Management in Decentralized Networks 175Axel MOINET and Benoît DARTIES 6.1. Introduction 175 6.1.1. Challenges and motivations, the state of the art 177 6.1.2. Blockchain, a support for authentication and trust 181 6.2. The Blockchain Authentication and Trust Module (BATM) architecture 184 6.2.1. Context and development 184 6.2.2. Managing identities and authentication 185 6.2.3. Calculating trust and reputation using the MLTE algorithm 188 6.3. Evaluating BATM 197 6.3.1. Simulation plan 197 6.3.2. Results and interpretation 198 6.4. Conclusion 201 6.5. References 202 Chapter 7. How Machine Learning Can Help Resolve Mobility Constraints in D2D Communications 205Chérifa BOUCETTA, Hassine MOUNGLA and Hossam AFIFI 7.1. Introduction 205 7.2. D2D communication and the evolution of networks 207 7.2.1. The discovery phase in D2D communications 208 7.2.2. The data exchange phase in D2D communications 209 7.2.3. Investigations into future mobile networks 210 7.3. The context for machine learning and deep learning 210 7.3.1. Overview of deep learning and its application 212 7.3.2. Types of machine learning 213 7.3.3. Linear regression and classification 213 7.4. Dynamic discovery 215 7.4.1. Real-time prediction of user density 216 7.4.2. The dynamic discovery algorithm 217 7.5. Experimental results 218 7.5.1. General hypotheses 218 7.5.2. Traffic with low user density 219 7.5.3. Traffic with high user density 219 7.6. Conclusion 222 7.7. References 222 Chapter 8. The Impact of Cognitive Radio on Green Networking: The Learning-through-reinforcement Approach 227Mohammed Salih BENDELLA and Badr BENMAMMAR 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. Green networking 228 8.2.1. Why should we reduce energy consumption? 228 8.2.2. Where can we reduce energy consumption? 228 8.2.3. Definition and objectives of green networking 229 8.3. Green strategies 230 8.3.1. Consolidation of resources 230 8.3.2. Selective connectivity 231 8.3.3. Virtualization 231 8.3.4. Energy-proportional computing 231 8.4. Green wireless networks 233 8.4.1. Energy efficiency in wireless networks 235 8.4.2. Controlling transmission power 236 8.5. How CR contributes to green networking 238 8.5.1. The principle behind CR 238 8.5.2. The cognition cycle 238 8.5.3. Green networking in CR networks 240 8.6. Learning through reinforcement by taking into account energy efficiency during opportunistic access to the spectrum 243 8.6.1. Formulating the problem 245 8.6.2. Comparison between CR and Q_learning enabled CR 247 8.7. Conclusion 248 8.8. References 249 List of Authors 253 Index 255

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic Waves 1 examines Maxwell’s equations and wave propagation. It presents the scientific bases necessary for any application using electromagnetic fields, and analyzes Maxwell’s equations, their meaning and their resolution for various situations and material environments. These equations are essential for understanding electromagnetism and its derived fields, such as radioelectricity, photonics, geolocation, measurement, telecommunications, medical imaging and radio astronomy. This book also deals with the propagation of electromagnetic, radio and optical waves, and analyzes the complex factors that must be taken into account in order to understand the problems of propagation in a free and confined space. Electromagnetic Waves 1 is a collaborative work, completed only with the invaluable contributions of Ibrahima Sakho, Hervé Sizun and JeanPierre Blot, not to mention the editor, Pierre-Noël Favennec. Aimed at students and engineers, this book provides essential theoretical support for the design and deployment of wireless radio and optical communication systems.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Maxwell’s Equations 1Ibrahima SAKHO 1.1. Maxwell’s equations in a vacuum 1 1.1.1. Electrostatics 1 1.1.2. Magnetostatics 17 1.1.3. Electromagnetic induction 33 1.1.4. Maxwell’s equations 54 1.2. Maxwell equations in material media 85 1.2.1. Electric field and potential in macroscopic dielectric media 86 1.2.2. Homogeneous linear dielectric media 95 1.2.3. Magnetic media 98 1.2.4. Maxwell equations in a polarized and magnetic medium 111 1.3. References 117 Chapter 2. The Propagation of Optical and Radio Electromagnetic Waves 119Hervé SIZUN 2.1. Introduction 119 2.2. Maxwell’s equations 121 2.2.1. Maxwell-Gauss equation 121 2.2.2. Maxwell-Thompson equation 122 2.2.3. Maxwell-Faraday equation 123 2.2.4. Maxwell-Ampère equation 123 2.3. Solving Maxwell’s equations 124 2.4. Characteristics of electromagnetic waves 125 2.4.1. Propagation speed 125 2.4.2. Wavelength and/or frequency 126 2.4.3. The characteristic impedance of the propagation medium 127 2.4.4. Poynting vector 127 2.4.5. The refractive index 128 2.4.6. Polarization 129 2.4.7. Transpolarization 131 2.4.8. Different propagation paths 132 2.4.9. Fresnel zones 133 2.4.10. Fundamental properties of the propagation channel 134 2.5. Propagation modeling 146 2.5.1. Tropospheric propagation 147 2.5.2. Propagation in rural, suburban and urban areas 172 2.5.3. Propagation within buildings 184 2.5.4. Broadband propagation 196 2.5.5. Ultra-wideband propagation 200 2.6. The propagation of visible and infrared waves in the Earth’s atmosphere 207 2.6.1. Introduction 207 2.6.2. The propagation of light in the atmosphere 208 2.6.3. The different models 214 2.6.4. Experimental results 222 2.6.5. Fog and mist 225 2.6.6. Sandstorms 226 2.6.7. Meteorological optical range 227 2.6.8. Applications 231 2.7. Conclusion 232 2.8. Recommendations ITU-R 233 2.9. References 233 Appendix 1 239 Appendix 2 243 Appendix 3 261 Appendix 4 269 Appendix 5 273 List of Acronyms and Constants 275 List of Authors 277 Index 279

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Book SynopsisThe management and control of networks can no longer be envisaged without the introduction of artificial intelligence at all stages. Intelligent Network Management and Control deals with topical issues related mainly to intelligent security of computer networks, deployment of security services in SDN (software-defined networking), optimization of networks using artificial intelligence techniques and multi-criteria optimization methods for selecting networks in a heterogeneous environment. This book also focuses on selecting cloud computing services, intelligent unloading of calculations in the context of mobile cloud computing, intelligent resource management in a smart grid-cloud system for better energy efficiency, new architectures for the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), the application of artificial intelligence in cognitive radio networks and intelligent radio input to meet the on-road communication needs of autonomous vehicles.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiiiBadr BENMAMMAR Part 1. AI and Network Security 1 Chapter 1. Intelligent Security of Computer Networks 3Abderrazaq SEMMOUD and Badr BENMAMMAR 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. AI in the service of cybersecurity 5 1.3. AI applied to intrusion detection 8 1.3.1. Techniques based on decision trees 9 1.3.2. Techniques based on data exploration 9 1.3.3. Rule-based techniques 10 1.3.4. Machine learning-based techniques 11 1.3.5. Clustering techniques 13 1.3.6. Hybrid techniques 14 1.4. AI misuse 15 1.4.1. Extension of existing threats 16 1.4.2. Introduction of new threats 16 1.4.3. Modification of the typical threat character 17 1.5. Conclusion 17 1.6. References 18 Chapter 2. An Intelligent Control Plane for Security Services Deployment in SDN-based Networks 25Maïssa MBAYE, Omessaad HAMDI and Francine KRIEF 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Software-defined networking 27 2.2.1. General architecture 27 2.2.2. Logical distribution of SDN control 29 2.3. Security in SDN-based networks 32 2.3.1. Attack surfaces 33 2.3.2. Example of security services deployment in SDN-based networks: IPSec service 34 2.4. Intelligence in SDN-based networks 40 2.4.1. Knowledge plane 41 2.4.2. Knowledge-defined networking 41 2.4.3. Intelligence-defined networks 42 2.5. AI contribution to security 43 2.5.1. ML techniques 43 2.5.2. Contribution of AI to security service: intrusion detection 47 2.6. AI contribution to security in SDN-based networks 48 2.7. Deployment of an intrusion prevention service 49 2.7.1. Attack signature learning as cloud service 50 2.7.2. Deployment of an intrusion prevention service in SDN-based networks 52 2.8. Stakes 55 2.9. Conclusion 56 2.10. References 56 Part 2. AI and Network Optimization 63 Chapter 3. Network Optimization using Artificial Intelligence Techniques 65Asma AMRAOUI and Badr BENMAMMAR 3.1. Introduction 65 3.2. Artificial intelligence 66 3.2.1. Definition 66 3.2.2. AI techniques 67 3.3. Network optimization 73 3.3.1. AI and optimization of network performances 73 3.3.2. AI and QoS optimization 74 3.3.3. AI and security 75 3.3.4. AI and energy consumption 77 3.4. Network application of AI 77 3.4.1. ESs and networks 77 3.4.2. CBR and telecommunications networks 79 3.4.3. Automated learning and telecommunications networks 79 3.4.4. Big data and telecommunications networks 80 3.4.5. MASs and telecommunications networks 82 3.4.6. IoT and networks 84 3.5. Conclusion 85 3.6. References 85 Chapter 4. Multicriteria Optimization Methods for Network Selection in a Heterogeneous Environment 89Fayssal BENDAOUD 4.1. Introduction 89 4.2. Multicriteria optimization and network selection 91 4.2.1. Network selection process 92 4.2.2. Multicriteria optimization methods for network selection 94 4.3. “Modified-SAW” for network selection in a heterogeneous environment 99 4.3.1. “Modified-SAW” proposed method 100 4.3.2. Performance evaluation 104 4.4. Conclusion 113 4.5. References 113 Part 3. AI and the Cloud Approach 117 Chapter 5. Selection of Cloud Computing Services: Contribution of Intelligent Methods 119Ahmed Khalid Yassine SETTOUTI 5.1. Introduction 119 5.2. Scientific and technical prerequisites 120 5.2.1. Cloud computing 120 5.2.2. Artificial intelligence 126 5.3. Similar works 129 5.4. Surveyed works 131 5.4.1. Machine learning 131 5.4.2. Heuristics 133 5.4.3. Intelligent multiagent systems 135 5.4.4. Game theory 137 5.5. Conclusion 140 5.6. References 140 Chapter 6. Intelligent Computation Offloading in the Context of Mobile Cloud Computing 145Zeinab MOVAHEDI 6.1. Introduction 145 6.2. Basic definitions 147 6.2.1. Fine-grain offloading 147 6.2.2. Coarse-grain offloading 149 6.3. MCC architecture 151 6.3.1. Generic architecture of MCC 151 6.3.2. C-RAN-based architecture 154 6.4. Offloading decision 154 6.4.1. Positioning of the offloading decision middleware 155 6.4.2. General formulation 156 6.4.3. Modeling of offloading cost 158 6.5. AI-based solutions 161 6.5.1. Branch and bound algorithm 161 6.5.2. Bio-inspired metaheuristics algorithms 164 6.5.3. Ethology-based metaheuristics algorithms 165 6.6. Conclusion 165 6.7. References 166 Part 4. AI and New Communication Architectures 169 Chapter 7. Intelligent Management of Resources in a Smart Grid-Cloud for Better Energy Efficiency 171Mohammed Anis BENBLIDIA, Leila MERGHEM-BOULAHIA, Moez ESSEGHIR and Bouziane BRIK 7.1. Introduction 171 7.2. Smart grid and cloud data center: fundamental concepts and architecture 172 7.2.1. Network architecture for smart grids 173 7.2.2. Main characteristics of smart grids 174 7.2.3. Interaction of cloud data centers with smart grids 178 7.3. State-of-the-art on the energy efficiency techniques of cloud data centers 180 7.3.1. Energy efficiency techniques of non-IT equipment of a data center 180 7.3.2. Energy efficiency techniques in data center servers 181 7.3.3. Energy efficiency techniques for a set of data centers 182 7.3.4. Discussion 184 7.4. State-of-the-art on the decision-aiding techniques in a smart grid-cloud system 185 7.4.1. Game theory 186 7.4.2. Convex optimization 187 7.4.3. Markov decision process 187 7.4.4. Fuzzy logic 187 7.5. Conclusion 188 7.6. References 189 Chapter 8. Toward New Intelligent Architectures for the Internet of Vehicles 193Léo MENDIBOURE, Mohamed Aymen CHALOUF and Francine KRIEF 8.1. Introduction 193 8.2. Internet of Vehicles 195 8.2.1. Positioning 195 8.2.2. Characteristics 196 8.2.3. Main applications 197 8.3. IoV architectures proposed in the literature 197 8.3.1. Integration of AI techniques in a layer of the control plane 199 8.3.2. Integration of AI techniques in several layers of the control plane 199 8.3.3. Definition of a KP associated with the control plane 200 8.3.4. Comparison of architectures and positioning 200 8.4. Our proposal of intelligent IoV architecture 201 8.4.1. Presentation 202 8.4.2. A KP for data transportation 203 8.4.3. A KP for IoV architecture management 205 8.4.4. A KP for securing IoV architecture 207 8.5. Stakes 209 8.5.1. Security and private life 210 8.5.2. Swarm learning 210 8.5.3. Complexity of computing methods 210 8.5.4. Vehicle flow motion 211 8.6. Conclusion 211 8.7. References 212 Part 5. Intelligent Radio Communications 217 Chapter 9. Artificial Intelligence Application to Cognitive Radio Networks 219Badr BENMAMMAR and Asma AMRAOUI 9.1. Introduction 219 9.2. Cognitive radio 222 9.2.1. Cognition cycle 222 9.2.2. CR tasks and corresponding challenges 223 9.3. Application of AI in CR 223 9.3.1. Metaheuristics 223 9.3.2. Fuzzy logic 229 9.3.3. Game theory 230 9.3.4. Neural networks 231 9.3.5. Markov models 231 9.3.6. Support vector machines 232 9.3.7. Case-based reasoning 233 9.3.8. Decision trees 233 9.3.9. Bayesian networks 234 9.3.10. MASs and RL 234 9.4. Categorization and use of techniques in CR 236 9.5. Conclusion 237 9.6. References 237 Chapter 10. Cognitive Radio Contribution to Meeting Vehicular Communication Needs of Autonomous Vehicles 245Francine KRIEF, Hasnaâ ANISS, Marion BERBINEAU and Killian LE PAGE 10.1. Introduction 245 10.2. Autonomous vehicles 246 10.2.1. Automation levels 246 10.2.2. The main components 247 10.3. Connected vehicle 251 10.3.1. Road safety applications 251 10.3.2. Entertainment applications 252 10.4. Communication architectures 253 10.4.1. ITS-G5 256 10.4.2. LTE-V2X 257 10.4.3. Hybrid communication 258 10.5. Contribution of CR to vehicular networks 258 10.5.1. Cognitive radio 259 10.5.2. CR-VANET 260 10.6. SERENA project: self-adaptive selection of radio access technologies using CR 264 10.6.1. Presentation and positioning 265 10.6.2. General architecture being considered 266 10.6.3. The main stakes 269 10.7. Conclusion 270 10.8. References 270 List of Authors 275 Index 277

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Book SynopsisA Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is the key component for complex applications. These applications put huge pressure on memory, communication devices and computing units. This book, presented in two volumes – Architectures and Applications – therefore celebrates the 20th anniversary of MPSoC, an interdisciplinary forum that focuses on multi-core and multi-processor hardware and software systems. It is this interdisciplinarity which has led to MPSoC bringing together experts in these fields from around the world, over the last two decades. Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 1 covers the key components of MPSoC: processors, memory, interconnect and interfaces. It describes advance features of these components and technologies to build efficient MPSoC architectures. All the main components are detailed: use of memory and their technology, communication support and consistency, and specific processor architectures for general purposes or for dedicated applications.Table of ContentsForeword xiiiAhmed JERRAYA Acknowledgments xvLiliana ANDRADE and Frédéric ROUSSEAU Part 1. Processors 1 Chapter 1. Processors for the Internet of Things 3Pieter VAN DER WOLF and Yankin TANURHAN 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Versatile processors for low-power IoT edge devices 4 1.2.1. Control processing, DSP and machine learning 4 1.2.2. Configurability and extensibility 6 1.3. Machine learning inference 8 1.3.1. Requirements for low/mid-end machine learning inference 10 1.3.2. Processor capabilities for low-power machine learning inference 14 1.3.3. A software library for machine learning inference 17 1.3.4. Example machine learning applications and benchmarks 20 1.4. Conclusion 23 1.5. References 24 Chapter 2. A Qualitative Approach to Many-core Architecture 27Benoît DUPONT DE DINECHIN 2.1. Introduction 28 2.2. Motivations and context 29 2.2.1. Many-core processors 29 2.2.2. Machine learning inference 30 2.2.3. Application requirements 32 2.3. The MPPA3 many-core processor 34 2.3.1. Global architecture 34 2.3.2. Compute cluster 36 2.3.3. VLIW core 38 2.3.4. Coprocessor 39 2.4. The MPPA3 software environments 42 2.4.1. High-performance computing 42 2.4.2. KaNN code generator 43 2.4.3. High-integrity computing 46 2.5. Conclusion 47 2.6. References 48 Chapter 3. The Plural Many-core Architecture – High Performance at Low Power 53Ran GINOSAR 3.1. Introduction 54 3.2. Related works 55 3.3. Plural many-core architecture 55 3.4. Plural programming model 56 3.5. Plural hardware scheduler/synchronizer 58 3.6. Plural networks-on-chip 61 3.6.1. Schedule rNoC 61 3.6.2. Shared memory NoC 61 3.7. Hardware and software accelerators for the Plural architecture 62 3.8. Plural system software 63 3.9. Plural software development tools 65 3.10. Matrix multiplication algorithm on the Plural architecture 65 3.11. Conclusion 67 3.12. References 67 Chapter 4. ASIP-Based Multi-Processor Systems for an Efficient Implementation of CNNs 69Andreas BYTYN, René AHLSDORF and Gerd ASCHEID 4.1. Introduction 70 4.2. Related works 71 4.3. ASIP architecture 74 4.4. Single-core scaling 75 4.5. MPSoC overview 78 4.6. NoC parameter exploration 79 4.7. Summary and conclusion 82 4.8. References 83 Part 2. Memory 85 Chapter 5. Tackling the MPSoC Data Locality Challenge 87Sven RHEINDT, Akshay SRIVATSA, Oliver LENKE, Lars NOLTE, Thomas WILD and Andreas HERKERSDORF 5.1. Motivation 88 5.2. MPSoC target platform 90 5.3. Related work 91 5.4. Coherence-on-demand: region-based cache coherence 92 5.4.1. RBCC versus global coherence 93 5.4.2. OS extensions for coherence-on-demand 94 5.4.3. Coherency region manager 94 5.4.4. Experimental evaluations 97 5.4.5. RBCC and data placement 99 5.5. Near-memory acceleration 100 5.5.1. Near-memory synchronization accelerator 102 5.5.2. Near-memory queue management accelerator 104 5.5.3. Near-memory graph copy accelerator 107 5.5.4. Near-cache accelerator 110 5.6. The big picture 111 5.7. Conclusion 113 5.8. Acknowledgments 114 5.9. References 114 Chapter 6. mMPU: Building a Memristor-based General-purpose In-memory Computation Architecture 119Adi ELIAHU, Rotem BEN HUR, Ameer HAJ ALI and Shahar KVATINSKY 6.1. Introduction 120 6.2. MAGIC NOR gate 121 6.3. In-memory algorithms for latency reduction 122 6.4. Synthesis and in-memory mapping methods 123 6.4.1. SIMPLE 124 6.4.2. SIMPLER 126 6.5. Designing the memory controller 127 6.6. Conclusion 129 6.7. References 130 Chapter 7. Removing Load/Store Helpers in Dynamic Binary Translation 133Antoine FARAVELON, Olivier GRUBER and Frédéric PÉTROT 7.1. Introduction 134 7.2. Emulating memory accesses 136 7.3. Design of our solution 140 7.4. Implementation 143 7.4.1. Kernel module 143 7.4.2. Dynamic binary translation 145 7.4.3. Optimizing our slow path 147 7.5. Evaluation 149 7.5.1. QEMU emulation performance analysis 150 7.5.2. Our performance overview 151 7.5.3. Optimized slow path 153 7.6. Related works 155 7.7. Conclusion 157 7.8. References 158 Chapter 8. Study and Comparison of Hardware Methods for Distributing Memory Bank Accesses in Many-core Architectures 161Arthur VIANES and Frédéric ROUSSEAU 8.1. Introduction 162 8.1.1. Context 162 8.1.2. MPSoC architecture 163 8.1.3. Interconnect 164 8.2. Basics on banked memory 165 8.2.1. Banked memory 165 8.2.2. Memory bank conflict and granularity 166 8.2.3. Efficient use of memory banks: interleaving 168 8.3. Overview of software approaches 170 8.3.1. Padding 170 8.3.2. Static scheduling of memory accesses 172 8.3.3. The need for hardware approaches 172 8.4. Hardware approaches 172 8.4.1. Prime modulus indexing 172 8.4.2. Interleaving schemes using hash functions 174 8.5. Modeling and experimenting 181 8.5.1. Simulator implementation 182 8.5.2. Implementation of the Kalray MPPA cluster interconnect 182 8.5.3. Objectives and method 184 8.5.4. Results and discussion 185 8.6. Conclusion 191 8.7. References 192 Part 3. Interconnect and Interfaces 195 Chapter 9. Network-on-Chip (NoC): The Technology that Enabled Multi-processor Systems-on-Chip (MPSoCs) 197K. Charles JANAC 9.1. History: transition from buses and crossbars to NoCs 198 9.1.1.NoC architecture 202 9.1.2. Extending the bus comparison to crossbars 207 9.1.3. Bus, crossbar and NoC comparison summary and conclusion 207 9.2. NoC configurability 208 9.2.1. Human-guided design flow 208 9.2.2. Physical placement awareness and NoC architecture design 209 9.3. System-level services 211 9.3.1. Quality-of-service (QoS) and arbitration 211 9.3.2. Hardware debug and performance analysis 212 9.3.3. Functional safety and security 212 9.4. Hardware cache coherence 215 9.4.1. NoC protocols, semantics and messaging 216 9.5. Future NoC technology developments 217 9.5.1. Topology synthesis and floorplan awareness 217 9.5.2. Advanced resilience and functional safety for autonomous vehicles 218 9.5.3. Alternatives to von Neumann architectures for SoCs 219 9.5.4. Chiplets and multi-die NoC connectivity 221 9.5.5. Runtime software automation 222 9.5.6. Instrumentation, diagnostics and analytics for performance, safety and security 223 9.6. Summary and conclusion 224 9.7. References 224 Chapter 10. Minimum Energy Computing via Supply and Threshold Voltage Scaling 227Jun SHIOMI and Tohru ISHIHARA 10.1. Introduction 228 10.2. Standard-cell-based memory for minimum energy computing 230 10.2.1. Overview of low-voltage on-chip memories 230 10.2.2. Design strategy for area- and energy-efficient SCMs 234 10.2.3. Hybrid memory design towards energy- and area-efficient memory systems 236 10.2.4. Body biasing as an alternative to power gating 237 10.3. Minimum energy point tracking 238 10.3.1. Basic theory 238 10.3.2. Algorithms and implementation 244 10.3.3. OS-based approach to minimum energy point tracking 246 10.4. Conclusion 249 10.5. Acknowledgments 249 10.6. References 250 Chapter 11. Maintaining Communication Consistency During Task Migrations in Heterogeneous Reconfigurable Devices 255Arief WICAKSANA, OlivierMULLER, Frédéric ROUSSEAU and Arif SASONGKO 11.1. Introduction 256 11.1.1. Reconfigurable architectures 256 11.1.2. Contribution 257 11.2. Background 257 11.2.1. Definitions 258 11.2.2. Problem scenario and technical challenges 259 11.3. Related works 261 11.3.1. Hardware context switch 261 11.3.2. Communication management 262 11.4. Proposed communication methodology in hardware context switching 263 11.5. Implementation of the communication management on reconfigurable computing architectures 266 11.5.1. Reconfigurable channels in FIFO 267 11.5.2. Communication infrastructure 268 11.6. Experimental results 269 11.6.1. Setup 269 11.6.2. Experiment scenario 270 11.6.3. Resource overhead 271 11.6.4. Impact on the total execution time 273 11.6.5. Impact on the context extract and restore time 275 11.6.6. System responsiveness to context switch requests 276 11.6.7. Hardware task migration between heterogeneous FPGAs 280 11.7. Conclusion 282 11.8. References 283 List of Authors 287 Authors Biographies 291 Index 299

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Book SynopsisA Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) is the key component for complex applications. These applications put huge pressure on memory, communication devices and computing units. This book, presented in two volumes – Architectures and Applications – therefore celebrates the 20th anniversary of MPSoC, an interdisciplinary forum that focuses on multi-core and multi-processor hardware and software systems. It is this interdisciplinarity which has led to MPSoC bringing together experts in these fields from around the world, over the last two decades. Multi-Processor System-on-Chip 2 covers application-specific MPSoC design, including compilers and architecture exploration. This second volume describes optimization methods, tools to optimize and port specific applications on MPSoC architectures. Details on compilation, power consumption and wireless communication are also presented, as well as examples of modeling frameworks and CAD tools. Explanations of specific platforms for automotive and real-time computing are also included.Table of ContentsForeword xiAhmed JERRAYA Acknowledgments xiiiLiliana ANDRADE and Frédéric ROUSSEAU Part 1. MPSoC for Telecom 1 Chapter 1. From Challenges to Hardware Requirements for Wireless Communications Reaching 6G 3Stefan A. DAMJANCEVIC, Emil MATUS, Dmitry UTYANSKY, Pieter VAN DER WOLF and Gerhard P. FETTWEIS 1.1. Introduction 4 1.2. Breadth of workloads 6 1.2.1. Vision, trends and applications 6 1.2.2. Standard specifications 8 1.2.3. Outcome of workloads 13 1.3. GFDM algorithm breakdown 14 1.3.1. Equation 15 1.3.2. Dataflow processing graph and matrix representation 15 1.3.3. Pseudo-code 16 1.4. Algorithm precision requirements and considerations 18 1.5. Implementation 21 1.5.1. Implementation considerations 23 1.5.2. Design space exploration 23 1.5.3. Measurements for low-end and high-end use cases 26 1.6. Conclusion 28 1.7. Acknowledgments 29 1.8. References 29 Chapter 2. Towards Tbit/s Wireless Communication Baseband Processing: When Shannon meets Moore 33Matthias HERRMANN and Norbert WEHN 2.1. Introduction 34 2.2. Role of microelectronics 36 2.3. Towards 1 Tbit/s throughput decoders 37 2.3.1. Turbodecoder 39 2.3.2. LDPC decoder 41 2.3.3. Polar decoder 41 2.4. Conclusion 43 2.5. Acknowledgments 43 2.6. References 43 Part 2. Application-specific MPSoC Architectures 47 Chapter 3. Automation for Industry 4.0 by using Secure LoRaWAN Edge Gateways 49Marcello COPPOLA and George KORNAROS 3.1. Introduction 50 3.2. Security in IIoT 52 3.3. LoRaWAN security in IIoT 53 3.4. Threatmodel 55 3.4.1. LoRaWAN attack model 55 3.4.2. IIoT node attack model 56 3.5. Trusted boot chain with STM32MP1 57 3.5.1. Trust base of node 57 3.5.2. Trusted firmware inSTM32MP1 57 3.5.3. Trusted execution environments and OP-TEE 58 3.5.4. OP-TEE scheduling considerations 60 3.5.5. OP-TEEmemorymanagement 60 3.5.6. OP-TEE clientAPI 61 3.5.7.TEE internal coreAPI 62 3.5.8. Root and chain of trust 62 3.5.9. Hardware unique key 62 3.5.10. Secure clock 63 3.5.11. Cryptographic operations 63 3.6. LoRaWAN gateway withSTM32MP1 64 3.7. Discussion and future scope 65 3.8. Acknowledgments 66 3.9. References 66 Chapter 4. Accelerating Virtualized Distributed NVMe Storage in Hardware 69Julian CHESTERFIELD and Michail FLOURIS 4.1. Introduction 70 4.1.1. Virtualization and traditional hypervisors 71 4.1.2. Hyperconverged versus disaggregated cloud architectures 72 4.1.3. NVMe flash storage 74 4.2. Motivation:NVMe storage for the cloud 75 4.2.1. Motivation for a new hypervisor 75 4.2.2. Motivation for accelerating disaggregated storage 76 4.3. Design 77 4.3.1. Optimizing the hypervisor I/O operations 77 4.3.2. Design of accelerated disaggregated storage 80 4.4. Implementation 86 4.4.1. The NexVisor platform 87 4.4.2. Accelerated disaggregated storage 87 4.5. Results 90 4.5.1. Sequential reads 90 4.5.2. Sequentialwrites 90 4.5.3. Sequential reads on one NVMe drive 92 4.5.4. Networkperformance 92 4.6. Conclusion 93 4.7. References 93 Chapter 5. Modular and Open Platform for Future Automotive Computing Environment 95Raphaël DAVID, Etienne HAMELIN, Paul DUBRULLE, Shuai LI, Philippe DORE, Alexis OLIVEREAU, Maroun OJAIL, Alexandre CARBON and Laurent LE GARFF 5.1. Introduction 96 5.2. Outline of this approach 98 5.2.1. Centralized computation, distributed data 98 5.2.2. Modularity and heterogeneity 99 5.2.3. Tools for specification, configuration and integration 101 5.3. Results 102 5.3.1. Hardware platform 103 5.3.2. FACE SW architecture 108 5.3.3. FACE Tool Suite 112 5.4. Use case 116 5.4.1. Adaptive braking system 116 5.5. Conclusion 118 5.6. References 119 Chapter 6. Post-Moore Datacenter Server Architecture 123Babak FALSAFI 6.1. Introduction 124 6.2. Background: today’s blades are from the desktops of the 1980s 125 6.3. Memory-centricserverdesign 127 6.4. Data management accelerators 129 6.5. Integrated network controllers 130 6.6. References 131 Part 3. Architecture Examples and Tools for MPSoC 135 Chapter 7. SESAM: A Comprehensive Framework for Cyber–Physical System Prototyping 137Amir CHARIF, AriefWICAKSANA, Salah-Eddine SAIDI, Tanguy SASSOLAS, Caaliph ANDRIAMISAINA and Nicolas VENTROUX 7.1. Introduction 138 7.2. An overview of the SESAM platform 138 7.2.1. Multi-abstraction system prototyping 139 7.2.2. Assessing extra-functional system properties 140 7.3. VPSim: fast and easy virtual prototyping 140 7.3.1. Writing peripherals in Python 141 7.3.2. The Model Provider interface 142 7.3.3. QEMU support 144 7.3.4. Online simulation monitoring 146 7.3.5. Acceleration methods 146 7.4. Hybrid prototyping 147 7.4.1. Co-simulationmode 148 7.4.2. Co-emulationmode 149 7.4.3. Runtime performance analysis and debugging features 149 7.5.FMI for co-simulation 150 7.5.1. Functional mock-up interface 151 7.5.2. VPSim integration inFMI co-simulation 152 7.6. Conclusion 155 7.7. References 155 Chapter 8. StaccatoLab: A Programming and Execution Model for Large-scale Dataflow Computing 157Kees VAN BERKEL 8.1. Introduction 158 8.2. Static dataflow 161 8.2.1. Synchronous dataflow 162 8.2.2. Cyclo-static dataflow 166 8.2.3. Dataflow graph transformations 167 8.3. Dynamic dataflow 168 8.3.1. Data-dependentdataflow 168 8.3.2. Non-determinatedataflow 172 8.4. Dataflow execution models 175 8.4.1. A brief review of dataflow theory 175 8.4.2. The StaccatoLab execution model 177 8.5. StaccatoLab 180 8.5.1. Dataflow graph description and analysis 180 8.5.2. Verilog synthesis 180 8.6. Large-scale dataflow computing? 182 8.6.1. What kind of applications? 182 8.6.2. Why effective? 183 8.6.3. Why efficient? 184 8.7. Acknowledgments 185 8.8. References 185 Chapter 9. Smart Cameras and MPSoCs 189Marilyn WOLF 9.1. Introduction 189 9.2. Early VLSI video processors 190 9.3. Video signal processors 191 9.4. Accelerators 193 9.5. From VSP to MPSoC 195 9.6. Graphics processing units 197 9.7. Neural networks and tensor processing units 197 9.8. Conclusion 199 9.9. References 199 Chapter 10. Software Compilation and Optimization Techniques for Heterogeneous Multi-core Platforms 203Weihua SHENG, Jeronimo CASTRILLON and Rainer LEUPERS 10.1. Introduction 204 10.2. Dataflow modeling 207 10.2.1. General concepts 207 10.2.2. Process networks 208 10.2.3. Cfor process networks 209 10.3. Source-to-source-based compiler infrastructure 214 10.3.1.Design rationale 214 10.3.2. Implementation strategy 216 10.4. Software distribution 218 10.4.1. KPNanalysis 219 10.4.2. Static KPN mapping 220 10.4.3. Hybrid KPN mapping 221 10.5. Results 222 10.5.1.Applications and experiences 222 10.5.2. Retargetability 229 10.6. Conclusion 230 10.7. References 231 List of Authors 237 Author Biographies 241 Index 251

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Book SynopsisThe challenges associated with the environmental impact of renewable energies are formidable and multiple. The exploitation of diffuse forms of energy will require us to reshape our lifestyles and infrastructures. Reducing their environmental impact is imperative and requires the mobilization of all available levers of action.Beyond the analysis of these challenges, this book presents an overview of the levers of action that should allow us to meet them, by crossing the fields of the human sciences, geosciences and engineering. The levers of action examined are both technical (through the substitution or use of low technology) and economic and social (through the development of recycling or decoupling). The book also addresses the question of their effectiveness and their overall impact.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiFlorian FIZAINE and Xavier GALIÈGUE Part 1. Stakes 1 Chapter 1. Toward a New Geopolitics of Raw Materials in the Energy Transition 3Emmanuel HACHE, Gondia SOKHNA SECK, Charlène BARNET, Samuel CARCANAGUE and Fernanda GUEDES 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Measuring the criticality of raw materials and geopolitical risk 5 1.2.1. Criticality, strategic materials and risks 5 1.2.2. The absence of a homogeneous theoretical framework 6 1.2.3. Criticality matrices 7 1.3. The geopolitics and geo-economics of raw materials in the energy transition 11 1.3.1. From measuring pressures on reserves to taking geopolitics into account in measuring criticality 12 1.3.2. Fear of cartelization or monopoly in commodity markets 13 1.4. How can we manage strategic materials supply risk? 24 1.4.1. The role of public policies 25 1.4.2. The issue of strategic stocks 27 1.4.3. Foreign investment through national companies 28 1.4.4. The logic of the Chinese barter 30 1.5. Conclusion: toward a new resource nationalism? 30 1.6. References 32 Chapter 2. Legal Issues Regarding the Sustainable Management of Territorial and Extraterritorial Mineral Resources 39Stephanie REICHE-DE VIGAN 2.1. National law regarding territorial mineral resources: the decisive issue of ownership 42 2.1.1. Ownership over mineral resources at the core of mineral law 42 2.1.2. A form of mineral ownership that may limit the government’s capacity to regulate the extractive sector for environmental reasons 47 2.2. International law regarding territorial mineral resources: the central role of state sovereignty 52 2.2.1. The principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources for the benefit of international trade 52 2.2.2. A principle challenged by indigenous peoples’ rights to lands, territories and resources 55 2.3. International law regarding extraterritorial mineral resources: exploitation “for the benefit of mankind as a whole” 56 2.3.1. The legal status of the seabed and the subsoil, determined by states’ interests in the exploitation of mineral resources 57 2.3.2. The legal framework for the exploitation of Antarctic mineral resources, determined by ecological considerations 63 2.4. For a sustainable management of mineral resources 65 2.5. References 68 Chapter 3. Mining and Societies 71Michel DESHAIES 3.1. Introduction 71 3.2. Mines as a factor of settlement and landscape transformation 72 3.2.1. Mining and the population 72 3.2.2. Mines, landscapes and the environment in pre-industrial times 74 3.3. Mining in the Industrial Age 76 3.3.1. The transformations of the industrial energy system 76 3.3.2. Birth and development of coalfields 78 3.3.3. Conquest and development of new metal deposits 79 3.4. Contemporary mining transformations and challenges 81 3.4.1. Geographic trends in mining 81 3.4.2. Decline and changes in former mining regions 82 3.4.3. Extraction boom and risks in new mining regions 85 3.4.4. The limits of “responsible” mining 92 3.5. Conclusion 95 3.6. References 96 Part 2. Action Levers 101 Chapter 4. Maintaining or Even Developing the Mining of Mineral Resources in Europe: The Case of Wallonia (Belgium) 103Johan YANS 4.1. Introduction 103 4.2. Geological resources in Wallonia 104 4.2.1. Extraction of mineral materials other than metals 104 4.2.2. Metal extraction: a problem on several spatiotemporal scales 105 4.3. Extension of sites/quantity of mining? 106 4.3.1. Exploit existing and well-characterized metal resources/reserves 106 4.3.2. Promoting a short circuit 107 4.3.3. Promoting alternatives to the sometimes deplorable extraction conditions in some regions of the world 108 4.3.4. Stimulating the local economy/employment 108 4.3.5. (Re)discovering a degree of supply independence for the industry 108 4.3.6. Creating the “substitution threat”: knowing that local potential exists 109 4.4. Decrease in sites/quantity of operations 109 4.4.1. Lack of local skills (being addressed) 109 4.4.2. NIMBY syndrome 110 4.5. Some levers for action 115 4.5.1. Responsible extraction 115 4.5.2. Popularizing 115 4.5.3. Strengthening the administration and defining a clear public strategy 116 4.5.4. Consulting 117 4.5.5. Collaborating (private–public) 118 4.6. Conclusion 118 4.7. References 119 Chapter 5. Substitution: Promises, Principles and Main Constraints 121Florian FIZAINE 5.1. Introduction 121 5.2. Main economic foundations of substitution 122 5.2.1. The demand curve 123 5.2.2. The horizons of substitution: short, medium and long term 124 5.2.3. The shortcomings of the classical demand curve 125 5.3. Elements, components, systems: what are we really substituting? 125 5.3.1. Altenpohl hierarchy and principal forms of technical substitution 126 5.3.2. Normative substitution: what to substitute for? 127 5.4. The main obstacles to substitution 129 5.4.1. Technical obstacles 129 5.4.2. Economic obstacles 130 5.4.3. Barriers related to the physical availability of the resource 131 5.4.4. Cultural and historical barriers 132 5.4.5. Regulatory barriers 133 5.5. Other aspects to be taken into account 134 5.5.1. Impact of competition and industrial strategies 134 5.5.2. Is economic substitution also an ecological substitution? 135 5.6. References 136 Chapter 6. Resource Consumption and Decoupling 139Thierry LEFÈVRE 6.1. Introduction 139 6.2. Global use of resources 142 6.3. Material consumption indicators 145 6.4. Decoupling the economy from resource consumption 149 6.4.1. Evidence of decoupling 149 6.4.2. Saturation of resource use 152 6.5. Responsibility for resource consumption 154 6.6. Conclusion 156 6.7. References 159 Chapter 7. The Economics of Recycling: Ambitions, Myths and Constraints 163Alain GELDRON 7.1. The recycling economy, an ancient history 163 7.2. Geological and urban mines, similarities and differences in logic 165 7.3. Understand the definitions and indicators of recycling in order to express its performance 167 7.4. A limited deposit because we can only recycle what we have consumed 170 7.5. Multiple factors influencing recycling and its effectiveness 173 7.6. The technical constraints of metal recycling 176 7.6.1. Preparation of materials 177 7.6.2. Recycling of base metals 178 7.6.3. Recycling of specialty metals 179 7.7. Environmental benefits of recycling 181 7.8. Conclusion 182 7.9. References 183 Chapter 8. Low-tech: A Path Toward the Necessary Metallic Sobriety? 187Philippe BIHOUIX 8.1. Cornucopians versus doomsdayers 187 8.2. The circular economy, mission impossible? 190 8.2.1. Invisible dematerialization 191 8.2.2. The systemic issue between energy and resources 193 8.2.3. The constraints of recycling 194 8.3. Toward a metallic frugality 195 8.3.1. Sobriety above all 196 8.3.2. “Advanced” eco-design 198 8.3.3. Moderate mechanization 199 8.4. A possible and desirable transition 200 8.4.1. The role of the public authority, at all scales 200 8.4.2. Finding the right scale 202 8.4.3. Humans, the key to “repairability” and optimal recycling 203 8.4.4. Positive impacts 204 8.4.5. A “happy” transition or nothing 205 8.5. References 206 Conclusion 209Florian FIZAINE and Xavier GALIÈGUE List of Authors 221 Index 223

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Book SynopsisGraph spectral image processing is the study of imaging data from a graph frequency perspective. Modern image sensors capture a wide range of visual data including high spatial resolution/high bit-depth 2D images and videos, hyperspectral images, light field images and 3D point clouds. The field of graph signal processing – extending traditional Fourier analysis tools such as transforms and wavelets to handle data on irregular graph kernels – provides new flexible computational tools to analyze and process these varied types of imaging data. Recent methods combine graph signal processing ideas with deep neural network architectures for enhanced performances, with robustness and smaller memory requirements.The book is divided into two parts. The first is centered on the fundamentals of graph signal processing theories, including graph filtering, graph learning and graph neural networks. The second part details several imaging applications using graph signal processing tools, including image and video compression, 3D image compression, image restoration, point cloud processing, image segmentation and image classification, as well as the use of graph neural networks for image processing.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Graph Spectral Image Processing xiGene CHEUNG and Enrico MAGLI Part 1. Fundamentals of Graph Signal Processing 1 Chapter 1. Graph Spectral Filtering 3Yuichi TANAKA 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Review: filtering of time-domain signals 4 1.3. Filtering of graph signals 5 1.3.1. Vertex domain filtering 6 1.3.2. Spectral domain filtering 8 1.3.3. Relationship between graph spectral filtering and classical filtering 10 1.4. Edge-preserving smoothing of images as graph spectral filters 11 1.4.1. Early works 11 1.4.2. Edge-preserving smoothing 12 1.5. Multiple graph filters: graph filter banks 15 1.5.1. Framework 16 1.5.2. Perfect reconstruction condition 17 1.6. Fast computation 20 1.6.1. Subdivision 20 1.6.2. Downsampling 21 1.6.3. Precomputing GFT 22 1.6.4. Partial eigendecomposition 22 1.6.5. Polynomial approximation 23 1.6.6. Krylov subspace method 26 1.7. Conclusion 26 1.8. References 26 Chapter 2. Graph Learning 31Xiaowen DONG, Dorina THANOU, Michael RABBAT and Pascal FROSSARD 2.1. Introduction 31 2.2. Literature review 33 2.2.1. Statistical models 33 2.2.2. Physically motivated models 35 2.3. Graph learning: a signal representation perspective 36 2.3.1. Models based on signal smoothness 38 2.3.2. Models based on spectral filtering of graph signals 43 2.3.3. Models based on causal dependencies on graphs 48 2.3.4. Connections with the broader literature 50 2.4. Applications of graph learning in image processing 52 2.5. Concluding remarks and future directions 55 2.6. References 57 Chapter 3. Graph Neural Networks 63Giulia FRACASTORO and Diego VALSESIA 3.1. Introduction 63 3.2. Spectral graph-convolutional layers 64 3.3. Spatial graph-convolutional layers 66 3.4. Concluding remarks 71 3.5. References 72 Part 2. Imaging Applications of Graph Signal Processing 73 Chapter 4. Graph Spectral Image and Video Compression 75Hilmi E. EGILMEZ, Yung-Hsuan CHAO and Antonio ORTEGA 4.1. Introduction 75 4.1.1. Basics of image and video compression 77 4.1.2. Literature review 78 4.1.3. Outline of the chapter 79 4.2. Graph-based models for image and video signals 79 4.2.1. Graph-based models for residuals of predicted signals 81 4.2.2. DCT/DSTs as GFTs and their relation to 1D models 87 4.2.3. Interpretation of graph weights for predictive transform coding 88 4.3. Graph spectral methods for compression 89 4.3.1. GL-GFT design 89 4.3.2. EA-GFT design 92 4.3.3. Empirical evaluation of GL-GFT and EA-GFT 97 4.4. Conclusion and potential future work 100 4.5. References 101 Chapter 5. Graph Spectral 3D Image Compression 105Thomas MAUGEY, Mira RIZKALLAH, Navid MAHMOUDIAN BIDGOLI, Aline ROUMY and Christine GUILLEMOT 5.1. Introduction to 3D images 106 5.1.1. 3D image definition 106 5.1.2. Point clouds and meshes 106 5.1.3. Omnidirectional images 107 5.1.4. Light field images 109 5.1.5. Stereo/multi-view images 110 5.2. Graph-based 3D image coding: overview 110 5.3. Graph construction 115 5.3.1. Geometry-based approaches 117 5.3.2. Joint geometry and color-based approaches 121 5.3.3. Separable transforms 125 5.4. Concluding remarks 126 5.5. References 128 Chapter 6. Graph Spectral Image Restoration 133Jiahao PANG and Jin ZENG 6.1. Introduction 133 6.1.1. A simple image degradation model 133 6.1.2. Restoration with signal priors 135 6.1.3. Restoration via filtering 137 6.1.4. GSP for image restoration 140 6.2. Discrete-domain methods 141 6.2.1. Non-local graph-based transform for depth image denoising 141 6.2.2. Doubly stochastic graph Laplacian 142 6.2.3. Reweighted graph total variation prior 145 6.2.4. Left eigenvectors of random walk graph Laplacian 150 6.2.5. Graph-based image filtering 155 6.3. Continuous-domain methods 155 6.3.1. Continuous-domain analysis of graph Laplacian regularization 156 6.3.2. Low-dimensional manifold model for image restoration 163 6.3.3. LDMM as graph Laplacian regularization 165 6.4. Learning-based methods 167 6.4.1. CNN with GLR 169 6.4.2. CNN with graph wavelet filter 171 6.5. Concluding remarks 172 6.6. References 173 Chapter 7. Graph Spectral Point Cloud Processing 181Wei HU, Siheng CHEN and Dong TIAN 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Graph and graph-signals in point cloud processing 183 7.3. Graph spectral methodologies for point cloud processing 185 7.3.1. Spectral-domain graph filtering for point clouds 185 7.3.2. Nodal-domain graph filtering for point clouds 188 7.3.3. Learning-based graph spectral methods for point clouds 189 7.4. Low-level point cloud processing 190 7.4.1. Point cloud denoising 191 7.4.2. Point cloud resampling 193 7.4.3. Datasets and evaluation metrics 198 7.5. High-level point cloud understanding 199 7.5.1. Data auto-encoding for point clouds 199 7.5.2. Transformation auto-encoding for point clouds 206 7.5.3. Applications of GraphTER in point clouds 211 7.5.4. Datasets and evaluation metrics 211 7.6. Summary and further reading 213 7.7. References 214 Chapter 8. Graph Spectral Image Segmentation 221Michael NG 8.1. Introduction 221 8.2. Pixel membership functions 222 8.2.1. Two-class problems 222 8.2.2. Multiple-class problems 226 8.2.3. Multiple images 227 8.3. Matrix properties 230 8.4. Graph cuts 232 8.4.1. The Mumford–Shah model 234 8.4.2. Graph cuts minimization 235 8.5. Summary 237 8.6. References 237 Chapter 9. Graph Spectral Image Classification 241Minxiang YE, Vladimir STANKOVIC, Lina STANKOVIC and Gene CHEUNG 9.1. Formulation of graph-based classification problems 243 9.1.1. Graph spectral classifiers with noiseless labels 243 9.1.2. Graph spectral classifiers with noisy labels 246 9.2. Toward practical graph classifier implementation 247 9.2.1. Graph construction 247 9.2.2. Experimental setup and analysis 249 9.3. Feature learning via deep neural network 255 9.3.1. Deep feature learning for graph construction 258 9.3.2. Iterative graph construction 260 9.3.3. Toward practical implementation of deep feature learning 262 9.3.4. Analysis on iterative graph construction for robust classification 267 9.3.5. Graph spectrum visualization 269 9.3.6. Classification error rate comparison using insufficient training data 270 9.3.7. Classification error rate comparison using sufficient training data with label noise 270 9.4. Conclusion 271 9.5. References 272 Chapter 10. Graph Neural Networks for Image Processing 277Giulia FRACASTORO and Diego VALSESIA 10.1. Introduction 277 10.2. Supervised learning problems 278 10.2.1. Point cloud classification 278 10.2.2. Point cloud segmentation 281 10.2.3. Image denoising 283 10.3. Generative models for point clouds 286 10.3.1. Point cloud generation 286 10.3.2. Shape completion 291 10.4. Concluding remarks 294 10.5. References 294 List of Authors 299 Index 301

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Book SynopsisThe Internet of Things (IoT) has contributed greatly to the growth of data traffic on the Internet. Access technologies and object constraints associated with the IoT can cause performance and security problems. This relates to important challenges such as the control of radio communications and network access, the management of service quality and energy consumption, and the implementation of security mechanisms dedicated to the IoT.In response to these issues, this book presents new solutions for the management and control of performance and security in the IoT. The originality of these proposals lies mainly in the use of intelligent techniques. This notion of intelligence allows, among other things, the support of object heterogeneity and limited capacities as well as the vast dynamics characterizing the IoT.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Multicriteria Selection of Transmission Parameters in the IoT 1Sinda BOUSSEN, Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF and Francine KRIEF 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Changing access network in the IoT 2 1.3 Spectrum handoff in the IoT 3 1.4 Multicriteria decision-making module for an effective spectrum handoff in the IoT 4 1.4.1 General architecture 4 1.4.2 Decision-making flowchart 9 1.4.3 Performances evaluation 15 1.5 Conclusion 22 1.6 References 22 Chapter 2 Using Reinforcement Learning to Manage Massive Access in NB-IoT Networks 27Yassine HADJADJ-AOUL and Soraya AIT-CHELLOUCHE 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Fundamentals of the NB-IoT standard 29 2.2.1 Deployment and instances of use 29 2.2.2 Transmission principles 30 2.2.3 Radio resource random access procedure 33 2.3 State of the art 37 2.4 Model for accessing IoT terminals 39 2.5 Access controller for IoT terminals based on reinforcement learning 42 2.5.1 Formulating the problem 42 2.5.2 Regulation system for arrivals 44 2.6 Performance evaluation 46 2.7 Conclusion 51 2.8 References 51 Chapter 3 Optimizing Performances in the IoT: An Approach Based on Intelligent Radio 57Badr BENMAMMAR 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Internet of Things (IoT) 58 3.2.1 Definition of the IoT 58 3.2.2 Applications of the IoT 59 3.2.3 IoT challenges 60 3.2.4 Enabling technologies in the IoT 61 3.3 Intelligent radio 64 3.3.1 Definition of intelligent radio 64 3.3.2 Motivations for using intelligent radio in the IoT 66 3.3.3 Challenges in using intelligent radio in the IoT 68 3.4 Conclusion 71 3.5 References 73 Chapter 4 Optimizing the Energy Consumption of IoT Devices 77Ahmad KHALIL, Nader MBAREK and Olivier TOGNI 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Energy optimization 78 4.2.1 Definitions 78 4.3 Optimization techniques for energy consumption 79 4.3.1 The A* algorithm 79 4.3.2 Fuzzy logic 80 4.4 Energy optimization in the IoT 82 4.4.1 Characteristics of the IoT 82 4.4.2 Challenges in energy optimization 84 4.4.3 Research on energy optimization in the IoT 84 4.5 Autonomous energy optimization framework in the IoT 86 4.5.1 Autonomous computing 86 4.5.2 Framework specification 89 4.6 Proposition of a self-optimization method for energy consumption in the IoT 90 4.6.1 Fuzzy logic model 91 4.6.2 Decision-making algorithm 95 4.6.3 Evaluating energy self-optimization in the IoT 97 4.7 Conclusion 101 4.8 References 101 Chapter 5 Toward Intelligent Management of Service Quality in the IoT: The Case of a Low Rate WPAN 105Guillaume LE GALL, Georgios Z PAPADOPOULOS, Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF and Olivier TOGNI 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Quick overview of the IoT 108 5.2.1 The micro-IPv6 stack 108 5.2.2 Technologies for the IoT 110 5.2.3 IoT and quality of service 114 5.3 IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH approach 115 5.4 Transmission scheduling 117 5.4.1 General considerations 117 5.4.2 Scheduling in the literature 118 5.5 Routing and RPL 120 5.5.1 Routing 120 5.5.2 RPL 121 5.5.3 Multipath 122 5.6 Combined approach based on 802.15.4 TSCH and multipath RPL 123 5.6.1 Automatic Repeat reQuest 125 5.6.2 Replication and Elimination 125 5.6.3 Overhearing 127 5.7 Conclusion 127 5.8 References 128 Chapter 6 Adapting Quality of Service of Energy-Harvesting IoT Devices 133Matthieu GAUTIER and Olivier BERDER 6.1 Toward the energy autonomy of sensor networks 135 6.1.1 Energy harvesting and management 135 6.1.2 State-of-the-art energy managers 138 6.2 Fuzzyman: use of fuzzy logic 141 6.2.1 Design of Fuzzyman 141 6.2.2 Evaluating Fuzzyman 145 6.2.3 Conclusion 146 6.3 RLMan: using reinforcement learning 148 6.3.1 Formulating the problem of managing the harvested energy 148 6.3.2 RLMan algorithm 150 6.3.3 Evaluation of RLMan 153 6.3.4 Conclusion 155 6.4 Toward energy autonomous LoRa nodes 155 6.4.1 Multisource energy-harvesting architecture 157 6.4.2 Applying energy management to LoRa nodes 157 6.5 Conclusion 157 6.6 References 160 Chapter 7 Adapting Access Control for IoT Security 163Ahmad KHALIL, Nader MBAREK and Olivier TOGNI 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Defining security services in the IoT 164 7.2.1 Identification and authentication in the IoT 164 7.2.2 Access control in the IoT 165 7.2.3 Confidentiality in the IoT 166 7.2.4 Integrity in the IoT 166 7.2.5 Non-repudiation in the IoT 167 7.2.6 Availability in the IoT 167 7.3 Access control technologies 168 7.4 Access control in the IoT 172 7.4.1 Research on the extension of access control models for the IoT 172 7.4.2 Research on adapting access control systems and technologies for the IoT 173 7.5 Access control framework in the IoT 176 7.5.1 IoT architecture 177 7.5.2 IoT-MAAC access control specification 179 7.6 Conclusion 193 7.7 References 194 Chapter 8 The Contributions of Biometrics and Artificial Intelligence in Securing the IoT 197Amal SAMMOUD, Omessaad HAMDI, Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF and Nicolas MONTAVONT 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Security and privacy in the IoT 198 8.3 Authentication based on biometrics 199 8.3.1 Biometrics 199 8.3.2 Biometric techniques 199 8.3.3 The different properties of biometrics 200 8.3.4 Operating a biometric system 201 8.3.5 System performances 202 8.4 Multifactor authentication techniques based on biometrics 202 8.4.1 Multifactor authentication 203 8.4.2 Examples of multifactor authentication approaches for securing the IoT 204 8.4.3 Presentation of the approach of Sammoud et al (2020c) 205 8.5 Authentication techniques based on biometrics and machine learning 213 8.5.1 Machine learning algorithms 213 8.5.2 Examples of authentication approaches based on biometrics and machine learning 214 8.5.3 Authentication approaches based on ECG and machine learning 215 8.6 Challenges and limits 217 8.6.1 Quality of biometric data 217 8.6.2 Non-revocability of biometric data 218 8.6.3 Security of biometric systems 218 8.7 Conclusion 218 8.8 References 218 Chapter 9 Dynamic Identity and Access Management in the IoT: Blockchain-based Approach 223Léo MENDIBOURE, Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF and Francine KRIEF 9.1 Introduction 223 9.2 Context 224 9.2.1 Intelligent identity and access management 225 9.2.2 Blockchain 226 9.3 Blockchain for intelligent identity and access management 227 9.3.1 A new architecture integrating blockchain 228 9.3.2 The different benefits 229 9.4 Challenges 234 9.4.1 Scaling up 235 9.4.2 Blockchain security 235 9.4.3 Energy consumption 236 9.4.4 Definition of consensus algorithms based on artificial intelligence 236 9.5 Conclusion 237 9.6 References 237 Chapter 10 Adapting the Security Level of IoT Applications 243Tidiane SYLLA, Mohamed-Aymen CHALOUF and Francine KRIEF 10.1 Introduction 243 10.2 Definitions and characteristics 244 10.2.1 Definitions 244 10.2.2 Characteristics 244 10.3 IoT applications 246 10.4 IoT architectures 246 10.5 Security, trust and privacy protection in IoT applications 247 10.5.1 General remarks 248 10.5.2 Security services 248 10.5.3 Communication security 251 10.5.4 Trust 252 10.5.5 Privacy 253 10.6 Adapting the security level in the IoT 254 10.6.1 Context-awareness 255 10.6.2 Context-aware security 256 10.6.3 Context-aware security architecture and privacy protection designed using the “as a service” approach 258 10.7 Conclusion 261 10.8 References 261 Chapter 11 Moving Target Defense Techniques for the IoT 267Renzo E NAVAS, Laurent TOUTAIN and Georgios Z PAPADOPOULOS 11.1 Introduction 268 11.2 Background 269 11.2.1 Brief chronology of Moving Target Defense 269 11.2.2 Fundamental technical and taxonomic principles of MTD 270 11.3 Related works 271 11.3.1 Surveys on MTD techniques 271 11.3.2 Frameworks for IoT systems linked to the concept of MTD 271 11.4 LMTD for the IoT: a qualitative survey 272 11.4.1 Data: MTD mechanism against side-channel channel attacks based on renegotiating cryptographic keys 272 11.4.2 Software 272 11.4.3 Runtime environment 273 11.4.4 Platform: diversifying by reconfiguring the IoT node firmware 275 11.4.5 Networks 275 11.4.6 Section summary 278 11.5 Network components in the IoT: a vast domain for MTD 279 11.5.1 Physical layer 280 11.5.2 Link layer 281 11.5.3 OSI network layer 281 11.5.4 Transport layer 282 11.5.5 Application layer 283 11.5.6 Section summary 284 11.6 An MTD framework for the IoT 284 11.6.1 Proposition: components 284 11.6.2 Instantiation: UDP port hopping 286 11.7 Discussion and avenues for future research 287 11.8 Conclusion 288 11.9 References 288 List of Authors 293 Index 295

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Book SynopsisFace analysis is essential for a large number of applications such as human-computer interaction or multimedia (e.g. content indexing and retrieval). Although many approaches are under investigation, performance under uncontrolled conditions is still not satisfactory. The variations that impact facial appearance (e.g. pose, expression, illumination, occlusion, motion blur) make it a difficult problem to solve.This book describes the progress towards this goal, from a core building block – landmark detection – to the higher level of micro and macro expression recognition. Specifically, the book addresses the modeling of temporal information to coincide with the dynamic nature of the face. It also includes a benchmark of recent solutions along with details about the acquisition of a dataset for such tasks.Table of ContentsPreface xiRomain BELMONTE and Benjamin ALLAERT Part 1. Facial Landmark Detection 1 Introduction to Part 1 3Romain BELMONTE, Pierre TIRILLY, IoanMarius BILASCO, Nacim IHADDADENE and Chaabane DJERABA Chapter 1. Facial Landmark Detection 13Romain BELMONTE, Pierre TIRILLY, IoanMarius BILASCO, Nacim IHADDADENE and Chaabane DJERABA 1.1. Facial landmark detection in still images 14 1.1.1.Generativeapproaches 14 1.1.2.Discriminative approaches 18 1.1.3.Deep learningapproaches 24 1.1.4.Handlingchallenges 34 1.1.5.Summary 40 1.2.Extendingfacial landmarkdetectionto videos 41 1.2.1.Trackingby detection 41 1.2.2.Box, landmarkand pose tracking 43 1.2.3.Adaptive approaches 45 1.2.4. Joint approaches 46 1.2.5. Temporal constrained approaches 47 1.2.6.Summary 49 1.3.Discussion 50 1.4.References 52 Chapter 2. Effectiveness of Facial Landmark Detection 67Romain BELMONTE, Pierre TIRILLY, IoanMarius BILASCO, Nacim IHADDADENE and Chaabane DJERABA 2.1.Overview 68 2.2.Datasets and evaluationmetrics 69 2.2.1. Image and videodatasets 69 2.2.2. Face preprocessing and data augmentation 73 2.2.3.Evaluationmetrics 75 2.2.4.Summary 77 2.3. Image andvideobenchmarks 77 2.3.1. Compiled results on 300W 77 2.3.2. Compiled results on 300VW 79 2.4.Cross-dataset benchmark 80 2.4.1.Evaluationprotocol 80 2.4.2.Comparisonof selected approaches 82 2.5.Discussion 86 2.6.References 88 Chapter 3. Facial Landmark Detection with Spatio-temporal Modeling 93Romain BELMONTE, Pierre TIRILLY, IoanMarius BILASCO, Nacim IHADDADENE and Chaabane DJERABA 3.1.Overview 94 3.2.Spatio-temporalmodelingreview 95 3.2.1.Hand-craftedapproaches 95 3.2.2.Deep learningapproaches 97 3.2.3.Summary 103 3.3.Architecturedesign 104 3.3.1. Coordinate regression networks 104 3.3.2.Heatmapregressionnetworks 106 3.4.Experiments 107 3.4.1.Datasets andevaluationprotocols 107 3.4.2. Implementationdetails 108 3.4.3.EvaluationonSNaP-2DFe 109 3.4.4. Evaluation on 300VW 111 3.4.5.Comparisonwith existingmodels 112 3.4.6. Qualitative results 112 3.4.7.Propertiesof the networks 114 3.5.Design investigations 114 3.5.1.Encoder-decoder 115 3.5.2. Complementarity between spatial and temporal information 117 3.5.3. Complementarity between local and global motion 119 3.6.Discussion 122 3.7.References 123 Conclusion to Part 1 133Romain BELMONTE, Pierre TIRILLY, IoanMarius BILASCO, Nacim IHADDADENE and Chaabane DJERABA Part 2. Facial Expression Analysis 147 Introduction to Part 2 149Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA Chapter 4. Extraction of Facial Features 157Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA 4.1. Introduction 157 4.2.Face detection 158 4.2.1.Point-of-interestdetectionalgorithms 160 4.2.2.Face alignment approaches 162 4.2.3.Synthesis 166 4.3.Face normalization 166 4.3.1.Dealingwith headpose variations 167 4.3.2.Dealingwith facial occlusions 170 4.3.3.Synthesis 172 4.4.Extractionof visual features 172 4.4.1.Facial appearancefeatures 172 4.4.2.Facial geometric features 174 4.4.3. Facial dynamics features 175 4.4.4.Facial segmentationmodels 177 4.4.5.Synthesis 179 4.5. Learning methods 179 4.5.1.Classification versus regression 180 4.5.2.Fusionmodel 182 4.5.3.Synthesis 184 4.6.Conclusion 185 4.7.References 186 Chapter 5. Facial Expression Modeling 191Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA 5.1. Introduction 191 5.2.Modelingof the affective state 192 5.2.1.Categoricalmodeling 192 5.2.2.Dimensionalmodeling 194 5.2.3.Synthesis 196 5.3. The challenges of facial expression recognition 197 5.3.1. The variation of the intensity of the expressions 197 5.3.2.Variationof facialmovement 199 5.3.3.Synthesis 200 5.4.The learningdatabases 201 5.4.1. Improvementof learningdata 201 5.4.2. Comparison of learning databases 203 5.4.3.Synthesis 205 5.5. Invariance to facial expression intensities 206 5.5.1.Macro-expression 206 5.5.2.Micro-expression 208 5.5.3.Synthesis 209 5.6. Invarianceto facialmovements 211 5.6.1. Pose variations (PV) and large displacements (LD) 211 5.6.2.Synthesis 214 5.7.Conclusion 215 5.8.References 216 Chapter 6. Facial Motion Characteristics 223Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA 6.1. Introduction 223 6.2.Characteristics of the facialmovement 225 6.2.1. Local constraint of magnitude and direction 226 6.2.2. Local constraint of the motion distribution 228 6.2.3.Motionpropagationconstraint 230 6.3.LMP 232 6.3.1. Local consistency of the movement 233 6.3.2.Consistencyof local distribution 236 6.3.3. Coherence in the propagationof themovement 238 6.4.Conclusion 241 6.5.References 242 Chapter 7. Micro- and Macro-Expression Analysis 243Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA 7.1. Introduction 243 7.2. Definition of a facial segmentation model 244 7.3.Feature vector construction 247 7.3.1.Motionfeaturesvector 247 7.3.2.Geometric featuresvector 248 7.3.3.Features fusion 249 7.4. Recognition process 250 7.5. Evaluation on micro- and macro-expressions 251 7.5.1.Learningdatabases 252 7.5.2. Micro-expression recognition 253 7.5.3. Macro-expressions recognition 255 7.5.4. Synthesis of experiments on micro- and macro-expressions 258 7.6. Same expression with different intensities 260 7.6.1.Data preparation 260 7.6.2.Fractional time analysis 263 7.6.3.Analysis on a different time frame 264 7.6.4. Synthesis of experiments on activation segments 265 7.7.Conclusion 265 7.8.References 266 Chapter 8. Towards Adaptation to Head Pose Variations 271Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA 8.1. Introduction 271 8.2.Learningdatabase challenges 273 8.3. Innovative acquisition system (SNaP-2DFe) 274 8.4. Evaluation of face normalization methods 276 8.4.1. Does the normalization preserve the facial geometry? 277 8.4.2. Does normalization preserve facial expressions? 280 8.5.Conclusion 283 8.6.References 284 Conclusion to Part 2 287Benjamin ALLAERT, IoanMarius BILASCO and Chaabane DJERABA List of Authors 293 Index 295

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Book SynopsisA major transformation in the world of networks is underway, as the focus shifts from physical technology to software-based solutions. In this book, the authors present this new generation of networks that are based in the Cloud by detailing the transition from a complex environment to a simple digital infrastructure. This infrastructure brings together connected devices, the antennas that collect radio waves, the optical fibers that carry signals and the data center that handles all of the different processes. From this perspective, the data center becomes the brain, managing network services, controls, automation, intelligence, security and other applications. This architecture is relevant to carrier networks, the Internet of Things, enterprise networks and the global networks of the major Internet companies. Cloud and Edge Networking further discusses developments at the border of networks, the Edge, where data is processed as near as possible to the source. Over the next ten years, the Edge will become a major strategic factor.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1 Introduction to Edge and Cloud Networking 1 1.1 Introduction to the digital infrastructure 1 1.2 Cloud services 7 1.3 Cloud Networking 9 1.4 Network Functions Virtualization 14 1.5 Conclusion 16 1.6 References 16 Chapter 2 The Cloud Continuum 19 2.1 Cloud Continuum levels 19 2.2 Cloud Continuum Networks 22 2.3 The Cloud Continuum and the digitization of companies 23 2.4 Example of digital infrastructure 25 2.5 Conclusion 28 2.6 References 28 Chapter 3 Digital Infrastructure Architecture 31 3.1 The evolution of enterprise information system architectures 31 3.2 The Open Infrastructure Foundation architecture 36 3.3 The Cloud Native Computing Foundation architecture 42 3.4 Gaia-X 49 3.5 Conclusion 54 3.6 References 54 Chapter 4 Open-Source Architectures for Edge and Cloud Networking 57 4.1 Organizations and the main open sources 57 4.2 The main open-source projects 57 4.3 Conclusion 69 4.4 References 70 Chapter 5 Software-Defined Networking (SDN) 73 5.1 Introduction to Software-Defined Networking 73 5.2 ONF architecture 74 5.3 Southbound interfaces and controllers 80 5.4 The northbound interface and the application plan 82 5.5 Conclusion 84 5.6 References 85 Chapter 6 Edge and Cloud Networking Commercial Products 87 6.1 Introduction to SDN products 87 6.2 Fabric control 87 6.2.1 NSX from VMware 89 6.2.2 Cisco Application Centric Infrastructure 92 6.2.3 OpenContrail and Juniper 94 6.2.4 Nokia SDN Architecture 95 6.3 Software-Defined Wide Area Network 96 6.3.1 The basics of SD-WAN 96 6.3.2 SD-WAN 2.0 101 6.3.3 SD-Branch 102 6.4 Secure Access Service Edge 103 6.5 Virtual Customer Premises Equipment 105 6.6 vWi-Fi 107 6.7 Virtual Radio Access Network 109 6.8 Virtual Evolved Packet Core and virtual 5GCore 110 6.9 Conclusion 111 6.10 References 111 Chapter 7 OpenFlow, P4, Opflex and I2RS 113 7.1 OpenFlow signaling 113 7.2 P4 120 7.3 OpFlex 121 7.4 I2RS 122 7.5 Conclusion 123 7.6 References 124 Chapter 8 Edge and Cloud Networking Operators 127 8.1 Edge Networking in 5G architecture 127 8.2 Cloud RAN 130 8.3 Cloud Networking at the heart of 5G 132 8.4 The Cloud and the new Ethernet and Wi-Fi generations 134 8.5 Enterprise 5G Edge Networks 136 8.6 Conclusion 138 8.7 References 138 Chapter 9 Cloud Networking Protocols 141 9.1 Low-level protocols 142 9.1.1 Radio over Fiber 143 9.1.2 Ethernet over Fiber 144 9.2 Virtual extensible LAN 144 9.3 Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation 146 9.4 Ethernet MEF 146 9.5 Ethernet Carrier Grade 147 9.6 Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links 150 9.7 Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol 152 9.8 Conclusion 153 9.9 References 153 Chapter 10 Edge and Cloud Networking in the IoT 155 10.1 Internet of Things networks 156 10.2 Low Power Wide Area Networks 158 10.3 PAN and LAN networks for the IoT 162 10.4 Telecommunications operator networks for the IoT 166 viii Cloud and Edge Networking 10.5 Platform for the IoT 169 10.6 Conclusion 178 10.7 References 178 Chapter 11 Cloud Continuum in Vehicular Networks 181 11.1 ETSI ITS-G5 183 11.2 5G standardization 185 11.2.1 5G vehicular networks 185 11.2.2 C-V2X technology overview 187 11.3 Visible light communication 189 11.4 The architecture of vehicular networks 190 11.5 Conclusion 193 11.6 References 193 Chapter 12 The Cloud Continuum and Industry 4.0 199 12.1 The features needed to achieve Industry 4.0 201 12.2 Technical specifications for 5G 203 12.3 Cloud and Edge for Industry 4.0 205 12.4 Conclusion 207 12.5 References 208 Chapter 13 AI for Cloud and Edge Networking 211 13.1 The knowledge plane 211 13.2 Artificial intelligence and Software-Defined Networking 214 13.3 AI and Cloud Networking management 217 13.4 AI through digital twins 218 13.5 Conclusion 221 13.6 References 223 Chapter 14 Cloud and Edge Networking Security 229 14.1 The Security Cloud 229 14.2 SIM-based security 230 14.3 Blockchain and Cloud 233 14.4 Cloud Networking security 234 14.5 Edge Networking security 241 14.5.1 Security of 5G MEC 241 14.5.2 Threats to Network Functions Virtualization 242 14.5.3 Fog security 243 14.5.4 Protection of intelligent processes in the Edge 244 14.5.5 Client security through the use of HSM 245 14.6 Conclusion 246 14.7 References 247 Chapter 15 Accelerators 253 15.1 The DPDK accelerator 254 15.2 The FD.io accelerator 258 15.3 Hardware virtualization 260 15.4 Conclusion 263 15.5 References 263 Chapter 16 The Future of Edge and Cloud Networking 267 16.1 5G continuity 269 16.2 Fully distributed networks 272 16.3 Cloud Continuum-based networks 275 16.4 Edge and Cloud properties 276 16.5 Conclusion 278 16.6 References 278 Conclusion 283 List of Authors 285 Index 287

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Book SynopsisHow can atmospheric variables such as temperature, wind, rain and ozone be measured by satellites? How are these measurements taken and what has been learned since the first measurements in the 1970s? What data are currently available and what data are expected in the future? The second volume of this encyclopedic book presents each field of application – meteorology, atmospheric composition and climate – with its main aims as well as the specific areas which can be addressed through the use of satellite remote sensing. This book presents the satellite products used for operational purposes as well as those that allow for the advancement of scientific knowledge. The instruments that are at their origin are described, as well as the processing, delivery times and the knowledge they provide. This book is completed by a glossary and appendices with a list of supporting instruments already in use.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xiii List of Acronyms xv Introduction xxxiiiThierry PHULPIN Part 1 Meteorology 1 Introduction to Part 1 3Hervé ROQUET Chapter 1 Operational Sounding of Thermodynamic Variables in the Atmosphere 9Thomas AUGUST 1.1 Introduction 9 1.2 Operational use of TIR and MW sounders 11 1.2.1 Satisfying ever-more demanding users 11 1.2.2 Clouds: an obstacle to sounding and a very useful geophysical product 17 1.2.3 Demonstrating and maintaining product quality 19 1.2.4 Different operational algorithmic strategies 22 1.2.5 Application perspectives 25 1.3 Acknowledgments 26 1.4 References 27 Chapter 2 Wind Observations 31Régis BORDE and Jean PAILLEUX 2.1 Introduction 31 2.2 AMVs 34 2.2.1 Extraction of AMVs 34 2.2.2 Current production and outlook 35 2.3 3D winds derived from hyperspectral sounders 37 2.4 Measuring wind from space using Doppler lidar 39 2.4.1 Introduction 39 2.4.2 Measurements from ALADIN lidar onboard Aeolus 40 2.4.3 Culmination of a long process 41 2.4.4 Situation in 2022 and outlook 42 2.5 References 43 Chapter 3 Surface Variables 47Jean-François MAHFOUF 3.1 Observation of the Earth’s surface from space 47 3.2 Energy balances at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere 49 3.3 Ocean surfaces 50 3.3.1 Surface temperature 50 3.3.2 Surface wind 52 3.3.3 Sea ice 54 3.4 Continental surfaces 56 3.4.1 Surface temperature 56 3.4.2 Water content of soil 57 3.4.3 Surface albedo 61 3.4.4 Vegetation properties 62 3.5 Snow-covered surfaces 64 3.5.1 Spatial coverage and albedo 64 3.5.2 Equivalent water content 65 3.6 Expected changes 65 3.7 References 66 Chapter 4 The Assimilation of Satellite Data in Numerical Weather Prediction Systems 69Bill BELL, Jean-Noël THÉPAUT and John EYRE 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Early meteorological satellites 71 4.3 Assimilation of satellite soundings 1970–2000 71 4.3.1 Early sounding instruments 71 4.3.2 Assimilation experience: 1970s 73 4.3.3 Assimilation experience: early 1980s 73 4.3.4 Problems arising in the late 1980s 74 4.4 Relevant aspects of data assimilation theory 75 4.5 The modern era (2000 to present) 77 4.5.1 Assimilation strategies 77 4.5.2 Advanced infrared sounders 79 4.5.3 Microwave sounders and imagers 81 4.5.4 Radiative transfer modeling 83 4.5.5 Observation uncertainties 83 4.5.6 Atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) 84 4.5.7 Scatterometers 86 4.5.8 Radio occultation observations 87 4.5.9 Impacts 89 4.5.10 Reanalyses 91 4.6 Summary and conclusion 91 4.7 References 92 Chapter 5 Nowcasting 97Thibaut MONTMERLE 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Satellite data for nowcasting 99 5.2.1 Polar-orbiting satellites 99 5.2.2 Geostationary satellites 100 5.3 Observed phenomena 104 5.3.1 Air mass instability 104 5.3.2 Convective systems 104 5.3.3 Characteristics of clouds 108 5.3.4 Hydrometeors 109 5.3.5 Wind 110 5.4 Nowcasting of detected phenomena 111 5.4.1 Method based on the tracking of structures 111 5.4.2 Method based on image extrapolation 112 5.4.3 Method based on artificial intelligence 112 5.4.4 Use of numerical forecasting 114 5.4.5 OBS-NWP fusion 115 5.4.6 Probabilistic forecast 115 5.5 Perspectives 116 5.6 References 116 Chapter 6 Observation and Monitoring of Tropical Cyclones from Space 119Frank ROUX 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Visible and infrared imagery 120 6.3 Microwave imaging 122 6.4 Microwave sounding 125 6.5 Surface wind measurements 126 viii Satellites for Atmospheric Sciences 2 6.6 Ocean parameters 130 6.7 Climatology of cyclones 131 6.8 Conclusion 132 6.9 References 133 Part 2 Atmospheric Composition 137 Introduction to Part 2 Air Composition and the Contribution from Satellite Observations 139Thierry PHULPIN and Claude CAMY-PEYRET Chapter 7 Reactive Tropospheric Chemistry 143Sarah SAFIEDDINE and Camille VIATTE 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Methane 144 7.3 Reactive organic species 144 7.3.1 Isoprene 146 7.3.2 Other non-methane volatile organic compounds 146 7.4 Reactive inorganic species 148 7.5 Conclusion 150 7.6 Acknowledgment 150 7.7 References 150 Chapter 8 Major Pollutants: Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter 153Juan CUESTA and Gaëlle DUFOUR 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Tropospheric ozone 154 8.2.1 Beginnings of satellite-based tropospheric ozone observations 154 8.2.2 Current capabilities for tropospheric ozone monitoring 155 8.2.3 Multi-wavelength synergy for ozone pollution monitoring 157 8.3 Pollution aerosols 158 8.3.1 Optical thickness of pollution aerosols 159 8.3.2 Altitude of pollution aerosols 161 8.4 References 163 Chapter 9 Desert Dust 167Juan CUESTA 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Qualitative satellite detection of desert dust 168 9.3 Satellite observation of the optical depth of desert dust 170 9.4 Vertical profiles of desert dust by spaceborne lidar 171 9.5 3D distribution of desert dust by infrared spectrometer 173 9.6 Conclusion 175 9.7 References 176 Chapter 10 Species Emitted by Fires 179Camille VIATTE and Pasquale SELLITTO 10.1 Introduction 179 10.2 Biomass burning gases 181 10.2.1 Greenhouses gases 181 10.2.2 Carbon monoxide (CO) 181 10.2.3 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) 182 10.2.4 Ammonia (NH3) 183 10.2.5 Nitrous acid (HONO) 183 10.3 Biomass burning aerosols 183 10.3.1 AOD observations with nadir-viewing instruments 183 10.3.2 Extinction observations with limb-viewing instruments 184 10.3.3 Lidar profiles observations 184 10.4 Fire detection systems from space 184 10.5 Conclusion 185 10.6 Acknowledgments 185 10.7 References 185 Chapter 11 Stratospheric Chemistry 189Claude CAMY-PEYRET and Sarah SAFIEDDINE 11.1 Introduction 189 11.2 Stratospheric ozone chemistry 189 11.2.1 Polar ozone depletion 190 11.2.2 Antarctic ozone distribution 192 11.2.3 Arctic ozone distribution 193 11.3 Stratospheric chemistry of other species 193 11.3.1 Chemistry of the stratosphere and models 194 11.3.2 Radical processes and cycles for the major families 196 11.3.3 The example of methane in the stratosphere 197 11.4 Satellite measurements of trace species in the stratosphere 198 11.5 Conclusion 200 11.6 Acknowledgments 200 11.7 References 200 Part 3 Atmosphere and climate 203 Introduction to Part 3 Atmosphere and Climate and the Contribution of Space 205Paul POLI Chapter 12 Climate Monitoring 209Paul POLI and Jörg SCHULZ 12.1 General concepts about the climate 209 12.1.1 What is climate? 209 12.1.2 Is climate limited to atmospheric phenomena? 211 12.1.3 A question for Nobel Prize laureates: is the climate stable? 213 12.2 From space-based measurements to climate products 215 12.2.1 Sensing the environment 215 12.2.2 The role of space-based observations 217 12.2.3 The concept of essential climate variables 218 12.2.4 Observation-based products 220 12.2.5 Model-assisted climate products 221 12.3 Climate data records and uncertainty estimates 223 12.3.1 Why reprocessing? 223 12.3.2 Calibration 224 12.3.3 Uncertainty 226 12.4 The usage of climate data records in science and services 228 12.5 Looking ahead 230 12.6 References 231 12.7 References of the data sources cited in Figure 12.1 232 Chapter 13 Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases: CO2 and CH4 235Cyril CREVOISIER 13.1 Monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gases 236 13.1.1 Biogeochemical cycles 236 13.1.2 Determination of gas sources and sinks 236 13.1.3 The global observation network 237 13.2 Contribution of spatial observation of greenhouse gases 238 13.2.1 Specificities of greenhouse gas observation 238 13.2.2 Particularly rich spatial programming 241 13.3 Measurement techniques 242 13.3.1 Passive observations in the infrared range 243 13.3.2 Passive observations by solar reflection 245 13.3.3 Passive observations by solar occultation 247 13.3.4 Active observations using lidar 247 13.4 From radiation measurement to gas flux at the surface 248 13.4.1 From radiation measurement to gas concentrations 248 13.4.2 From concentration to fluxes 250 13.4.3 Main limitations 251 13.5 Challenges for the future 252 13.5.1 Towards the observation of anthropogenic emissions by spatial imagery 253 13.5.2 Reducing spatio-temporal sampling biases 253 13.5.3 Towards an operational greenhouse gas monitoring service 254 13.6 References 255 Chapter 14 Clouds and Water Vapor 259Hélène BROGNIEZ, Laurence PICON and Dominique BOUNIOL 14.1 Atmospheric water cycle and climate 259 14.2 Observations of water vapor 260 14.2.1 Passive sensors 263 14.2.2 Active sensors 265 14.2.3 Homogenization and intercomparison 266 14.3 Observation of cloud properties 267 14.3.1 Observations using passive instruments 270 14.3.2 Observations using active instruments 273 14.3.3 Multi-instrument synergy for the establishment of cloud climatologies 277 14.4 References 282 Chapter 15 Precipitation 287Vincenzo LEVIZZANI and Christopher KIDD 15.1 Need for global precipitation measurements 287 15.2 Satellite observation of rainfall 289 15.2.1 Visible/Infrared 290 15.2.2 Passive microwave 291 15.2.3 Radar 294 15.2.4 Merged products 295 15.3 Observation of solid precipitation 298 15.4 Precipitation and the Earth water cycle 300 15.5 References 303 Appendices 307 Appendix 1 309Claude CAMY-PEYRET Appendix 2 317Claude CAMY-PEYRET Appendix 3 327 Appendix 4 341 Glossary 347 List of Authors 361 Index 365 Summary of Volume 1 369

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Book SynopsisThis book helps readers to understand the past (overview of technologies), current (how they are evolving) and the future (adaptation to new trends) of two representative communication technologies, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth are technologies that are very familiar to us in our everyday lives. However, these technologies have evolved throughout the years to meet the continuously changing demands of users. Evolution of these technologies can be difficult to understand, even for professionals in the field of computer science and engineering, due to the extensiveness and complexity of written documents (technical standards and specifications are not very reader-friendly!). Next Generation of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi summarizes the key functions of Wi Fi and Bluetooth to show how they adapt to new environments and requirements. We introduce the new concepts that allow them to shift into the new paradigm of IoT and beyond, and we propose ideas and insights o

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Book SynopsisResources designed to support learners of the 2010 BTEC Level 2 First Engineering specification*. Covers all mandatory and 6 optional units providing the breadth of units needed to tailor this course to the needs and interests of specific groups of learners. Visually-appealing learner-friendly format. Assessment activities in each unit covering all assessment criteria give students the opportunity to practice for their assignments and deepen their knowledge and understanding. WorkSpace case studies take learners into the real world of work, showing them how they can apply their knowledge in a real-life context. Advice from former students: shows current learners how they can make their BTEC experience a stepping stone to success. * From 2012, Pearson’s BTEC First qualifications have been under re-development, so schools and colleges could be teaching the existing 2010 specification or the new next generation 2012-2013 specification. There are different Student Books to support each specification. If learners are unsure, they should check with their teacher or tutor.

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Book SynopsisFor the last 50 years, the power of integrated circuits has continued to grow. However, this performance will end up reaching its physical limit. What new ways will then be available to develop even more powerful and up-to-date systems? This book introduces the principles of quantic computing, the use of nano-tubes in molecular transistors and ADN computing. It suggests new fabrication methods for the 21st century and introduces new architecture models, ranging from the most conventional to the most radical. Using a chronological theme, it explains our unavoidable entry in the nano-device world: from the 1948 transistor to the microchip. It concludes by anticipating the changes in daily living: investments, impact on coding activities, nanocomputing systems implementation and IT job mutation.Table of ContentsForeword ix Didier TRUTT Preface xiii Acknowledgements xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1. Revolution or Continuity? 1 1.1. Ubiquity and pervasion 1 1.2. From the art of building small – perspectives of nanoproduction 4 Chapter 2. The Rise and Anticipated Decline of the Silicon Economy 7 2.1. 40 years of global growth 7 2.2. From sand to the chip, the epic of semi-conductors 9 2.2.1. Semi-conductors – some solid-state physics 10 2.2.2. CMOS technology and high-density integrated circuits 14 2.2.3. Half a century of industrial methods and processes 16 2.3. The fatality of Moore’s Law: “the wall” 22 2.3.1. The disaggregation of the microelectronics industry value chain 26 2.3.2. The ITRS (International Roadmap for Semi-conductors) – a race to controlled miniaturization 29 2.3.3. Will a slowdown in the economy overturn established models? 33 2.4. Beyond silicon – from microelectronics to nanotechnologies 36 Chapter 3. Rebuilding the World Atom by Atom 41 3.1. Manipulation on an atomic scale – the scanning tunneling microscope 41 3.2. From the manipulation of atoms to nanomachines – the concept of self-assembly 45 3.3. From the feasibility of molecular assemblers to the creation of self-replicating entities 49 3.4. Imitating nature – molecular biology and genetic engineering 55 3.4.1. When nature builds its own nanomachines 56 3.4.2. Genetic engineering – the nanotechnology approach by life sciences 60 3.5. From coal to nanotubes – the nanomaterials of the Diamond Age 62 3.6. Molecular electronics and nanoelectronics – first components and first applications 70 3.6.1. Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors (CNFET) 71 3.6.2. Hybrid mono-molecular electronic circuits73 3.6.3. Organic molecular electronics 75 3.6.4. Spin valves and spintronic semi-conductor components 82 3.6.5. Quantum dots and the phenomenon of quantum confinement 85 Chapter 4. The Computers of Tomorrow 89 4.1. From evolution to revolution 89 4.2. Silicon processors – the adventure continues 93 4.2.1. Progress in photolithography and new materials 95 4.2.2. The structure of microprocessors 101 4.2.3. Digital signal processing and DSP processors 107 4.3. Conventional generation platforms 109 4.3.1. Traditional platforms 110 4.3.2. Emerging platforms 113 4.3.3. Distributed computing, an alternative to supercomputers 115 4.4. Advanced platforms – the exploration of new industries 119 4.4.1. Quantum information systems 121 4.4.2. DNA computing 130 Chapter 5. Elements of Technology for Information Systems of the New Century 135 5.1. Beyond processors 135 5.2. Memories and information storage systems 138 5.2.1. Memories consisting of semi-conductors – perspectives 140 5.2.2. Limits of magnetic data storage 146 5.2.3. Holographic memory 150 5.2.4. The technology of AFM memories 154 5.2.5. Molecular memory 156 5.3. Batteries and other forms of power supply 157 5.3.1. Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries 159 5.3.2. Zinc-air batteries 160 5.3.3. Micro-batteries 161 5.3.4. Micro-batteries using nuclear energy 162 5.3.5. Recharging batteries with the help of kinetic energy 163 5.4. New peripheral devices and interfaces between humans and machines 163 5.4.1. Automatic speech recognition 165 5.4.2. Gesture recognition 170 5.4.3. Processing and recognizing writing 171 5.4.4. Eye tracking 172 5.4.5. Brain machine interface 173 5.4.6. Electronic paper 177 5.4.7. New visualization systems 181 5.5. Telecommunications – a different kind of revolution 184 5.6. The triumph of microsystems 187 5.7. Is this the end of the silicon era? 190 Chapter 6. Business Mutation and Digital Opportunities in the 21st Century 197 6.1. Towards a new concept of information technology 197 6.2. Ubiquitous information technology and the concept of “diluted” information systems 199 6.3. Highly diffused information systems – RFID 204 6.3.1. The “Internet of things” and the supply chain of the future – Auto-ID 209 6.3.2. Economic opportunities vs. privacy protection 214 6.4. New challenges for web applications in a global network of objects 218 6.4.1. Complexity and efficiency of very large infrastructures 219 6.4.2. From centralized intelligence to swarm intelligence – reinventing the programming code 224 6.5. The IT jobs mutation 231 6.5.1. New concepts in agile software development 235 6.5.2. Ambient intelligence and the delocalization of jobs in the IT sector 241 6.5.3. New opportunities for the profession 245 Conclusion 253 Bibliography 259 Index 263

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Book SynopsisA modern communication network can be described as a large, complex, distributed system composed by higher interoperating, smaller sub-systems. Today, the proliferation and convergence of different types of wired, wireless, and mobile networks are crucial for the success of the next generation networking. However, these networks can hardly meet the requirements of future integrated-service networks, and are expected to carry multimedia traffic with various Quality of Experience (QoE) and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Providing all relevant QoS/QoE issues in these heterogeneous networks is then an important challenge for telecommunication operators, manufacturers, and companies. The impressive emergence and the important demand of the rising generation of real-time Multi-service (such as Data, Voice VoD, Video-Conference, etc.) over communication heterogeneous networks, require scalability while considering a continuous QoS. This book presents and explains all the techniques in new generation networks which integrate efficient global control mechanisms in two directions: (1) maintain QoS requirements in order to maximize network resources utilization, and minimize operational costs on all the types of wired-wireless-mobile networks used to transport traffic, and (2) mix the QoS associated with home, access, and core networks in order to provide Quality of Service/Quality of Experience expected by users of new services.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Challenges for End-to-End Quality of Service over Heterogenous Networks 1 Abdelhamid MELLOUK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Research challenges in end-to-end QoS 2 1.3. Contents 4 1.3.1. Chapter 2: principles and mechanisms for Quality of Service in networks 4 1.3.2. Chapter 3: different approaches to guarantee Quality of Service 5 1.3.3. Chapter 4: Quality of Service-based adaptive routing approaches 6 1.3.4. Chapter 5: optical networks: new challenges and paradigms for Quality of Service 7 1.3.5. Chapter 6: pushing Quality of Service across interdomain boundaries 8 1.3.6. Chapter 7: Internet-based collaborative teleoperation: towards tailorable groupware for teleoperation 9 1.3.7. Chapter 8: survivability-oriented Quality of Service in optical networks 10 1.3.8. Chapter 9: MAC protocols for Quality of Service provisioning in mobile ad hoc networks10 1.3.9. Chapter 10: Quality of Service-based scheduling mechanisms in mobile networks 11 1.3.10. Chapter 11: Quality of Service in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks 12 1.3.11. Chapter 12: Quality of Service challenges in WiMAX networks 13 1.3.12. Chapter 13: Quality of Service support for MPLS-based wired-wireless domains 14 1.3.13. Chapter 14: Quality of Service control in VoIP applications 15 1.3.14. Chapter 15: towards collaborative teleoperation based on human scale networked mixed reality environments. 16 1.3.15. Chapter 16: Quality of Service driven context awareness using semantic sensors infrastructure 17 1.3.16. Chapter 17: effect of transmission delay on haptic perception in shared virtual environments 18 1.4. Conclusion 19 Chapter 2. Principles and Mechanisms for Quality of Service in Networks 21 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 21 2.2. Concepts and definitions 23 2.2.1. Definitions of QoS in a networking context 23 2.2.2. End-to-end QoS 24 2.2.3. Classes (levels) of service 24 2.2.4. Differentiated classes of service 26 2.3. QoS parameters and application classification 26 2.3.1. QoS parameter types 26 2.3.2. Application classification 29 2.3.3. QoS parameter specification 32 2.3.4. Traffic models 32 2.3.5. Service level agreements 34 2.4. Mechanisms and functions for QoS provisioning 35 2.4.1. General issues 35 2.4.2. QoS establishment 36 2.4.3. Admission control 36 2.4.4. QoS negotiation and renegotiation 37 2.4.5. Resource management 38 2.4.6. QoS signaling protocols 39 2.4.7. Routing 39 2.4.8. Traffic control mechanisms 41 2.4.9. QoS control, maintenance, monitoring 45 2.4.10. QoS policy 45 2.4.11. QoS mapping and translation 46 2.5. Overview of IntServ, DiffServ and MPLS 47 2.5.1. Integrated services architecture 47 2.5.2. DiffServ architecture 48 2.5.3. MPLS 50 2.6. Conclusion 51 2.7. References 51 Chapter 3. Different Approaches to Guarantee Quality of Service 55 Pascale MINET 3.1. Introduction to QoS 55 3.1.1. Different QoS requirements 56 3.1.2. Organization of chapter 58 3.2. Means of managing an end-to-end time constraint 59 3.2.1. Components of an end-to-end response time 59 3.2.2. Different methods to ensure that D is met 61 3.2.3. Discussion 65 3.2.4. A producer/consumer scheme avoiding starvation 66 3.2.5. Example of a video-on-demand multimedia system 67 3.3. Evaluation of the end-to-end response time 68 3.3.1. The holistic approach 68 3.3.2. Network calculus 69 3.3.3. Trajectory approach 71 3.3.4. Comparison between the holistic and trajectory approaches 74 3.3.5. Flow shaping 77 3.4. Probabilistic guarantee of the end-to-end response time 79 3.4.1. Principles for a probabilistic guarantee 79 3.4.2. Examples 80 3.4.3. Probabilistic versus deterministic guarantee 81 3.5. QoS support in a mobile ad hoc network 81 3.5.1. Specificities of MANETs 81 3.5.2. The OLSR routing protocol 82 3.5.3. QoS architecture and QoS OLSR 83 3.6. Conclusion and perspectives 87 3.7. References 89 Chapter 4. Quality of Service-based Adaptive Routing Approaches 93 Abdelhamid MELLOUK and Saïd HOCEINI 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. QoS-based routing algorithms 95 4.2.1. Classical routing algorithms 97 4.3. QoS-based routing approaches 99 4.4. Inductive approaches based on machine learning paradigms 99 4.4.1. Cognitive Packet Networks (CPN) 100 4.4.2. Swarm ant colony optimization (AntNet) 100 4.4.3. Reinforcement learning routing approaches 101 4.5. Neural net-based approach for adaptive routing policy 102 4.6. State-dependent KOQRA algorithm 105 4.6.1. First stage: constructing K optimal paths 105 4.6.2. Second stage: optimizing the end-to-end delay with the Q-learning algorithm 107 4.6.3. Third stage: adaptive probabilistic path selection 108 4.7. Conclusion 108 4.8. References 109 Chapter 5. Optical Networks: New Challenges and Paradigms for Quality of Service 115 Ken CHEN and Wisssam FAWAZ 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Optical communication: from transmission to networking 116 5.2.1. Fiber optic cable 116 5.2.2. WDM technology 117 5.2.3. From transmission to networking 118 5.3. Optical networks as a pillar for future network infrastructure 119 5.4. Routing and wavelength assignment 121 5.5. GMPLS 122 5.5.1. MPLS 122 5.5.2. Principle of the GMPLS extension 124 5.5.3. GMPLS components 126 5.6. Towards a new optical link-based architecture 129 5.7. Protection against link failures 130 5.8. Optical packet switch and optical burst switch 131 5.8.1. Optical packet switching 131 5.8.2. Optical burst switching 132 5.9. Conclusion 133 5.10. References 133 Chapter 6. Pushing Quality of Service Across Inter-domain Boundaries 135 Bingjie FU, Cristel PELSSER, Steve UHLIG 6.1. Introduction 135 6.2. Background 136 6.2.1. The Internet as a distributed system 137 6.2.2. Business relationships between ASs 137 6.2.3. Impact of inter-domain routing on path diversity 138 6.2.4. Inter-AS LSP requirements 142 6.3. RSVP-TE extensions to support inter-domain LSPs 143 6.3.1. Explicit routing of an LSP 143 6.3.2. RRO aggregation and the path key 144 6.3.3. Protection of inter-AS LSPs 145 6.3.4. End-to-end disjoint LSPs 146 6.4. State of the art in inter-domain PCE 146 6.4.1. PCE-based architecture 146 6.4.2. Path computation methods 147 6.4.3. Applicability of the path computation techniques 152 6.5. Towards inter-AS QoS 152 6.5.1. DistributingQoS Information for inter-AS LSPs 153 6.5.2. Computing inter-AS LSPs with end-to-end QoS constraints 155 6.6. Conclusion and perspectives 158 6.7. Acknowledgments 159 6.8. References 159 Chapter 7. Internet-based Collaborative Teleoperation: Towards Tailorable Groupware for Teleoperation 163 Samir OTMANE, Nader CHEAIB and Malik MALLEM 7.1. Introduction 163 7.2. Teleoperation via the World Wide Web 164 7.2.1. Non-collaborative teleoperation systems 166 7.2.2. Towards collaborative teleoperation systems 170 7.3. ARITI-C: a groupware for collaborative teleoperation via the Internet 172 7.3.1. Software architecture of ARITI-C 173 7.3.2. Human-machine interface of ARITI-C 177 7.4. Integrating QoS in designing tailorable collaborative teleoperation systems 185 7.4.1. Need for QoS in internet-based teleoperation185 7.4.2. Need for tailorability in internet-based collaborative teleoperation 186 7.4.3. Design of tailorable groupware for internet-based collaborative teleoperation 190 7.5. Conclusion 192 7.6. References 193 Chapter 8. Survivability-Oriented Quality of Service in Optical Networks 197 Wissam FAWAZ and Ken CHEN 8.1. Introduction 197 8.2. Optical transport network failures 198 8.2.1. Failure statistics 199 8.2.2. Causes of failure 200 8.3. Optical network survivability evolution 202 8.3.1 Survivability in traditional carrier network architecture 202 8.3.2. Protection at the IP layer? 204 8.3.3 Why optical layer survivability? 205 8.4. Optical WDM-layer survivability mechanisms 207 8.4.1. Path protection 208 8.4.2. Path restoration 209 8.4.3. Link protection 209 8.4.4. Link restoration 210 8.5. Conclusion 210 8.6. References 211 Chapter 9. MAC Protocols for Quality of Service Provisioning in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 213 Ghalem BOUDOUR, Mahboub A. BALI and Cédric TEYSSIÉ 9.1. Introduction 213 9.2. IEEE 802.11 standard basics 216 9.3. Prioritization-oriented MAC protocols 217 9.3.1. RT-MAC protocol 217 9.3.2. DCF-PC protocol 218 9.3.3. HCF and IEEE 802.11e 219 9.3.4. DPS protocol 221 9.3.5. BB-DCF protocol 222 9.3.6. ES-DCF and DB-DCF protocols 224 9.4. Reservation-oriented protocols 226 9.4.1. Reservation protocols with synchronization 227 9.4.2. Reservation protocols without synchronization 231 9.4.3. Limitations of reservation-based protocols 235 9.5. Available bandwidth estimation methods for ad hoc networks 235 9.5.1. General issues 235 9.5.2. Methods for bandwidth estimation 237 9.6. Conclusion 244 9.7. References 245 Chapter 10. Quality of Service Scheduling Mechanisms in Mobile Networks 249 Mohamed BRAHMA, Abdelhafid ABOUAÏSSA and Pascal LORENZ 10.1. Introduction 249 10.1.1. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) 250 10.1.2. Constraints 251 10.2. Quality of Service 251 10.2.1. Routing with QoS in the ad hoc network 251 10.2.2. QoS models in ad hoc networks 252 10.2.3. QoS MAC protocols 254 10.3. Buffer and energy-based scheduling 256 10.3.1. Marking MAC frames 258 10.3.2. Adjusting the weight of each class queue 258 10.3.3. Weight calculation algorithm 259 10.4. Simulations and numerical results 260 10.5. Conclusion 266 10.6. References 266 Chapter 11. Quality of Service inWireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 269 Azzedine BOUKERCHE, Horacio A.B.F. OLIVEIRA, Eduardo F. NAKAMURA, Richard W.N. PAZZI and Antonio A.F. LOUREIRO 11.1. Challenges for QoS in ad hoc and sensor networks 270 11.2. QoS parameters in ad hoc and sensor networks 271 11.3. Components of a QoS system 273 11.4. MACmeasurement and reservation 274 11.4.1. Q-MAC 277 11.5. QoS routing discovery and maintenance 278 11.5.1. Ticket-based probing 278 11.5.2. QoS-based geographic routing 280 11.5.3. Core extraction distributed ad hoc routing – CEDAR281 11.5.4. EQoS 283 11.5.5. The INSIGNIA QoS framework 283 11.5.6. Ad hocQoS on-demand routing –AQOR 285 11.6. Conclusions 287 11.7. References 288 Chapter 12. Quality of Service Challenges in WiMAX Networks 291 Sahar GHAZAL and Jalel BEN-OTHMAN 12.1. Introduction 291 12.2.QoS limitations in wireless networks 293 12.3.QoS features in WiMAXnetworks 294 12.3.1. Classification process 294 12.3.2. Scheduling services 295 12.3.3. Bandwidth management policies 296 12.4. QoS parameter set and management messages 298 12.4.1. Connection establishment 299 12.4.2. Dynamic change of admitted QoS parameters 300 12.5. MAC layer and QoS architecture 301 12.6. PHY layer supports QoS 302 12.7. QoS previous proposed solutions for WiMAX 303 12.7.1. Proposed scheduling algorithms 303 12.7.2. Proposed admission policies 304 12.8. Conclusion 305 12.9. References 305 Chapter 13. Quality of Service Support for MPLS-based Wired-Wireless Domains 309 Scott FOWLER, Sherali ZEADALLY and Abdelhamid MELLOUK 13.1. Abstract 309 13.2. Introduction 310 13.3. MPLS technology 310 13.3.1. Label distribution protocol (LDP) 312 13.4. Mobility and MPLS 314 13.5. Hierarchical MIP 315 13.6. Extending MPLS from wired networks to wireless networks 317 13.6.1. Hierarchical mobile MPLS (H-MPLS) approach 317 13.6.2. Hierarchical mobile IPv6withMPLS 321 13.6.3. Micro-mobility with MPLS (MM-MPLS) approach 326 13.6.4. The label edge mobility agent (LEMA) approach 328 13.7. Multimedia support over MPLS-based networks 329 13.7.1. MPLS support in DiffServ 331 13.7.2. Resource reservation protocol traffic engineering (RSVP-TE) with MPLS 335 13.7.3. Constraint-based routed label distribution protocol (CR-LDP) 336 13.8. Emerging trends of MPLS-based networks 337 13.8.1. Label management of MPLS 338 13.8.2. MPLS support over heterogenous networks 339 13.8.3. MPLS security 339 13.8.4. QoS support over MPLS-based networks 339 13.8.5. Fast handovers across MPLS-based wired-wireless networks 340 13.9. Conclusion 340 13.10. References 342 13.11. Appendix – list of acronyms 344 Chapter 14. Quality of Service Control in Voice-over IP Applications 347 Vincent LECUIRE and Mouna BENAISSA 14.1. Introduction 347 14.2. General structure of VoIP applications 348 14.3. End-to-end delay analysis 351 14.3.1. Coding/decoding delay 352 14.3.2. Packetization delay 353 14.3.3. Network delay 353 14.3.4. Jitter compensation delay 353 14.3.5. End-to-end delay calculation 354 14.4. Quality of Service requirements for VoIP 354 14.4.1. Delay constraint 354 14.4.2. Packet loss constraint 355 14.4.3. Jitter constraint 356 14.5. Algorithms for adaptive playout buffering 357 14.5.1. Approach based on linear filtering 359 14.5.2. Approach based on adaptive filter 363 14.5.3. Approach based on statistics distribution 364 14.6. Forward error correction mechanisms for packet loss repair 367 14.6.1. Media-specific FEC 368 14.6.2. Media-independent FEC 369 14.7. Joint playout buffering and packet-level FEC algorithms 370 14.7.1. Virtual delay algorithms 371 14.7.2. Delay aware algorithm 371 14.8. Conclusion 372 14.9. References 372 Chapter 15. Towards Collaborative Teleoperation Based On Human-Scale Networked Mixed Reality Environments 377 Samir OTMANE, Nassima OURAMDANE and Malik MALLEM 15.1. Introduction 377 15.2. Teleoperation and telerobotics 378 15.2.1. Brief background 379 15.2.2. Teleoperation 379 15.2.3. Telerobotics 382 15.2.4. Some application domains 383 15.3. Augmented reality assisted teleoperation 389 15.4. Human-scale collaborative teleoperation 393 15.4.1. Collaborative working environments. 394 15.4.2. Interactions in human-scale teleoperation 395 15.4.3. Distributed software architecture for human-scale collaborative teleoperation 398 15.5. Synthesis and problematics 401 15.6. References 403 Chapter 16. QoS-driven Context Awareness Using Semantic Sensors Infrastructure 407 Abdelghani CHIBANI and Yacine AMIRAT 16.1. Introduction 407 16.2. Context-aware pervasive computing 408 16.3. Service agent middleware for decentralized context management 409 16.3.1. Context service agent 410 16.3.2. Context aggregation agent 411 16.3.3. Context services composition 413 16.4. Context service discovery 415 16.4.1. QoS-driven context directories management 416 16.4.2. Contextual knowledge modeling 416 16.4.3. Contextual service modeling419 16.4.4. Context service semantic matching 420 16.5. Semantic context sensor scenarios 422 16.5.1. Scenario 1: context-aware travel organizer service 423 16.5.2. Scenario 2: context-aware services for healthcare ubiquitous robot 425 16.5.3. Scenario 3: context sensor infrastructure for living lab services 426 16.6. Conclusion 427 16.7. References 428 Chapter 17. Effect of Transmission Delay on Haptic Perception in Shared Virtual Environments 431 Hichem ARIOUI 17.1. Introduction 431 17.2. Haptic simulation in VR applications 433 17.2.1. Haptic feedback device 433 17.2.2. Applications of haptic systems 436 17.3. Delayed force feedback systems 437 17.3.1. Automatic control law, solutions and handicaps 437 17.3.2. Remote programming, solutions and handicaps 441 17.4. The Quality of Service for a good haptic rendering 442 17.5. References 443 List of Authors 445 Index 451

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Book SynopsisOptoelectronic sensors combine optical and electronic systems for numerous applications including pressure sensors, security systems, atmospheric particle measurement, close tolerance measurement, quality control, and more. This title provides an examination of the latest research in photonics and electronics in the areas of sensors.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Photodetectors 1 Franck OMNES 1.1. Brief overview of semiconductor materials 1 1.2. Photodetection with semiconductors: basic phenomena 3 1.3. Semiconductor devices 4 1.4. p-n junctions and p-i-n structures 5 1.5. Avalanche effect in p-i-n structures 7 1.6. Schottky junction 8 1.7. Metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structures 10 1.8. Operational parameters of photodetectors 11 Chapter 2. PIN Photodiodes for the Visible and Near-Infrared 15 Baudoin DE CREMOUX 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Physical processes occurring in photodiodes 17 2.3. Static characteristics of PIN photodiodes 25 2.4. Dynamic characteristics of PIN photodiodes 34 2.5. Semiconductor materials used in PIN photodiodes for the visible and near-infrared 42 2.6. New photodiode structures 49 2.7. Bibliography 55 Chapter 3. Avalanche Photodiodes 57 Gérard RIPOCHE and Joseph HARARI 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. History 58 3.3. The avalanche effect 60 3.4. Properties of avalanche photodiodes 66 3.5. Technological considerations 76 3.6. Silicon avalanche photodiodes 80 3.7. Avalanche photodiodes based on gallium arsenide 88 3.8. Germanium avalanche photodiodes 90 3.9. Avalanche photodiodes based on indium phosphate (InP) 95 3.10. III-V low-noise avalanche photodiodes 100 3.11. Prospects 104 3.12. Conclusion 106 3.13. Bibliography 107 Chapter 4. Phototransistors 111 Carmen GONZALEZ and Antoine MARTY 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. Phototransistors 112 4.3. The bipolar phototransistor: description and principles of operation 118 4.4. Photodetector circuits based on phototransistors 140 4.5. Applications 142 4.6. Conclusion 150 4.7. Bibliography 151 Chapter 5. Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodiodes 155 Joseph HARARI and Vincent MAGNIN 5.1. Introduction 155 5.2. Operation and structure 156 5.3. Static and dynamic characteristics 165 5.4. Integration possibilities and conclusion 177 5.5. Bibliography 178 Chapter 6. Ultraviolet Photodetectors 181 Franck OMNES and Eva MONROY 6.1. Introduction 181 6.2. The UV-visible contrast 189 6.3. Si and SiC photodetectors for UV photodetection 190 6.4. UV detectors based on III-V nitrides 195 6.5. Conclusion 216 6.6. Bibliography 218 Chapter 7. Noise in Photodiodes and Photoreceiver Systems 223 Robert ALABEDRA and Dominique RIGAUD 7.1. Mathematical tools for noise 224 7.2. Fundamental noise sources 227 7.3. Excess noise 232 7.4. Analysis of noise electrical circuits 235 7.5. Noise in photodetectors 239 7.6. Noise optimization of photodetectors 245 7.7. Calculation of the noise of a photoreceiver 253 7.8. Comments and conclusions 266 7.9. Bibliography 268 List of Authors 269 Index 271

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Book SynopsisSince the beginning of the century, electrical engineering technologies and applications have pervaded daily life and are present in the majority of everyday products, tools, and appliances. Increasingly these applications are becoming more prevalent in the automotive vehicle and products market. While change in this field has been relatively slow over the last ten last years, the pace of change is now beginning to accelerate and we are witnessing a wave driven by regulatory constraints and market laws which are sweeping away the last bastions of resistance. This book discusses both the historical and scientific issues surrounding the application of electrical technology in the automotive drives field, as well as potential future developments, such as hybrid vehicles and fuel cells. In the current context of energy conservation, pollution prevention, and carbon control, this book will provide an important and timely examination of a potentially enormous new market.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Joseph BERETTA 1.1. Automotive constraints 1 1.2. Key figures from the automotive industry – data from the CCFA (association of French car manufacturers) 2 Chapter 2. Basic Definitions 5 Joseph BERETTA 2.1. Basic concepts 5 2.1.1. Basics of automotive energy. 5 2.1.2. Basics of automotive dynamics 7 2.2. The different electric drive-train systems 10 2.2.1. Basic definitions 10 2.2.2. Definitions of drive-train systems 14 2.2.3. Thermal-electric hybrid systems 19 2.2.4. Complex hybrids 22 Chapter 3. Electric-Powered Vehicles 27 Joseph BERETTA, Cyriacus BLEIJS, François BADIN and Thierry ALLEAU 3.1. History 27 3.2. Battery-powered electric vehicles 31 3.2.1. Battery sizing 31 3.2.2. Vehicle specifications 33 3.2.3. Calculating the vehicle weights 34 3.2.4. Application on a small vehicle 37 3.3. Recharging systems for electric vehicles 40 3.3.1. What is battery charging? 41 3.3.2. The various types of chargers 41 3.3.3. Recharging efficiency 49 3.3.4. Recharging in complete safety 50 3.4. Thermal/electric hybrid vehicles 53 3.4.1. Assessment of traditional motorizations 53 3.4.2. Implementation of hybrid transmissions 69 3.4.3. Context of research concerning hybrid transmission 74 3.4.4. Functionalities of hybrid architectures 82 3.4.5. Evaluation of hybrid vehicles 110 3.4.6. The first vehicles on the market 118 3.5. Fuel-cell vehicles 144 3.5.1. History, introduction 144 3.5.2. Choosing the kind of fuel cell 145 3.6. Bibliography 169 3.7. Summary table of fuel-cell (PEM) vehicle prototypes (as of February 2005) 169 Chapter 4. The Components of Electric-Powered Vehicles 173 Joseph BERETTA, Jean BONAL and Thierry ALLEAU 4.1. Electric motors 175 4.2. Electronic converters 180 4.2.1. Characteristics of electric vehicles 180 4.2.2. Components of electronic converters 181 4.3.3. Generators – receivers – sources 182 4.3.4. Rectifiers 185 4.3.5. Choppers 186 4.3.6. Inverters 202 4.3. Batteries and static storage systems 207 4.3.1. The different electrochemical couples for batteries 207 4.3.2. Positioning of Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries for different applications 213 4.3.3. Recycling processes 215 4.4. The fuel cell and on-board fuel storage 217 4.4.1. History of the fuel cell 217 4.4.2. The different fuel-cell technologies 220 4.4.3. The PEM fuel cell 223 4.4.4. Technology and cost of fuel-cell components 235 4.4.5. Peripherals of the fuel cell 241 4.4.6. Numerical modeling of the fuel cell 246 4.4.7. The fuel and its storage 249 4.4.8. Conclusions. 264 4.5. Bibliography 266 Chapter 5. Prospects and Evolutions of Electric-Powered Vehicles: What Technologies by 2015? 269 Joseph BERETTA 5.1. Mobility 269 5.2. New technologies 274 5.2.1. Electric motors 276 5.2.2. Electronic power systems 278 5.2.3. Electric energy sources 279 5.3. New cars 282 Automobile Glossary 291 Appendices 313 Appendix 1. European regulation emissions for light vehicles 313 Appendix 2.a. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with flywheel storage 314 Appendix 2.b. Example of hybrid parallel transmission with oleo-pneumatic storage 314 Appendix 3. Example of function allocation 315 Appendix 4. Toyota Prius engine 316 List of authors 317 Index 319

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Book SynopsisThis book deals with the emerging generation of renewable energy technologies, covering solar energy (photovoltaic, thermal and thermodynamic energy conversion), wind energy, marine energy, small hydropower, geothermal energy, biofuels, biogas and the use of wood as a substitute for fossil fuels.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Chapter 1. Photovoltaic Electricity Production 1 Jean-Claude MULLER 1.1. Introduction 2 1.2. Photovoltaic conversion 3 1.3. Cells with a crystalline silicon base 5 1.4. Cells in thin films 10 1.5. Photovoltaic market 17 1.6. Prospects for photovoltaic electricity development 22 1.7. Bibliography 23 Chapter 2. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Grid 25 Seddik BACHA and Daniel CHATROUX 2.1. Problems of photovoltaic power generation connected to the grid 25 2.2. General remarks on connection 28 2.3. Physical architectures 30 2.4. Constraints related to supplying energy to the utility grid 34 2.5. Algorithmic architectures 38 2.6. Conclusion 42 2.7. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. Solar Heating 45 Christophe MARVILLET 3.1. Introduction 45 3.2. Available energy from the sun 49 3.3. Flat solar panels 53 3.4. Solar heating systems 58 3.5. Bibliography 62 Chapter 4. Solar Thermodynamic Power Stations 63 Alain FERRIÈRE Introduction 63 4.1. Concentrating solar power technologies 65 4.2. The state of the art 84 4.3. Prospects 94 4.4. Bibliography 102 Chapter 5. Wind Systems Technology 103 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 5.1. Introduction: wind power today 103 5.2. Description of a wind generator 104 5.3. Operation of a wind turbine 106 5.4. Bibliography 136 Chapter 6. Integration of Wind Turbine Generators into the Grid 143 Régine BELHOMME, Daniel ROYE and Nicolas LAVERDURE 6.1. Connection to the grid 143 6.2. Comparison of technologies and conclusion 169 6.3. Bibliography 171 6.4. Appendix: symbol table 177 Chapter 7. Marine Energy Resources Conversion Systems 181 Bernard MULTON, Alain CLÉMENT, Marie RUELLAN, Julien SEIGNEURBIEUX and Hamid BEN AHMED 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Electricity productivity from marine resources 183 7.3. Ocean wave generator systems (WEC: wave energy converters) 188 7.4. Tidal energy converters (TEC) 202 7.5. Other conversion systems 214 7.6. Conclusion 221 7.7. Bibliography 223 Chapter 8. Small Hydropower 227 Raymond CHENAL, Aline CHOULOT, Vincent DENIS and Norbert TISSOT 8.1. Introduction 227 8.2. What is small hydropower? 229 8.3. Hydraulic energy 231 8.4. The exploitation of hydraulic force 233 8.5. Potential 244 8.6. Research & Development in small hydropower 245 8.7. Environmental aspects of small hydropower 249 8.8. Policies favoring small hydropower 254 8.9. Conclusions 257 8.10. Bibliography 258 Chapter 9. Geothermal Energy Production 261 Florence JAUDIN and Laurent LE BEL 9.1. Introduction 261 9.2. Geothermal energy: why, for whom and how? 262 9.3. Geothermal heat pump systems 269 9.4. Direct production of heat 286 9.5. Electricity production.301 9.6. Glossary 320 9.7. Bibliography 325 Chapter 10. Biofuels 329 Frédéric MONOT, Jean-Luc DUPLAN, Nathalie ALAZARD-TOUX and Stéphane HIS 10.1. The place of biofuels in the energy environment 329 10.2. Current systems 345 10.3. Future systems: use of lignocellulose 358 10.4. Economic and environmental balance of biofuel production systems 380 10.5. Bibliography 394 Chapter 11. Biogas 397 Pierre LABEYRIE 11.1. Introduction: biogas, “the renewable natural gas” 397 11.2. Naturally occurring biogas 397 11.3. Production organized by humans 398 11.4. History of anaerobic digestion 399 11.5. Anaerobic digestion 400 11.6. Anaerobic digestion installations or biogas units 405 11.7. Uses of biogas 419 11.8. Conclusion: renewable natural gas and its challenges 424 11.9. Bibliography 425 Chapter 12. Energy Production from Wood 427 Frédéric DOUARD 12.1. Introduction: what is wood energy? 427 12.2. Overview of wood fuels 429 12.3. Principles of conversion of wood into energy 442 12.4. Generators of thermal energy from wood 450 12.5. Conclusion 470 12.6. Bibliography 471 List of Authors 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisInternet of Things: Connecting Objects puts forward the technologies and the networking architectures which make it possible to support the Internet of Things. Amongst these technologies, RFID, sensor and PLC technologies are described and a clear view on how they enable the Internet of Things is given. This book also provides a good overview of the main issues facing the Internet of Things such as the issues of privacy and security, application and usage, and standardization.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to the Internet of Things 1 Hakima CHAOUCHI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. History of IoT 3 1.3. About objects/things in the IoT 7 1.4. The identifier in the IoT 9 1.5. Enabling technologies of IoT 13 1.6. About the Internet in IoT 21 1.7. Bibliography 32 Chapter 2. Radio Frequency Identification Technology Overview 35 Ayyangar Ranganath HARISH 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Principle of RFID 36 2.3. Components of an RFID system 41 2.4. Issues 48 2.5. Bibliography 52 Chapter 3. Wireless Sensor Networks: Technology Overview 53 Thomas WATTEYNE and Kristofer S.J. PISTER 3.1. History and context 53 3.2. The node 60 3.3. Connecting nodes 64 3.4. Networking nodes 70 3.5. Securing communication 88 3.6. Standards and Fora 89 3.7. Conclusion 91 3.8. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Power Line Communication Technology Overview 97 Xavier CARCELLE and Thomas BOURGEAU 4.1. Introduction 97 4.2. Overview of existing PLC technologies and standards 98 4.3. Architectures for home network applications 114 4.4. Internet of things using PLC technology 120 4.5. Conclusion 127 4.6. Bibliography 127 Chapter 5. RFID Applications and Related Research Issues 129 Oscar BOTERO and Hakima CHAOUCHI 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Concepts and terminology 129 5.3. RFID applications 139 5.4. Ongoing research projects 144 5.5. Summary and conclusions 152 5.6. Bibliography 153 Chapter 6. RFID Deployment for Location and Mobility Management on the Internet 157 Apostolia PAPAPOSTOLOU and Hakima CHAOUCHI 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Background and related work 159 6.3. Localization and handover management relying on RFID 169 6.4. Technology considerations 176 6.5. Performance evaluation 181 6.6. Summary and conclusions 187 6.7. Bibliography 188 Chapter 7. The Internet of Things – Setting the Standards 191 Keith MAINWARING and Lara SRIVASTAVA 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Standardizing the IoT 193 7.3. Exploiting the potential of RFID 196 7.4. Identification in the IoT 202 7.5. Promoting ubiquitous networking: any where, any when, any what 212 7.6. Safeguarding data and consumer privacy 217 7.7. Conclusions 220 7.8. Bibliography 220 Chapter 8. Governance of the Internet of Things 223 Rolf H. WEBER 8.1. Introduction 223 8.2. Bodies subject to governing principles 225 8.3. Substantive principles for IoT governance 233 8.4. IoT infrastructure governance 239 8.5. Further governance issues 246 8.6. Outlook 248 8.7. Bibliography 248 Conclusion 251 List of Authors 261 Index 263

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Book SynopsisThe increased complexity of embedded systems coupled with quick design cycles to accommodate faster time-to-market requires increased system design productivity that involves both model-based design and tool-supported methodologies. Formal methods are mathematically-based techniques and provide a clean framework in which to express requirements and models of the systems, taking into account discrete, stochastic and continuous (timed or hybrid) parameters with increasingly efficient tools. This book deals with these formal methods applied to communicating embedded systems by presenting the related industrial challenges and the issues of modeling, model-checking, diagnosis and control synthesis, and by describing the main associated automated tools.Table of ContentsPreface xi Claude JARD and Olivier H. ROUX Chapter 1. Models for Real-Time Embedded Systems 1 Didier LIME, Olivier H. ROUX and Ji¡ri SRBA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Notations, languages and timed transition systems 5 1.3. Timed models 8 1.4. Models with stopwatches 23 1.5. Conclusion 31 1.6. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. Timed Model-Checking 39 Beatrice BERARD 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Timed models 40 2.3. Timed logics 46 2.4. Timed model-checking 51 2.5. Conclusion 61 2.6. Bibliography 61 Chapter 3. Control of Timed Systems 67 Franck CASSEZ and Nicolas MARKEY 3.1. Introduction 67 3.2. Timed games 72 3.3. Computation of winning states and strategies 76 3.4. Zeno strategies 82 3.5. Implementability 82 3.6. Specification of control objectives 85 3.7. Optimal control 87 3.8. Efficient algorithms for controller synthesis 92 3.9. Partial observation 96 3.10. Changing game rules 97 3.11. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Fault Diagnosis of Timed Systems 107 Franck CASSEZ and Stavros TRIPAKIS 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. Notations 109 4.3. Fault diagnosis problems 113 4.4. Fault diagnosis for discrete event systems 115 4.5. Fault diagnosis for timed systems 122 4.6. Other results and open problems 136 4.7. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Quantitative Verification of Markov Chains 139 Susanna DONATELLI and Serge HADDAD 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Performance evaluation of Markov models 140 5.3. Verification of discrete time Markov chain 148 5.4. Verification of continuous time Markov chain 157 5.5. State of the art in the quantitative evaluation of Markov chains 160 5.6. Bibliography 162 Chapter 6. Tools for Model-Checking Timed Systems 165 Alexandre DAVID, Gerd BEHRMANN, Peter BULYCHEV, Joakim BYG, Thomas CHATAIN, Kim G. LARSEN, Paul PETTERSSON, Jacob Illum RASMUSSEN, Ji¡ri SRBA,Wang YI, Kenneth Y. JOERGENSEN, Didier LIME,MorganMAGNIN, Olivier H. ROUX and Louis-Marie TRAONOUEZ 6.1. Introduction 165 6.2. UPPAAL 166 6.3. UPPAAL-CORA 182 6.4. UPPAAL-TIGA 185 6.5. TAPAAL 199 6.6. ROMEO: a tool for the analysis of timed extensions of Petri nets 205 6.7. Bibliography 217 Chapter 7. Tools for the Analysis of Hybrid Models 227 Thao DANG, Goran FREHSE, Antoine GIRARD and Colas LE GUERNIC 7.1. Introduction 227 7.2. Hybrid automata and reachability 228 7.3. Linear hybrid automata 232 7.4. Piecewise affine hybrid systems 234 7.5. Hybridization techniques for reachability computations 241 7.6. Bibliography 249 List of Authors 253 Index 259

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Book SynopsisEmbedded systems are becoming increasingly complex, and as they become more widespread, more capable, and more densely integrated in everyday consumer, household, industrial, and more specialized products, the design and use in applications of such systems requires knowledge of several different disciplines such as electronics, data processing, telecommunications, and networks. Without detailing all aspects of electronics, circuit design, and computer architecture related to the design of embedded systems, this book, written by expert specialists in electronics, data processing and telecommunications and networks, gives important insights into the communication techniques and problems encountered in embedded systems. The book focuses on applications in the area of telecommunications and networks because the vast majority of embedded systems are deployed in communications systems and equipment, and it therefore makes an excellent field-wide case study.Table of ContentsGeneral Introduction xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Embedded Systems 1 Patrice KADIONIK 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Embedded system: a definition 3 1.3. Properties of an embedded system 4 1.4. The significance of Moore’s Law 6 1.5. Embedded systems and the system on silicon 9 1.6. Embedded systems and communications 12 1.7. Embedded systems and security 13 1.8. Embedded systems and time constraints 14 1.9. Embedded systems and free software 17 1.10. Embedded systems and their design 19 1.11. An example of multimedia embedded system design 20 1.12. Conclusion 25 1.13. Bibliography 26 Chapter 2. Quality-of-Service Routing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 29 Zoubir MAMMERI 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Mobile ad hoc networks: concepts, characteristics, challenges 31 2.3. QoS routing: general considerations 37 2.4. Best-effort routing protocols in MANETs 47 2.5. QoS routing in MANETs 56 2.6. Conclusion 71 2.7. Bibliography 74 Chapter 3. Self-Management of Ad Hoc Sensor Networks 81 Francine KRIEF 3.1. Introduction 81 3.2. Wireless sensor networks 82 3.3. Autonomic sensor networks 94 3.4. An example of self-configuration 102 3.5. Conclusion 109 3.6. Bibliography 110 Chapter 4. RFID Technology 113 Vincent GUYOT 4.1. Introduction 113 4.2. Automatic identification systems 113 4.3. The components of an RFID system 116 4.4. The different types of RFID systems 118 4.5. RF ranges 120 4.6. Information security 120 4.7. Standards in force 124 4.8. Examples of implementations 127 4.9. Conclusion 136 4.10. Bibliography 136 Chapter 5. Hardware Security in Embedded Systems 139 Lilian BOSSUET and Guy GOGNIAT 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Embedded systems and their security issues 140 5.3. Security of the system and its data 147 5.4. Secured hardware architectures for embedded systems 155 5.5. Conclusion168 5.6. Bibliography 169 Chapter 6. Communications Security in Embedded Systems 175 Mohamed Aymen CHALOUF 6.1. Introduction 175 6.2. Communications security 176 6.3. Communications security in embedded systems 195 6.4. Conclusion 204 6.5. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. Cross-Layer Adaptation for Multimedia Services in 802.11-Type Embedded Communications Systems 207 Ismaïl DJAMA 7.1. Introduction 207 7.2. Limits of layered structuring 209 7.3. The XL concept 219 7.4. Conclusion 231 7.5. Bibliography 231 Chapter 8. Relevance of the DTN Architecture to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 235 Olfa SAMET 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. Mobile ad hoc networks 236 8.3. Challenged networks 239 8.4. Delay-tolerant networks 241 8.5. Relevance of DTNs to ad hoc mobile networks 263 8.6. Conclusion 266 8.7. Bibliography 266 Chapter 9. Intelligent Interfaces and Mobile Communications 267 Badr BENMAMMAR and Zeina EL-FERKH JRAD 9.1. Introduction 267 9.2. Assisting the user with access to new internet services 269 9.3. Modeling user behavior 272 9.4. Synthesis of mobile and wireless networks 276 9.5. References for intelligent interfaces for access to mobile networks 285 9.6. Conclusion 294 9.7. Bibliography 294 Chapter 10. Routing and Mobility Management in Personal Networks 301 Usman JAVAID and Francine KRIEF 10.1. Introduction 301 10.2. Personal environments 303 10.3. Routing in personal environments 306 10.4. Gateway discovery 311 10.5. Mobility management 314 10.6. Conclusion 319 10.7. Bibliography 319 List of Authors 321 Index 323

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aims to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. “Paradigms of Combinatorial Optimization” is divided in two parts: • Paradigmatic Problems, that handles several famous combinatorial optimization problems as max cut, min coloring, optimal satisfiability tsp, etc., the study of which has largely contributed to both the development, the legitimization and the establishment of the Combinatorial Optimization as one of the most active actual scientific domains; • Classical and New Approaches, that presents the several methodological approaches that fertilize and are fertilized by Combinatorial optimization such as: Polynomial Approximation, Online Computation, Robustness, etc., and, more recently, Algorithmic Game Theory.Trade Review"Finally, the essay is useful for researchers and scientists in diverse fields (mathematics, programmers, engineers, etc.) as well as post-graduate students (and even undergraduates)." (Contemporary Physics, 19 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Vangelis Th. PASCHOS PART I. PARADIGMATIC PROBLEMS 1 Chapter 1. Optimal Satisfiability 3 Cristina BAZGAN Chapter 2. Scheduling Problems 33 Philippe CHRÉTIENNE and Christophe PICOULEAU Chapter 3. Location Problems 61 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS Chapter 4. MiniMax Algorithms and Games 89 Michel KOSKAS Chapter 5. Two-dimensional Bin Packing Problems 107 Andrea LODI, Silvano MARTELLO, Michele MONACI and Daniele VIGO Chapter 6. The Maximum Cut Problem 131 Walid BEN-AMEUR, Ali Ridha MAHJOUB and José NETO Chapter 7. The Traveling Salesman Problem and its Variations 173 Jérôme MONNOT and Sophie TOULOUSE Chapter 8. 0–1 Knapsack Problems 215 Gérard PLATEAU and Anass NAGIH Chapter 9. Integer Quadratic Knapsack Problems 243 Dominique QUADRI, Eric SOUTIF and Pierre TOLLA Chapter 10. Graph Coloring Problems 265 Dominique DE WERRA and Daniel KOBLER PART II. NEW APPROACHES 311 Chapter 11. Polynomial Approximation 313 Marc DEMANGE and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 12. Approximation Preserving Reductions 351 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 13. Inapproximability of Combinatorial Optimization Problems 381 Luca TREVISAN Chapter 14. Local Search: Complexity and Approximation 435 Eric ANGEL, Petros CHRISTOPOULOS and Vassilis ZISSIMOPOULOS Chapter 15. On-line Algorithms 473 Giorgio AUSIELLO and Luca BECCHETTI Chapter 16. Polynomial Approximation for Multicriteria Combinatorial Optimization Problems 511 Eric ANGEL, Evripidis BAMPIS and Laurent GOURVÈS Chapter 17. An Introduction to Inverse Combinatorial Problems 547 Marc DEMANGE and Jérôme MONNOT Chapter 18. Probabilistic Combinatorial Optimization 587 Cécile MURAT and Vangelis Th. PASCHOS Chapter 19. Robust Shortest Path Problems 615 Virginie GABREL and Cécile MURAT Chapter 20. Algorithmic Games 641 Aristotelis GIANNAKOS and Vangelis PASCHOS List of Authors 675 Index 681 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 689

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Book SynopsisCombinatorial optimization is a multidisciplinary scientific area, lying in the interface of three major scientific domains: mathematics, theoretical computer science and management. The three volumes of the Combinatorial Optimization series aims to cover a wide range of topics in this area. These topics also deal with fundamental notions and approaches as with several classical applications of combinatorial optimization. “Applications of Combinatorial Optimization” is presenting a certain number among the most common and well-known applications of Combinatorial Optimization.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1. Airline Crew Pairing Optimization 1 Laurent ALFANDARI and Anass NAGIH 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Definition of the problem 2 1.3. Solution approaches 7 1.4. Solving the subproblem for column generation 11 1.5. Conclusion 21 1.6. Bibliography 22 Chapter 2. The Task Allocation Problem 23 Moaiz BEN DHAOU and Didier FAYARD 2.1. Presentation 24 2.2. Definitions and modeling 24 2.3. Review of the main works 29 2.4. A little-studied model 38 2.5. Conclusion 43 2.6. Bibliography 43 Chapter 3. A Comparison of Some Valid Inequality Generation Methods for General 0–1 Problems 49 Pierre BONAMI and Michel MINOUX 3.1. Introduction 49 3.2. Presentation of the various techniques tested 53 3.3. Computational results 67 3.4. Bibliography 70 Chapter 4. Production Planning 73 Nadia BRAUNER, Gerd FINKE and Maurice QUEYRANNE 4.1. Introduction 73 4.2. Hierarchical planning 74 4.3. Strategic planning and productive system design 75 4.4. Tactical planning and inventory management 77 4.5. Operations planning and scheduling 90 4.6. Conclusion and perspectives 104 4.7. Bibliography 105 Chapter 5. Operations Research and Goods Transportation 111 Teodor Gabriel CRAINIC and Frédéric SEMET 5.1. Introduction 111 5.2. Goods transport systems 113 5.3. Systems design 115 5.4. Long-distance transport 122 5.5. Vehicle routing problems 137 5.6. Exact models and methods for the VRP 139 5.7. Heuristic methods for the VRP 147 5.8. Conclusion 160 5.9. Appendix: metaheuristics 161 5.10. Bibliography 164 Chapter 6. Optimization Models for Transportation Systems Planning 177 Teodor Gabriel CRAINIC and Michael FLORIAN 6.1. Introduction 177 6.2. Spatial interaction models 178 6.3. Traffic assignment models and methods 181 6.4. Transit route choice models 193 6.5. Strategic planning of multimodal systems 197 6.6. Conclusion 204 6.7. Bibliography 204 Chapter 7. A Model for the Design of a Minimum-cost Telecommunications Network 209 Marc DEMANGE, Cécile MURAT, Vangelis Th. PASCHOS and Sophie TOULOUSE 7.1. Introduction 209 7.2. Minimum cost network construction 210 7.3. Mathematical model, general context 213 7.4. Proposed algorithm 216 7.5. Critical points 220 7.6. Conclusion 223 7.7. Bibliography 223 Chapter 8. Parallel Combinatorial Optimization 225 Van-Dat CUNG, Bertrand LE CUN and Catherine ROUCAIROL 8.1. Impact of parallelism in combinatorial optimization 225 8.2. Parallel metaheuristics 226 8.3. Parallelizing tree exploration in exact methods 235 8.4. Conclusion 247 8.5. Bibliography 248 Chapter 9. Network Design Problems: Fundamental Methods 253 Alain Quilliot 9.1. Introduction 253 9.2. The main mathematical and algorithmic tools for network design 258 9.3. Models and problems 275 9.4. The STEINER-EXTENDED problem 280 9.5. Conclusion 281 9.6 Bibliography 281 Chapter 10. Network Design Problems: Models and Applications 291 Alain Quilliot 10.1. Introduction 291 10.2. Models and location problems 293 10.3. Routing models for telecommunications 298 10.4. The design or dimensioning problem in telecommunications 301 10.5. Coupled flows and multiflows for transport and production 306 10.6. A mixed network pricing model 314 10.7. Conclusion 319 10.8. Bibliography 319 Chapter 11. Multicriteria Task Allocation to Heterogenous Processors with Capacity and Mutual Exclusion Constraints 327 Bernard ROY and Roman SLOWINSKI 11.1. Introduction and formulation of the problem 328 11.2. Modeling the set of feasible assignments 331 11.3. The concept of a blocking configuration and analysis of the unblocking means 334 11.4. The multicriteria assignment problem 346 11.5. Exploring a set of feasible non-dominated assignments in the plane g2 × g3 348 11.6. Numerical example 357 11.7. Conclusion 363 11.8. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 365 Index 369 Summary of Other Volumes in the Series 373

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Book SynopsisThis book introduces and details the key facets of Combined Analysis—an x-ray and/or neutron scattering methodology which combines structural, textural, stress, microstructural, phase, layer, or other relevant variable or property analyses in a single approach. The author starts with basic theories related to diffraction by polycrystals and some of the most common combined analysis instrumental set-ups are detailed. Powder diffraction data treatment is introduced and in particular, the Rietveld analysis is discussed. The book also addresses automatic phase indexing—a necessary step to solve a structure ab initio. Since its effect prevails on real samples where textures are often stabilized, quantitative texture analysis is also detailed. Also discussed are microstructures of powder diffraction profiles; quantitative phase analysis from the Rietveld analysis; residual stress analysis for isotropic and anisotropic materials; specular x-ray reflectivity, and the various associated models. Finally, the book introduces the combined analysis concept, showing how it is superior to the view presented when we look at only one part of the analyses. This book shows that the existence of texture in a specimen can be envisaged as a way to decouple ordinarily strongly correlated parameters, as measured for instance in powder diagrams, and to examine and detail deeper material characterizations in a single methodology.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xvii Chapter 1. Some Basic Notions About Powder Diffraction 1 1.1. Crystallite, grain, polycrystal and powder 1 1.2. Bragg’s law and harmonic reflections 2 1.3. Geometric conditions of diffraction, Ewald sphere 4 1.4. Imperfect powders 5 1.5. Main diffraction line profile components 6 1.6. Peak profile parameters 11 1.7. Modeling of the diffraction peaks 11 1.8. Experimental geometry 22 1.9. Intensity calibration (flat-field) 26 1.10. Standard samples 32 1.11. Probed thickness (penetration depth) 36 Chapter 2. Structure Refinement by Diffraction Profile Adjustment (Rietveld Method) 41 2.1. Principle of the Rietveld method 41 2.2. Rietveld-based codes 43 2.3. Parameter modeling 44 2.4. Crystal structure databases 71 2.5. Reliability factors in profile refinements 71 2.6. Parameter exactness 75 2.7. The Le Bail method 75 2.8. Refinement procedures 76 2.9. Refinement strategy 81 2.10. Structural determination by diffraction 82 Chapter 3. Automatic Indexing of Powder Diagrams 91 3.1. Principle 91 3.2. Dichotomy approach 92 3.3. Criterions for quality 93 Chapter 4. Quantitative Texture Analysis 95 4.1. Classic texture analysis 95 4.2. Orientation distribution (OD) or orientation distribution function (ODF)131 4.3. Distribution density and normalization 140 4.4. Direct and normalized pole figures 140 4.5. Reduced pole figures 143 4.6. Fundamental equation of quantitative texture analysis 143 4.7. Resolution of the fundamental equation 150 4.8. OD refinement reliability estimators 161 4.9. Inverse pole figures 168 4.10. Texture strength factors 170 4.11. Texture programs 173 4.12. Limits of the classic texture analysis 176 4.13. Magnetic quantitative texture analysis (MQTA)178 4.14. Reciprocal space mapping (RSM)189 Chapter 5. Quantitative Microstructure Analysis 191 5.1. Introduction 191 5.2. Microstructure modeling (classic) 192 5.3. Bertaut-Warren-Averbach approach (Fourier analysis) 197 5.4. Anisotropic broadening: the Popa approach 204 5.5. Stacking and twin faults 212 5.6. Dislocations 214 5.7. Crystallite size distributions 217 5.8. Rietveld approach 219 Chapter 6. Quantitative Phase Analysis 221 6.1. Standardized experiments 221 6.2. Polycrystalline samples 221 6.3. Amorphous-crystalline aggregates 223 6.4. Detection Limit 225 Chapter 7. Residual Strain-Stress Analysis 227 7.1. Strain definitions 227 7.2. ?Ï33 strain determination 229 7.3. Complete strain tensor determination 230 7.4. Textured samples 232 Chapter 8. X-Ray Reflectivity 235 8.1. Introduction 235 8.2. X-rays and neutrons refractive index 238 8.3. The critical angle of reflection 240 8.4. Fresnel formalism (specular reflectivity) 241 8.5. Surface roughness 246 8.6. Matrix formalism (specular reflectivity) 250 8.7. Born approximation 251 8.8. Electron density profile 251 8.9. Multilayer reflectivity curves 252 8.10. Instrumental corrections 253 Chapter 9. Combined Structure-Texture-Microstructure-Stress-Phase Reflectivity Analysis 257 9.1. Initial queries 257 9.2. Implementation 261 9.3. Experimental set-up 264 9.4. Instrument calibration 264 9.5. Refinement strategy 269 9.6. Examples 272 Chapter 10. Macroscopic Anisotropic Properties 363 10.1. Aniso- and isotropic samples and properties 363 10.2. Macroscopic/microscopic properties 364 Bibliography 441 Glossary 483 Abbreviations 487 Mathematical Operators 489 Index 491

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Book SynopsisMathematical Morphology allows for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures using techniques based on the fields of set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. It is the basis of morphological image processing, and finds applications in fields including digital image processing (DSP), as well as areas for graphs, surface meshes, solids, and other spatial structures. This book presents an up-to-date treatment of mathematical morphology, based on the three pillars that made it an important field of theoretical work and practical application: a solid theoretical foundation, a large body of applications and an efficient implementation. The book is divided into five parts and includes 20 chapters. The five parts are structured as follows: Part I sets out the fundamental aspects of the discipline, starting with a general introduction, followed by two more theory-focused chapters, one addressing its mathematical structure and including an updated formalism, which is the result of several decades of work. Part II extends this formalism to some non-deterministic aspects of the theory, in particular detailing links with other disciplines such as stereology, geostatistics and fuzzy logic. Part III addresses the theory of morphological filtering and segmentation, featuring modern connected approaches, from both theoretical and practical aspects. Part IV features practical aspects of mathematical morphology, in particular how to deal with color and multivariate data, links to discrete geometry and topology, and some algorithmic aspects; without which applications would be impossible. Part V showcases all the previously noted fields of work through a sample of interesting, representative and varied applications. Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface xv PART I. FOUNDATIONS 1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Mathematical Morphology 3 Laurent NAJMAN, Hugues TALBOT 1.1. First steps with mathematical morphology: dilations and erosions 4 1.2. Morphological filtering 12 1.3. Residues 22 1.4. Distance transform, skeletons and granulometric curves 24 1.5. Hierarchies and the watershed transform 30 1.6. Some concluding thoughts 33 Chapter 2. Algebraic Foundations of Morphology 35 Christian RONSE, Jean SERRA 2.1. Introduction 35 2.2. Complete lattices 36 2.3. Examples of lattices 42 2.4. Closings and openings 51 2.5. Adjunctions 56 2.6. Connections and connective segmentation 64 2.7. Morphological filtering and hierarchies 75 Chapter 3.Watersheds in Discrete Spaces 81 Gilles BERTRAND, Michel COUPRIE, Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN 3.1. Watersheds on the vertices of a graph 82 3.2. Watershed cuts: watershed on the edges of a graph 90 3.3. Watersheds in complexes 101 PART II. EVALUATING AND DECIDING 109 Chapter 4. An Introduction to Measurement Theory for Image Analysis 111 Hugues TALBOT, Jean SERRA, Laurent NAJMAN 4.1. Introduction 111 4.2. General requirements 112 4.3. Convex ring and Minkowski functionals 113 4.4. Stereology and Minkowski functionals 119 4.5. Change in scale and stationarity 121 4.6. Individual objects and granulometries 122 4.7. Gray-level extension 128 4.8. As a conclusion 130 Chapter 5. Stochastic Methods 133 Christian LANTUÉJOUL 5.1. Introduction 133 5.2. Random transformation 134 5.3. Random image 138 Chapter 6. Fuzzy Sets and Mathematical Morphology 155 Isabelle BLOCH 6.1. Introduction 155 6.2. Background to fuzzy sets 156 6.3. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from duality principle 160 6.4. Fuzzy dilations and erosions from adjunction principle 165 6.5. Links between approaches 167 6.6. Application to the definition of spatial relations 170 6.7. Conclusion 176 PART III. FILTERING AND CONNECTIVITY 177 Chapter 7. Connected Operators based on Tree Pruning Strategies 179 Philippe SALEMBIER 7.1. Introduction 179 7.2. Connected operators 181 7.3. Tree representation and connected operator 182 7.4. Tree pruning 187 7.5. Conclusions 198 Chapter 8. Levelings 199 Jean SERRA, Corinne VACHIER, Fernand MEYER 8.1. Introduction 199 8.2. Set-theoretical leveling 200 8.3. Numerical levelings 209 8.4. Discrete levelings 214 8.5. Bibliographical comment 227 Chapter 9. Segmentation,Minimum Spanning Tree and Hierarchies 229 Fernand MEYER, Laurent NAJMAN 9.1. Introduction 229 9.2. Preamble: watersheds, floodings and plateaus 230 9.3. Hierarchies of segmentations 237 9.4. Computing contours saliency maps 252 9.5. Using hierarchies for segmentation 255 9.6. Lattice of hierarchies 258 PART IV. LINKS AND EXTENSIONS 263 Chapter 10. Distance, Granulometry and Skeleton 265 Michel COUPRIE, Hugues TALBOT 10.1. Skeletons 265 10.2. Skeletons in discrete spaces 269 10.3. Granulometric families and skeletons 270 10.4. Discrete distances 275 10.5. Bisector function 279 10.6. Homotopic transformations 280 10.7. Conclusion 289 Chapter 11. Color and Multivariate Images 291 Jesus ANGULO, Jocelyn CHANUSSOT 11.1. Introduction 291 11.2. Basic notions and notation 292 11.3. Morphological operators for color filtering 299 11.4. Mathematical morphology and color segmentation 312 11.5. Conclusion 320 Chapter 12. Algorithms for Mathematical Morphology 323 Thierry GÉRAUD, Hugues TALBOT, Marc VAN DROOGENBROECK 12.1. Introduction 323 12.2. Translation of definitions and algorithms 324 12.3. Taxonomy of algorithms 329 12.4. Geodesic reconstruction example 334 12.5. Historical perspectives and bibliography notes 344 12.6. Conclusions 352 PART V. APPLICATIONS 355 Chapter 13. Diatom Identification with Mathematical Morphology 357 Michael WILKINSON, Erik URBACH, Andre JALBA, Jos ROERDINK 13.1. Introduction 357 13.2. Morphological curvature scale space 358 13.3. Scale-space feature extraction 359 13.4. 2D size-shape pattern spectra 359 13.5. Datasets 364 13.6. Results 364 13.7. Conclusions 365 Chapter 14. Spatio-temporal Cardiac Segmentation 367 Jean COUSTY, Laurent NAJMAN, Michel COUPRIE 14.1.Which objects of interest? 368 14.2. How do we segment? 369 14.3. Results, conclusions and perspectives 372 Chapter 15. 3D Angiographic Image Segmentation 375 Benoît NAEGEL, Nicolas PASSAT, Christian RONSE 15.1. Context 375 15.2. Anatomical knowledge modeling 376 15.3. Hit-or-miss transform 378 15.4. Application: two vessel segmentation examples 378 15.5. Conclusion 383 Chapter 16. Compression 385 Beatriz MARCOTEGUI, Philippe SALEMBIER 16.1. Introduction 385 16.2. Morphological multiscale decomposition 385 16.3. Region-based decomposition 389 16.4. Conclusions 391 Chapter 17. Satellite Imagery and Digital ElevationModels 393 Pierre SOILLE 17.1. Introduction 393 17.2. On the specificity of satellite images 394 17.3. Mosaicing of satellite images 398 17.4. Applications to digital elevation models 400 17.5. Conclusion and perspectives 405 Chapter 18. Document Image Applications 407 Dan BLOOMBERG, Luc VINCENT 18.1. Introduction 407 18.2. Applications 409 Chapter 19. Analysis and Modeling of 3D Microstructures 421 Dominique JEULIN 19.1. Introduction 421 19.3. Models of random multiscale structures 431 19.4. Digital materials 440 19.5. Conclusion 444 Chapter 20. Random Spreads and Forest Fires 445 Jean SERRA 20.1. Introduction 445 20.2. Random spread 448 20.3. Forecast of the burnt zones 451 20.4. Discussion: estimating and choosing 453 20.5. Conclusions 454 Bibliography 457 List of Authors 499 Index 501

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the electrical models for the different elements of a photonic microwave link like lasers, external modulators, optical fibers, photodiodes and phototransistors. The future trends of these components are also introduced: lasers to VCSEL, external modulators to electro-absorption modulators, glass optical fibers to plastic optical fibers, photodiodes to UTC photodiodes or phototransistors. It also describes an original methodology to evaluate the performance of a microwave photonic link, based on the developed elcetrical models, that can be easily incorporated in commercial electrical circuits simulation software to simulate this complete link.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Abbrevation Glossary xvii Chapter 1 General Points 1 1.1. Microwave photonic links 1 1.2. Link description 4 1.3. Signal to transmit 5 1.4. Limitations of microwave photonic links 7 1.5. The components and characteristics of microwave photonic links 13 Chapter 2 Generation and Modulation of Light 15 2.1. Laser 15 2.2. Electro-optic modulator: EOM 49 2.3. Electro-absorption modulator: EAM 75 Chapter 3 Optical Fibers and Amplifiers 93 3.1. Optical fibers 93 3.2. Optical amplifiers 118 3.3. Appendix: modal analysis of propagation in a fiber 122 Chapter 4 Photodetectors 137 4.1. Photodetector definition 137 4.2. Photodiodes 138 4.3. Phototransistors 163 4.4. Appendix 184 Chapter 5 Performance of Microwave Photonic Links 193 5.1. Microwave photonic links: diagrams and definitions 193 5.2. Optomicrowave S-parameters and gains of each photonic link component 201 5.3. Microwave photonic links optomicrowave S-parameters and gains 210 5.4. Comparison of different link gains 218 5.5. Direct modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figures 221 5.6. External modulation microwave photonic link optomicrowave noise figure 227 5.7. Comparisons of different link noise figures 232 5.8. Microwave photonic link nonlinearity: distortion phenomena 241 5.9. Microwave photonic link interference-free dynamic range 246 5.10. Appendix 250 Chapter 6 Complement to Microwave Photonic Link Performances 267 6.1. Microwave signal attenuation during double sideband modulation 267 6.2. Modulator structures for optical carrier or high and low sideband removal 273 6.3. Degradation of a microwave signal spectral purity by an optical link 280 Chapter 7 Electronic Amplifiers in Microwave Photonic Links 289 7.1. Electronic amplifiers in optical links 289 7.2. Amplifiers in the optical link emitter 289 7.3. Receiver: amplifiers at the photodetector output 293 7.4. Appendix: analog and microwave amplifiers 300 Chapter 8 Simulation and Measurement of Microwave Photonic Links 321 8.1. State of the art and context 321 8.2. Microwave optical link models 324 8.3. Nonlinearity effects in the link 337 8.4. Link noise modeling 340 8.5. Other types of modulation of signals transmitted on an optical fiber 348 8.6. Conclusion 361 8.7. Appendix 362 Bibliography 367 Index 393

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Book SynopsisSystems engineering is the design of a complex interconnection of many elements (a system) to maximize a specific measure of system performance. It consists of two parts: modeling, in which each element of the system and its performance criteria are described; and optimization in which adjustable elements are tailored to allow peak performance. Systems engineering is applied to vast numbers of problems in industry and the military. An example of systems engineering at work is the control of the timing of thousands of city traffic lights to maximize traffic flow. The complex and intricate field of electronics and computers is perfectly suited for systems engineering analysis and in turn, advances in communications and computer technology have made more advanced systems engineering problems solvable. Thus, the two areas fed off of one another. This book is a basic introduction to the use of models and methods in the engineering design of systems. It is aimed at students as well as practicing engineers. The concept of the "systems of systems" is discussed extensively, after a critical comparison of the different definitions and a range of various practical illustrations. It also provides key answers as to what a system of systems is and how its complexity can be mastered.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Simulation: History, Concepts, and Examples 1 Pascal CANTOT 1.1. Issues: simulation, a tool for complexity 1 1.2. History of simulation 14 1.3. Real-world examples of simulation 24 1.4. Basic principles 29 1.5. Conclusion 51 1.6. Bibliography 52 Chapter 2. Principles of Modeling 57 Pascal CANTOT 2.1. Introduction to modeling 57 2.2. Typology of models 58 2.3. The modeling process 66 2.4. Simulation project management 91 2.5. Conclusion 94 2.6. Bibliography 94 Chapter 3. Credibility in Modeling and Simulation 99 Roland RABEAU 3.1. Technico-operational studies and simulations 99 3.2. Examples of technico-operational studies based on simulation tools 101 3.3. VV&A for technico-operational simulations 102 3.4. VV&A issues 108 3.5. Conclusions 145 3.6. Bibliography 152 Chapter 4. Modeling Systems and Their Environment 159 Pascal CANTOT 4.1. Introduction159 4.2. Modeling time 160 4.3. Modeling physical laws 163 4.4. Modeling random phenomena 166 4.5. Modeling the natural environment 178 4.6. Modeling human behavior 193 4.7. Bibliography 203 Chapter 5. Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems: Pitfalls and Limitations of Interpretation 207 Dominique LUZEAUX 5.1. Introduction 207 5.2. Complex systems, models, simulations, and their link with reality 209 5.3. Main characteristics of complex systems simulation 218 5.4. Review of families of models 228 5.5. An example: effect-based and counter-insurgency military operations 244 5.6. Conclusion 246 5.7. Bibliography 249 Chapter 6. Simulation Engines and Simulation Frameworks 253 Pascal CANTOT 6.1. Introduction 253 6.2. Simulation engines 254 6.3. Simulation frameworks 260 6.4. Capitalization of models 290 6.5. Conclusion and perspectives 291 6.6. Bibliography 292 Chapter 7. Distributed Simulation 295 Louis IGARZA 7.1. Introduction 295 7.2. Basic mechanisms of distributed simulation 305 7.3. Main interoperability standards 312 7.4. Methodological aspects: engineering processes for distributed simulation 326 7.5. Conclusion: the state of the art: toward “substantive” interoperability 331 7.6. Bibliography 331 Chapter 8. The Battle Lab Concept 333 Pascal CANTOT 8.1. Introduction 333 8.2. France: Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel (LTO) 336 8.3. United Kingdom: the Niteworks project 350 8.4. Conclusion and perspectives 351 8.5. Bibliography 352 Chapter 9. Conclusion: What Return on Investment Can We Expect from Simulation? 355 Dominique LUZEAUX 9.1. Returns on simulation for acquisition 355 9.2. Economic analysis of gains from intelligent use of simulations 357 9.3. Multi-project acquisition 367 9.4. An (almost) definitive conclusion: conditions for success 368 9.5. Bibliography 371 Author Biographies 373 List of Authors 375 Index 377

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Book SynopsisThis book develops the stochastic geometry framework for image analysis purpose. Two main frameworks are described: marked point process and random closed sets models. We derive the main issues for defining an appropriate model. The algorithms for sampling and optimizing the models as well as for estimating parameters are reviewed. Numerous applications, covering remote sensing images, biological and medical imaging, are detailed. This book provides all the necessary tools for developing an image analysis application based on modern stochastic modeling.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 X. DESCOMBES Chapter 2. Marked Point Processes for Object Detection 11 X. DESCOMBES 2.1. Principal definitions 11 2.2. Density of a point process 15 2.3. Marked point processes 21 2.4. Point processes and image analysis 22 Chapter 3. Random Sets for Texture Analysis 29 C. LANTUÉJOUL and M. SCHMITT 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. Random sets 33 3.3. Some geostatistical aspects 42 3.4. Some morphological aspects 51 3.5. Appendix: demonstration of Miles’ formulae for the Boolean model 61 Chapter 4. Simulation and Optimization 65 F. LAFARGE, X. DESCOMBES, E. ZHIZHINA and R. MINLOS 4.1. Discrete simulations: Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms 66 4.2. Continuous simulations 91 4.3. Mixed simulations 105 4.4. Simulated annealing 106 Chapter 5. Parametric Inference for Marked Point Processes in Image Analysis 113 R. STOICA, F. CHATELAIN and M. SIGELLE 5.1. Introduction 113 5.2. First question: what and where are the objects in the image? 117 5.3. Second question: what are the parameters of the point process that models the objects observed in the image? 129 5.4. Conclusion and perspectives 158 5.5. Acknowledgments 159 Chapter 6. How to Set Up a Point Process? 161 X. DESCOMBES 6.1. From disks to polygons, via a discussion of segments 162 6.2. From no overlap to alignment 167 6.3. From the likelihood to a hypothesis test 172 6.4. From Metropolis–Hastings to multiple births and deaths 176 Chapter 7. Population Counting 179 X. DESCOMBES 7.1. Detection of Virchow–Robin spaces 180 7.2. Evaluation of forestry resources 192 7.3. Counting a population of flamingos 207 7.4. Counting the boats at a port 229 Chapter 8. Structure Extraction 249 F. LAFARGE and X. DESCOMBES 8.1. Detection of the road network 250 8.2. Extraction of building footprints 262 8.3. Representation of natural textures 269 Chapter 9. Shape Recognition 287 F. LAFARGE and C. MALLET 9.1. Modeling of a LIDAR signal 287 9.2. 3D reconstruction of buildings 308 Bibliography 325 List of Authors 341 Index 343

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamental aspects of the new generation of electrical distribution grids, taking as its starting point the opportunities that exist for restructuring existing infrastructure. It emphasizes the incorporation of renewable energy sources into the distribution grid and the need for a technological evolution towards the implementation of smartgrids. The book is organized into two parts: the first part analyzes the integration of distributed energy sources into the distribution grid and the impact of these sources on grid operation. After a general description of the general characteristics of distribution grids and renewable energy sources, it then analyzes the economics of electrical energy distribution networks and presents the impact of these sources on grid operation. The second part of the book then analyzes the various functions which allow for safe operation of the grid and realization of the path towards real world application of smartgrids.Trade Review"This book offers a comprehensive and thorough exploration of both theoretical and practical tools needed for a new "intelligent energy network," typically referred to as a smart grid. . . The book should particularly interest researchers and engineers involved in the development of the new, more flexible and reliable distribution system of the future." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage to Innovation 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and Jean-Pierre ANGELIER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The new power system paradigm 6 1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution systems 7 1.4. Consumption 11 1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13 1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17 1.7. The link between investment and quality 32 1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution systems 36 1.9. Conclusion 38 1.10. Glossary 38 1.11. Bibliography 39 Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks 41 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ-HÉRAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON 2.1. Part 1: the French network 41 2.2. The North American network 61 2.3. Bibliography 81 Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production 83 Haizea GAZTAÑAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel ROYE 3.1. Introduction 83 3.2. Deregulation 84 3.3. Emergent means of production 85 3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for mains power 119 3.5. Bibliography 119 Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123 Cédric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124 4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies 129 4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy producers to the network 141 4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical market 147 4.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the Electrical Network 161 Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 5.1. Introduction 161 5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters 164 5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191 5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197 5.5. Bibliography 200 Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network 203 Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA 6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203 6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207 6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217 6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221 6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV systems 225 6.6. Impact on the voltage 230 6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233 6.8. Conclusion 234 6.9. Bibliography 235 Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 237 Yvon BÉSANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC 7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237 7.2. Voltage control in today’s distribution systems 241 7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242 7.4. Conclusion 270 7.5. Bibliography 271 Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their Ancillary Services Participation 273 Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA 8.1. Wind energy: context 273 8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276 8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282 8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290 8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid 301 8.6. Bibliography 311 8.7. Manufacturers websites 313 8.8. List of symbols 314 Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed Generation 315 Yvon BÉSANGER 9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of distribution systems 315 9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319 9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies 330 9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333 9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343 9.6. Conclusion 348 9.7. Bibliography 349 Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production 351 Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG PHAM 10.1. Introduction 351 10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems 353 10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence of decentralized production 361 10.4. Detection of faults 373 10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized production 380 10.6. Bibliography 392 Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution Systems 395 Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE 11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395 11.2. Controlled loads 397 11.3. Results for real-time control 403 11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses’ characteristics 406 11.5. Optimized load control 407 11.6. Conclusion 413 11.7. Bibliography 414 Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid 415 Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël CAIRE 12.1. Introduction 415 12.2. New context of distribution systems 416 12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420 12.4. Current state of development 425 12.5. Conclusion 434 12.6. Bibliography 436 Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks 439 Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE 13.1. General context: towards an active network 439 13.2. Objectives 440 13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442 13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452 13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network 454 13.6. Bibliography 457 Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 14.1. Introduction 459 14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471 14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472 14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart grid concept 474 14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476 14.6. Conclusion 483 14.7. Bibliography 484 List of Authors 487 Index 489

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Book SynopsisThis book presents tools and algorithms required to compress/uncompress signals such as speech and music. These algorithms are largely used in mobile phones, DVD players, HDTV sets, etc. In a first rather theoretical part, this book presents the standard tools used in compression systems: scalar and vector quantization, predictive quantization, transform quantization, entropy coding. In particular we show the consistency between these different tools. The second part explains how these tools are used in the latest speech and audio coders. The third part gives Matlab programs simulating these coders.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi PART 1. TOOLS FOR SIGNAL COMPRESSION 1 Chapter 1. Scalar Quantization 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Optimum scalar quantization 4 1.3. Predictive scalar quantization 10 Chapter 2. Vector Quantization 23 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Rationale 23 2.3. Optimum codebook generation 26 2.4. Optimum quantizer performance 28 2.5. Using the quantizer 30 2.6. Gain-shape vector quantization 32 Chapter 3. Sub-band Transform Coding 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.2. Equivalence of filter banks and transforms 38 3.3. Bit allocation 40 3.4. Optimum transform 46 3.5. Performance 48 Chapter 4. Entropy Coding 53 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Noiseless coding of discrete, memoryless sources 54 4.3. Noiseless coding of a discrete source with memory 66 4.4. Scalar quantizer with entropy constraint 73 4.5. Capacity of a discrete memoryless channel 79 4.6. Coding a discrete source with a fidelity criterion 83 PART 2. AUDIO SIGNAL APPLICATIONS 89 Chapter 5. Introduction to Audio Signals 91 5.1. Speech signal characteristics 91 5.2. Characteristics of music signals 92 5.3. Standards and recommendations 93 Chapter 6. Speech Coding 101 6.1. PCM and ADPCM coders 101 6.2. The 2.4 bit/s LPC-10 coder 102 6.3. The CELP coder 107 Chapter 7. Audio Coding 123 7.1. Principles of “perceptual coders” 123 7.2. MPEG-1layer 1 coder 126 7.3. MPEG-2AACcoder 130 7.4. DolbyAC-3 coder 134 7.5. Psychoacoustic model: calculating a masking threshold 135 Chapter 8. Audio Coding: Additional Information 141 8.1. Low bit rate/acceptable quality coders 141 8.2. High bit rate lossless or almost lossless coders 146 Chapter 9. Stereo Coding: A Synthetic Presentation 149 9.1. Basic hypothesis and notation 149 9.2. Determining the inter-channel indices 151 9.3. Downmixing procedure 154 9.4. At the receiver 158 9.5. Draft International Standard 161 PART 3. MATLAB_ PROGRAMS 163 Chapter 10. A Speech Coder 165 10.1. Introduction 165 10.2. Script for the calling function 165 10.3. Script for called functions 170 Chapter 11. A Music Coder 173 11.1. Introduction 173 11.2. Script for the calling function 173 11.3. Script for called functions 176 Bibliography 195 Index 199

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Book SynopsisThe Affective Computing domain, term coined by Rosalind Picard in 1997, gathers several scientific areas such as computer science, cognitive science, psychology, design and art. The humane-machine interaction systems are no longer solely fast and efficient. They aim to offer to users affective experiences: user’s affective state is detected and considered within the interaction; the system displays affective state; it can reason about their implication to achieve a task or resolve a problem. In this book, we have chosen to cover various domains of research in emotion-oriented systems. Our aim is also to highlight the importance to base the computational model on theoretical foundations and on natural data.Table of ContentsPreface xiii PART 1: FOUNDATIONS 1 Chapter 1. Contemporary Theories and Concepts in the Psychology of Emotions 3 Géraldine COPPIN and David SANDER 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. Emergence of a scientific approach to emotions 4 1.3. Basic emotions theories 7 1.4. Bi-dimensional theories of emotion 11 1.5. Appraisal theories of emotions 14 1.6. Conclusion 19 1.7. Glossary 20 1.8. Bibliography 21 Chapter 2. Emotion and the Brain 33 Andy CHRISTEN and Didier GRANDJEAN 2.1. Introduction 33 2.2. The major role of affective neuroscience in understanding emotions 35 2.3. The historical and conceptual legacy of early conceptions of emotions and the brain 40 2.4. Initial neuro-anatomical emotion theories 41 2.5. Structures in the brain and their functions in emotional processes 44 2.6. The prefrontal cortex 53 2.7. The anterior cingulate cortex 58 2.8. The role of the insula in disgust 58 2.9. Temporal dynamic of brain processes in emotional genesis 59 2.10. Functional connectivity 60 2.11. Conclusion 63 2.12. Bibliography 64 PART 2: NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR 77 Chapter 3. Emotional Corpora: from Acquisition to Modeling 79 Laurence DEVILLERS and Jean-Claude MARTIN 3.1. Introduction 79 3.2. Building corpora: “acted”, “induced” and real-life emotions 81 3.3. Current emotional corpora 86 3.4. Coding schemes 86 3.5. Complex emotions in spontaneous data 93 3.6. Applications for corpora 97 3.7. Conclusion 100 3.8. Bibliography 101 Chapter 4. Visual Emotion Recognition: Status and Key Issues 107 Alice CAPLIER 4.1. Introduction 107 4.2. What is a facial expression? 109 4.3. Overview of facial expression recognition methods 112 4.4. Spontaneous facial expressions 118 4.5. Expression intensity 124 4.6. Dynamic analysis 126 4.7. Multimodality 128 4.8. Conclusion 131 4.9. Bibliography 132 Chapter 5. Recognition of Acoustic Emotion 139 Chloé CLAVEL and Gaël RICHARD 5.1. Introduction 139 5.2. Principles of automatic emotion-recognition systems 140 5.3. Acoustic descriptors 141 5.4. Automatic emotion classification 151 5.5. Performance and assessment 157 5.6. Conclusion 161 5.7. Bibliography 163 Chapter 6. Modeling Facial Expressions of Emotions 169 Sylwia Julia HYNIEWSKA, Rados³aw NIEWIADOMSKI and Catherine PELACHAUD 6.1. Expressive conversational agents 169 6.2. Expressions and their emotional states 170 6.3. Computational models for facial expressions of emotions 174 6.4. Conclusion 183 6.5. Acknowledgements 184 6.6. Bibliography 184 Chapter 7. Emotion Perception and Recognition 191 Ioana VASILESCU 7.1. Introduction 191 7.2. Perception in vocal communication of emotion 193 7.3. Experimental paradigms and emotion-oriented automatic systems 194 7.4. Conclusion 208 7.5. Bibliography 209 PART 3: FUNCTIONS 215 Chapter 8. The Role of Emotions in Human−Machine Interaction 217 Valérie MAFFIOLO and Magalie OCHS 8.1. Introduction 217 8.2. Interactive information and assistance systems 219 8.3. Video games 227 8.4. Intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)235 8.5. Discussion and research perspectives 237 8.6. Bibliography 238 Chapter 9. Music and Emotions 247 Donald GLOWINSKI and Antonio CAMURRI 9.1. The growing importance of music in society 247 9.2. Recognizing emotions and structural characteristics in music 249 9.3. Rules for modeling musical expression of emotions 251 9.4. Towards a continuous measure of emotional reactions to music 252 9.5. Multimodality in musical experience 253 9.6. Multimodal emotional synthesis in a musical context 260 9.7. The social active listening paradigm: the collective aspect of emotion 262 9.8. Conclusion and perspectives 263 9.9. Bibliography 263 Chapter 10. Literary Feelings in Interactive Fiction 271 Marc CAVAZZA and David PIZZI 10.1. Introduction: emotions and feelings 271 10.2. French novels and the representation of feelings 273 10.3. Madame Bovary: plot and scenes 275 10.4. Interactive fiction and emotional planning 280 10.5. Linguistic interaction and emotions 284 10.6. Emma Bovary’s virtuality 290 10.7. Conclusion 294 10.8. Bibliography 295 Chapter 11. The Design of Emotions: How the Digital is Making Us More Emotional 299 Annie GENTÈS 11.1. Representing, interpreting and evoking emotions 299 11.2. Emotion, mimicry and technical devices 301 11.3. Devices as an alternate source of emotion: photography 301 11.4. Art and computers: formal beginnings 303 11.5. The human behind the mechanics and the mechanics behind the human 305 11.6. Mirror interaction as an emotional vehicle 307 11.7. Trompe l’oeil versus explicit expression 309 11.8. Three-dimensional universes: an empathetic experience 311 11.9. Empathy and identifying emotions 315 11.10. Making human−machine interaction and dialog effective 317 11.11. Conclusion: “revenge of the emotions”318 11.12. Bibliography 318 List of Authors 321 Index 325

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Book SynopsisOn a worldwide basis, the development of SmartGrids is a consistent answer to the problem of an efficient and sustainable delivery of electric energy through distribution grids. SmartGrids are a combination of information and communication technologies and new energy technologies. There are many different definitions of the concept of SmartGrids and thus it appears indispensable to gather the knowledge available from both industry and research laboratories in one book. Distributed generation is rightly receiving an increased amount of attention and will become an integral part of urban energy systems, providing consumers and energy providers with safe, affordable, clean, reliable, flexible and readily-accessible energy services.The aim of this book is to describe future electricity networks that will enable all energy services to become sustainable. The traditional design of network control systems with a centralized structure is not in-line with the paradigm of the unbundled electricity system and decentralized control; this is highlighted by looking at how future active networks will efficiently link small- and medium-scale power sources with consumer demands, allowing decisions to be made on how best to operate in real time. It also looks at the level of control required: power flow assessment, voltage control and protection require cost-competitive technologies and new communication systems with more sensors and actuators than presently used, certainly in relation to the distribution systems. To manage active networks, a vision of grid computing is created that assures universal access to computing resources. An intelligent grid infrastructure gives more flexibility concerning demand and supply, providing new instruments for optimal and cost-effective grid operation at the same time.Table of ContentsForeword xv Ronnie BELMANS Chapter 1. SmartGrids: Motivation, Stakes and Perspectives 1 Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.1.1. The new energy paradigm 1 1.2. Information and communication technologies serving the electrical system 5 1.3. Integration of advanced technologies 7 1.4. The European energy perspective 10 1.5. Shift to electricity as an energy carrier (vector) 15 1.6. Main triggers of the development of SmartGrids 16 1.7. Definitions of SmartGrids 17 1.8. Objectives addressed by the SmartGrid concept 18 1.8.1. Specific case of transmission grids 18 1.8.2. Specific case of distribution grids 19 1.8.3. The desired development of distribution networks: towards smarter grids 20 1.9. Socio-economic and environmental objectives 21 1.10. Stakeholders involved the implementation of the SmartGrid concept 22 1.11. Research and scientific aspects of the SmartGrid 23 1.11.1. Examples of the development of innovative concepts 23 1.11.2. Scientific, technological, commercial and sociological challenges 28 1.12. Preparing the competences needed for the development of SmartGrids 30 1.13. Conclusion 30 1.14. Bibliography 31 Chapter 2. From the SmartGrid to the Smart Customer: the Paradigm Shift 33 Catherine FAILLIET 2.1. Key trends 33 2.1.1. The crisis 33 2.1.2. Environmental awareness 35 2.1.3. New technologies 35 2.2. The evolution of the individual’s relationship to energy 37 2.2.1. Curiosity 37 2.2.2. The need for transparency 38 2.2.3. Responsibility 38 2.3. The historical model of energy companies 39 2.3.1. Incumbents in a natural monopoly 39 2.3.2. A clear focus on technical knowledge 40 2.3.3. Undeveloped customer relationships 40 2.4. SmartGrids from the customer’s point of view 42 2.4.1. The first step: the data revolution 42 2.4.2. The second step: the establishment of a smart ecosystem 45 2.4.3. The consumers’ reluctance 47 2.5. What about possible business models? 49 2.5.1. An unprecedented global buzz… and the search for a business model 49 2.5.2. Government research into a virtuous model of regulation 52 2.5.3. An opening for new stakeholders 54 2.6. Bibliography 56 Chapter 3. Transmission Grids: Stakeholders in SmartGrids 57 Hervé MIGNON 3.1. A changing energy context: the development of renewable energies 58 3.2. A changing energy context: new modes of consumption 62 3.3. New challenges 68 3.4. An evolving transmission grid 72 3.5. Conclusion 76 3.6. Bibliography 77 Chapter 4. SmartGrids and Energy Management Systems 79 Jean-Louis COULLON 4.1. Introduction 79 4.2. Managing distributed production resources: renewable energies 80 4.2.1. Characterization of distributed renewable production 81 4.2.2. Integrating renewable energies into the management process 83 4.3. Demand response 87 4.4. Development of storage, microgrids and electric vehicles 90 4.4.1. New storage methods 90 4.4.2. Microgrids 91 4.4.3. Electric vehicles 92 4.5. Managing high voltage direct current connections 92 4.6. Grid reliability analysis 94 4.6.1. Model-based stability analysis 94 4.6.2. Continuous measurements-based analysis: phasor measurement units 95 4.6.3. Dynamic limits . 97 4.6.4. Self-healing grids 98 4.7. Smart asset management 99 4.8. Smart grid rollout: regulatory needs 102 4.8.1. The need for pilot projects 102 4.8.2. Incentives for investment in grid reliability 103 4.8.3. Renewables 103 4.8.4. Investment incentives for energy efficiency 103 4.8.5. Cost/profit allocation 104 4.8.6. New regulatory frameworks 104 4.9. Standards 105 4.9.1. The case of smart grids 105 4.9.2. Work in progress 106 4.9.3. Cooperation 107 4.10. System architecture items 107 4.10.1. Broaden the vision 108 4.10.2. Taking vertical changes into consideration 112 4.10.3. Developing integration tools 112 4.11. Acknowledgements 113 4.12. Bibliography 113 Chapter 5. The Distribution System Operator at the Heart of the SmartGrid Revolution 115 Pierre MALLET 5.1. Brief overview of some of the general elements of electrical distribution grids 116 5.2. The current changes: toward greater complexity 117 5.3. Smart grids enable the transition to carbon-free energy 118 5.4. The different constituents of SmartGrids 118 5.5. Smart Life 119 5.6. Smart Operation 120 5.7. Smart Metering 121 5.7.1. The Linky project 121 5.7.2. New services for customers 122 5.7.3. Smart meters can significantly modernize grid management 122 5.8. Smart Services 123 5.9. Smart local optimization 123 5.9.1. Distributed generation 124 5.9.2. Active management of demand 126 5.9.3. Means of distributed storage 126 5.9.4. New uses including electric vehicles 127 5.9.5. Local optimization of the system 128 5.10. The distributor ERDF is at the heart of future SmartGrids 128 5.11. Bibliography 129 Chapter 6. Architecture, Planning and Reconfiguration of Distribution Grids 131 Marie-Cécile ALVAREZ, Raphaël CAIRE and Bertrand RAISON 6.1. Introduction 131 6.2. The structure of distribution grids 133 6.2.1. High voltage/medium voltage delivery stations 133 6.2.2. Meshed and looped grids 135 6.2.3. Types of conductor 138 6.2.4. Underground/overhead 139 6.2.5. MV/LV substations 140 6.3. Planning of the distribution grids 140 6.3.1. Principles of planning/engineering 141 6.3.2. All criteria to be met by the proposed architectures 143 6.3.3. Example on a secured feeder grid 143 6.3.4. Long-term and short-term planning 148 6.3.5. The impact of connecting DGs on the MV grid structure 155 6.3.6. Increasing the DG insertion rate in the grid 162 6.3.7. Proposal for a new looped architecture: the hybrid structure 164 6.4. Reconfiguration for the reduction of power losses 166 6.4.1. The problem of copper losses 166 6.4.2. Mathematic formulation of the optimization problem 169 6.4.3. Combinatorial optimization 176 6.4.4. Different approaches to finding the optimal configuration 181 6.4.5. Reconfiguration of the partially meshed grids 191 6.5. Bibliography 193 Chapter 7. Energy Management and Decision-aiding Tools 197 Yvon BÉSANGER, Bertrand RAISON, Raphaël CAIRE and Tran-Quoc TUAN 7.1. Introduction 197 7.2. Voltage control 198 7.2.1. Introduction to voltage control in distribution networks 198 7.2.2. Voltage control in current distribution networks 199 7.2.3. Voltage control in distribution networks with dispersed generation 199 7.2.4. Voltage control conclusion 210 7.3. Protection schemes 211 7.3.1. MV protection scheme 212 7.3.2. Neutral grounding modes 214 7.3.3. Fault characteristics 215 7.3.4. Power outages 216 7.3.5. Impact of decentralized production on the operation of protections of the feeder 217 7.4. Reconfiguration after a fault: results of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.1. Goals of the INTEGRAL project 221 7.4.2. Demonstrator description 221 7.4.3. General self-healing principles 224 7.4.4. Some results 227 7.5. Reliability 231 7.5.1. Basic concepts of the Monte Carlo simulation 232 7.5.2. Conclusion on reliability 239 7.6. Bibliography 240 Chapter 8. Integration of Vehicles with Rechargeable Batteries into Distribution Networks 243 Florent CADOUX and George GROSS 8.1. The revolution of individual electrical transport 244 8.1.1. An increasingly credible technology 244 8.1.2. Example: the Fluence ZE 244 8.1.3. What are the consequences on the electrical network? 245 8.1.4. Demand management and vehicle-to-grid 246 8.2 Vehicles as “active loads” 246 8.2.1. Energetic services 247 8.2.2. Frequency regulation 248 8.2.3. Load reserve and shedding 248 8.2.4. Other services 249 8.3. Economic impacts 250 8.3.1. A potentially lucrative but limited market 250 8.3.2. New business models 250 8.3.3. Market integration 252 8.4. Environmental impacts 252 8.4.1. Synergy with intermittent sources 252 8.4.2. Energetic efficiency 253 8.4.3. Other advantages 253 8.4.4. Evaluating environmental impacts 254 8.5. Technological challenges 254 8.5.1. Architecture 255 8.5.2. Communication infrastructure 255 8.5.3. Control strategy 256 8.5.4. Feedback 256 8.6. Uncertainty factors 257 8.6.1. Electric vehicle adoption 257 8.6.2. Viability of demand management 257 8.6.3. Technological factors 258 8.6.4. Economic factors 258 8.7. Conclusion 259 8.8. Bibliography 259 Chapter 9. How Information and Communication Technologies Will Shape SmartGrids 263 Gilles PRIVAT 9.1. Introduction 263 9.2. Control decentralization 264 9.2.1. Why smart grids will not be “intelligent networks” 264 9.2.2. From the “home area network” to the “smart home grid”: extension of the local data network to the electrical grid for the home 265 9.2.3. The “smart home grid” for the local optimization of energy efficiency 267 9.2.4. From the home to microgrids: towards the autonomous control of subnetworks 270 9.3. Interoperability and connectivity 270 9.3.1. “Utility computing”: when the electrical grid is a model for information technologies 270 9.3.2. Avatars of connectivity, when moving up from the physical layer to information models 271 9.4. From synchronism to asynchronism 273 9.4.1. Absolute and relative low-level and top-level synchronism 273 9.4.2. From asynchronous data to asynchronous electricity 274 9.4.3. From data packets to energy packets 275 9.5. Future Internet for SmartGrids 277 9.5.1. Towards a shared infrastructure for SmartGrids and physical networks: sensors 277 9.5.2. Towards a shared infrastructure: SmartGrids in the cloud 278 9.6. Conclusion 279 9.7. Bibliography 280 Chapter 10. Information Systems in the Metering and Management of the Grid 281 Hervé BARANCOURT 10.1. Introduction 281 10.1.1. Classification of the information systems 281 10.1.2. Approach 283 10.2. The metering information system 283 10.2.1. Presentation of the metering system 283 10.2.2. Architecture of the metering system 286 10.2.3. The manipulated data 291 10.2.4. The deployment of a metering system 293 10.3. Information system metering in the management of the grid 295 10.3.1. Links with IS management of the distribution network 295 10.3.2. The SmartGrid triptych 296 10.4. Conclusion: urbanization of the metering system 297 10.4.1. Two approaches 297 10.4.2. The “pro’sumer’s” information 298 10.4.3. Summary 299 10.5. Bibliography 300 Chapter 11. Smart Meters and SmartGrids: an Economic Approach 301 Jacques PERCEBOIS 11.1. “Demand response”: a consequence of opening the electricity industry and the rise in environmental concerns 302 11.1.1. The specific features of electricity 302 11.1.2. The impact of introducing competition 303 11.1.3. The impact of the objectives for reducing CO2 emissions 306 11.2. Traditional regulation via pricing is no longer sufficient to avoid the risk of “failure” during peaks 306 11.2.1. Coping with failures 306 11.2.2. Expensive advanced means reduces the incentive to invest 307 11.2.3. Emphasizing the seasonal differentiation of prices 308 11.3. Smart meters: a tool for withdrawal and market capacity 311 11.3.1. Towards a market of withdrawal 311 11.3.2 Who is financing the installation of the meters? 314 11.3.3. What are the economic results of the operation? 314 11.4. From smart meters to SmartGrids – the results 317 11.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 12. The Regulation of SmartGrids 321 Didier LAFFAILLE 12.1. The regulation and funding of SmartGrids 321 12.1.1. Must R&D expenditure be submitted to an incentive mechanism? 322 12.1.2. How to cope with the deployment costs of SmartGrids? 323 12.1.3. Which investments will be supported by transmission tariffs and to what extent? 323 12.1.4. Should cooperation be established? 323 12.2. Regulation and economic models 324 12.3. Evolution of the value chain 326 12.3.1. How will the energy and ICT sectors work together? 326 12.3.2. What will be the role of consumers and new players in the value chain? 328 12.4. The emergence of a business model for smart grids 329 12.4.1. Do we need an energy regulatory framework to enhance the deployment of SmartGrids within Europe? 329 12.4.2. What variation is there in France? 331 12.5. Regulation can assist in the emergence of SmartGrids 333 12.5.1. How to ensure that system operators will account for public interest in their investment decisions? 334 12.5.2. The Linky smart meter 334 12.5.3. How to finance investments in SmartGrids? 337 12.5.4. Which energy regulatory framework should be used to encourage efficient investments in the SmartGrids? 337 12.5.5. What kind of development in prices would be acceptable for the consumer? 338 12.5.6. How else can the energy regulator facilitate the development of a SmartGrid system? 338 12.6. The business models are yet to be created 339 12.7. The standardization of SmartGrids 340 12.7.1. Why is standardization an essential factor in efficiently developing the electrical system? 340 12.7.2. Is standardization a response to the need for interoperability in SmartGrids? 342 12.7.3. What standardization efforts are being made for SmartGrids in Europe? 344 12.7.4. Is standardization an important commercial issue for the European sector? 346 12.8. Conclusion 347 12.9. Bibliography 348 List of Authors 351 Index 355

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Book SynopsisWithin the framework of the Sixth I-ESA International Conference, supported by the INTEROP VLab (International Virtual Laboratory on Enterprise Interoperability, http://www.interop-vlab.eu), three workshops and a Doctoral Symposium have been organized in order to strengthen some key topics related to interoperability for enterprise applications and software. The workshops were selected to complement the conference topics, leaving more time to researchers for brainstorming and then coming up, at the end of the workshops, with new research directions for the future. The goal of the workshop “Standards – a Foundation for Interoperability” is to increase awareness and understanding of interoperability standards as a fundamental need. The workshop “Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry” promotes the application of MDI (Model-Driven Interoperability) combined with SOA (Services Oriented Architecture) and the associated technology (BPM, Enterprise Modeling, ontology, mediation, model transformation, etc.) in industry. The workshop on “Dynamic Management across Interoperating Enterprises” investigates the need for enhancements to current business management systems and processes to address the needs of global trading across enterprises utilizing the new service-oriented Internet. Finally, the Doctoral Symposium has given the opportunity for students involved in the preparation of their PhDs in this emerging area to present and discuss their research issues and ideas with senior researchers.Table of ContentsEditorial Hervé Panetto, Nacer Boudjlida xi Session 1. Standards – A Foundation for Interoperability 1 Standards Workshop Chairs’ Message Martin Zelm, David Chen 5 Standards for Enterprise Interoperation – How to Improve? Martin Zelm, Kurt Kosanke 7 Framework for Enterprise Interoperability and Maturity Model (CEN/ISO 11354) David Chen 15 Testing Interoperability Standards – A Test Case Generation Methodology Nenad Ivezic, Jungyub Woo 23 OMG Specifications for Enterprise Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 31 Standards Creation and Adoption for SME Networks Piero De Sabbata, Nicola Gessa, Arianna Brutti, Cristiano Novelli, Angelo Frascella, Gianluca D’Agosta 41 The European Public Procurement Initiative and Standards for Information Exchange Tim McGrath 53 Challenges in Project Management Georgios Kapogiannis, Colin Piddington 61 Session 2. Use of MDI/SOA Concepts in Industry 67 MDI/SOA Workshop Chairs’ Message Guy Doumeingts, Martine Grandin-Dubost 71 Application of SHAPE Technologies in Production and Process Optimization Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre, Einar Landre 73 An Exploration of Foundation Ontologies and Verification Methods for Manufacturing Knowledge Sharing R. Young, N. Chungoora, Z. Usman, N. Anjum, G. Gunendran, C. Palmer, J.A. Harding, K. Case, A.-F. Cutting-Decelle 83 ISTA3 Methodology Application Case Nabila Zouggar, Mickaël Romain, Guy Doumeingts, Sébastien Cazajous, Yves Ducq, Christophe Merlo, Martine Grandin-Dubost 95 Session 3. Doctoral Symposium 111 Doctoral Symposium Chair’s Message Jenny A. Harding 115 The Mediation Information System Engineering Project: Status and Perspectives N. Boissel-Dallier, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud, J.-P. Lorré 117 Quality Measurement of Semantic Standards E.J.A. Folmer, P.H.W.M. Oude Luttighuis, J. van Hillegersberg 125 Towards a Model-Driven and Role-Configurable Methodology Suite for Enterprise and Service-Oriented Interoperability Brian Elvesæter, Arne-Jørgen Berre 133 Mediation Information System Engineering: Business and Logic Characterization in a Collaborative Situation W. Mu, F. Bénaben, H. Pingaud 139 Role of Semantic Web in the Changing Context of Enterprise Collaboration N. Khilwani, J. A. Harding 147 A Dynamic Knowledge Management Framework B. A. Piorkowski, J. X. Gao 155 Author Index 163

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Book SynopsisThis book aims at describing the wide variety of new technologies and concepts of non-standard antenna systems – reconfigurable, integrated, terahertz, deformable, ultra-wideband, using metamaterials, or MEMS, etc, and how they open the way to a wide range of applications, from personal security and communications to multifunction radars and towed sonars, or satellite navigation systems, with space-time diversity on transmit and receive. A reference book for designers in this lively scientific community linking antenna experts and signal processing engineers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xv François LE CHEVALIER PART 1. EMERGING CONCEPTS 1 Chapter 1. Joint Diversity and Beamforming for Downlink Communications 3 Luc FÉTY, Danilo ZANATA-FILHO, João Marcos TRAVASSOS ROMANO and Michel TERRÉ Chapter 2. Acoustic Antennas for Biomedical and Industrial Ultrasonic Imaging 25 Louis-Pascal TRAN-HUU-HUE, Franck LEVASSORT, Dominique CERTON and Marc LETHIECQ Chapter 3. Space-time Exploration for Airborne Radars 69 François LE CHEVALIER Chapter 4. Multifunction Antenna System Concepts: Opportunity for Ultra-wideband Radars? 93 Joël LEMORTON, Christophe LE MOINE, Christian DELHOTE and Florent CHRISTOPHE PART 2. TECHNOLOGIES 101 Chapter 5. From a Molecule to an Electro-optic Antenna 103 Annabelle SCARPACI, Sylvain LE TACON, Arnaud GARDELEIN, Fabrice ODOBEL, Errol BLART, Dominique AVERTY, Hartmut GUNDEL, Nicolas BREUIL, Tchanguiz RAZBAN and Eric TANGUY Chapter 6. Terahertz Broadband Micro-antennas for Continuous Wave Imaging 119 Alain KREISLER, Ibrahim TÜRER, Xabier GAZTELU, Alexander SCHEURING and Annick DÉGARDIN Chapter 7. Dual Frequency Millimeter Feed 147 Jean-Pierre ADAM, Yannick BÉNIGUEL, André BERTHON, Laurent COSTES and Maarten VAN DER VORST Chapter 8. Reconfigurable Printed Antennas 157 Robert STARAJ Chapter 9. Wideband Antennas and Artificial Magnetic Conductors 183 Xavier BEGAUD Chapter 10. High Impedance Surface Close to a Radiating Dipole 201 PART 3. DETECTION/LOCALIZATION 213 Chapter 11. Advanced Processing for DOA Estimation 215 Pascal CHEVALIER and Anne FERRÉOL Chapter 12. Multifunction Airborne Antennas 241 Christian RENARD, Maxime ROMIER and Michel SOIRON Chapter 13. Active Sonar: Port/Starboard Discrimination on Very Low Frequency Triplet Arrays 255 Yves DOISY Chapter 14. Airborne High Precision Location of Radiating Sources 271 Thierry DELOUES, Dominique MÉDYNSKI and Dominique LE BIHAN Chapter 15. Ground-based Deformable Antennas 299 Guillaume LESUEUR Chapter 16. Automatic Take-off and Landing System 327 Pascal CORNIC Chapter 17. Anti-jamming for Satellite Navigation 343 Franck LETESTU, Fabien BERNARD and Guillaume CARRIE PART 4. ULTRA-WIDEBAND 385 Chapter 18. Ultra-wideband Antenna Systems 387 Joël ANDRIEU and Michèle LALANDE Chapter 19. Co-design of the Antenna with LNA for Ultra-wideband Applications 409 Michaël PELISSIER, Serge BORIES, Raffi BOURTOUTIAN and Christophe DELAVEAUD Chapter 20. Vector Spherical Harmonic Modeling of 3D-antenna Radiation Function or an UWB-RT Simulator 425 Roxana BURGHELEA, Stéphane AVRILLON and Bernard UGUEN List of Authors 453 Index 459

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Book SynopsisThe human-computer interactions are more and more present in our everyday life, and lead to many conceptual and methodological problems for the designers and evaluators of interactive systems. This book is about Human-Computer Interaction in Transport domain, in which the traveler becomes a user of information systems, particularly before and during the travel(s). This book will focus on traveler information and personalized systems, using a human-centered design approach.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Acknowledgements xix Chapter 1. Principles, Issues and Viewpoints of Traveler Information in a Multimodal Context 1 Guillaume USTER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. A complexity that must be mastered 2 1.3. Multimodal information 5 1.4. The viatic concept: accompany the traveler 8 1.5. Other traveler information-based representative research projects in a multimodal context 10 1.6. Viewpoints 16 1.7. Bibliography 17 Chapter 2. User Needs Analysis Methodology for the Design of Traveler Information Systems 21 Pierre MORIZET-MAHOUDEAUX, Annette VALENTIN and Assia MOULOUDI 2.1.Introduction 21 2.2. Traveler information: a pluridisciplinary matter 22 2.3. The example of the P@ss-ITS project 23 2.4. RAMSES methodology for the collection, analysis and modeling of user needs 24 2.5. RAMSES in the context of the P@ss-ITS project 35 2.6. Conclusion 45 2.7. Bibliography 46 Chapter 3. A Generic Method for Personalizing Interactive Systems: Application to Traveler Information 51 Mourad ABED, Abdouroihamane ANLI, Christophe KOLSKI and Emmanuelle GRISLIN 3.1.Introduction 51 3.2. Personalization in HCI: examples of existing approaches, at the origin of the approach proposed 52 3.3. PerMet: method for the development of personalized information systems 57 3.4. PerSyst: personalization system supporting the PerMet method 62 3.5. Application to the public transport of people: itinerary search 65 3.6. Discussion about the possibility of generalization relative to personalization 84 3.7. Conclusion 86 3.8. Bibliography 87 Chapter 4. A Formal Framework for Design and Validation of Multimodal Interactive Systems in Transport Domain 93 Linda MOHAND OUSSAÏD, Nadjet KAMEL, Idir AÏT SADOUNE, Yamine AÏT AMEUR, Mohamed AHMED NACER 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Concepts of multimodality 94 4.3. Formal design 97 4.4. Use of formal methods for input multimodality 100 4.5. Use of formal methods for output multimodality 109 4.6. Conclusion 124 4.7. Bibliography 125 Chapter 5. From Human-machine Interaction to Cooperation: Towards the Integrated Copilot 129 Thierry BELLET, Jean-Michel HOC, Serge BOVERIE and Guy BOY 5.1. Introduction 129 5.2. Copiloting and human-machine cooperation: context and stakes for the automobile 131 5.3. Three realizations of cooperative devices for the purposes of automobile copiloting 135 5.4. Discussion: towards an “intelligent” and “integrated” copilot 146 5.5. Conclusion 150 5.6. Acknowledgements 151 5.7. Bibliography 152 Chapter 6. ICT and New Human-machine Interactions for Trucks and Buses of the Future: e-Truck and e-Bus Perspectives 157 Bertrand DAVID, René CHALON and Bernard FAVRE 6.1. Introduction 157 6.2. Trucks in the context of ICT 159 6.3. Informational context of the truck 160 6.4. Bus in the context of ICT 161 6.5. Principles of IMERA and HMTD 163 6.6. RAE (real augmented environment) for e-Trucks and e-Buses 163 6.7. HMI (Human-Machine Interface) needs for the e-Truck and e-Bus 165 6.8. Mobile Learning from e-Truck and e-Bus perspectives 168 6.9. ICT in city delivery 171 6.10. ICT in the dynamic management of road networks 178 6.11. Examples of initiatives and projects in direct or indirect link with the e-Truck and e-Bus concepts 183 6.12. Conclusion 196 6.13. Bibliography 198 Chapter 7. User-centered Approach to Design an Adaptive Truck Driving Assistance: Detection of Vulnerable Users in Urban Areas 203 Annick MAINCENT, Hélène TATTEGRAIN, Marie-Pierre BRUYAS and Arnaud BONNARD 7.1. Introduction 203 7.2. Methodological principles for an anthropocentric design 205 7.3. Contextual analyses in natural situations 209 7.4. Specification of the assistance 214 7.5. Development and integration of assistance solutions on a driving simulator 218 7.6. Evaluation of solutions on a driving simulator 224 7.7. Conclusions and viewpoints 229 7.8. Bibliography 230 Chapter 8. Menu Sonification in an Automotive Media Center: Design and Evaluation 233 Nicolas MISDARIIS, Julien TARDIEU, Sabine LANGLOIS and Séverine LOISEAU 8.1. General context 233 8.2. Specifications of the problem: identification of functions 235 8.3. State of the art 239 8.4. Method of sound design: hybrid model for the sonification of a hierarchical menu 250 8.5. Evaluation protocols: general evaluation methods 255 8.6. Methodology adopted for evaluation of the system and initial results 265 8.7. Discussion and perspectives 274 8.8. Bibliography 278 Chapter 9. Consideration of the Travel Time Experience in the Conceptual Models of Personalized Interactive Applications 283 Arnaud BROSSARD, Mourad ABED, Christophe KOLSKI and Guillaume USTER 9.1. Transport: a field with particular needs in terms of personalization of information 283 9.2. The modeling of applications and consideration of the needs of users in the context of personalizing interactive applications 284 9.3. Specificities in the field of transport in the framework of a method of modeling personalized interactive applications 290 9.4. Application of the method 299 9.5. Conclusion 306 9.6. Bibliography 306 Chapter 10. Towards New Interactive Displays in Stations and Airports 311 Christophe JACQUET, Yacine BELLIK and Yolaine BOURDA 10.1. Introduction 311 10.2. Related work 313 10.3. Targeted characteristics of the system 314 10.4. The KUP model 315 10.5. Agent architecture 320 10.6. Allocation and instantiation in KUP 321 10.7. Implementation 324 10.8. Experiments 325 10.9. Conclusions and perspectives 339 10.10. Bibliography 340 Chapter 11. Transport: a Fertile Ground for the Plasticity of User Interfaces 343 Gaëlle CALVARY, Audrey SERNA, Christophe KOLSKI and Joëlle COUTAZ 11.1. Introduction 343 11.2. Evolution of human-computer interaction 344 11.3. User interface plasticity: user viewpoint 352 11.4. User interface plasticity: system viewpoint 355 11.5. Towards a problem space for the implementation of plastic user interfaces 358 11.6. Conclusion and perspectives 363 11.7. Acknowledgements 364 11.8. Bibliography 364 List of Authors 369 Index 373

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Book SynopsisIncreasing urbanization throughout the world, the depletion of fossil fuels and concerns about global warming have transformed the city into a physical problem of prime importance. This book proposes a multi-disciplinary and systematic approach concerning specialities as different as meteorology, geography, architecture and urban engineering systems, all surrounding the essential problem of solar radiation. It collects the points of view of 18 specialists from around the world on the interaction between solar energy and constructions, combining territorial, urban and architectural scales to better regulate energetic efficiency and light comfort for the sustainable city. The main subjects covered are: measures and models of solar irradiance (satellite observations, territorial and urban ground measurements, sky models, satellite data and urban mock-up), radiative contribution to the urban climate (local heat balance, radiative-aerodynamics coupling, evapotranspiration, Urban Heat Island), light and heat modeling (climate-based daylight modeling, geometrical models of the city, solar radiation modeling for urban environments, thermal simulation methods and algorithms) and urban planning, with special considerations for solar potential, solar impact and daylight rights in the temperate, northern and tropical climates, and the requirement of urban solar regulation. Contents 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements, Marius Paulescu and Viorel Badescu. 3. Sky Luminance Models, Matej Kobav and Grega Bizjak. 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation, Bella Espinar and Philippe Blanc. 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact, Benoit Beckers. 6. Local Energy Balance, Pierre Kastendeuch. 7. Evapotranspiration, Marjorie Musy. 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments, John Mardaljevic and George Janes. 9. Geometrical Models of the City, Daniel G. Aliaga. 10. Radiative Simulation Methods, Pierre Beckers and Benoit Beckers. 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method, Tom van Eekelen. 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone, Edward Ng. 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights, Guedi Capeluto. 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact, Frédéric Monette and Benoit Beckers. Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations, Théo Pirard. Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012), Théo Pirard. Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget, Benoit Beckers.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii The Authors xvi Chapter 1. The Odyssey of Remote Sensing from Space: Half a Century of Satellites for Earth Observations 1 Théo PIRARD 1.1. To improve the weather forecasts 2 1.2. Technological challenges to spy and to map from orbit 3 1.3. Toward global environmental observers in space 6 1.4. The digital revolution of the ICTs for GIS applications 9 1.5. Suggested reading 12 Chapter 2. Territorial and Urban Measurements 13 Marius PAULESCU and Viorel BADESCU 2.1. Solar radiation at the Earth’s surface 13 2.2. Instrumentation 17 2.3. Radiation measurements in urban environment 29 2.4. Conclusions 33 2.5. Acknowledgments 33 2.6. Bibliography 33 Chapter 3. Sky Luminance Models 37 Matej KOBAV and Grega BIZJAK 3.1. CIE standard overcast sky (1955) 39 3.2. CIE standard clear sky (1996) 39 3.3. CIE standard general sky 40 3.4. All-weather model for sky luminance distribution – Perez 45 3.5. ASRC–CIE model 48 3.6. Igawa all-sky model 49 3.7. Absolute luminance 52 3.8. Visualization 54 3.9. Conclusion 54 3.10. Bibliography 55 Chapter 4. Satellite Images Applied to Surface Solar Radiation Estimation 57 Bella ESPINAR and Philippe BLANC 4.1. The solar resource 57 4.2. Ground measurements of the solar resource 60 4.3. Satellite images for SSI estimation 64 4.4. Two different approaches for satellite-based SSI estimation 68 4.5. Accuracy of satellite-based SSI estimations 74 4.6. Use of satellite observations for high-resolution solar radiation estimation78 4.7. Bibliography 92 Chapter 5. Worldwide Aspects of Solar Radiation Impact 99 Benoit BECKERS 5.1. Global energy budget at the Earth level 99 5.2. The distribution of solar radiation on the Earth’s surface 102 5.3. The Sun at different latitudes 107 5.4. The solar diagrams 108 5.5. Climate and housing 111 5.6. Solar energy at urban scale 113 5.7. Conclusions and perspectives 115 5.8. Bibliography 117 Chapter 6. Local Energy Balance 119 Pierre KASTENDEUCH 6.1. Introduction 119 6.2. Soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer model 120 6.3. Physiographic data and boundary conditions 121 6.4. Solar radiation transfers 123 6.5. Infrared radiation transfers 129 6.6. Other heat fluxes 131 6.7. Conclusions 134 6.8. Bibliography 135 Chapter 7. Evapotranspiration 139 Marjorie MUSY 7.1. Physical bases 140 7.2. Related interest of different types of evapotranspirating surfaces 142 7.3. From microscale to city scale: the modeling approaches 149 7.4. Conclusions154 7.5. Bibliography 154 Chapter 8. Multiscale Daylight Modeling for Urban Environments 159 John MARDALJEVIC and George M. JANES 8.1. Introduction 159 8.2. Background160 8.3. Visualizing the urban solar microclimate 167 8.4. The ASL building: a solar access study 173 8.5. Daylighting the New York Times building 180 8.6. Summary 187 8.7. Acknowledgments 187 8.8. Bibliography 187 Chapter 9. Geometrical Models of the City 191 Daniel G. ALIAGA 9.1. Introduction 191 9.2. Forward procedural modeling 194 9.3. Inverse procedural modeling 196 9.4. Simulation-based modeling 199 9.5. Example systems 200 9.6. Bibliography 200 Chapter 10. Radiative Simulation Methods 205 Pierre BECKERS and Benoit BECKERS 10.1. Introduction 205 10.2. Geometry 206 10.3. Loading 218 10.4. Computation model 223 10.5. Transient thermal coupled problem 232 10.6. Conclusion 234 10.7. Bibliography 234 Chapter 11. Radiation Modeling Using the Finite Element Method 237 Tom van EEKELEN 11.1. Basic assumptions 237 11.2. Visibility and view factors 239 11.3. Thermal balance equations 245 11.4. Finite element formulation 250 11.5. Example problems 254 11.6. Bibliography 257 Chapter 12. Dense Cities in the Tropical Zone 259 Edward NG 12.1. Introduction 259 12.2. Access to the sky 261 12.3. Designing for daylight 266 12.4. Designing for solar access 272 12.5. Designing with solar renewable energy 281 12.6. Conclusion 287 12.7. Bibliography 288 Chapter 13. Dense Cities in Temperate Climates: Solar and Daylight Rights 291 Guedi CAPELUTO 13.1. Introduction 291 13.2. Solar rights in urban design 292 13.3. Solar envelopes as a design tool 293 13.4. Solar envelopes as a tool for urban development 295 13.5. Regulations and applications 297 13.6. Methods of application 299 13.7. A simple design tool 300 13.8. Modeling the building shape for self-shading using the solar collection envelope 302 13.9. Daylight rights 306 13.10. Daylight access 306 13.11. Conclusions 308 13.12. Bibliography 309 Chapter 14. Solar Potential and Solar Impact 311 Frédéric MONETTE and Benoit BECKERS 14.1. Methodological considerations 312 14.2. Definition of the residential area 312 14.3. Estimation of irradiance and solar gains 319 14.4. Estimation of energy needs for heating 321 14.5. Results analysis 322 14.6. Perspectives and conclusions 331 14.7. Acknowledgments 332 14.8. Bibliography 332 Conclusion 335 Benoit BECKERS APPENDICES 339 Appendix 1. Table of Europe’s Platforms (Micro- and Minisatellites) for Earth Observations 341 Théo PIRARD Appendix 2. Commercial Operators of Earth Observation (EO) Satellites (as of January 1, 2012) 347 Théo PIRARD Appendix 3. Earth’s Annual Global Mean Energy Budget 355 Benoit BECKERS List of Authors 357 Index 361

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Book SynopsisA real-time system is a complex system which is an integral part of an industrial or experimental system, a vehicle or a construction machine. The peculiarity of these systems is that they are driven by real-time targets in distributed environments. Command-control for Real-time Systems presents the calculation of correction for industrial systems of different physical natures, their implementation on real-time target industrial systems (PLC-SCADA, embedded systems with distributed networks, Networked Control Systems) and their validation by simulation. It optimizes industrial processes by the use of automatic tools, industrial computing and communications networks and aims to successively integrate new control laws (linear, nonlinear and fuzzy controllers) so that users can leverage the power of engineering science as an automatic service process optimization while maintaining their high maintainability facilities. Contents 1. Introduction. 2. Modeling Tools, Sébastien Cabaret and Mohammed Chadli. 3. Control Tools, Mohammed Chadli and Hervé Coppier. 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems, Marco Pezzetti, Hervé Coppier and Mohammed Chadli. 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems, Sébastien Cabaret and Hervé Coppier. 6. Application to Vehicles, Elie Kafrouni and Mohammed Chadli. 7. Real-time Implementation, Marco Pezzetti and Hervé Coppier. About the Authors Mohamed Chadli is a senior lecturer and research supervisor at the University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV) in France. His main research interests lie in robust control, the diagnosis and fault tolerant control of polytopic systems and applications for automobiles. He is a senior member of the IEEE, and Vice President of the AAI Club as part of SEE-France. He is the author/co-author of 3 books, book chapters and more than 100 articles published in international journals and conferences. Hervé Coppier is a lecturing researcher at ESIEE-Amiens in France. He has collaborated with industrialists in the field of automation and industrial computing, particularly with CERN, and has spearheaded various international European projects.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Modeling Tools 7 Sébastien CABARET and Mohammed CHADLI 2.1. Introduction 7 2.2. Models 9 2.2.1. Knowledge models 9 2.2.2. Behavioral models 11 2.3. The classic parametric identification methods 14 2.3.1. Graphic methods 14 2.3.2. Algorithmic methods 15 2.3.3. Validation and estimation of the model identified 19 2.4. Multi-model approach 23 2.4.1. Introduction 23 2.4.2. Techniques for obtaining multi-models 23 2.5. Bibliography 40 Chapter 3. Control Tools 43 Mohammed CHADLI and Hervé COPPIER 3.1. Linear controls 43 3.1.1. The PID corrector 43 3.1.2. The Smith predictor 44 3.1.3. Predictive functional control 49 3.1.4. Generalized predictive control 55 3.1.5. The RST controller 60 3.1.6. Implementation of the advance algorithms on a programmable logic controller: results 63 3.2. Multi-model control 82 3.2.1. Introduction 82 3.2.2. Stability analysis 83 3.2.3. State feedback control 86 3.2.4. Reconstructed state feedback control 90 3.2.5. Static output feedback control 93 3.2.6. Conclusion 97 3.3. Bibliography 98 Chapter 4. Application to Cryogenic Systems 103 Marco PEZZETTI, Hervé COPPIER and Mohammed CHADLI 4.1. Introduction 103 4.1.1. Cryogenics and its applications at CERN 103 4.1.2. Some basics about cryogenics 109 4.2. Modeling and control of a cryogenic exchanger for the NA48 calorimeter at CERN 112 4.2.1. Description of the cryogenic installations in the NA48 calorimeter 115 4.2.2. Thermal model 118 4.2.3. The TDC (Time Delay Control) corrector: application to a liquid-krypton cryogenic exchanger 120 4.3. Modeling and control of the cryogenics of the ATLAS experiment at CERN 128 4.3.1. Context and objectives of the study 128 4.3.2. Process of identification of cryogenic systems 130 4.3.3. Experimental protocol of parametric identification 136 4.3.4. Mono-variable system 142 4.3.5. Compensation for the delay with a Smith controller based on the PI corrector UNICOS 149 4.3.6. Multi-variable system 151 4.4. Conclusion 158 4.4.1. Motivations 159 4.4.2. Main contributions 160 4.5. Appendices 160 4.5.1. Appendix A 160 4.6. Bibliography 164 Chapter 5. Applications to a Thermal System and to Gas Systems 165 Sébastien CABARET and Hervé COPPIER 5.1. Advanced control of the steam temperature on exiting a superheater at a coal-burning power plant 165 5.1.1. The issue 165 5.1.2. The internal model corrector (IMC) 166 5.1.3. Multi-order regulator: 4th-order IMC 169 5.1.4. Results 171 5.2. Application to gas systems 174 5.2.1. The gas systems 174 5.2.2. The major regulations 180 5.2.3. The control system and acquisition of measurements 183 5.2.4. Modeling, identification and experimental results 184 5.3. Conclusion 202 5.4. Bibliography 202 Chapter 6. Application to Vehicles 203 Elie KAFROUNI and Mohammed CHADLI 6.1. Introduction 203 6.2. Hydraulic excavator-loader 204 6.2.1. Conventional manual piloting 205 6.3. Principle of movement of a part of the arm 206 6.3.1. Role of the drivers 206 6.3.2. Objectives 207 6.3.3. Functional specification of the interface 211 6.3.4. Limit of articular position and velocities 238 6.3.5. Articular limits 248 6.3.6. Limits of the articular velocities 259 6.3.7. 3D simulation 267 6.3.8. Onboard computer architecture 271 6.3.9. Conclusion 275 6.4. Automobiles 275 6.4.1. Models of automobiles 275 6.4.2. Validation of vehicle models 286 6.4.3. Robust control of the vehicle’s dynamics 298 6.4.4. Conclusion 318 6.5. Bibliography 319 Chapter 7. Real-time Implementation 323 Marco PEZZETTI and Hervé COPPIER 7.1. Implementation of algorithms on real-time targets around distributed architectures 323 7.1.1. Introduction 323 7.1.2. Object-oriented programming in the case of a framework 324 7.1.3. MultiController 333 7.2. A distributed architecture for control (rapidity/reliability): excavator-loader testing array 347 7.2.1. Objectives of the testing array 347 7.2.2. Presentation of the onboard computer platform 348 7.2.3. Examination of the rapidity of the onboard computer structure 350 7.2.4. Results 358 7.3. Conclusion 361 7.4. Bibliography 362 General Conclusion 363 List of Authors 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisGenerally a laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) is defined as “a device which uses a quantum mechanical effect, stimulated emission, to generate a coherent beam of light from a lasing medium of controlled purity, size, and shape”. Laser material processing represents a great number of methods, which are rapidly growing in current and different industrial applications as new alternatives to traditional manufacturing processes. Nowadays, the use of lasers in manufacturing is an emerging area with a wide variety of applications, for example, in electronics, molds and dies, and biomedical applications. The purpose of this book is to present a collection of examples illustrating the state of the art and research developments to lasers in manufacturing, covering laser rapid manufacturing, lasers in metal forming applications, laser forming of metal foams, mathematical modeling of laser drilling, thermal stress analysis, modeling and simulation of laser welding, and the use of lasers in surface engineering. This book can be used as a research book for a final undergraduate engineering course or as a subject on lasers in manufacturing at the postgraduate level. Also, this book can serve as a useful reference for academics, laser researchers, mechanical, manufacturing, materials or physics engineers, or professionals in any related modern manufacturing technology. Contents 1. Laser Rapid Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Modeling and Future Prospects, Christ P. Paul, Pankaj Bhargava, Atul Kumar, Ayukt K. Pathak and Lalit M. Kukreja. 2. Lasers in Metal Forming Applications, Stephen A. Akinlabi, Mukul Shukla, Esther T. Akinlabi and Tshilidzi Marwala. 3. Laser Forming of Metal Foams, Fabrizio Quadrini, Denise Bellisario, Erica A. Squeo and Loredana Santo. 4. Mathematical Modeling of Laser Drilling, Maturose Suchatawat and Mohammad Sheikh. 5. Laser Cutting a Small Diameter Hole: Thermal Stress Analysis, Bekir S. Yilbas, Syed S. Akhtar and Omer Keles. 6. Modeling and Simulation of Laser Welding, Karuppudaiyar R. Balasabramanian, Krishnasamy Sankaranarayanasamy and Gangusami N. Buvanashekaran. 7. Lasers in Surface Engineering, Alberto H. Garrido, Rubén González, Modesto Cadenas, Chin-Pei Wang and Farshid Sadeghi.Table of ContentsPreface xi J. Paolo DAVIM Chapter 1. Laser Rapid Manufacturing: Technology, Applications, Modeling and Future Prospects 1 Christ P. PAUL, Pankaj BHARGAVA, Atul KUMAR, Ayukt K. PATHAK and Lalit M. KUKREJA 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Laser rapid manufacturing 2 1.3. Laser rapid manufacturing system 4 1.4. Various laser rapid manufacturing systems 13 1.5. Relevant processing parameters 16 1.6. Typical applications of LRM 24 1.7. LRM process modeling 41 1.8. LRM process control 51 1.9. Future prospects 57 1.10. Conclusion 59 1.11. Acknowledgments 60 1.12. Bibliography 60 Chapter 2. Lasers in Metal Forming Applications 69 Stephen A. AKINLABI, Mukul SHUKLA, Esther T. AKINLABI and Tshilidzi MARWALA 2.1. Introduction 69 2.2. Laser 70 2.3. Metal forming – introduction 72 2.4. Laser beam forming 73 2.5. LBF mechanisms 84 2.6. Advantages and disadvantages of LBF 91 2.7. LBF of a steel plate 92 2.8. Design of experiments 95 2.9. Sample characterization 100 2.10. Conclusion 104 2.11. Bibliography 104 Chapter 3. Laser Forming of Metal Foams 109 Fabrizio QUADRINI, Denise BELLISARIO, Erica A. SQUEO and Loredana SANTO 3.1. Introduction 109 3.2. Scientific background 110 3.3. Materials and experimental methods 113 3.4. Experimental results and discussion 117 3.5. Numerical modeling 127 3.6. Conclusions 134 3.7. Bibliography 135 Chapter 4. Mathematical Modeling of Laser Drilling 139 Maturose SUCHATAWAT and Mohammad SHEIKH 4.1. Introduction 139 4.2. Solid heating 141 4.3. Melting 145 4.4. Vaporization 151 4.5. Mathematical model of laser percussion drilling incorporating the effects of the exothermic reaction 156 4.6. Experimental procedures for model verification 167 4.7. Results and discussion 168 4.8. Conclusion 173 4.9. Bibliography 173 Chapter 5. Laser Cutting a Small Diameter Hole: Thermal Stress Analysis 179 Bekir S. YILBAS, Syed S. AKHTAR and Omer KELES 5.1. Introduction 179 5.2. Modeling heating and thermal stress 181 5.3. Numerical simulation 184 5.4. Experimental 185 5.5. Results and discussion 186 5.6. Conclusion 201 5.7. Acknowledgements 201 5.8. Bibliography 201 Chapter 6. Modeling and Simulation of Laser Welding 203 Karuppudaiyar R. BALASABRAMANIAN, Krishnasamy SANKARANARAYANASAMY and Gangusami N. BUVANASHEKARAN 6.1. Introduction 204 6.2. Process mechanisms 204 6.3. Operating parameter characteristics 206 6.4. Types 207 6.5. Material considerations 209 6.6. Applications of laser welding 211 6.7. Strengths and limitations of laser welding 212 6.8. Developments and advances in laser welding processes 213 6.9. Modeling and analysis of the laser welding process 214 6.10. A case study 220 6.11. Comparison of statistical analysis, the finite element method and an ANN 241 6.12. Conclusion 243 6.13. Acknowledgment 244 6.14. Bibliography 244 Chapter 7. Lasers in Surface Engineering 247 Alberto H. GARRIDO, Rubén GONZÁLEZ, Modesto CADENAS, Chin-Pei WANG and Farshid SADEGHI 7.1. Introduction 248 7.2. Characteristics of laser radiation 248 7.3. Advantages of laser devices 249 7.4. Laser surface cladding 250 7.5. Laser surface cladding by powder injection 253 7.6. Energetic study of the cladding process 257 7.7. Control parameters of laser surface cladding 264 7.8. Widely used materials and alloys 266 7.9. Laser surface treatments 266 7.10. Laser surface texturing techniques 272 7.11. Characterization of laser surface texturing 285 7.12. Bibliography 286 List of Authors 293 Index 297

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to deal with biometrics in terms of signal and image processing methods and algorithms. This will help engineers and students working in digital signal and image processing deal with the implementation of such specific algorithms. It discusses numerous signal and image processing techniques that are very often used in biometric applications. In particular, algorithms related to hand feature extraction, speech recognition, 2D/3D face biometrics, video surveillance and other interesting approaches are presented. Moreover, in some chapters, Matlab codes are provided so that readers can easily reproduce some basic simulation results. This book is suitable for final-year undergraduate students, postgraduate students, engineers and researchers in the field of computer engineering and applied digital signal and image processing. 1. Introduction to Biometrics, Bernadette Dorizzi.2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition, Amine Nait-Ali and Dalila Cherifi.3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition, Antitza Dantcheva, Christelle Yemdji, Petros Elia and Jean-Luc Dugelay.4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking 
for Face Recognition, Catherine Herold, Vincent Despiegel, Stéphane Gentric,
Séverine Dubuisson and Isabelle Bloch.5. 3D Face Recognition, Mohsen Ardabilian, Przemyslaw Szeptycki, Di Huang and Liming Chen.6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics, Kamel Aloui, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier and Saber Naceur.7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification, Foezur Chowdhury, Sid-Ahmed Selouani
and Douglas O’Shaughnessy.8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics, Régis Fournier and Amine Nait-Ali.9. Multibiometrics, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Estelle Cherrier and
Christophe Rosenberger.10. Hidden Biometrics, Amine Nait-Ali, Régis Fournier, Kamel Aloui and
Noureddine Belgacem.11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems, Mohamad El-Abed, Romain Giot, Baptiste Hemery, Julien Mahier
and Christophe Rosenberger.12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics, Amel Bouchemha, Chérif Nait-Hamoud, Amine Nait-Ali and
Régis Fournier.13. Data Cryptography, Islam Naveed and William Puech.14. Visual Data Protection, Islam Naveed and William Puech.15. Biometrics in Forensics, Guillaume Galou and Christophe Lambert.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER Chapter 1. Introduction to Biometrics 1 Bernadette DORIZZI 1.1. Background: from anthropometry to biometrics 1 1.2. Biometrics today 2 1.3. Different modes of use of a biometric system and associated uses 3 1.4. Biometrics as a pattern recognition problem 4 1.5. Evaluation of different modalities 8 1.6. Quality 9 1.7. Multimodality 10 1.8. Biometrics and preservation of privacy 11 1.9. Conclusion 12 1.10. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. Introduction to 2D Face Recognition 15 Amine NAÏT-ALI and Dalila CHERIFI 2.1. Introduction 15 2.2. Global face recognition techniques 16 2.3. Local face recognition techniques 25 2.4. Hybrid face recognition techniques 28 2.5. Some guidances 32 2.6. Some databases 35 2.7. Conclusion 35 2.8. Bibliography 36 Chapter 3. Facial Soft Biometrics for Person Recognition 39 Antitza DANTCHEVA, Christelle YEMDJI, Petros ELIA and Jean-Luc DUGELAY 3.1. Introduction to soft biometrics 39 3.2. Soft biometric systems for human identification 42 3.3. Overall error probability of a soft biometrics system 48 3.4. Conclusions and future directions 53 3.5. Bibliography 53 Chapter 4. Modeling, Reconstruction and Tracking for Face Recognition 57 Catherine HEROLD, Vincent DESPIEGEL, Stéphane GENTRIC, Séverine DUBUISSON and Isabelle BLOCH 4.1. Background 57 4.2. Types of available information 61 4.3. Geometric approaches for the reconstruction 63 4.4. Model-based approaches for reconstruction 67 4.5. Hybrid approaches 76 4.6. Integration of the time aspect 77 4.7. Conclusion 82 4.8. Bibliography 83 Chapter 5. 3D Face Recognition 89 Mohsen ARDABILIAN, Przemyslaw SZEPTYCKI, Di HUANG and Liming CHEN 5.1. Introduction 89 5.2. 3D face databases 90 5.3. 3D acquisition 92 5.4. Preprocessing and normalization 94 5.5. 3D face recognition 101 5.6. Asymmetric face recognition 109 5.7. Conclusion 110 5.8. Bibliography 111 Chapter 6. Introduction to Iris Biometrics 117 Kamel ALOUI, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER and Saber NACEUR 6.1. Introduction 117 6.2. Iris biometric systems 118 6.3. Iris recognition methods: state-of-the-art 119 6.4. Preprocessing of iris images 122 6.5. Features extraction and encoding 125 6.6. Similarity measure between two IrisCodes 126 6.7. Iris biometrics: emerging methods 127 6.8. Conclusion 128 6.9. Bibliography 128 Chapter 7. Voice Biometrics: Speaker Verification and Identification 131 Foezur CHOWDHURY, Sid-Ahmed SELOUANI and Douglas O’SHAUGHNESSY 7.1. Introduction 131 7.2. Acoustic analysis for robust speaker recognition 134 7.3. Distributed speaker recognition through UBM–GMM models 138 7.4. Performance evaluation of DSIDV 142 7.5. Conclusion 145 7.6. Bibliography 146 Chapter 8. Introduction to Hand Biometrics 149 Régis FOURNIER and Amine NAÏT-ALI 8.1. Introduction 149 8.2. Characterization by minutiae extraction 151 8.3. A few databases 160 8.4. Conclusion 165 8.5. Bibliography 165 Chapter 9. Multibiometrics 167 Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Estelle CHERRIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 9.1. Introduction 167 9.2. Different principles of multibiometrics 169 9.3. Fusion levels 171 9.4. Applications and illustrations 189 9.5. Conclusion 191 9.6. Bibliography 192 Chapter 10. Hidden Biometrics 195 Amine NAÏT-ALI, Régis FOURNIER, Kamel ALOUI and Noureddine BELGACEM 10.1. Introduction 195 10.2. Biometrics using ECG 196 10.3. Biometrics using EMG: preliminary experiments 198 10.4. Biometrics using medical imaging 200 10.5. Conclusion 205 10.6. Bibliography 205 Chapter 11. Performance Evaluation of Biometric Systems 207 Mohamad EL ABED, Romain GIOT, Baptiste HEMERY, Julien MAHIER and Christophe ROSENBERGER 11.1. Introduction 207 11.2. Reminders on biometric systems 208 11.3. Results analysis tools 212 11.4. Illustration of the GREYC-Keystroke system 223 11.5. Conclusion 228 11.6. Bibliography 229 Chapter 12. Classification Techniques for Biometrics 231 Amel BOUCHEMHA, Chérif NAIT-HAMOUD, Amine NAÏT-ALI and Régis FOURNIER 12.1. Introduction 231 12.2. Generalization aptitude and performance measures 232 12.3. Parametric approaches 234 12.4. Non-parametric approaches 241 12.5. Conclusion 260 12.6. Bibliography 261 Chapter 13. Data Cryptography 263 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 13.1. Introduction 263 13.2. Cryptography 263 13.3. Conclusion 276 13.4. Bibliography 276 Chapter 14. Visual Data Protection 279 Islam NAVEED and William PUECH 14.1. Introduction 279 14.2. Visual data hiding 279 14.3. A proposed homomorphism-based visual secret sharing scheme 284 14.4. Conclusion 294 14.5. Bibliography 294 Chapter 15. Biometrics in Forensics 297 Guillaume GALOU and Christophe LAMBERT 15.1. Introduction 297 15.2. Facial comparison 298 15.3. Voice comparison in forensics 301 15.4. Bibliography 311 List of Authors 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes systemic design methodologies applied to electrical energy systems, in particular integrated optimal design with modeling and optimization methods and tools. It is made up of six chapters dedicated to integrated optimal design. First, the signal processing of mission profiles and system environment variables are discussed. Then, optimization-oriented analytical models, methods and tools (design frameworks) are proposed. A “multi-level optimization” smartly coupling several optimization processes is the subject of one chapter. Finally, a technico-economic optimization especially dedicated to electrical grids completes the book. The aim of this book is to summarize design methodologies based in particular on a systemic viewpoint, by considering the system as a whole. These methods and tools are proposed by the most important French research laboratories, which have many scientific partnerships with other European and international research institutions. Scientists and engineers in the field of electrical engineering, especially teachers/researchers because of the focus on methodological issues, will find this book extremely useful, as will PhD and Masters students in this field.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Mission and Environmental Data Processing 1 Amine JAAFAR, Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Considerations of the mission and environmental variables 3 1.3. New approach for the characterization of a “representative mission” 6 1.4. Classification of missions and environmental variables 16 1.5. Synthesis of mission and environmental variable profiles 21 1.6. From classification to simultaneous design by optimization of a hybrid traction chain 25 1.7. Conclusion 39 1.8. Bibliography 41 Chapter 2. Analytical Sizing Models for Electrical Energy Systems Optimization 45 Christophe ESPANET, Daniel DEPERNET, Anne-Claire SAUTTER and Zhenwei WU 2.1. Introduction 45 2.2. The problem of modeling for synthesis 46 2.3. System decomposition and model structure 55 2.4. General information about the modeling of the various possible components in an electrical energy system 60 2.5. Development of an electrical machine analytical model 61 2.6. Development of an analytical static converter model 73 2.7. Development of a mechanical transmission analytical model 82 2.8. Development of an analytical energy storage device model 91 2.9. Use of models for the optimum sizing of a system 91 2.10. Conclusions 102 2.11. Bibliography 103 Chapter 3. Simultaneous Design by Means of Evolutionary Computation 107 Bruno SARENI and Xavier ROBOAM 3.1. Simultaneous design of energy systems 107 3.2. Evolutionary algorithms and artificial evolution 113 3.3. Consideration of multiple objectives 119 3.4. Consideration of design constraints 123 3.5. Integration of robustness into the simultaneous design process 126 3.6. Example applications 130 3.7. Conclusions 150 3.8. Bibliography 151 Chapter 4. Multi-Level Design Approaches for Electro-Mechanical Systems Optimization 155 Stéphane BRISSET, Frédéric GILLON and Pascal BROCHET 4.1. Introduction 155 4.2. Multi-level approaches 156 4.3. Optimization using models with different granularities 160 4.4. Hierarchical decomposition of an optimization problem 178 4.5. Conclusion 187 4.6. Bibliography 188 Chapter 5. Multi-criteria Design and Optimization Tools 193 Benoit DELINCHANT, Laurence ESTRABAUD, Laurent GERBAUD and Frédéric WURTZ 5.1. The CADES framework: example of a new tools approach 194 5.2. The system approach: a break from standard tools 195 5.3. Components ensuring interoperability around a framework 203 5.4. Some calculation modeling formalisms for optimization 210 5.5. The principles of automatic Jacobian generation 218 5.6. Services using models and their Jacobian 223 5.7. Applications of CADES in system optimization 227 5.8. Perspectives 231 5.9. Conclusions 238 5.10. Bibliography 239 Chapter 6. Technico-economic Optimization of Energy Networks 247 Guillaume SANDOU, Philippe DESSANTE, Marc PETIT and Henri BORSENBERGER 6.1. Introduction 247 6.2. Energy network modeling 249 6.3. Resolution of the energy network optimization problem for a deterministic case 255 6.4. Introduction to uncertainty consideration 266 6.5. Consideration of uncertainties on consumer demand 269 6.6. Consideration of uncertainties over production costs 273 6.7. From optimization to control 279 6.8. Conclusions 280 6.9. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 287 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThe aim of this book is to give a broad overview of the TLM (Transmission Line Matrix) method, which is one of the “time-domain numerical methods”. These methods are reputed for their significant reliance on computer resources. However, they have the advantage of being highly general. The TLM method has acquired a reputation for being a powerful and effective tool by numerous teams and still benefits today from significant theoretical developments. In particular, in recent years, its ability to simulate various situations with excellent precision, including complex materials, has been demonstrated. Application examples are included in the last two chapters of the book, enabling the reader to draw conclusions regarding the performance of the implemented techniques and, at the same time, to validate them. Contents 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method. 2. 3D Nodes. 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method. 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform. Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh. Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Basis of the TLM Method: the 2D TLM Method 1 1.1. Historical introduction 1 1.2. 2D simulation 5 1.2.1. Parallel node 5 1.2.2. Series node 8 1.2.3. Simulation of inhomogeneous media with losses 9 1.2.4. Scattering matrices 11 1.2.5. Boundary conditions 14 1.2.6. Dielectric interface passage conditions 15 1.2.7. Dispersion of 2D nodes. 17 1.3. The TLM process 22 1.3.1. Basic algorithm 22 1.3.2. Excitation 23 1.3.3. Output signal processing 24 Chapter 2. 3D Nodes 29 2.1. Historical development 29 2.1.1. Distributed nodes 29 2.1.2. Asymmetrical condensed node (ACN) 30 2.1.3. The symmetrical condensed node (SCN) 31 2.1.4. Other types of nodes 33 2.2. The generalized condensed node 37 2.2.1. General description 37 2.2.2. Derivation of 3D TLM nodes 41 2.2.3. Scattering matrices 46 2.3. Time step. 54 2.4. Dispersion of 3D nodes. 55 2.4.1. Theoretical study in simple cases 56 2.4.2. Case of inhomogeneous media. 60 2.5. Absorbing walls 60 2.5.1. Matched impedance 61 2.5.2. Segmentation techniques 62 2.5.3. Perfectly matched layers 62 2.5.4. Optimization of the PML layer profile 65 2.5.5. Anisotropic and dispersive layers 67 2.5.6. Conclusion 70 2.6. Orthogonal curvilinear mesh 70 2.6.1. 3D TLM curvilinear cell. 70 2.6.2. The TLM algorithm 73 2.6.3. Scattering matrices for curvilinear nodes 75 2.6.4. Stability conditions and the time step 78 2.6.5. Validation of the algorithm 79 2.7. Non-Cartesian nodes 81 Chapter 3. Introduction of Discrete Elements and Thin Wires in the TLM Method 85 3.1. Introduction of discrete elements 85 3.1.1. History of 2D TLM 85 3.1.2. 3D TLM 89 3.1.3. Application example: modeling of a p-n diode 100 3.2. Introduction of thin wires 105 3.2.1. Arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 106 3.2.2. Validation of the arbitrarily oriented thin wire model 119 Chapter 4. The TLM Method in Matrix Form and the Z Transform 123 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. Matrix form of Maxwell’s equations 124 4.3. Cubic mesh normalized Maxwell’s equations 125 4.4. The propagation process 127 4.5. Wave-matter interaction 130 4.6. The normalized parallelepipedic mesh Maxwell's equations 133 4.7. Application example: plasma modeling 136 4.7.1. Theoretical model 136 4.7.2. Validation of the TLM simulation 139 4.8. Conclusion 144 APPENDICES 145 Appendix A. Development of Maxwell’s Equations using the Z Transform with a Variable Mesh 147 Appendix B. Treatment of Plasma using the Z Transform for the TLM Method 155 Bibliography 161 Index 171

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