Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisExplore the development and state-of-the-art in deep space exploration using radio science techniques In Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration, accomplished NASA/JPL researcher and manager Sami Asmar delivers a multi-disciplinary exploration of the science, technology, engineering, mission operations, and signal processing relevant to deep space radio science. The book discusses basic principles before moving on to more advanced topics that include a wide variety of graphical illustrations and useful references to publications by experts in their respective fields. Complete explanations of changes in the characteristics of electromagnetic waves and the instrumentation and technology used in scientific experiments are examined. Radio Science Techniques for Deep Space Exploration offers answers to the question of how to explore the solar system with radio links and better understand the interior structures, atmospheres, rings, and surfaces of other planets. The authorTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Author and Contributors xvii 1 Investigations and Techniques 1 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 2 1.1.1 The Field of Radio Science 3 1.2 Fundamental Concepts 5 1.2.1 Categories of RS Investigations 10 1.2.2 Related Fields 12 1.3 Historical Development 14 1.4 Overview of the Radio Science Instrumentation System 18 1.4.1 Flight System 23 1.4.2 Ground System 24 1.4.3 Other Ground Stations 26 1.5 Noise, Error Sources, and Calibrations 26 1.6 Experiment Implementation, Data Archiving, and Critical Mission Support 29 1.7 Radio Science at Home 30 1.8 Future Directions 32 1.9 Summary and Remaining Chapters 32 Appendix 1A Selected Accomplishments and Planned Observations in Spacecraft Radio Science 35 1A.1 Selected Accomplishments in Radio Science 35 1A.2 Planned Observations in the Near-Term 36 1A.3 Planned Observations in the Long Term 37 2 Planetary Atmospheres, Rings, and Surfaces 39 2.1 Overview of Radio Occultations 39 2.2 Neutral Atmospheres 45 2.2.1 Abel Inversion 48 2.3 Ionospheres 52 2.4 Rings 53 2.4.1 Ring Occultation Observables 55 2.4.2 Ring Occultation Analysis 56 2.4.3 Ring Diffraction Correction 60 2.4.4 Data Decimation and Profile Resolution 61 2.4.5 Signal-to-noise Ratio-resolution Tradeoff 61 2.5 Surface Scattering 64 3 Gravity Science and Planetary Interiors 69 3.1 Overview 69 3.2 Gravity Observables and Formulations 74 3.2.1 Alternative Basis and Methods 75 3.2.2 Tidal Forces and Time Variable Gravity 76 3.2.3 Covariance Analysis 81 3.3 Earth and Moon Gravity Measurements and the Development of Crosslinks 83 3.4 Shape and Topography Data for Interpretation of Gravity Measurements 87 3.4.1 Imagery 92 3.4.2 Altimetry 93 3.4.3 Space-based Radar 94 3.4.4 Radio Occultations 94 3.4.5 Ground-based Radar 94 3.4.6 Examples of Results of Gravity–Topography Analysis 94 3.5 Application to Solar System Bodies 95 3.5.1 Moon 96 3.5.2 Mercury 96 3.5.3 Venus 97 3.5.4 Mars 97 3.5.5 Jupiter 99 3.5.6 Saturn 102 3.5.7 Uranus 103 3.5.8 Neptune 104 3.5.9 Pluto 104 3.5.10 Asteroids and Comets 104 3.5.11 Pioneer and Earth Flyby Anomalies 105 3.6 A User’s Guide 106 3.6.1 Calculation of Observables and Partials 108 3.6.2 Estimation Filter 109 3.6.3 Solution Analysis 109 Appendix 3A Planetary Geodesy 111 3A.1 Planetary Geodesy: Gravitational Potentials and Fields 111 3A.2 Gravity Determination Technique 114 3A.3 Dynamical Integration 114 3A.4 Processing of Observations 116 3A.5 Filtering of Observations 117 4 Solar and Fundamental Physics 123 4.1 Principles of Heliospheric Observations 123 4.2 Inner Heliospheric Electron Density 126 4.3 Density Power Spectrum 127 4.4 Intermittency, Nonstationarity, and Events 127 4.5 Faraday Rotation 128 4.6 Spaced-receiver Measurements 128 4.7 Space-time Localization of Plasma Irregularities 129 4.8 Utility for Telecommunications Engineering 130 4.9 Precision Tests of Relativistic Gravity 131 4.10 Scientific Goals and Objectives 133 4.10.1 Determine γ to an Accuracy of 2 × 10−6 134 4.10.2 Determine β to an Accuracy of ~3 × 10−5 135 4.10.3 Determine η to an Accuracy of at Least 4.4 × 10−4 135 4.10.4 Determine α1 to an Accuracy of 7.8 × 10−6 135 4.10.5 Determine the Solar Oblateness to an Accuracy of 4.8 × 10−9 135 4.10.6 Test Any Time Variation of the Gravitational Constant, G, to an Accuracy of 3 × 10−13 Per Year 135 4.10.7 Characterize the Solar Corona 136 4.11 Comparison with Other Experiments 136 4.11.1 Cassini 136 4.11.2 Gravity Probe B 137 4.11.3 Messenger 137 4.11.4 Lunar Laser Ranging 137 4.11.5 Gaia 137 4.12 MORE Summary 138 4.13 Anomalous Motion of Pioneers 10 and 11 138 Appendix 4A Solar Corona Observation Methodology Illustrated by Mars Express 139 4A.1 Formulation 139 4A.2 Total Electron Content from Ranging Data 141 4A.3 Change in Total Electron Content from Doppler Data 143 4A.4 Electron Density 144 4A.5 Coronal Mass Ejections 145 4A.6 Separation of Uplink and Downlink Effects from Plasma 150 4A.7 Earth Atmospheric Correction 152 4A.8 Example Data 153 Appendix 4B Faraday Rotation Methodology Illustrated by Magellan Observations 157 4B.1 Formulation 157 4B.2 Coronal Radio Sounding 158 4B.3 The Faraday Rotation Effect 160 4B.4 Measurement of the Total Electron Content 161 4B.5 Combining the Faraday Rotation and Total Electron Content 162 4B.6 Instrument Overview: The Magellan Spacecraft 164 4B.7 Instrument Overview: The Deep Space Network 165 4B.8 Data Processing and Results 166 4B.9 Conclusion 167 Appendix 4C Precision Doppler Tracking of Deep Space Probes and the Search for Low-frequency Gravitational Radiation 171 4C.1 Background 171 4C.2 Response of Spacecraft Doppler Tracking to Gravitational Waves 172 4C.3 Noise in Doppler GW Observations and Their Transfer Functions 174 4C.4 Detector Performance 176 4C.4.1 Periodic and Quasi-periodic Waves 176 4C.4.2 Burst Waves 177 4C.4.3 Stochastic Waves 178 4C.5 Sensitivity Improvements in Future Doppler GW Observations 179 5 Technologies, Instrumentation, and Operations 181 5.1 Overview 181 5.1.1 End-to-End Instrumentation Overview 182 5.1.2 Experiment Error Budgets 187 5.2 Key Concepts and Terminology 191 5.2.1 The Allan Deviation for Frequency and Timing Standards 191 5.2.2 Signal Operational Modes 197 5.2.3 Reception Modes 200 5.2.4 Signal Carrier Modulation Modes 202 5.3 Radio Science Technologies 203 5.3.1 Spacecraft Ultrastable Oscillator 204 5.3.2 Spacecraft Ka-band Translator 213 5.3.3 Spacecraft Open-loop Receiver 215 5.3.4 Spacecraft Radio Science Beacon 215 5.3.5 Ground Water Vapor Radiometer 215 5.3.6 Ground Advanced Ranging Instrument 215 5.3.7 Ground Bethe Hole Coupler 216 5.3.8 Ground Advanced Pointing Techniques 217 5.4 Operations and Experiment Planning 217 5.5 Data Products 218 5.5.1 Range Rate 219 5.5.2 Range 220 5.5.3 Delta Differential One-way Ranging (Delta-DOR) 222 5.5.4 Differenced Range Versus Integrated Doppler 222 5.5.5 Open-loop Receiver (Radio Science Receiver) 223 5.5.6 Media Calibration 224 5.5.7 Spacecraft Trajectory 225 5.5.8 Calibration Data Sets 225 Appendix 5A Spacecraft Telecommunications System and Radio Science Flight Instrument for Several Deep Space Missions 227 6 Future Directions in Radio Science Investigations and Technologies 231 6.1 Fundamental Questions toward a Future Exploration Roadmap 231 6.1.1 Fundamental Questions about the Utility of RS Techniques 232 6.1.2 Possible Triggers for Specific Innovations for Future Investigations 233 6.1.3 Possible Synergies with Other Fields 233 6.1.4 Examining Relevant Methodologies 234 6.2 Science-Enabling Technologies: Constellations of Small Spacecraft 235 6.2.1 Constellations for Investigations of Atmospheric Structure and Dynamics 236 6.2.2 Constellations for Investigations of Interior Structure and Dynamics 238 6.2.3 Constellations for Simultaneous and Differential Measurements 239 6.2.4 Constellations of Entry Probes and Atmospheric Vehicles 240 6.2.5 Constellations for Investigations of Planetary Surface 241 6.3 Science-enabling via Optical Links 243 6.4 Science-enabling Calibration Techniques 243 6.4.1 Earth’s Troposphere Water Vapor Radiometry 244 6.4.2 Antenna Mechanical Noise 244 6.4.3 Advanced Ranging 245 6.5 Summary 246 Appendix 6A The National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Radio Science Contribution, 2009: Planetary Radio Science: Investigations of Interiors, Surfaces, Atmospheres, Rings, and Environments 247 6A.1 Summary 248 6A.2 Background 248 6A.3 Historical Opportunities and Discoveries 249 6A.4 Recent Opportunities and Discoveries 249 6A.5 Future Opportunities 250 6A.6 Technological Advances in Flight Instrumentation 252 6A.7 The Future of Flight Instrumentation 253 6A.7.1 Crosslink Radio Science 253 6A.7.2 Ka-band Transponders and Other Instrumentation 254 6A.8 Ground Instrumentation 254 6A.8.1 NASA’s Deep Space Network 254 6A.8.2 Other Facilities 254 6A.9 New Communications Architectures: Arrays and Optical Links 255 6A.10 Conclusion and Goals 255 Appendix 6B The National Academies Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Radio Science Contribution: Solar System Interiors, Atmospheres, and Surfaces Investigations via Radio Links: Goals for the Next Decade 257 6B.1 Summary 258 6B.2 Current Status of RS Investigations 259 6B.3 Key Science Goals for the Next Decade 260 6B.4 Radio Science Techniques for Achieving the Science Goals of the Next Decade 262 6B.5 Technology Development Needed in the Next Decade 263 References 267 Acronyms and Abbreviations 311 Index 331

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Book SynopsisVirtual, hands-on learning labs allow you to apply your technical skills in realistic environments. So Sybex has bundled AWS labs fromXtremeLabs with our popularAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Study Guideto give you the same experience working in these labs as you prepare for the Certified Cloud Practitioner Exam that you would face in a real-life application. These labs in addition to the book are a proven way to prepare for the certification and for work as an AWS Cloud Practitioner. TheAWS Certified Cloud Practitioner Study Guide:Exam CLF-C01provides a solid introduction to this industry-leading technology, relied upon by thousands of businesses across the globe, as well as the resources you need to prove your knowledge in the AWS Certification Exam. This guide offers complete and thorough treatment of all topics included in the exam, beginning with a discussion of what the AWS cloud is and its basic global infrastructure and architectural principles.Table of ContentsIntroduction xxi Assessment Test xxvii Chapter 1 The Cloud 1 Introduction 2 What is Cloud Computing? 2 Highly Available and Scalable Resources 2 Professionally Secured Infrastructure 3 Metered Payment Model 3 Server Virtualization: The Basics 4 Cloud Platform Models 5 Infrastructure as a Service 5 Platform as a Service 5 Software as a Service 5 Serverless Workloads 6 Scalability and Elasticity 7 Scalability 7 Elasticity 7 Summary 8 Exam Essentials 9 Review Questions 10 Chapter 2 Understanding Your AWS Account 13 Introduction 14 The Free Tier 15 How Does the Free Tier Work? 15 Tracking Your Free Tier Usage 15 What’s Available Under the Free Tier? 17 Product Pricing 18 Finding AWS Pricing Documentation 18 Working with Online Calculators 19 Service Limits 23 Billing and Cost Management 23 The AWS Billing Dashboard 24 AWS Budgets 24 Monitoring Your Costs 25 AWS Organizations 26 Summary 26 Exam Essentials 27 Review Questions 28 Chapter 3 Getting Support on AWS 33 Introduction 34 Support Plans 34 Support Plan Pricing 34 The Basic Support Plan 36 The Developer Support Plan 36 The Business Support Plan 37 The Enterprise Support Plan 37 AWS Professional Services 37 Documentation and Online Help 38 Documentation 38 Discussion Forums 40 Trusted Advisor 40 Summary 42 Exam Essentials 43 Review Questions 44 Chapter 4 Understanding the AWS Environment 49 Introduction 50 AWS Global Infrastructure: AWS Regions 50 Regionally Based Services 52 Globally Based Services 53 Service Endpoints 53 AWS Global Infrastructure: Availability Zones 54 Availability Zone Designations 54 Availability Zone Networking 55 Availability Zones and High Availability 56 AWS Global Infrastructure: Edge Locations 57 Edge Locations and CloudFront 58 Regional Edge Cache Locations 59 The AWS Shared Responsibility Model 59 Managed Resources 60 Unmanaged Resources 61 Service Health Status 61 AWS Acceptable Use Policy 61 Summary 61 Exam Essentials 62 Review Questions 63 Chapter 5 Securing Your AWS Resources 67 Introduction 68 AWS Identity and Access Management 68 Protecting the Root User 69 Authentication 69 Users, Groups, and Roles 72 Providing Federated Access 74 Credential Report 75 Encryption 75 Regulatory Compliance (AWS Artifact) 76 Summary 77 Exam Essentials 77 Review Questions 78 Chapter 6 Working with Your AWS Resources 83 Introduction 84 The AWS Management Console 85 Accessing the AWS Management Console 85 Opening a Service Console 87 Working with Shortcuts 88 Selecting a Region 88 The Account Name Menu 90 Resource Groups 90 Tag Editor 91 Tagging Strategies 92 The AWS Console Mobile Application 94 The AWS Command Line Interface 98 Requirements 99 Installation 99 Software Development Kits 101 Mobile Software Development Kits 101 Internet of Things Device Software Development Kits 102 CloudWatch 103 CloudWatch Metrics 103 CloudWatch Alarms 104 CloudWatch Dashboards 104 CloudWatch Logs 105 CloudWatch Events 106 CloudTrail 107 API and Non-API Events 107 Management and Data Events 107 Event History 108 Trails 108 Log File Integrity Validation 108 Cost Explorer 109 Cost and Usage 109 Reservation Reports 111 Reserved Instance Recommendations 112 Summary 113 Exam Essentials 113 Review Questions 115 Chapter 7 The Core Compute Services 119 Introduction 120 Deploying Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud Servers 120 Amazon Machine Images 120 Understanding EC2 Instance Types 123 Server Storage: Elastic Block Store and Instance Store Volumes 124 Understanding EC2 Pricing Models 125 Simplified Deployments Through Managed Services 127 Amazon Lightsail 128 AWS Elastic Beanstalk 128 Deploying Container and Serverless Workloads 129 Containers 129 Serverless Functions 129 Summary 130 Exam Essentials 130 Review Questions 132 Chapter 8 The Core Storage Services 137 Introduction 138 Simple Storage Service 138 Objects and Buckets 139 S3 Storage Classes 139 Access Permissions 142 Encryption 143 Versioning 143 Object Life Cycle Configurations 144 S3 Glacier 145 Archives and Vaults 145 Retrieval Options 145 AWS Storage Gateway 146 File Gateways 146 Volume Gateways 146 Tape Gateways 147 AWS Snowball 147 Hardware Specifications 148 Security 148 Snowball Edge 149 Summary 150 Exam Essentials 150 Review Questions 152 Chapter 9 The Core Database Services 157 Introduction 158 Database Models 158 Relational Databases 159 Structured Query Language 160 Nonrelational (No-SQL) Databases 160 Amazon Relational Database Service 161 Database Engines 161 Licensing 162 Instance Classes 162 Scaling Vertically 163 Storage 163 Scaling Horizontally with Read Replicas 164 High Availability with Multi-AZ 164 Backup and Recovery 165 Determining Your Recovery Point Objective 165 DynamoDB 166 Items and Tables 166 Scaling Horizontally 167 Queries and Scans 167 Amazon Redshift 168 Summary 169 Exam Essentials 170 Review Questions 171 Chapter 10 The Core Networking Services 175 Introduction 176 Virtual Private Cloud 176 VPC CIDR Blocks 176 Subnets 177 Internet Access 178 Security Groups 178 Network Access Control Lists 178 VPC Peering 179 Virtual Private Networks 179 Direct Connect 179 Route 53 180 Resource Records 180 Domain Name Registration 180 Hosted Zones 181 Routing Policies 181 Health Checks 182 Traffic Flow and Traffic Policies 182 CloudFront 183 Summary 183 Exam Essentials 184 Review Questions 185 Chapter 11 Automating Your AWS Workloads 189 Introduction 190 The Imperative Approach 190 The Declarative Approach 191 Infrastructure as Code 191 CloudFormation 191 Templates 192 Stacks 192 CloudFormation vs. the AWS CLI 193 AWS Developer Tools 194 CodeCommit 194 CodeBuild 195 CodeDeploy 196 CodePipeline 197 EC2 Auto Scaling 199 Launch Configurations and Launch Templates 199 Auto Scaling Groups 199 Scaling Actions 200 Configuration Management 200 Systems Manager 200 OpsWorks 201 Summary 203 Exam Essentials 204 Review Questions 205 Chapter 12 Common Use-Case Scenarios 209 Introduction 210 The Well-Architected Framework 210 Reliability 211 Performance Efficiency 211 Security 211 Cost Optimization 212 Operational Excellence 213 A Highly Available Web Application Using Auto Scaling and Elastic Load Balancing 213 Creating an Inbound Security Group Rule 214 Creating an Application Load Balancer 216 Creating a Launch Template 218 Creating an Auto Scaling Group 219 Static Website Hosting Using S3 222 Summary 224 Exam Essentials 224 Review Questions 226 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 231 Chapter 1: The Cloud 232 Chapter 2: Understanding Your AWS Account 232 Chapter 3: Getting Support on AWS 234 Chapter 4: Understanding the AWS Environment 235 Chapter 5: Securing Your AWS Resources 237 Chapter 6: Working with Your AWS Resources 238 Chapter 7: The Core Compute Services 240 Chapter 8: The Core Storage Services 242 Chapter 9: The Core Database Services 244 Chapter 10: The Core Networking Services 245 Chapter 11: Automating Your AWS Workloads 247 Chapter 12: Common Use-Case Scenarios 248 Appendix B Additional Services 251 Athena 252 AWS Backup 252 AWS Glue 252 Batch 252 Cognito 253 Database Migration Service 253 Elastic File System 253 Elastic MapReduce 253 Inspector 254 Kinesis 254 Macie 254 Neptune 254 Simple Queue Service 254 WorkDocs 254 WorkSpaces 255 Index 257

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 History of Light and Polarization 2 1.1 Early history of light 2 1.2 History of polarization 4 1.3 History of polarization in optical fibers and waveguides 8 1.3.1 The history of optical fiber 8 1.3.2 History of polarization in optical fibers 11 1.3.3 Chronicles of polarization optics in optical fibers from 1959 to 1981 15 Reference 17 Bibliography 18 Chapter 2 Polarization Basics 19 2.1 Introduction to Polarization 19 2.2 The degenerate polarization states of light 20 2.3 The polarization ellipse of light 23 2.4 Poincaré Sphere presentation of polarization 27 2.5 Degree of polarization (DOP) 29 2.6 Birefringence 32 2.7 Photoelasticity or photo-elastic effect 34 2.8 Dichroism, diattenuation, and polarization dependent loss 34 2.9 Polarization properties of reflected and refracted light 35 Appendix 2A 36 Bibliography 37 Chapter 3 Polarization effects unique to optical fiber systems 39 3.1 Polarization variation in optical fibers 39 3.2 Polarization eigenmodes in a single mode optical fiber 40 3.3 Birefringence contributions in optical fibers 42 3.3.1 Noncircular Core 42 3.3.2 Internal lateral stress 44 3.3.3 External lateral stress 46 3.3.4 Fiber Bending 47 3.3.5 Fiber Twist 48 3.3.6 Electrical and Magnetic Fields 50 3.4 Polarization impairments in optical fiber systems 51 3.5 Polarization multiplexing 59 3.6 Polarization issues unique to optic fiber sensing system 60 3.7 Polarization issues unique to microwave photonics systems 61 References 62 Chapter 4 Mathematics for polarization analysis 66 4.1 Jones vector representation of monochramtic light 66 4.1.1 Jones vector 66 4.1.2 Mutual orthogonality of Jones vectors 69 4.1.3 Linear independence of Jones vectors 70 4.2 Jones matrix of optical devices 71 4.2.1 Jones Matrix of optical elements 72 4.2.2 Jones matrix of reflection 78 4.2.3 Polarization compensation of reflection 83 4.2.4 Polarization properties of corner-cube retroreflector 85 4.3 Jones matrix of multi-element optical systems 86 4.3.1 Jones equivalent theorems 86 4.3.2 Properties of the optical system containing only retarders and rotators 87 4.3.3 Eigenvector and eigenvalue of an optical system 90 4.3.3 Transmission properties of an optical system including partial polarizers 93 4.3.5 Experimental measurement of Jones matrix 97 4.4.6 Jones calculus in retracing optical path 99 4.3.7 N-matrix and polarization evolution 105 4.3.8 Jones matrix of twisted optical fiber 112 4.4 Mueller matrix representation of optical devices 117 4.4.1 Definition of Mueller matrix 117 4.4.2 Mueller matrix of optical elements 120 4.5 Polarization evolution in optical fiber 125 4.5.1 Rotation matrix representation of unitary optical systems 125 4.5.2 Infinitesimal rotation and rotation vector in optical fiber 128 4.5.3 Birefringence vector and polarization evolution along an optical fiber 132 4.5.4 PMD vector and polarization evolution with optical frequency 138 4.6 PMD measurement 143 4.6.1 Poincare sphere analysis 144 4.6.2 Mueller matrix method 147 4.6.4 Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis 149 4.7 Polarization properties of quasi-monochromatic Light 151 4.7.1 Coherency matrix 151 4.7.2 The Stokes parameters of quasi-monochromatic plane wave 156 4.7.3 Depolarization of quasi-monochromatic plane wave with birefringence media 159 References 164 Chapter 5 Polarization properties of common anisotropic media 166 5.1 Plane wave in anisotropic media 166 5.1.1 Dielectric tensor and its symmetry 166 5.1.2 Plane-wave propagation in anisotropic media 169 5.2 The index ellipsoid 172 5..2.1 Optical axis 173 5.2.2 ordinary and extraordinary wave 174 5.2.3 Light propagation in uniaxial crystals 175 5.2.4 Double refraction and applicaitons 178 5.3 Optical activity 181 5.4 Linear electro-optic effect 185 5.4.1 Electro-optic effect 185 5.4.2 Pockels electro-optic effect and electro-optic coefficient 186 5.4.3 Pockels effect of Lithium Niobate and applicaitons 188 5.5 Stress-induced birefringence 192 5.5.1 Stress-induced birefringence in glass 192 5.5.2 Stress-induced birefringence in optical fiber 195 References 195 Chapter 6 Polarization management components and devices 200 6.1 Polarization management fibers 200 6.2 Polarizers 202 6.2.1 Birefringence Crystal Polarizers 202 6.2.2 Sheet Polarizers 204 6.3 Polarization Beam Splitters/Combiners 206 6.3.1 Birefringence Crystal PBS 207 6.3.2 Thin film coating PBS 211 6.3.3 Fiber pigtailed polarizers and PBS 212 6.3.3 Waveguide PBS 214 6.4 Linear birefringence based polarization management components 214 6.4.1 Wave plates 214 6.4.2 Polarization manipulation with a quarter-wave plate 215 6.4.3 Polarization manipulation with a half-wave plate 216 6.5 Polarization control with linear birefringence 217 6.5.1 Polarization control with multiple waveplates of fixed retardation but variable orientation 218 6.5.2 Polarization controller with a single wave plate of variable retardation orientation 220 6.5.3 Polarization control with multiple wave-plates of variable retardation but fixed orientation 224 6.5.4 Polarization controller with LiNbO3 based integrated optical circuit (IOC) 226 6.5.5 Minimum-element polarization controllers 228 6.6 Polarization control with circular birefringence 229 6.6.1 Magneto-optic or Faraday materials 229 6.6.2 Magneto-optic properties of rear-earth iron garnet films 232 6.6.3 Faraday rotator based simple polarization management devices 239 6.6.4 Variable Faraday rotator based polarization controllers 242 6.6.5 Non-reciprocal fiber optic devices made with MO garnets 243 6.7 PMD and PDL artifacts 247 6.7.1 Differential group delay (DGD) artifacts 247 6.7.2 Second order polarization mode dispersion (SOPMD) artifacts 248 6.7.3 Polarization dependent loss (PDL) artifacts 249 6.8 Depolarizer 250 6.8.1 Space domain depolarizer 250 6.8.2 Time domain depolarizer 254 References 261 Bibliography 265 Chapter 7 Active polarization management modules and instruments 267 7.1 Polarization stabilization and tracking 267 7.1.1 Reset-free polarization control 267 7.1.2 Polarization monitoring for active polarization control 269 7.1.3 Polarization Synthesizer 269 7.1.4 General purpose polarization tracker 271 7.1.5 PMD compensation with a polarization tracker 272 7.1.6 Polarization demultiplexing with a polarization tracker 273 7.1.7 Polarization tracking for coherent detection 277 7.2 Polarization scrambling and emulation 278 7.2.1 Polarization scrambling basics 279 7.2.2 Polarization scrambling simulation 279 7.2.3 Variable rate polarization scrambling and emulation 280 7.2.4 Quasi-uniform rate polarization scrambling 282 7.2.5 Factors degrading the performance of the polarization scramblers 287 7.2.6 Polarization scrambler applications 287 7.3 PDL emulator 289 7.4 PMD generation and emulation 290 7.4.1 PMD generator and emulator based on polarization splitting and combining 291 7.4.2 PMD generator and emulator based on polarization switching 292 7.4.3 Polarization optimized PMD source 297 7.5 Polarization related tests in coherent systems 303 References 307 Chapter 8 Polarization related measurements for optical fiber systems 371 8.1 Stokes polarimeters for SOP and DOP measurements 371 8.1.1 Time division Stokes polarimetry 372 8.1.2 Amplitude division polarimeters 380 8.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations 387 8.1.4 Polarimeter calibration with DOP 388 8.2 Analog Mueller matrix polarimetry 391 8.2.1 Rotating element Mueller matrix polarimeters 392 8.2.3 Oscillating element Mueller matrix polarimeters 394 8.2.4 Imperfections in Mueller matrix polarimeters and instrument calibration 395 8.3 Polarization extinction ratio measurements 395 8.3.1 Rotating polarizer PER measurement 397 8.3.2 PER degradation at fiber connection 398 8.3.3 Polarization maximization for fast PER measurement 399 8.3.4 PER measurement with a Stokes polarimter 400 8.3.5 Distributed Polarization Crosstalk Measurement Method 403 8.3.6 PER of free-space optical polarization components 404 8.4 PDL , PDG, and PDR measurements 404 8.4.1 Polarization scrambling method for PDL and PDG measurements 404 8.4.2 Jones and Mueller matrix analysis method 406 8.4.3 Maximum-minimum search method for accurate PDL and PDG measurements 406 8.4.4 PDL measurement guidelines 410 8.4.5 PDR measurement 413 References 415 Chapter 9 Binary polarization generation and analysis 425 9.1 Highly repeatable magneto-optic binary PSG 425 9.1.1 Binary PSG descriptions 426 9.1.2 Experimental demonstration 428 9.1.3 Imperfections of the binary PSG 431 9.2 Highly accurate binary magneto-optic polarization state analyzer (PSA) 439 9.2.1 Device description 439 9.2.2 Self-calibrating binary PSA 442 9.3 Binary Mueller matrix polarimetry 446 9.3.1 System description of binary Mueller matrix polarimetery 447 9.3.2 Theoretical background 448 9.3.3 Experimental results 451 9.4 Some applications of binary Mueller matrix polarization analyzers 458 9.4.1 PM fiber beat length measurement 458 9.4.2 Characterization of sensing coils for fiber optic gyroscopes 459 9.4.3 Circular birefringence measurement and spun fiber characterization 460 9.4.4 Effective Verdet constant measurement of spun optical fibers 467 9.4.5 Wave plate analyzer using binary magneto-optic rotators 478 9.4.6 PDL measurement of a Multi-port component using a binary PSG 483 9.5 Multi-channel binary PSA 485 9.6 WDM system performance monitoring using a multi-channel binary PSA 485 Appendix 9.A1 488 Appendix 9.A2 489 Referencences 489 Chapter 10 Distributed polarization analysis and its applications 497 10.1 Distributed polarization crosstalk analysis and its applications (CD-PDA) 498 10.1.1 Polarization crosstalk in PM fibers 498 10.1.2 Description of distributed polarization crosstalk analyzer (DPXA) 500 10.1.3 Identification of causes for polarization cross-talks from measurement results 503 10.1.4 Capabilities and limitations of DPXA 507 10.1.5 Applications of distributed polarization analysis 508 10.2 Distributed Mueller matrix polarimetery and its applications 526 10.2.1 System description 526 10.2.2 Expression of bending-induced birefringence in SMF 529 10.2.3 Measurement setup and results 530 10.2.4 Validations with a non-distributed Mueller matrix polarimetery system 533 10.2.5 Distributed transversal force sensing 536 10.2.6 Investigation clamping-force induced birefringence of SM fibers in V-grooves 549 10.3 Polarization scrambled OFDR for distributed birefringence measurement and stress sensing 559 10.4 P-OTDR based DPA system 564 References 566 Chapter 11 Polarization for optical frequency analysis and optical sensing applications 573 11.1 Optical frequency analysis techniques 573 11.1.1 Polarimeter based optical frequency analyzer 574 11.1.2 Sine-cosine optical frequency detection with polarization manipulation 583 11.2 Polarimetry fiber optic gyroscope 590 11.2.1 Introduction 590 11.2.2 Operation Principle 591 11.3 Polarimetric magnetic field and electrical current sensors 599 11.3.1 Transmissive magnetic and current sensors using MO garnet films 600 11.3.2 Reflective magnetic and current sensors using MO thick film as the sensing medium 604 11.3.3 Reflective current sensor using optical fiber as the sensing medium 607 References 610

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Book SynopsisPEROVSKITE MATERIALS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS The book provides a state-of-the-art summary and discussion about the recent progress in the development and engineering of perovskite solar cells materials along with the future directions it might take. Among all 3rd generation solar cells, perovskite solar cells have recently been attracting much attention and have also emerged as a hot research area of competing materials for silicon PV due to their easy fabrication, long charge-carrier lifetime, low binding energy, low defect density, and low cost. This book focuses primarily on the perovskite structures and utilizes them in modern technologies of photovoltaics and environmental applications. It will be unique in terms of the use of perovskite structures in solar cell applications. This book also discusses the type of perovskites, their synthetic approach, and environmental and solar cell applications. The book also covers how perovskite solar cells originated anTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Computational Approach for Synthesis of Perovskite Solar Cells 1A.S. Mathur and B.P. Singh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Preliminary Steps 2 1.3 Advanced Semiconductor Analysis (ASA) 15 1.4 Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures (AMPS) 20 1.5 Automat for Simulation of Heterostructures (AFORS-HET) 23 1.6 Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS) 26 1.7 Conclusion 31 References 32 2 Fundamentals of Perovskite Solar Cells 37Neha Patni, Rokadia Zulfiqar and Krishna Patel 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Structure 40 2.3 Working Mechanism of PSC 42 2.4 Device Architecture 43 2.4.1 Mesoporous Structure 43 2.4.2 Planar Heterostructures 45 2.5 Properties 46 2.5.1 High Optical Absorption 46 2.5.2 High Open-Circuit Voltage 47 2.5.3 Low Recombinations 48 2.5.4 Tunable Bandgap 49 2.5.4.1 Organic Cation (A) 49 2.5.4.2 Metal Cation (M) 50 2.5.4.3 Halide Anion (X) 51 2.5.5 Rapidly Increasing Efficiency 51 2.6 Drawbacks and Ongoing Challenges of PSCs 52 2.7 Conclusion 53 Acknowledgment 54 References 54 3 Surface Morphological Effects on the Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells 59Srinivasa Rao Pathipati 3.1 Introduction 59 3.2 Morphology Control 60 3.2.1 The Effect of Device Architecture on the Morphology and the Device Performance 60 3.2.2 Effect of Deposition Technique on the Morphology of the Perovskite Layer 62 3.2.2.1 One-Step Deposition Method 62 3.2.2.2 Two-Step Deposition Technique 64 3.2.2.3 Dual-Source Precursor Approach 69 3.2.2.4 Vacuum Deposition Technique 70 3.3 Effect of Various Parameters on Growth of Perovskite 71 3.3.1 Effect of Solvent Additive 71 3.3.2 Effect of Solid Additive 72 3.3.3 Seed-Induced Growth of Perovskites 73 3.3.4 Homogenous Cap-Induced Crystallization 75 3.3.5 Effect of Hydrophobicity 77 3.3.6 Effect of Interface Modification 81 3.3.7 Effect of Solvent Annealing 82 References 84 4 Advanced Synthesis Strategies for Single Crystal Perovskite Halides 91Prerna and Sandeep Arya 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Popular Single Crystal Growth Techniques 92 4.2.1 Anti-Solvent Vapor-Assisted Crystallization (AVC) Method 99 4.2.2 Inverse Temperature Crystallization (ITC) 101 4.2.3 Modified Inverse Temperature Crystallization 104 4.2.4 Solution Temperature Lowering Method 106 4.2.4.1 Top-Seeded Solution Growth Method 107 4.2.4.2 Bottom-Seeded Solution Growth Method 108 4.2.5 Bridgman (BG) Method 110 4.3 Other Techniques 113 Conclusions 117 References 118 5 Synchrotron-Based Techniques for Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cells 123Umar Farooq, Ruby Phul, Mohd Shabbir, Rizwan Arif and Akrema 5.1 Introduction 124 5.2 Synchrotron Techniques, Their Limitations and Advantages 128 5.3 Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Diffraction/Scattering (SR-XRD) 128 5.4 In Situ XRD 131 5.5 Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering 133 5.6 Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering 135 5.7 Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Absorption Techniques 135 5.8 X-Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure 137 5.9 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure 139 5.10 Conclusions 140 References 142 6 Recent Progress on Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 147Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Device Structure and Working Principle of PSCs 152 6.3 Perovskite-Based Solar Cells 153 6.4 Conclusion 161 References 161 7 BiFeO3-Based Materials For Augmented Photoactivity 167Rashmi Acharya, Lopamudra Acharya and Kulamani Parida 7.1 Introduction 168 7.1.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting 171 7.1.2 Photocatalytic Conversion of CO2 171 7.1.3 Photocatalytic Fixation of Nitrogen 172 7.1.4 Selective Organic Transformation for the Synthesis of Fine Chemicals 172 7.1.5 Photodegradation of Pollutants 173 7.2 Structure, Physicochemical, and Photocatalytic Activity of BiFeO3 175 7.3 Elemental Doping in BFO 177 7.3.1 PXRD Studies 177 7.3.2 Morphological Studies 178 7.3.3 XPS Studies 179 7.3.4 Optical Property Studies 180 7.3.5 Effect of Doping on Photocatalytic Activity of BFO 182 7.4 BFO Semiconductor Heterojunction Construction 183 7.4.1 Heterojunction Construction With Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 184 7.4.2 Heterojunction Construction With Narrow Band Gap Semiconductors 193 7.5 Separation Ability and Reproducibility 198 7.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 199 7.7 Acknowledgement 200 References 201 8 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants Using ZnTiO3-Based Semiconductor 217Waseem Raza and Khursheed Ahmad 8.1 Introduction 218 8.2 Synthesis of ZnTiO3 222 8.3 Fundamental Need and Basic Mechanism for Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants 223 8.4 Photocatalytic Degaradation of Pollutants Based on ZnTiO3 225 8.5 Conclusion 234 References 235 9 Types of Perovskite Materials 241Faria Khatoon Naqvi, Yashfeen Khan, Saba Beg and Anees Ahmad Abbreviations 241 9.1 Introduction 242 9.1.2 Types of Perovskite 243 9.1.2.1 ABO3 Type of Perovskite Materials 244 9.1.2.2 Oxygen and Cation-Deficient Perovskites 246 9.1.2.3 Complex Perovskites 247 9.1.2.4 Layered Perovskites 248 References 253 10 Effects of Various Additives to CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 257Takeo Oku 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Crystal Structures of Perovskite Halides 258 10.3 Basic Configuration of Solar Cells 260 10.4 Cl Doping to Perovskites 266 10.5 Sb or As Doping to Perovskites 270 10.6 Highly (100)-Oriented Perovskites 274 10.7 Cu Doping to Perovskites 279 10.8 K/FA Doping to Perovskites 283 10.9 Morphology Control by Polysilane 290 10.10 High-Temperature Annealed Perovskites 295 10.11 Conclusion 305 Acknowledgements 305 References 305 Index 317

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 In Silico Molecular Modeling and Docking Analysis in Lung Cancer Cell Proteins 1Manisha Sritharan and Asita Elengoe 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Methodology 4 1.2.1 Sequence of Protein 4 1.2.2 Homology Modeling 4 1.2.3 Physiochemical Characterization 4 1.2.4 Determination of Secondary Models 4 1.2.5 Determination of Stability of Protein Structures 4 1.2.6 Identification of Active Site 4 1.2.7 Preparation of Ligand Model 5 1.2.8 Docking of Target Protein and Phytocompound 5 1.3 Results and Discussion 5 1.3.1 Determination of Physiochemical Characters 5 1.3.2 Prediction of Secondary Structures 7 1.3.3 Verification of Stability of Protein Structures 7 1.3.4 Identification of Active Sites 14 1.3.5 Target Protein-Ligand Docking 14 1.4 Conclusion 18 References 18 2 Medical Data Classification in Cloud Computing Using Soft Computing With Voting Classifier: A Review 23Saurabh Sharma, Harish K. Shakya and Ashish Mishra 2.1 Introduction 24 2.1.1 Security in Medical Big Data Analytics 24 2.1.1.1 Capture 24 2.1.1.2 Cleaning 25 2.1.1.3 Storage 25 2.1.1.4 Security 26 2.1.1.5 Stewardship 26 2.2 Access Control–Based Security 27 2.2.1 Authentication 27 2.2.1.1 User Password Authentication 28 2.2.1.2 Windows-Based User Authentication 28 2.2.1.3 Directory-Based Authentication 28 2.2.1.4 Certificate-Based Authentication 28 2.2.1.5 Smart Card–Based Authentication 29 2.2.1.6 Biometrics 29 2.2.1.7 Grid-Based Authentication 29 2.2.1.8 Knowledge-Based Authentication 29 2.2.1.9 Machine Authentication 29 2.2.1.10 One-Time Password (OTP) 30 2.2.1.11 Authority 30 2.2.1.12 Global Authorization 30 2.3 System Model 30 2.3.1 Role and Purpose of Design 31 2.3.1.1 Patients 31 2.3.1.2 Cloud Server 31 2.3.1.3 Doctor 31 2.4 Data Classification 32 2.4.1 Access Control 32 2.4.2 Content 33 2.4.3 Storage 33 2.4.4 Soft Computing Techniques for Data Classification 34 2.5 Related Work 36 2.6 Conclusion 42 References 43 3 Research Challenges in Pre-Copy Virtual Machine Migration in Cloud Environment 45Nirmala Devi N. and Vengatesh Kumar S. 3.1 Introduction 46 3.1.1 Cloud Computing 46 3.1.1.1 Cloud Service Provider 47 3.1.1.2 Data Storage and Security 47 3.1.2 Virtualization 48 3.1.2.1 Virtualization Terminology 49 3.1.3 Approach to Virtualization 50 3.1.4 Processor Issues 51 3.1.5 Memory Management 51 3.1.6 Benefits of Virtualization 51 3.1.7 Virtual Machine Migration 51 3.1.7.1 Pre-Copy 52 3.1.7.2 Post-Copy 52 3.1.7.3 Stop and Copy 53 3.2 Existing Technology and Its Review 54 3.3 Research Design 56 3.3.1 Basic Overview of VM Pre-Copy Live Migration 57 3.3.2 Improved Pre-Copy Approach 58 3.3.3 Time Series–Based Pre-Copy Approach 60 3.3.4 Memory-Bound Pre-Copy Live Migration 62 3.3.5 Three-Phase Optimization Method (TPO) 62 3.3.6 Multiphase Pre-Copy Strategy 64 3.4 Results 65 3.4.1 Finding 65 3.5 Discussion 69 3.5.1 Limitation 69 3.5.2 Future Scope 70 3.6 Conclusion 70 References 71 4 Estimation and Analysis of Prediction Rate of Pre-Trained Deep Learning Network in Classification of Brain Tumor MRI Images 73Krishnamoorthy Raghavan Narasu, Anima Nanda, Marshiana D., Bestley Joe and Vinoth Kumar 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Classes of Brain Tumors 75 4.3 Literature Survey 76 4.4 Methodology 78 4.5 Conclusion 93 References 95 5 An Intelligent Healthcare Monitoring System for Coma Patients 99Bethanney Janney J., T. Sudhakar, Sindu Divakaran, Chandana H. and Caroline Chriselda L. 5.1 Introduction 100 5.2 Related Works 102 5.3 Materials and Methods 104 5.3.1 Existing System 104 5.3.2 Proposed System 105 5.3.3 Working 105 5.3.4 Module Description 106 5.3.4.1 Pulse Sensor 106 5.3.4.2 Temperature Sensor 107 5.3.4.3 Spirometer 107 5.3.4.4 OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) 108 5.3.4.5 Raspberry Pi 108 5.3.4.6 USB Camera 109 5.3.4.7 AVR Module 109 5.3.4.8 Power Supply 109 5.3.4.9 USB to TTL Converter 110 5.3.4.10 EEG of Comatose Patients 110 5.4 Results and Discussion 111 5.5 Conclusion 116 References 117 6 Deep Learning Interpretation of Biomedical Data 121T.R. Thamizhvani, R. Chandrasekaran and T.R. Ineyathendral 6.1 Introduction 122 6.2 Deep Learning Models 125 6.2.1 Recurrent Neural Networks 125 6.2.2 LSTM/GRU Networks 127 6.2.3 Convolutional Neural Networks 128 6.2.4 Deep Belief Networks 130 6.2.5 Deep Stacking Networks 131 6.3 Interpretation of Deep Learning With Biomedical Data 132 6.4 Conclusion 139 References 140 7 Evolution of Electronic Health Records 143G. Umashankar, Abinaya P., J. Premkumar, T. Sudhakar and S. Krishnakumar 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Traditional Paper Method 144 7.3 IoMT 144 7.4 Telemedicine and IoMT 145 7.4.1 Advantages of Telemedicine 145 7.4.2 Drawbacks 146 7.4.3 IoMT Advantages with Telemedicine 146 7.4.4 Limitations of IoMT With Telemedicine 147 7.5 Cyber Security 147 7.6 Materials and Methods 147 7.6.1 General Method 147 7.6.2 Data Security 148 7.7 Literature Review 148 7.8 Applications of Electronic Health Records 150 7.8.1 Clinical Research 150 7.8.1.1 Introduction 150 7.8.1.2 Data Significance and Evaluation 151 7.8.1.3 Conclusion 151 7.8.2 Diagnosis and Monitoring 151 7.8.2.1 Introduction 151 7.8.2.2 Contributions 152 7.8.2.3 Applications 152 7.8.3 Track Medical Progression 153 7.8.3.1 Introduction 153 7.8.3.2 Method Used 153 7.8.3.3 Conclusion 154 7.8.4 Wearable Devices 154 7.8.4.1 Introduction 154 7.8.4.2 Proposed Method 155 7.8.4.3 Conclusion 155 7.9 Results and Discussion 155 7.10 Challenges Ahead 157 7.11 Conclusion 158 References 158 8 Architecture of IoMT in Healthcare 161A. Josephin Arockia Dhiyya 8.1 Introduction 161 8.1.1 On-Body Segment 162 8.1.2 In-Home Segment 162 8.1.3 Network Segment Layer 163 8.1.4 In-Clinic Segment 163 8.1.5 In-Hospital Segment 163 8.1.6 Future of IoMT? 164 8.2 Preferences of the Internet of Things 165 8.2.1 Cost Decrease 165 8.2.2 Proficiency and Efficiency 165 8.2.3 Business Openings 165 8.2.4 Client Experience 166 8.2.5 Portability and Nimbleness 166 8.3 loMT Progress in COVID-19 Situations: Presentation 167 8.3.1 The IoMT Environment 168 8.3.2 IoMT Pandemic Alleviation Design 169 8.3.3 Man-Made Consciousness and Large Information Innovation in IoMT 170 8.4 Major Applications of IoMT 171 References 172 9 Performance Assessment of IoMT Services and Protocols 173A. Keerthana and Karthiga 9.1 Introduction 174 9.2 IoMT Architecture and Platform 175 9.2.1 Architecture 176 9.2.2 Devices Integration Layer 177 9.3 Types of Protocols 177 9.3.1 Internet Protocol for Medical IoT Smart Devices 177 9.3.1.1 HTTP 178 9.3.1.2 Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) 179 9.3.1.3 Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 180 9.3.1.4 AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP) 181 9.3.1.5 Extensible Message and Presence Protocol (XMPP) 181 9.3.1.6 DDS 183 9.4 Testing Process in IoMT 183 9.5 Issues and Challenges 185 9.6 Conclusion 185 References 185 10 Performance Evaluation of Wearable IoT-Enabled Mesh Network for Rural Health Monitoring 187G. Merlin Sheeba and Y. Bevish Jinila 10.1 Introduction 188 10.2 Proposed System Framework 190 10.2.1 System Description 190 10.2.2 Health Monitoring Center 192 10.2.2.1 Body Sensor 192 10.2.2.2 Wireless Sensor Coordinator/Transceiver 192 10.2.2.3 Ontology Information Center 195 10.2.2.4 Mesh Backbone-Placement and Routing 196 10.3 Experimental Evaluation 200 10.4 Performance Evaluation 201 10.4.1 Energy Consumption 201 10.4.2 Survival Rate 201 10.4.3 End-to-End Delay 202 10.5 Conclusion 204 References 204 11 Management of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) for Children and Adults Based on Internet of Things (IoT) 207Krishnakumar S., Umashankar G., Lumen Christy V., Vikas and Hemalatha R.J. 11.1 Introduction 208 11.1.1 Prevalence 209 11.1.2 Management of Diabetes 209 11.1.3 Blood Glucose Monitoring 210 11.1.4 Continuous Glucose Monitors 211 11.1.5 Minimally Invasive Glucose Monitors 211 11.1.6 Non-Invasive Glucose Monitors 211 11.1.7 Existing System 211 11.2 Materials and Methods 212 11.2.1 Artificial Neural Network 212 11.2.2 Data Acquisition 213 11.2.3 Histogram Calculation 213 11.2.4 IoT Cloud Computing 214 11.2.5 Proposed System 215 11.2.6 Advantages 215 11.2.7 Disadvantages 215 11.2.8 Applications 216 11.2.9 Arduino Pro Mini 216 11.2.10 LM78XX 217 11.2.11 MAX30100 218 11.2.12 LM35 Temperature Sensors 218 11.3 Results and Discussion 219 11.4 Summary 222 11.5 Conclusion 222 References 223 12 Wearable Health Monitoring Systems Using IoMT 225Jaya Rubi and A. Josephin Arockia Dhivya 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 IoMT in Developing Wearable Health Surveillance System 226 12.2.1 A Wearable Health Monitoring System with Multi-Parameters 227 12.2.2 Wearable Input Device for Smart Glasses Based on a Wristband-Type Motion-Aware Touch Panel 228 12.2.3 Smart Belt: A Wearable Device for Managing Abdominal Obesity 228 12.2.4 Smart Bracelets: Automating the Personal Safety Using Wearable Smart Jewelry 228 12.3 Vital Parameters That Can Be Monitored Using Wearable Devices 229 12.3.1 Electrocardiogram 230 12.3.2 Heart Rate 231 12.3.3 Blood Pressure 232 12.3.4 Respiration Rate 232 12.3.5 Blood Oxygen Saturation 234 12.3.6 Blood Glucose 235 12.3.7 Skin Perspiration 236 12.3.8 Capnography 238 12.3.9 Body Temperature 239 12.4 Challenges Faced in Customizing Wearable Devices 240 12.4.1 Data Privacy 240 12.4.2 Data Exchange 240 12.4.3 Availability of Resources 241 12.4.4 Storage Capacity 241 12.4.5 Modeling the Relationship Between Acquired Measurement and Diseases 242 12.4.6 Real-Time Processing 242 12.4.7 Intelligence in Medical Care 242 12.5 Conclusion 243 References 244 13 Future of Healthcare: Biomedical Big Data Analysis and IoMT 247Tamiziniyan G. and Keerthana A. 13.1 Introduction 248 13.2 Big Data and IoT in Healthcare Industry 250 13.3 Biomedical Big Data Types 251 13.3.1 Electronic Health Records 252 13.3.2 Administrative and Claims Data 252 13.3.3 International Patient Disease Registries 252 13.3.4 National Health Surveys 253 13.3.5 Clinical Research and Trials Data 254 13.4 Biomedical Data Acquisition Using IoT 254 13.4.1 Wearable Sensor Suit 254 13.4.2 Smartphones 255 13.4.3 Smart Watches 255 13.5 Biomedical Data Management Using IoT 256 13.5.1 Apache Spark Framework 257 13.5.2 MapReduce 258 13.5.3 Apache Hadoop 258 13.5.4 Clustering Algorithms 259 13.5.5 K-Means Clustering 259 13.5.6 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering 260 13.5.7 DBSCAN 261 13.6 Impact of Big Data and IoMT in Healthcare 262 13.7 Discussions and Conclusions 263 References 264 14 Medical Data Security Using Blockchain With Soft Computing Techniques: A Review 269Saurabh Sharma, Harish K. Shakya and Ashish Mishra 14.1 Introduction 270 14.2 Blockchain 272 14.2.1 Blockchain Architecture 272 14.2.2 Types of Blockchain Architecture 273 14.2.3 Blockchain Applications 274 14.2.4 General Applications of the Blockchain 276 14.3 Blockchain as a Decentralized Security Framework 277 14.3.1 Characteristics of Blockchain 278 14.3.2 Limitations of Blockchain Technology 280 14.4 Existing Healthcare Data Predictive Analytics Using Soft Computing Techniques in Data Science 281 14.4.1 Data Science in Healthcare 281 14.5 Literature Review: Medical Data Security in Cloud Storage 281 14.6 Conclusion 286 References 287 15 Electronic Health Records: A Transitional View 289Srividhya G. 15.1 Introduction 289 15.2 Ancient Medical Record, 1600 BC 290 15.3 Greek Medical Record 291 15.4 Islamic Medical Record 291 15.5 European Civilization 292 15.6 Swedish Health Record System 292 15.7 French and German Contributions 293 15.8 American Descriptions 293 15.9 Beginning of Electronic Health Recording 297 15.10 Conclusion 298 References 298 Index 301

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Book SynopsisWIDE BANDGAP NANOWIRES Comprehensive resource covering the synthesis, properties, and applications of wide bandgap nanowires This book presents first-hand knowledge on wide bandgap nanowires for sensor and energy applications. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, it brings together the materials science, physics and engineering aspects of wide bandgap nanowires, an area in which research has been accelerating dramatically in the past decade. Written by four well-qualified authors who have significant experience in the field, sample topics covered within the work include: Nanotechnology-enabled fabrication of wide bandgap nanowires, covering bottom-up, top-down and hybrid approaches Electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires, which are the basis for realizing sensor and energy device applications Measurement of electrical conductivity and fundamental electrical properties of nanowires ApplicatTable of ContentsChapter 1 8 Bottom-up growth methods 8 Abstract 8 1.1. Introduction 9 1.2. Bottom-up growth mechanisms 10 1.2.1. Vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism 10 1.2.2. Vapor-solid-solid growth mechanism 16 1.2.3. Vapor-solid growth mechanism 22 1.2.4. Solution-liquid-solid growth mechanism 26 1.3. Bottom-up growth techniques 29 1.3.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition 29 1.3.2. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition 33 1.3.3. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition 36 1.3.4. Hydride vapor phase epitaxy 38 1.3.5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 41 1.3.6. Laser ablation 44 1.3.7. Thermal evaporation 46 1.3.8. Carbothermal reduction 48 References 51 Chapter 2 65 Top-down fabrication processes 65 Abstract 65 2.1. Introduction 66 2.2. Top-down fabrication techniques 68 2.2.1. Focused ion beam 68 2.2.2. Electron beam lithography 69 2.2.3. Reactive ion etching 72 2.2.4. Combined lithography techniques 74 References 76 Chapter 3 81 Hybrid fabrication techniques and nanowire heterostructures 81 Abstract 81 3.1. Introduction 82 3.2. Bottom-up meets top-down approaches 84 3.3. Integration of nanowires onto unconventional substrates 86 3.3.1. Transferring nanowires onto flexible substrates 86 3.3.2. Growing nanowires on graphene and layered material substrates 92 3.4. Synthesis of nanowire heterostructures 95 3.4.1. Synthesis of one-dimensional heterostructures 95 3.4.2. Synthesis of mixed dimensional heterostructures 98 References 101 Chapter 4 108 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 108 Abstract 108 4.1. Electrical properties 109 4.2. Measurement of electrical conductivity 109 4.3. Fundamental electrical properties of nanowires 112 4.3.1 Effect of doping on electrical properties 113 4.3.2 Mobility 115 4.3.3 Activation/ionization energy 116 4.3.4 Dependence of activation/ionization energy on NW dimensions 118 4.4 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowire based devices 118 4.4.1 Single NW electrical sensing devices 118 4.4.2 Field-effect transistors (FETs) 120 References 129 Chapter 5 132 Mechanical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 132 Abstract 132 5.1. Characterization techniques 133 5.1.1 Bending and buckling methods 133 5.1.2 Nano indenting method 138 5.1.3 Resonance testing method 139 5.2. Impact of defects and microstructures on mechanical properties of NWs 140 5.2.1. Defects 140 5.2.2 Effect of structures, dimensions and temperatures 143 5.3. Anelasticity and plasticity properties 148 5.3.1 Anelasticity 148 5.3.2 Plasticity 148 5.3.3 Brittle to ductile transition 150 References 152 Chapter 6 155 Optical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 155 Abstract 155 6.1 Optical properties of WBG NWs 156 6.1.1 Photoluminescence characterization of NWs 156 6.1.2 Size-dependent optical properties 157 6.1.3 Shape/morphology-dependent optical properties 158 6.1.4 Effect of crystal orientation 159 6.1.5 Tuning optical properties of NWs 160 6.2 Wide bangap nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 164 6.2.1 GaN nanowire based LEDs 164 6.2.2 GaN nanowire UV LEDs 169 6.2.3 ZnO nanowire based LEDs 172 References 175 Chapter 7 180 Thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires 180 Abstract 180 7.1. Thermal conductivity 181 7.1.1 Fundamental of thermal transport and thermal conductivity 181 7.1.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity 182 7.1.3 Effect of diameters on thermal properties 183 7.1.4 Effect of orientation on thermal properties 186 7.1.5 Tenability of thermal properties 187 7.2 Thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.1 Fundamental thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.2 Thermoelectric properties of ZnO and GaN NWs 191 7.2.3 Thermoelectric properties of SiC NWs 193 7.2.4 Optimisation of the thermoelectric properties 194 References 196 Chapter 8 200 Ultraviolet sensors 200 Abstract 200 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Sensing mechanism 201 8.2.1. Photoconductor architectures 202 8.2.2. Schottky diode photo sensors 204 8.2.3. Semiconductor p-n junction 206 8.2.4. Field effect transistor-based UV sensors 208 8.3. Device development technologies 210 8.3.1. The choice of wide band gap materials for UV sensing 210 8.3.2 Top down fabrication of wide band gap nanowire UV sensors 216 8.3.4. Transfer process for nanowires 219 8.4. Applications of nanowire UV sensors 222 8.4.1 Flame sensors 222 8.4.2. Environmental monitoring 224 8.4.4 Biological sensors and health care applications 225 References 227 Chapter 9 233 Mechanical Sensors 233 Abstract 233 9.1. Introduction 234 9.2. Sensing mechanisms and corresponding materials 234 9.2.1. The piezoresistive effect 234 9.2.2. Piezotronics effect in nanowires 239 9.2.3 Capacitive sensing 243 9.3. Transducer configurations and fabrication technologies 244 9.3.1. Strain sensors 244 9.3.2. Pressure sensors 248 9.3.3 Tactile sensors 253 9.3.4. Acceleration and vibration sensors 256 9.3.5. Energy harvesting devices 257 9.4. Applications of mechanical sensors using wide band gap materials 261 9.4.1. Structural heath monitoring 261 9.4.2. Advanced health care 262 9.4.3 Robotics 265 References 267 Chapter 10 273 Gas sensors 273 Abstract 273 10.1. Introduction 274 10.2. Principle of gas sensing 274 10.2.1. Transconductance sensing mechanism 274 10.2.2. Field effect transistor-based gas sensors 276 10.2.3. Metal-semiconductor Schottky contact based gas sensors 277 10.2.4. Integration of nanowires with micro heaters 278 10.3. Standard physical parameters for gas sensors 280 10.3.1. Sensitivity 280 10.3.2. Selectivity 281 10.3.3. Response time 282 10.4. Materials for different types of gases 284 10.4.1 Oxygen sensors 284 10.4.2 Carbon dioxide 285 10.4.3 Organic gases 287 10.4.4 Hydrogen gas 290 References 301 Chapter 11 308 Wide band gap nanoresonators 308 Abstract 308 11.1. Introduction 309 11.2. Principle of nanoresonators 310 11.3. Actuation and measurement techniques 316 11.3.1 Electrostatic actuation 316 11.3.2 Piezoelectric actuation 318 11.3.3 Magnetomotive actuation 320 11.3.4. Thermal actuator 323 11.4. Engineering the performance of nanoresonators using wide band gap materials 325 11.4.1. Residual stress 325 11.4.2 Mechanical clamping enhancement 329 11.4.3 Tunning resonant frequency using electrically driven forces 331 11.5. Applications of nanoresonators 334 11.5.1 Logic Circuit at high temperatures 334 11.5.2 Mass sensing applications 337 11.5.3 Biosensors 338 11.5.4 Mechanical sensing 339 11.5.5 Optical devices 341 References 343

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Book SynopsisReady, set, program with Go! Now is the perfect time to learntheGoProgramming Language. It's one of the most in-demand languages among tech recruitersand developers love its simplicity and power.Go Programming LanguageForDummiesis an easy way to add this top job skill to your toolkit.Writtenfor novice and experienced coders alike, this booktraversesbasic syntax, writing functions, organizing data, building packages, and interfacing with APIs. GoorGoLang, as it's also knownhas proven to be a strong choice for developers creating applications for the cloud-based world we live in.This book will put youon the path to using the language that's created some oftoday's leading webapplications, so you can steer your career where you want to Go! Learn how Go works and start writing programs and modulesInstall and implement the most powerful third-party Go packagesUse Go in conjunction with web services and MySQL databasesKeep your codebase organized and use Go to structure data With this book, you canjoin the growing numbers of developers using Go to create 21st century solutions. Step inside to take start writing code that putsdatain users'hands.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 3 Part 1: Getting Started with Go 5 Chapter 1: Hello, Go! 7 Seeing What Learning Go Can Do for You 8 Installing Go on Your Machine 9 macOS 10 Windows 11 Using an Integrated Development Environment with Go 12 Writing Your First Go Program 14 Compiling and running the program 15 Understanding how a Go program works 17 Making sense of the Go file structure 18 Compiling for multiple operating systems 19 Comparing Go with Other Languages 21 Syntax 21 Compilation 22 Concurrency 22 Library support 22 Chapter 2: Working with Different Data Types 23 Declaring Always-Changing Variables 24 Using the var keyword: Type-inferred variables 24 Specifying the data type: Explicitly typed variables 25 Using the short variable declaration operator 26 Declaring Never-Changing Constants 27 Removing Unused Variables 27 Dealing with Strings 29 Performing Type Conversions 30 Discovering the type of a variable 31 Converting a variable’s type 32 Interpolating strings 34 Chapter 3: Making Decisions 37 Using If/Else Statements to Make Decisions 37 Laying the foundation for the if/else statement: Logical and comparison operators 38 Using the if/else statement 40 Short-circuiting: Evaluating conditions in Go 42 When You Have Too Many Conditions: Using the Switch Statement 46 Switching with fall-throughs 47 Matching multiple cases 48 Switching without condition 48 Chapter 4: Over and Over and Over: Using Loops 51 Performing Loops Using the for Statement 51 Iterating over a Range of Values 56 Iterating through arrays/slices 56 Iterating through a string 58 Using Labels with the for Loop 59 Chapter 5: Grouping Code into Functions 65 Defining a Function 65 Defining functions with parameters 66 Defining functions with multiple parameters 68 Passing arguments by value and by pointer 68 Returning values from functions 71 Naming return values 72 Working with variadic functions 72 Using Anonymous Functions 73 Declaring an anonymous function 73 Implementing closure using anonymous functions 74 Implementing the filter() function using closure 76 Part 2: Working with Data Structures 79 Chapter 6: Slicing and Dicing Using Arrays and Slices 81 Arming Yourself to Use Arrays 81 Declaring an array 82 Initializing an array 83 Working with multidimensional arrays 83 Sleuthing Out the Secrets of Slices 86 Creating an empty slice 86 Creating and initializing a slice 88 Appending to a slice 88 Slicing and Ranging 92 Extracting part of an array or slice 92 Iterating through a slice 95 Making copies of an array or slice 95 Inserting an item into a slice 97 Removing an item from a slice 99 Chapter 7: Defining the Blueprints of Your Data Using Structs 101 Defining Structs for a Collection of Items 101 Creating a Go Struct 104 Making a Copy of a Struct 105 Defining Methods in Structs 107 Comparing Structs 110 Chapter 8: Establishing Relationships Using Maps 113 Creating Maps in Go 113 Initializing a map with a map literal 115 Checking the existence of a key 115 Deleting a key 116 Getting the number of items in a map 116 Iterating over a map 117 Getting all the keys in a map 117 Setting the iteration order in a map 118 Sorting the items in a map by values 118 Using Structs and Maps in Go 121 Creating a map of structs 121 Sorting a map of structs 124 Chapter 9: Encoding and Decoding Data Using JSON 129 Getting Acquainted with JSON 129 Object 130 String 130 Boolean 131 Number 131 Object 132 Array 132 null 133 Decoding JSON 134 Decoding JSON to a struct 135 Decoding JSON to arrays 136 Decoding embedded objects 137 Mapping custom attribute names 140 Mapping unstructured data 141 Encoding JSON 144 Encoding structs to JSON 144 Encoding interfaces to JSON 148 Chapter 10: Defining Method Signatures Using Interfaces 151 Working with Interfaces in Go 152 Defining an interface 152 Implementing an interface 153 Looking at How You May Use Interfaces 154 Adding methods to a type that doesn’t satisfy an interface 158 Using the Stringer interface 159 Implementing multiple interfaces 160 Using an empty interface 161 Determining whether a value implements a specific interface 162 Part 3: Multitasking in Go 163 Chapter 11: Threading Using Goroutines 165 Understanding Goroutines 166 Using Goroutines with Shared Resources 168 Seeing how shared resources impact goroutines 168 Accessing shared resources using mutual exclusion 171 Using atomic counters for modifying shared resources 172 Synchronizing Goroutines 174 Chapter 12: Communicating between Goroutines Using Channels 179 Understanding Channels 179 How channels work 180 How channels are used 183 Iterating through Channels 186 Asynchronously Waiting on Channels 187 Using Buffered Channels 192 Part 4: Organizing Your Code 195 Chapter 13: Using and Creating Packages in Go 197 Working with Packages 197 Creating shareable packages 200 Organizing packages using directories 202 Using Third-Party Packages 204 Emojis for Go 204 Go Documentation 205 Chapter 14: Grouping Packages into Modules 211 Creating a Module 211 Testing and Building a Module 214 Publishing a Module on GitHub 216 Part 5: Seeing Go in Action 223 Chapter 15: Consuming Web APIs Using Go 225 Understanding Web APIs 225 Fetching Data from Web Services in Go 226 Writing a Go program to connect to a web API 227 Decoding JSON data 229 Refactoring the code for decoding JSON data 233 Fetching from multiple web services at the same time 238 Returning Goroutine’s results to the main() function 239 Chapter 16: Getting Ready to Serve Using REST APIs 243 Building Web Services Using REST APIs 243 HTTP messages 244 REST URLs 244 REST methods 246 REST response 248 Creating a REST API in Go 249 Getting your REST API up and running 249 Testing the REST API 251 Registering additional paths 251 Passing in query string 254 Specifying request methods 255 Storing the course information on the REST API 257 Testing the REST API again 267 Chapter 17: Working with Databases 271 Setting Up a MySQL Database Server 272 Interfacing with the MySQL server 272 Creating a database and table 274 Creating a new account and granting permission 275 Connecting to the MySQL Database in Go 276 Retrieving a record 278 Adding a record 280 Modifying a record 281 Deleting a record 283 Part 6: The Part of Tens 285 Chapter 18: Ten Useful Go Packages to Create Applications 287 color 287 Installation 288 Code sample 288 now 288 Installation 288 Code sample 288 go-pushbullet 289 Installation 289 Code sample 289 goid 290 Installation 290 Code sample 290 json2go 291 Installation 291 Code sample 291 gojq 292 Installation 293 Code sample 293 turtle 294 Installation 294 Code sample 294 go-http-client 295 Installation 295 Code sample 295 notify 296 Installation 296 Code sample 296 gosx-notifier 297 Installation 297 Code sample 297 Chapter 19: Ten Great Go Resources 299 The Official Go Website 299 Go by Example 300 A Tour of Go 300 The Go Frequently Asked Questions 300 The Go Playground 300 Go Bootcamp 301 Effective Go 301 Gophercises 301 Tutorialspoint 301 Stack Overflow 302 Index 303

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK OF INTELLIGENT HEALTHCARE ANALYTICS The book explores the various recent tools and techniques used for deriving knowledge from healthcare data analytics for researchers and practitioners. The power of healthcare data analytics is being increasingly used in the industry. Advanced analytics techniques are used against large data sets to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences, and other useful information. A Handbook on Intelligent Healthcare Analytics covers both the theory and application of the tools, techniques, and algorithms for use in big data in healthcare and clinical research. It provides the most recent research findings to derive knowledge using big data analytics, which helps to analyze huge amounts of real-time healthcare data, the analysis of which can provide further insights in terms of procedural, technical, medical, and other types of improvements in healthcare. In addition, the reaTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering and Data Analytics 1D. Karthika and K. Kalaiselvi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Online Learning and Fragmented Learning Modeling 2 1.2 Knowledge and Knowledge Engineering 5 1.2.1 Knowledge 5 1.2.2 Knowledge Engineering 5 1.3 Knowledge Engineering as a Modelling Process 6 1.4 Tools 7 1.5 What are KBSs? 8 1.5.1 What is KBE? 8 1.5.2 When Can KBE Be Used? 10 1.5.3 CAD or KBE? 12 1.6 Guided Random Search and Network Techniques 13 1.6.1 Guide Random Search Techniques 13 1.7 Genetic Algorithms 14 1.7.1 Design Point Data Structure 15 1.7.2 Fitness Function 15 1.7.3 Constraints 16 1.7.4 Hybrid Algorithms 16 1.7.5 Considerations When Using a GA 16 1.7.6 Alternative to Genetic-Inspired Creation of Children 17 1.7.7 Alternatives to GA 18 1.7.8 Closing Remarks for GA 18 1.8 Artificial Neural Networks 19 1.9 Conclusion 19 References 20 2 A Framework for Big Data Knowledge Engineering 21Devi T. and Ramachandran A. 2.1 Introduction 22 2.1.1 Knowledge Engineering in AI and Its Techniques 23 2.1.1.1 Supervised Model 23 2.1.1.2 Unsupervised Model 23 2.1.1.3 Deep Learning 24 2.1.1.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning 24 2.1.1.5 Optimization 25 2.1.2 Disaster Management 25 2.2 Big Data in Knowledge Engineering 26 2.2.1 Cognitive Tasks for Time Series Sequential Data 27 2.2.2 Neural Network for Analyzing the Weather Forecasting 27 2.2.3 Improved Bayesian Hidden Markov Frameworks 28 2.3 Proposed System 30 2.4 Results and Discussion 32 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 36 3 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare 39P. Sujatha, K. Mahalakshmi and P. Sripriya 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Overview of Big Data 41 3.2.1 Big Data: Definition 41 3.2.2 Big Data: Characteristics 42 3.3 Big Data Tools and Techniques 43 3.3.1 Big Data Value Chain 43 3.3.2 Big Data Tools and Techniques 45 3.4 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare 45 3.4.1 Sources of Medical Big Data 51 3.4.2 Knowledge in Healthcare 53 3.4.3 Big Data Knowledge Management Systems in Healthcare 55 3.4.4 Big Data Analytics in Healthcare 56 3.5 Big Data Applications in the Healthcare Sector 59 3.5.1 Real Time Healthcare Monitoring and Altering 59 3.5.2 Early Disease Prediction with Big Data 59 3.5.3 Patients Predictions for Improved Staffing 61 3.5.4 Medical Imaging 61 3.6 Challenges with Healthcare Big Data 62 3.6.1 Challenges of Big Data 62 3.6.2 Challenges of Healthcare Big Data 62 3.7 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Big Data for Personalized Healthcare 67Dhanalakshmi R. and Jose Anand 4.1 Introduction 68 4.1.1 Objectives 68 4.1.2 Motivation 69 4.1.3 Domain Description 70 4.1.4 Organization of the Chapter 70 4.2 Related Literature 71 4.2.1 Healthcare Cyber Physical System Architecture 71 4.2.2 Healthcare Cloud Architecture 71 4.2.3 User Authentication Management 72 4.2.4 Healthcare as a Service (HaaS) 72 4.2.5 Reporting Services 73 4.2.6 Chart and Trend Analysis 73 4.2.7 Medical Data Analysis 73 4.2.8 Hospital Platform Based On Cloud Computing 74 4.2.9 Patient’s Data Collection 74 4.2.10 H-Cloud Challenges 75 4.2.11 Healthcare Information System and Cost 75 4.3 System Analysis and Design 75 4.3.1 Proposed Solution 76 4.3.2 Software Components 76 4.3.3 System Design 76 4.3.4 Architecture Diagram 77 4.3.5 List of Modules 78 4.3.6 Use Case Diagram 81 4.3.7 Sequence Diagram 81 4.3.8 Class Diagram 82 4.4 System Implementation 83 4.4.1 User Interface 83 4.4.2 Storage Module 84 4.4.3 Notification Module 85 4.4.4 Middleware 86 4.4.5 OTP Module 87 4.5 Results and Discussion 88 4.6 Conclusion 90 References 90 5 Knowledge Engineering for AI in Healthcare 93A. Thirumurthi Raja and B. Mahalakshmi 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Overview 95 5.2.1 Knowledge Representation 95 5.2.2 Types of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence 96 5.2.3 Relation Between Knowledge and Intelligence 97 5.2.4 Approaches to Knowledge Representation 97 5.2.5 Requirements for Knowledge Representation System 98 5.2.6 Techniques of Knowledge Representation 98 5.2.6.1 Logical Representation 99 5.2.6.2 Semantic Network Representation 99 5.2.6.3 Frame Representation 99 5.2.6.4 Production Rules 100 5.2.7 Process of Knowledge Engineering 101 5.2.8 Knowledge Discovery Process 106 5.3 Applications of Knowledge Engineering in AI for Healthcare 106 5.3.1 AI Supports in Clinical Decisions 107 5.3.2 AI-Assisted Robotic Surgery 107 5.3.3 Enhance Primary Care and Triage 108 5.3.4 Clinical Judgments or Diagnosis 108 5.3.5 Precision Medicine 109 5.3.6 Drug Discovery 109 5.3.7 Deep Learning to Diagnose Diseases 110 5.3.8 Automating Administrative Tasks 111 5.3.9 Reducing Operational Costs 112 5.3.10 Virtual Nursing Assistants 113 5.4 Conclusion 113 References 114 6 Business Intelligence and Analytics from Big Data to Healthcare 115Maheswari P., A. Jaya and João Manuel R. S. Tavares 6.1 Introduction 116 6.1.1 Impact of Healthcare Industry on Economy 116 6.1.2 Coronavirus Impact on the Healthcare Industry 117 6.1.3 Objective of the Study 117 6.1.4 Limitations of the Study 117 6.2 Related Works 118 6.3 Conceptual Healthcare Stock Prediction System 120 6.3.1 Data Source 122 6.3.2 Business Intelligence and Analytics Framework 122 6.3.2.1 Simple Machine Learning Model 122 6.3.2.2 Time Series Forecasting 123 6.3.2.3 Complex Deep Neural Network 123 6.3.3 Predicting the Stock Price 124 6.4 Implementation and Result Discussion 124 6.4.1 Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Limited 125 6.4.2 Cadila Healthcare Ltd 125 6.4.3 Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories 128 6.4.4 Fortis Healthcare Limited 130 6.4.5 Max Healthcare Institute Limited 131 6.4.6 Opto Circuits Limited 131 6.4.7 Panacea Biotec 135 6.4.8 Poly Medicure Ltd 136 6.4.9 Thyrocare Technologies Limited 138 6.4.10 Zydus Wellness Ltd 138 6.5 Comparisons of Healthcare Stock Prediction Framework 141 6.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 143 References 143 Books 145 Web Citation 145 7 Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart Healthcare 147Sathish Kumar K., Om Prakash P.G., Alangudi Balaji N. and Robertas Damaševičius 7.1 Introduction 148 7.2 Literature Survey 149 7.3 Smart Healthcare Using Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics 151 7.3.1 Smart Diabetes Prediction 151 7.3.2 Smart ADHD Prediction 154 7.4 Security for Internet of Things 159 7.4.1 K(Binary) ECC FSM 159 7.4.2 NAF Method 160 7.4.3 K-NAF Multiplication Architecture 161 7.4.4 K(NAF) ECC FSM 161 7.5 Conclusion 164 References 165 8 Knowledge-Driven and Intelligent Computing in Healthcare 167R. Mervin, Dinesh Mavalaru and Tintu Thomas 8.1 Introduction 168 8.1.1 Basics of Health Recommendation System 169 8.1.2 Basics of Ontology 169 8.1.3 Need of Ontology in Health Recommendation System 170 8.2 Literature Review 171 8.2.1 Ontology in Various Domain 172 8.2.2 Ontology in Health Recommendation System 174 8.3 Framework for Health Recommendation System 175 8.3.1 Domain Ontology Creation 176 8.3.2 Query Pre-Processing 178 8.3.3 Feature Selection 179 8.3.4 Recommendation System 180 8.4 Experimental Results 182 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 183 References 183 9 Secure Healthcare Systems Based on Big Data Analytics 189A. Angel Cerli, K. Kalaiselvi and Vijayakumar Varadarajan 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Healthcare Data 193 9.2.1 Structured Data 193 9.2.2 Unstructured Data 194 9.2.3 Semi-Structured Data 194 9.2.4 Genomic Data 194 9.2.5 Patient Behavior and Sentiment Data 194 9.2.6 Clinical Data and Clinical Notes 194 9.2.7 Clinical Reference and Health Publication Data 195 9.2.8 Administrative and External Data 195 9.3 Recent Works in Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Data 195 9.4 Healthcare Big Data 197 9.5 Privacy of Healthcare Big Data 198 9.6 Privacy Right by Country and Organization 200 9.7 How Blockchain is Big Data Usable for Healthcare 200 9.7.1 Digital Trust 200 9.7.2 Smart Data Tracking 202 9.7.3 Ecosystem Sensible 202 9.7.4 Switch Digital 202 9.7.5 Cybersecurity 203 9.7.6 Sharing Interoperability and Data 203 9.7.7 Improving Research and Development (R&D) 206 9.7.8 Drugs Fighting Counterfeit 206 9.7.9 Patient Mutual Participation 206 9.7.10 Internet Access by Patient to Longitudinal Data 206 9.7.11 Data Storage into Off Related to Confidentiality and Data Scale 207 9.8 Blockchain Threats and Medical Strategies Big Data Technology 207 9.9 Conclusion and Future Research 208 References 208 10 Predictive and Descriptive Analysis for Healthcare Data 213Pritam R. Ahire and Rohini Hanchate 10.1 Introduction 214 10.2 Motivation 215 10.2.1 Healthcare Analysis 215 10.2.2 Predictive Analytics 217 10.2.3 Predictive Analytics Current Trends 217 10.2.3.1 Importance of PA 217 10.2.4 Descriptive Analysis 218 10.2.4.1 Descriptive Statistics 218 10.2.4.2 Categories of Descriptive Analysis 219 10.2.5 Method of Modeling 221 10.2.6 Measures of Data Analytics 221 10.2.7 Healthcare Data Analytics Platforms and Tools 223 10.2.8 Challenges 225 10.2.9 Issues in Predictive Healthcare Analysis 226 10.2.9.1 Integrating Separate Data Sources 226 10.2.9.2 Advanced Cloud Technologies 226 10.2.9.3 Privacy and Security 227 10.2.9.4 The Fast Pace of Technology Changes 227 10.2.10 Applications of Predictive Analysis 227 10.2.10.1 Improving Operational Efficiency 227 10.2.10.2 Personal Medicine 228 10.2.10.3 Population Health and Risk Scoring 228 10.2.10.4 Outbreak Prediction 228 10.2.10.5 Controlling Patient Deterioration 228 10.2.10.6 Supply Chain Management 228 10.2.10.7 Potential in Precision Medicine 229 10.2.10.8 Cost Savings From Reducing Waste and Fraud 229 10.3 Conclusion 229 References 229 11 Machine and Deep Learning Algorithms for Healthcare Applications 233K. France, A. Jaya and Doru Tiliute 11.1 Introduction 234 11.2 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning 234 11.3 Machine Learning 236 11.3.1 Supervised Learning 236 11.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 238 11.3.3 Semi-Supervised 238 11.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 238 11.4 Advantages of Using Deep Learning on Top of Machine Learning 239 11.5 Deep Learning Architecture 239 11.6 Medical Image Analysis using Deep Learning 242 11.7 Deep Learning in Chest X-Ray Images 243 11.8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval 246 11.9 Image Retrieval Performance Metrics 249 11.10 Conclusion 250 References 250 12 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Data Science with Knowledge Engineering 255S. Asha, Kanchana Devi V. and G. Sahaja Vaishnavi 12.1 Introduction 256 12.2 Literature Review 260 12.3 AI in Healthcare 266 12.4 Data Science and Knowledge Engineering for COVID-19 268 12.5 Proposed Architecture and Its Implementation 270 12.5.1 Implementation 270 12.5.1.1 Data Collection 270 12.5.1.2 Understanding Class and Dependencies 270 12.5.1.3 Pre-Processing 272 12.5.1.4 Sampling 273 12.5.1.5 Model Fixing 273 12.5.1.6 Analysis of Real-Time Datasets 273 12.5.1.7 Machine Learning Algorithms 276 12.6 Conclusions and Future Work 278 References 280 13 Knowledge Engineering Challenges in Smart Healthcare Data Analysis System 285Agasba Saroj S. J., B. Saleena and B. Prakash 13.1 Introduction 285 13.1.1 Motivation 287 13.2 Ongoing Research on Intelligent Decision Support System 289 13.3 Methodology and Architecture of the Intelligent Rule-Based System 291 13.3.1 Proposed System Design 292 13.3.2 Algorithms Used 293 13.3.2.1 Forward Chaining 293 13.3.2.2 Backward Chaining 294 13.4 Creating a Rule-Based System using Prolog 295 13.5 Results and Discussions 304 13.6 Conclusion 306 13.7 Acknowledgments 307 References 307 14 Big Data in Healthcare: Management, Analysis, and Future Prospects 309A. Akila, R. Parameswari and C. Jayakumari 14.1 Introduction 309 14.2 Breast Cancer: Overview 310 14.3 State-of-the-Art Technology in Treatment of Cancer 311 14.3.1 Chemotherapy 311 14.3.2 Radiotherapy 311 14.4 Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Overview 312 14.4.1 Advantages and Risks Associated with the Early Detection of Breast Cancer 312 14.4.2 Diagnosis the Breast Cancer 313 14.5 Literature Review 314 14.6 Machine Learning Algorithms 315 14.6.1 Principal Component Analysis Algorithms 316 14.6.2 K-Means Algorithm 317 14.6.3 K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm 317 14.6.4 Logistic Regression Algorithm 318 14.6.5 Support Vector Machine Algorithm 318 14.6.6 AdaBoost Algorithm 319 14.6.7 Neural Networks Algorithm 319 14.6.8 Random Forest Algorithm 319 14.7 Result and Discussion 320 14.7.1 Performance Metrics 320 14.7.1.1 ROC Curve 320 14.7.1.2 Accuracy 321 14.7.1.3 Precision and Recall 321 14.7.1.4 F1-Score 322 14.8 Experimental Result and Discussion 322 14.9 Conclusion 324 References 325 15 Machine Learning for Information Extraction, Data Analysis and Predictions in the Healthcare System 327G. Jaculine Priya and S. Saradha 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare 329 15.3 Types of Learnings in Machine Learning 331 15.3.1 Supervised Learning 332 15.3.2 Unsupervised Algorithms 333 15.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning 334 15.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 334 15.4 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms 334 15.4.1 Classification 335 15.4.2 Bayes Classification 335 15.4.3 Association Analysis 335 15.4.4 Correlation Analysis 336 15.4.5 Cluster Analysis 336 15.4.6 Outlier Analysis 336 15.4.7 Regression Analysis 337 15.4.8 K-Means 337 15.4.9 Apriori Algorithm 337 15.4.10 K Nearest Neighbor 337 15.4.11 Naive Bayes 338 15.4.12 AdaBoost 338 15.4.13 Support Vector Machine 338 15.4.14 Classification and Regression Trees 339 15.4.15 Linear Discriminant Analysis 339 15.4.16 Logistic Regression 339 15.4.17 Linear Regression 339 15.4.18 Principal Component Analysis 339 15.5 Machine Learning for Information Extraction 340 15.5.1 Natural Language Processing 340 15.6 Predictive Analysis in Healthcare 341 15.7 Conclusion 342 References 342 16 Knowledge Fusion Patterns in Healthcare 345N. Deepa and N. Kanimozhi 16.1 Introduction 346 16.2 Related Work 348 16.3 Materials and Methods 349 16.3.1 Classification of Data Fusion 349 16.3.2 Levels and Its Working in Healthcare Ecosystems 351 16.3.2.1 Initial Level Data Access (ILA) 351 16.3.2.2 Middle Level Access (MLA) 352 16.3.2.3 High Level Access (HLA) 352 16.4 Proposed System 352 16.4.1 Objective 353 16.4.2 Sample Dataset 355 16.5 Results and Discussion 355 16.6 Conclusion and Future Work 361 References 362 17 Commercial Platforms for Healthcare Analytics: Health Issues for Patients with Sickle Cells 365J.K. Adedeji, T.O. Owolabi and R.S. Fayose 17.1 Introduction 366 17.2 Materials and Methods 367 17.2.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing 367 17.2.2 Sickle Cells Normalization Image 368 17.2.3 Gradient Calculation 369 17.2.4 Gradient Descent Step 371 17.2.5 Insight to Previous Methods Adopted in Convolutional Neural Networks 372 17.2.6 Segments of Convolutional Neural Networks 372 17.2.6.1 Convolutional Layer 372 17.2.6.2 Pooling Layer 373 17.2.6.3 Fully Connected Layer 374 17.2.6.4 Softmax Layer 374 17.2.7 Basic Transformations of Convolutional Neural Networks in Healthcare 374 17.2.8 Algorithm Review and Comparison 376 17.2.9 Feedforward 376 17.3 Results and Discussion 377 17.3.1 Results on Suitability for Applications in Healthcare 377 17.3.2 Class Prediction 377 17.3.3 The Model Sanity Checking 377 17.3.4 Analysis of the Epoch and Training Losses 378 17.3.5 Discussion and Healthcare Interpretations 379 17.3.6 Load Data 379 17.3.7 Image Pre-Processing 380 17.3.8 Building and Training the Classifier 381 17.3.9 Saving the Checkpoint Suitable for Healthcare 382 17.3.10 Loading the Checkpoint 383 17.4 Conclusion 383 References 383 18 New Trends and Applications of Big Data Analytics for Medical Science and Healthcare 387Niha K. and Aisha Banu W. 18.1 Introduction 388 18.2 Related Work 389 18.3 Convolutional Layer 389 18.4 Pooling Layer 390 18.5 Fully Connected Layer 390 18.6 Recurrent Neural Network 391 18.7 LSTM and GRU 392 18.8 Materials and Methods 397 18.8.1 Pre-Processing Strategy Selection 397 18.8.2 Feature Extraction and Classification 400 18.9 Results and Discussions 406 18.10 Conclusion 408 18.11 Acknowledgement 409 References 409 Index 413

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Book SynopsisPrepare for success on the AWS SysOps exam, your next job interview, and in the field with this handy and practical guide The newly updated Third Edition ofAWS Certified SysOps Administrator Study Guide: Associate (SOA-C02) Examprepares you forthe Amazon Web Services SysOps Administrator certification and a careerin the deployment, management, and operation of an AWS environment. Whether you're preparing for your first attempt at the challengingSOA-C02Exam,or you want to upgrade your AWS SysOps skills, this practicalStudy Guidedelivers thehands-on skills and best practices instruction you need to succeed on the test and in the field.You'll get: Coverage of all of the SOA-C02 exam's domains, including monitoring, logging, remediation, reliability, business continuity, and moreInstruction that's tailor-made to achieve success on the certification exam, inan AWS SysOps job interview, and in your next role as a SysOps administratorAccess to the Sybex online study tools, with chapter review questions, full-length practice exams, hundreds of electronic flashcards, and a glossary of key terms TheAWS Certified SysOps Administrator Study Guide: Associate (SOA-C02) Examincludesall thedigital and offlinetools you need tosupercharge your career as an AWS Certified SysOps Administrator.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive resource focusing on natural hazards and their impact on power systems, with case studies and tutorials included Fundamentals of Power System Resilience is the first book to cover the topic of power system resilience in a holistic manner, ranging from novel conceptual frameworks for understanding the concept, to advanced assessment and quantifying techniques, to optimization planning algorithms and regulatory frameworks towards resilient power grids. The text explicitly addresses the needs and challenges of current network planning and operation standards and examines the steps and standard amendments needed to achieve low-carbon, resilient power systems. Practically, it provides frameworks to assess resilience in operation and planning and relevant quantification metrics. Case studies from around the world (real data and project developments as well as simulations) including windstorms, wildfires, floods, earthquakes, blackouts, and brownouts, etc. are included, with app

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction xxiii Part 1 Software Architect Capability Model 1 Chapter 1 Software Architect Capability Model 3 Software Architect Capability Model: Benefits 4 How Should Organizations Utilize the Software Architect Capability Model? 4 Why Create a Personal Software Architect Capability Model? 5 Rudimentary Guiding Principles 6 Software Architect Capability Model Creation Process 6 Requirements Drive Architecture Solutions 7 Requirements Issued by Problem and Solution Domain Entities 7 How Do the Problem and Solution Domains Collaborate? 7 Important Facts to Remember 9 Create a Software Architect Capability Model in Five Steps 9 Step 1: Provide Requirements and Specifications 10 Business Requirements 10 Technical Specifications 11 Ensure Clear Requirements 11 Step 2: Identify Software Architecture Practices 12 Establish Architecture Practices 12 Step 3: Establish Software Architecture Disciplines 13 Apply Architecture Disciplines to Architecture Practices 14 Applying Disciplines to the Application Architecture Practice 14 Applying Disciplines for the Data Architecture Practice 16 Step 4: Add Software Architecture Deliverables 17 About Software Architecture Deliverables 17 Add the Deliverables Section 18 Step 5: Quantify Skill Competencies 21 Quantifying Architecture Skills 22 Measuring the Application Architect Skill Levels 22 Measuring Data Architect Skill Levels 24 Skill Competency Patterns for Architects 25 How Can Organizations Utilize the Skill Competency Pattern? 26 How an Individual Can Utilize the Skill Competency Pattern 27 Interview Questions 28 Part 2 Software Architecture Career Planning 29 Chapter 2 Types of Software Architects 31 Business Needs for Technological Solutions 32 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Strategic Collaboration 32 How Does Software Architecture Respond to Business Needs? 33 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Technological Mediation 33 How Could Technological Mediation Efforts Be Utilized? 34 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Technological Implementation 34 How Does the Implementation of Software Products Meet Business Needs? 34 Organizational Leading Software Architect Levels 35 Ranking Leading Software Architects 35 Collaboration Hierarchy of Leading Software Architects 36 Level I: Enterprise Architect Responsibilities 38 Enterprise Architect Summary of Responsibilities 38 Enterprise Architect Responsibility Table 39 Level II: Solution Architect Responsibilities 40 Solution Architect Summary of Responsibilities 41 Solution Architect Responsibility Table 42 Level III: Application Architect Responsibilities 44 Application Architect Summary of Responsibilities 44 Application Architect Responsibilities Table 46 Comparing Responsibilities of Leading Software Architects 48 Types of Domain Software Architects 49 Data Architect 49 Data Architect Summary of Responsibilities 50 Data Architect Responsibilities Table 51 Cloud Architect 51 Cloud Architect Summary of Responsibilities 54 Cloud Architect Responsibilities Table 55 Security Architect 57 Security Architect Summary of Responsibilities 58 Security Architect Responsibilities Table 60 Business Architect 62 Business Architect Summary of Responsibilities 62 Business Architect Responsibilities Table 63 Collaboration Between Leading Software Architects and Domain Software Architects 65 Use Case I: Collaboration Between an Application Architect and a Data Architect 66 Application Architect and Data Architect Collaboration Table 66 Use Case II: Solution Architect and Security Architect 68 Solution Architect and Security Architect Collaboration Table 68 Use Case III: Business Architect and Enterprise Architect Collaboration 70 Business Architect and Enterprise Architect Collaboration Table 70 Chapter 3 Career Planning for Software Architects: A Winning Strategy 73 Software Architecture Career Planning Process 74 Career Planning Step 1: Conduct Self- Discovery 75 Discovery of Technological and Social Talents 75 Career Planning Self- Discovery Subjects 76 Career Planning Step 2: Pursue Research 76 Formal Education, Training, and Certification 77 Employment Opportunities and Interviews 77 Subjects of Research 77 Career Planning Step 3: Devise an Approach 78 Setting Software Architecture Career Goals 78 Setting Software Architecture Career Milestones 80 Decision- Making 81 Action Planning 82 Career Planning Step 4: Plan Career Execution 85 Use Case I: A Software Architecture Career Execution Plan with Alternative Tasks 85 Use Case II: Optimized Software Architecture Execution Plan 88 Self- Discovery Process: The Six Ws 89 The “Why” 90 The “Who” 91 The “What” 92 Self- Discovery Questions for Software Architecture Candidates 93 Self- Discovery Queries for Software Architects 93 The “Where” 94 The “When” 95 The “How” 96 “How” Self- Queries for Software Architecture Applicants 97 “How” Self- Questions for Practicing Software Architects 97 Carving a Software Architecture Career Path 98 The 4D Software Architecture Career Perspectives 99 Social- Driven Career Perspective 100 Social- Driven Career Chart 100 Carve Out a Social- Driven Career Chart 101 Social- Driven Career Path 102 Create a Social- Driven Career Path 102 Technology- Driven Career Perspective 103 Technology- Driven Career Chart 104 Create a Technology- Driven Career Chart 105 Technical- Driven Career Path 106 Develop a Technical- Driven Career Path 106 Leadership- Driven Career Perspective 107 Leadership- Driven Career Chart 108 Create a Leadership- Driven Career Chart 109 Leadership- Driven Career Path 110 Develop a Leadership- Driven Career Path 110 Strategy- Driven Career Perspective 112 Strategy- Driven Career Chart 112 Create a Strategy- Driven Career Chart 114 Strategy- Driven Career Path 114 Develop a Strategy- Driven Career Path 115 Chapter 4 Self- Assessment for Software Architects 117 Social Intelligence 118 Teamwork 118 Partnership 119 Self- consciousness 119 Communication 120 Networking 120 Soft Skills 120 Trust Building 121 Learning from Others 121 Negotiation 122 Self- presentation 122 Teleworking 123 Fellowship 123 Self- sufficiency 124 Handling Customer Relationships 124 Social Intelligence Skill Assessment 124 Software Architecture Practice 126 Software Architecture Strategy 126 Software Architecture Vision 127 Software Architecture Role 127 System Integration 128 Interoperability 128 Software Reuse 129 Distributed Architecture Model 129 Federated Architecture Model 129 Architecture Styles 130 Architecture and Design Patterns 130 Componentization 130 Software Architecture Frameworks 131 Software Development 131 Software Architecture Practice Skill Assessment 132 Leadership 133 Managing Time 134 Decision- Making 134 Problem-solving 134 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 135 Responsibility and Accountability 135 Hiring Preferences 136 Creative Thinking 136 Critical Thinking 136 Being Proactive 137 Establishment of Trust 137 Administrative Duties 138 Coaching and Training 138 Team Building 139 Resolving Conflicts 139 Assessment of Leadership Competencies 140 Strategy 141 Software Architecture Strategy 142 Strategic Thinking 142 Problem Identification 142 Problem-solving 143 Abstraction 143 Generalization 144 Visualization 144 Software Design Approaches 145 Simplification 145 Analytical Capabilities 145 Influencing 146 Promoting Culture 146 Strategy Execution Plan 147 Assessment of Strategic Competencies 147 Part 3 Software Architecture Toolbox 149 Chapter 5 Employing Innate Talents to Provide Potent Organizational Solutions 151 Innate Skills Promote Software Architecture Effectiveness 152 Remember: Survival, Survival, Survival 152 Consequences of Failing to Invoke Innate Talents 153 Employ Chief Innate Talents to Become an Effective Software Architect 154 The Power of Creativity 154 The Benefits of Unleashing Software Architecture Creativity 155 Unleash the Power of Software Architecture Creativity 155 The Potency of Imagination 157 The Benefits of Harnessing Imagination 158 Unleash the Power of Imagination 159 Software Design Aesthetic 162 Technical Proficiency and Aesthetic Talents Drive Software Design 162 The Chief Contribution of Design Aesthetic Talents to Software Architecture 163 Curiosity Attributes 167 The Contribution of Curiosity to Software Architecture 167 The Influencing Facets of Curiosity on Software Architecture Practices 168 Chapter 6 Software Architecture Environment Construction 173 Benefits of the Software Architecture Environment Construction Discipline 174 Must Haves: Problem Statements and Requirements 174 Never Start a Software Design Project Without Understanding the Problems 175 Never Start a Software Design Project Without Requirements 176 Software Architecture Structures 176 Micro Level: Multidimensional Structures of Software Implementations 176 Macro Level: 3D Software Architecture Environment Structure 177 Software Architecture Environment: Driven by an Uncontrolled Quantum Landscape Behavior 178 Software Architecture Environment: An Intelligent Topological Space 179 Deformation Aspects of a Multidimensional Software Architecture Environment 181 Entanglement Effects in a Software Architecture Environment 182 Software Architecture Environment Forces Drive Software Behavior 183 Probability Assessment of Software Operations and Behavior 184 Software Architecture Environment Positive and Negative Forces 184 Software Architecture Environment Gravitational Forces 185 The Impetus for Granting Software Architecture Gravitational Powers to Software Implementations 186 Software Architecture Gravitational Force Intensity 187 The Cost of Unbalanced Software Architecture Environment Gravitational Forces 187 Competing Software Architecture Environment Forces 188 Software Architecture Environment: A Survival Game Space 188 Maintaining a Pragmatic Balance Between Competing Software Architecture Forces 189 Mitigating the Competing Forces Challenge 190 Software Architecture Environment Harmonizing and Disharmonizing Forces 190 Chief Properties of Harmonizing Forces in a Software Architecture Environment 191 Chief Properties of Disharmonizing Forces in a Software Architecture Environment 193 Genetic Encoding of a Software Architecture Environment 194 Difficulties of Restructuring a Software Architecture Environment 194 Encoding a Software Architecture Environment 195 Influences on Social, Behavioral, and Business Goals 195 Software Architecture Environment Construction Life Cycle 196 Software Architecture Environment Construction Process 197 Creating a Software Architecture Environment Construction Balance Table 197 Software Architecture Environment Construction Design Activities 199 Use Case I: Software Architecture Environment Composition and Decomposition Design Activities 201 Design- Time vs. Runtime Environment Composition and Decomposition Design Activities 201 Composition and Decomposition Design Methods 202 Composition and Decomposition Process Outline 203 Use Case II: Software Architecture Environment Integration and Disintegration Design Activities 204 When to Apply Integration and Disintegration Design Activities 205 Integration and Disintegration Design Methods 205 Integration and Disintegration Process Outline 206 Use Case III: Software Architecture Environment Centralization and Decentralization Design Activities 208 When to Employ the Software Environment Centralization and Decentralization Design Activities 208 Centralization and Decentralization Design Methods 209 Software Architecture Environment Centralization and Decentralization Process Outline 210 Use Case IV: Software Architecture Environment Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Activities 211 Chapter 7 When to Employ Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Activities 212 Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Methods 213 Software Architecture Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Process Outline 214 Use Case V: Software Architecture Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Activities 215 When to Employ Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Activities 216 Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Methods 216 Software Architecture Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Process Outline 218 Construction Laws of a Software Architecture Environment 219 Best Practices for Software Architecture Environment Construction 220 Structural Construction of Software Implementations in Multidimensional Environments 223 Software Architecture Solids: Rudimentary Geometrical Design Structures 224 Atomic Solid 225 Composite Solid 227 Monolithic Solid 228 Interface Solid 229 Pipe Solid 230 Inclusive Utilization of Pipe Solids 231 Exclusive Utilization of Pipe Solids 232 Internal Utilization of Pipe Solids 233 Data Solid 234 Software Architecture Solids’ Attribute Summary 236 Software Architecture Dimensional Model 237 Software Architecture: Zero Dimension 238 Software Architecture: One Dimension 239 Software Architecture: Two Dimensions 240 What Impacts the Length and Width Dimensions of a 2D Software Structure? 241 Software Architecture: Three Dimensions 242 Volumes of 3D Software Structures 242 Increase in Software Architecture Level of Specificity in a 3D Computing World 243 Software Population Sustainability in an Architecture Environment Space: A Capacity Planning Challenge 245 Comparative Perspectives in a Software Architecture Space 246 3D Software Structures in a Software Architecture Computing Space 247 The Impetus for Establishing a 3D Software Architecture Space 247 Chief Features of Software Architecture Computing Space 249 Influences of Software Structures on Software Architecture Computing Space 250 Relative Positions in a 3D Software Architecture Computing Space 250 Coordinate Axes: Skeleton of a Software Architecture Computing Space 251 Software Architecture Computing Space Logical Coordinate System 252 Cardinal and Intercardinal Physical Directions in Software Architecture Computing Space 253 Applying Cardinal and Intercardinal Directions to Software Architecture Computing Space 254 Marrying a Logical Coordinate System with Cardinal and Intercardinal Physical Directions System 255 Leveraging the Z- Axis to Create Floors in a Software Architecture Computing Space 256 Distribution Styles of 3D Software Implementations in an Architecture Computing Space 257 Federated Distribution Style 258 Flooring Distribution Style 260 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Distribution Styles 261 Symmetrical Distribution Style 261 Asymmetrical Distribution Style 263 Construction Life Cycle of Software Implementations 264 Software Construction Process 265 Creating a Software Construction Balance Table 265 Software Construction Design Activities 266 Use Case I: Thicken and Contract Design Activities 267 When to Apply Thicken and Contract Design Activities 268 Thicken and Contract Design Methods 269 Software Structure Thickening and Contracting Process Outline 270 Use Case II: Lengthen and Shorten Design Activities 272 When to Apply the Lengthen and Shorten Design Activities 273 Lengthen and Shorten Design Methods 273 Software Structure Lengthening and Shortening Process Outline 275 Use Case III: Layer and Delayer Design Activities 277 When to Apply Layer and Delayer Design Activities 277 Layer and Delayer Design Methods 278 Layer and Delayer Process Outline 279 Governing Laws for Software Construction in a 3D Computing World 281 Best Practices for Constructing Software Implementations 282 Part 4 Software Architecture Interview Preparations 285 Chapter 8 Preparing for a Software Architecture Interview: A Winning Strategy 287 Software Architecture Job Interview Strategy 288 Preparing a Job Interview Defense Plan 288 Preparing a Job Interview Attack Plan 289 Software Architecture Job Interview Preparation Model 290 Software Architecture Job Interview Defense Plan 291 Study and Analyze the Job Description 291 Start with Identifying the Scope of the Software Architecture Job Requirements 292 Dive Deep into the Software Architect Job Description 293 Start with Analyzing the Summary Portion of the Job Requirements 294 Create a Findings Table Version I for the Job Description 295 Next, Analyze the Responsibilities Portion of the Job Requirements 296 Then, Update the Findings Table Version II of the Job Description 296 Last, Analyze the Software Architect Skills Portion of the Job Requirements 297 Do Not Forget to Update the Findings Table of the Job Description 298 Create a Software Architect Skill Competency Model for the Job Description 299 Skill Competency Model’s Requirements and Practices 300 Skill Competency Model’s Disciplines 301 Design Discipline’s Deliverables 301 Cybersecurity Discipline Deliverables 301 Products Selection and Evaluation Discipline’s Deliverables 302 SDLC Discipline’s Deliverables 302 The Competency Part of the Skill Competency Model 303 Discover the Personal Knowledge Gap Before Attending a Job Interview 303 Assess Whether the Next Software Architecture Job Is a Strategic Career Move 304 Conduct a Software Architecture Mock Interview 305 Prepare a Software Architecture Interview Cheat Sheet 306 Prepare for Possible Software Architecture Interview Questions 307 Software Architecture Job Interview Attack Plan 308 Study the Hiring Organization’s Business 309 Start by Finding Information About the Hiring Organization 309 Chapter 9 Leveraging Business Knowledge During an Interview 311 Understand the Business Model 312 Get Familiar with the Hiring Company’s Culture 314 Conduct a Quick SWOT Analysis 315 Understand the Hiring Organization’s Technology 316 Technological Information Sources 316 Discover the Environment’s Technology Stack 318 Learn About the Development Technology Stack 319 Study the Applications 320 Identify Specific IT Projects 321 Demonstrate Enterprise Architecture Knowledge of the Hiring Organization 321 Adopt Software Architecture Lingo 323 Use Design Patterns Vocabulary 323 Use the Software Architecture Guidelines Lingo to Communicate Solutions 324 Remember Software Architecture Tools 328 Classification of Software Architecture Tools 329 Especially Prepare for Architecture Visualization Tools Questions 332 Get Familiar with Software Architecture Analysis and Evaluation Methods 333 Be Aware of Early Architecture Evaluation Methods 334 Be Aware of Late Architecture Evaluation Methods 335 Talk About Software Architecture Analysis Standards 335 An Outline for Software Architecture Job Interview Questions 337 Behavioral Questions 338 Communication 339 Interpersonal Relationships 340 Software Architecture Leadership 340 Skill Assessment Questions 341 Software Architecture Attributes Questions 342 Software Architecture LifeCycle Questions 343 Software Architecture Concepts Questions 346 Design Building Blocks Concepts 347 Employ Design Building Blocks Concepts to Depict Solutions 347 Prepare for the “How to Design” Interview Questions 348 Software Architecture Environment Concepts 349 Business Concepts 351 Consumer Concepts 352 Architecture Style, Architecture Pattern, and Design Pattern Questions 353 Architecture Patterns vs. Design Patterns 353 Understand Architecture Styles 355 Remember Contextual Hierarchy of Patterns 355 Why Interviewers Ask Architecture and Design Pattern Questions 356 Prepare for Architecture and Design Pattern Questions 357 Problem-solving and decision- making Questions 358 Embrace the Software Architecture Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Process 358 Identifying Business Problems 358 Attend to the Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Process 359 Prepare for Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Questions 360 Data- Related Questions 360 Focus on Data Aspects Related to Software Architecture 361 More Data- Related Interview Questions 361 Production Environment Questions 362 Characteristics of Software Architecture Environment Hosted in Production 363 Production Environment-Related Questions 364 Software Architecture Framework Questions 365 Focus on Array of Framework Contributions 365 Software Architecture Framework Questions 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPREFACE ix ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xiii 1 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 EXECUTIVE VIEW OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2 1.2 COMPLEX PROJECTS 5 1.3 GLOBAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT 12 1.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES AND FRAMEWORKS 14 1.5 THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE 20 1.6 ENGAGEMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT 20 1.7 CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT 22 1.8 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 23 1.9 A NEW LOOK AT DEFINING PROJECT SUCCESS 24 1.10 THE GROWTH OF PAPERLESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT 30 1.11 PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATURITY AND METRICS 31 1.12 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BENCHMARKING AND METRICS 35 1.13 CONCLUSIONS 41 2 THE DRIVING FORCES FOR BETTER METRICS 43 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 43 2.0 INTRODUCTION 43 2.1 STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT 44 2.2 PROJECT AUDITS AND THE PMO 55 2.3 INTRODUCTION TO SCOPE CREEP 56 2.4 PROJECT HEALTH CHECKS 64 2.5 MANAGING DISTRESSED PROJECTS 69 3 METRICS 83 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 83 3.0 INTRODUCTION 83 3.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS: THE EARLY YEARS 84 3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS: CURRENT VIEW 87 3.3 METRICS MANAGEMENT MYTHS 88 3.4 SELLING EXECUTIVES ON A METRICS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 89 3.5 UNDERSTANDING METRICS 91 3.6 CAUSES FOR LACK OF SUPPORT FOR METRICS MANAGEMENT 95 3.7 USING METRICS IN EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE REVIEWS 96 3.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF A METRIC 97 3.9 METRIC CATEGORIES AND TYPES 99 3.10 SELECTING THE METRICS 101 3.11 SELECTING A METRIC/KPI OWNER 105 3.12 METRICS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 106 3.13 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 106 3.14 METRICS AND THE PMO 109 3.15 METRICS AND PROJECT OVERSIGHT/GOVERNANCE 112 3.16 METRICS TRAPS 113 3.17 PROMOTING THE METRICS 114 3.18 CHURCHILL DOWNS INCORPORATED’S PROJECT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACHES 114 4 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 121 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 121 4.0 INTRODUCTION 121 4.1 THE NEED FOR KPIS 122 4.2 USING THE KPIS 126 4.3 THE ANATOMY OF A KPI 128 4.4 KPI CHARACTERISTICS 129 4.5 CATEGORIES OF KPIS 133 4.6 KPI SELECTION 134 4.7 KPI MEASUREMENT 140 4.8 KPI INTERDEPENDENCIES 142 4.9 KPIS AND TRAINING 144 4.10 KPI TARGETS 145 4.11 UNDERSTANDING STRETCH TARGETS 148 4.12 KPI FAILURES 149 4.13 KPIS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL 151 4.14 KPI BAD HABITS 154 4.15 BRIGHTPOINT CONSULTING, INC.--DASHBOARD DESIGN: KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND METRICS 159 5 VALUE-BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS 169 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 169 5.0 INTRODUCTION 169 5.1 VALUE OVER THE YEARS 171 5.2 VALUES AND LEADERSHIP 172 5.3 COMBINING SUCCESS AND VALUE 175 5.4 RECOGNIZING THE NEED FOR VALUE METRICS 178 5.5 THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 181 5.6 CUSTOMER/STAKEHOLDER IMPACT ON VALUE METRICS 187 5.7 CUSTOMER VALUE MANAGEMENT 188 5.8 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND VALUE 193 5.9 BACKGROUND OF METRICS 197 5.10 SELECTING THE RIGHT METRICS 204 5.11 THE FAILURE OF TRADITIONAL METRICS AND KPIS 207 5.12 THE NEED FOR VALUE METRICS 207 5.13 CREATING A VALUE METRIC 208 5.14 PRESENTING THE VALUE METRIC IN A DASHBOARD 215 5.15 INDUSTRY EXAMPLES OF VALUE METRICS 216 5.16 USE OF CRISIS DASHBOARDS FOR OUT-OFRANGE VALUE ATTRIBUTES 222 5.17 ESTABLISHING A METRICS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 223 5.18 USING VALUE METRICS FOR FORECASTING 225 5.19 METRICS AND JOB DESCRIPTIONS 226 5.20 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF METRICS 227 5.21 CREATING A PROJECT VALUE BASELINE 239 6 DASHBOARDS 247 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 247 6.0 INTRODUCTION 247 6.1 DOES EVERYONE KNOW WHAT A DASHBOARD REALLY IS? 252 6.2 HOW WE PROCESS DASHBOARD INFORMATION 256 6.3 DASHBOARD CORE ATTRIBUTES 256 6.4 THE MEANING OF INFORMATION 257 6.5 TRAFFIC LIGHT DASHBOARD REPORTING 259 6.6 DASHBOARDS AND SCORECARDS 261 6.7 CREATING A DASHBOARD IS A LOT LIKE ONLINE DATING 264 6.8 BENEFITS OF DASHBOARDS 266 6.9 IS YOUR BI TOOL FLEXIBLE ENOUGH? 267 6.10 FOUR EASY STEPS TO IMPLEMENTING A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOLUTION 270 6.11 RULES FOR DASHBOARDS 275 6.12 THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS OF DASHBOARD DESIGN AND WHY THEY SHOULD BE AVOIDED 275 6.13 BRIGHTPOINT CONSULTING, INC.: DESIGNING EXECUTIVE DASHBOARDS 278 6.14 ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD 287 6.15 USING EMOTICONS 310 6.16 MISLEADING INDICATORS 311 6.17 AGILE AND SCRUM METRICS 313 6.18 DATA WAREHOUSES 333 6.20 TEAMQUEST CORPORATION 340 6.21 A SIMPLE TEMPLATE 360 6.22 SUMMARY OF DASHBOARD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 360 6.23 DASHBOARD LIMITATIONS 367 6.24 THE DASHBOARD PILOT RUN 370 6.25 EVALUATING DASHBOARD VENDORS 371 6.26 NEW DASHBOARD APPLICATIONS 372 7 DASHBOARD APPLICATIONS 375 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 375 7.0 INTRODUCTION 375 7.1 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: DUNDAS DATA VISUALIZATION 376 7.2 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: PIE 376 7.3 PIE OVERVIEW 388 7.4 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LEARNING 403 8 THE PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT PMO AND METRICS 407 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 407 8.0 INTRODUCTION 407 8.1 CRITICAL QUESTIONS 408 8.2 VALUE CATEGORIES 408 8.3 PORTFOLIO METRICS 410 8.4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND METRICS 411 8.5 THE GROWTH OF PORTFOLIO METRICS 413 8.6 METRICS FOR MEASURING INTANGIBLES 415 8.7 THE NEED FOR STRATEGIC METRICS 418 8.8 CRISIS DASHBOARDS 421 INDEX 425

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Optimization Accessible introductory textbook on optimization theory and methods, with an emphasis on engineering design, featuring MATLAB exercises and worked examples Fully updated to reflect modern developments in the field, the Fifth Edition of An Introduction to Optimization fills the need for an accessible, yet rigorous, introduction to optimization theory and methods, featuring innovative coverage and a straightforward approach. The book begins with a review of basic definitions and notations while also providing the related fundamental background of linear algebra, geometry, and calculus. With this foundation, the authors explore the essential topics of unconstrained optimization problems, linear programming problems, and nonlinear constrained optimization. In addition, the book includes an introduction to artificial neural networks, convex optimization, multi-objective optimization, and applications of optimization in machine learning. Numerous diagrams andTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xviii Part I Mathematical Review 1 1 Methods of Proof and Some Notation 3 1.1 Methods of Proof 3 1.2 Notation 5 Exercises 5 2 Vector Spaces and Matrices 7 2.1 Vector and Matrix 7 2.2 Rank of a Matrix 11 2.3 Linear Equations 16 2.4 Inner Products and Norms 18 Exercises 20 3 Transformations 23 3.1 Linear Transformations 23 3.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 24 3.3 Orthogonal Projections 26 3.4 Quadratic Forms 27 3.5 Matrix Norms 32 Exercises 35 4 Concepts from Geometry 39 4.1 Line Segments 39 4.2 Hyperplanes and Linear Varieties 39 4.3 Convex Sets 41 4.4 Neighborhoods 43 4.5 Polytopes and Polyhedra 44 Exercises 45 5 Elements of Calculus 47 5.1 Sequences and Limits 47 5.2 Differentiability 52 5.3 The Derivative Matrix 54 5.4 Differentiation Rules 57 5.5 Level Sets and Gradients 58 5.6 Taylor Series 61 Exercises 65 Part II Unconstrained Optimization 67 6 Basics of Set-Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Conditions for Local Minimizers 70 Exercises 78 7 One-Dimensional Search Methods 87 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 Golden Section Search 87 7.3 Fibonacci Method 91 7.4 Bisection Method 97 7.5 Newton’s Method 98 7.6 Secant Method 101 7.7 Bracketing 103 7.8 Line Search in Multidimensional Optimization 103 Exercises 105 8 Gradient Methods 109 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Steepest Descent Method 110 8.3 Analysis of Gradient Methods 117 Exercises 126 9 Newton’s Method 133 9.1 Introduction 133 9.2 Analysis of Newton’s Method 135 9.3 Levenberg–Marquardt Modification 138 9.4 Newton’s Method for Nonlinear Least Squares 139 Exercises 142 10 Conjugate Direction Methods 145 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Conjugate Direction Algorithm 146 10.2.1 Basic Conjugate Direction Algorithm 146 10.3 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm 151 10.4 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for Nonquadratic Problems 154 Exercises 156 11 Quasi-Newton Methods 159 11.1 Introduction 159 11.2 Approximating the Inverse Hessian 160 11.3 Rank One Correction Formula 162 11.4 DFP Algorithm 166 11.5 BFGS Algorithm 170 Exercises 173 12 Solving Linear Equations 179 12.1 Least-Squares Analysis 179 12.2 Recursive Least-Squares Algorithm 187 12.3 Solution to a Linear Equation with Minimum Norm 190 12.4 Kaczmarz’s Algorithm 191 12.5 Solving Linear Equations in General 194 Exercises 201 13 Unconstrained Optimization and Neural Networks 209 13.1 Introduction 209 13.2 Single-Neuron Training 211 13.3 Backpropagation Algorithm 213 Exercises 222 14 Global Search Algorithms 225 14.1 Introduction 225 14.2 Nelder–Mead Simplex Algorithm 225 14.3 Simulated Annealing 229 14.3.1 Randomized Search 229 14.3.2 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 229 14.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 231 14.4.1 Basic PSO Algorithm 232 14.4.2 Variations 233 14.5 Genetic Algorithms 233 14.5.1 Basic Description 233 14.5.1.1 Chromosomes and Representation Schemes 234 14.5.1.2 Selection and Evolution 234 14.5.2 Analysis of Genetic Algorithms 238 14.5.3 Real-Number Genetic Algorithms 243 Exercises 244 Part III Linear Programming 247 15 Introduction to Linear Programming 249 15.1 Brief History of Linear Programming 249 15.2 Simple Examples of Linear Programs 250 15.3 Two-Dimensional Linear Programs 256 15.4 Convex Polyhedra and Linear Programming 258 15.5 Standard Form Linear Programs 260 15.6 Basic Solutions 264 15.7 Properties of Basic Solutions 267 15.8 Geometric View of Linear Programs 269 Exercises 273 16 Simplex Method 277 16.1 Solving Linear Equations Using Row Operations 277 16.2 The Canonical Augmented Matrix 283 16.3 Updating the Augmented Matrix 284 16.4 The Simplex Algorithm 285 16.5 Matrix Form of the Simplex Method 291 16.6 Two-Phase Simplex Method 294 16.7 Revised Simplex Method 297 Exercises 301 17 Duality 309 17.1 Dual Linear Programs 309 17.2 Properties of Dual Problems 316 17.3 Matrix Games 321 Exercises 324 18 Nonsimplex Methods 331 18.1 Introduction 331 18.2 Khachiyan’s Method 332 18.3 Affine Scaling Method 334 18.3.1 Basic Algorithm 334 18.3.2 Two-Phase Method 337 18.4 Karmarkar’s Method 339 18.4.1 Basic Ideas 339 18.4.2 Karmarkar’s Canonical Form 339 18.4.3 Karmarkar’s Restricted Problem 341 18.4.4 From General Form to Karmarkar’s Canonical Form 342 18.4.5 The Algorithm 345 Exercises 349 19 Integer Linear Programming 351 19.1 Introduction 351 19.2 Unimodular Matrices 351 19.3 The Gomory Cutting-Plane Method 358 Exercises 366 Part IV Nonlinear Constrained Optimization 369 20 Problems with Equality Constraints 371 20.1 Introduction 371 20.2 Problem Formulation 373 20.3 Tangent and Normal Spaces 374 20.4 Lagrange Condition 379 20.5 Second-Order Conditions 387 20.6 Minimizing Quadratics Subject to Linear Constraints 390 Exercises 394 21 Problems with Inequality Constraints 399 21.1 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker Condition 399 21.2 Second-Order Conditions 406 Exercises 410 22 Convex Optimization Problems 417 22.1 Introduction 417 22.2 Convex Functions 419 22.3 Convex Optimization Problems 426 22.4 Semidefinite Programming 431 22.4.1 Linear Matrix Inequalities and Their Properties 431 22.4.2 LMI Solvers 435 22.4.2.1 Finding a Feasible Solution Under LMI Constraints 436 22.4.2.2 Minimizing a Linear Objective Under LMI Constraints 438 22.4.2.3 Minimizing a Generalized Eigenvalue Under LMI Constraints 440 Exercises 442 23 Lagrangian Duality 449 23.1 Overview 449 23.2 Notation 449 23.3 Primal–Dual Pair 450 23.4 General Duality Properties 451 23.4.1 Convexity of Dual Problem 451 23.4.2 Primal Objective in Terms of Lagrangian 451 23.4.3 Minimax Inequality Chain 452 23.4.4 Optimality of Saddle Point 452 23.4.5 Weak Duality 453 23.4.6 Duality Gap 453 23.5 Strong Duality 454 23.5.1 Strong Duality ⇔ Minimax Equals Maximin 454 23.5.2 Strong Duality ⇒ Primal Unconstrained Minimization 455 23.5.3 Strong Duality ⇒ Optimality 455 23.5.4 Strong Duality ⇒ KKT (Including Complementary Slackness) 455 23.5.5 Strong Duality ⇒ Saddle Point 456 23.6 Convex Case 456 23.6.1 Convex Case: KKT ⇒ Strong Duality 456 23.6.2 Convex Case: Regular Optimal Primal ⇒ Strong Duality 457 23.6.3 Convex Case: Slater’s Condition ⇒ Strong Duality 457 23.7 Summary of Key Results 457 Exercises 458 24 Algorithms for Constrained Optimization 459 24.1 Introduction 459 24.2 Projections 459 24.3 Projected Gradient Methods with Linear Constraints 462 24.4 Convergence of Projected Gradient Algorithms 465 24.4.1 Fixed Points and First-Order Necessary Conditions 466 24.4.2 Convergence with Fixed Step Size 468 24.4.3 Some Properties of Projections 469 24.4.4 Armijo Condition 470 24.4.5 Accumulation Points 471 24.4.6 Projections in the Convex Case 472 24.4.7 Armijo Condition in the Convex Case 474 24.4.8 Convergence in the Convex Case 480 24.4.9 Convergence Rate with Line-Search Step Size 481 24.5 Lagrangian Algorithms 483 24.5.1 Lagrangian Algorithm for Equality Constraints 484 24.5.2 Lagrangian Algorithm for Inequality Constraints 486 24.6 Penalty Methods 489 Exercises 495 25 Multiobjective Optimization 499 25.1 Introduction 499 25.2 Pareto Solutions 499 25.3 Computing the Pareto Front 501 25.4 From Multiobjective to Single-Objective Optimization 505 25.5 Uncertain Linear Programming Problems 508 25.5.1 Uncertain Constraints 508 25.5.2 Uncertain Objective Function Coefficients 511 25.5.3 Uncertain Constraint Coefficients 513 25.5.4 General Uncertainties 513 Exercises 513 Part V Optimization in Machine Learning 517 26 Machine Learning Problems and Feature Engineering 519 26.1 Machine Learning Problems 519 26.1.1 Data with Labels and Supervised Learning 519 26.1.2 Data Without Labels and Unsupervised Learning 521 26.2 Data Normalization 522 26.3 Histogram of Oriented Gradients 524 26.4 Principal Component Analysis and Linear Autoencoder 526 26.4.1 Singular Value Decomposition 526 26.4.2 Principal Axes and Principal Components of a Data Set 527 26.4.3 Linear Autoencoder 529 Exercises 530 27 Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithms 537 27.1 Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithm 537 27.2 Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient Algorithm 540 27.3 Distributed Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient 542 27.3.1 Distributed Learning Environment 542 27.3.2 SVRG in Distributed Optimization 543 27.3.3 Communication Versus Computation 545 27.3.4 Data Security 545 Exercises 546 28 Linear Regression and Its Variants 553 28.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression 553 28.1.1 A Linear Model for Prediction 553 28.1.2 Training the Model 554 28.1.3 Computing Optimal ̂w 554 28.1.4 Optimal Predictor and Performance Evaluation 555 28.1.5 Least-Squares Linear Regression for Data Sets with Vector Labels 556 28.2 Model Selection by Cross-Validation 559 28.3 Model Selection by Regularization 562 Exercises 564 29 Logistic Regression for Classification 569 29.1 Logistic Regression for Binary Classification 569 29.1.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression for Binary Classification 569 29.1.2 Logistic Regression for Binary Classification 570 29.1.3 Interpreting Logistic Regression by Log Error 572 29.1.4 Confusion Matrix for Binary Classification 573 29.2 Nonlinear Decision Boundary via Linear Regression 575 29.2.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression with Nonlinear Transformation 576 29.2.2 Logistic Regression with Nonlinear Transformation 578 29.3 Multicategory Classification 580 29.3.1 One-Versus-All Multicategory Classification 580 29.3.2 Softmax Regression for Multicategory Classification 581 Exercises 584 30 Support Vector Machines 589 30.1 Hinge-Loss Functions 589 30.1.1 Geometric Interpretation of the Linear Model 589 30.1.2 Hinge Loss for Binary Data Sets 590 30.1.3 Hinge Loss for Multicategory Data Sets 592 30.2 Classification by Minimizing Hinge Loss 593 30.2.1 Binary Classification by Minimizing Average Hinge Loss 593 30.2.2 Multicategory Classification by Minimizing E hww or E hcs 594 30.3 Support Vector Machines for Binary Classification 596 30.3.1 Hard-Margin Support Vector Machines 596 30.3.2 Support Vectors 598 30.3.3 Soft-Margin Support Vector Machines 599 30.3.4 Connection to Hinge-Loss Minimization 602 30.4 Support Vector Machines for Multicategory Classification 602 30.5 Kernel Trick 603 30.5.1 Kernels 603 30.5.2 Kernel Trick 604 30.5.3 Learning with Kernels 605 30.5.3.1 Regularized Logistic Regression with Nonlinear Transformation for Binary Classification 605 30.5.3.2 Regularized Hinge-Loss Minimization for Binary Classification 606 Exercises 607 31 K-Means Clustering 611 31.1 K-Means Clustering 611 31.2 K-Means++ forCenterInitialization 615 31.3 Variants of K-Means Clustering 617 31.3.1 K-Means Clustering Based on 1-Norm Regularization 617 31.3.2 PCA-Guided K-Means Clustering 619 31.4 Image Compression by Vector Quantization and K-Means Clustering 622 Exercises 623 References 627 Index 635

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments x Preface xi About the Companion Website xiv Chapter 1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Classical Electron 2 1.3 Two-Slit Electron Experiment 4 1.4 The Photoelectric Effect 8 1.5 Wave-Packets and Uncertainty 11 1.6 The Wavefunction 13 1.7 The Schrödinger Equation 15 1.8 The Electron in a One-Dimensional Well 19 1.9 The Hydrogen Atom 25 1.10 Electron Transmission and Reflection at Potential Energy Step 30 1.11 Spin 32 1.12 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 35 1.13 Operators and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 36 1.14 Expectation Values and Hermitian Operators 38 1.15 Summary 40 Problems 42 Note 45 Suggestions for Further Reading 45 Chapter 2 Semiconductor Physics 46 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 The Band Theory of Solids 48 2.3 Bloch Functions 49 2.4 The Kronig–Penney Model 52 2.5 The Bragg Model 57 2.6 Effective Mass in Three Dimensions 59 2.7 Number of States in a Band 61 2.8 Band Filling 63 2.9 Fermi Energy and Holes 65 2.10 Carrier Concentration 66 2.11 Semiconductor Materials 78 2.12 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 80 2.13 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 82 2.14 Extrinsic Semiconductors 86 2.15 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 91 2.16 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics 95 2.17 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 98 2.18 Quasi-Fermi Energies 101 2.19 The Diffusion Equation 104 2.20 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 107 2.21 Alloy Semiconductors 111 2.23 Summary 114 Problems 116 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 Chapter 3 The p-n Junction Diode 123 3.1 Introduction 124 3.2 Diode Current 125 3.3 Contact Potential 130 3.4 The Depletion Approximation 132 3.5 The Diode Equation 141 3.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 153 3.7 Tunnel Diodes 156 3.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 158 3.9 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 161 3.10 Heterojunctions 172 3.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behavior 173 3.12 Summary 176 Problems 177 Note 181 Suggestions for Further Reading 181 Chapter 4 Photon Emission and Absorption 182 4.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 183 4.2 Physics of Light Emission 184 4.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 187 4.4 Quantum Description 188 4.5 The Exciton 192 4.6 Two-Electron Atoms and the Exchange Interaction 195 4.7 Molecular Excitons 202 4.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 205 4.9 Photometric Units 210 4.10 Summary 214 Problems 215 Note 219 Suggestions for Further Reading 219 Chapter 5 Semiconductor Devices Based on the p-n Junction 220 5.1 Introduction 221 5.2 The p-n Junction Solar Cell 222 5.3 Light Absorption 224 5.4 Solar Radiation 226 5.5 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 227 5.6 Solar Cell Efficiency Limits and Tandem Cells 234 5.7 The Light Emitting Diode 236 5.8 Emission Spectrum 239 5.9 Non-Radiative Recombination 240 5.10 Optical Outcoupling 241 5.11 GaAs LEDs 244 5.12 GaP:N LEDs 245 5.13 Double Heterojunction Al X Ga 1−x as Leds 246 5.14 AlGaInP LEDs 251 5.15 Ga 1−x in X N Leds 253 5.16 Bipolar Junction Transistor 257 5.17 Junction Field Effect Transistor 266 5.18 BJT and JFET Symbols and Applications 270 5.19 Summary 271 Problems 274 Further Reading 282 Chapter 6 The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 283 6.1 Introduction to the MOSFET 284 6.2 MOSFET Physics 286 6.3 MOS Capacitor Analysis 288 6.4 Accumulation Layer and Inversion Layer Thicknesses 297 6.5 Capacitance of MOS Capacitor 301 6.6 Work Functions, Trapped Charges, and Ion Beam Implantation 303 6.7 Surface Mobility 304 6.8 MOSFET Transistor Characteristics 307 6.9 MOSFET Scaling 312 6.10 Nanoscale Photolithography 313 6.11 Ion Beam Implantation 321 6.12 MOSFET Fabrication 323 6.13 CMOS Structures 328 6.14 Threshold Voltage Adjustment 329 6.15 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas 331 6.16 Modeling Nanoscale MOSFETs 336 6.17 Flash Memory 338 6.18 Tunneling 340 6.19 Summary 348 Problems 350 Notes 352 Recommended Reading 352 Chapter 7 The Quantum Dot 353 7.1 Introduction and Overview 354 7.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductor Materials 356 7.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots 357 7.4 Quantum Dot Confinement Physics 363 7.5 Franck-Condon Principle and the Stokes Shift 369 7.6 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator 376 7.7 Vibronic Transitions 379 7.8 Surface Passivation 383 7.9 Auger Processes 389 7.10 Biological Applications of Quantum Dots 396 7.11 Summary 397 Problems 398 Recommended Reading 399 Chapter 8 Organic Semiconductor Materials and Devices 400 8.1 Introduction to Organic Electronics 401 8.2 Conjugated Systems 402 8.3 Polymer OLEDs 408 8.4 Small-Molecule OLEDs 413 8.5 Anode Materials 417 8.6 Cathode Materials 417 8.7 Hole Injection Layer 418 8.8 Electron Injection Layer 420 8.9 Hole Transport Layer 420 8.10 Electron Transport Layer 422 8.11 Light Emitting Material Processes 424 8.12 Host Materials 426 8.13 Fluorescent Dopants 428 8.14 Phosphorescent and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dopants 430 8.15 Organic Solar Cells 434 8.16 Organic Solar Cell Materials 439 8.17 The Organic Field Effect Transistor 443 8.18 Summary 446 Problems 450 Notes 455 Suggestions for Further Reading 455 Chapter 9 One- and Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices 456 9.1 Introduction 457 9.2 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals 458 9.3 Density Functional Theory 465 9.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 467 9.5 Multigate MOSFETs 472 9.6 Summary 476 Problems 477 Recommended Reading 478 Appendix 1: Physical Constants 479 Appendix 2: Derivation of the Uncertainty Principle 480 Appendix 3: Derivation of Group Velocity 484 Appendix 4: Reduced Mass 486 Appendix 5: The Boltzmann Distribution Function 488 Appendix 6: Properties of Semiconductor Materials 494 Appendix 7: Calculation of the Bonding and Antibonding Orbital Energies Versus Interproton Separation for the Hydrogen Molecular Ion 496 Index 501

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Book SynopsisA ROADMAP FOR ENABLING INDUSTRY 4.0 BY ARTIFICAIAL INTELLIGENCE The book presents comprehensive and up-to-date technological solutions to the main aspects regarding the applications of artificial intelligence to Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 vision has been discussed for quite a while and the enabling technologies are now mature enough to turn this vision into a grand reality sooner rather than later. The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, involves the infusion of technology-enabled deeper and decisive automation into manufacturing processes and activities. Several information and communication technologies (ICT) are being integrated and used towards attaining manufacturing process acceleration and augmentation. This book explores and educates the recent advancements in blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, supply chains in manufacturing, cryptocurrencies, and their crucial impact on realizing the Industry 4.0 goals. The book thus provides a conceptual framework Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Artificial Intelligence—The Driving Force of Industry 4.0 1 Hesham Magd, Henry Jonathan, Shad Ahmad Khan and Mohamed El Geddawy 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Methodology 2 1.3 Scope of AI in Global Economy and Industry 4.0 3 1.3.1 Artificial Intelligence—Evolution and Implications 4 1.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0—Investments and Returns on Economy 5 1.3.3 The Driving Forces for Industry 4.0 7 1.4 Artificial Intelligence—Manufacturing Sector 8 1.4.1 AI Diversity—Applications to Manufacturing Sector 9 1.4.2 Future Roadmap of AI—Prospects to Manufacturing Sector in Industry 4.0 12 1.5 Conclusion 13 References 14 2 Industry 4.0, Intelligent Manufacturing, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing: An Overview 17 Sachi Pandey, Vijay Laxmi and Rajendra Prasad Mahapatra 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Industrial Transformation/Value Chain Transformation 18 2.2.1 First Scenario: Reducing Waste and Increasing Productivity Using IIoT 19 2.2.2 Second Scenario: Selling Outcome (User Demand)– Based Services Using IIoT 20 2.3 IIoT Reference Architecture 20 2.4 IIoT Technical Concepts 22 2.5 IIoT and Cloud Computing 26 2.6 IIoT and Security 27 References 29 3 Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) and Industry 4.0– Based Supply Chain (FMCG Industry) 31 Seyyed Esmaeil Najafi, Hamed Nozari and S. A. Edalatpanah 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Concepts 33 3.2.1 Internet of Things 33 3.2.2 The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 34 3.2.3 Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) 35 3.3 AIoT-Based Supply Chain 36 3.4 Conclusion 40 References 40 4 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Forecasting the Demand for Supply Chains Considering Industry 4.0 43 Alireza Goli, Amir-Mohammad Golmohammadi and S. A. Edalatpanah 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Literature Review 45 4.2.1 Summary of the First Three Industrial Revolutions 45 4.2.2 Emergence of Industry 4.0 45 4.2.3 Some of the Challenges of Industry 4.0 47 4.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain Demand Forecasting 48 4.4 Proposed Approach 50 4.4.1 Mathematical Model 50 4.4.2 Advantages of the Proposed Model 51 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion 52 References 53 5 Integrating IoT and Deep Learning—The Driving Force of Industry 4.0 57 Muhammad Farrukh Shahid, Tariq Jamil Saifullah Khanzada and Muhammad Hassan Tanveer 5.1 Motivation and Background 58 5.2 Bringing Intelligence Into IoT Devices 60 5.3 The Foundation of CR-IoT Network 62 5.3.1 Various AI Technique in CR-IoT Network 63 5.3.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 63 5.3.3 Metaheuristic Technique 64 5.3.4 Rule-Based System 64 5.3.5 Ontology-Based System 65 5.3.6 Probabilistic Models 65 5.4 The Principles of Deep Learning and Its Implementation in CR-IoT Network 65 5.5 Realization of CR-IoT Network in Daily Life Examples 69 5.6 AI-Enabled Agriculture and Smart Irrigation System—Case Study 70 5.7 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 A Systematic Review on Blockchain Security Technology and Big Data Employed in Cloud Environment 79 Mahendra Prasad Nath, Sushree Bibhuprada B. Priyadarshini, Debahuti Mishra and Brojo Kishore Mishra 6.1 Introduction 80 6.2 Overview of Blockchain 83 6.3 Components of Blockchain 85 6.3.1 Data Block 85 6.3.2 Smart Contracts 87 6.3.3 Consensus Algorithms 87 6.4 Safety Issues in Blockchain Technology 88 6.5 Usage of Big Data Framework in Dynamic Supply Chain System 91 6.6 Machine Learning and Big Data 94 6.6.1 Overview of Shallow Models 95 6.6.1.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 95 6.6.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 95 6.6.1.3 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 95 6.6.1.4 Clustering 96 6.6.1.5 Decision Tree 96 6.7 Advantages of Using Big Data for Supply Chain and Blockchain Systems 96 6.7.1 Replenishment Planning 96 6.7.2 Optimizing Orders 97 6.7.3 Arranging and Organizing 97 6.7.4 Enhanced Demand Structuring 97 6.7.5 Real-Time Management of the Supply Chain 97 6.7.6 Enhanced Reaction 98 6.7.7 Planning and Growth of Inventories 98 6.8 IoT-Enabled Blockchains 98 6.8.1 Securing IoT Applications by Utilizing Blockchain 99 6.8.2 Blockchain Based on Permission 101 6.8.3 Blockchain Improvements in IoT 101 6.8.3.1 Blockchain Can Store Information Coming from IoT Devices 101 6.8.3.2 Secure Data Storage with Blockchain Distribution 101 6.8.3.3 Data Encryption via Hash Key and Tested by the Miners 102 6.8.3.4 Spoofing Attacks and Data Loss Prevention 102 6.8.3.5 Unauthorized Access Prevention Using Blockchain 103 6.8.3.6 Exclusion of Centralized Cloud Servers 103 6.9 Conclusions 103 References 104 7 Deep Learning Approach to Industrial Energy Sector and Energy Forecasting with Prophet 111 Yash Gupta, Shilpi Sharma, Naveen Rajan P. and Nadia Mohamed Kunhi 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Related Work 113 7.3 Methodology 114 7.3.1 Splitting of Data (Test/Train) 116 7.3.2 Prophet Model 116 7.3.3 Data Cleaning 119 7.3.4 Model Implementation 119 7.4 Results 120 7.4.1 Comparing Forecast to Actuals 121 7.4.2 Adding Holidays 122 7.4.3 Comparing Forecast to Actuals with the Cleaned Data 122 7.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 122 References 125 8 Application of Novel AI Mechanism for Minimizing Private Data Release in Cyber-Physical Systems 127 Manas Kumar Yogi and A.S.N. Chakravarthy 8.1 Introduction 128 8.2 Related Work 131 8.3 Proposed Mechanism 133 8.4 Experimental Results 135 8.5 Future Directions 137 8.6 Conclusion 138 References 138 9 Environmental and Industrial Applications Using Internet of Things (IoT) 141 Manal Fawzy, Alaa El Din Mahmoud and Ahmed M. Abdelfatah 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 IoT-Based Environmental Applications 146 9.3 Smart Environmental Monitoring 147 9.3.1 Air Quality Assessment 147 9.3.2 Water Quality Assessment 148 9.3.3 Soil Quality Assessment 150 9.3.4 Environmental Health-Related to COVID- 19 Monitoring 150 9.4 Applications of Sensors Network in Agro-Industrial System 151 9.5 Applications of IoT in Industry 153 9.5.1 Application of IoT in the Autonomous Field 153 9.5.2 Applications of IoT in Software Industries 155 9.5.3 Sensors in Industry 156 9.6 Challenges of IoT Applications in Environmental and Industrial Applications 157 9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 159 Acknowledgments 159 References 159 10 An Introduction to Security in Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data 169 Sushree Bibhuprada B. Priyadarshini, Suraj Kumar Dash, Amrit Sahani, Brojo Kishore Mishra and Mahendra Prasad Nath 10.1 Introduction 170 10.2 Allusion Design of IoT 172 10.2.1 Stage 1—Edge Tool 172 10.2.2 Stage 2—Connectivity 172 10.2.3 Stage 3—Fog Computing 173 10.2.4 Stage 4—Data Collection 173 10.2.5 Stage 5—Data Abstraction 173 10.2.6 Stage 6—Applications 173 10.2.7 Stage 7—Cooperation and Processes 174 10.3 Vulnerabilities of IoT 174 10.3.1 The Properties and Relationships of Various IoT Networks 174 10.3.2 Device Attacks 175 10.3.3 Attacks on Network 175 10.3.4 Some Other Issues 175 10.3.4.1 Customer Delivery Value 175 10.3.4.2 Compatibility Problems With Equipment 176 10.3.4.3 Compatibility and Maintenance 176 10.3.4.4 Connectivity Issues in the Field of Data 176 10.3.4.5 Incorrect Data Collection and Difficulties 177 10.3.4.6 Security Concern 177 10.3.4.7 Problems in Computer Confidentiality 177 10.4 Challenges in Technology 178 10.4.1 Skepticism of Consumers 178 10.5 Analysis of IoT Security 179 10.5.1 Sensing Layer Security Threats 180 10.5.1.1 Node Capturing 180 10.5.1.2 Malicious Attack by Code Injection 180 10.5.1.3 Attack by Fake Data Injection 180 10.5.1.4 Sidelines Assaults 181 10.5.1.5 Attacks During Booting Process 181 10.5.2 Network Layer Safety Issues 181 10.5.2.1 Attack on Phishing Page 181 10.5.2.2 Attacks on Access 182 10.5.2.3 Attacks on Data Transmission 182 10.5.2.4 Attacks on Routing 182 10.5.3 Middleware Layer Safety Issues 182 10.5.3.1 Attack by SQL Injection 183 10.5.3.2 Attack by Signature Wrapping 183 10.5.3.3 Cloud Attack Injection with Malware 183 10.5.3.4 Cloud Flooding Attack 183 10.5.4 Gateways Safety Issues 184 10.5.4.1 On-Boarding Safely 184 10.5.4.2 Additional Interfaces 184 10.5.4.3 Encrypting End-to-End 184 10.5.5 Application Layer Safety Issues 185 10.5.5.1 Theft of Data 185 10.5.5.2 Attacks at Interruption in Service 185 10.5.5.3 Malicious Code Injection Attack 185 10.6 Improvements and Enhancements Needed for IoT Applications in the Future 186 10.7 Upcoming Future Research Challenges with Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) 189 10.8 Conclusion 192 References 193 11 Potential, Scope, and Challenges of Industry 4.0 201 Roshan Raman and Aayush Kumar 11.1 Introduction 202 11.2 Key Aspects for a Successful Production 202 11.3 Opportunities with Industry 4.0 204 11.4 Issues in Implementation of Industry 4.0 206 11.5 Potential Tools Utilized in Industry 4.0 207 11.6 Conclusion 210 References 210 12 Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing Techniques: Opportunities and Challenges 215 Roshan Raman and Aditya Ranjan 12.1 Introduction 216 12.2 Changing Market Demands 217 12.2.1 Individualization 218 12.2.2 Volatility 218 12.2.3 Efficiency in Terms of Energy Resources 218 12.3 Recent Technological Advancements 219 12.4 Industrial Revolution 4.0 221 12.5 Challenges to Industry 4.0 224 12.6 Conclusion 225 References 226 13 The Role of Multiagent System in Industry 4.0 227 Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan and Rudra Pratap Ojha 13.1 Introduction 228 13.2 Characteristics and Goals of Industry 4.0 Conception 228 13.3 Artificial Intelligence 231 13.3.1 Knowledge-Based Systems 232 13.4 Multiagent Systems 234 13.4.1 Agent Architectures 234 13.4.2 Jade 238 13.4.3 System Requirements Definition 239 13.4.4 HMI Development 240 13.5 Developing Software of Controllers Multiagent Environment Behavior Patterns 240 13.5.1 Agent Supervision 240 13.5.2 Documents Dispatching Agents 241 13.5.3 Agent Rescheduling 242 13.5.4 Agent of Executive 242 13.5.5 Primary Roles of High-Availability Agent 243 13.6 Conclusion 244 References 244 14 An Overview of Enhancing Encryption Standards for Multimedia in Explainable Artificial Intelligence Using Residue Number Systems for Security 247 Akeem Femi Kadri, Micheal Olaolu Arowolo, Ayisat Wuraola Yusuf-Asaju, Kafayat Odunayo Tajudeen and Kazeem Alagbe Gbolagade 14.1 Introduction 248 14.2 Reviews of Related Works 250 14.3 Materials and Methods 258 14.3.1 Multimedia 258 14.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Explainable Artificial Intelligence 261 14.3.3 Cryptography 262 14.3.4 Encryption and Decryption 265 14.3.5 Residue Number System 266 14.4 Discussion and Conclusion 268 References 268 15 Market Trends with Cryptocurrency Trading in Industry 4.0 275 Varun Khemka, Sagar Bafna, Ayush Gupta, Somya Goyal and Vivek Kumar Verma 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Industry Overview 276 15.2.1 History (From Barter to Cryptocurrency) 276 15.2.2 In the Beginning Was Bitcoin 278 15.3 Cryptocurrency Market 279 15.3.1 Blockchain 279 15.3.1.1 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 279 15.3.1.2 Mining 280 15.3.1.3 From Blockchain to Cryptocurrency 281 15.3.2 Introduction to Cryptocurrency Market 281 15.3.2.1 What is a Cryptocurrency? 281 15.3.2.2 Cryptocurrency Exchanges 283 15.4 Cryptocurrency Trading 283 15.4.1 Definition 283 15.4.2 Advantages 283 15.4.3 Disadvantages 284 15.5 In-Depth Analysis of Fee Structures and Carbon Footprint in Blockchain 285 15.5.1 Need for a Fee-Driven System 285 15.5.2 Ethereum Structure 286 15.5.3 How is the Gas Fee Calculated? 287 15.5.3.1 Why are Ethereum Gas Prices so High? 287 15.5.3.2 Carbon Neutrality 287 15.6 Conclusion 291 References 292 16 Blockchain and Its Applications in Industry 4.0 295 Ajay Sudhir Bale, Tarun Praveen Purohit, Muhammed Furqaan Hashim and Suyog Navale 16.1 Introduction 296 16.2 About Cryptocurrency 296 16.3 History of Blockchain and Cryptocurrency 298 16.4 Background of Industrial Revolution 300 16.4.1 The First Industrial Revolution 301 16.4.2 The Second Industrial Revolution 301 16.4.3 The Third Industrial Revolution 302 16.4.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 302 16.5 Trends of Blockchain 303 16.6 Applications of Blockchain in Industry 4.0 304 16.6.1 Blockchain and the Government 304 16.6.2 Blockchain in the Healthcare Sector 304 16.6.3 Blockchain in Logistics and Supply Chain 306 16.6.4 Blockchain in the Automotive Sector 307 16.6.5 Blockchain in the Education Sector 308 16.7 Conclusion 309 References 310 Index 315

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1 – 1 About This Book 2 1 – 2 Symbols and Units 4 1 – 3 Circuit Variables 5 1 – 4 Computational and Simulation Software Introduction 11 Summary 12 Problems P- 1 Integrating Problems P- 2 Chapter 2 Basic circuit Analysis 15 2 – 1 Element Constraints 16 2 – 2 Connection Constraints 21 2 – 3 Combined Constraints 28 2 – 4 Equivalent Circuits 35 2 – 5 Voltage and Current Division 43 2 – 6 Circuit Reduction 52 2 – 7 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis 56 Summary 62 Problems P- 5 Integrating Problems P- 13 Chapter 3 circuit Analysis Techniques 63 3 – 1 Node-Voltage Analysis 64 3 – 2 Mesh-Current Analysis 80 3 – 3 Linearity Properties 88 3 – 4 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 98 3 – 5 Maximum Signal Transfer 109 3 – 6 Interface Circuit Design 112 Summary 124 Problems P- 17 Integrating Problems P- 27 Chapter 4 Active circuits 125 4 – 1 Linear Dependent Sources 126 4 – 2 Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources 127 4 – 3 The Operational Amplifier 149 4 – 4 OP AMP Circuit Analysis 157 4 – 5 OP AMP Circuit Design 174 4 – 6 OP AMP Circuit Applications 181 Summary 206 Problems P- 31 Integrating Problems P- 42 Chapter 5 Signal Waveforms 207 5 – 1 Introduction 208 5 – 2 The Step Waveform 209 5 – 3 The Exponential Waveform 214 5 – 4 The Sinusoidal Waveform 220 5 – 5 Composite Waveforms 227 5 – 6 Waveform Partial Descriptors 234 Summary 240 Problems P- 45 Integrating Problems P- 50 Chapter 6 capacitance and Inductance 241 6 – 1 The Capacitor 242 6 – 2 The Inductor 249 6 – 3 Dynamic OP AMP Circuits 256 6 – 4 Equivalent Capacitance and Inductance 265 Summary 269 Problems P- 53 Integrating Problems P- 58 Chapter 7 First- and Second-order circuits 271 7 – 1 RC and RL Circuits 272 7 – 2 First-Order Circuit Step Response 284 7 – 3 Initial and Final Conditions 293 7 – 4 First-Order Circuit Response to Exponential and Sinusoidal Inputs 300 7 – 5 The Series RLC Circuit 309 7 – 6 The Parallel RLC Circuit 320 7 – 7 Second-Order Circuit Step Response 325 Summary 336 Problems P- 61 Integrating Problems P- 69 Chapter 8 Sinusoidal Steady-state Response 337 8 – 1 Sinusoids and Phasors 338 8 – 2 Phasor Circuit Analysis 344 8 – 3 Basic Phasor Circuit Analysis and Design 350 8 – 4 Circuit Theorems with Phasors 366 8 – 5 General Circuit Analysis with Phasors 379 8 – 6 Energy and Power 394 Summary 399 Problems P- 73 Integrating Problems P- 82 Chapter 9 Laplace Transforms 401 9 – 1 Signal Waveforms and Transforms 402 9 – 2 Basic Properties and Pairs 406 9 – 3 Pole-Zero Diagrams 414 9 – 4 Inverse Laplace Transforms 417 9 – 5 Circuit Response Using Laplace Transforms 428 9 – 6 Initial and Final Value Properties 436 Summary 439 Problems P- 85 Integrating Problems P- 89 Chapter 10 s-Domain Circuit Analysis 441 10– 1 Transformed Circuits 442 10– 2 Basic Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 451 10– 3 Circuit Theorems in the s Domain 457 10– 4 Node-Voltage Analysis in the s Domain 467 10– 5 Mesh-Current Analysis in the s Domain 476 10– 6 Summary of s -Domain Circuit Analysis 482 Summary 486 Problems P- 93 Integrating Problems P- 101 Chapter 11 Network Functions 487 11– 1 Definition of a Network Function 488 11– 2 Network Functions of One- and Two-Port Circuits 491 11– 3 Network Functions and Impulse Response 503 11– 4 Network Functions and Step Response 506 11– 5 Network Functions and Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 510 11– 6 Impulse Response and Convolution 519 11– 7 Network Function Design and Evaluation 525 Summary 540 Problems P- 105 Integrating Problems P- 112 Chapter 12 Frequency Response 543 12– 1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency-Response Descriptors 544 12– 2 Bode Diagram Descriptors 547 12– 3 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Responses 549 12– 4 Bandpass and Bandstop Responses 566 12– 5 The Frequency Response of RLC Circuits 574 12– 6 Bode Diagrams 584 12– 7 Frequency Response and Step Response 596 Summary 602 Problems P- 115 Integrating Problems P- 122 Chapter 13 Fourier Series 603 13– 1 Overview of Fourier Series 604 13– 2 Fourier Coefficients 605 13– 3 Waveform Symmetries 615 13– 4 Circuit Analysis Using the Fourier Series 617 13– 5 RMS Value and Average Power 626 Summary 633 Problems P- 127 Integrating Problems P- 131 Chapter 14 Active Filter Design 635 14– 1 Active Filters 636 14– 2 Second-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters 637 14– 3 Second-Order Bandpass and Bandstop Filters 646 14– 4 Low-Pass Filter Design 656 14– 5 Low-Pass Filter Evaluation 677 14– 6 High-Pass Filter Design and Evaluation 682 14– 7 Bandpass and Bandstop Filter Design 694 Summary 700 Problems P- 133 Integrating Problems P- 137 Chapter 15 Mutual Inductance and Transformers 701 15– 1 Coupled Inductors 702 15– 2 The Dot Convention 704 15– 3 Energy Analysis 709 15– 4 The Ideal Transformer 711 15– 5 Linear Transformers 719 Summary 726 Problems P- 141 Integrating Problems P- 143 Chapter 16 Ac Power Systems 729 16– 1 Average and Reactive Power 730 16– 2 Complex Power 732 16– 3 Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 735 16– 4 Single-Phase Power Flow 740 16– 5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 745 16– 6 Three-Phase Circuit Analysis 750 16– 7 Three-Phase Power Flow 763 Summary 766 Problems P- 145 Integrating Problems P- 150 Chapter 17 Two-port Networks 767 17– 1 Introduction 768 17– 2 Impedance Parameters 769 17– 3 Admittance Parameters 772 17– 4 Hybrid Parameters 774 17– 5 Transmission Parameters 777 17– 6 Two-Port Conversions and Connections 780 Summary 785 Problems P- 151 Integrating Problems P- 153 Chapter 18 Fourier Transforms 787 18– 1 Introduction to Fourier Transforms 788 18– 2 Circuit Analysis Using Fourier Transforms 803 18– 3 Impulse Response and Convolution 806 18– 4 Parseval’ sTheorem 809 Summary 814 Problems P- 155 Integrating Problems P- 157 Appendix A Solution of Linear Equations A- 1 Appendix B Butterworth and Chebyshev Poles B- 1 Appendix C Behaviorally Motivated Learning C- 1 Appendix D Computational Tools D- 1 Appendix E Solutions To Exercises (Available online) E- 1 Appendix F Complex Numbers F- 1 Appendix G Standard Values and References G- 1 Appendix H Answers to Selected Problems H- 1 Index I- 1

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Book SynopsisA practical and highly popular guide for electrical contractors of small installations, now fully revised in accordance with the latest wiring regulations The book is a clearly written practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the new Wiring Regulations (updated late 2008). The updated regulations introduced changes in terminology, such as basic' and fault protection', and also changed the regulation numbers. This new edition reflects these changes. It discusses new sections covering domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural projects, including material on marinas, caravan sites, and small scale floodlighting. This book provides guidance on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements. Other brand new sections cover protective measures, additional protection by means of RCDs, the new cable guidelines for thin walTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Layout of chapters 1 1.2 Wiring regulations 2 1.3 Terminology 2 1.4 Competence and responsibility 3 1.5 Procedures 3 1.6 Inspection and test 4 1.7 Completion 5 1.8 Working methods and materials 5 1.9 Operatives 5 1.10 Materials 5 1.11 Amendments to BS 7671: 2008 6 1.12 Voltages 6 1.13 Voltage drop 6 2 Three Bedroom House 8 2.1 The bare minimum 9 2.2 Standards 9 2.3 Building regulations 11 2.4 Load assessment 11 2.5 A typical domestic supply 12 2.6 Project specification 12 2.7 Wiring systems and cable sizes 12 2.8 Lighting 12 2.9 13 A socket-outlets 13 2.10 Cable sizes 15 2.11 Circuit protection 15 2.12 Additional protection for socket-outlets 15 2.13 Arrangement of circuits 16 2.14 Arrangement of consumer unit 16 2.15 Main switch 17 2.16 Earthing and bonding 17 2.17 Gas services bonding and external meters 18 2.18 Supplementary bonding 19 3 A Block of Retirement Flatlets 21 3.1 Two schemes 21 3.2 Early considerations 21 3.3 Other interested parties 22 3.4 Building details 22 3.5 Part 1 – Flats 24 3.6 Part 2 – Landlord’s areas 29 4 Overcurrent Protection 35 4.1 Overload 35 4.2 Overload protection 36 4.3 Overload protective devices 37 4.4 Fault current 38 4.5 Fault Current Protection 39 4.6 Omission of fault current protection 39 4.7 Short-circuit rating 39 4.8 Disconnection times 41 4.9 Earth loop impedance 42 4.10 Summary of cb specification 42 4.11 Conclusion 43 5 An Architect’s Office 44 5.1 Other interested parties 44 5.2 Building structure and finishes 45 5.3 Electrical requirements 46 5.4 Skirting system 51 5.5 Underfloor system 51 5.6 Socket-outlets 51 5.7 Lighting circuits 51 5.8 Battened out ceilings 52 5.9 Extra-Low Voltage lighting (elv) 52 5.10 Group transformers 53 5.11 Individual transformers 53 5.12 Fire prevention 53 5.13 Arrangement of circuits 53 5.14 Distribution boards 54 5.15 Cable sizes 55 5.16 Switchgear 55 5.17 Print machine 57 5.18 Wall heaters in toilets 57 5.19 Storage heaters 57 5.20 Presence of 400 Volts 58 5.21 Access to switchgear 58 5.22 Earthing and bonding 58 5.23 Main earthing terminal 58 5.24 False ceiling grid 59 5.25 Computer installations 60 5.25.1 Computer supplies 60 5.26 High protective conductor currents 60 5.27 Mains filters 60 5.28 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 61 6 A High Street Shop 62 6.1 Special considerations 62 6.2 Other interested parties 63 6.3 Building structure and finishes 63 6.4 Electrical requirements 63 6.5 Loading and diversity 63 6.6 Lighting 65 6.7 Socket-outlets 66 6.8 Other appliances 67 6.9 Phase balance 68 6.10 Wiring systems 68 6.11 Start by considering cost 69 6.12 Shop area 69 6.13 Bakery area 69 6.14 Temperature limit of 70° C 70 6.15 Temperature limit of 90° C 70 6.16 Final selection and cable sizes 70 6.17 Bakery wiring 70 6.18 Shop wiring 71 6.19 Distribution board 71 6.20 Cable sizes 72 6.21 Switchgear 73 6.22 Isolation and switching 73 6.23 Earthing and bonding 73 6.24 Main earthing terminal (MET) 73 6.25 False-ceiling grid 74 6.26 Steel tables in the bakery 74 7 Earthing and Bonding 75 7.1 Terminology 75 7.2 Definitions 76 7.3 Green-and-yellow conductors 76 7.4 Protective earthing and protective equipotential bonding 77 7.5 Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) 77 7.6 Reliability of the earth-neutral path 78 7.7 Main bonding 79 7.8 Single fault condition 81 7.9 Supplementary bonding 82 7.10 Circuit Protective Conductors (CPCs) 82 7.11 Steel conduit and trunking 83 7.12 Steel wire armoured cable 84 7.13 Comparison of thermoplastic (PVC) and thermosetting (XLPE) armoured cable 84 7.14 Continuity of cable glands 84 7.15 Equipment having high protective conductor currents 86 7.16 Protective conductor currents 86 7.17 'High integrity' earthing 87 7.18 Earth monitoring and isolated supplies 87 7.19 Socket-outlets for desktop computers 88 7.20 Connections of protective conductors 89 7.21 Residual current devices 89 8 Car Service Workshop 90 8.1 Standards and recommendations 90 8.2 An adaptable design 91 8.3 Motor vehicle repair premises 91 8.4 Other interested parties 91 8.5 Building structure and finishes 91 8.6 Construction 94 8.7 Electrical requirements 94 8.8 Health and safety executive guidance and regulations 94 8.9 Health and safety guidance note HSG 261 95 8.10 Wiring regulations 96 8.11 Load assessment and maximum demand 96 8.12 Maximum demand load and diversity 96 8.13 Lighting 97 8.14 Welder 99 8.15 Compressor 99 8.16 Gas blowers 100 8.17 Phase balance 100 8.18 Estimate of maximum demand 101 8.19 What about a distribution circuit (sub-main)? 102 8.20 Wiring systems 102 8.21 Workshop 102 8.22 Office 105 8.23 Arrangement of circuits 105 8.24 Distribution boards 105 8.25 Cable sizes 105 8.26 Isolation and switching 107 8.27 Machinery 107 8.28 Cooker 107 8.29 Gas boiler 107 8.30 110 V transformer 108 8.31 Earthing and bonding 108 8.32 Main earthing terminal 109 8.33 Protective conductors at distribution board B 109 8.34 Armoured cable glands 109 8.35 Steel conduit and trunking 110 9 Circuits 111 9.1 Terminology 111 9.2 Colours of three phases 111 9.3 Conventional circuits 112 9.4 Lighting circuits 112 9.5 Induction 113 9.6 Socket-outlet circuits 113 9.7 Changing methods 113 9.8 Ring main obsolescence 113 9.9 History of the ring final circuit 114 9.10 Times have changed 114 9.11 Alternative methods 116 9.12 Radial circuits 117 9.13 Introducing the tree 117 9.14 20 A tree 117 9.14.1 Domestic 117 9.14.2 Commercial and similar 117 9.15 32 A tree 118 9.16 Switching and control 119 9.17 Comparison of systems 120 9.18 32 A ring final circuit 120 9.19 20 A tree 121 9.20 Composite circuits 121 10 Farming and Horticulture 123 10.1 Why farms are different 124 10.2 Special earthing requirements on farms with TT systems 126 10.3 Earth electrodes 127 10.4 Alternative electrodes 127 10.5 Bonding 128 10.6 Supplementary bonding 129 10.7 Residual current devices 129 10.8 Shock protection 130 10.9 General requirements for automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) 131 10.10 Fire protection 132 10.11 Automatic life support for high density livestock rearing 132 10.12 Switchgear 133 10.13 Wiring systems 134 10.14 Overhead or underground wiring 134 10.15 Non-metallic wiring systems 135 10.16 Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) cable 136 10.17 Twin and earth cable 136 10.18 General rules regarding farm electrical installations 136 11 Isolation and Switching 138 11.1 Isolation and switching 138 11.2 Isolation 139 11.3 Mechanical maintenance 140 11.4 Emergency switching 141 11.5 Labelling and notices 143 12 A Village Sports Centre 145 12.1 Special conditions 145 12.2 Codes of practice 145 12.3 Other interested parties 146 12.4 Building details 146 12.5 Structure and finishes 147 12.6 Electricity supply and requirements 148 12.7 Off-peak tariff 148 12.8 Normal tariff 148 12.9 Load assessment and diversity 150 12.10 Off-peak heating 150 12.11 Normal tariff 150 12.12 Total estimated maximum current demand 152 12.13 Wiring systems 152 12.14 Circuitry and cable sizing 154 12.15 Cable grouping factors 155 12.16 Arrangement of circuits 156 12.17 Switchgear 157 12.18 Shock protection 157 12.19 Earthing 157 12.20 Bonding 157 12.21 An occasional problem 157 12.22 Solutions 158 12.23 Requirements for a TT installation 159 13 An Indoor Swimming Pool 160 13.1 Special conditions 160 13.2 Other interested parties 161 13.3 Building details 161 13.4 Application of zoning to this project 162 13.5 Dehumidifiers 167 13.6 Changing room/shower area 167 13.7 Loading and diversity for the swimming pool project 168 13.8 Wiring systems 169 13.9 Cable sizes 170 13.10 Distribution board 170 13.11 Isolation 171 13.12 110 V system 171 13.13 Earthing 172 13.14 Local supplementary bonding 172 13.15 Floor grid 172 14 Cables and Wiring Systems 174 14.1 External influences 174 14.2 Cost considerations 175 14.3 Choosing suitable cable routes 175 14.4 Is armouring always necessary? 175 14.5 Fire barriers 175 14.6 Holes through fire barriers 176 14.7 Sealing the wiring system 176 14.8 Work in progress 176 14.9 Records 177 14.10 Hidden cables 177 14.11 Cables within a floor 177 14.12 Cables above false ceilings 178 14.13 Cables in walls 178 14.14 Mechanically protected cables 179 14.15 Fire and smoke 179 14.16 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulation 180 14.17 Thermosetting (XLPE) 181 14.18 Silicone rubber 181 14.19 Low smoke zero halogen (LS0H) 181 14.20 Mineral insulated copper sheathed (MICS) cables 182 14.21 Heat transference from cables 182 14.22 Wiring systems and cable management 182 14.23 Emergency systems 182 14.24 Care with wiring systems 183 14.25 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulated and sheathed cables 183 14.26 Thermosetting (PVC) insulated conduit cables 183 14.27 Steel conduit systems and trunking 184 14.28 Plastic conduit systems and trunking 184 14.29 MICS cables 184 14.30 Steel wire armoured cables 185 14.31 Silicone insulated PVC sheathed cables 185 15 Inspection, Testing and Certification 186 15.1 Labelling and documentation 187 15.2 Specification and manual 187 15.3 Regulations 187 15.4 Electrical installation certificate (EIC) 187 15.5 Signatories 190 15.6 Alterations and additions 192 15.7 Limits of responsibility 192 15.8 Deviations and departures 193 15.9 New materials and inventions 193 15.10 Particulars of the installation 194 15.11 Inspections and test schedules 194 15.12 Inspection procedures 194 15.13 Testing 197 15.14 Continuity testing 198 15.15 Polarity 198 15.16 Continuity of protective conductors 198 15.17 Continuity of ring circuit conductors 198 15.18 Insulation resistance 200 15.19 Earth fault loop impedance 202 15.20 Supply impedance Ze 204 15.21 Earth loop impedance of circuits Zs 205 15.22 Prospective fault current 206 15.23 Operation of residual current devices 206 16 A Caravan Park 208 16.1 Measures for protection against electric shock 208 16.2 Earthing arrangements 209 16.3 PME must not be used for caravans 209 16.4 Electrical equipment (external influences) 210 16.5 Wiring systems 210 16.6 Cables buried in the ground 210 16.7 Overhead cables 210 16.8 Caravan pitch electrical supply equipment 211 16.9 Plugs and socket-outlets 211 17 Residual Current Devices 213 17.1 How does an RCD work? 214 17.2 Fault protection 214 17.3 Additional protection 217 17.4 Requirements to provide additional protection by RCDs 217 17.5 RCDs incorporated into a consumer unit, to meet the requirements for additional protection 218 17.6 Protection against fire 220 17.7 Avoiding a hazard and/or minimising an inconvenience due to the tripping of an RCD 221 17.8 Reducing the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs 221 17.9 Use of a ‘front-end’ 30 mA RCD is generally considered unacceptable practice 222 17.10 Installations forming part of a T T system 222 17.11 RCDs connected in series 223 17.12 Labelling 223 18 Flood Lighting (Outdoor Lighting) Project 224 18.1 Lighting arrangement 224 18.2 General requirements 224 18.3 Wiring system 225 18.4 Protective measures 226 18.5 Load assessment 226 18.6 Rating of the overcurrent protective device 227 18.7 Circuit design 227 18.8 Voltage drop consideration 228 18.9 Switchgear 230 19 Circuit Design Calculations 231 19.1 Design process 231 19.2 Protective conductors 235 19.3 Worked example 235 19.4 Solution 236 Index 239

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.Design, build, and pilot custom dronesâno prior experience necessary!This fun guide shows, step-by-step, how to construct powerful drones from inexpensive parts, add personalized features, and become a full-fledged pilot. DIY Drones for the Evil Genius: Design, Build, and Customize Your Own Drones not only covers safety, mechanics, drone design, and assembly, but also teaches the basics of Aerospace Engineering. You will discover how to add video transmitters, GPS, first-person view, and virtual reality goggles to your creations. The book walks you through the FAA licensTable of Contents1 Preflight ChecklistProject 1: Drone? Aircraft? Unmanned?Project 2: Wing-Free FlightProject 3: Ready for TakeoffProject 4: Safety FirstProject 5: License to Drone2 Small-Scale FunProject 6: Your First DroneProject 7: TakeoffProject 8: Basic MovementProject 9: Smooth SailingProject 10: Flips3 Picking the PartsProject 11: How Big?Project 12: PowertrainProject 13: PowerProject 14: Radio ControlProject 15: Brains4 AssemblyProject 16: Soldering 101Project 17: The Build Begins!Project 18: Now That’s a DroneProject 19: Flight ComputerProject 20: Looks Matter5 We Have LiftoffProject 21: It’s Alive!Project 22: Calibration Is KeyProject 23: Get in ControlProject 24: First FlightProject 25: PID Values6 Payload FunProject 26: High HeelsProject 27: Let There be Light!Project 28: FilmingProject 29: Wobbly WoesProject 30: Ideas Galore7 First-Person FlyingProject 31: Equipment BasicsProject 32: Broadcasting Live!Project 33: FPV SafetyProject 34: Take ControlProject 35: FPV 2.08 Onwards and UpwardsProject 36: IntelligenceProject 37: Hexacopter? Octocopter? Bigger? Smaller?Project 38: Brain DumpProject 39: Show OffProject 40: Airborne!Index

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1. NUMBER SYSTEMS AND CODES 2. DIGITAL ELECTRONIC SIGNALS AND SWITCHES 3. BASIC LOGIC GATES 4. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES: CPLDS AND FPGAS WITH VHDL DESIGN 5. BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND REDUCTION TECHNIQUES 6. EXCLUSIVE-OR AND EXCLUSIVE-NOR GATES 7. ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS AND CIRCUITS 8. CODE CONVERTERS, MULTIPLEXERS, AND DEMULTIPLEXERS 9. LOGIC FAMILIES AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS 10. FLIP-FLOPS AND REGISTERS 11. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DIGITAL DESIGN 12. COUNTER CIRCUITS AND VHDL STATE MACHINES 13. SHIFT REGISTERS 14. MULTIVIBRATORS AND THE 555 TIMER 15. INTERFACING TO THE ANALOG WORLD 16. SEMICONDUCTOR, MAGNETIC AND OPTICAL MEMORY 17. MICROPROCESSOR FUNDAMENTALS Appendix A. WWW Sites. Appendix B. Manufacturers' Data Sheets. Appendix C. Explanation of the IEEE/IEC Standard for Logic Symbols (Dependency Notation). Appendix D. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Appendix E. VHDL Language Reference. Appendix F. Review of Basic Electricity Principles. Appendix G. Schematic Diagrams for Chapter-End Problems. Appendix H. 8051 Instruction Set. Index.

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Book SynopsisRichard C. Dorf was Emeriti Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California, Davis. Known as an instructor who was highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineering and its application to social and economic needs, Professor Dorf wrote and edited several successful engineering textbooks and handbooks, including the best-selling Engineering Handbook, second edition and the third edition of the Electrical Engineering Handbook. Professor Dorf was also co-author of Technology Ventures, a leading textbook on technology entrepreneurship. Professor Dorf was a Fellow of the IEEE and a Fellow of the ASEE. Dr. Dorf held a patent for the PIDA controller. Robert H. Bishop is the Dean of Engineering at the University of South Florida, President and CEO of the Institute of Applied Engineering, and a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. Prior to coming to The University of South Florida, he was the Dean of Engineering at Marquette UniveTable of Contents1. Introduction to Control Systems 2. Mathematical Models of Systems 3. State Variable Models 4. Feedback Control System Characteristics 5. The Performance of Feedback Control Systems 6. The Stability of Linear Feedback Systems 7. The Root Locus Method 8. Frequency Response Methods 9. Stability in the Frequency Domain 10. The Design of Feedback Control Systems 11. The Design of State Variable Feedback Systems 12. Robust Control Systems 13. Digital Control Systems Appendices (Web Resources) A. MATLAB Basics B. MathScript RT Module Basics C. Symbols, Units, and Conversion Factors D. Laplace Transform Pairs E. An Introduction to Matrix Algebra F. Decibel Conversion G. Complex Numbers H. z-Transform Pairs I. Discrete-Time Evaluation of the Time Response J. Design Aids

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Book SynopsisAbout our authors Robert L. Boylestad signed the original contract for Introductory Circuit Analysis in 1965, resulting in a publishing date of 1968: a current life history of some 60 years. He wrote the first 13 editions, with an average timespan of 4.5 years between editions. With each edition, he felt upon completion that he'd done all he could to make it the best available. However, as the years pass there is always something such as content, coverage, examples or problems that can withstand some improvement. For the 14th edition, Professor Boylestad felt it wise to join hands with Professor Brian Olivari (Maine Maritime Academy) to be sure he was fully aware of recent trends in the scope and depth of coverage in various subject areas. He feels it has been a wonderful union in developing the content of this edition. His history in the educational field includes some 45 years at various professorial ranks in the City UniversityTable of Contents Introduction Voltage and Current Resistance Ohm's Law, Power, and Energy Series dc Circuits Parallel dc Circuits Series-Parallel Circuits Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (dc) Network Theorems Capacitors Inductors Magnetic Circuits Sinusoidal Alternating Waveforms The Basic Elements and Phasors Series ac Circuits Parallel ac Circuits Series-Parallel ac Networks Methods of Analysis and Selected Topics (ac) Network Theorems (ac) Power (ac) Resonance Decibels, Filters, and Bode Plots Transformers Polyphase Systems Pulse Waveforms and the R-C Response Nonsinusoidal Circuits APPENDICES Conversion Factors Determinants Greek Alphabet Magnetic Parameter Conversions Maximum Power Transfer Conditions Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems

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Book SynopsisINTELLIGENT SATELLITE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Integrate cutting-edge technology into spacecraft design with this groundbreaking work Artificial intelligence and machine learning have revolutionized virtually every area of computing and complex engineering, and the design of satellite spacecraft is no exception. Intelligent satellites are increasingly capable of human-like perception, decision-making, and operations, and their problem-solving capacities are still expanding. As AI and machine learning continue to advance, their integration into satellite manufacture will only deepen. Intelligent Satellite Design and Implementation seeks to understand the foundations of this integration and its likely directions in the coming years. Beginning from the basic principles of interaction between artificial intelligence and satellite design and mission planning, the book analyzes a series of current or potential areas of technological advancement to create a comprehensive overview of the subj

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 A Brief History of Satellite Communications 5 1.3 Satellite Communications in 2018 9 1.4 Overview of Satellite Communications 11 1.5 Summary 14 1.6 Organization of This Book 15 References 16 2 Orbital Mechanics and Launchers 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Achieving a Stable Orbit 17 2.3 Kepler’s Three Laws of Planetary Motion 23 2.4 Describing the Orbit of a Satellite 25 2.5 Locating the Satellite in the Orbit 27 2.6 Locating the Satellite with Respect to the Earth 29 2.7 Orbital Elements 31 2.8 Look Angle Determination 33 2.9 Orbital Perturbations 42 2.10 Orbit Determination 46 2.11 Space Launch Vehicles and Rockets 47 2.12 Placing Satellites Into Geostationary Orbit 56 2.13 Orbital Effects in Communications Systems Performance 59 2.14 Manned Space Vehicles 62 2.15 Summary 64 Exercises 65 References 68 3 Satellites 71 3.1 Satellite Subsystems 72 3.2 Attitude and Orbit Control System (AOCS) 75 3.3 Telemetry, Tracking, Command, and Monitoring (TTC&M) 84 3.4 Power Systems 88 3.5 Communications Subsystems 90 3.6 Satellite Antennas 100 3.7 Equipment Reliability and Space Qualification 107 3.8 Summary 113 Exercises 114 References 116 4 Satellite Link Design 119 4.1 Introduction 119 4.2 Transmission Theory 125 4.3 System Noise Temperature and G/T Ratio 130 4.4 Design of Downlinks 142 4.5 Ku-Band GEO Satellite Systems 149 4.6 Uplink Design 158 4.7 Design for Specified CNR: Combining CNR and C/I Values in Satellite Links 163 4.8 System Design for Specific Performance 167 4.9 Summary 188 Exercises 189 References 193 5 Digital Transmission and Error Control 195 5.1 Digital Transmission 197 5.2 Implementing Zero ISI Transmission in the Time Domain 215 5.3 Probability of Error in Digital Transmission 221 5.4 Digital Transmission of Analog Signals 231 5.5 Time Division Multiplexing 241 5.6 Packets, Frames, and Protocols 243 5.7 Error Control 246 5.8 Summary 264 Exercises 266 References 269 6 Modulation and Multiple Access 271 6.1 Introduction 271 6.2 Digital Modulation 273 6.3 Multiple Access 287 6.4 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 291 6.5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 308 6.6 Synchronization in TDMA Networks 317 6.7 Transmitter Power in TDMA Networks 319 6.8 Star and Mesh Networks 323 6.9 Onboard Processing 324 6.10 Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) 329 6.11 Random Access (RA) 333 6.12 Packet Radio Systems and Protocols 334 6.13 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 337 6.14 Summary 348 Exercises 349 References 352 7 Propagation Effects and Their Impact on Satellite-Earth Links 355 7.1 Introduction 355 7.2 Propagation Phenomena 358 7.3 Quantifying Attenuation and Depolarization 359 7.4 Propagation Effects That are Not Associated with Hydrometeors 367 7.5 Rain and Ice Effects 372 7.6 Prediction of Rain Attenuation 380 7.7 Prediction of XPD 390 7.8 Propagation Impairment Countermeasures 399 7.9 Summary 404 Exercises 405 References 408 8 Low Throughput Systems and Small Satellites 411 8.1 Introduction 411 8.2 Small Satellites 413 8.3 Operational Use of SmallSats 436 8.4 Low Throughput Mobile Communications Satellite Systems 440 8.5 VSAT Systems 444 8.6 Signal Formats 461 8.7 System Aspects 469 8.8 Time Over Coverage 470 8.9 Orbital Debris 471 8.10 Summary 472 Exercises 473 References 475 9 NGSO Satellite Systems 481 9.1 Introduction 481 9.2 Orbit Considerations 485 9.3 Coverage and Frequency Considerations 501 9.4 System Considerations 523 9.5 Operational and Proposed NGSO Constellation Designs 526 9.6 System Design Example 534 9.7 Summary 535 Exercises 537 References 539 10 Direct Broadcast Satellite Television and Radio 543 10.1 C-Band and Ku-Band Home Satellite TV 545 10.2 Digital DBS-TV 545 10.3 DVB-S and DVB-S2 Standards 556 10.4 DBS-TV System Design 569 10.5 DBS-TV Link Budget for DVB-S and DVB-S2 Receivers 572 10.6 Second Generation DBS-TV Satellite Systems Using DVB-S2 Signal Format 575 10.7 Master Control Station and Uplink 576 10.8 Installation of DBS-TV Antennas 577 10.9 Satellite Radio Broadcasting 578 10.10 Summary 583 Exercises 584 References 586 11 Satellite Internet 589 11.1 History of Satellite Internet Access 589 11.2 Geostationary Satellite Internet Access 592 11.3 NGSO Satellite Systems 604 11.4 Link Budgets for NGSO Systems 613 11.5 Packets and Protocols for NGSO Systems 618 11.6 Gateways, User Terminals, and Onboard Processing Satellites 622 11.7 Total Capacity of OneWeb and SpaceX Proposed NGSO Constellations 625 11.8 End of Life Disposal of NGSO Satellites 625 11.9 Comparison of Spot Beam Coverage of GSO and LEO Internet Access Satellites 626 11.10 User Terminal Antennas for Ku-Band, Ka-Band, and V-Band 627 11.11 Summary 628 Exercises 629 References 629 12 Satellite Navigation and the Global Positioning System 633 12.1 The Global Positioning System 634 12.2 Radio and Satellite Navigation 637 12.3 GPS Position Location Principles 640 12.4 GPS Codes and Frequencies 644 12.5 Satellite Signal Acquisition 648 12.6 GPS Signal Levels 658 12.7 GPS Navigation Message 662 12.8 GPS C/A Code Standard Positioning System Accuracy 663 12.9 Differential GPS 667 12.10 Denial of Service: Jamming and Spoofing 669 12.11 ADS-B and Air Traffic Control 672 12.12 GPS Modernization 673 12.13 Summary 675 Exercises 676 References 677 Glossary 681 Appendix A Decibels in Communications Engineering 691 Appendix B Antennas 695 Appendix C Complementary Error Function erfc(x) and Q FunctionQ(z) 715 Appendix D Digital Transmission of Analog Signals 719 Index 731

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Book SynopsisExplore the moral and ethical issues which arise at the intersection of novel technology and engineering In Ethics, Technology, and Engineering: An Introduction, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an insightful and thought-provoking exploration of some of the toughest ethical questions found at the crossroads of engineering and technology. The book demonstrates the skills necessary to effectively grapple with ethical issues that arise from the practice of engineering. The authors introduce the ethical cycle, a unique and systematic approach to dealing with ethical problems. They utilize numerous real-life case studies from the United States, Europe, and elsewhere to shed important light on the ethical issues that arise in the daily work of practicing engineers. They also provide a comprehensive overview of various ethical frameworks used in engineering, including utilitarianism, deontological ethics, virtue ethics, Ubuntu, and Confucianism. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to a practice-oriented approach to ethical decision-making in engineeringComprehensive explorations of the ethical cycle, an approach that encourages students to consider a diversity of ethical viewpoints and come to reasoned and justified judgmentsPractical discussions of ethical issues in engineering design, technological risks, and moral responsibilityTreatments of sustainability and how it affects professionals working in engineering, as well as responsible innovationPerfect for engineers, technologists, and entrepreneurs, Ethics, Technology, and Engineering: An Introduction will also benefit businesspeople and founders interested in the ethical implications of a variety of fascinating new technologies.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments x Introduction 1 1 The Responsibilities of Engineers 6 2 Codes of Conduct 37 3 Normative Ethics 70 4 The Ethical Cycle 121 5 Design for Values 145 6 Ethical Aspects of Technical Risks 182 7 The Distribution of Responsibility in Engineering 213 8 Sustainability, Ethics, and Technology 241 9 Responsible Innovation 265 Appendix I: Engineering Qualifications and Organizations in a Number of Countries 294 Appendix II: NSPE Code of Ethics for Engineers 301 Appendix III: ENGINEERS EUROPE Position Paper on Code of Conduct: Ethics and Conduct of Professional Engineers 306 Appendix IV: Examples of Corporate Codes of Conduct 308 Appendix V: DSM Alert Royal DSM Whistleblower Policy 314 Appendix VI: Cases 321 References 336 Index of Cases 352 Index 353

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Graphics Communications for Engineers, Fifth Edition, is a workbook that teaches the fundamentals of sketching and engineering graphics principles in addition to improving the visualization abilities of students. The primary goal of this text is to assist students in learning the techniques and standards of communicating graphically so that design ideas can be clearly communicated and produced. This introductory text is for students in technical drawing and engineering graphics courses at both two- and four-year schools.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Graphics Communications2 Sketching and Text3 Section and Auxiliary Views4 Dimensioning and Tolerancing5 Reading and Constructing6 Design and 3-D ModelingSupplement Design ProblemsAdditional Problems and WorksheetsAppendix: Decimal and Millimeter EquivalentsIndex

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Book SynopsisProfessional CUDA Programming in C provides down to earth coverage of the complex topic of parallel computing, a topic increasingly essential in every day computing. This entry-level programming book for professionals turns complex subjects into easy-to-comprehend concepts and easy-to-follows steps.Table of ContentsForeword xvii Preface xix Introduction xxi Chapter 1: Heterogeneous Parallel Computing with CUDA 1 Parallel Computing 2 Sequential and Parallel Programming 3 Parallelism 4 Computer Architecture 6 Heterogeneous Computing 8 Heterogeneous Architecture 9 Paradigm of Heterogeneous Computing 12 CUDA: A Platform for Heterogeneous Computing 14 Hello World from GPU 17 Is CUDA C Programming Difficult? 20 Summary 21 Chapter 2: CUDA Programming Model 23 Introducing the CUDA Programming Model 23 CUDA Programming Structure 25 Managing Memory 26 Organizing Threads 30 Launching a CUDA Kernel 36 Writing Your Kernel 37 Verifying Your Kernel 39 Handling Errors 40 Compiling and Executing 40 Timing Your Kernel 43 Timing with CPU Timer 44 Timing with nvprof 47 Organizing Parallel Threads 49 Indexing Matrices with Blocks and Threads 49 Summing Matrices with a 2D Grid and 2D Blocks 53 Summing Matrices with a 1D Grid and 1D Blocks 57 Summing Matrices with a 2D Grid and 1D Blocks 58 Managing Devices 60 Using the Runtime API to Query GPU Information 61 Determining the Best GPU 63 Using nvidia-smi to Query GPU Information 63 Setting Devices at Runtime 64 Summary 65 Chapter 3: CUDA Execution Model 67 Introducing the CUDA Execution Model 67 GPU Architecture Overview 68 The Fermi Architecture 71 The Kepler Architecture 73 Profile-Driven Optimization 78 Understanding the Nature of Warp Execution 80 Warps and Thread Blocks 80 Warp Divergence 82 Resource Partitioning 87 Latency Hiding 90 Occupancy 93 Synchronization 97 Scalability 98 Exposing Parallelism 98 Checking Active Warps with nvprof 100 Checking Memory Operations with nvprof 100 Exposing More Parallelism 101 Avoiding Branch Divergence 104 The Parallel Reduction Problem 104 Divergence in Parallel Reduction 106 Improving Divergence in Parallel Reduction 110 Reducing with Interleaved Pairs 112 Unrolling Loops 114 Reducing with Unrolling 115 Reducing with Unrolled Warps 117 Reducing with Complete Unrolling 119 Reducing with Template Functions 120 Dynamic Parallelism 122 Nested Execution 123 Nested Hello World on the GPU 124 Nested Reduction 128 Summary 132 Chapter 4: Global Memory 135 Introducing the CUDA Memory Model 136 Benefits of a Memory Hierarchy 136 CUDA Memory Model 137 Memory Management 145 Memory Allocation and Deallocation 146 Memory Transfer 146 Pinned Memory 148 Zero-Copy Memory 150 Unified Virtual Addressing 156 Unified Memory 157 Memory Access Patterns 158 Aligned and Coalesced Access 158 Global Memory Reads 160 Global Memory Writes 169 Array of Structures versus Structure of Arrays 171 Performance Tuning 176 What Bandwidth Can a Kernel Achieve? 179 Memory Bandwidth 179 Matrix Transpose Problem 180 Matrix Addition with Unified Memory 195 Summary 199 Chapter 5: Shared Memory and Constant Memory 203 Introducing CUDA Shared Memory 204 Shared Memory 204 Shared Memory Allocation 206 Shared Memory Banks and Access Mode 206 Configuring the Amount of Shared Memory 212 Synchronization 214 Checking the Data Layout of Shared Memory 216 Square Shared Memory 217 Rectangular Shared Memory 225 Reducing Global Memory Access 232 Parallel Reduction with Shared Memory 232 Parallel Reduction with Unrolling 236 Parallel Reduction with Dynamic Shared Memory 238 Effective Bandwidth 239 Coalescing Global Memory Accesses 239 Baseline Transpose Kernel 240 Matrix Transpose with Shared Memory 241 Matrix Transpose with Padded Shared Memory 245 Matrix Transpose with Unrolling 246 Exposing More Parallelism 249 Constant Memory 250 Implementing a 1D Stencil with Constant Memory 250 Comparing with the Read-Only Cache 253 The Warp Shuffle Instruction 255 Variants of the Warp Shuffle Instruction 256 Sharing Data within a Warp 258 Parallel Reduction Using the Warp Shuffle Instruction 262 Summary 264 Chapter 6: Streams and Concurrency 267 Introducing Streams and Events 268 CUDA Streams 269 Stream Scheduling 271 Stream Priorities 273 CUDA Events 273 Stream Synchronization 275 Concurrent Kernel Execution 279 Concurrent Kernels in Non-NULL Streams 279 False Dependencies on Fermi GPUs 281 Dispatching Operations with OpenMP 283 Adjusting Stream Behavior Using Environment Variables 284 Concurrency-Limiting GPU Resources 286 Blocking Behavior of the Default Stream 287 Creating Inter-Stream Dependencies 288 Overlapping Kernel Execution and Data Transfer 289 Overlap Using Depth-First Scheduling 289 Overlap Using Breadth-First Scheduling 293 Overlapping GPU and CPU Execution 294 Stream Callbacks 295 Summary 297 Chapter 7: Tuning Instruction-Level Primitives 299 Introducing CUDA Instructions 300 Floating-Point Instructions 301 Intrinsic and Standard Functions 303 Atomic Instructions 304 Optimizing Instructions for Your Application 306 Single-Precision vs. Double-Precision 306 Standard vs. Intrinsic Functions 309 Understanding Atomic Instructions 315 Bringing It All Together 322 Summary 324 Chapter 8: GPU-Accelerated CUDA Libraries and OpenACC 327 Introducing the CUDA Libraries 328 Supported Domains for CUDA Libraries 329 A Common Library Workflow 330 The CUSPARSE Library 332 cuSPARSE Data Storage Formats 333 Formatting Conversion with cuSPARSE 337 Demonstrating cuSPARSE 338 Important Topics in cuSPARSE Development 340 cuSPARSE Summary 341 The cuBLAS Library 341 Managing cuBLAS Data 342 Demonstrating cuBLAS 343 Important Topics in cuBLAS Development 345 cuBLAS Summary 346 The cuFFT Library 346 Using the cuFFT API 347 Demonstrating cuFFT 348 cuFFT Summary 349 The cuRAND Library 349 Choosing Pseudo- or Quasi- Random Numbers 349 Overview of the cuRAND Library 350 Demonstrating cuRAND 354 Important Topics in cuRAND Development 357 CUDA Library Features Introduced in CUDA 6 358 Drop-In CUDA Libraries 358 Multi-GPU Libraries 359 A Survey of CUDA Library Performance 361 cuSPARSE versus MKL 361 cuBLAS versus MKL BLAS 362 cuFFT versus FFTW versus MKL 363 CUDA Library Performance Summary 364 Using OpenACC 365 Using OpenACC Compute Directives 367 Using OpenACC Data Directives 375 The OpenACC Runtime API 380 Combining OpenACC and the CUDA Libraries 382 Summary of OpenACC 384 Summary 384 Chapter 9: Multi-GPU Programming 387 Moving to Multiple GPUs 388 Executing on Multiple GPUs 389 Peer-to-Peer Communication 391 Synchronizing across Multi-GPUs 392 Subdividing Computation across Multiple GPUs 393 Allocating Memory on Multiple Devices 393 Distributing Work from a Single Host Thread 394 Compiling and Executing 395 Peer-to-Peer Communication on Multiple GPUs 396 Enabling Peer-to-Peer Access 396 Peer-to-Peer Memory Copy 396 Peer-to-Peer Memory Access with Unified Virtual Addressing 398 Finite Difference on Multi-GPU 400 Stencil Calculation for 2D Wave Equation 400 Typical Patterns for Multi-GPU Programs 401 2D Stencil Computation with Multiple GPUs 403 Overlapping Computation and Communication 405 Compiling and Executing 406 Scaling Applications across GPU Clusters 409 CPU-to-CPU Data Transfer 410 GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer Using Traditional MPI 413 GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer with CUDA-aware MPI 416 Intra-Node GPU-to-GPU Data Transfer with CUDA-Aware MPI 417 Adjusting Message Chunk Size 418 GPU to GPU Data Transfer with GPUDirect RDMA 419 Summary 422 Chapter 10: Implementation Considerations 425 The CUDA C Development Process 426 APOD Development Cycle 426 Optimization Opportunities 429 CUDA Code Compilation 432 CUDA Error Handling 437 Profile-Driven Optimization 438 Finding Optimization Opportunities Using nvprof 439 Guiding Optimization Using nvvp 443 NVIDIA Tools Extension 446 CUDA Debugging 448 Kernel Debugging 448 Memory Debugging 456 Debugging Summary 462 A Case Study in Porting C Programs to CUDA C 462 Assessing crypt 463 Parallelizing crypt 464 Optimizing crypt 465 Deploying Crypt 472 Summary of Porting crypt 475 Summary 476 Appendix: Suggested Readings 477 Index 481

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Book SynopsisPhysics of Energy Sourcesprovides readers with a balanced presentation of the fundamental physics needed to understand and analyze conventional and renewable energy sources including nuclear, solar, wind and water power. It also presents various ways in which energy can be stored for future use.Table of ContentsEditors’ preface to the Manchester Physics Series xi Author’s preface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Energy consumption 1 1.2 Energy sources 3 1.3 Renewable and non-renewable energy sources 5 1.4 The form and conversion of energy 6 1.4.1 Thermal energy sources 7 1.4.2 Mechanical energy sources 7 1.4.3 Photovoltaic sources 7 1.4.4 Energy storage 8 Problems 1 9 2 The atomic nucleus 11 2.1 The composition and properties of nuclei 12 2.1.1 The composition of nuclei 12 2.1.2 The size of a nucleus 14 2.1.3 The distributions of nuclear matter and charge 19 2.1.4 The mass of a nucleus 21 2.1.5 The charge of a nucleus 24 2.1.6 Nuclear binding energy 27 2.1.7 Binding energy curve of the nuclides 30 2.1.8 The semi-empirical mass formula 32 2.2 Nuclear forces and energies 35 2.2.1 Characteristics of the nuclear force 35 2.2.2 Nuclear energies 36 2.2.3 Quantum mechanical description of a particle in a potential well 39 2.3 Radioactivity and nuclear stability 47 2.3.1 Segré chart of the stable nuclides 48 2.3.2 Decay laws of radioactivity 49 2.3.3 α, β and γ decay 57 Problems 2 67 3 Nuclear power 71 3.1 How to get energy from the nucleus 71 3.2 Nuclear reactions 73 3.2.1 Nuclear reactions 73 3.2.2 Q-value of a nuclear reaction 74 3.2.3 Reaction cross-sections and reaction rates 76 3.3 Nuclear fission 82 3.3.1 Liquid-drop model of nuclear fission 83 3.3.2 Induced nuclear fission 86 3.3.3 Fission cross-sections 87 3.3.4 Fission reactions and products 88 3.3.5 Energy in fission 90 3.3.6 Moderation of fast neutrons 92 3.3.7 Uranium enrichment 93 3.4 Controlled fission reactions 97 3.4.1 Chain reactions 97 3.4.2 Control of fission reactions 101 3.4.3 Fission reactors 103 3.4.4 Commercial nuclear reactors 105 3.4.5 Nuclear waste 107 3.5 Nuclear fusion 109 3.5.1 Fusion reactions 110 3.5.2 Energy in fusion 111 3.5.3 Coulomb barrier for nuclear fusion 113 3.5.4 Fusion reaction rates 113 3.5.5 Performance criteria 115 3.5.6 Controlled thermonuclear fusion 117 Problems 3 123 4 Solar power 127 4.1 Stellar fusion 128 4.1.1 Star formation and evolution 128 4.1.2 Thermonuclear fusion in the Sun: the proton–proton cycle 131 4.1.3 Solar radiation 132 4.2 Blackbody radiation 134 4.2.1 Laws of blackbody radiation 135 4.2.2 Emissivity 137 4.2.3 Birth of the photon 141 4.3 Solar radiation and its interaction with the Earth 145 4.3.1 Characteristics of solar radiation 145 4.3.2 Interaction of solar radiation with Earth and its atmosphere 147 4.3.3 Penetration of solar energy into the ground 155 4.4 Geothermal energy 159 4.4.1 Shallow geothermal energy 160 4.4.2 Deep geothermal energy 161 4.5 Solar heaters 162 4.5.1 Solar water heaters 162 4.5.2 Heat transfer processes 165 4.5.3 Solar thermal power systems 172 4.6 Heat engines: converting heat into work 174 4.6.1 Equation of state of an ideal gas 175 4.6.2 Internal energy, work and heat: the first law of thermodynamics 177 4.6.3 Specific heats of gases 181 4.6.4 Isothermal and adiabatic expansion 183 4.6.5 Heat engines and the second law of thermodynamics 185 Problems 4 196 5 Semiconductor solar cells 201 5.1 Introduction 201 5.2 Semiconductors 204 5.2.1 The band structure of crystalline solids 204 5.2.2 Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors 208 5.3 The p–n junction 214 5.3.1 The p–n junction in equilibrium 214 5.3.2 The biased p–n junction 217 5.3.3 The current–voltage characteristic of a p–n junction 219 5.3.4 Electron and hole concentrations in a semiconductor 222 5.3.5 The Fermi energy in a p–n junction 227 5.4 Semiconductor solar cells 229 5.4.1 Photon absorption at a p–n junction 229 5.4.2 Power generation by a solar cell 231 5.4.3 Maximum power delivery from a solar cell 235 5.4.4 The Shockley–Queisser limit 238 5.4.5 Solar cell construction 240 5.4.6 Increasing the efficiency of solar cells and alternative solar cell materials 243 Problems 5 248 6 Wind power 251 6.1 A brief history of wind power 251 6.2 Origin and directions of the wind 253 6.2.1 The Coriolis force 253 6.3 The flow of ideal fluids 256 6.3.1 The continuity equation 257 6.3.2 Bernoulli’s equation 258 6.4 Extraction of wind power by a turbine 263 6.4.1 The Betz criterion 265 6.4.2 Action of wind turbine blades 268 6.5 Wind turbine design and operation 271 6.6 Siting of a wind turbine 277 Problems 6 280 7 Water power 283 7.1 Hydroelectric power 284 7.1.1 The hydroelectric plant and its principles of operation 284 7.1.2 Flow of a viscous fluid in a pipe 286 7.1.3 Hydroelectric turbines 288 7.2 Wave power 291 7.2.1 Wave motion 292 7.2.2 Water waves 306 7.2.3 Wave energy converters 319 7.3 Tidal power 324 7.3.1 Origin of the tides 325 7.3.2 Variation and enhancement of tidal range 335 7.3.3 Harnessing tidal power 341 Problems 7 346 8 Energy storage 349 8.1 Types of energy storage 350 8.2 Chemical energy storage 351 8.2.1 Biological energy storage 351 8.2.2 Hydrogen energy storage 351 8.3 Thermal energy storage 352 8.4 Mechanical energy storage 355 8.4.1 Pumped hydroelectric energy storage 355 8.4.2 Compressed air energy storage 357 8.4.3 Flywheel energy storage 361 8.5 Electrical energy storage 364 8.5.1 Capacitors and super-capacitors 365 8.5.2 Superconducting magnetic storage 367 8.5.3 Rechargeable batteries 368 8.5.4 Fuel cells 370 8.6 Distribution of electrical power 372 Problems 8 374 Solutions to problems 377 Index 397

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth exploration of shipboard power generation and distribution system design that utilizes variable frequency drives The variable frequency drive (VFD) application is a proven technology for shore-based applications. However, shore-based VFDs often are unsuitable for shipboard applications because the power generation and distribution fundamentals are completely different.VFD Challenges for Shipboard Electrical Power System Designexplores the problems presented by variable frequency drives as they are applied in shipboard power generation and distribution system design and offers solutions for meeting these challenges. VFDs with configurations such as six pulse drive, 12 pulse drive, 18 pulse drive, active front end, pulse width modulation and many others generate many different levels of harmonics. These harmonics are often much higher than the regulations allow. This book covers a range of techniques used to provide ships with efficient energy that minimizes mechanical andTable of ContentsPreface ix About the Author xiii 1 Overview – VFD Motor Controller 1 2 Propulsion System Adjustable Speed Drive 21 3 VFD Motor Controller for Ship Service Auxiliaries 29 4 Shipboard Power System with LVDC and MVDC for AC and DC Application 35 5 Shipboard VFD Application and System Grounding 39 6 Shipboard Power Quality and VFD Effect 69 7 Shipboard Power System FMEA for VFD Motor Controller 85 8 Shipboard VFD Cable Selection, Installation, and Termination 97 9 Ship Smart System Design (S3D) and Digital Twin 117 Appendices 129 Glossary 135 Bibliography 143 Index 145

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Book SynopsisBased on the author's industry experience and collaborative works with other industries, Control of Electric Machine Drive System is packed with implemented, tested, and verified ideas that relate to everyday problems in the field.Trade Review"The book's practicality and realworld relatability make it an invaluable resource for professionals and engineers involved in the research and development of electric machine drive business, industrial drive designers, and senior undergraduate and graduate students." (Trading-house.net, 7 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Electric Machine Drive System 4 1.1.2 Trend of Development of Electric Machine Drive System 5 1.1.3 Trend of Development of Power Semiconductor 7 1.1.4 Trend of Development of Control Electronics 8 1.2 Basics of Mechanics 8 1.2.1 Basic Laws 9 1.2.2 Force and Torque 9 1.2.3 Moment of Inertia of a Rotating Body 11 1.2.4 Equations of Motion for a Rigid Body 13 1.2.5 Power and Energy 17 1.2.6 Continuity of Physical Variables 18 1.3 Torque Speed Curve of Typical Mechanical Loads 18 1.3.1 Fan, Pump, and Blower 18 1.3.2 Hoisting Load; Crane, Elevator 20 1.3.3 Traction Load (Electric Vehicle, Electric Train) 21 1.3.4 Tension Control Load 23 Problems 24 References 35 2 Basic Structure and Modeling of Electric Machines and Power Converters 36 2.1 Structure and Modeling of DC Machine 36 2.2 Analysis of Steady-State Operation 41 2.2.1 Separately Excited Shunt Machine 42 2.2.2 Series Excited DC Machine 45 2.3 Analysis of Transient State of DC Machine 46 2.3.1 Separately Excited Shunt Machine 47 2.4 Power Electronic Circuit to Drive DC Machine 50 2.4.1 Static Ward–Leonard System 51 2.4.2 Four-Quadrants Chopper System 52 2.5 Rotating Magnetic Motive Force 53 2.6 Steady-State Analysis of a Synchronous Machine 58 2.7 Linear Electric Machine 62 2.8 Capability Curve of Synchronous Machine 63 2.8.1 Round Rotor Synchronous Machine with Field Winding 63 2.8.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 64 2.9 Parameter Variation of Synchronous Machine 66 2.9.1 Stator and Field Winding Resistance 66 2.9.2 Synchronous Inductance 66 2.9.3 Back EMF Constant 67 2.10 Steady-State Analysis of Induction Machine 70 2.10.1 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine 72 2.10.2 Constant Air Gap Flux Operation 77 2.11 Generator Operation of an Induction Machine 79 2.12 Variation of Parameters of an Induction Machine 81 2.12.1 Variation of Rotor Resistance, Rr 81 2.12.2 Variation of Rotor Leakage Inductance, Llr 82 2.12.3 Variation of Stator Resistance, Rs 82 2.12.4 Variation of Stator Leakage Inductance, Lls 83 2.12.5 Variation of Excitation Inductance, Lm 84 2.12.6 Variation of Resistance Representing Iron Loss, Rm 84 2.13 Classification of Induction Machines According to Speed–Torque Characteristics 84 2.14 Quasi-Transient State Analysis 87 2.15 Capability Curve of an Induction Machine 88 2.16 Comparison of AC Machine and DC Machine 90 2.16.1 Comparison of a Squirrel Cage Induction Machine and a Separately Excited DC Machine 90 2.16.2 Comparison of a Permanent Magnet AC Machine and a Separately Excited DC Machine 92 2.17 Variable-Speed Control of Induction Machine Based on Steady-State Characteristics 92 2.17.1 Variable Speed Control of Induction Machine by Controlling Terminal Voltage 93 2.17.2 Variable Speed Control of Induction Machine Based on Constant Air-Gap Flux (͌≈V=F) Control 94 2.17.3 Variable Speed Control of Induction Machine Based on Actual Speed Feedback 95 2.17.4 Enhancement of Constant Air-Gap Flux Control with Feedback of Magnitude of Stator Current 96 2.18 Modeling of Power Converters 96 2.18.1 Three-Phase Diode/Thyristor Rectifier 97 2.18.2 PWM Boost Rectifier 98 2.18.3 Two-Quadrants Bidirectional DC/DC Converter 101 2.18.4 Four-Quadrants DC/DC Converter 102 2.18.5 Three-Phase PWM Inverter 103 2.18.6 Matrix Converter 105 2.19 Parameter Conversion Using Per Unit Method 106 Problems 108 References 114 3 Reference Frame Transformation and Transient State Analysis of Three-Phase AC Machines 116 3.1 Complex Vector 117 3.2 d–q–n Modeling of an Induction Machine Based on Complex Space Vector 119 3.2.1 Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Machine at d–q–n AXIS 120 3.2.2 Torque of the Induction Machine 125 3.3 d–q–n Modeling of a Synchronous Machine Based on Complex Space Vector 128 3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Machine at d–q–n AXIS 128 3.3.2 Torque of a Synchronous Machine 138 3.3.3 Equivalent Circuit and Torque of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 140 3.3.4 Synchronous Reluctance Machine (SynRM) 144 Problems 146 References 153 4 Design of Regulators for Electric Machines and Power Converters 154 4.1 Active Damping 157 4.2 Current Regulator 158 4.2.1 Measurement of Current 158 4.2.2 Current Regulator for Three-Phase-Controlled Rectifier 161 4.2.3 Current Regulator for a DC Machine Driven by a PWM Chopper 166 4.2.4 Anti-Wind-Up 170 4.2.5 AC Current Regulator 173 4.3 Speed Regulator 179 4.3.1 Measurement of Speed/Position of Rotor of an Electric Machine 179 4.3.2 Estimation of Speed with Incremental Encoder 182 4.3.3 Estimation of Speed by a State Observer 189 4.3.4 PI/IP Speed Regulator 198 4.3.5 Enhancement of Speed Control Performance with Acceleration Information 204 4.3.6 Speed Regulator with Anti-Wind-Up Controller 206 4.4 Position Regulator 208 4.4.1 Proportional–Proportional and Integral (P–PI) Regulator 208 4.4.2 Feed-Forwarding of Speed Reference and Acceleration Reference 209 4.5 Detection of Phase Angle of AC Voltage 210 4.5.1 Detection of Phase Angle on Synchronous Reference Frame 210 4.5.2 Detection of Phase Angle Using Positive Sequence Voltage on Synchronous Reference Frame 213 4.6 Voltage Regulator 215 4.6.1 Voltage Regulator for DC Link of PWM Boost Rectifier 215 Problems 218 References 228 5 Vector Control 230 5.1 Instantaneous Torque Control 231 5.1.1 Separately Excited DC Machine 231 5.1.2 Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SMPMSM) 233 5.1.3 Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) 235 5.2 Vector Control of Induction Machine 236 5.2.1 Direct Vector Control 237 5.2.2 Indirect Vector Control 243 5.3 Rotor Flux Linkage Estimator 245 5.3.1 Voltage Model Based on Stator Voltage Equation of an Induction Machine 245 5.3.2 Current Model Based on Rotor Voltage Equation of an Induction Machine 246 5.3.3 Hybrid Rotor Flux Linkage Estimator 247 5.3.4 Enhanced Hybrid Estimator 248 5.4 Flux Weakening Control 249 5.4.1 Constraints of Voltage and Current to AC Machine 249 5.4.2 Operating Region of Permanent Magnet AC Machine in Current Plane at Rotor Reference Frame 250 5.4.3 Flux Weakening Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 257 5.4.4 Flux Weakening Control of Induction Machine 262 5.4.5 Flux Regulator of Induction Machine 267 Problems 269 References 281 6 Position/Speed Sensorless Control of AC Machines 283 6.1 Sensorless Control of Induction Machine 286 6.1.1 Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) 286 6.1.2 Adaptive Speed Observer (ASO) 291 6.2 Sensorless Control of Surface-Mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (SMPMSM) 297 6.3 Sensorless Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (IPMSM) 299 6.4 Sensorless Control Employing High-Frequency Signal Injection 302 6.4.1. Inherently Salient Rotor Machine 304 6.4.2 AC Machine with Nonsalient Rotor 305 Problems 317 References 320 7 Practical Issues 324 7.1 Output Voltage Distortion Due to Dead Time and Its Compensation 324 7.1.1 Compensation of Dead Time Effect 325 7.1.2 Zero Current Clamping (ZCC) 327 7.1.3 Voltage Distortion Due to Stray Capacitance of Semiconductor Switches 327 7.1.4 Prediction of Switching Instant 330 7.2 Measurement of Phase Current 334 7.2.1 Modeling of Time Delay of Current Measurement System 334 7.2.2 Offset and Scale Errors in Current Measurement 337 7.3 Problems Due to Digital Signal Processing of Current Regulation Loop 342 7.3.1 Modeling and Compensation of Current Regulation Error Due to Digital Delay 342 7.3.2 Error in Current Sampling 346 Problems 350 References 353 Appendix A Measurement and Estimation of Parameters of Electric Machinery 354 A.1 Parameter Estimation 354 A.1.1 DC Machine 355 A.1.2 Estimation of Parameters of Induction Machine 357 A.2 Parameter Estimation of Electric Machines Using Regulators of Drive System 361 A.2.1 Feedback Control System 361 A.2.2 Back EMF Constant of DC Machine, K 363 A.2.3 Stator Winding Resistance of Three-Phase AC Machine, Rs 363 A.2.4 Induction Machine Parameters 365 A.2.5 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 370 A.3 Estimation of Mechanical Parameters 374 A.3.1 Estimation Based on Mechanical Equation 374 A.3.2 Estimation Using Integral Process 376 References 380 Appendix B d–q Modeling Using Matrix Equations 381 B.1 Reference Frame and Transformation Matrix 381 B.2 d–q Modeling of Induction Machine Using Transformation Matrix 386 B.3 d–q Modeling of Synchronous Machine Using Transformation Matrix 390 Index 391 IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering 401

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