Electronics and communications engineering Books

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisCovering the complete Association of Marine Electric and Radio Colleges (AMERC) syllabus for Electrotechnology Officers (ETOs), the book is divided into three sections: Basic Electronics; Navigational Aids (theory and fault finding); and Radio Communications (including GMDSS).The first textbook aimed primarily at Electro-technical Officers (covering the changes to the STCW 2010), volume 15 of the Reeds Marine Engineering Series includes technical diagrams, worked examples and self-study questions to help in student understanding.This second edition has been updated throughout, and expanded with new questions and answers. It is an essential book for all students undertaking an ETO course.Table of Contents1 BASIC ELECTRONICS Insulators and Conductors Resistance Capacitance Inductance Semiconductors Signal Shaping Operational Amplifiers Transformers Amplifiers and Oscillators Power Supplies Digital Devices and Systems Displays Measuring Instruments 2 NAVIGATIONAL AIDS - THEORY AND FAULT FINDING Micro Computers Gyro Compass Autopilot Steering Gear Echo Sounder Speed Log Automatic Identification System (AIS) Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) Global Positioning System (GPS) Differential GPS Loran C eLoran Radar Automatic Radar Plotting Aid (ARPA) Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) Voyage Data Recorder (VDR) Navtex Fault Finding in Bridge Equipment Systems 3 RADIO COMMUNICATIONS Radiation and Propagation Amplitude and Angle Modulation Radio Transmitters Radio Receivers Receiver Characteristics Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) 4 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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Book SynopsisBoasting trillion-dollar companies, the digital economy profits from our emotions, our relationships with each other, and the ways we interact with the world. In this timely book, Tim Jordan deftly explores the workings of the digital economy. He discusses the hype and significance surrounding its activities and practices in order to outline important concepts, theory, and policy questions. Through a variety of in-depth case studies, he examines the areas of search, social media, service providers, free economic activity, and digital gaming. Companies discussed include Google, Baidu, Uber, Bitcoin, Wikipedia, Fortnight, and World of Warcraft. Jordan argues that the digital economy is not concerned primarily with selling products, but relies instead on creating communities that can be read by software and algorithms. Profit is then extracted through targeted advertising, subscriptions, misleading 'purchases', and service relations. The Digital Economy is an important reference for students and scholars getting to grips with this enormous contemporary phenomenon.Trade Review"A lively excursion across the varied terrains of the 'digital economy', in which the author argues that it’s not platform technologies that drive our digital searching, working, socialising and gaming, but our deep embeddedness in shared social practices, habits and collective communities."Mark Banks, University of Leicester "Writing in a personal and lively style, Tim Jordan intelligently explores the digital economic practices that constitute search, social media, online gaming and more. Tracing the perspectives, tactics and activities of users, advertisers and platforms, he separates the hype from the reality."Thomas Poell, University of Amsterdam“a welcome addition that STS scholars may find useful for future research projects conceptualising the remaking of property regimes.”LSE Review of BooksTable of ContentsAcknowledgements 1 Introduction: The Meaning of the Digital Economy 2 Search 3 Social Media 4 Taxis, Hotels and Blockchains 5 Free Online Economies 6 Online Games 7 Profit, Labour, Production and Consumption 8 Defining the Digital Economy 9 Policy 10 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisThere are more ways of connecting and communicating via technology than ever before. Yet loneliness is on the rise as we begin to experience an 'attachment crisis' in forming and maintaining intimate relationships. Enter sex robots. Built from the bodies of sex dolls, they are created to help humans – particularly men – cope with our inability to connect. In this bold and trenchant critique, Kathleen Richardson explores important questions surrounding this emerging technology. What does the rise of sex robots tell us about the way that women and girls are imagined? To what extent are porn, prostitution and child sexual exploitation driving the attachment crisis? The author argues that sex robots are produced within a framework of 'property relations' – in which egocentric Man (and his disconnection from Woman) shapes the building of robots and AI. Can this tide of destruction and disconnection be turned, and what would a revolution for the love of humanity look like? Presenting a passionate case for the abolition of practices that cast women as property, Sex Robots: The End of Love is essential reading for students and scholars of robot ethics, anthropology, gender studies, philosophy of technology, sociology and related fields, as well as anyone concerned for the future of human relationships.

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Book SynopsisThis book examines the new features of LTE technologies and how they integrate into existing LTE networks. The authors provide an in-depth coverage of how the air interface is structured at the physical level and how the related link protocols are designed and work. It contains detailed chapters on the end-to-end data transfer optimization mechanisms based on the TCP. Readers will find information about OFDMA, and how DFT is used to implement it, SON specifications and realization and potential 5G solutions, as considered in releases 14 and beyond, the migration paths, and the challenges involved with the latest updates and standardization process. The book gives an insight into core network architecture, including the protocols and signaling used for both data and voice services, parameter estimations, and network planning and sizing.Trade ReviewA well written book providing network design practitioners a comprehensive summary with practical details of the standards and technologies behind 4G LTE, LTE-Advanced (-Pro) and 5G. This network design handbook is a must have for Policy Makers, CTO's, radio- and core network engineers of cellular telecom operators to implement optimal current and future LTE networks. -- Werner Noz * Trend Communications International *Clear concise description of components and features which form the LTE solution, and how these entities will evolve as we move from LTE towards 5G. -- Robert Ivers * TfL London *Table of ContentsThe Underlying DFT Concepts and Formulations; The Air Interface Architecture and Operation; The Coverage-Capacity Planning and Analysis; Pre-Launch Parameter Planning and Resource Allocation; Radio Resource Control and Mobility Management; Inter-Cell Interference Management in LTE; SON Technologies in LTC; EPC Network Architecture, Planning and Dimensioning Guideline; LTE_Advanced Main Enhancements; Optimization for TCP Operation in 4G and Other Networks; Voice over LTE (VOLTE); LTE-Advance Pro-Enhanced LTE Features; Towards 5G

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Book SynopsisFrom the world of Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls comes a story based on the exciting real-life adventures of Ada Lovelace, one of the world's first computer programmers.Growing up in nineteenth century London, England, Ada is curious about absolutely everything. She is obsessed with machines and with creatures that fly. She even designs her own flying laboratory!According to her mother, Ada is a bit too wild, so she encourages Ada to study math. At first Ada thinks: Bleh! Who can get excited about a subject without pictures? But she soon falls in love with it. One day she encounters a mysterious machine, and from that moment forward Ada imagines a future full of possibility-one that will eventually inspire the digital age nearly two hundred years later.Ada Lovelace Cracks the Code is the story of a pioneer in the computer sciences, and a testament to women's invaluable contributions to STEM throughout history.This historical fiction chapter book also includes additional text on Ada Lovelace's lasting legacy, as well as educational activities designed to teach simple coding and mathematical concepts.About the Rebel Girls Chapter Book SeriesMeet extraordinary real-life heroines in the Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls chapter book series! Introducing stories based on the lives and times of extraordinary women in global history, each stunningly designed chapter book features beautiful illustrations from a female artist as well as bonus activities in the backmatter to encourage kids to explore the various fields in which each of these women thrived. The perfect gift to inspire any young reader!Trade Review"Filled with examples of creativity sparked by small observations, this detailed look at the earliest days of modern computing is engaging, informative, and inspiring." ― Common Sense Media"Activities at the back of the book make [this] great to spark inspiration in girls and boys." ― Metro ParentTable of ContentsENGAGED COMMUNITY - Thanks to a supportive and active global community, Good Night Stories for Rebel Girls broke crowdfunding records. Volume 2 followed in 2017 and broke the record set by volume 1, making the series the highest funded publishing project in crowdfunding history. Since publication, the books have sold over 4 million copies and they have been translated into over 47 languages and are available worldwide. The Rebel Girls community counts on us to tell stories that help every girl in the world dream bigger, aim higher, and fight harder. STEM-ESTEEM - Most people who turn out to be scientists or engineers or mathematicians, first showed interest in those fields in elementary school. In fact, research shows that girls will not study or enter a career in STEM if they do not cultivate interests by age seven. It's incredibly rare to encounter female pioneers in the STEM space. Ada Lovelace is an excellent example of a role model whose ideas are approachable enough for a child to comprehend, and big enough to inspire. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES - The book will include exercises and challenges for the young reader to learn the fundamental rules of coding. FULL-COLOR ILLUSTRATION - Unlike most chapter books for this age range, this title will incorporate at least ten full-color illustrations by Marina Muun. They will depict Ada at all ages, Victorian England, the mechanisms of the infamous difference machine, as well as Ada's incredible handwriting.

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Book SynopsisThis book is an essential resource for researchers involved in designing antennas and RCS calculations. It is also useful for students studying high frequency diffraction techniques. It contains basic original ideas of the Physical Theory of Diffraction (PTD), examples of its practical application, and its validation by the mathematical theory of diffraction. The derived analytic expressions are convenient for numerical calculations and clearly illustrate the physical structure of the scattered field. The text's key topics include: Theory of diffraction at black bodies introduces the Shadow Radiation, a fundamental component of the scattered field; RCS of finite bodies of revolution-cones, paraboloids, etc.; models of construction elements for aircraft and missiles; scheme for measurement of that part of a scattered field which is radiated by the diffraction (so-called nonuniform) currents induced on scattering objects; development of the parabolic equation method for investigation of edge-diffraction; and a new exact and asymptotic solutions in the strip diffraction problems, including scattering at an open resonator.Table of Contents Chapter 1: Diffraction of Electromagnetic Waves at Black Bodies: Generalization of Kirchhoff-Kottler Theory Chapter 2: Edge Diffraction at Convex Perfectly Conducting Bodies: Elements of the Physical Theory of Diffraction Chapter 3: Edge Diffraction at Concave Surfaces: Extension of the Physical Theory of Diffraction Chapter 4: Measurement of Radiation from Diffraction / Nonuniform Currents Chapter 5: Analysis of Wedge Diffraction Using the Parabolic Equation Method Chapter 6: Current Waves on Thin Conductors and Strips Chapter 7: Radiation of Edge Waves: Theory Based on the Reciprocity Theorem Chapter 8: Functional and Integral Equations for Strip Diffraction (Neumann Boundary Problem) Chapter 9: Asymptotic Representation for the Current Density on a Strip Chapter 10: Asymptotic Representation for the Scattering Pattern Chapter 11: Plane Wave Diffraction at a Strip Oriented in the Direction of Polarization (Dirichlet Boundary Problem) Chapter 12: Edge Diffraction at Open-Ended Parallel Plate Resonator Appendix 1: Relationships Between the Gaussian System (GS) and the System International (SI) for Electromagnetic Units Appendix 2: The Key Equivalence Theorem

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Book SynopsisThis book is a beginner's guide to AutomationML Edition 2, written for students, engineers, lecturers, developers and those interested. In guides through the basics of AutomationML Edition 2, CAEX and the AutomationML Editor. AutomationML stands for digitisation of engineering data and engineering workflows. AutomationML achieves both human readability and machine-readability. It is a method for converting data into digital information, and it supports the special needs of iterative engineering data exchange. AutomationML is in the hot spot of the digitisation of automation engineering data. It enables the modelling and transport of engineering data in a vendor neutral and machine-readable models, a valuable source of digital innovation. Machine readable engineering data makes the data accessible and interpretable by software, enabling a plethora of opportunities. This book carefully introduces AutomationML, its goals, values and innovations. It teaches the architecture of AutomationML and explains the language elements with a multitude of examples and step-by-step instructions. Additional material to the book and more information about AutomationML on the website: https://www.automationml.org/about-automationml/publications/amlbook/

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive review of the currently existing energy production and consumption technologies Offering unique perspectives from one social and one natural scientist and combining them with the view of an industry expert, this book covers definitions and ways of quantifying energy and sustainability, and examines today?s energy production and consumption technologies?paying particular attention to the environmental, historic, and regulatory aspects of each introduced energy technology. It also deals with alternative and future energy technologies, as well as examples of sustainable approaches to everyday issues of transportation, urban planning, and home construction. Introduction to Energy and Sustainability starts with a section on introductory concepts and covers such things as the history of our relationship with energy; defining and quantifying both energy and sustainability; flows and conversions of energy and matter; and the laws of thermodynamics energy production today. It examines how energy is produced and consumed in our modern world?and looks at what types of energy exist and how we use it. The book also discusses the future of energy and how we will provide and utilize our current and forthcoming sources of power as our world changes. -Balances the treatment of hard science and engineering concepts of energy and sustainability with a thorough discussion of their socioeconomic and geopolitical implications -Offers a unique perspective of one social and one natural scientist, combined with the view of an industry expert -Filled with chapters that feature practice questions and solutions -Relevant to students in energy fields and environmentalists Introduction to Energy and Sustainability is an ideal text for post-graduate level students of energy fields. It will also greatly benefit environmentalists, engineers, power engineers, and chemists in industry. Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Part I Introductory Concepts 1 1 Brief History of Our Relationship with Energy 3 1.1 Discussion Questions 9 Further Reading 10 2 Defining and Quantifying Energy 11 2.1 International System of Units 11 2.2 Definition of Force, Energy, and Power 17 2.3 Units of Energy and Their Interconversion 20 2.4 Heat Capacity 23 2.5 Phase Changes 25 2.6 Energy Content of Fuels 27 2.7 Practice Problems 29 2.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 30 2.9 Discussion Questions 32 Further Reading 33 3 Flows and Conversions of Energy and Matter 35 3.1 Forms of Energy 35 3.2 Earth’s Water Cycle 38 3.3 Carbon Cycle 40 3.4 Earth’s Energy Balance 43 3.5 Energy Balance of the United States 45 3.6 Practice Problems 47 3.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 48 3.8 Discussion Questions 49 Further Reading 49 4 Defining and Quantifying Sustainability 51 4.1 Defining Sustainability 54 4.2 Quantifying Development 57 4.3 Energy Security, Environmental Stewardship, Economic Growth, and Equity 62 4.4 Examples of Sustainable and Unsustainable Development 65 4.5 Practice Problems 68 4.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 68 4.7 Discussion Questions 69 Further Reading 70 5 Laws of Thermodynamics 73 5.1 Energy Conversions 73 5.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics 76 5.3 Entropy 78 5.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 80 5.5 Practice Problems 82 5.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 83 5.7 Discussion Questions 85 Further Reading 85 Part II Energy Production Today 87 6 Fossil Fuels and Pollution 89 6.1 Origins and Evolution of Fossil Fuels 89 6.2 Combustion – How Does it Work? 91 6.3 Pollutants: Undesirable Products of Combustion 92 6.4 Where Are the Pollutants? Environmental Discrimination and Environmental Justice 102 6.5 Practice Problems 103 6.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 103 6.7 Discussion Questions 105 Reference 105 Further Reading 106 7 Coal 107 7.1 Coal Formation 107 7.2 History of Human Coal Use 108 7.3 Manufactured Gas: Creating New Markets for Coal 115 7.4 Coal and Labor 120 7.5 Coal and Environmental Regulations 122 7.6 How Does It Work? 123 7.6.1 Coal Mining 124 7.6.2 Coal Analysis 124 7.6.3 Coal Utilization 126 7.7 Supply and Demand 128 7.8 Environmental and Societal Risks 130 7.9 Future of Coal 133 7.10 Practice Problems 136 7.11 Solutions to Practice Problems 136 7.12 Discussion Questions 137 Reference 138 Further Reading 138 8 Oil 141 8.1 Formation of Oil 141 8.2 History of Human Oil Use 143 8.3 How Does It Work? 156 8.4 Oil Refining 159 8.5 Supply and Demand 162 8.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 164 8.7 Political Risks in International Oil 166 8.7.1 The Case of Venezuela 168 8.8 Future of Oil 178 8.9 Practice Problems 179 8.10 Solutions to Practice Problems 179 8.11 Discussion Questions 180 Further Reading 181 9 Natural Gas 183 9.1 History of Human Natural Gas Use 183 9.2 How Does It Work? 191 9.2.1 Chemical Composition 191 9.3 Supply and Demand 195 9.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 197 9.5 Global Approaches to Natural Gas 201 9.5.1 Germany and Poland 201 9.5.2 Russia 202 9.5.3 Australia 202 9.5.4 China 203 9.6 Future of Natural Gas 203 9.7 Practice Problems 204 9.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 204 9.9 Discussion Questions 205 Further Reading 205 10 Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuels 207 10.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 208 10.2 Expanding into Hostile Regions: Offshore and the Arctic 211 10.3 Economic Benefits of Oil Sands vs. the Environmental Costs of Tar Sands 217 10.3.1 Heavy Oil in Venezuela 224 10.4 Shale Gas and Oil: Innovations in Drilling and the Fracking Revolution 225 10.5 Future of Unconventional Oil and Gas 232 10.6 Practice Problem 234 10.7 Solution to Practice Problem 234 10.8 Discussion Questions 234 Further Reading 235 11 Nuclear Energy 237 11.1 History of Nuclear Energy Use 237 11.2 How Does It Work? 238 11.2.1 Atomic Structure 238 11.2.2 Radioactivity 239 11.2.3 Nuclear Fission 241 11.2.4 Nuclear Fuel and Reactor Design 243 11.3 Supply and Demand 246 11.3.1 Uranium Supply and Demand 246 11.3.2 Nuclear Electricity 247 11.3.3 Fuel Reprocessing 248 11.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 249 11.4.1 Nuclear Accidents 251 11.5 Global Approaches to Nuclear Energy 255 11.6 Future of Nuclear Power 260 11.7 Practice Problems 261 11.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 261 11.9 Discussion Questions 263 Further Reading 264 12 Hydroelectric Power 265 12.1 How Does it Work? 266 12.1.1 Pumped Storage 268 12.2 Supply and Demand 270 12.3 Environmental and Societal Impacts 273 12.4 Global Approaches to Hydroelectric Energy 276 12.4.1 Norway 276 12.4.2 China 277 12.4.3 United States 277 12.5 Future of Hydroelectric Energy 278 12.6 Practice Problems 280 12.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 280 12.8 Discussion Questions 282 Further Reading 282 13 Production and Storage of Electricity 285 13.1 Measuring and Quantifying Electricity 286 13.2 Electromagnetic Induction 288 13.3 Storage of Electricity: Batteries 291 13.4 Electric Cars 295 13.5 Supply and Demand 296 13.6 Practice Problems 299 13.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 299 13.8 Discussion Questions 300 Further Reading 300 Part III Energy Consumption Today 303 14 Energy Use in Transportation 305 14.1 Cars and Internal Combustion Engines 306 14.2 Trains 310 14.3 Global Shipping 315 14.4 Airplanes 316 14.5 Practice Problems 318 14.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 319 14.7 Discussion Questions 320 Further Reading 321 15 Agricultural Energy Use 323 15.1 Fertilizers 325 15.2 Farm Mechanization 328 15.3 Pesticides 330 15.4 Carbon Emissions in Agriculture 331 15.5 Food Waste 332 15.6 Practice Problems 334 15.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 335 15.8 Discussion Questions 335 Further Reading 335 16 Energy Use in Buildings: Residential and Commercial Consumption 339 16.1 Heating 340 16.2 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 342 16.3 Lighting 346 16.4 Labor-Saving Appliances 349 16.5 Practice Problems 350 16.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 350 16.7 Discussion Questions 351 Further Reading 351 17 Industrial Energy Consumption 353 17.1 Production of Iron and Steel 353 17.2 Aluminum Production 356 17.3 Production of Cement 358 17.4 Production of Plastics 360 17.5 Embodied Energy 362 17.6 Practice Problems 363 17.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 364 17.8 Discussion Questions 364 Further Reading 365 Part IV Energy Transitions 367 18 Sustainability Transition: Why, When, How Long? 369 18.1 Drivers of Previous Transitions 369 18.2 Economics of Energy Transitions: Primacy of Price 372 18.2.1 Scarcity of Supply 373 18.2.2 Internalization of Externalities 373 18.3 Politics of Energy Transitions 374 18.4 Geopolitical Drivers of Transition: Resource Curse 378 18.5 Exxon, World Bank, and Chad: A Failed Experiment in Avoiding Resource Curse 379 18.6 Timeline for the Sustainability Transition 381 18.7 Regional Specificities and International Tensions 382 18.8 Practice Problem 384 18.9 Solution to Practice Problem 384 18.10 Discussion Questions 385 Further Reading 385 19 Climate Change 387 19.1 Definition of Climate 389 19.2 Measuring and Modeling Climate 390 19.3 Is It Changing? 390 19.4 Are We Responsible? 391 19.5 The Earth is Warming. So What? 394 19.5.1 Feedback Loops 398 19.6 Societal and Economic Effects of Climate Change 399 19.7 Can We Stop It? 401 19.8 Practice Problems 402 19.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 403 19.10 Discussion Questions 403 Further Reading 404 Part V Energy Production Tomorrow 407 20 Biomass as a Source of Energy 409 20.1 How Does It Work? 411 20.1.1 Wood as a Fuel 412 20.1.2 Municipal Waste 414 20.1.3 Biofuels 416 20.2 Supply and Demand 419 20.3 Environmental and Societal Risks 421 20.4 Global Approaches to Biomass Utilization 423 20.4.1 Brazil and Sugarcane-Based Ethanol 424 20.4.2 United States and Corn-Based Ethanol 425 20.5 Future of Biomass as an Energy Source 427 20.6 Practice Problems 428 20.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 428 20.8 Discussion Questions 429 Further Reading 430 21 Wind Energy 433 21.1 History of Use of Wind Energy 433 21.2 How Does It Work? 437 21.3 Supply and Demand 441 21.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 444 21.5 Future of Wind Energy 447 21.6 Practice Problems 447 21.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 447 21.8 Discussion Questions 449 Further Reading 449 22 Solar Energy 451 22.1 History of Human Solar Energy Usage 451 22.2 How Does It Work? 453 22.2.1 Solar Electricity 456 22.3 Supply and Demand 460 22.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 461 22.5 Global Approaches to Solar Energy 462 22.6 Future of Solar Energy 465 22.7 Practice Problems 465 22.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 466 22.9 Discussion Questions 467 Further Reading 467 23 Hydrogen as a Fuel 469 23.1 History of Human Hydrogen Use 470 23.2 Production of Hydrogen 471 23.2.1 Steam Reforming 472 23.2.2 Electrolysis 473 23.3 Hydrogen as a Combustion Fuel 474 23.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 474 23.5 Hydrogen as a Nuclear Fuel: Where Does the Solar Energy Really Come From? 477 23.5.1 Nuclear Fusion on Earth 478 23.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 480 23.7 Future of Hydrogen as a Fuel 481 23.8 Practice Problems 482 23.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 482 23.10 Discussion Questions 483 Further Reading 483 24 Geothermal Energy 485 24.1 History of Geothermal Energy Use 485 24.2 How Does It Work? 486 24.3 Supply and Demand 490 24.4 Global Approaches to Geothermal Energy 492 24.4.1 Iceland 492 24.4.2 Costa Rica 492 24.4.3 West of the United States 493 24.5 Environmental and Societal Risks 493 24.6 Practice Problems 495 24.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 495 24.8 Discussion Questions 496 Further Reading 496 Part VI Energy Consumption Tomorrow 499 25 Changes in Global Energy Consumption Patterns 501 25.1 Developing Countries Become Developed 503 25.2 Population Growth 504 25.3 Middle Class Growth in the Developing World 507 25.4 Sustainability as a Source of Friction Between Developed and Developing Countries 508 25.5 Outsourcing Unsustainable Practices 509 25.6 Practice Problems 511 25.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 511 25.8 Discussion Questions 512 Further Reading 512 26 Energy Conservation 515 26.1 Increasing the Efficiency of Appliances and Energy-Consuming Devices 515 26.2 Minimizing Energy Waste 518 26.3 Changes in Habits and Living Standards 519 26.4 Reduction in Material Consumption 522 26.4.1 Reduce 523 26.4.2 Reuse 523 26.4.3 Recycle 525 26.5 Global Approaches to Energy Conservation and Recycling 527 26.5.1 Japan 528 26.5.2 Sweden 528 26.5.3 USA 529 26.6 Practice Problems 529 26.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 530 26.8 Discussion Questions 530 Further Reading 531 27 Future of Cars 533 27.1 Fuel Efficiency Standards for Vehicles 533 27.2 Powertrain Competition 536 27.3 Driverless Vehicles and Ride-Sharing Services 538 27.4 Changing Habits: Car as a Status Symbol? 540 27.5 Practice Problems 541 27.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 541 27.7 Discussion Questions 542 Further Reading 543 28 Energy Conservation in Architectural Design and Urban Planning 545 28.1 Energy Efficiency in Old Buildings 545 28.2 Energy Conservation in New Construction 547 28.2.1 Construction 548 28.2.2 Day-to-Day Operation 548 28.2.3 Energy-Efficient Design Features 550 28.2.4 Demolition 553 28.2.5 LEED Certifications 553 28.3 Energy Conservation in Urban Planning 554 28.4 Future of Residential Construction 557 28.5 Practice Problems 558 28.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 558 28.7 Discussion Questions 559 Further Reading 559 Appendix 561 Index 563

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Book SynopsisNonlinear Optics on Ferroic Materials Covering the fruitful combination of nonlinear optics and ferroic materials! The use of nonlinear optics for the study of ferroics, that is, magnetically, electrically or otherwise spontaneously ordered and switchable materials has witnessed a remarkable development since its inception with the invention of the laser in the 1960s. This book on Nonlinear Optics on Ferroic Materials reviews and advances an overarching concept of ferroic order and its exploration by nonlinear-optical methods. In doing so, it brings together three fields of physics: symmetry, ferroic order, and nonlinear laser spectroscopy. It begins by introducing the fundamentals for each of these fields. The book then discusses how nonlinear optical studies help to reveal properties of ferroic materials that are often inaccessible with other methods. In this, consequent use is made of the unique degrees of freedom inherent to optical experiments. An excursion into the theoretical foundations of nonlinear optical processes in ferroics rounds off the discussion. The final part of the book explores classes of ferroic materials of primary interest. In particular, this covers multiferroics with magnetoelectric correlations and oxide-electronic heterostructures. An outlook towards materials exhibiting novel forms of ferroic states or correlated arrangements beyond ferroic order and the study these systems by nonlinear optics concludes the work. The book is aimed equally at experienced scientists and young researchers at the interface between condensed-matter physics and optics and with a taste for bold, innovative ideas.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 A Preview of the Subject of the Book 1 1.1 Symmetry Considerations 1 1.2 Ferroic Materials 3 1.3 Laser Optics 6 1.4 Creating the Trinity 8 1.5 Structure of this Book 10 Part I The Ingredients and Their Combination 11 2 Symmetry 13 2.1 Describing Interactions in Condensed-Matter Systems 13 2.2 Introduction to Practical Group Theory 15 2.3 Crystals 16 2.3.1 Types of Symmetry Operations 17 2.3.2 Combinations of Operations 20 2.3.3 Nomenclature 20 2.4 Point Groups and Space Groups 21 2.4.1 Point Groups 21 2.4.2 Space Groups 24 2.5 From Symmetries to Properties 25 2.5.1 Deriving the Components of the Property Tensors 25 2.5.2 Parity of the Property Tensors 25 2.5.3 Introducing Inhomogeneity 26 2.5.4 Beyond Group Theory: Particularisation 28 3 Ferroic Materials 31 3.1 Ferroic Phase Transitions 32 3.1.1 Landau-Theoretical Description and Order Parameter 33 3.1.2 First- and Second-Order Phase Transitions 34 3.1.3 Critical Exponents 36 3.1.4 Domain States and Domains 37 3.1.5 Softness 39 3.2 Ferroic States 41 3.2.1 Conjugate Field and Switchability 41 3.2.2 Hysteresis 42 3.2.3 Curie Temperature 42 3.3 Antiferroic States 43 3.4 Classification of Ferroics 44 3.4.1 Ferromagnetism 46 3.4.2 Ferroelectricity 56 3.4.3 Ferroelasticity 64 3.4.4 Ferrotoroidicity 68 3.4.5 Other Forms of Primary Ferroic Order 76 3.4.6 Higher-Order Ferroics 78 3.4.7 Multiferroics 81 4 Nonlinear Optics 91 4.1 Interaction of Materials with the Electromagnetic Radiation Field 93 4.1.1 Hamilton Operator 93 4.1.2 Multipole Expansion 95 4.2 Wave Equation in Nonlinear Optics 97 4.2.1 Derivation of the Wave Equation with an Extended Source Term 98 4.2.2 General Solution of the Wave Equation 99 4.2.3 Four Solutions of Particular Interest 101 4.3 Microscopic Sources of Nonlinear Optical Effects 103 4.4 Important Nonlinear Optical Processes 107 4.4.1 Two-Photon Sum Frequency Generation 108 4.4.2 Second Harmonic Generation 108 4.4.3 Two-Photon Difference Frequency Generation 109 4.4.4 Optical Parametric Generation 109 4.4.5 Third Harmonic Generation 109 4.5 Nonlinear Spectroscopy of Electronic States 110 4.5.1 Transition Matrix Elements 110 4.5.2 Resonance Behaviour at the Contributing Frequencies 110 4.5.3 Local-Field Corrections 110 4.5.4 Linear Optical Properties at the Contributing Frequencies 111 4.5.5 Phase Matching 111 5 Experimental Aspects 113 5.1 Laser Sources 113 5.1.1 Nanosecond Laser Systems with Optical Parametric Oscillator 114 5.1.2 Femtosecond Laser Systems with Optical Parametric Amplifier 115 5.2 Experimental Set-Ups 116 5.2.1 Spectral Resolution 117 5.2.2 Imaging by Projection 127 5.2.3 Imaging by Scanning 133 5.3 Temporal Resolution 134 6 Nonlinear Optics on Ferroics – An Instructive Example 137 6.1 SHG Contributions from Antiferromagnetic Cr 2 O 3 140 6.2 SHG Spectroscopy 146 6.3 Topography on Antiferromagnetic Domains 149 6.4 Magnetic Structure in the Spin-Flop Phase 152 Part II Novel Functionalities 155 7 The Unique Degrees of Freedom of Optical Experiments 157 7.1 Polarisation-Dependent Spectroscopy 158 7.1.1 Basic Methodical Aspects 158 7.1.2 Resonance Enhancement of Signals 159 7.1.3 Sublattice Selectivity 162 7.1.4 Separation of Coexisting Types of Order 164 7.1.5 Spectral Identification of Symmetries 166 7.2 Spatial Resolution – Domains 167 7.2.1 Access to Hidden Domain States 168 7.2.2 Domain Microscopy at Different Resolution 171 7.2.3 Domain Topography Below the Optical Resolution Limit 173 7.2.4 Domain Topography in Three Dimensions 178 7.3 Temporal Resolution – Correlation Dynamics 181 7.3.1 Overview 181 7.3.2 Dynamical Properties of Ferromagnetic Systems 186 7.3.3 Dynamical Processes in Antiferromagnetic Systems 190 7.3.4 Nonlinear Effects in the Few-Terahertz Range 196 8 Theoretical Aspects 201 8.1 Microscopic Sources of SHG in Ferromagnetic Metals 202 8.2 Microscopic Sources of SHG in Antiferromagnetic Insulators 203 8.2.1 Chromium Sesquioxide 203 8.2.2 Hexagonal Manganites 207 8.2.3 Nickel Oxide 210 Part III Materials and Applications 211 9 SHG and Multiferroics with Magnetoelectric Correlations 213 9.1 Type-I Multiferroics – The Hexagonal Manganites 214 9.1.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure 214 9.1.2 Lattice Trimerisation 215 9.1.3 Antiferromagnetic Order of the Mn 3+ Lattice 231 9.1.4 Magnetic Order of the Rare-Earth System 243 9.1.5 Magnetic Sublattice Interactions 247 9.1.6 Magnetoelectric Sublattice Interactions 250 9.1.7 Dynamic Correlations 259 9.2 Type-I Multiferroics – BiFeO 3 262 9.2.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure 262 9.2.2 Ferroelectric Order 264 9.2.3 Antiferromagnetic Order 264 9.2.4 Magnetoelectric Coupling Effects 266 9.3 Type-I Multiferroics with Strain-Induced Ferroelectricity 275 9.4 Type-II Multiferroics – MnWO 4 278 9.4.1 Synthesis and Crystal Structure 278 9.4.2 Multiferroic Order 279 9.4.3 SHG Contributions – Incommensurate SHG 280 9.4.4 Types of Domains 284 9.4.5 Poling Dynamics 287 9.4.6 Multiferroic Domain Walls 289 9.5 Type-II Multiferroics – TbMn 2 O 5 291 9.5.1 Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Order 291 9.5.2 Decomposition of Contributions to the Spontaneous Polarisation 292 9.6 Type-II Multiferroics – TbMnO 3 295 9.6.1 Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Order 295 9.6.2 Domains and Poling 295 9.6.3 Optical Domain Switching 297 9.6.4 Robustness of the Multiferroic State 302 9.7 Type-II Multiferroics with Higher-Order Domain Functionalities 304 9.7.1 Magnetoelectric Inversion of a Domain Pattern 305 9.7.2 Magnetoelectric ‘Teleportation’ of a Domain Pattern 309 10 SHG and Materials with Novel Types of Primary Ferroic Orders 313 10.1 Ferrotoroidics 314 10.1.1 Ferrotoroidic LiCoPO 4 314 10.1.2 Ferrotoroidics Other than LiCoPO 4 320 10.1.3 Status of Ferrotoroidicity as Primary Ferroic Order 324 10.2 Ferro-Axial Order – RbFe(MoO 4) 2 325 10.2.1 Structure and Phase Transitions 325 10.2.2 Ferroic Nature of the Rotational Transition 326 11 SHG and Oxide Electronics – Thin Films and Heterostructures 329 11.1 Growth Techniques 330 11.1.1 Pulsed-Laser Deposition 331 11.1.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy 332 11.1.3 Sputter Deposition 332 11.1.4 Metal-Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition 333 11.2 Thin Epitaxial Oxide Films with Magnetic Order 334 11.2.1 Ferrimagnetic Garnets 334 11.2.2 Ferromagnetic Metals 334 11.2.3 EuO – A Ferromagnetic Insulator 336 11.3 Thin Epitaxial Oxide Films with Ferroelectric Order 341 11.3.1 Crystal Structure and Domain Configurations: BiFeO 3 342 11.3.2 From Domains to Domain Walls: SrMnO 3 345 11.3.3 Internal Structure of Domain Walls: Pbzr X Ti 1−x O 3 347 11.3.4 From Domain Walls to Interfaces: LaAlO 3 on SrTiO 3 350 11.4 Poling Dynamics in Ferroelectric Thin Films 357 11.5 Growth Dynamics in Oxide Electronics by In Situ SHG Probing 361 11.5.1 Early ISHG Experiments 362 11.5.2 Experimental Set-Up for ISHG 363 11.5.3 Emergence of Ferroelectric Order in a Single Film 365 11.5.4 From Single Films to Multi-Layer Heterostructure 367 11.5.5 From Multi-Layer Heterostructures to Symmetry Engineering 368 11.5.6 Growth Dynamics – Interaction Between Materials 370 11.5.7 Growth Dynamics – Interaction Between Interfaces 372 12 Nonlinear Optics on Ordered States Beyond Ferroics 375 12.1 Superconductors 375 12.2 Metamaterials – Photonic Crystals 379 12.2.1 Optical Properties 380 12.2.2 Ferroic Properties 380 12.2.3 Quasicrystalline Metamaterials 382 12.3 Topological Insulators 384 Part IV Epilogue 387 13 A Retrospect of the Subject of the Book 389 References 393 Index 443

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Book SynopsisHalide Perovskite Semiconductors Enables readers to acquire a systematic and in-depth understanding of various fundamental aspects of halide perovskite semiconductors Halide Perovskite Semiconductors: Structures, Characterization, Properties, and Phenomena covers the most fundamental topics with regards to halide perovskites, including but not limited to crystal/defect theory, crystal chemistry, heterogeneity, grain boundaries, single-crystals/thin-films/nanocrystals synthesis, photophysics, solid-state ionics, spin physics, chemical (in)stability, carrier dynamics, hot carriers, surface and interfaces, lower-dimensional structures, and structural/functional characterizations. Included discussions on the fundamentals of halide perovskites aim to expand the basic science fields of physics, chemistry, and materials science. Edited by two highly qualified researchers, Halide Perovskite Semiconductors includes specific information on: Crystal/defect theory of halide perovskites, crystal chemistry of halide perovskites, and processing and microstructures of halide perovskites Single-crystals of halide perovskites, nanocrystals of halide perovskites, low-dimensional perovskite crystals, and nanoscale heterogeneity of halide perovskites Carrier mobilities and dynamics in halide perovskites, light emission of halide perovskites, photophysics and ultrafast spectroscopy of halide perovskites Hot carriers in halide perovskites, correlating photophysics with microstructures in halide perovskites, chemical stability of halide perovskites, and solid-state ionics of halide perovskites Readers can find solutions to technological issues and challenges based on the fundamental knowledge gained from this book. As such, Halide Perovskite Semiconductors is an essential in-depth treatment of the subject, ideal for solid-state chemists, materials scientists, physical chemists, inorganic chemists, physicists, and semiconductor physicists.Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction to Perovskite 1Tianwei Duan, Iván Mora-Seró, and Yuanyuan Zhou 1.1 Evolution of Perovskite 1 1.2 Structure of Perovskite 2 1.3 Property and Application of Perovskite 4 1.4 Summary and Outlook 7 2 Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 9Clara Aranda-Alonso and Michael Saliba 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Crystal Structure 9 2.3 Synthesis Methods 14 2.4 Optoelectronic Properties of Halide Perovskite Single Crystals 21 2.5 Applications 29 3 Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals 49Samrat Das Adhikari, Andrés F. Gualdrón-Reyes, and Iván Mora-Seró 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Methodology 51 3.3 Quantum Confinement Effect 57 3.4 Solution-processed Halide Exchange 59 3.5 Post-synthesis Defect Recovery 61 3.6 Different Shapes of the Nanocrystals 62 3.7 Doping in Perovskite Nanocrystals 64 3.8 Lead-free Perovskite Nanocrystals 69 3.9 Summary 70 4 Dimensionality Modulation in Halide Perovskites 79Akriti, Jee Yung Park, Shuchen Zhang, and Letian Dou 4.1 Classification of Low-Dimensional Perovskites 79 4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of Morphological Low-Dimensional (ABX3) Halide Perovskites 80 4.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Molecular Low-Dimensional (Non-ABX3) Halide Perovskites 83 4.4 Applications of Low-Dimensional Halide Perovskites 101 4.5 Current Challenges and Prospects of Low-Dimensional Halide 5 Halide Double Perovskites 115Carina Pareja-Rivera, Dulce Zugasti-Fernández, Paul Olalde-Velasco, and Diego Solis-Ibarra 5.1 Definition and Structure 116 5.2 Properties 118 5.3 Applications in Solar Cells and LEDs 123 5.4 Other Applications 126 5.5 Related Materials: Layered Double Perovskites and Vacancy Ordered Double Perovskites 132 5.6 Conclusions 135 6 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 147Xianyuan Jiang, Zihao Zang, and Zhijun Ning 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Tin Perovskite Properties 148 6.3 Perovskite Composition Engineering 151 6.4 Additives Manipulation 155 6.5 Device Architecture Engineering 156 6.6 Conclusion 158 7 Fundamentals and Synthesis Methods of Metal Halide Perovskite Thin Films 165Mingwei Hao, Tanghao Liu, Yalan Zhang, Tianwei Duan, and Yuanyuan Zhou 7.1 Introduction 165 7.2 Fundamentals of MHPs Thin Films 166 7.3 Thin Film Growth Mechanism 173 7.4 One-step Growth 180 7.5 Two-step Growth 186 7.6 Scalable Growth Methods 192 7.7 Postdeposition Treatments 200 7.8 Summary 203 8 First Principles Atomistic Theory of Halide Perovskites 215Linn Leppert 8.1 Introduction: What I Talk About When I Talk About First Principles Calculations of Halide Perovskites 215 8.2 Structural Properties 217 8.3 Optoelectronic Properties 231 8.4 Concluding Remarks: First Person Singular 242 9 Comparing the Charge Dynamics in MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 Using Microwave Photoconductance Measurements 251Tom J. Savenije, Jiashang Zhao, and Valentina M. Caselli 9.1 Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity 251 9.2 Global Modeling of TRMC Data 254 9.3 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 255 9.4 TRMC Measurements on MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 with Charge Selective 10 Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 263Jia Wei Melvin Lim, Yue Wang, and Tze Chien Sum 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Hot Carrier Cooling Mechanisms 265 10.3 Slow Hot Carrier Cooling in Halide Perovskites 266 10.4 Utilizing Hot Carriers in Halide Perovskites 275 10.5 Multiple Exciton Generation 280 10.6 Multiple Exciton Generation Mechanisms 283 10.7 Efficient Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 289 10.8 Utilizing Multiple Exciton Generation in Halide Perovskites 296 10.9 Conclusion and Outlook 299 11 Ionic Transport in Perovskite Semiconductors 305Wenke Zhou, Yicheng Zhao, and Qing Zhao 11.1 Theoretical Basis of Ionic Transport 305 11.2 Characterizations of Ionic Transport 306 11.3 Mobile Ions in Perovskite Film Under Electric Field 309 11.4 The Factors Affecting Ionic Transport in Perovskites 311 11.5 The Impact of Ionic Transport on Perovskite Films and Devices 318 11.6 Summary and Outlook 322 12 Light Emission of Halide Perovskites 329David O. Tiede, Juan F. Galisteo-López, and Hernán Míguez 12.1 Introduction 329 12.2 Charge-Carrier Recombination in Lead-Halide Perovskites 330 12.3 Photoinduced Effects on Charge Carrier Recombination 338 12.4 Lasing in Lead-Halide Perovskites 341 12.5 Conclusions 345 13 Epitaxy and Strain Engineering of Halide Perovskites 351Yang Hu, Jie Jiang, Lifu Zhang, Yunfeng Shi, and Jian Shi 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 Epitaxy of Thin Film and Nanostructures 353 13.2.1 Epitaxial Substrates 353 13.2.2 Epitaxial Growth and Defects Formation Mechanisms 355 13.2.3 Experimental Progresses 358 13.3 Strain Engineering 360 13.3.1 Theoretical Progresses 361 13.3.2 Experimental Progresses 363 13.4 Opportunities and Challenges 365 Acknowledgments 366 References 367 14 Electron Microscopy of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials 377Mathias U. Rothmann, Wei Li, and Zhiwei Tao 14.1 Introduction 377 14.2 Fundamentals of Electron Microscopy 377 14.3 Signal Generation 379 14.4 SEM 381 14.5 Conclusions 406 15 In Situ Characterization of Halide Perovskite Synthesis 411Maged Abdelsamie, Tim Kodalle, Mriganka Singh, and Carolin M. Sutter-Fella 15.1 Introduction 411 15.2 Fundamentals of X-Ray Scattering and Fluorescence Techniques 412 15.3 In Situ Optical Spectroscopy 423 15.4 Examples of In Situ Multimodal Characterization During Solution-Based Fabrication 430 15.5 Probing Beam–Sample Interaction 435 15.6 Summary and Outlook 437 16 Multimodal Characterization of Halide Perovskites: From the Macro to the Atomic Scale 443Tiarnan A. S. Doherty and Samuel D. Stranks 16.1 Introduction 443 16.2 Early Multimodal CharacterizationWork 445 16.3 Recent Multimodal Characterization 450 16.4 Pressing Challenges and Opportunities 464 16.5 Outlook and Opportunities 471 References 475 Index 483

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Book SynopsisPrintable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells A comprehensive exploration of printable perovskite solar cells and their potential for commercialization In Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an accessible and incisive discussion of the principles, technologies, and fabrication processes associated with the manufacture and use of perovskite solar cells. The authors detail the properties, characterization methods, and technologies for halide perovskite materials and devices and explain printable processing technologies, mesoscopic anode and cathodes, and spacer layers for printable perovskite solar cells. In the book, you’ll find expansive discussions of the stability issues inherent in perovskite solar cells and explore the potential for scaling and commercializing the printing of perovskite solar cells, complete with real-world industry data. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the background and fundamentals of perovskite solar cells Comprehensive explorations of the characterization methods and technologies used with halide perovskite materials and devices Practical discussions of printable processing technologies for perovskite solar cells Fulsome treatments of the stability issues associated with perovskite solar cells and potential solutions for them Perfect for materials scientists, solid state physicists and chemists, and electronics engineers, Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells will also benefit surface chemists and physicists.Table of ContentsBiography xi Preface xiii 1 Background and Basic Knowledge of Perovskite Solar Cells 1 Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The Principle of Solar Cells 2 1.2.1 Silicon Solar Cells 2 1.2.2 Dye-sensitized Solar Cells 7 1.2.3 Organic Solar Cells 9 1.2.4 Perovskite Solar Cells 11 1.3 The Typical Structures of PSC 13 1.3.1 Mesoscopic Structure 13 1.3.2 Triple-mesoscopic Layer Structure 14 1.3.3 Regular Planar n-i-p Structure 15 1.3.4 Inverted Planar p-i-n Structure 15 References 15 2 Characterization Methods and Technologies for Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices 19 Lukas Wagner, Dmitry Bogachuk, Cheng Qiu, Gayathri Mathiazhagan, Salma Zouhair, and Andreas Hinsch 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Printing Layer Quality 19 2.2.1 Thickness Measurement 19 2.2.1.1 Profilometry 20 2.2.1.2 Sem 20 2.2.1.3 Ellipsometry 20 2.2.2 Porosity Estimation 21 2.2.2.1 Gas Adsorption (BET Method) 21 2.2.2.2 SEM/FIB 3D Nanotomography 22 2.2.3 Sheet Resistance 23 2.2.3.1 Four-point Probe Measurement 23 2.2.4 Shunt Resistance of Unfilled Cell 24 2.3 Material and Crystal Properties 25 2.3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis 25 2.3.2 UV–Vis–NIR Spectroscopy 25 2.3.3 Raman Shift Spectroscopy 26 2.3.4 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 28 2.3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 28 2.3.4.2 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX) 30 2.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 31 2.3.6 Contact Angle Measurement 32 2.4 Spatially Resolved Steady-state Photophysical Methods 33 2.4.1 Photoluminescence Microscopy Imaging 34 2.4.2 Microscopic Photoluminescence Spectroscopy Mapping 35 2.4.3 Electroluminescence Imaging 36 2.4.4 Bias-dependent Photoluminescence Imaging 37 2.4.5 Real-time Photoluminescence Measurement 37 2.4.6 Dark Lock-in Thermography (DLIT) 39 2.4.7 Light-Beam-Induced Current (LBIC) 42 2.5 Transient Optoelectronic Methods 42 2.5.1 Intensity-modulated Photocurrent/Photovoltage Spectroscopy (imps/imvs) 42 2.5.2 Transient Photocurrent/Photovoltage (TPC/TPV) 43 2.5.3 Open-circuit Voltage Decay (OCVD) Analysis for Shunt Detection 44 2.5.4 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy (TAS) 45 2.5.5 Time-resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) 46 2.5.5.1 Typical Setup: Pulsed (Transient) Excitation 46 2.5.5.2 Alternative Setup: Steady-state Excitation 46 2.5.5.3 Some Notes on Sample Preparation 49 2.5.6 Note on the Extension to Spatially Resolved Measurements 50 2.6 I–V Performance: Transient and Steady State 50 2.6.1 I–V Characterization 50 2.6.2 I–V Hysteresis 51 2.6.3 Stabilized Efficiency Measurement 52 2.6.4 Spectral Response/External Quantum Efficiency (SR/EQE) 52 2.6.5 V Oc Vs. Light Intensity Measurement 54 2.6.6 Effect of Parallel and Series Resistance R p 55 2.6.7 Effect of Saturation Current J 01 and J 02 56 2.6.8 Certification of PV Performance 57 2.6.9 Long-term Stability Measurement 58 References 59 3 Printable Processing Technologies for Perovskite Solar Cells 65 Daiyu Li, Anyi Mei, Yue Hu, and Hongwei Han 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Solution-Based Technologies 67 3.2.1 Spin Coating 67 3.2.2 Blade Coating 68 3.2.3 Slot-Die Coating 69 3.2.4 Bar Coating 72 3.2.5 Spray Coating 73 3.2.6 Inkjet Printing 75 3.2.7 Screen Printing 76 3.2.8 Chemical Bath Deposition 78 3.2.9 Soft-Cover Deposition 79 3.2.10 Brush Painting 80 3.3 Conclusion and Outlook 82 References 83 4 Mesoscopic Anodes and Cathodes for Printable Perovskite Solar Cells 89 Seigo Ito and Ryuki Tsuji 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Fabrication Methods 90 4.3 Comact Layer (TiO2) 92 4.4 Mesoporous Anodes (n-Type Semiconductor: TiO2 ,etc.) 95 4.5 Mesoporous Cathodes (NiO and Co3 O4) 99 4.6 Back-Contact Porous Carbon 100 4.7 Photovoltaic Measurements 102 4.8 Conclusion 103 References 103 5 Insulating Layers for Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 105 Jian Zhang, Dongjie Wang, and Yuli Xiong 5.1 Introduction 105 5.2 ZrO2 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 106 5.3 Al2 O3 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 117 5.4 SiO2 -Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 121 5.5 Multilayer Insulating Mesoscopic Layers 124 5.5.1 Al2 O3 + ZrO2 124 5.5.2 Al2 O3 + NiO 126 5.5.3 ZrO2 + NiO 128 5.6 Conclusion and Perspective 130 References 132 6 Perovskite Materials and Perovskite Solar Cells 137 Maria Vasilopoulou, Abd Rashid B. Mohd Yusoff, and Mohammad K. Nazeeruddin 6.1 Perovskite Materials 137 6.1.1 3D Halide Perovskites 137 6.1.2 2D Halide Perovskites 142 6.1.3 Synthesis of Halide Perovskites 144 6.2 Compositional and Interfacial Engineering of Perovskite Solar Cells 147 6.2.1 Solvent Engineering 147 6.2.2 Cation Optimization 150 6.2.3 Halide Optimization 151 6.2.4 Stoichiometric and Nonstoichiometric Compositions 151 6.2.5 The Influence of Inorganic Cations on the Formation of Different Phases 153 6.2.6 Halide Segregation 155 6.2.7 Interface Engineering 155 6.2.8 Charge Transfer Dynamics 157 References 157 7 The Efficiency Progress in Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 167 Xufeng Xiao, Wenhao Zhang, Qifei Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Yue Hu 7.1 Introduction 167 7.2 Solvent Engineering and Annealing 169 7.2.1 Solvent Engineering 169 7.2.2 Solvent Annealing 174 7.3 Composition Engineering 178 7.3.1 The A-Site Cation 178 7.3.2 The B-Site Cation and X-Site Anion 180 7.4 Additive Engineering 183 7.4.1 Functional Molecular Additives 183 7.4.2 Other Additives 187 7.5 Interfaces Engineering 190 7.5.1 Interface of Perovskite and Electron Transport Materials 191 7.5.2 Interface of Perovskite and Counter Electrode 193 7.6 Conclusion and Outlook 198 References 198 8 Stability Issues and Solutions for Perovskite Solar Cells 209 Deyi Zhang, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han 8.1 Substrate 210 8.2 Electron Transport Layer 210 8.3 Hole Transport Layer 212 8.4 Back Electrode 212 8.5 Encapsulant 215 8.6 Halide Perovskite Light Absorbing Layer 216 8.6.1 Thermal Stability 216 8.6.2 Phase Stability 217 8.6.3 Ambient Stability 218 8.6.4 Operational Stability 219 8.6.4.1 Degradation Pathways 219 8.6.4.2 Heat Management 222 8.6.4.3 Grain Boundary Modification 223 8.6.4.4 Interface Strengthening 223 8.6.4.5 Defect Degeneration 225 8.6.4.6 Reverse-bias Voltages 226 8.7 Summary 227 References 228 9 Manufacture, Modules, and Applications 237 Simone Meroni and Trystan Watson 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 Manufacture 240 9.2.1 Screen Printing 240 9.2.1.1 Ink Properties 243 9.2.1.2 Mesh Characteristics 243 9.2.1.3 Gap Between Screen and Substrate 244 9.2.1.4 A Case Study: TiO2 245 9.2.2 Deposition of the Compact TiO2 246 9.2.3 Deposition of the Mesoscopic Layers 248 9.2.4 Deposition of Additional Interlayers 248 9.2.5 Infiltration of Perovskite 249 9.3 Modules 250 9.3.1 Designs 251 9.3.2 Optimization 253 9.3.2.1 A Simplified Approach 253 9.3.2.2 2D Poisson’s Equation 255 9.3.2.3 Carbon Cells and Contact Resistance 258 9.4 Applications 258 9.4.1 Modules Performance 258 9.4.2 Encapsulation and Outdoor Performance 259 9.4.3 Indoor Applications 261 9.5 Summary 262 References 263 10 Perspective 269 Xiayan Chen, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, Yinhua Zhou, and Hongwei Han 10.1 Commercializing 269 10.2 Exceeding SQ Limit 270 10.3 Efficiency Breaking Out of SQ Limit 273 References 274 Index 277

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Book SynopsisExplore the cutting-edge of neuromorphic technologies with applications in Artificial Intelligence In Neuromorphic Devices for Brain-Inspired Computing: Artificial Intelligence, Perception, and Robotics, a team of expert engineers delivers a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of neuromorphic electronics designed to assist researchers and professionals to understand and apply all manner of brain-inspired computing and perception technologies. The book covers both memristic and neuromorphic devices, including spintronic, multi-terminal, and neuromorphic perceptual applications. Summarizing recent progress made in five distinct configurations of brain-inspired computing, the authors explore this promising technology’s potential applications in two specific areas: neuromorphic computing systems and neuromorphic perceptual systems. The book also includes: A thorough introduction to two-terminal neuromorphic memristors, including memristive devices and resistive switching mechanisms Comprehensive explorations of spintronic neuromorphic devices and multi-terminal neuromorphic devices with cognitive behaviors Practical discussions of neuromorphic devices based on chalcogenide and organic materials In-depth examinations of neuromorphic computing and perceptual systems with emerging devices Perfect for materials scientists, biochemists, and electronics engineers, Neuromorphic Devices for Brain-Inspired Computing: Artificial Intelligence, Perception, and Robotics will also earn a place in the libraries of neurochemists, neurobiologists, and neurophysiologists.Table of Contents1: Two-terminal Neuromorphic Memristors 2: Spintronic Neuromorphic Devices 3: Multi-terminal Neuromorphic Devices with Cognitive Behaviors 4: Neuromorphic Devices based on Chalcogenide materials 5: Neuromorphic Devices Based on Organic materials 6: Neuromorphic Computing Systems with Emerging Devices 7: Neuromorphic perceptual Systems with Emerging Devices

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Book SynopsisDas neue Microsoft 365 bietet die Chance für eine völlig neue Art der digitalen Zusammenarbeit. Flexibel und mobil. Neugierig geworden? Dann greifen Sie zu diesem Buch! Es legt die Grundlagen und erklärt Zusammenhänge und Hintergründe: Betreten Sie durch Microsoft Teams eine neue Welt und kommunizieren Sie punktgenau. Finden Sie heraus, wie Sie auf SharePoint und OneDrive Dateien organisieren und wie Sie mit Outlook, To Do und Planner Aufgaben überwachen. Da ganze Anwendungsszenarien - wie zum Beispiel das Onboarding von neuen Mitarbeitern - beschrieben werden, bekommen Sie eine gute Vorstellung davon, wie die einzelnen Komponenten ineinandergreifen.Table of ContentsÜber die Autoren 9 Einführung 23 Teil I: Grundlagen zu Microsoft 365 27 Kapitel 1: Arbeiten in der Cloud 29 Kapitel 2: Das Wolkenkuckucksheim – wie hängt alles zusammen? 37 Kapitel 3: Desktop – Tablet – Smartphone 55 Kapitel 4: Neue Suchroutinen 71 Kapitel 5: Sich in MS 365 und MS Teams einrichten 111 Teil II: Arbeitssituationen aus der Praxis 139 Kapitel 6: Besprechungen organisieren und moderieren 141 Kapitel 7: Zusammenarbeit in Projekten – Beispiel: Cafeteria- Renovierung 167 Kapitel 8: Ein Event vorbereiten – Beispiel: Stadtlauf 189 Kapitel 9: Einen Prozess optimieren – Beispiel: Onboarding 205 Kapitel 10: Schichten und Genehmigungen: Messeauftritt organisieren 231 Teil III: Desktop versus Web For Screen Viewing in Bpa Only 255 Kapitel 11: Office ist nicht gleich Office 257 Kapitel 12: Word: Gemeinsam besser(e) Texte schreiben 277 Kapitel 13: Excel – in der Zusammenarbeit 287 Kapitel 14: Lebendig präsentiert: PowerPoint 299 Kapitel 15: Outlook: Interessante Entwicklungen im Web 313 Kapitel 16: Ratzfatz notiert und viel mehr: OneNote 337 Teil IV: Der Top-Ten-Teil 357 Kapitel 17: Die zehn cleversten Ideen für die Arbeit mit Microsoft 365 359 Kapitel 18: Zehn nervige Ungereimtheiten 365 Kapitel 19: Zehn Fehler, die es zu vermeiden gilt 369 Kapitel 20: Zehn Stellen, wo Sie Hilfe bekommen 373 Kapitel 21: Zehn Lifehacks 379 Abbildungsverzeichnis 385 Stichwortverzeichnis 393

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Book SynopsisThis pioneering textbook on the topic provides a clear and well-structured description of the fundamental chemistry involved in these systems, as well as an excellent overview of the real-life practical applications. Prof. Holze is a well-known researcher and an experienced author who guides the reader with his didactic style, and readers can test their understanding with questions and answers throughout the text. Written mainly for advanced students in chemistry, physics, materials science, electrical engineering and mechanical engineering, this text is equally a valuable resource for scientists and engineers working in the field, both in academia and industry.Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii 1 Processes and Applications of Energy Conversion and Storage 1 2 Electrochemical Processes and Systems 21 2.1 Parasitic Reactions 30 2.2 Self-discharge 30 2.3 Device Deterioration 32 2.3.1 Aging 37 3 Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Systems 39 4 Kinetics of Electrochemical Energy Conversion Processes 55 4.1 Steps of Electrode Reactions and Overpotentials 56 4.2 Transport 56 4.3 Charge Transfer 59 4.4 Overpotentials 59 4.5 Diffusion 62 4.6 Further Overpotentials 63 5 Electrodes and Electrolytes 71 5.1 Recycling 84 6 Experimental Methods 87 6.1 Battery Tester 87 6.2 Current–Potential Measurements 88 6.3 Charge/Discharge Measurements 92 6.4 Battery Charging 100 6.5 Linear Scan and Cyclic Voltammetry 107 6.6 Impedance Measurements 111 6.7 Galvanostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT) 117 6.8 Potentiostatic Intermittent Titration Technique (PITT) 119 6.9 Step Potential Electrochemical Spectroscopy (SPECS) 120 6.10 Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance (EQCM) 121 6.11 Non-electrochemical Methods 121 6.11.1 Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 121 6.11.2 Gas Adsorption Measurements 121 6.11.3 Microscopies 122 6.11.4 Thermal Measurements 122 6.11.5 Modeling 123 7 Primary Systems 127 7.1 Aqueous Systems 129 7.1.1 Zinc–Carbon Battery 129 7.1.2 Alkaline Zn//MnO2 Battery 131 7.1.3 Zn//HgO Battery 134 7.1.4 Zn//AgO Battery 136 7.1.5 Cd//AgO Batteries 138 7.1.6 Mg//MnO2 Batteries 140 7.2 Nonaqueous Systems 141 7.2.1 Primary Lithium Batteries 141 7.2.2 Li//MnO2 144 7.2.3 Li//Bi2O3 145 7.2.4 Li//CuO 146 7.2.5 Li//V2O5, Li//Ag2V4O11, and Li//CSVO 147 7.2.6 Li//CuS 148 7.2.7 Li//FeS2 149 7.2.8 Li//CFx Primary Battery 150 7.2.9 Li//I2 151 7.2.10 Li//SO2 151 7.2.11 Li//SOCl2 153 7.2.12 Li//SO2Cl2 156 7.2.13 Li//Oxyhalide Primary Battery 156 7.3 Metal–Air Systems 157 7.3.1 Aqueous Metal–Air Primary Batteries 157 7.3.2 Nonaqueous Metal–Air Batteries 168 7.4 Reserve Batteries 170 7.4.1 Seawater-activated Batteries 171 7.4.2 High Power Activated Batteries 173 8 Secondary Systems 175 8.1 Aqueous Systems 176 8.1.1 Lead–Acid 176 8.1.2 Lead Grid 181 8.1.3 Ni-based Secondary Batteries 189 8.1.4 Aqueous Rechargeable Lithium Batteries 202 8.1.5 Aqueous Rechargeable Sodium Batteries 206 8.2 Nonaqueous Systems 208 8.2.1 Lithium-Ion Batteries 208 8.2.2 Rechargeable Li//S Batteries 230 8.2.3 Rechargeable Na//S Batteries 233 8.2.4 Rechargeable Li//Se Batteries 234 8.2.5 Rechargeable Mg Batteries 235 8.3 Gel Polymer Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 235 8.3.1 Gel Lithium-Ion Batteries 236 8.3.2 Gel-Type Electrolytes for Sodium Batteries 238 8.4 Solid Electrolyte-based Secondary Batteries 238 8.4.1 Solid Lithium-Ion Batteries 239 8.4.2 Rechargeable Solid Lithium Batteries 240 8.5 Rechargeable Metal–Air Batteries 240 8.5.1 Rechargeable Li//Air Batteries 242 8.5.2 Rechargeable Na//Air Batteries 243 8.5.3 Rechargeable Zn//Air Batteries 245 8.6 High-Temperature Systems 246 8.6.1 Sodium–Sulfur Battery 247 8.6.2 Sodium–Nickel Chloride Battery 250 8.6.3 All Liquid Metal Accumalator 254 9 Fuel Cells 257 9.1 The Oxygen Electrode 261 9.2 The Hydrogen Electrode 267 9.3 Common Features of Fuel Cells 268 9.4 Classification of Fuel Cells 272 9.4.1 Ambient Temperature Fuel Cells 272 9.4.2 Alkaline Fuel Cells 273 9.4.3 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) 274 9.4.4 Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells 281 9.4.5 Bioelectrochemical Fuel Cells 283 9.4.6 Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells 284 9.4.7 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 284 9.4.8 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) 285 9.4.9 High Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) 286 9.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 288 9.6 Fuel Cells in Energy Storage Systems 289 10 Flow Batteries 293 10.1 The Iron/Chromium System 298 10.2 The Iron/Vanadium System 299 10.3 The Iron/Cadmium System 299 10.4 The Bromine/Polysulfide System 300 10.5 The All-Vanadium System 300 10.6 The Vanadium/Bromine System 302 10.7 Actinide RFBs 302 10.8 All-Organic RFBs 303 10.9 Nonaqueous RFBs 303 10.10 Hybrid Systems 303 10.11 The Zinc/Cerium System 304 10.12 The Zinc/Bromine System 304 10.13 The Zinc/Organic System 305 10.14 The Cadmium/Organic System 305 10.15 The Lead/Lead Dioxide System 306 10.16 The Cadmium/Lead Dioxide System 307 10.17 The All-Copper System 307 10.18 The Zinc/Nickel System 307 10.19 The Lithium/LiFePO4 System 308 10.20 Vanadium Solid-Salt Battery 308 10.21 Vanadium-Dioxygen System 308 10.22 Electrochemical Flow Capacitor 310 10.23 Current State and Perspectives 310 11 Supercapacitors 313 11.1 Classification of Supercapacitors 314 11.2 Electrical Double-Layer Capacitors 316 11.2.1 Electrolytes for EDLCs 317 11.2.2 Electrode Materials for EDLCs 318 11.2.3 Electrochemical Performance of EDLCs 325 11.3 Pseudocapacitors 326 11.3.1 RuO2 327 11.3.2 MnO2 330 11.3.3 Intrinsically Conducting Polymers 335 11.3.4 Redox Couples 343 11.3.5 Electrochemical Performance of Pseudocapacitors 346 11.4 Hybrid Capacitors 351 11.4.1 Negative Electrode Materials 351 11.4.2 Positive Electrode Materials 359 11.4.3 Electrochemical Performance of Hybrid Capacitors 370 11.5 Testing of Supercapacitors 376 11.6 Commercially Available Supercapacitors 377 11.7 Application of Supercapacitors 378 11.7.1 Uninterruptible Power Sources 379 11.7.2 Transportation 379 11.7.3 Smart Grids 380 11.7.4 Military Equipment 380 11.7.5 Other Civilian Applications 381 Appendix 383 Acronyms, Terms, and Definitions 387 Further Reading 401 Index 407

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Book SynopsisA highly accessible resource covering the basics of the design and operation of electrical power systems with minimal technical background required Electrical Power System Essentials delivers a thorough introduction to the electrical power system and its functioning, and the changes that come with the worldwide energy transition process. This revised and updated Third Edition includes new material on HVDC developments, electricity markets, capacity calculation (NTC and flow-based), power system protection, and energy storage. Discussions on how renewable sources play a more dominant role in the generation of electrical energy and the effects they have on the control and operation of the grid and electricity markets are also included. Written in the accessible style that has made previous editions so popular with readers, this book restricts math content to the Appendix in order to maintain an easy reading experience of the main text while still providing complete coverage. A companion

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Book SynopsisThe focus of this book is on recognizing convex optimization problems and then finding the most appropriate technique for solving them. It contains many worked examples and homework exercises and will appeal to students, researchers and practitioners in fields such as engineering, computer science, mathematics, statistics, finance and economics.Trade Review'Boyd and Vandenberghe have written a beautiful book that I strongly recommend to everyone interested in optimization and computational mathematics: Convex Optimization is a very readable introduction to this modern field of research.' Mathematics of Operations Research'… a beautiful book that I strongly recommend to everyone interested in optimization and computational mathematics … a very readable and inspiring introduction to this modern field of research. I recommend it as one of the best optimization textbooks that have appeared in the last years.' Mathematical Methods of Operations Research'I highly recommend it either if you teach nonlinear optimization at the graduate level for a supplementary reading list and for your library, or if you solve optimization problems and wish to know more about solution methods and applications.' International Statistical institute'… the whole book is characterized by clarity. … a very good pedagogical book … excellent to grasp the important concepts of convex analysis [and] to develop an art in modelling optimization problems intelligently.' Matapli'The book by Boyd and Vandenberghe reviewed here is one of … the best I have ever seen … it is a gentle, but rigorous, introduction to the basic concepts and methods of the field … this book is meant to be a 'first book' for the student or practitioner of optimization. However, I think that even the experienced researcher in the field has something to gain from reading this book: I have very much enjoyed the easy to follow presentation of many meaningful examples and suggestive interpretations meant to help the student's understanding penetrate beyond the surface of the formal description of the concepts and techniques. For teachers of convex optimization this book can be a gold mine of exercises. MathSciNetTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Introduction; Part I. Theory: 2. Convex sets; 3. Convex functions; 4. Convex optimization problems; 5. Duality; Part II. Applications: 6. Approximation and fitting; 7. Statistical estimation; 8. Geometrical problems; Part III. Algorithms: 9. Unconstrained minimization; 10. Equality constrained minimization; 11. Interior-point methods; Appendices.

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Book SynopsisA unique combination of theoretical knowledge and practical analysis experience Derived from Yoshihide Hase?s Handbook of Power Systems Engineering, 2nd Edition, this book provides readers with everything they need to know about power system dynamics. Presented in three parts, it covers power system theories, computation theories, and how prevailed engineering platforms can be utilized for various engineering works. It features many illustrations based on ETAP to help explain the knowledge within as much as possible. Recompiling all the chapters from the previous book, Power System Dynamics with Computer Based Modeling and Analysis offers nineteen new and improved content with updated information and all new topics, including two new chapters on circuit analysis which help engineers with non-electrical engineering backgrounds. Topics covered include: Essentials of Electromagnetism; Complex Number Notation (Symbolic Method) and Laplace-trTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xxix Preface xxxi Acknowledgments xxxiii Part A Power Systems Theories and Practices 1 1 Essentials of Electromagnetism 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Voltage, Current, Electric Power, and Resistance 3 1.3 Electromagnetic Induction (Faraday’s Law) 4 1.4 Self Inductance and Mutual Inductance 6 1.5 Mutual Capacitance 7 2 Complex Number Notation (Symbolic Method) and the Laplace Transform 11 2.1 Euler’s Formula 11 2.2 Complex Number Notation of Electricity Based on Euler’s Formula 12 2.3 LR Circuit Transient Calculation Using Complex Number Notation and the Laplace Transform 14 2.4 LCR Circuit Transient Calculation 16 2.5 Resistive, Inductive, and Capacitive Load, and Phasor Expressions 21 3 Transmission Line Matrices and Symmetrical Components 25 3.1 Overhead Transmission Lines with Inductive LR Constants 25 3.2 Overhead Transmission Lines with Capacitive C Constants 30 3.3 Symmetrical Coordinate Method (Symmetrical Components) 32 3.4 Conversion of a Three-Phase Circuit into a Symmetrical Coordinated Circuit 39 3.5 Transmission Lines by Symmetrical Components 39 3.6 Generator by Symmetrical Components (Simplified Description) 47 3.7 Description of a Three-Phase Load Circuit by Symmetrical Components 49 4 Physics of Transmission Lines and Line Constants 51 4.1 Inductance 51 4.2 Capacitance and Leakage Current 59 4.3 Actual Configuration of Overhead Transmission Lines 66 4.4 Special Properties of Working Inductance and Working Capacitance 68 4.5 MKS Rational Unit System 71 5 The Per-Unit Method 77 5.1 Fundamental Concepts of the PU Method 77 5.2 PU Method for a Single-Phase Circuit 77 5.3 PU Method for Three-Phase Circuits 79 5.4 Base Quantity Modification of Unitized Impedance 80 5.5 Unitized Symmetrical Circuit: Numerical Example 81 6 Transformer Modeling 91 6.1 Single-Phase Three-Winding Transformer 91 6.2 − − Δ-Connected Three-Phase, Three-Winding Transformer 95 6.3 Three-Phase Transformers with Various Winding Connections 101 6.4 Autotransformers 105 6.5 On-Load Tap-Changing Transformer (LTC Transformer) 107 6.6 Phase-Shifting Transformer 109 6.7 Woodbridge Transformers and Scott Transformers 113 6.8 Neutral Grounding Transformer 116 6.9 Transformer Magnetic Characteristics and Inrush Current Phenomena 118 7 Fault Analysis Based on Symmetrical Components 127 7.1 Fundamental Concepts of Fault Analysis Based on the Symmetrical Coordinate Method 127 7.2 Line-to-Ground Fault (Phase-a to Ground Fault: 1ϕG) 127 7.3 Fault Analysis at Various Fault Modes 132 7.4 Conductor Opening 137 7.5 Visual Vector Diagrams of Voltages and Currents under Fault Conditions 139 7.6 Three-Phase-Order Misconnections 151 8 Fault Analysis with the αβ0-Method 155 8.1 αβ0-Method (Clarke-Components) 155 8.2 Fault Analysis with αβ0-Components 166 8.3 Advantages of the αβ0-Method 171 8.4 Fault-Transient Analysis with Symmetrical Components and the αβ0-Method 171 9 Power Cables 175 9.1 Structural Features of Power Cables 175 9.2 Circuit Constants of Power Cables 183 9.3 Metallic Sheaths and Outer Coverings 190 10 Synchronous Generators, Part 1: Circuit Theory 195 10.1 Generator Model in a Phase abc-Domain 195 10.2 dq0 Method (dq0 Components) 203 10.3 Transformation of Generator Equations from the abc-Domain to the dq0-Domain 206 10.4 Physical Meanings of Generator Equations in the dq0-Domain 210 10.5 Generator dq0-Domain Equations 213 10.6 Generator dq0-Domain Equivalent Circuit 218 10.7 Generator Operating Characteristics and Vector Diagram on the d- and q-Axes Plane 220 10.8 Generator Transient Reactance 223 10.9 Symmetrical Equivalent Circuits of Generators 225 10.10 Laplace-Transformed Generator Equations and Time Constants 231 10.12 Relations Between the dq0-Domain and αβ0-Domain 239 10.13 Calculating Generator Short-Circuit Transient Current Under Load 239 11 Synchronous Generators, Part 2: Characteristics of Machinery 251 11.1 Apparent Power P + jQ in the abc-, 012-, dq0-Domains 251 11.2 Mechanical (Kinetic) Power and Generating (Electrical) Power 257 11.3 Kinetic Equation for Generators 259 11.4 Generator Operating Characteristics with P-Q (or p-q) Coordinates 269 11.5 Generator Ratings and Capability Curves 271 11.6 Generator’s Locus in the pq-Coordinate Plane under Various Operating Conditions 275 11.7 Leading Power-Factor (Under-Excitation Domain) Operation, and UEL Function by AVR 277 11.8 Operation at Over-Excitation (Lagging Power-Factor Operation) 282 11.9 Thermal Generators’ Weak Points (Negative-Sequence Current, Higher Harmonic Current, Shaft-Torsional Distortion) 282 11.10 Transient Torsional Twisting Torque of a TG Coupled Shaft 287 11.11 General Description of Modern Thermal/Nuclear TG Units 290 12 Steady-State, Transient, and Dynamic Stability 297 12.1 P-δ Curves and Q-δ Curves 297 12.2 Power Transfer Limits of Grid-Connected Generators (Steady-State Stability) 299 12.3 Transient Stability 306 12.4 Dynamic Stability 309 12.5 Four-Terminal Circuit and the P − δ Curve under Fault Conditions 310 12.6 P-δ Curve under Various Fault-Mode Conditions 312 12.7 PQV Characteristics and Voltage Instability (Voltage Avalanche) 313 12.8 Generator Characteristics with an AVR 319 12.9 Generator Operation Limit With and Without an AVR in PQ Coordinates 330 12.10 VQ (Voltage and Reactive Power) Control with an AVR 332 13 Induction Generators and Motors (Induction Machines) 337 13.1 Introduction to Induction Motors and Generators 337 13.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generators and Motors 337 13.3 Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors 355 13.4 Proportional Relations of Mechanical Quantities and Electrical Quantities as a Basis of Power-Electronic Control 367 14 Directional Distance Relays and R–X Diagrams 371 14.1 Overview of Protective Relays 371 14.2 Directional Distance Relays (DZ-Ry) and R–X Coordinate Plane 372 14.3 R–X Diagram Locus under Fault Conditions 375 14.4 Impedance Locus under Ordinary Load Conditions and Step-Out Conditions 381 14.5 Impedance Locus Under Faults with Load-Flow Conditions 385 14.6 Loss of Excitation Detection by Distance Relays (40-Relay) 386 15 Lightning and Switching Surge Phenomena and Breaker Switching 391 15.1 Traveling Wave on a Transmission Line, and Equations 391 15.2 Four-Terminal Network Equations between Two Arbitrary Points 398 15.3 Examination of Line Constants 399 15.4 Behavior of Traveling Waves at Transition Points 401 15.5 Surge Overvoltages and Their Three Different, Confusing Notations 404 15.6 Behavior of Traveling Waves at a Lightning-Strike Point 406 15.7 Traveling Wave Phenomena of Three-Phase Transmission Lines 408 15.8 Reflection Lattices and Transient Behavior Modes 413 15.9 Switching Surge Phenomena Caused by Breakers Tripping 415 15.10 Breaker Phase Voltages and Recovery Voltages after Fault Tripping 424 15.11 Three-Phase Breaker TRVs across Independent Poles 426 15.12 Circuit Breakers and Switching Practices 432 15.13 Switching Surge Caused by Line Switches (Disconnecting Switches) 452 15.14 Surge Phenomena Caused on Power Cable Systems 454 15.15 Lightning Surge Caused on Cable Lines 456 15.16 Switching Surge Caused on Cable Lines 458 15.17 Surge Voltages Caused on Cables and GIS Jointed Points 459 16 Overvoltage Phenomena 463 16.1 Neutral-Grounding Methods 463 16.2 Arc-Suppression Coil (Petersen Coil) Neutral-Grounded Method 467 16.3 Overvoltages Caused by a Line-to-Ground Fault 467 16.4 Other Low-Frequency Overvoltage Phenomena (Non-resonant Phenomena) 469 16.5 Lower-Frequency Resonant Overvoltages 472 16.6 Interrupted Ground Fault of a Cable Line in a Neutral-Ungrounded System 475 16.7 Switching Surge Overvoltages 475 16.8 Overvoltage Phenomena Caused by Lightning Strikes 477 17 Insulation Coordination 481 17.1 Overvoltages as Insulation Stresses 481 17.2 Classification of Overvoltages 483 17.3 Fundamental Process of Insulation Coordination 486 17.4 Countermeasures on Transmission Lines to Reduce Overvoltages and Flashover 487 17.5 Tower-Mounted Arrester Devices 489 17.6 Using Unequal Circuit Insulation (Double-Circuit Lines) 490 17.7 Using High-Speed Reclosing 490 17.8 Overvoltage Protection with Arresters at Substations 491 17.9 Station Protection Using OGWs and Reduced Grounding Resistance 499 17.10 Insulation Coordination Details 501 17.11 Transfer Surge Voltages through Transformers, and Generator Protection 509 17.12 Transformer Internal High-Frequency Voltage Oscillation Phenomena 518 17.13 Oil-Filled Transformers Versus Gas-Filled Transformers 524 18 Harmonics and Waveform Distortion Phenomena 527 18.1 Classification of Harmonics and Waveform Distortion 527 18.2 Impact of Harmonics 527 18.3 Harmonic Phenomena Caused by Power Cable Line Faults 529 19 Power Electronic Applications, Part 1: Devices 535 19.1 Fundamental Concepts of Power Electronics 535 19.2 Power Switching with Power Devices 535 19.3 Snubber Circuit 539 19.4 Voltage Conversion with Switching 540 19.5 Power Electronics Devices 542 19.6 Mathematical Background for Analyzing Power Electronics Applications 547 20 Power Electronics Applications, Part 2: Circuit Theory 553 20.1 AC-to-DC Conversion: A Rectifier with a Diode 553 20.2 AC-to-DC Controlled Conversion: Rectifier with a Thyristor 562 20.3 DC-to-DC Converters (DC-to-DC Choppers) 571 20.4 DC-to-AC Inverters 579 20.5 PWM Control of Inverters 583 20.6 AC-to-AC Converters (Cycloconverters) 587 21 Power Electronics Applications, Part 3: Control Theory 589 21.1 Introduction 589 21.2 Driving Motors 589 21.3 Static Var Compensators (SVC: A Thyristor-Based Approach) 597 21.4 Active Filters 603 21.5 Generator Excitation Systems 609 21.6 Adjustable-Speed Pumped-Storage Generator-Motor Units 610 21.7 Wind Generation 615 21.8 Small Hydro Generation 618 21.9 Solar Generation (Photovoltaic Generation) 619 21.10 High-Voltage DC Transmission (HVDC Transmission) 621 21.11 FACTS Technology 625 21.12 Railway Applications 62721.13 Uninterruptible Power Supplies 628Appendix A Mathematical Formulae 631Appendix B Matrix Equation Formulae 635 Part B Digital Computation Theories 639 22 Digital Computation Basics 641 22.1 Introduction 641 22.2 Network Types 642 22.3 Circuit Elements 645 22.4 Ohm’s Law 653 22.5 Kirchhoff’s Circuit Laws 655 22.6 Electrical Division Principle 656 22.7 Instantaneous, Average, and RMS Values 657 22.8 Nodal Formulation 658 22.9 Procedure for Mesh Analysis 662 22.10 Norton’s and Thévenin’s Equivalents 664 22.11 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 668 22.13 Network Topology 675 22.14 Power System Matrices 681 22.15 Transformer Modeling 692 22.16 Transmission Line Modeling 696 23 Power-Flow Methods 701 23.1 Newton–Raphson Method 701 23.2 Gauss–Seidel Method 702 23.3 Adaptive Newton–Raphson Method 703 23.4 Fast-Decoupled Method 703 24 Short-Circuit Methods 705 24.1 ANSI/IEEE Calculation Methods 705 24.2 IEC Calculation Methods 719 25 Harmonics 729 25.1 Problem Formulation 729 25.2 Methodology and Standards 733 25.3 Harmonic Indices 735 25.4 Harmonic Component Modeling 740 25.5 Power System Components 741 25.6 System Resonance 743 25.7 Harmonic Mitigation 744 26 Reliability 749 26.1 Methodology and Standards 749 26.2 Performance Indices 752 27 Numerical Integration Methods 755 27.1 Accuracy 755 27.2 Stability 755 27.3 Stiffness 757 27.4 Predictor–Corrector 757 27.5 Runge–Kutta 758 28 Optimization 761 28.1 Power-Flow Injections 761 28.2 Voltage Magnitude Constraints 762 28.3 Line-Flow Thermal Constraints 762 28.4 Line-Flow Constraints as Current Limitations 763 28.5 Line-Flow Constraints as Voltage Angle Constraints 763 Part C Analytical Practices and Examples using ETAP 765 29 Introduction to Power System Analysis 767 29.1 Planning Studies 767 29.2 Need for Power-System Analysis 768 29.3 Computers in Power Engineering 768 29.4 Study Approach 768 29.5 Operator Training 772 29.6 System Reliability and Maintenance 772 29.7 Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) 772 30 One-Line Diagrams 777 30.1 Introduction 777 30.2 Engineering Parameters 777 30.3 One-Line Diagram Symbols 778 30.4 Power-System Configurations 780 30.5 Network Topology Processing 787 30.6 Illustrative Example – Per-Unit and Single-Line Diagram 790 31 Load Flow 791 31.1 Introduction 791 31.2 Study Objectives 791 31.3 Problem Formulation 792 31.4 Calculation Methodology 794 31.5 Required Data for ETAP 796 31.6 Data Collection and Preparation 797 31.7 Model Validation 797 31.8 Study Scenarios 799 31.9 Contingency Analysis 800 31.10 Optimal or Optimum Power Flow 801 31.11 Illustrative Examples 803 32 Short-Circuit/Fault Analysis 841 32.1 Introduction 841 32.2 Analysis Objectives 841 32.3 Methodology and Standards 846 32.4 Study Scenarios 855 32.5 Results and Reports 856 32.6 Illustrative Examples 858 33 Motor Starting 881 33.1 Methods 881 33.2 Analysis Objectives 893 33.3 Methodology and Standards 894 33.4 Required Data 902 33.5 Illustrative Examples 903 33.6 Motor-Starting Plots and Results 913 33.7 Motor-Starting Alerts 916 34 Harmonics 917 34.1 Introduction 917 34.2 Analysis Objectives 919 34.3 Required Data 921 34.4 Harmonic Load Flow and Frequency Scan 923 34.5 Illustrative Examples 924 35 Transient Stability 939 35.1 Introduction 939 35.2 Analysis Objectives 940 35.3 Basic Concepts of Transient Stability 942 35.4 Dynamic Models 944 35.5 User-Defined Models 967 35.6 Parameter Tuning 967 35.7 Single-Generator Power System Model 971 35.8 Data Collection and Preparation 973 35.9 Study Scenarios 974 35.10 Stability Improvement 977 35.11 System Simulation 977 35.12 Illustrative Examples 979 36 Reliability Assessment 1003 36.1 Introduction 1003 36.2 Analysis Objectives 1003 36.3 Problem Formulation 1004 36.4 Required Data 1005 36.5 Illustrative Examples 1005 37 Protective Device Coordination 1019 37.1 Introduction 1019 37.2 Relays 1022 37.3 Methodology 1028 37.4 Required Data 1035 37.5 Principle of Protection 1036 37.6 Principle of Selectivity/Coordination 1037 37.7 Art of Protection and Coordination >600 V 1040 37.8 Illustrative Examples 1048Appendix C Standards, Regulations, and Best Practice 1071 Further Reading 1083 Index 1085

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The Industry Standard in Radar Technology_Now Updated with All the Advances and Trends of the Past 17 Years Turn to the Third Edition of Radar Handbook for state-of-the-art coverage of the entire field of radar technology_from fundamentals to the newest applications. With contributions by 30 world experts, this resource examines methods for predicting radar range and explores radar subsystems such as receivers, transmitters, antennas, data processing, ECCM, and pulse compression. This radar handbook also explains the target cross sectionâradar echoes from ground and seaâand all radar systems, including MTITable of ContentsChapter 1 An Introduction and Overview of RadarChapter 2 MTI RadarChapter 3 Airborne MTIChapter 4 Pulse Doppler RadarChapter 5 Multifunctional Radar Systems for Fighter AircraftChapter 6 Radar ReceiversChapter 7 Automatic Detection,Tracking, and Sensor IntegrationChapter 8 Pulse Compression Adrenals>Chapter 9 Tracking RadarChapter 10 The Radar TransmitterChapter 11 Solid-State TransmittersChapter 12 Reflector AntennasChapter 13 Phased Array Radar AntennasChapter 14 Radar Cross SectionChapter 15 Sea ClutterChapter 16 Ground EchoChapter 17 Synthetic Aperture RadarChapter 18 Space-Based Remote Sensing RadarsChapter 19 MetMeteorologicaldarChapter 20 HF Over-the-Horizon RadarChapter 21 Ground Penetrating RadarChapter 22 Civil Marine RadarChapter 23 Bistatic RadarChapter 24 Electronic Counter-CountermeasuresChapter 25 Radar Digital Signal ProcessingChapter 26 The Propagation Factor Fpf in the Radar EquationIndex

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.The only book available to cover the Tesla coil in so muchdetailThe Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide is a one-stopreference covering the theory, design tools, and techniques necessaryto create the Tesla coil using modern materials.Thisunique resource utilizes Excel spreadsheets to perform calculationsand SPICE simulation models on the companion website toenhance understanding of coil performance and operatingtheory.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction to CoilingChapter 2: Designing a Spark Gap Tesla CoilChapter 3: ResonanceChapter 4. Inductors and Air Core TransformersChapter 5. CapacitorsChapter 6. Spark GapsChapter 7. Control, Monitoring, and InterconnectorsChapter 8. Using Computer Simulation to Verify Coil DesignChapter 9. Coil ConstructionChapter 10. Engineering AidsAppendix A: Bio of Nikola TeslaAppendix B: Index of WorksheetsAppendix C: Metric Prefixes, Measurement Standards & Symbols

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Book SynopsisConfused by basic electricity concepts? Problem solvedSchaum's Outline of Basic Electricity covers the fundamentals of electricity and electric circuits. Written as a complement to vocational and technical courses, the book reviews digital and computer technology and the more advanced level of expertise required of technicians in these fields. Chapters focus on particular subjects as they are related to electric circuits, so you can target specific areas or tackle the subject as a whole. You will also learn how to solve circuit values in more complex series and parallel circuits. Table of Contents Schaum's Outline of Basic Electricity, 2ed 1. The Nature of Electricity 2. Electrical Standards and Conventions 3. Ohm’s Law and Power 4. Direct-Current Series Circuits 5. Direct-Current Parallel Circuits 6. Batteries 7. Kirchhoff’s Laws 8. Determinant Solutions for DC Networks 9. Network Calculations 10. Magnetism and Electromagnetism 11. Direct-Current Generators and Motors 12. Principles of Alternating Current 13. Inductance, Inductive Reactance, and Inductive Circuits 14. Capacitance, Capacitive Reactance, and Capacitive Circuits 15. Single-Phase Circuits 16. Alternating-Current Generators and Motors 17. Complex Numbers and Complex Impedance for Series AC Circuits 18. AC Circuit Analysis with Complex Numbers 19. Transformers 20. Three-Phase Systems 21. Series and Parallel Resonance 22. Waveforms and Time Constants

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Book SynopsisPublisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.So Many Fiendishly Fun Ways to Use the Latest Arduino Boards!Fully updated throughout, this do-it-yourself guide shows you how to program and build fascinating projects with the Arduino Uno and Leonardo boards and the Arduino 1.0 development environment. 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius, Second Edition, gets you started right away with the simplified C programming you need to know and demonstrates how to take advantage of the latest Arduino capabilities.You'll learn how to attach an Arduino board to your computer, program it, and connect electronics to it to create your own devious devices. A bonus chapter uses the special USB keyboard/mouse-impersonation feature exclusive to the Arduino Leonardo.30 Arduino Projects for the Evil GTable of ContentsIntroductionCh 1. Quick StartCh 2. A Tour of ArduinoCh 3. LED ProjectsCh 4. More LED ProjectsCh 5. Sensor ProjectsCh 6. Light ProjectsCh 7. Sound ProjectsCh 8. Power ProjectsCh 9. Miscellaneous ProjectsCh 10. USB Projects with the LeonardoCh 11. Design and Build Your Own ProjectsAppendix: Components and Supplies

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Book SynopsisThese projects are fun to build and fun to use Make lights dance to music, play with radio remote control, or build your own metal detector Who says the Science Fair has to end? If you love building gadgets, this book belongs on your radar.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Project Prep. Chapter 1: Exploring the World of Electronics Projects. Chapter 2: Safety First. Chapter 3: Assembling Your Electronics Arsenal. Chapter 4: Running Down the Skills You Need. Part II: Sounding Off! Chapter 5: Making Light Dance to the Music. Chapter 6: Focusing Sound with a Parabolic Microphone. Chapter 7: Murmuring Merlin. Chapter 8: Surfing the Airwaves. Part III: Let There Be Light. Chapter 9: Scary Pumpkins. Chapter 10: Dancing Dolphins. Chapter 11: Controlling a Go-Kart Infrared Style. Part IV: Good Vibrations. Chapter 12: A Handy-Dandy Metal Detector. Chapter 13: Sensitive Sam Walks the Line. Chapter 14: Couch Pet-ato. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 15: Ten Great Parts Suppliers. Chapter 16: Ten Great Electronics Resources. Chapter 17: Ten Specialized Electronics Resources. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll the know-how a novice digital photographer needs to get comfortable with the Nikon D90 The full-color Digital Cameras & Photography For Dummies guide packaged in this bundle delivers the basics on how to best use a camera's controls to get great photos.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 A Quick Look at What’s Ahead 1 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 2 Part II: Taking Creative Control 2 Part III: Working with Picture Files 3 Part IV: The Part of Tens 3 Icons and Other Stuff to Note 3 About the Software Shown in This Book 4 Practice, Be Patient, and Have Fun! 5 Part I: Fast Track to Super Snaps 7 Chapter 1: Getting the Lay of the Land 9 Getting Comfortable with Your Lens 10 Attaching a lens 10 Removing a lens 12 Using a VR (vibration reduction) lens 12 Setting the focus mode (auto or manual) 13 Zooming in and out 14 Adjusting the Viewfinder Focus 15 Working with Memory Cards 16 Exploring External Camera Controls 18 Topside controls 19 Back-of-the-body controls 20 Front-left buttons 23 Front-right controls 24 Ordering from Camera Menus 26 Monitoring Shooting Settings 28 Asking Your Camera for Help 31 Reviewing Basic Setup Options 31 Cruising the Setup menu 31 Browsing the Custom Setting menu 35 Chapter 2: Taking Great Pictures, Automatically 41 Getting Good Point-and-Shoot Results 42 Using Flash in Automatic Exposure Modes 46 Exploring Your Automatic Exposure Options 47 Auto mode 48 Digital Vari-Program modes 50 Changing the (Shutter Button) Release Mode 55 Chapter 3: Controlling Picture Quality and Size 59 Diagnosing Quality Problems 60 Considering Resolution (Image Size) 62 Pixels and print quality 63 Pixels and screen display size 64 Pixels and file size 64 Resolution recommendations 66 Understanding the Image Quality Options 68 JPEG: The imaging (and Web) standard 68 NEF (Raw): The purist’s choice 71 My take: Choose JPEG Fine or NEF (Raw) 75 Setting Image Size and Quality 75 Chapter 4: Monitor Matters: Picture Playback and Live View Shooting 79 Enabling Automatic Picture Rotation 80 Disabling and Adjusting Instant Review 81 Viewing Images in Playback Mode 82 Viewing multiple images at a time 84 Displaying photos in Calendar view 86 Zooming in for a closer view 87 Viewing Picture Data 89 File Information mode 90 RGB Histogram mode 92 Highlight display mode 94 Shooting Data display mode 95 GPS Data mode 97 Overview Data mode 97 Hiding Photos during Playback 99 Deleting Photos 101 Deleting images one at a time 101 Deleting all photos 102 Deleting a batch of selected photos 102 Protecting Photos 104 Exploring Live View Shooting 105 Taking pictures in Live View mode 107 Recording movies 110 Customizing the Live View display 113 Part II: Taking Creative Control 115 Chapter 5: Getting Creative with Exposure and Lighting 117 Introducing the Exposure Trio: Aperture, Shutter Speed, and ISO 118 Understanding exposure-setting side effects 120 Doing the exposure balancing act 124 Exploring the Advanced Exposure Modes 126 Reading the Meter 127 Setting ISO, Aperture, and Shutter Speed 129 Adjusting aperture and shutter speed 129 Controlling ISO 130 Choosing an Exposure Metering Mode 134 Applying Exposure Compensation 138 Using Autoexposure Lock 141 Expanding Tonal Range with Active D-Lighting 143 Using Flash in P, S, A, and M modes 145 Setting the flash mode 146 Adjusting flash output 151 Locking flash exposure on your subject 154 Exploring a few additional flash options 155 Using an external flash head 156 Bracketing Exposures 158 Chapter 6: Manipulating Focus and Color 163 Reviewing Focus Basics 164 Adjusting Autofocus Performance 166 Understanding the AF-area mode setting 166 Changing the Autofocus mode setting 171 Choosing the right autofocus combo 172 Using autofocus lock 173 Autofocusing in Live View mode 173 Manipulating Depth of Field 176 Controlling Color 183 Correcting colors with white balance 183 Changing the white balance setting 185 Fine-tuning white balance settings 188 Creating white balance presets 190 Bracketing white balance 196 Choosing a Color Space: sRGB vs Adobe RGB 198 Taking a Quick Look at Picture Controls 200 Chapter 7: Putting It All Together 205 Recapping Basic Picture Settings 206 Setting Up for Specific Scenes 206 Shooting still portraits 206 Capturing action 211 Capturing scenic vistas 214 Capturing dynamic close-ups 217 Coping with Special Situations 219 Part III: Working with Picture Files 223 Chapter 8: Downloading, Organizing, and Archiving Your Picture Files 225 Sending Pictures to the Computer 226 Connecting the camera and computer 227 Starting the transfer process 228 Downloading and Organizing Photos with the Nikon Software 231 Downloading with Nikon Transfer 231 Browsing images in Nikon ViewNX 235 Viewing picture metadata 238 Organizing pictures 240 Processing Raw (NEF) Files 242 Processing Raw images in the camera 244 Processing Raw files in ViewNX 247 Chapter 9: Printing and Sharing Your Pictures 251 Printing Possibilities: Retail or Do-It-Yourself? 252 Preventing Potential Printing Problems 253 Match resolution to print size 253 Allow for different print proportions 256 Get print and monitor colors in synch 258 Preparing Pictures for E-Mail 260 Creating small copies using the camera 262 Downsizing images in Nikon ViewNX 265 Creating a Digital Slide Show 267 Setting up a simple slide show 268 Creating Pictmotion slide shows 269 Viewing Your Photos on a Television 271 Part IV: The Part of Tens 273 Chapter 10: Ten (Or So) Fun and Practical Retouch Menu Features 275 Applying the Retouch Menu Filters 276 Removing Red-Eye 278 Straightening Tilting Horizon Lines 279 Shadow Recovery with D-Lighting 281 Boosting Shadows, Contrast, and Saturation Together 282 Two Ways to Tweak Color 284 Applying digital lens filters 284 Manipulating color balance 285 Creating Monochrome Photos 287 Removing (or Creating) Lens Distortion 289 Adding a Starburst Effect 291 Cropping Your Photo 293 Chapter 11: Ten Special-Purpose Features to Explore on a Rainy Day 297 Annotate Your Images 297 Creating Your Own Menu 300 Creating Custom Image Folders 302 Customizing External Controls 305 Adjusting the On/Off switch 305 Changing the function of the OK button 305 Assigning a duty to the Function button 306 Changing the function of the AE-L/AF-L button 307 Customizing the command dials 309 Two Roads to a Multi-Image Exposure 310 Index 313

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Book SynopsisThe only resource devoted Solely to Inductance Inductance is an unprecedented text, thoroughly discussing loop inductance as well as the increasingly important partial inductance. These concepts and their proper calculation are crucial in designing modern high-speed digital systems. World-renowned leader in electromagnetics Clayton Paul provides the knowledge and tools necessary to understand and calculate inductance. Unlike other texts, Inductance provides all the details about the derivations of the inductances of various inductors, as well as: Fills the need for practical knowledge of partial inductance, which is essential to the prediction of power rail collapse and ground bounce problems in high-speed digital systems Provides a needed refresher on the topics of magnetic fields Addresses a missing link: the calculation of the values of the various physical constructions of inductorsboth intentionalTable of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Historical Background. 1.2 Fundamental Concepts of Lumped Circuits. 1.3 Outline of the Book. 1.4 "Loop" Inductance vs. "Partial" Inductance. 2 Magnetic Fields of DC Currents (Steady Flow of Charge). 2.1 Magnetic Field Vectors and Properties of Materials. 2.2 Gauss’s Law for the Magnetic Field and the Surface Integral. 2.3 The Biot–Savart Law. 2.4 Ampére’s Law and the Line Integral. 2.5 Vector Magnetic Potential. 2.5.1 Leibnitz’s Rule: Differentiate Before You Integrate. 2.6 Determining the Inductance of a Current Loop:. A Preliminary Discussion. 2.7 Energy Stored in the Magnetic Field. 2.8 The Method of Images. 2.9 Steady (DC) Currents Must Form Closed Loops. 3 Fields of Time-Varying Currents (Accelerated Charge). 3.1 Faraday’s Fundamental Law of Induction. 3.2 Ampère’s Law and Displacement Current. 3.3 Waves, Wavelength, Time Delay, and Electrical Dimensions. 3.4 How Can Results Derived Using Static (DC) Voltages and Currents be Used in Problems Where the Voltages and Currents are Varying with Time?. 3.5 Vector Magnetic Potential for Time-Varying Currents. 3.6 Conservation of Energy and Poynting’s Theorem. 3.7 Inductance of a Conducting Loop. 4 The Concept of "Loop" Inductance. 4.1 Self Inductance of a Current Loop from Faraday’s Law of Induction. 4.1.1 Rectangular Loop. 4.1.2 Circular Loop. 4.1.3 Coaxial Cable. 4.2 The Concept of Flux Linkages for Multiturn Loops. 4.2.1 Solenoid. 4.2.2 Toroid. 4.3 Loop Inductance Using the Vector Magnetic Potential. 4.3.1 Rectangular Loop. 4.3.2 Circular Loop. 4.4 Neumann Integral for Self and Mutual Inductances Between Current Loops. 4.4.1 Mutual Inductance Between Two Circular Loops. 4.4.2 Self Inductance of the Rectangular Loop. 4.4.3 Self Inductance of the Circular Loop. 4.5 Internal Inductance vs. External Inductance. 4.6 Use of Filamentary Currents and Current Redistribution Due to the Proximity Effect. 4.6.1 Two-Wire Transmission Line. 4.6.2 One Wire Above a Ground Plane. 4.7 Energy Storage Method for Computing Loop Inductance. 4.7.1 Internal Inductance of a Wire. 4.7.2 Two-Wire Transmission Line. 4.7.3 Coaxial Cable. 4.8 Loop Inductance Matrix for Coupled Current Loops. 4.8.1 Dot Convention. 4.8.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines. 4.9 Loop Inductances of Printed Circuit Board Lands. 4.10 Summary of Methods for Computing Loop Inductance. 4.10.1 Mutual Inductance Between Two Rectangular Loops. 5 The Concept of "Partial" Inductance. 5.1 General Meaning of Partial Inductance. 5.2 Physical Meaning of Partial Inductance. 5.3 Self Partial Inductance of Wires. 5.4 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Parallel Wires. 5.5 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Parallel Wires that are Offset. 5.6 Mutual Partial Inductance Between Wires at an Angle to Each Other. 5.7 Numerical Values of Partial Inductances and Significance of Internal Inductance. 5.8 Constructing Lumped Equivalent Circuits with Partial Inductances. 6 Partial Inductances of Conductors of Rectangular Cross Section. 6.1 Formulation for the Computation of the Partial Inductances of PCB Lands. 6.2 Self Partial Inductance of PCB Lands. 6.3 Mutual Partial Inductance Between PCB Lands. 6.4 Concept of Geometric Mean Distance. 6.4.1 Geometrical Mean Distance Between a Shape and Itself and the Self Partial Inductance of a Shape. 6.4.2 Geometrical Mean Distance and Mutual Partial Inductance Between Two Shapes. 6.5 Computing the High-Frequency Partial Inductances of Lands and Numerical Methods. 7 "Loop" Inductance vs. "Partial" Inductance. 7.1 Loop Inductance vs. Partial Inductance: Intentional Inductors vs. Nonintentional Inductors. 7.2 To Compute "Loop" Inductance, the "Return Path" for the Current Must be Determined. 7.3 Generally, There is no Unique Return Path for all Frequencies, Thereby Complicating the Calculation of a "Loop" Inductance. 7.4 Computing the "Ground Bounce" and "Power Rail Collapse" of a Digital Power Distribution System Using "Loop" Inductances. 7.5 Where Should the "Loop" Inductance of the Closed Current Path be Placed When Developing a Lumped-Circuit Model of a Signal or Power Delivery Path?. 7.6 How Can a Lumped-Circuit Model of a Complicated System of a Large Number of Tightly Coupled Current Loops be Constructed Using "Loop" Inductance?. 7.7 Modeling Vias on PCBs. 7.8 Modeling Pins in Connectors. 7.9 Net Self Inductance of Wires in Parallel and in Series. 7.10 Computation of Loop Inductances for Various Loop Shapes. 7.11 Final Example: Use of Loop and Partial Inductance to Solve a Problem. Appendix A: Fundamental Concepts of Vectors. A.1 Vectors and Coordinate Systems. A.2 Line Integral. A.3 Surface Integral. A.4 Divergence. A.4.1 Divergence Theorem. A.5 Curl. A.5.1 Stokes’s Theorem. A.6 Gradient of a Scalar Field. A.7 Important Vector Identities. A.8 Cylindrical Coordinate System. A.9 Spherical Coordinate System. Table of Identities, Derivatives, and Integrals Used in this Book. References and Further Readings. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis resource describes principles of modeling and simulation of nonlinear distortion in single and multichannel wireless communication systems using both deterministic and stochastic signals.Trade Review“It is appropriate for professionals or graduate students.” (Book News, 1 April 2012)Table of ContentsPreface xv List of Abbreviations xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxvii Acknowledgements xxix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Nonlinearity in Wireless Communication Systems 1 1.1.1 Power Amplifiers 2 1.1.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) 4 1.1.3 Mixers 6 1.2 Nonlinear Distortion in Wireless Systems 6 1.2.1 Adjacent-Channel Interference 8 1.2.2 Modulation Quality and Degradation of System Performance 9 1.2.3 Receiver Desensitization and Cross-Modulation 11 1.3 Modeling and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems 12 1.3.1 Modeling and Simulation in Engineering 12 1.3.2 Modeling and Simulation for Communication System Design 14 1.3.3 Behavioral Modeling of Nonlinear Systems 15 1.3.4 Simulation of Nonlinear Circuits 16 1.4 Organization of the Book 19 1.5 Summary 20 2 Wireless Communication Systems, Standards and Signal Models 21 2.1 Wireless System Architecture 21 2.1.1 RF Transmitter Architectures 23 2.1.2 Receiver Architecture 26 2.2 Digital Signal Processing in Wireless Systems 30 2.2.1 Digital Modulation 31 2.2.2 Pulse Shaping 37 2.2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 39 2.2.4 Spread Spectrum Modulation 41 2.3 Mobile System Standards 45 2.3.1 Second-Generation Mobile Systems 46 2.3.2 Third-Generation Mobile Systems 48 2.3.3 Fourth-Generation Mobile Systems 51 2.3.4 Summary 51 2.4 Wireless Network Standards 52 2.4.1 First-Generation Wireless LANs 52 2.4.2 Second-Generation Wireless LANs 52 2.4.3 Third-Generation Wireless Networks (WMANs) 53 2.5 Nonlinear Distortion in Different Wireless Standards 55 2.6 Summary 56 3 Modeling of Nonlinear Systems 59 3.1 Analytical Nonlinear Models 60 3.1.1 General Volterra Series Model 60 3.1.2 Wiener Model 62 3.1.3 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 63 3.1.4 The Parallel Cascade Model 65 3.1.5 Wiener–Hammerstein Models 66 3.1.6 Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) Volterra Model 67 3.1.7 The Polyspectral Model 67 3.1.8 Generalized Power Series 68 3.1.9 Memory Polynomials 69 3.1.10 Memoryless Models 70 3.1.11 Power-Series Model 70 3.1.12 The Limiter Family of Models 72 3.2 Empirical Nonlinear Models 74 3.2.1 The Three-Box Model 74 3.2.2 The Abuelma’ati Model 75 3.2.3 Saleh Model 76 3.2.4 Rapp Model 76 3.3 Parameter Extraction of Nonlinear Models from Measured Data 76 3.3.1 Polynomial Models 77 3.3.2 Three-Box Model 79 3.3.3 Volterra Series 80 3.4 Summary 80 4 Nonlinear Transformation of Deterministic Signals 83 4.1 Complex Baseband Analysis and Simulations 84 4.1.1 Complex Envelope of Modulated Signals 85 4.1.2 Baseband Equivalent of Linear System Impulse Response 89 4.2 Complex Baseband Analysis of Memoryless Nonlinear Systems 90 4.2.1 Power-Series Model 92 4.2.2 Limiter Model 92 4.3 Complex Baseband Analysis of Nonlinear Systems with Memory 94 4.3.1 Volterra Series 94 4.3.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 95 4.3.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model 96 4.4 Complex Envelope Analysis with Multiple Bandpass Signals 97 4.4.1 Volterra Series 97 4.4.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models 99 4.4.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model 100 4.4.4 Multi-Input Single-Output Nonlinear Model 103 4.4.5 Memoryless Nonlinearity-Power-Series Model 104 4.5 Examples–Response of Power-Series Model to Multiple Signals 106 4.5.1 Single Tone 107 4.5.2 Two-Tone Signal 107 4.5.3 Single-Bandpass Signal 108 4.5.4 Two-Bandpass Signals 108 4.5.5 Single Tone and a Bandpass Signal 109 4.5.6 Multisines 110 4.5.7 Multisine Analysis Using the Generalized Power-Series Model 111 4.6 Summary 111 5 Nonlinear Transformation of Random Signals 113 5.1 Preliminaries 114 5.2 Linear Systems with Stochastic Inputs 114 5.2.1 White Noise 115 5.2.2 Gaussian Processes 116 5.3 Response of a Nonlinear System to a Random Input Signal 116 5.3.1 Power-Series Model 116 5.3.2 Wiener–Hammerstein Models 118 5.4 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Gaussian Inputs 119 5.4.1 Limiter Model 120 5.4.2 Memoryless Power-Series Model 123 5.5 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Multiple Random Signals 123 5.5.1 Power-Series Model 124 5.5.2 Wiener–Hammerstein Model 126 5.6 Response of Nonlinear Systems to a Random Signal and a Sinusoid 128 5.7 Summary 129 6 Nonlinear Distortion 131 6.1 Identification of Nonlinear Distortion in Digital Wireless Systems 132 6.2 Orthogonalization of the Behavioral Model 134 6.2.1 Orthogonalization of the Volterra Series Model 136 6.2.2 Orthogonalization of Wiener Model 137 6.2.3 Orthogonalization of the Power-Series Model 139 6.3 Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Analysis of the Orthogonalized Model 140 6.3.1 Output Autocorrelation Function 142 6.3.2 Power Spectral Density 142 6.4 Relationship Between System Performance and Uncorrelated Distortion 144 6.5 Examples 146 6.5.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise 146 6.5.2 Multisines with Deterministic Phases 148 6.5.3 Multisines with Random Phases 152 6.6 Measurement of Uncorrelated Distortion 154 6.7 Summary 155 7 Nonlinear System Figures of Merit 157 7.1 Analogue System Nonlinear Figures of Merit 158 7.1.1 Intermodulation Ratio 158 7.1.2 Intercept Points 159 7.1.3 1-dB Compression Point 160 7.2 Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) 161 7.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 161 7.4 CDMA Waveform Quality Factor (ρ) 163 7.5 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) 163 7.6 Co-Channel Power Ratio (CCPR) 164 7.7 Noise-to-Power Ratio (NPR) 164 7.7.1 NPR of Communication Signals 165 7.7.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal 166 7.8 Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems 167 7.8.1 Nonlinear Noise Figure 169 7.8.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal and Noise 171 7.9 Summary 173 8 Communication System Models and Simulation in MATLAB® 175 8.1 Simulation of Communication Systems 176 8.1.1 Random Signal Generation 176 8.1.2 System Models 176 8.1.3 Baseband versus Passband Simulations 177 8.2 Choosing the Sampling Rate in MATLAB® Simulations 178 8.3 Random Signal Generation in MATLAB® 178 8.3.1 White Gaussian Noise Generator 178 8.3.2 Random Matrices 179 8.3.3 Random Integer Matrices 179 8.4 Pulse-Shaping Filters 180 8.4.1 Raised Cosine Filters 180 8.4.2 Gaussian Filters 182 8.5 Error Detection and Correction 183 8.6 Digital Modulation in MATLAB® 184 8.6.1 Linear Modulation 184 8.6.2 Nonlinear Modulation 186 8.7 Channel Models in MATLAB® 188 8.8 Simulation of System Performance in MATLAB® 188 8.8.1 BER 190 8.8.2 Scatter Plots 195 8.8.3 Eye Diagrams 196 8.9 Generation of Communications Signals in MATLAB® 198 8.9.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise 198 8.9.2 OFDM Signals 199 8.9.3 DS-SS Signals 203 8.9.4 Multisine Signals 206 8.10 Example 210 8.11 Random Signal Generation in Simulink® 211 8.11.1 Random Data Sources 211 8.11.2 Random Noise Generators 212 8.11.3 Sequence Generators 213 8.12 Digital Modulation in Simulink® 214 8.13 Simulation of System Performance in Simulink® 214 8.13.1 Example 1: Random Sources and Modulation 216 8.13.2 Example 2: CDMA Transmitter 217 8.13.3 Simulation of Wireless Standards in Simulink® 220 8.14 Summary 220 9 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in MATLAB® 221 9.1 Generation of Nonlinearity in MATLAB® 221 9.1.1 Memoryless Nonlinearity 221 9.1.2 Nonlinearity with Memory 222 9.2 Fitting a Nonlinear Model to Measured Data 224 9.2.1 Fitting a Memoryless Polynomial Model to Measured Data 224 9.2.2 Fitting a Three-Box Model to Measured Data 228 9.2.3 Fitting a Memory Polynomial Model to a Simulated Nonlinearity 234 9.3 Autocorrelation and Spectrum Estimation 235 9.3.1 Estimation of the Autocorrelation Function 235 9.3.2 Plotting the Signal Spectrum 237 9.3.3 Power Measurements from a PSD 239 9.4 Spectrum of the Output of a Memoryless Nonlinearity 240 9.4.1 Single Channel 240 9.4.2 Two Channels 243 9.5 Spectrum of the Output of a Nonlinearity with Memory 246 9.5.1 Three-Box Model 246 9.5.2 Memory Polynomial Model 249 9.6 Spectrum of Orthogonalized Nonlinear Model 251 9.7 Estimation of System Metrics from Simulated Spectra 256 9.7.1 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) 257 9.7.2 EVM 260 9.7.3 ACPR 262 9.8 Simulation of Probability of Error 263 9.9 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio 268 9.10 Simulation of Nonlinear Noise Figure 271 9.11 Summary 278 10 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in Simulink® 279 10.1 RF Impairments in Simulink® 280 10.1.1 Communications Blockset 280 10.1.2 The RF Blockset 280 10.2 Nonlinear Amplifier Mathematical Models in Simulink® 283 10.2.1 The “Memoryless Nonlinearity” Block-Communications Blockset 283 10.2.2 Cubic Polynomial Model 284 10.2.3 Hyperbolic Tangent Model 284 10.2.4 Saleh Model 285 10.2.5 Ghorbani Model 285 10.2.6 Rapp Model 285 10.2.7 Example 286 10.2.8 The “Amplifier” Block–The RF Blockset 286 10.3 Nonlinear Amplifier Physical Models in Simulink® 289 10.3.1 “General Amplifier” Block 290 10.3.2 “S-Parameter Amplifier” Block 296 10.4 Measurements of Distortion and System Metrics 297 10.4.1 Adjacent-Channel Distortion 297 10.4.2 In-Band Distortion 297 10.4.3 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio 300 10.4.4 Error Vector Magnitude 300 10.5 Example: Performance of Digital Modulation with Nonlinearity 301 10.6 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio 302 10.7 Simulation of Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems 304 10.8 Summary 306 Appendix A Basics of Signal and System Analysis 307 A.1 Signals 308 A.2 Systems 308 Appendix B Random Signal Analysis 311 B.1 Random Variables 312 B.1.1 Examples of Random Variables 312 B.1.2 Functions of Random Variables 312 B.1.3 Expectation 313 B.1.4 Moments 314 B.2 Two Random Variables 314 B.2.1 Independence 315 B.2.2 Joint Statistics 315 B.3 Multiple Random Variables 316 B.4 Complex Random Variables 317 B.5 Gaussian Random Variables 318 B.5.1 Single Gaussian Random Variable 318 B.5.2 Moments of Single Gaussian Random Variable 319 B.5.3 Jointly Gaussian Random Variables 319 B.5.4 Price’s Theorem 320 B.5.5 Multiple Gaussian Random Variable 320 B.5.6 Central Limit Theorem 321 B.6 Random Processes 321 B.6.1 Stationarity 322 B.6.2 Ergodicity 323 B.6.3 White Processes 323 B.6.4 Gaussian Processes 324 B.7 The Power Spectrum 324 B.7.1 White Noise Processes 325 B.7.2 Narrowband Processes 326 Appendix C Introduction to MATLAB® 329 C.1 MATLAB® Scripts 329 C.2 MATLAB® Structures 330 C.3 MATLAB® Graphics 330 C.4 Random Number Generators 330 C.5 Moments and Correlation Functions of Random Sequences 332 C.6 Fourier Transformation 332 C.7 MATLAB® Toolboxes 333 C.7.1 The Communication Toolbox 334 C.7.2 The RF Toolbox 334 C.8 Simulink® 335 C.8.1 The Communication Blockset 339 C.8.2 The RF Blockset 339 References 341 Index 347

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Book SynopsisSteganography is the art of communicating a secret message, hiding the very existence of a secret message. This book is an introduction to steganalysis as part of the wider trend of multimedia forensics, as well as a practical tutorial on machine learning in this context.Table of ContentsPreface xi PART I OVERVIEW 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Real Threat or Hype? 3 1.2 Artificial Intelligence and Learning 4 1.3 How to Read this Book 5 2 Steganography and Steganalysis 7 2.1 Cryptography versus Steganography 7 2.2 Steganography 8 2.3 Steganalysis 17 2.4 Summary and Notes 23 3 Getting Started with a Classifier 25 3.1 Classification 25 3.2 Estimation and Confidence 28 3.3 Using libSVM 30 3.4 Using Python 33 3.5 Images for Testing 38 3.6 Further Reading 39 PART II FEATURES 4 Histogram Analysis 43 4.1 Early Histogram Analysis 43 4.2 Notation 44 4.3 Additive Independent Noise 44 4.4 Multi-dimensional Histograms 54 4.5 Experiment and Comparison 63 5 Bit-plane Analysis 65 5.1 Visual Steganalysis 65 5.2 Autocorrelation Features 67 5.3 Binary Similarity Measures 69 5.4 Evaluation and Comparison 72 6 More Spatial Domain Features 75 6.1 The Difference Matrix 75 6.2 Image Quality Measures 82 6.3 Colour Images 86 6.4 Experiment and Comparison 86 7 The Wavelets Domain 89 7.1 A Visual View 89 7.2 The Wavelet Domain 90 7.3 Farid’s Features 96 7.4 HCF in the Wavelet Domain 98 7.5 Denoising and the WAM Features 101 7.6 Experiment and Comparison 106 8 Steganalysis in the JPEG Domain 107 8.1 JPEG Compression 107 8.2 Histogram Analysis 114 8.3 Blockiness 122 8.4 Markov Model-based Features 124 8.5 Conditional Probabilities 126 8.6 Experiment and Comparison 128 9 Calibration Techniques 131 9.1 Calibrated Features 131 9.2 JPEG Calibration 133 9.3 Calibration by Downsampling 137 9.4 Calibration in General 146 9.5 Progressive Randomisation 148 PART III CLASSIFIERS 10 Simulation and Evaluation 153 10.1 Estimation and Simulation 153 10.2 Scalar Measures 158 10.3 The Receiver Operating Curve 161 10.4 Experimental Methodology 170 10.5 Comparison and Hypothesis Testing 173 10.6 Summary 176 11 Support Vector Machines 179 11.1 Linear Classifiers 179 11.2 The Kernel Function 186 11.3 ν-SVM 189 11.4 Multi-class Methods 191 11.5 One-class Methods 192 11.6 Summary 196 12 Other Classification Algorithms 197 12.1 Bayesian Classifiers 198 12.2 Estimating Probability Distributions 203 12.3 Multivariate Regression Analysis 209 12.4 Unsupervised Learning 212 12.5 Summary 215 13 Feature Selection and Evaluation 217 13.1 Overfitting and Underfitting 217 13.2 Scalar Feature Selection 220 13.3 Feature Subset Selection 222 13.4 Selection Using Information Theory 225 13.5 Boosting Feature Selection 238 13.6 Applications in Steganalysis 239 14 The Steganalysis Problem 245 14.1 Different Use Cases 245 14.2 Images and Training Sets 250 14.3 Composite Classifier Systems 258 14.4 Summary 262 15 Future of the Field 263 15.1 Image Forensics 263 15.2 Conclusions and Notes 265 Bibliography 267 Index 279

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Book SynopsisWCDMA is the main air interface used for third generation mobile communication systems and is characterized by a wider band than CDMA. This volume covers the theoretical principles and standards of WCDMA. It begins with a general overview and then proceeds to more advanced material, providing a roadmap for the reader.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Fundamentals 1 1.1 Adaptive Communications and the Book Layout 1 1.2 Spread Spectrum Fundamentals 10 1.3 Theory versus Practice 16 References 19 2 Pseudorandom sequences 23 2.1 Properties of Binary Shift Register Sequences 23 2.2 Properties of Binary Maximal-Length Sequence 26 2.3 Sets of Binary Sequences with Small Cross-Correlation Maximal Connected Sets of m-Sequences 30 2.4 Gold Sequences 30 2.5 Goldlike and Dual-BCH Sequences 33 2.6 Kasami Sequences 33 2.7 JPL Sequences 35 2.8 Kroncker Sequences 36 2.9 Walsh Functions 36 2.10 Optimum PN Sequences 37 2.11 Theory and Practice of PN Codes 39 2.12 PN Matched Filter 39 Symbols 40 References 41 3 Code acquisition 43 3.1 Optimum Solution 43 3.2 Practical Solutions 45 3.3 Code Acquisition Analysis 46 3.4 Code Acquisition in CDMA Network 51 3.5 Modeling of the Serial Code Acquisition Process for RAKE Receivers in CDMA Wireless Networks with Multipath and Transmitter Diversity 54 3.6 Two-Dimensional Code Acquisition in Spatially and Temporarily White Noise 57 3.7 Two-Dimensional Code Acquisition in Environments with Spatially Nonuniform Distribution of Interference 62 3.8 Cell Search in W-CDMA 71 References 75 4 Code tracking 79 4.1 Code-Tracking Loops 79 4.2 Code Tracking in Fading Channels 87 4.3 Signal Subspace-Based Channel Estimation for CDMA Systems 94 4.4 Turbo Processor Aided RAKE Receiver Synchronization for UMTS W-CDMA 102 Appendix: Linear and Matrix Algebra 114 References 120 5 Modulation and demodulation 123 5.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 123 5.2 Frequency-Error Detection 125 5.3 Carrier Phase Measurement: Nonoffset Signals 129 5.4 Performance of the Frequency and Phase Synchronizers 136 Symbols 145 References 145 6 Power control 147 6.1 Algorithms 147 6.2 Closed-Loop Power Control in DS-CDMA Cellular System: Problem Definition 150 6.3 Reference Power Level 156 6.4 Feedback Control Loop Analysis 159 6.5 Nonlinear Power Control 163 6.6 Fuzzy Logic Power Control 165 6.7 Imperfect Power Control in CDMA Systems 177 6.8 Adaptive Communications 182 Symbols 185 References 186 7 Interference suppression and CDMA overlay 191 7.1 Narrowband Interference Suppression 191 7.2 Generalization of Narrowband Interference Suppression 194 7.3 Recursive Solutions for the Filter Coefficients 198 7.4 The Learning Curve and its Time Constant 203 7.5 Practical Applications: CDMA Network Overlay 210 References 214 8 CDMA network 217 8.1 CDMA Network Capacity 217 8.2 Cellular CDMA Network 220 8.3 Impact of Imperfect Power Control 228 8.4 Channel Modeling in CDMA Networks 235 8.5 RAKE Receiver 249 8.6 CDMA Cellular System with Adaptive Interference Cancellation 254 8.7 Diversity Handover in DS-CDMA Cellular Systems 258 Symbols 267 References 270 9 CDMA network design 271 9.1 Basic System Design Philosophy 271 9.2 CDMA Network Planning 278 9.3 Spectral Efficiency of WCDMA 289 Symbols 292 References 292 10 Resource management and access control 295 10.1 Power Control and Resource Management for a Multimedia CDMA Wireless System 295 10.2 Access Control of Data in Integrated Voice/Data in CDMA Systems 300 10.3 Delta Modulation–Based Prediction for Access Control in Integrated Voice/Data CDMA Systems 308 10.4 Mixed Voice/Data Transmission using PRMA Protocol 313 10.5 Fuzzy/Neural Congestion Control 320 10.6 Adaptive Traffic Admission Based on Kalman Filter 331 10.7 Soft Handoff in CDMA Cellular Networks 343 10.8 A Measurement-Based Prioritization Scheme for Handovers 354 Symbols 364 References 365 11 CDMA packet radio networks 369 11.1 Dual-Class CDMA System 369 11.2 Access Control for Wireless Multicode CDMA Systems 375 11.3 Reservation-Code Multiple Access 379 11.4 MAC Protocol for a Cellular Packet CDMA with Differentiated QoS 386 11.5 CDMA ALOHA Network Using p-Persistent CSMA/CD Protocol 390 11.6 Implementation Losses in MAC Protocols in Wireless CDMA Networks 397 11.7 Radio Resource Management in Wireless IP Networks and Differentiated Services 404 References 418 12 Adaptive CDMA networks 421 12.1 Bit Rate/Space Adaptive CDMA Network 421 12.2 MAC Layer Packet Length Adaptive CDMA Radio Networks 433 Appendix 451 References 452 13 Multiuser CDMA receivers 455 13.1 Optimal Receiver 455 13.2 Linear Multiuser CDMA Detectors 460 13.3 Multistage Detection in Asynchronous CDMA 462 13.4 Noncoherent Detector 465 13.5 Multiuser Detection in Frequency Nonselective Rayleigh Fading Channel 470 13.6 Multiuser Detection in Frequency-Selective Rayleigh Fading Channel 476 Symbols 487 References 488 14 MMSE multiuser detectors 491 14.1 Minimum Mean-Square Error (MMSE) Linear Multiuser Detection 491 14.2 System Model in Multipath Fading Channel 494 14.3 MMSE Detector Structures 497 14.4 Spatial Processing 500 14.5 Single-User LMMSE Receivers for Frequency-Selective Fading Channels 503 Symbols 516 References 516 15 Wideband CDMA network sensitivity 519 15.1 Theory and Practice of Multiuser Detection 519 15.2 System Model 521 15.3 Capacity Losses 527 15.4 Near Far Self-Resistant CDMA Wireless Network 537 Appendix 1 Coherent Detection of (mMτ-CDMA) 549 Appendix 2 Coherent Detection of (amMτ-CDMA) 553 Appendix 3 Noncoherent Detection of (mMτ-CDMA) 556 Appendix 4 Noncoherent Detection of (amMτ-CDMA) 559 References 562 16 Standards 565 16.1 IS 95 Standard 565 16.2 IS-95B CDMA 575 16.3 CDMA2000 575 16.4 IS-665 W-CDMA 581 References 588 17 UMTS standard: WCDMA/FDD Layer 1 591 17.1 Transport Channels and Physical Channels (FDD) 591 17.2 Multiplexing, Channel Coding and Interleaving 598 17.3 Spreading and Modulation 600 17.4 Physical Layer Procedures (FDD) 604 References 607 Index 609

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Book SynopsisThis is a book that is clear and lucid in its presentation of the technically difficult area of state estimation. The bottom-up approach taken in this text lays the foundation one block at a time until the reader has a firm grasp of optimal filtering.Trade Review"This book is obviously written with care and reads very easily. A very valuable resource for students, teachers, and practitioners…highly recommended." (CHOICE, February 2007) "The dozens of helpful step-by-step examples, visual illustrations, and lists of exercises proposed at the end of each chapter significantly facilitate a reader's understanding of the book's content." (Computing Reviews.com, December 4, 2006)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. Acronyms. List of algorithms. Introduction. PART I INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL. 1 Linear systems theory. 1.1 Matrix algebra and matrix calculus. 1.1.1 Matrix algebra. 1.1.2 The matrix inversion lemma. 1.1.3 Matrix calculus. 1.1.4 The history of matrices. 1.2 Linear systems. 1.3 Nonlinear systems. 1.4 Discretization. 1.5 Simulation. 1.5.1 Rectangular integration. 1.5.2 Trapezoidal integration. 1.5.3 RungeKutta integration. 1.6 Stability. 1.6.1 Continuous-time systems. 1.6.2 Discretetime systems. 1.7 Controllability and observability. 1.7.1 Controllability. 1.7.2 Observability. 1.7.3 Stabilizability and detectability. 1.8 Summary. Problems. Probability theory. 2.1 Probability. 2.2 Random variables. 2.3 Transformations of random variables. 2.4 Multiple random variables. 2.4.1 Statistical independence. 2.4.2 Multivariate statistics. 2.5 Stochastic Processes. 2.6 White noise and colored noise. 2.7 Simulating correlated noise. 2.8 Summary. Problems. 3 Least squares estimation. 3.1 Estimation of a constant. 3.2 Weighted least squares estimation. 3.3 Recursive least squares estimation. 3.3.1 Alternate estimator forms. 3.3.2 Curve fitting. 3.4 Wiener filtering. 3.4.1 Parametric filter optimization. 3.4.2 General filter optimization. 3.4.3 Noncausal filter optimization. 3.4.4 Causal filter optimization. 3.4.5 Comparison. 3.5 Summary. Problems. 4 Propagation of states and covariances. 4.1 Discretetime systems. 4.2 Sampled-data systems. 4.3 Continuous-time systems. 4.4 Summary. Problems. PART II THE KALMAN FILTER. 5 The discrete-time Kalman filter. 5.1 Derivation of the discrete-time Kalman filter. 5.2 Kalman filter properties. 5.3 One-step Kalman filter equations. 5.4 Alternate propagation of covariance. 5.4.1 Multiple state systems. 5.4.2 Scalar systems. 5.5 Divergence issues. 5.6 Summary. Problems. 6 Alternate Kalman filter formulations. 6.1 Sequential Kalman filtering. 6.2 Information filtering. 6.3 Square root filtering. 6.3.1 Condition number. 6.3.2 The square root time-update equation. 6.3.3 Potter's square root measurement-update equation. 6.3.4 Square root measurement update via triangularization. 6.3.5 Algorithms for orthogonal transformations. 6.4 U-D filtering. 6.4.1 U-D filtering: The measurement-update equation. 6.4.2 U-D filtering: The time-update equation. 6.5 Summary. Problems. 7 Kalman filter generalizations. 7.1 Correlated process and measurement noise. 7.2 Colored process and measurement noise. 7.2.1 Colored process noise. 7.2.2 Colored measurement noise: State augmentation. 7.2.3 Colored measurement noise: Measurement differencing. 7.3 Steady-state filtering. 7.3.1 a-P filtering. 7.3.2 a-P-y filtering. 7.3.3 A Hamiltonian approach to steady-state filtering. 7.4 Kalman filtering with fading memory. 7.5 Constrained Kalman filtering. 7.5.1 Model reduction. 7.5.2 Perfect measurements. 7.5.3 Projection approaches. 7.5.4 A pdf truncation approach. 7.6 Summary. Problems. 8 The continuous-time Kalman filter. 8.1 Discrete-time and continuous-time white noise. 8.1.1 Process noise. 8.1.2 Measurement noise. 8.1.3 Discretized simulation of noisy continuous-time systems. 8.2 Derivation of the continuous-time Kalman filter. 8.3 Alternate solutions to the Riccati equation. 8.3.1 The transition matrix approach. 8.3.2 The Chandrasekhar algorithm. 8.3.3 The square root filter. 8.4 Generalizations of the continuous-time filter. 8.4.1 Correlated process and measurement noise. 8.4.2 Colored measurement noise 8.5 The steady-state continuous-time Kalman filter 8.5.1 The algebraic Riccati equation. 8.5.2 The Wiener filter is a Kalman filter. 8.5.3 Duality. 8.6 Summary. Problems. 9 Optimal smoothing. 9.1 An alternate form for the Kalman filter. 9.2 Fixed-point smoothing. 9.2.1 Estimation improvement due to smoothing. 9.2.2 Smoothing constant states. 9.3 Fixed-lag smoothing. 9.4 Fixed-interval smoothing. 9.4.1 Forward-backward smoothing. 9.4.2 RTS smoothing. 9.5 Summary. Problems. 10 Additional topics in Kalman filtering. 10.1 Verifying Kalman filter performance. 10.2 Multiple-model estimation. 10.3 Reduced-order Kalman filtering. 10.3.1 Anderson's approach to reduced-order filtering. 10.3.2 The reduced-order Schmidt-Kalman filter. 10.4 Robust Kalman filtering. 10.5 Delayed measurements and synchronization errors. 10.5.1 A statistical derivation of the Kalman filter. 10.5.2 Kalman filtering with delayed measurements. 10.6 Summary. Problems. PART III THE H, FILTER. 11 The H, filter. 11.1 Introduction. 11.1.1 An alternate form for the Kalman filter. 11.1.2 Kalman filter limitations. 11.2 Constrained optimization. 11.2.1 Static constrained optimization. 11.2.2 Inequality constraints. 11.2.3 Dynamic constrained optimization. 11.3 A game theory approach to H, filtering. 11.3.1 Stationarity with respect to xo and wk. 11.3.2 Stationarity with respect to 2 and y. 11.3.3 A comparison of the Kalman and H, filters. 11.3.4 Steady-state H, filtering. 11.3.5 The transfer function bound of the H, filter. 11.4 The continuous-time H, filter. 11.5 Transfer function approaches. 11.6 Summary. Problems. 12 Additional topics in H, filtering. 12.1 Mixed KalmanIH, filtering. 12.2 Robust Kalman/H, filtering. 12.3 Constrained H, filtering. 12.4 Summary. Problems. PART IV NONLINEAR FILTERS. 13 Nonlinear Kalman filtering. 13.1 The linearized Kalman filter. 13.2 The extended Kalman filter. 13.2.1 The continuous-time extended Kalman filter. 13.2.2 The hybrid extended Kalman filter. 13.2.3 The discrete-time extended Kalman filter. 13.3 Higher-order approaches. 13.3.1 The iterated extended Kalman filter. 13.3.2 The second-order extended Kalman filter. 13.3.3 Other approaches. 13.4 Parameter estimation. 13.5 Summary. Problems. 14 The unscented Kalman filter. 14.1 Means and covariances of nonlinear transformations. 14.1.1 The mean of a nonlinear transformation. 14.1.2 The covariance of a nonlinear transformation. 14.2 Unscented transformations. 14.2.1 Mean approximation. 14.2.2 Covariance approximation. 14.3 Unscented Kalman filtering. 14.4 Other unscented transformations. 14.4.1 General unscented transformations. 14.4.2 The simplex unscented transformation. 14.4.3 The spherical unscented transformation. 14.5 Summary. Problems. 15 The particle filter. 15.1 Bayesian state estimation. 15.2 Particle filtering. 15.3 Implementation issues. 15.3.1 Sample impoverishment. 15.3.2 Particle filtering combined with other filters. 15.4 Summary. Problems. Appendix A: Historical perspectives. Appendix B: Other books on Kalman filtering. Appendix C: State estimation and the meaning of life. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHow do the communication practices of governments, NGOs and social movements enhance opportunities for citizen-led change? In this incisive book, Thomas Tufte makes a call for a fundamental rethinking of what it takes to enable citizens' voices, participation and power in processes of social change. Drawing on examples ranging from the Indignados movement in Spain to media activists in Brazil, from rural community workers in Malawi to UNICEF's global outreach programmes, he presents cutting-edge debates about the role of media and communication in enhancing social change. He offers both new and contested ideas of approaching social change from below, and highlights the need for institutions governments and civil society organizations alike to be in sync with their constituencies. Communication and Social Changeprovides essential insights to students and scholars of media and communications, as well as anyone concerned with the practices and processes that leadTrade Review"Tufte brings the significance of social change to life with eclectic and compelling illustrations across global contexts. This will be a classic text in conversations considering the importance of communication and the role of citizens in strategic social change. It is time for the field of communication for social change to take seriously the connections suggested in this book toward a more comprehensive framework. The attention here to social movements and political protests offers a welcome contribution to our scholarship and our practice."Karin Gwinn Wilkins, University of Texas at Austin "The ever-relevant Tufte has reinvented himself. With sensitivity he has crafted a coruscating and masterly book. The tight post-disciplinary synthesis solidifies the claim that communication study has such a key role in the reinvention of the humanities. Anyone interested in communication, humanity, democracy and change must read this book!"Colin Tinei Chasi, University of Johannesburg"[Tufte's] book is one that deserves to be used as a textbook in the field as well as a refresher on existing ideas and perspectives."European Journal of CommunicationTable of ContentsContents Foreword (Silvio Waisbord) Preface and Acknowledgements 1. Towards a New Social Thought in Communication and Social Change 2. Changing Contexts and Conceptual Stepping Stones 3. Participation: A Project of Transformation 4. Movements and Media, Communication and Change 5. Cultures of Governance: Enhancing Empowerment and Resilience 6. Communication Movements 7. Invited Spaces: Institutions Communicating for Social Change 8. Towards a New Paradigm and Praxis in Communication and Social Change References Index

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Book SynopsisThe first of its kind, this comprehensive resource explains the fundamental physics of semiconductor nanolasers along with details of their design, fabrication, and applications. This is essential reading for graduate students, researchers, and professionals in optoelectronics, applied photonics, physics, and materials science.Trade Review'For many years, photonics has sought to emulate the enormous success of electronics in miniaturizing devices - specifically with the aim of creating photonic integrated circuits. Nanolasers are strong potential candidates for the role of optical source in photonic integrated circuits. This excellent book provides the first in-depth description of the challenges faced in creating such lasers … It is anticipated that this book will help accelerate the creation of photonic integrated circuits and sensors based on nanolasers.' K. Alan Shore, Optics and Photonics News'This introduction to the growing literature on nanolaser is self-contained, and sufficiently user-friendly. … Although not conceived as a textbook, parts of the monograph would be suitable for courses in photonics or quantum electronics. … The authors are experts in this topical area and also have produced a substantial body of collaborative work. That history may well be at the heart of the impressive thematic, conceptual, and editorial coherence of the text.' Richard F. Haglund, Jr, MRS BulletinTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Photonic mode metal-dielectric-metal based nanolasers; 3. Purcell effect and the evaluation of Purcell and spontaneous emission factors; 4. Plasmonic mode metal-dielectric-metal based nanolasers; 5. Antenna-inspired nano-patch lasers; 6. Active medium for semiconductor nanolasers: MQW vs. bulk gain; 7. Electrically pumped nanolasers; 8. Multi-physics design for nanolasers; 9. Cavity-free nanolaser; 10. Beyond nanolasers: inversionless exciton-polariton microlaser; 11. Application of nanolasers: photonic integrated circuits and other applications.

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Book SynopsisA highly interdisciplinary overview of the emerging topic of the Quantum Internet. Current and future quantum technologies are covered in detail, in addition to their global socio-economic impact. Written in an engaging style and accessible to graduate students in physics, engineering, computer science and mathematics.Trade Review'This book explores the technical and socioeconomic aspects of a future quantum internet … The volume will be a valuable acquisition for any institution supporting research in quantum computing or, more broadly, the emerging science and engineering of quantum information … Highly recommended.' M. C. Ogilvie, Choice ConnectTable of ContentsPart I. Introduction: 1. Foreword; 2. Introduction. Part II. Classical Networks: 3. Mathematical representation of networks; 4. Network topologies; 5. Network algorithms. Part III. Quantum Networks: 6. Quantum channels; 7. Optical encoding of quantum information; 8. Errors in quantum networks; 9. Quantum cost vector analysis; 10. Routing strategies; 11. Interconnecting and interfacing quantum networks; 12. Optical routers; 13. Optical stability in quantum networks. Part IV. Protocols for the Quantum Internet: 14. State preparation; 15. Measurement; 16. Evolution; 17. High-level protocols. Part V. Entanglement Distribution: 18. Entanglement – The ultimate quantum resource; 19. Quantum repeater networks; 20. The irrelevance of latency; 21. The quantum Sneakernet™. Part VI. Quantum Cryptography: 22. What is security?; 23. Classical cryptography; 24. Attacks on classical cryptography; 25. Bitcoin and the blockchain; 26. Quantum cryptography; 27. Attacks on quantum cryptography. Part VII. Quantum Computing: 28. Models for quantum computation; 29. Quantum algorithms. Part VIII. Cloud Quantum Computing: 30. The Quantum Cloud™; 31. Encrypted cloud quantum computation. Part IX. Economics and Politics: 32. Classical-equivalent computational power and computational scaling functions; 33. Per-qubit computational power; 34. Time-sharing; 35. Economic model assumptions; 36. Network power; 37. Network value; 38. Rate of return; 39. Market competitiveness; 40. Cost of computation; 41. Arbitrage-free time-sharing model; 42. Problem size scaling functions; 43. Quantum computational leverage; 44. Static computational return; 45. Forward contract pricing model; 46. Political leverage; 47. Economic properties of the qubit marketplace; 48. Economic implications; 49. Game theory of the qubit marketplace. Part X. Essays: 50. The era of quantum supremacy; 51. The global virtual quantum computer; 52. The economics of the quantum internet; 53. Security implications of the global quantum internet; 54. Geostrategic quantum politics; 55. The quantum ecosystem. Part XI. The End: 56. Conclusion. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book begins with the premise that energy demands are directing scientists towards ever-greener methods of power management, so highly integrated power control ICs (integrated chip/circuit) are increasingly in demand for further reducing power consumption.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xii Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Moore’s Law 1 1.2 Technology Process Impact: Power Management IC from 0.5 micro-meter to 28 nano-meter 1 1.2.1 MOSFET Structure 1 1.2.2 Scaling Effects 7 1.2.3 Leakage Power Dissipation 9 1.3 Challenge of Power Management IC in Advanced Technological Products 14 1.3.1 Multi-V th Technology 14 1.3.2 Performance Boosters 15 1.3.3 Layout-Dependent Proximity Effects 19 1.3.4 Impacts on Circuit Design 20 1.4 Basic Definition Principles in Power Management Module 22 1.4.1 Load Regulation 22 1.4.2 Transient Voltage Variations 23 1.4.3 Conduction Loss and Switching Loss 24 1.4.4 Power Conversion Efficiency 25 References 25 2 Design of Low Dropout (LDO) Regulators 28 2.1 Basic LDO Architecture 29 2.1.1 Types of Pass Device 31 2.2 Compensation Skills 34 2.2.1 Pole Distribution 34 2.2.2 Zero Distribution and Right-Half-Plane (RHP) Zero 40 2.3 Design Consideration for LDO Regulators 42 2.3.1 Dropout Voltage 43 2.3.2 Efficiency 44 2.3.3 Line/Load Regulation 45 2.3.4 Transient Output Voltage Variation Caused by Sudden Load Current Change 46 2.4 Analog-LDO Regulators 50 2.4.1 Characteristics of Dominant-Pole Compensation 50 2.4.2 Characteristics of C-free Structure 56 2.4.3 Design of Low-Voltage C-free LDO Regulator 62 2.4.4 Alleviating Minimum Load Current Constraint through the Current Feedback Compensation (CFC) Technique in the Multi-stage C-free LDO Regulator 66 2.4.5 Multi-stage LDO Regulator with Feedforward Path and Dynamic Gain Adjustment (DGA) 75 2.5 Design Guidelines for LDO Regulators 79 2.5.1 Simulation Tips and Analyses 81 2.5.2 Technique for Breaking the Loop in AC Analysis Simulation 82 2.5.3 Example of the Simulation Results of the LDO Regulator with Dominant-Pole Compensation 85 2.6 Digital-LDO (D-LDO) Design 93 2.6.1 Basic D-LDO 94 2.6.2 D-LDO with Lattice Asynchronous Self-Timed Control 96 2.6.3 Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) 100 2.7 Switchable Digital/Analog-LDO (D/A-LDO) Regulator with Analog DVS Technique 110 2.7.1 ADVS Technique 110 2.7.2 Switchable D/A-LDO Regulator 113 References 120 3 Design of Switching Power Regulators 122 3.1 Basic Concept 122 3.2 Overview of the Control Method and Operation Principle 125 3.3 Small Signal Modeling and Compensation Techniques in SWR 131 3.3.1 Small Signal Modeling of Voltage-Mode SWR 131 3.3.2 Small Signal Modeling of the Closed-Loop Voltage-Mode SWR 135 3.3.3 Small Signal Modeling of Current-Mode SWR 150 References 169 4 Ripple-Based Control Technique Part I 170 4.1 Basic Topology of Ripple-Based Control 171 4.1.1 Hysteretic Control 173 4.1.2 On-Time Control 176 4.1.3 Off-Time Control 179 4.1.4 Constant Frequency with Peak Voltage Control and Constant Frequency with Valley Voltage Control 182 4.1.5 Summary of Topology of Ripple-Based Control 183 4.2 Stability Criterion of On-Time Controlled Buck Converter 185 4.2.1 Derivation of the Stability Criterion 185 4.2.2 Selection of Output Capacitor 197 4.3 Design Techniques When Using MLCC with a Small Value of R ESR 201 4.3.1 Use of Additional Ramp Signal 202 4.3.2 Use of Additional Current Feedback Path 204 4.3.3 Comparison of On-Time Control with an Additional Current Feedback Path 254 4.3.4 Ripple-Reshaping Technique to Compensate a Small Value of R ESR 256 4.3.5 Experimental Result of Ripple-Reshaped Function 262 References 269 5 Ripple-based Control Technique Part II 270 5.1 Design Techniques for Enhancing Voltage Regulation Performance 270 5.1.1 Accuracy in DC Voltage Regulation 270 5.1.2 V 2 Structure for Ripple-based Control 271 5.1.3 V 2 On-time Control with An Additional Ramp Or Current Feedback Path 275 5.1.4 Compensator for V 2 Structure with Small R ESR 277 5.1.5 Ripple-Based Control with Quadratic Differential and Integration Technique if Small R ESR is Used 283 5.1.6 Robust Ripple Regulator (R3) 294 5.2 Analysis of Switching Frequency Variation to Reduce Electromagnetic Interference 297 5.2.1 Improvement of Noise Immunity of Feedback Signal 298 5.2.2 Bypassing Path to Filter the High-Frequency Noise of the Feedback Signal 299 5.2.3 Technique of PLL Modulator 302 5.2.4 Full Analysis of Frequency Variation Under Different V in ,v Out , And I Load 304 5.2.5 Adaptive On-Time Controller for Pseudo-Constant f SW 313 5.3 Optimum On-Time Controller for Pseudo-Constant f SW 321 5.3.1 Algorithm for Optimum On-Time Control 322 5.3.2 Type-I Optimum On-Time Controller with Equivalent V IN and V Out,eq 323 5.3.3 Type-II Optimum On-Time Controller with Equivalent V DUTY 331 5.3.4 Frequency Clamper 333 5.3.5 Comparison of Different On-Time Controllers 333 5.3.6 Simulation Result of Optimum On-Time Controller 335 5.3.7 Experimental Result of Optimum On-Time Controller 335 References 343 6 Single-Inductor Multiple-Output (SIMO) Converter 345 6.1 Basic Topology of SIMO Converters 345 6.1.1 Architecture 345 6.1.2 Cross Regulation 347 6.2 Applications of SIMO Converters 348 6.2.1 System-on-Chip 348 6.2.2 Portable Electronics Systems 350 6.3 Design Guidelines of SIMO Converters 351 6.3.1 Energy Delivery Paths 351 6.3.2 Classifications of Control Methods 359 6.3.3 Design Goals 363 6.4 SIMO Converter Techniques for Soc 364 6.4.1 Superposition Theorem in Inductor Current Control 364 6.4.2 Dual-Mode Energy Delivery Methodology 366 6.4.3 Energy-Mode Transition 367 6.4.4 Automatic Energy Bypass 371 6.4.5 Elimination of Transient Cross Regulation 372 6.4.6 Circuit Implementations 376 6.4.7 Experimental Results 387 6.5 SIMO Converter Techniques for Tablets 397 6.5.1 Output Independent Gate Drive Control in SIMO Converter 397 6.5.2 CCM/GM Relative Skip Energy Control in SIMO Converter 405 6.5.3 Bidirectional Dynamic Slope Compensation in SIMO Converter 415 6.5.4 Circuit Implementations 420 6.5.5 Experimental Results 427 References 441 7 Switching-Based Battery Charger 443 7.1 Introduction 443 7.1.1 Pure Charge State 447 7.1.2 Direct Supply State 448 7.1.3 Plug Off State 448 7.1.4 CAS State 448 7.2 Small Signal Analysis of Switching-Based Battery Charger 449 7.3 Closed-Loop Equivalent Model 454 7.4 Simulation with PSIM 461 7.5 Turbo-boost Charger 465 7.6 Influence of Built-In Resistance in the Charger System 470 7.7 Design Example: Continuous Built-In Resistance Detection 472 7.7.1 CBIRD Operation 473 7.7.2 CBIRD Circuit Implementation 476 7.7.3 Experimental Results 480 References 482 8 Energy-Harvesting Systems 483 8.1 Introduction to Energy-Harvesting Systems 483 8.2 Energy-Harvesting Sources 486 8.2.1 Vibration Electromagnetic Transducers 487 8.2.2 Piezoelectric Generator 490 8.2.3 Electrostatic Energy Generator 491 8.2.4 Wind-Powered Energy Generator 492 8.2.5 Thermoelectric Generator 494 8.2.6 Solar Cells 496 8.2.7 Magnetic Coil 498 8.2.8 RF/Wireless 501 8.3 Energy-Harvesting Circuits 502 8.3.1 Basic Concept of Energy-Harvesting Circuits 502 8.3.2 AC Source Energy-Harvesting Circuits 505 8.3.3 DC-Source Energy-Harvesting Circuits 511 8.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking 514 8.4.1 Basic Concept of Maximum Power Point Tracking 514 8.4.2 Impedance Matching 515 8.4.3 Resistor Emulation 516 8.4.4 MPPT Method 518 References 523 Index 527

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Book SynopsisGraphs and Networks A unique blend of graph theory and network science for mathematicians and data science professionals alike. Featuring topics such as minors, connectomes, trees, distance, spectral graph theory, similarity, centrality, small-world networks, scale-free networks, graph algorithms, Eulerian circuits, Hamiltonian cycles, coloring, higher connectivity, planar graphs, flows, matchings, and coverings, Graphs and Networks contains modern applications for graph theorists and a host of useful theorems for network scientists. The book begins with applications to biology and the social and political sciences and gradually takes a more theoretical direction toward graph structure theory and combinatorial optimization. A background in linear algebra, probability, and statistics provides the proper frame of reference. Graphs and Networks also features: Applications to neuroscience, climate science, and the social and political sciencesA research outlook integrated directly into tTable of ContentsList of Figures iv Preface viii Chapter 1. From Königsberg to Connectomes 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Isomorphism 18 1.3. Minors and Constructions 25 Chapter 2. Fundamental Topics 39 2.1. Trees 39 2.2. Distance 44 2.3. Degree Sequences 52 2.4. Matrices 56 Chapter 3. Similarity and Centrality 70 3.1. Similarity Measures 70 3.2. Centrality Measures 74 3.3. Eigenvector and Katz Centrality 78 3.4. PageRank 84 Chapter 4. Types of Networks 91 4.1. Small-World Networks 91 4.2. Scale-Free Networks 95 4.3. Assortative Mixing 97 4.4. Covert Networks 102 Chapter 5. Graph Algorithms 107 5.1. Traversal Algorithms 107 5.2. Greedy Algorithms 113 5.3. Shortest Path Algorithms 118 Chapter 6. Structure, Coloring, Higher Connectivity 126 6.1. Eulerian Circuits 126 6.2. Hamiltonian Cycles 131 6.3. Coloring 136 6.4. Higher Connectivity 142 6.5. Menger's Theorem 148 Chapter 7. Planar Graphs 159 7.1. Properties of Planar Graphs 159 7.2. Euclid's Theorem on Regular Polyhedra 167 7.3. The Five Color Theorem 172 7.4. Invariants for Non-Planar Graphs 174 Chapter 8. Flows and Matchings 182 8.1. Flows in Networks 182 8.2. Stable Sets, Matchings, Coverings 188 8.3. Min-Max Theorems 192 8.4. Maximum Matching Algorithm 196 Appendix A. Linear Algebra 211 Appendix B. Probability and Statistics 215 Appendix C. Complexity of Algorithms 218 Appendix D. Stacks and Queues 222 Appendix. Bibliography 226

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive overview of recently developed methods for assessing and optimizing system reliability. It consists of two main parts, for treating assessment methods and optimization methods, respectively. The first part covers methods of multi-state system reliability modelling and evaluation, Markov processes, Monte Carlo simulation and uncertainty analysis. The methods considered range from piecewise-deterministic Markov processes to belief function analysis. The second part covers optimization methods of mathematical programming and evolutionary algorithms, and problems of multi-objective optimization and optimization under uncertainty. The methods of this part range from non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm to robust optimization. The book also includes the application of the assessment and optimization methods considered on real case studies, particularly with respect to the reliability assessment and optimization of renewable energy systems,Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword by Dr. Andre V. Kleyner xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix List of Abbreviations xx Notations xxii Part I The Fundamentals 1 1 Reliability Assessment 3 1.1 Definitions of Reliability 3 1.1.1 Probability of Survival 3 1.2 Component Reliability Modeling 6 1.2.1 Discrete Probability Distributions 6 1.2.2 Continuous Probability Distributions 8 1.2.3 Physics-of-Failure Equations 13 1.3 System Reliability Modeling 15 1.3.1 Series System 15 1.3.2 Parallel System 16 1.3.3 Series-parallel System 16 1.3.4 K-out-of-n System 17 1.3.5 Network System 18 1.4 System Reliability Assessment Methods 18 1.4.1 Path-set and Cut-set Method 18 1.4.2 Decomposition and Factorization 19 1.4.3 Binary Decision Diagram 19 1.5 Exercises 20 References 22 2 Optimization 23 2.1 Optimization Problems 23 2.1.1 Component Reliability Enhancement 23 2.1.2 Redundancy Allocation 24 2.1.3 Component Assignment 25 2.1.4 Maintenance and Testing 26 2.2 Optimization Methods 30 2.2.1 Mathematical Programming 30 2.2.2 Meta-heuristics 34 2.3 Exercises 36 References 37 Part II Reliability Techniques 41 3 Multi-State Systems (MSSs) 43 3.1 Classical Multi-state Models 43 3.2 Generalized Multi-state Models 45 3.3 Time-dependent Multi-State Models 46 3.4 Methods to Evaluate Multi-state System Reliability 48 3.4.1 Methods Based on MPVs or MCVs 48 3.4.2 Methods Derived from Binary State Reliability Assessment 48 3.4.3 Universal Generating Function Approach 49 3.4.4 Monte Carlo Simulation 50 3.5 Exercises 51 References 51 4 Markov Processes 55 4.1 Continuous Time Markov Chain (CMTC) 55 4.2 In homogeneous Continuous Time Markov Chain 61 4.3 Semi-Markov Process (SMP) 66 4.4 Piecewise Deterministic Markov Process (PDMP) 74 4.5 Exercises 82 References 84 5 Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) for Reliability and Availability Assessment 87 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Random Variable Generation 87 5.2.1 Random Number Generation 87 5.2.2 Random Variable Generation 89 5.3 Random Process Generation 93 5.3.1 Markov Chains 93 5.3.2 Markov Jump Processes 94 5.4 Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 97 5.4.1 Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) Algorithm 97 5.4.2 Gibbs Sampler 98 5.4.3 Multiple-try Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) Method 99 5.5 Rare-Event Simulation 101 5.5.1 Importance Sampling 101 5.5.2 Repetitive Simulation Trials after Reaching Thresholds (RESTART) 102 5.6 Exercises 103 Appendix 104 References 115 6 Uncertainty Treatment under Imprecise or Incomplete Knowledge 117 6.1 Interval Number and Interval of Confidence 117 6.1.1 Definition and Basic Arithmetic Operations 117 6.1.2 Algebraic Properties 118 6.1.3 Order Relations 119 6.1.4 Interval Functions 120 6.1.5 Interval of Confidence 121 6.2 Fuzzy Number 121 6.3 Possibility Theory 123 6.3.1 Possibility Propagation 124 6.4 Evidence Theory 125 6.4.1 Data Fusion 128 6.5 Random-fuzzy Numbers (RFNs) 128 6.5.1 Universal Generating Function (UGF) Representation of Random-fuzzy Numbers 129 6.5.2 Hybrid UGF (HUGF) Composition Operator 130 6.6 Exercises 132 References 133 7 Applications 135 7.1 Distributed Power Generation System Reliability Assessment 135 7.1.1 Reliability of Power Distributed Generation (DG) System 135 7.1.2 Energy Source Models and Uncertainties 136 7.1.3 Algorithm for the Joint Propagation of Probabilistic and Possibilistic Uncertainties 138 7.1.4 Case Study 140 7.2 Nuclear Power Plant Components Degradation 140 7.2.1 Dissimilar Metal Weld Degradation 140 7.2.2 MCS Method 145 7.2.3 Numerical Results 147 References 149 Part III Optimization Methods and Applications 151 8 Mathematical Programming 153 8.1 Linear Programming (LP) 153 8.1.1 Standard Form and Duality 155 8.2 Integer Programming (IP) 159 8.3 Exercises 164 References 165 9 Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) 167 9.1 Evolutionary Search 168 9.2 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 170 9.2.1 Encoding and Initialization 171 9.2.2 Evaluation 172 9.2.3 Selection 173 9.2.4 Mutation 174 9.2.5 Crossover 175 9.2.6 Elitism 178 9.2.7 Termination Condition and Convergence 178 9.3 Other Popular EAs 179 9.4 Exercises 181 References 182 10 Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) 185 10.1 Multi-objective Problem Formulation 185 10.2 MOO-to-SOO Problem Conversion Methods 187 10.2.1 Weighted-sum Approach 188 10.2.2 ε-constraint Approach 189 10.3 Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms 190 10.3.1 Fast Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) 190 10.3.2 Improved Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm (SPEA 2) 193 10.4 Performance Measures 197 10.5 Selection of Preferred Solutions 200 10.5.1 “Min-Max” Method 200 10.5.2 Compromise Programming Approach 201 10.6 Guidelines for Solving RAMS+C Optimization Problems 201 10.7 Exercises 203 References 204 11 Optimization under Uncertainty 207 11.1 Stochastic Programming (SP) 207 11.1.1 Two-stage Stochastic Linear Programs with Fixed Recourse 209 11.1.2 Multi-stage Stochastic Programs with Recourse 217 11.2 Chance-Constrained Programming 218 11.2.1 Model and Properties 219 11.2.2 Example 221 11.3 Robust Optimization (RO) 222 11.3.1 Uncertain Linear Optimization (LO) and its Robust Counterparts 223 11.3.2 Tractability of Robust Counterparts 224 11.3.3 Robust Optimization (RO) with Cardinality Constrained Uncertainty Set 225 11.3.4 Example 226 11.4 Exercises 228 References 229 12 Applications 231 12.1 Multi-objective Optimization (MOO) Framework for the Integration of Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage 231 12.1.1 Description of Distributed Generation (DG) System 232 12.1.2 Optimal Power Flow (OPF) 234 12.1.3 Performance Indicators 235 12.1.4 MOO Problem Formulation 237 12.1.5 Solution Approach and Case Study Results 238 12.2 Redundancy Allocation for Binary-State Series-Parallel Systems (BSSPSs) under Epistemic Uncertainty 240 12.2.1 Problem Description 240 12.2.2 Robust Model 241 12.2.3 Experiment 243 References 244 Index 245

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Book SynopsisValuable insights into the extraction, production, and properties of a large number of natural and synthetic oxides utilized in applications worldwide from ceramics, electronic components, and coatings This handbook describes each of the major oxides chronologicallystarting from the processes of extraction of ores containing oxides, their purification and transformations into pure alloyed powders, and their appropriate characterization up to the processes of formation of 2D films by such methods as PVD, CVD, and coatings by thermal spraying or complicated 3D objects by sintering and rapid prototyping. The selection of oxides has been guided by the current context of industrial applications. An important point that is considered in the book concerns the strategic aspects of oxides. Some oxides (e.g. rare earth ones) become more expensive due to the growing demand for them, others, because of the strategic importance of countries producing raw materials and the countries that are using tTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations and Symbols xix 1 Technical and Economic Importance of Oxides 1Lech Pawowski 1.1 Industrial Sectors in Development 1 1.1.1 Mechanical Applications of Oxides 1 1.1.1.1 Al2O3 3 1.1.1.2 ZrO2 3 1.1.2 Application of Oxides in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 4 1.1.3 Oxides for High-temperature Applications 7 1.1.4 Biomedical applications of oxides 9 1.2 Reserves, Availability and Economic Aspects of Oxides and their Ores 10 1.2.1 Al2O3 10 1.2.2 ZrO2 11 1.2.3 TiO2 12 1.2.4 Rare earth oxides: Y2O3 and CeO2 13 1.2.5 BaO 17 1.2.6 Cu2O 17 1.2.7 CaO 18 1.2.8 P2O5 19 References 20 2 Fundamentals of Oxide Manufacturing 25Lech Paw³owski 2.1 Introduction 25 2.1.1 Principal Manufacturing Processes 25 2.1.2 Oxide Powders 27 2.1.3 Major Phenomena in Manufacturing 27 2.2 Fundamentals of Selected Processes related to Oxide Manufacturing 28 2.2.1 Introduction 28 2.2.2 Fundamentals of Reactions in Gaseous Phase 28 2.2.2.1 Types of Reaction 28 2.2.2.2 Thermodynamic Calculations 29 2.2.2.3 Gas in Motion 30 2.2.2.4 Thermodynamics of Condensation 34 2.2.3 Fundamental Phenomena in Solutions 36 2.2.3.1 Introduction 36 2.2.3.2 Diffusion 36 2.2.3.3 Brownian Motion and Stokes’ Law 37 2.2.4 Fundamental Phenomena in Suspensions 38 2.2.4.1 Introduction 38 2.2.4.2 Forces and Energies in Suspension 39 2.2.4.3 Characterization of Suspensions 43 2.2.4.4 Gelation 47 2.2.5 Characterization of Powders 48 2.2.5.1 Size and Shape 48 2.2.5.2 Chemical and Phase Composition 49 2.2.5.3 External and InternalMorphology 53 2.2.5.4 Apparent Density and Flowability 53 2.3 Selected Oxide Powder Production Methods 54 2.3.1 Introduction 54 2.3.2 Granulation of Powders 55 2.3.2.1 Direct Granulation 55 2.3.2.2 Spray Drying 56 2.3.3 High-temperature Synthesis of Powders 60 2.3.3.1 Sintering and Melting 60 2.3.3.2 Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis 61 2.3.3.3 Mechanofusion 63 2.3.4 Synthesis of Powders from Solutions 63 2.3.4.1 Sol–Gel 64 2.3.4.2 Synthesis by Reaction of Liquids (Wet Precipitation) 64 2.3.5 Powder Synthesis by CVD 64 2.4 Manufacturing Objects in 2D: Films and Coatings 70 2.4.1 Introduction 70 2.4.2 Chemical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 71 2.4.2.1 Sol–Gel 71 2.4.2.2 Electrolytic anodization 74 2.4.3 Physical Methods of Thin Film Deposition 76 2.4.3.1 CVD Methods 76 2.4.3.2 PVD Methods 79 2.4.4 Methods of Coating Deposition 86 2.4.4.1 Thermal Spraying 86 2.4.4.2 Bulk Coatings Methods 96 2.5 Manufacturing Objects in 3D 102 2.5.1 Introduction 102 2.5.2 Forming 103 2.5.3 Sintering 106 2.5.4 Rapid Prototyping 114 3 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Alumina 125Lech Paw³owski 3.1 Introduction 125 3.2 Reserves of Bauxite and Mining 125 3.3 Methods of Obtaining Alumina 127 3.3.1 Bayer Process 127 3.3.1.1 Chemical Backgrounds 128 3.3.1.2 Technology of the Bayer Process 128 3.3.1.3 Waste Management 130 3.3.2 Pure Alumina Powder Synthesis 131 3.3.3 Alumina Recovery from Coal Ashes 132 3.3.3.1 Sintering Process 134 3.3.3.2 Leaching Process 135 3.4 Properties of Alumina 135 3.4.1 Thermodynamical and Chemical Properties of Monocristalline Alumina 137 3.4.2 Properties of Alumina 137 3.4.2.1 Thermophysical Properties of Alumina 138 3.4.2.2 Self-diffusion Data of Alumina 139 3.4.2.3 Electrical Properties of Alumina 139 3.4.2.4 Dielectric Properties of Alumina 140 3.4.2.5 Mechanical Properties of Alumina 142 3.5 Methods of Alumina Functionalizing 145 3.5.1 Introduction 145 3.5.2 Alumina in 2D: Films and Coatings 145 3.5.2.1 Chemical Methods of Alumina Film Deposition 145 3.5.2.2 Atomistic Methods of Alumina Films Deposition 146 3.5.2.3 Granular Methods of Alumina Coating Deposition 147 3.5.3 Alumina in 3D 147 3.5.3.1 Forming 147 3.5.3.2 Sintering 147 3.5.3.3 Laser Machining 149 3.6 Applications of Alumina in Different Industries 150 3.6.1 Mechanical Engineering 150 3.6.1.1 Thread Guides in Textile Industries 150 3.6.1.2 Armor 151 3.6.1.3 Cutting Tools 151 3.6.2 Electronic and Electrical Applications 152 3.6.2.1 Substrates for Microelectronics 153 3.6.2.2 Corona Rolls 153 3.6.3 Biomedical 154 3.6.3.1 Hip Prosthesis 154 3.6.3.2 Dental Prostheses 155 3.6.3.3 Other Biomedical Applications 155 3.6.4 Chemical and Thermal Industries 155 3.6.4.1 Catalyst Supports 156 3.6.4.2 Heat Exchanger 156 3.6.5 Emerging Applications 156 Questions 157 References 158 4 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Zirconia 165Philippe Blanchart 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 World Reserves of Ores and Mining Industry 165 4.3 Metallurgy of Zirconia 167 4.3.1 Chlorination andThermal Decomposition 167 4.3.2 Alkaline Oxide Decomposition 168 4.3.3 Lime Fusion 168 4.3.4 Thermal Decomposition of Zircon in a Plasma 168 4.4 Properties of Zirconia 169 4.4.1 Monocrystal 169 4.4.2 Partially and Fully Stabilized Zirconia Powders 170 4.4.3 Binary System ZrO2–MgO 171 4.4.4 Binary System ZrO2–CaO 172 4.4.5 Binary System ZrO2–Y2O3 173 4.4.6 Binary system ZrO2–CeO2 174 4.5 Physical Properties of Zirconia 175 4.5.1 Dilatation Coefficient with Temperature 175 4.5.2 Ionic Conductivity 176 4.5.3 Mechanical Properties and Toughness 177 4.5.4 Corrosion Resistance inWater Environment 179 4.5.5 Zirconia Composite Ceramics 181 4.6 Ceramic Sintering 182 4.6.1 Zirconia Sintering 182 4.6.2 Sintering of Alumina–Zirconia Composite Ceramics: 186 4.7 Industrial Applications of Zirconia 189 4.7.1 Biomedical 189 4.7.2 Solid Electrolyte 194 4.7.3 Zirconia Sensor 197 4.7.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings 199 4.8 Future Trends of Zirconia Materials 204 Questions 206 References 206 5 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of YBa2Cu3O7−x 211Lech Paw³owski 5.1 Introduction 211 5.2 Phase Diagram 212 5.3 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7−x Powder Manufacturing 213 5.3.1 Reactive Sintering 214 5.3.2 Synthesis of Powder from Solutions 215 5.3.2.1 Sol–gel 215 5.3.2.2 Wet PrecipitationMethods 215 5.3.2.3 Freeze-dryingMethod 216 5.4 Superconductivity of YBa2Cu3O7−x 216 5.4.1 Fundamentals of Superconductivity 217 5.4.2 High-temperature Superconductors 220 5.5 Properties of YBCO 221 5.6 Methods of YBa2Cu3O7−x Functionalizing 221 5.6.1 Introduction 221 5.6.2 YBCO in 2D: Films and Coatings 221 5.6.2.1 Thin Films 222 5.6.2.2 Thick Coatings byThermal Spraying 229 5.6.3 YBCO in 3D 232 5.6.3.1 Manufacturing ofWires 235 5.6.3.2 Manufacturing of Discs, Rings and Parallelepipeds 235 5.7 Industrial Applications of YBa2Cu3O7−X 239 5.7.1 Superconducting Cables 239 5.7.2 Fault Current Limiter 242 5.7.3 Magnetic Levitation Devices 243 5.7.4 High-power Superconducting Synchronous Generators 244 5.7.5 Magnetic Energy Storage Systems 245 5.7.6 Superconducting Transformers 246 5.7.7 YBCO Superconductors for Magnets in Tokamak Devices 246 5.7.8 Other Applications 247 References 247 6 Extraction, Properties and Applications of Titania 255Philippe Blanchart 6.1 Introduction 255 6.2 World Reserves and Mining Industry 255 6.3 Structural Characteristics of Titania 259 6.3.1 Anatase 259 6.3.2 Rutile 259 6.3.3 Brookite 260 6.3.4 TiOx phases 261 6.3.5 Structural Transformation of Anatase to Rutile 261 6.3.6 Synthesis of TiO2 263 6.4 Properties of Titanium Dioxide 265 6.4.1 General Physical Properties 265 6.4.2 General Chemical Properties 265 6.4.3 Structural Properties 266 6.4.4 Defect Chemistry of TiO2 268 6.4.5 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Phases 269 6.4.6 Dielectric Properties vs. Microstructure of Ceramics 272 6.4.7 Dielectric Properties of TiO2 Films 274 6.4.8 TiO2 Sintering 276 6.4.9 TiO2 Coating Processing Methods 279 6.4.10 Optical Properties ofThin Films 282 6.4.11 Catalytic Properties 284 6.5 Industrial Applications of Titania 289 6.5.1 Titania Pigment 289 6.5.2 Industrial Uses of TiO2 Pigments 291 6.5.2.1 Vitreous Enamels on Steel and Aluminum 291 6.5.2.2 Paints 293 6.5.2.3 Paper 294 6.5.2.4 Textiles 295 6.5.3 Photocatalysts 296 6.6 Future Perspectives 300 6.6.1 Pigments 300 6.6.2 Photocatalysis 301 6.6.3 Solar Energy 302 6.6.4 TiO2 Nanotubes 302 Questions 303 References 303 7 Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Hydroxyapatite 311Lech Paw³owski 7.1 Introduction 311 7.2 Phase Diagram 311 7.3 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Powder Manufacturing 313 7.3.1 Solid-state Synthesis 315 7.3.2 Wet-route Methods 316 7.3.2.1 Wet PrecipitationMethod 317 7.3.2.2 Sol–Gel Method 317 7.3.2.3 HA Synthesis by Atomization 318 7.3.3 Powder Synthesis using Natural Precursors 320 7.3.4 Synthesis of Nanopowders 321 7.3.5 Composite Powder Synthesis 322 7.4 Properties of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 324 7.4.1 Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of HA 324 7.4.2 Mechanical Properties of HA 325 7.4.2.1 Single Crystals 326 7.4.2.2 Coatings 326 7.4.2.3 3D Objects 326 7.4.2.4 Electric Properties 328 7.4.3 Biochemical Properties 328 7.5 Methods of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 Functionalizing 330 7.5.1 Introduction 330 7.5.2 HA in 2D: Films and Coatings 330 7.5.2.1 Physical Methods of Film and Coatings Deposition 330 7.5.2.2 Chemical Methods of Film and Coating Deposition 336 7.5.3 HA in 3D 337 7.5.3.1 Conventional Sintering 337 7.5.3.2 Activated Sintering 338 7.6 Practical Applications of HA 340 7.6.1 Medical Applications 340 7.6.1.1 Hip Prostheses 340 7.6.1.2 Knee Prostheses 342 7.6.1.3 Dental Prostheses 343 7.6.1.4 Possible Future Applications 344 7.6.2 Catalysis 345 7.6.3 Biosensors 345 7.6.4 Other Possible Applications 345 Questions 345 References 346 Answers to Questions 353 Index 367

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Book SynopsisFLEXIBLE SUPERCAPACITORS Comprehensive coverage of the latest advancements in flexible supercapacitors In Flexible Supercapacitors: Materials and Applications, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the foundational principles and real-world applications of flexible supercapacitors. This edited volume includes contributions from leading scientists working in the field of flexible supercapacitors. The book systematically summarizes the most recent research in the area, and covers fundamental concepts of electrode materials and devices, including on-chip microsupercapacitors and fiber supercapacitors. The latest progress and advancements in stretchable supercapacitors and healable supercapacitors are also discussed, as are problems and challenges commonly encountered in the development of flexible supercapacitors. The book concludes with suggestions and fresh perspectives on future research in this rapidly dTable of ContentsPreface 1 Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors: Design, Progress and ChallengesDun Lin, Xiyue Zhang, and Xihong Lu 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Configurations of AFSCs Device 1.3 Progress of Flexible AFSCs 1.3.1 Sandwich-type AFSCs 1.3.2 Fiber-type ASCs 1.4 Summary 2 Stretchable SupercapacitorsLa Li and Guozhen Shen 2.1 Overview of Stretchable Supercapacitors 2.2 Fabrication of Stretchable Supercapacitors 2.2.1 Structures of Stretchable Fiber-shaped SCs 2.2.2 Planar Stretchable SCs 2.2.3 3D Stretchable SCs 2.3 Multifunctional Supercapacitor 2.3.1 Compressible SCs 2.3.2 Self-healable SCs 2.3.3 Stretchable Integrated System 2.3.4 Perspective 3 Fiber-shaped SupercapacitorsMengmeng Hu, Qingjiang Liu, Yao Liu, Jiaqi Wang, Jie Liu, Panpan Wang, Hua Wang, and Yan Huang Introduction 3.1 Structure of FSSCs 3.2 Electrolyte 3.3 Electrode 3.3.1 Carbon-based Materials 3.3.2 Conducting Polymers 3.3.3 Metal-based Materials 3.3.4 Mxenes 3.3.5 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 3.3.6 Polyoxometalates (POMs) 3.3.7. Black Phosphorus (BP) 3.4 Electrode Design of FSSCs 3.4.1 Metal-fiber Supported Electrode 3.4.2 Carbon Materials Based Fiber Supported Electrode 3.5 Functionalized FSSCs 3.5.1 Self-healable FSSCs 3.5.2 Stretchable FSSCs 3.5.3 Electrochromic FSSCs 3.5.4 Shape-memory FSSCs 3.5.5 Photodetectable FSSCs 3.6 Conclusion 4 Flexible Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors: Fabrication, Design, and ApplicationsMuhammad S. Javed, Peng Sun, Muhammad Imran, and Wenjie Mai 4.1 Introduction to Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.2 Emerging Techniques for the Fabrication of Fiber-shaped Electrodes 4.2.1 Wet spinning Method 4.2.2 Spray/Cast-coating Method 4.2.3 Hydrothermal Method 4.3 Structures and Design/Configuration of Fiver-shaped Electrodes 4.3.1 Parallel-fiber Electrodes 4.3.2 Twisted-fiber Electrodes 4.3.3 Coaxial-fiber Electrodes 4.3.4 Rolled-fiber Electrodes 4.4 Materials for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.4.1 Carbon-based Materials for FFSC 4.4.2 Metal Oxides and their Composite-based Materials for FFSC 4.5 Electrolytes for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.6 Performance evaluation Metrics for Fiber-shaped Supercapacitors 4.7 Applications 4.8 Conclusion and Future Prospectus 5 Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Ternary Metal Oxide (Sulfide, Selenide) NanostructuresQiufan Wang, Daohong Zhang, and Guozhen Shen 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Background of Electrochemical Capacitors 5.1.2 Performance Evaluation of SCs 5.2 Ternary Metal Oxide 5.2.1 1D Ternary Metal Oxide Nanostructural Electrodes 5.2.2 2D Ternary Metal Oxide Nanostructural Electrodes 5.2.3 3D Ternary Oxide Electrodes 5.2.4 Cire-shell Ternary Metal Oxide Composite Electrodes 5.3 Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.1 1D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.2 2D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.3 3D Metal Sulfide Electrodes 5.3.4 Metal Sulfide Composite Electrodes 5.4 Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.1 1D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.2 2D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.4.3 3D Metal Selenide Electrodes 5.5 Fiber-shaped SCs 5.6 Summary and Perspectives 6 Transition Metal oxide-based Electrode Materials for SupercapacitorsXiang Wu 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Co3O4 Electrode Materials 6.3 NiO Electrode Materials 6.4 Fe2O3 Electrode Materials 6.5 MnO2 Electrode Materials 6.6 V2O5 Electrode Materials 7 Three-Dimensional Nanoarrays for Flexible SupercapacitorsJing Xu 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fabrication of 3D Nanoarrays 7.2.1 Selection of substrates 7.2.2 Synthesis Methods of Flexible 3D Nanoarrays 7.3 Typical Structural Engineering of 3D Nanoarrays 7.3.1 Basic 3D Nanoarrays for Flexible Supercapacitors 7.3.2 Hybrid 3D Nanoarrays for Flexible Supercapacitors 7.4 Evaluation of Flexible Supercapacitors 7.4.1 Bending Deformation 7.4.2 Stretching Deformation 7.4.3 Twisting Deformation 7.5 Conclusion 8 Metal Oxides Nanoarray Electrodes for Flexible SupercapacitorsTing Meng and Cao Guan 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Synthesis Techniques of Metal Oxide Nanoarrays 8.2.1 Solution-based Route 8.2.2 Electrodeposition Growth 8.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 8.3 The Flexible Support Substrate for Loading Nanoarrays 8.3.1 3D Porous Graphene Foam 8.3.2 Carbon Cloth Current Collectors 8.3.3 Metal Conductive Substrates 8.4 The Geometry of Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.1 The 1D Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.2 The 2D Nanostructured Arrays 8.4.3 The Integration of 1D@2D Nanoarrays 8.5 Conclusions and Prospects 9 Printed Flexible SupercapacitorsYizhou Zhang and Wen-Yong Lai 9.1 Overview of Printed Flexible Supercapacitor 9.2 Devices Structure of Printed SCs 9.3 Printable Materials for SCs 9.3.1 Carbon-based Materials 9.3.2 Electrolytes 9.3.3 Flexible substrates 9.4 Fabrication of Flexible SCs Using Various Printing Methods 9.4.1 Inkjet Printing 9.4.2 Screen Printing 9.4.3 Transfer Printing 9.4.4 3D Printing 9.5 Printed Integrated System 9.6 Perspective 10 Printing Flexible On-chip Micro-SupercapacitorsGuozhen Shen 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Printable Materials for On-chip MSCs 10.2.1 Printable Electrode Materials 10.2.2 Printable Current Collector 10.2.3 Printable Electrolyte 10.3 Printing Techniques 10.3.1 Inkjet Printing 10.3.2 Spray Printing 10.3.3 Screen Printing 10.4 Summary 11 Recent advances of flexible micro-supercapacitorsZhiqiang Niu 11.1 Introduction 11.2 General Features of Flexible MSCs 11.3 Active Materials of Flexible MSCs 11.3.1 Graphene-based Materials 11.3.2 CNT-based Materials 11.3.3 Other Carbon-based Materials 11.3.4 Transition Metal Oxides and Hydroxides 11.3.5 MXenes 11.3.6 Conductive Polymer 11.4 Integration of Flexible MSCs 11.4.1 Flexible Self-charging MSCs 11.4.2 Flexible Self-powering MSCs 11.5 Flexible Smart MSCs 11.5.1 Flexible Self-healing MSCs 11.5.2 Flexible Electrochromic MSCs 11.5.3 Flexible Photodetectable MSCs 11.5.4 Flexible Thermoreversible Self-protecting MSCs 11.6 Summary and Prospects

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Book SynopsisSolitons in Optical Fiber Systems Discover a robust exploration of the main properties and behaviors of solitons in fiber systems In Solitons in Optical Fiber Systems, distinguished researcher Dr. Mário F. S. Ferreira delivers a thorough treatment of the main characteristics of solitons in optical fiber communication systems and fiber devices, paying special attention to stationary and pulsating dissipative soliton pulses. The book discusses the technical aspects associated with the physical background and the theoretical description of soliton characteristics under different conditions. The author employs numerical analyses and variational approaches to describe soliton evolution and describes the phenomenon of supercontinuum generation and various solitonic effects observed in highly nonlinear fibers, like photonic crystal fibers. Readers will learn about different applications of fiber solitons in transmission systems, fiber lasers, couplers, and pulse compression schemes, as well Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 References 5 2 Waves Called Solitons 9 2.1 Linear and Nonlinear Effects of a Wave 9 2.2 Solitary Waves and Solitons 11 2.3 Solitons in Optical Fibers 13 2.4 Dissipative Optical Solitons 15 References 16 3 Fiber Dispersion and Nonlinearity 19 3.1 Fiber Chromatic Dispersion 19 3.1.1 Gaussian Input Pulses 21 3.2 Fiber Nonlinearity 25 3.2.1 The Nonlinear Refractive Index 25 3.2.2 Relevance of Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 26 3.3 The Pulse Propagation Equation 28 3.3.1 The Normalized NLSE 29 3.3.2 Propagation in the Absence of Dispersion and Nonlinearity 30 3.3.3 Effect of Dispersion Only 30 3.3.4 Effect of Nonlinearity Only 32 References 33 4 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers 35 4.1 Self-Phase Modulation 35 4.1.1 Modulation Instability 39 4.2 Cross-Phase Modulation 40 4.3 Four-Wave Mixing 42 4.4 Stimulated Raman Scattering 45 4.5 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering 49 References 52 5 Optical Amplification 57 5.1 General Concepts on Optical Amplifiers 57 5.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 59 5.2.1 Two-Level Model 60 5.3 Fiber Raman Amplifiers 63 5.4 Fiber Parametric Amplifiers 68 5.5 Lumped versus Distributed Amplification 72 5.6 Parabolic Pulses 74 References 76 6 Solitons in Optical Fibers 81 6.1 The Fundamental Soliton Solution 81 6.2 Higher-Order Solitons 83 6.3 Soliton Units 86 6.4 Dark Solitons 87 6.5 Bistable Solitons 88 6.6 XPM-Paired Solitons 89 6.7 Optical Similaritons 90 6.8 Numerical Solution of the NLSE 92 6.9 The Variational Approach 94 6.10 The Method of Moments 97 References 98 7 Soliton Transmission Systems 101 7.1 Soliton Perturbation Theory 101 7.2 Effect of Fiber Losses 102 7.3 Soliton Amplification 103 7.3.1 Lumped Amplification 104 7.3.2 Distributed Amplification 105 7.4 Soliton Interaction 107 7.5 Timing Jitter 110 7.5.1 Gordon-Haus Jitter 110 7.5.2 Polarization-Mode Dispersion Jitter 113 7.5.3 Acoustic Jitter 113 7.5.4 Soliton Interaction Jitter 114 7.6 WDM Soliton Systems 114 7.6.1 Lossless Soliton Collisions 114 7.6.2 Soliton Collisions in Perturbed Fiber Spans 116 7.6.3 Timing Jitter 117 References 117 8 Soliton Transmission Control 121 8.1 Fixed-Frequency Filters 121 8.1.1 Control of Timing Jitter 122 8.1.2 Control of Soliton Interaction 123 8.1.3 Background Instability 125 8.2 Sliding-Frequency Filters 125 8.2.1 Evolution of Soliton Parameters 126 8.2.2 Control of Timing Jitter 129 8.2.3 Control of Soliton Interaction 131 8.3 Synchronous Modulators 132 8.4 Amplifiers with Nonlinear Gain 133 8.4.1 Stationary Solutions 134 8.4.2 Control of Soliton Interaction 137 References 139 9 Propagation of Ultrashort Solitons 141 9.1 Generalized NLSE 141 9.1.1 Third-Order Dispersion 142 9.1.2 Self-Steepening 143 9.1.3 Intrapulse Raman Scattering 144 9.2 Timing Jitter of Ultrashort Solitons 145 9.3 Bandwidth-Limited Amplification of Ultrashort Solitons 147 9.4 Transmission Control Using Nonlinear Gain 151 9.4.1 Stationary Solutions 151 9.4.2 Linear Stability Analysis 153 References 157 10 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 161 10.1 Dispersion Management 161 10.2 Characteristics of the Dispersion-Managed Soliton 163 10.3 The Variational Approach to DM Solitons 167 10.3.1 Generic Ansatz 167 10.3.2 Gaussian Pulses 168 10.3.3 Stationary Solutions 169 10.4 Interaction Between DM Solitons 170 10.5 The Gordon–Haus Effect for DM Solitons 172 10.6 Effects of a Spectral Filter 173 10.6.1 Timing Jitter Control 174 10.7 Effects of an Amplitude Modulator 175 10.8 WDM with DM Solitons 177 References 179 11 Polarization Effects 183 11.1 Fiber Birefringence and Polarization Mode Dispersion 183 11.1.1 PMD in Long Fiber Spans 185 11.1.2 PMD-Induced Pulse Broadening in Linear Systems 187 11.1.3 PMD Compensation 188 11.2 Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations 190 11.3 Solitons in Fibers with Constant Birefringence 191 11.4 Vector Solitons 195 11.5 Solitons in Fibers with Randomly Varying Birefringence 196 11.6 PMD-Induced Soliton Pulse Broadening 197 11.7 Dispersion-Managed Solitons and PMD 200 References 202 12 Stationary Dissipative Solitons 207 12.1 Balance Equations for the CGL Equation 207 12.2 Exact Analytical Solutions 210 12.2.1 Solutions of the Cubic CGLE 210 12.2.2 Solutions of the Quintic CGLE 212 12.3 Numerical Stationary Soliton Solutions 213 12.4 High-Energy Dissipative Solitons 216 12.5 Soliton Bound States 221 12.6 Impact of Higher-Order Effects 225 References 229 13 Pulsating Dissipative Solitons 233 13.1 Dynamic Models for CGLE Solitons 233 13.1.1 The Variational Approach 234 13.1.1.1 Sech Ansatz 235 13.1.1.2 Gaussian Ansatz 235 13.1.2 The Method of Moments 236 13.2 Plain Pulsating Solitons 238 13.2.1 Impact of Higher-Order Effects 239 13.3 Creeping Solitons 241 13.3.1 Impact of Higher-Order Effects 242 13.4 Chaotic Solitons 244 13.5 Erupting Solitons 247 13.5.1 Impact of Higher-Order Effects 251 13.5.2 Experimental Observation of Soliton Explosions 253 References 256 14 Soliton Fiber Lasers 259 14.1 The First Soliton Laser 259 14.2 Fundamentals of Fiber Soliton Lasers 260 14.3 Mode-Locking Techniques 262 14.3.1 Active Mode-Locking 262 14.3.2 Passive Mode-Locking 262 14.3.3 Nonlinear Optical Loop Mirrors 263 14.3.4 Figure-Eight Laser 264 14.3.5 Nonlinear Polarization Rotation 265 14.3.6 Hybrid Mode-Locking 265 14.4 High-Energy Soliton Fiber Lasers 266 14.5 Modeling of Soliton Fiber Lasers 268 14.6 Polarization Effects 272 14.7 Dissipative Soliton Molecules 273 14.8 Experimental Observation of Pulsating Solitons 274 References 279 15 Other Applications of Optical Solitons 285 15.1 All-Optical Switching 285 15.1.1 The Fiber Coupler 285 15.1.2 The Sagnac Interferometer 286 15.2 2R Optical Regeneration 288 15.3 Pulse Compression 290 15.3.1 Grating-Fiber Compression 290 15.3.2 Higher-Order Soliton-Effect Compression 291 15.3.3 Compression of Fundamental Solitons 293 15.3.4 Dissipative Soliton Compression 295 15.4 Solitons in Fiber Gratings 298 15.4.1 Pulse Compression Using Fiber Gratings 300 15.4.2 Fiber Bragg Solitons 302 References 305 16 Highly Nonlinear Optical Fibers 309 16.1 Highly Nonlinear Silica Fibers 309 16.1.1 Tapered Fibers 310 16.2 Microstructured Optical Fibers 311 16.3 Non-Silica Fibers 318 16.4 Soliton Fission and Dispersive Waves 320 16.5 Four-Wave Mixing 324 16.6 Hollow-Core Microstructured Fibers 325 References 332 17 Supercontinuum Generation 337 17.1 Pumping with Femtosecond Pulses 337 17.2 Modeling the Supercontinuum 341 17.3 Pumping with Picosecond Pulses 344 17.4 Continuous Wave Supercontinuum Generation 347 17.5 Mid-IR Supercontinuum Generation 350 17.6 Supercontinuum Coherence 352 17.6.1 Spectral Incoherent Solitons 354 17.7 Supercontinuum Generation in Hollow-Core Kagomé Fibers 356 References 365 Index 369

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part 1: Understanding Cloud Concepts 5 Chapter 1: Understanding the Cloud 7 Chapter 2: Embracing the Business Imperative 21 Part 2: Examining Architectural Considerations 31 Chapter 3: Architectural Considerations for the Cloud Environment 33 Chapter 4: Managing a Hybrid and Multicloud Environment 43 Chapter 5: Standards in a Multicloud World 59 Chapter 6: A Closer Look at Cloud Services 73 Part 3: Understanding Cloud Models 87 Chapter 7: Introducing All Types of Clouds 89 Chapter 8: Using Infrastructure as a Service 107 Chapter 9: Using Software as a Service 121 Chapter 10: Standing on Platform as a Service 135 Part 4: Managing in a Multicloud World 147 Chapter 11: Planning for DevOps in the Cloud 149 Chapter 12: Managing Multicloud Workloads 165 Chapter 13: Managing Data Storage in the Cloud 177 Part 5: Developing Your Cloud Strategy 189 Chapter 14: Managing and Integrating Data in the Cloud 191 Chapter 15: Promoting Cloud Security and Governance 207 Chapter 16: Breaking Down Cloud Economics 225 Chapter 17: Planning Your Cloud Strategy 241 Part 6: The Part of Tens 253 Chapter 18: Ten Cloud Resources 255 Chapter 19: Ten Cloud Do’s and Don’ts 261 Glossary 267 Index 281

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgment xiv Biographies xvi Preface to Second Edition xviii Preface to First Edition xx About the Companion Website xxii 1 Introduction to High-Performance Drives 1 1.1 Preliminary Remarks 1 1.2 General Overview of High-Performance Drives 6 1.3 Challenges and Requirements for Electric Drives for Industrial Applications 10 1.3.1 Power Quality and LC Resonance Suppression 11 1.3.2 Inverter Switching Frequency 12 1.3.3 Motor-Side Challenges 12 1.3.4 High dv/dt and Wave Reflection 12 1.3.5 Use of Inverter Output Filters 13 1.4 Wide Bandgap (WBG) Devices Applications in Electric Motor Drives 14 1.4.1 Industrial Prototype Using WBG 15 1.4.2 Major Challenges for WBG Devices for Electric Motor Drive Applications 15 1.5 Organization of the Book 16 References 19 2 Mathematical and Simulation Models of AC Machines 23 2.1 Preliminary Remarks 23 2.2 DC Motors 23 2.2.1 Separately Excited DC Motor Control 24 2.2.2 Series DC Motor Control 27 2.3 Squirrel Cage Induction Motor 28 2.3.1 Space Vector Representation 28 2.3.2 Clarke Transformation (ABC to αβ) 29 2.3.3 Park Transformation (αβ to dq) 32 2.3.4 Per Unit Model of Induction Motor 33 2.3.5 Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 36 2.4 Mathematical Model of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 39 2.4.1 Motor Model in dq Rotating Frame 40 2.4.2 Example of Motor Parameters for Simulation 42 2.4.3 PMSM Model in Per Unit System 42 2.4.4 PMSM Model in α − β (x − y)-Axis 44 2.5 Problems 45 References 45 3 Pulse-Width Modulation of Power Electronic DC–AC Converter 47Atif Iqbal, Arkadiusz Lewicki, and Marcin Morawiec 3.1 Preliminary Remarks 47 3.2 Classification of PWM Schemes for Voltage Source Inverters 48 3.3 Pulse-Width Modulated Inverters 49 3.3.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge Inverters 49 3.3.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge or H-Bridge Inverters 55 3.4 Three-Phase PWM Voltage Source Inverter 60 3.4.1 Carrier-Based Sinusoidal PWM 67 3.4.2 Third-Harmonic Injection Carrier-Based PWM 67 3.4.3 MATLAB/Simulink Model for Third-Harmonic Injection PWM 72 3.4.4 Carrier-Based PWM with Offset Addition 72 3.4.5 Space Vector PWM (SVPWM) 74 3.4.6 Discontinuous Space Vector PWM 79 3.4.7 MATLAB/Simulink Model for Space Vector PWM 84 3.4.8 Space Vector PWM in Overmodulation Region 93 3.4.9 MATLAB/Simulink Model to Implement Space Vector PWM in Overmodulation Regions 99 3.4.10 Harmonic Analysis 100 3.4.11 Artificial Neural Network-Based PWM 100 3.4.12 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Implementing ANN-Based SVPWM 103 3.5 Relationship Between Carrier-Based PWM and SVPWM 104 3.5.1 Modulating Signals and Space Vectors 105 3.5.2 Relationship Between Line-to-Line Voltages and Space Vectors 106 3.5.3 Modulating Signals and Space Vector Sectors 107 3.6 Low-Switching Frequency PWM 107 3.6.1 Types of Symmetries and Fourier Analysis 109 3.6.2 Selective Harmonics Elimination in a two-Level VSI 109 3.6.3 MATLAB Code 114 3.7 Multilevel Inverters 116 3.7.1 Neutral-Point-Clamped (Diode-Clamped) Multilevel Inverters 116 3.7.2 Flying Capacitor-Type Multilevel Inverter 120 3.7.3 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter 126 3.8 Space Vector Modulation and DC-Link Voltage Balancing in Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped Inverters 128 3.8.1 The Output Voltage of Three-Level NPC Inverter in the Case of the DC-Link Voltage Unbalance 128 3.8.2 The Space Vector PWM for NPC Inverters 134 3.8.3 MATLAB/Simulink of SVPWM 137 3.9 Space Vector PWM for Multilevel-Cascaded H-Bridge Converter with DC-Link Voltage Balancing 138 3.9.1 Control of a Multilevel CHB Converter 141 3.9.2 The Output Voltage of a Single H-Bridge 142 3.9.3 Three-Level CHB Inverter 143 3.9.4 The Space Vector Modulation for Three-Level CHB Inverter 145 3.9.5 The Space Vector Modulation for Multilevel CHB Inverter 149 3.9.6 MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of SVPWM 150 3.10 Impedance Source or Z-source Inverter 150 3.10.1 Circuit Analysis 154 3.10.2 Carrier-Based Simple Boost PWM Control of a Z-source Inverter 156 3.10.3 Carrier-Based Maximum Boost PWM Control of a Z-source Inverter 157 3.10.4 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Z-source Inverter 159 3.11 Quasi Impedance Source or qZSI Inverter 159 3.11.1 MATLAB/Simulink Model of qZ-source Inverter 164 3.12 Dead Time Effect in a Multiphase Inverter 164 3.13 Summary 169 Problems 169 References 170 4 Field-Oriented Control of AC Machines 177 4.1 Introduction 177 4.2 Induction Machines Control 178 4.2.1 Control of Induction Motor Using V/f Methods 178 4.2.2 Vector Control of Induction Motor 182 4.2.3 Direct and Indirect Field-Oriented Control 188 4.2.4 Rotor and Stator Flux Computation 188 4.2.5 Adaptive Flux Observers 189 4.2.6 Stator Flux Orientation 190 4.2.7 Field Weakening Control 191 4.3 Vector Control of Double Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 192 4.3.1 Introduction 192 4.3.2 Vector Control of DFIG Connected with the Grid (αβ Model) 194 4.3.3 Variables Transformation 194 4.3.4 Simulation Results 198 4.4 Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 198 4.4.1 Introduction 198 4.4.2 Vector Control of PMSM in dq Axis 200 4.4.3 Vector Control of PMSM in α−β Axis Using PI Controller 203 4.4.4 Scalar Control of PMSM 207 Exercises 208 Additional Tasks 208 Possible Tasks for DFIG 208 Questions 208 References 209 5 Direct Torque Control of AC Machines 211Truc Phamdinh 5.1 Preliminary Remarks 211 5.2 Basic Concept and Principles of DTC 212 5.2.1 Basic Concept 212 5.2.2 Principle of DTC 214 5.3 DTC of Induction Motor with Ideal Constant Machine Model 220 5.3.1 Ideal Constant Parameter Model of Induction Motors 220 5.3.2 Direct Torque Control Scheme 222 5.3.3 Speed Control with DTC 225 5.3.4 MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of Torque Control and Speed Control with DTC 225 5.4 DTC of Induction Motor with Consideration of Iron Loss 240 5.4.1 Induction Machine Model with Iron Loss Consideration 240 5.4.2 MATLAB/SIMULINK Simulation of the Effects of Iron Losses in Torque Control and Speed Control 243 5.4.3 Modified Direct Torque Control Scheme for Iron Loss Compensation 254 5.5 DTC of Induction Motor with Consideration of Both Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation 259 5.5.1 Induction Machine Model with Consideration of Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation 259 5.5.2 MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of Effects of Both Iron Losses and Magnetic Saturation in Torque Control and Speed Control 260 5.6 Modified Direct Torque Control of Induction Machine with Constant Switching Frequency 275 5.7 Direct Torque Control of Sinusoidal Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (SPMSM) 276 5.7.1 Introduction 276 5.7.2 Mathematical Model of Sinusoidal PMSM 276 5.7.3 Direct Torque Control Scheme of PMSM 278 5.7.4 MATLAB/Simulink Simulation of SPMSM with DTC 278 References 296 6 Nonlinear Control of Electrical Machines Using Nonlinear Feedback 299Zbigniew Krzeminski and Haitham Abu-Rub 6.1 Introduction 299 6.2 Dynamic System Linearization Using Nonlinear Feedback 300 6.3 Nonlinear Control of Separately Excited DC Motors 301 6.3.1 MATLAB/Simulink Nonlinear Control Model 303 6.3.2 Nonlinear Control Systems 303 6.3.3 Speed Controller 304 6.3.4 Controller for Variable m 304 6.3.5 Field Current Controller 306 6.3.6 Simulation Results 306 6.4 Multiscalar Model (MM) of Induction Motor 306 6.4.1 Multiscalar Variables 307 6.4.2 Nonlinear Linearization of Induction Motor Fed by Voltage Controlled VSI 308 6.4.3 Design of System Control 310 6.4.4 Nonlinear Linearization of Induction Motor Fed by Current Controlled VSI 311 6.4.5 Stator-Oriented Nonlinear Control System (based on Ψs, is) 314 6.4.6 Rotor–Stator Fluxes-Based Model 315 6.4.7 Stator-Oriented Multiscalar Model 316 6.4.8 Multiscalar Control of Induction Motor 318 6.4.9 Induction Motor Model 319 6.4.10 State Transformations 320 6.4.11 Decoupled IM Model 321 6.5 MM of Double-Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) 322 6.6 Nonlinear Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 325 6.6.1 Nonlinear Control of PMSM for a dq Motor Model 327 6.6.2 Nonlinear Vector Control of PMSM in α−β Axis 329 6.6.3 PMSM Model in α−β (x−y) Axis 329 6.6.4 Transformations 329 6.6.5 Control System 333 6.6.6 Simulation Results 334 6.7 Problems 334 References 334 7 Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive System 337 7.1 Preliminary Remarks 337 7.2 Advantages and Applications of Multiphase Drives 338 7.3 Modeling and Simulation of a Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive 339 7.3.1 Five-Phase Induction Motor Model 339 7.3.2 Five-Phase Two-Level Voltage Source Inverter Model 345 7.3.3 PWM Schemes of a Five-Phase VSI 380 7.4 Direct Rotor Field-Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor 396 7.4.1 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Field-Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Machine 398 7.5 Field-Oriented Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor with Current Control in the Synchronous Reference Frame 402 7.6 Direct Torque Control of a Five-Phase Induction Motor 404 7.6.1 Control of Inverter Switches Using DTC Technique 404 7.6.2 Virtual Vector for Five-Phase Two-Level Inverter 405 7.7 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 420 7.7.1 MPC Applied to a Five-Phase Two-Level VSI 421 7.7.2 MATLAB/Simulink of MPC for Five-Phase VSI 422 7.7.3 Using Eleven Vectors with γ = 0 423 7.7.4 Using Eleven Vectors with γ = 1 425 7.8 Summary 426 7.9 Problems 426 References 427 8 Sensorless Speed Control of AC Machines 433 8.1 Preliminary Remarks 433 8.2 Sensorless Control of Induction Motor 433 8.2.1 Speed Estimation Using Open-Loop Model and Slip Computation 434 8.2.2 Closed-Loop Observers 434 8.2.3 MRAS (Closed-Loop) Speed Estimator 443 8.2.4 The Use of Power Measurements 446 8.3 Sensorless Control of PMSM 448 8.3.1 Control System of PMSM 450 8.3.2 Adaptive Backstepping Observer 450 8.3.3 Model Reference Adaptive System for PMSM 452 8.3.4 Simulation Results 454 8.4 MRAS-Based Sensorless Control of Five-Phase Induction Motor Drive 454 8.4.1 MRAS-Based Speed Estimator 458 8.4.2 Simulation Results 460 References 464 9 Selected Problems of Induction Motor Drives with Voltage Inverter and Inverter Output Filters 469 9.1 Drives and Filters – Overview 469 9.2 Three-Phase to Two-Phase Transformations 471 9.3 Voltage and Current Common Mode Component 473 9.3.1 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Induction Motor Drive with PWM Inverter and Common Mode Voltage 474 9.4 Induction Motor Common Mode Circuit 477 9.5 Bearing Current Types and Reduction Methods 478 9.5.1 Common Mode Choke 480 9.5.2 Common Mode Transformers 482 9.5.3 Common Mode Voltage Reduction by PWM Modifications 483 9.6 Inverter Output Filters 489 9.6.1 Selected Structures of Inverter Output Filters 489 9.6.2 Inverter Output Filters Design 494 9.6.3 Motor Choke 503 9.6.4 MATLAB/Simulink Model of Induction Motor Drive with PWM Inverter and Differential Mode LC Filter 506 9.7 Estimation Problems in the Drive with Filters 509 9.7.1 Introduction 509 9.7.2 Speed Observer with Disturbances Model 511 9.7.3 Simple Observer Based on Motor Stator Models 514 9.8 Motor Control Problems in the Drive with Filters 516 9.8.1 Introduction 516 9.8.2 Field-Oriented Control 518 9.8.3 Nonlinear Field-Oriented Control 522 9.8.4 Nonlinear Multiscalar Control 526 9.9 Predictive Current Control in the Drive System with Output Filter 530 9.9.1 Control System 530 9.9.2 Predictive Current Controller 534 9.9.3 EMF Estimation Technique 536 9.10 Problems 541 Questions 544 References 545 10 Medium Voltage Drives – Challenges and Trends 549Haitham Abu-Rub, Sertac Bayhan, Shaikh Moinoddin, Mariusz Malinowski, and Jaroslaw Guzinski 10.1 Introduction 549 10.2 Medium Voltage Drive Topologies 551 10.3 Challenges and Requirements of MV Drives 561 10.3.1 Power Quality and LC Resonance Suppression 561 10.3.2 Inverter Switching Frequency 561 10.3.3 Motor Side Challenges 562 10.4 Summary 569 References 569 11 Current Source Inverter Fed Drive 575Marcin Morawiec and Arkadiusz Lewicki 11.1 Introduction 575 11.2 Current Source Inverter Structure 576 11.3 Pulse Width Modulation of Current Source Inverter 578 11.4 Mathematical Model of the Current Source Inverter Fed Drive 582 11.5 Control System of an Induction Machine Supplied by a Current Source Inverter 583 11.5.1 Open-Loop Control 583 11.5.2 Direct Field Control of Induction Machine 584 11.6 Control System Model in Matlab/Simulink 587 References 591 Index 593

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Book SynopsisSMART HYBRID AC/DC MICROGRIDS Addresses the technical aspects and implementation challenges of smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids: Power Management, Energy Management, and Power Quality Control provides comprehensive coverage of interconnected smart hybrid microgrids, their different structures, and the technical issues associated with their control and implementation in the next generation of smart grids. This authoritative single-volume resource addresses smart hybrid microgrids power management, energy management, communications, power converter control, power quality, renewable generation integration, energy storage, and more. The book contains both basic and advanced technical information about smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids, featuring a detailed discussion of microgrid structures, communication technologies, and various configurations of interfacing power converters and control strategies. Numerous case studies highlight effTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xiii Preface xv Part I Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids 1 1 Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids 3 1.1 Introduction to Microgrids 3 1.1.1 Concept of Microgrids 3 1.1.2 Development of Microgrids 4 1.1.3 Features of Modern Microgrids 6 1.2 Smart Hybrid Microgrid Configurations 8 1.2.1 AC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 8 1.2.2 DC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 9 1.2.3 AC/DC-Coupled Hybrid Microgrid 10 1.2.4 Examples of Hybrid Microgrids 11 1.3 Smart Hybrid Microgrid Operations 14 1.3.1 Distributed Generation and Energy Storage Systems 14 1.3.2 Smart Interfacing Converters 16 1.3.3 Cyber Systems 16 1.3.4 Power Management and Energy Management Systems 17 1.3.5 Power Quality 17 1.4 Outline of the Book 18 References 20 2 Renewable Energy, Energy Storage, and Smart Interfacing Power Converters 21 2.1 Renewable-based Generation 21 2.1.1 Photovoltaic (PV) Power Systems 21 2.1.2 Wind Power Systems 29 2.2 Energy Storage Systems 37 2.2.1 Battery Energy Storage System 38 2.2.2 Flywheel Energy Storage System 43 2.2.3 Superconducting Magnet Energy Storage System 44 2.2.4 Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Energy Storage 45 2.3 Integration of Renewable Energy and Energy Storage 49 2.3.1 Structure of Smart Interfacing Converters (IFCs) 49 2.3.2 Operation and Coordination 52 2.4 Summary 54 References 54 3 Smart Microgrid Communications 55 3.1 Introduction 55 3.2 Communication Technique for Smart Microgrids 57 3.2.1 Basic Concepts of Communication Systems 57 3.2.2 Structures of Communication Networks in Smart Microgrids 59 3.2.3 Requirements of Communication in Smart Microgrids 61 3.2.4 Wired Communication Technologies in a Microgrid 62 3.2.5 Wireless Communication Technologies 65 3.3 Standards and Protocols in Smart Microgrids 67 3.3.1 Standards and Protocols for General Communication 67 3.3.2 Standards and Protocols for Substation Automation 70 3.3.3 Standards and Protocols for Control Center and Wide Area Monitoring 71 3.3.4 Standards and Protocols for Distributed Generation and Demand Response 72 3.3.5 Standards and Protocols for Metering 73 3.3.6 Standards and Protocols for Electric Vehicle Charging 74 3.4 Network Cyber-security 75 3.5 Summary 78 References 78 Part II Power Management Systems (PMSs) and Energy Management Systems (EMSs) 81 4 Smart Interfacing Power Electronics Converter Control 83 4.1 Primary Control of Power Electronics Converters 83 4.1.1 Basic Control Techniques in Power Converters 84 4.1.2 Current Control Method 90 4.1.3 Voltage Control Method 92 4.2 Virtual Impedance Control of Power Electronic Converters 93 4.2.1 Internal Virtual Impedance 94 4.2.2 External Virtual Impedance 96 4.2.3 Integration of both Internal and External Virtual Impedance 97 4.3 Droop Control of Power Electronics Converters 99 4.3.1 Frequency and Voltage Droop Control in an AC Subgrid 99 4.3.2 Voltage Droop Control in DC Subgrids 102 4.3.3 Unified Droop for Interlinking AC and DC Subgrids 102 4.3.4 Challenges of Droop Control and Solutions 105 4.4 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) Control of Interfacing Power Electronics Converters 110 4.4.1 Principles of VSG Control 111 4.4.2 Implementation of VSG Control 112 4.4.3 Relationship Between Droop Control and VSG Control 115 4.5 Unified Control of Power Electronics Converters 116 4.6 Summary 118 References 118 5 Power Management System (PMS) in Smart Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids 121 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Hierarchical Control of Hybrid Microgrids 122 5.3 Power Management Systems (PMSs) in Different Structures of Hybrid Microgrids 125 5.3.1 PMS of an AC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 125 5.3.2 PMS of a DC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 128 5.3.3 PMS of an AC-DC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 130 5.4 Power Management Strategies During Transitions and Different Loading Conditions 133 5.4.1 PMS During Transition Between Grid-Connected and Islanding Operation Modes 133 5.4.2 Power Management Strategies Under Different Loading Conditions 137 5.5 Implemented Examples of Power Management Systems in Hybrid Microgrids 137 5.5.1 PMS Example of an AC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 137 5.5.2 PMS Example of a DC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 140 5.5.3 PMS Example of an AC-DC-coupled Hybrid Microgrid 143 5.6 Black Start in Hybrid Microgrids 146 5.6.1 General Requirements of Black Start in Microgrids 147 5.6.2 Microgrid Black Start Scheme 147 5.6.3 Main Issues and Related Measures of Black Starts in Microgrids 152 5.7 Summary 153 References 153 6 Energy Management System (EMS) in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 155 6.1 Energy Management in Hierarchical Control of Microgrids 155 6.1.1 Hierarchical Control 155 6.1.2 Energy Management System 157 6.1.3 Communications in an Energy Management System 162 6.2 Multi-agent Control Strategy of Microgrids 162 6.3 Advance Distribution Management Systems (ADMSs) in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 165 6.3.1 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) 165 6.3.2 Geographic Information Systems (GISs) 167 6.3.3 Distribution Management System (DMS) 167 6.3.4 Automated Meter Reading/Automatic Metering Infrastructure (amr/ami) 168 6.3.5 Outage Management Systems (OMSs) 168 6.3.6 Distributed Energy Resource Management System (DERMS) 169 6.4 Cyber-security in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 170 6.4.1 Different Types of Cyber-security Violations 170 6.4.2 Impacts of Cyber-security Violations on Smart Microgrids 172 6.4.3 Construction of Cyber-security Violations in Smart Microgrids 173 6.4.4 Defensive Strategies Against Cyber-attacks 174 6.4.5 Case Study Example: Cyber-security Violations in Power Electronics-intensive DC Microgrids 176 6.4.6 Future Trends of Microgrid Cyber-security 181 6.5 Summary 182 References 182 Part III Power Quality Issues and Control in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 185 7 Overview of Power Quality in Microgrids 187 7.1 Introduction 187 7.2 Classification of Power Quality Disturbances 188 7.2.1 Transients 188 7.2.2 Short Duration Variations 189 7.2.3 Long Duration Variations 191 7.2.4 Voltage Fluctuations 191 7.2.5 Voltage Imbalance 191 7.2.6 Power Frequency Variations 192 7.2.7 Waveform Distortion 192 7.3 Overview of Power Quality Standards 193 7.4 Mitigation Techniques of Power Quality Problems 198 7.4.1 Passive Mitigation Solutions 198 7.4.2 Active Mitigation Solutions 202 7.5 Power Quality Issues and Compensation in Microgrids 210 7.5.1 Power Quality Issues in an AC Microgrid 210 7.5.2 Power Quality in a Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid 213 7.6 Summary 216 References 216 8 Smart Microgrid Control During Grid Disturbances 219 8.1 Introduction 219 8.2 Islanding Detection 220 8.2.1 Local Islanding Detection Methods 221 8.2.2 Remote Islanding Detection Methods 225 8.2.3 Signal Processing Techniques Used in Islanding Detection 226 8.2.4 Intelligent Techniques Used in Islanding Detection 227 8.3 Fault Ride-through Capability 228 8.3.1 Fault Ride-through Requirement 229 8.3.2 Ride-through Enhancement 232 8.4 Fault Current Contribution and Protection Coordination 240 8.4.1 Impact of DG on Fuse-recloser Coordination 241 8.4.2 Impact of Reactive Power Injection on Fuse-recloser Coordination 244 8.4.3 Example of Inverter Current Control Strategy under RT 245 8.5 Summary 250 References 250 9 Unbalanced Voltage Compensation in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 253 9.1 Introduction 253 9.2 Control of Individual Three-phase IFCs for Unbalanced Voltage Compensation 254 9.2.1 Three-phase IFC Model under Unbalanced Voltage 255 9.2.2 Control of Unbalanced Voltage Adverse Effects on IFC Operation 259 9.2.3 Adjustable Unbalanced Voltage Compensation with IFC Active Power Oscillation Minimization 260 9.3 Control of Parallel Three-phase IFCs for Unbalance Voltage Compensation 262 9.3.1 Parallel Three-phase IFCs Model under Unbalanced Voltage 263 9.3.2 Parallel Three-phase IFCs Control under Unbalanced Voltage: Redundant IFC for ΔP Cancelation 267 9.3.3 Parallel Three-phase IFCs Control under Unbalanced Voltage: All Parallel IFCs Participate in ΔP Cancelation 271 9.4 Control of Single-phase IFCs for Three-phase System Unbalanced Voltage Compensation 276 9.4.1 System Model with Embedded Single-phase IFCs under Three-phase Unbalanced Voltage 276 9.4.2 Reactive Power Control of Single-phase IFCs for Three-phase AC Subgrid Unbalanced Voltage Compensation 280 9.5 Summary 288 References 289 10 Harmonic Compensation Control in Smart Hybrid Microgrids 291 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Control of Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonic Compensation in AC Subgrids 292 10.2.1 Harmonics Compensation with the Current Control Method (CCM) 296 10.2.2 Harmonics Compensation with the Voltage Control Method (VCM) 298 10.2.3 Harmonics Compensation with the Hybrid Control Method (HCM) 301 10.2.4 Comparison of Harmonics Compensation with the CCM, the VCM, and the HCM 305 10.3 Control of Low-switching Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation in an AC Subgrid 308 10.3.1 Low-switching Interfacing Converters Sampling Methods 309 10.3.2 Control of Low-switching IFCs for Harmonics Compensation with Feed-forward Strategy 311 10.4 Control of Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid 317 10.4.1 Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid Using DC/AC Interlinking Power Converters 319 10.4.2 Harmonics Compensation in a DC Subgrid Using DC/DC Interfacing Power Converters 320 10.5 Coordinated Control of Multiple Interfacing Power Converters for Harmonics Compensation 321 10.5.1 Autonomous Harmonic Control 322 10.5.2 Supervisory Harmonic Control 322 10.6 Summary 329 References 329 A Instantaneous Power Theory from Three-phase and Single-phase System Perspectives 331 A. 1 Introduction 331 A. 2 Principles of Instantaneous Power Theory 331 A. 3 Power Control Using Instantaneous Power Theory from a Three-phase System Perspective 333 A.3. 1 Reference Current Focusing on Unbalanced Condition Compensation 333 A.3. 2 Reference Current Focusing on Active and Reactive Power Oscillation Cancelation 335 A. 4 Power Control Using Instantaneous Power Theory from a Single-phase System Perspective 336 A. 5 Discussion 338 A.5. 1 Example 1: Only Positive Sequence Active Current Injection 338 A.5. 2 Example 2: Only Negative Sequence Active Current Injection 340 A. 6 Summary 340 References 341 B Peak Current of Interfacing Power Converters Under Unbalanced Voltage 343 B.1 Introduction 343 B.2 Peak Currents of Interfacing Converters 343 B.2.1 Individual Interfacing Converters 343 B.2.2 Parallel Interfacing Converters 346 B.3 Maximizing Power/Current Transfer Capability of Interfacing Converters 348 B.3.1 Individual IFCs Peak Currents in the Same Phase as the Collective Peak Current of Parallel IFCs 350 B.3.2 Individual IFCs Peak Currents In-phase with the Collective Peak Current of Parallel IFCs 357 B. 4 Summary 358 References 358 C case Study System Parameters 359 Index 367

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 Introduction To Microelectronics 1 1.1 Electronics Versus Microelectronics 1 1.2 Examples of Electronic Systems 2 1.2.1 Cellular Telephone 2 1.2.2 Digital Camera 5 1.2.3 Analog Versus Digital 7 1.3 Basic Concepts 8 1.3.1 Analog and Digital Signals 8 1.3.2 Analog Circuits 10 1.3.3 Digital Circuits 11 1.3.4 Basic Circuit Theorems 12 1.4 Chapter Summary 20 2 Basic Physics Of Semiconductors 21 2.1 Semiconductor Materials and Their Properties 22 2.1.1 Charge Carriers in Solids 22 2.1.2 Modification of Carrier Densities 25 2.1.3 Transport of Carriers 28 2.2 pn Junction 35 2.2.1 pn Junction in Equilibrium 36 2.2.2 pn Junction Under Reverse Bias 41 2.2.3 pn Junction Under Forward Bias 46 2.2.4 I/V Characteristics 49 2.3 Reverse Breakdown 54 2.3.1 Zener Breakdown 55 2.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown 55 2.4 Chapter Summary 56 Problems 57 SPICE Problems 60 3 Diode Models and Circuits 61 3.1 Ideal Diode 62 3.1.1 Initial Thoughts 62 3.1.2 Ideal Diode 63 3.1.3 Application Examples 67 3.2 pn Junction as a Diode 72 3.3 Additional Examples 74 3.4 Large-Signal and Small-Signal Operation 80 3.5 Applications of Diodes 89 3.5.1 Half-Wave and Full-Wave Rectifiers 89 3.5.2 Voltage Regulation 100 3.5.3 Limiting Circuits 103 3.5.4 Voltage Doublers 106 3.5.5 Diodes as Level Shifters and Switches 112 3.6 Chapter Summary 114 Problems 115 SPICE Problems 122 4 Physics of Bipolar Transistors 124 4.1 General Considerations 125 4.2 Structure of Bipolar Transistor 126 4.3 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Active Mode 127 4.3.1 Collector Current 129 4.3.2 Base and Emitter Currents 133 4.4 Bipolar Transistor Models and Characteristics 135 4.4.1 Large-Signal Model 135 4.4.2 I/V Characteristics 137 4.4.3 Concept of Transconductance 139 4.4.4 Small-Signal Model 141 4.4.5 Early Effect 145 4.5 Operation of Bipolar Transistor in Saturation Mode 152 4.6 The PNP Transistor 155 4.6.1 Structure and Operation 155 4.6.2 Large-Signal Model 156 4.6.3 Small-Signal Model 159 4.7 Chapter Summary 162 Problems 163 SPICE Problems 170 5 Bipolar Amplifiers 172 5.1 General Considerations 173 5.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 173 5.1.2 Biasing 178 5.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 178 5.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 180 5.2.1 Simple Biasing 181 5.2.2 Resistive Divider Biasing 183 5.2.3 Biasing with Emitter Degeneration 186 5.2.4 Self-Biased Stage 190 5.2.5 Biasing of PNP Transistors 192 5.3 Bipolar Amplifier Topologies 196 5.3.1 Common-Emitter Topology 197 5.3.2 Common-Base Topology 224 5.3.3 Emitter Follower 238 5.4 Summary and Additional Examples 246 5.5 Chapter Summary 253 Problems 253 SPICE Problems 267 6 Physics of Mos Transistors 269 6.1 Structure of MOSFET 270 6.2 Operation of MOSFET 272 6.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 272 6.2.2 Derivation of I-V Characteristics 279 6.2.3 Channel-Length Modulation 288 6.2.4 MOS Transconductance 290 6.2.5 Velocity Saturation 292 6.2.6 Other Second-Order Effects 292 6.3 MOS Device Models 293 6.3.1 Large-Signal Model 293 6.3.2 Small-Signal Model 295 6.4 PMOS Transistor 296 6.5 CMOS Technology 299 6.6 Comparison of Bipolar and MOS Devices 300 6.7 Chapter Summary 300 Problems 301 SPICE Problems 308 7 Cmos Amplifiers 309 7.1 General Considerations 310 7.1.1 MOS Amplifier Topologies 310 7.1.2 Biasing 310 7.1.3 Realization of Current Sources 313 7.2 Common-Source Stage 315 7.2.1 CS Core 315 7.2.2 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 318 7.2.3 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 319 7.2.4 CS Stage with Degeneration 320 7.2.5 CS Core with Biasing 323 7.3 Common-Gate Stage 325 7.3.1 CG Stage with Biasing 329 7.4 Source Follower 331 7.4.1 Source Follower Core 331 7.4.2 Source Follower with Biasing 333 7.5 Summary and Additional Examples 336 7.6 Chapter Summary 340 Problems 341 SPICE Problems 353 8 Operational Amplifier As a Black Box 355 8.1 General Considerations 356 8.2 Op-Amp-Based Circuits 358 8.2.1 Noninverting Amplifier 358 8.2.2 Inverting Amplifier 360 8.2.3 Integrator and Differentiator 363 8.2.4 Voltage Adder 371 8.3 Nonlinear Functions 373 8.3.1 Precision Rectifier 373 8.3.2 Logarithmic Amplifier 374 8.3.3 Square-Root Amplifier 375 8.4 Op Amp Nonidealities 376 8.4.1 DC Offsets 376 8.4.2 Input Bias Current 379 8.4.3 Speed Limitations 382 8.4.4 Finite Input and Output Impedances 387 8.5 Design Examples 388 8.6 Chapter Summary 390 Problems 391 SPICE Problems 397 9 Cascode Stages and Current Mirrors 398 9.1 Cascode Stage 399 9.1.1 Cascode as a Current Source 399 9.1.2 Cascode as an Amplifier 405 9.2 Current Mirrors 414 9.2.1 Initial Thoughts 414 9.2.2 Bipolar Current Mirror 416 9.2.3 MOS Current Mirror 425 9.3 Chapter Summary 429 Problems 430 SPICE Problems 441 10 Differential Amplifiers 443 10.1 General Considerations 444 10.1.1 Initial Thoughts 444 10.1.2 Differential Signals 446 10.1.3 Differential Pair 449 10.2 Bipolar Differential Pair 452 10.2.1 Qualitative Analysis 452 10.2.2 Large-Signal Analysis 458 10.2.3 Small-Signal Analysis 463 10.3 MOS Differential Pair 469 10.3.1 Qualitative Analysis 469 10.3.2 Large-Signal Analysis 473 10.3.3 Small-Signal Analysis 478 10.4 Cascode Differential Amplifiers 481 10.5 Common-Mode Rejection 485 10.6 Differential Pair with Active Load 489 10.6.1 Qualitative Analysis 490 10.6.2 Quantitative Analysis 492 10.7 Chapter Summary 496 Problems 497 SPICE Problems 509 11 Frequency Response 511 11.1 Fundamental Concepts 512 11.1.1 General Considerations 512 11.1.2 Relationship Between Transfer Function and Frequency Response 515 11.1.3 Bode’s Rules 518 11.1.4 Association of Poles with Nodes 519 11.1.5 Miller’s Theorem 521 11.1.6 General Frequency Response 525 11.2 High-Frequency Models of Transistors 529 11.2.1 High-Frequency Model of Bipolar Transistor 529 11.2.2 High-Frequency Model of Mosfet 531 11.2.3 Transit Frequency 532 11.3 Analysis Procedure 534 11.4 Frequency Response of CE and CS Stages 535 11.4.1 Low-Frequency Response 535 11.4.2 High-Frequency Response 536 11.4.3 Use of Miller’s Theorem 537 11.4.4 Direct Analysis 539 11.4.5 Input Impedance 543 11.5 Frequency Response of CB and CG Stages 544 11.5.1 Low-Frequency Response 544 11.5.2 High-Frequency Response 544 11.6 Frequency Response of Followers 547 11.6.1 Input and Output Impedances 550 11.7 Frequency Response of Cascode Stage 553 11.7.1 Input and Output Impedances 557 11.8 Frequency Response of Differential Pairs 558 11.8.1 Common-Mode Frequency Response 559 11.9 Additional Examples 561 11.10 Chapter Summary 564 Problems 565 SPICE Problems 573 12 Feedback 575 12.1 General Considerations 577 12.1.1 Loop Gain 579 12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 582 12.2.1 Gain Desensitization 582 12.2.2 Bandwidth Extension 584 12.2.3 Modification of I/O Impedances 586 12.2.4 Linearity Improvement 589 12.3 Types of Amplifiers 591 12.3.1 Simple Amplifier Models 591 12.3.2 Examples of Amplifier Types 593 12.4 Sense and Return Techniques 595 12.5 Polarity of Feedback 598 12.6 Feedback Topologies 600 12.6.1 Voltage–Voltage Feedback 600 12.6.2 Voltage–Current Feedback 605 12.6.3 Current–Voltage Feedback 608 12.6.4 Current–Current Feedback 613 12.7 Effect of Nonideal I/O Impedances 616 12.7.1 Inclusion of I/O Effects 617 12.8 Stability in Feedback Systems 628 12.8.1 Review of Bode’s Rules 629 12.8.2 Problem of Instability 630 12.8.3 Stability Condition 633 12.8.4 Phase Margin 636 12.8.5 Frequency Compensation 638 12.8.6 Miller Compensation 641 12.9 Chapter Summary 642 Problems 643 SPICE Problems 654 13 Oscillators 656 13.1 General Considerations 656 13.2 Ring Oscillators 659 13.3 LC Oscillators 664 13.3.1 Parallel LC Tanks 664 13.3.2 Cross-Coupled Oscillator 667 13.3.3 Colpitts Oscillator 670 13.4 Phase Shift Oscillator 672 13.5 Wien-Bridge Oscillator 675 13.6 Crystal Oscillators 677 13.6.1 Crystal Model 678 13.6.2 Negative-Resistance Circuit 679 13.6.3 Crystal Oscillator Implementation 681 13.7 Chapter Summary 683 Problems 684 SPICE Problems 688 14 Output Stages and Power Amplifiers 690 14.1 General Considerations 690 14.2 Emitter Follower as Power Amplifier 691 14.3 Push-Pull Stage 694 14.4 Improved Push-Pull Stage 697 14.4.1 Reduction of Crossover Distortion 697 14.4.2 Addition of CE Stage 701 14.5 Large-Signal Considerations 704 14.5.1 Biasing Issues 704 14.5.2 Omission of PNP Power Transistor 705 14.5.3 High-Fidelity Design 708 14.6 Short-Circuit Protection 708 14.7 Heat Dissipation 709 14.7.1 Emitter Follower Power Rating 710 14.7.2 Push-Pull Stage Power Rating 711 14.7.3 Thermal Runaway 713 14.8 Efficiency 714 14.8.1 Efficiency of Emitter Follower 714 14.8.2 Efficiency of Push-Pull Stage 715 14.9 Power Amplifier Classes 716 14.10 Chapter Summary 717 Problems 718 SPICE Problems 723 15 Analog Filters 725 15.1 General Considerations 725 15.1.1 Filter Characteristics 726 15.1.2 Classification of Filters 727 15.1.3 Filter Transfer Function 730 15.1.4 Problem of Sensitivity 734 15.2 First-Order Filters 735 15.3 Second-Order Filters 738 15.3.1 Special Cases 738 15.3.2 RLC Realizations 742 15.4 Active Filters 747 15.4.1 Sallen and Key Filter 747 15.4.2 Integrator-Based Biquads 753 15.4.3 Biquads Using Simulated Inductors 756 15.5 Approximation of Filter Response 761 15.5.1 Butterworth Response 762 15.5.2 Chebyshev Response 766 15.6 Chapter Summary 771 Problems 772 SPICE Problems 776 16 Digital Cmos Circuits 778 16.1 General Considerations 778 16.1.1 Static Characterization of Gates 779 16.1.2 Dynamic Characterization of Gates 786 16.1.3 Power-Speed Trade-Off 789 16.2 CMOS Inverter 791 16.2.1 Initial Thoughts 791 16.2.2 Voltage Transfer Characteristic 793 16.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics 799 16.2.4 Power Dissipation 804 16.3 CMOS NOR and NAND Gates 808 16.3.1 NOR Gate 808 16.3.2 NAND Gate 811 16.4 Chapter Summary 812 Problems 813 SPICE Problems 818 17 Cmos Amplifiers 819 17.1 General Considerations 819 17.1.1 Input and Output Impedances 820 17.1.2 Biasing 824 17.1.3 DC and Small-Signal Analysis 825 17.2 Operating Point Analysis and Design 826 17.2.1 Simple Biasing 828 17.2.2 Biasing with Source Degeneration 830 17.2.3 Self-Biased Stage 833 17.2.4 Biasing of PMOS Transistors 834 17.2.5 Realization of Current Sources 835 17.3 CMOS Amplifier Topologies 836 17.4 Common-Source Topology 837 17.4.1 CS Stage with Current-Source Load 842 17.4.2 CS Stage with Diode- Connected Load 843 17.4.3 CS Stage with Source Degeneration 844 17.4.4 Common-Gate Topology 856 17.4.5 Source Follower 867 17.5 Additional Examples 874 17.6 Chapter Summary 878 Problems 879 SPICE Problems 891 Appendix A Introduction To Spice A- 1 Index I- 1

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