Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisIntroduces the physical principles and operational characteristics of high speed semiconductor devices. Intended for use by advanced students as well as professional engineers and scientists involved in semiconductor device research, it includes the most advanced and important topics in high speed semiconductor devices. Initial chapters cover material properties, advanced technologies and novel device building blocks, and serve as the basis for understanding and analyzing devices in subsequent chapters. The following chapters cover a group of closely related devices that includes MOSFETs, MESFETs, heterojunction FETs and permeable-base transistors, hot electron transistors, microwave diodes and photonic devices, among others. Each chapter is self-contained and features a summary section, a discussion of future device trend, and an instructional problem set.Table of ContentsMATERIALS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND DEVICE BUILDING BLOCKS. Materials and Technologies for High-Speed Devices (J. Bean). Device Building Blocks (S. Luryi). FIELD-EFFECT AND POTENTIAL-EFFECT DEVICES. The Submicron MOSFET (J. Brews). Homogeneous Field-Effect Transistors (M. Hollis & R. Murphy). Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors (S. Pearton & N. Shah). Bipolar Transistors (P. Asbeck). Hot-Electron Transistors (S. Luryi). QUANTUM-EFFECT, MICROWAVE, AND PHOTONIC DEVICES. Quantum-Effect Devices (F. Capasso, et al.). Microwave Diodes (S. Sze). High-Speed Photonic Devices (W. Tsang). Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisObject--oriented (OO) technology is an integral part of computer communications and multimedia service provisioning. Covering all areas related to OO programming in telecommunications applications, this book offers both theoretical and practical aspects of OO technology.Trade Review"...it is true that a book of this type may force the reader into an ocean of alphabet soup in acronyms...the first two sections are readable with little effort...target audience is engineers and managers...as well as researchers in the particular area..." (New Books and Multimedia, www.comsoc.org, November/December 2000)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Acronyms and Abbreviations. PART I: The Need for Advanced Software Technologies in Telecommunication Networks. Chapter 1: Networks and Telecommunications Software Evolution (G. Mamais, A. Papadakis, M. Perdikeas, I. Venieris.) 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 A Unifying Perspective of Networking Technologies. 1.3 Telecommunication Networks Technologies. 1.4 Internet Software Technologies. References. Chapter 2: Future Trends in Telecommunications Software Technologies (F. Chatzipapadopoulos, M. Perdikeas, I. Venieris). 2.1 Software in Telecommunication Environments. 2.2 The Role of Services in Telecommunications. 2.3 The Role of Services in Computer Networks. 2.4 Relative Pros and Cons of the Telecommunication Networks Approach. 2.5 Historical Practices that Underpinned Differentiation. 2.6 An Academic Perspective. 2.7 Computer Networks Revised. 2.8 Telecommunications Revised. 2.9 Future Trends and Enabling Technologies. References. PART II: Enabling Software Technologies. Chapter 3: Object Oriented Design Methodologies (G. Mamais, M. Perdikeas, I. Venieris). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 General Principles of Object Orientation. 3.3 Object Oriented Methodologies. 3.4 Object Oriented Approaches in Telecommunications Software. 3.5 Network Management and Service Engineering. References. Chapter 4: Distributed Object Technology (S. Choy, G. De Zen, O. Pyrovolakis). 4.1 General Principles. 4.2 Distributed Object Architectures. 4.3 Distributed Object Technology in Telecommunications. References. Chapter 5: Machine Independent Code (F. Chatzipapadopoulos, M. Perdikeas, I. Venieris). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Java. 5.3 Scripting Languages. 5.4 The Standard for Coding Multimedia Presentations - MHEG. References. Chapter 6: Agents (T. Magedanz, M. Perdikeas, I. Venieris). 6.1 General Principles of Software Agents. 6.2 Agent Standards. 6.3 Mobile Agent Platforms. 6.4 Mobile Agents in Telecommunications. References. PART III: Case Study: Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network. Chapter 7: Evolution towards a Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network (T. Magedanz, I. Venieris, F. Zizza). 7.1 Basic Intelligent Network Principles. 7.2 Intelligent Broadband Network. 7.3 Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network. 7.4 Need for Interworking with Conventional IN/B-IN. 7.5 Overview of Part III. References. Chapter 8: Architecture of the Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network (M. Breugst, L. Faglia, O. Pyrovolakis). 8.1 Introducing Advanced Software Technologies in the Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network. 8.2 The Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network Reference Architecture. 8.3 Extending IN Design Methodology for the DIBN. 8.4 The Physical Elements. References. Chapter 9: Deployment of DOT/MAT Technology into the Distributed Intelligent Broadband Network (F. Chatzipapadopoulos, S. Choy, I. Venieris, F. Zizza). 9.1 What CORBA Offers to the DIBN Architecture. 9.2 The Communication Backbone. 9.3 Exploiting MAT Migration Facilities in the DIBN. 9.4 Service Creation Methodology and Framework. 9.5 Service Management Mechanisms and Procedures. 9.6 Designing and Implementing IN Network Elements within the DOT/MAT Environment. References. Chapter 10: Service Specification in the Distributed Intelligent Network (M. Breugst, G. Marino, M. Perdikeas). 10.1 Service Description Methodology: UML. 10.2 IMR Service. 10.3 BVT Service with Mobility Management Support. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis handbook provides ready access to all of the major concepts, techniques, problems, and solutions in the emerging field of pseudorandom pattern testing. Until now, the literature in this area has been widely scattered, and published work, written by professionals in several disciplines, has treated notation and mathematics in ways that vary from source to source. This book opens with a clear description of the shortcomings of conventional testing as applied to complex digital circuits, revewing by comparison the principles of design for testability of more advanced digital technology. Offers in-depth discussions of test sequence generation and response data compression, including pseudorandom sequence generators; the mathematics of shift-register sequences and their potential for built-in testing. Also details random and memory testing and the problems of assessing the efficiency of such tests, and the limitations and practical concerns of built-in testing.Table of ContentsDigital Testing and the Need for Testable Design. Principles of Testable Design. Pseudorandom Sequence Generators. Test Response Compression Techniques. Shift-Register Polynomial Division. Special-Purpose Shift-Register Circuits. Random Pattern Built-In Test. Built-In Test Structures. Limitations and Other Concerns of Random Pattern Testing. Test System Requirements for Built-In Test. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAimed at the senior level undergraduate and graduate computer science student, this book provides an introduction to the field of data communications. Assuming no prior knowledge of the field, it explains of the role of communications, and the fundamental concepts of using the ISO's 7-layer approach to present the various aspects of networking.Trade Review"...designed to provide a solid foundation on how data communications systems operate, why, where, and when certain types of equipment should be networked together, and the role of evolving communications technology." (SciTech Book News, Vol. 25, No. 4, December 2001)Table of ContentsPreface xix Acknowledgements xxi 1 Communications in a Modern Society 1 1.1 Applications 1 1.1.1 Data collection 2 1.1.2 Transaction processing 3 1.1.3 Conversational time sharing 5 1.1.4 Remote job entry 7 1.1.5 Message switching 7 1.1.6 Value-added carriers and electronic mail 8 1.1.7 office automation 12 1.1.8 Electronic commerce 14 1.1.9 Satellite transmission 16 1.2 Constraints 16 1.2.1 Throughput 17 1.2.2 Response time 18 1.2.3 Bandwidth 18 1.2.4 Economics 19 1.3 Emerging Trends 19 1.4 Review Questions 20 2 Basic Telegraph and Telephone Operations 23 2.1 Evolution of Communications 23 2.2 Telegraphy 24 2.2.1 Operation 24 2.2.2 Morse code 26 2.2.3 Morse code limitations 27 2.2.4 Start-stop signaling and the Baudot code 28 2.2.5 Bits and codes 29 2.3 Telephony 32 2.3.1 Principle of operation 32 2.3.2 Sound wave conversion 34 2.3.3 The basic telephone connection 36 2.3.4 Switchboards and central offices 37 2.3.5 Numbering plans 39 2.3.6 Geographic calling areas and network routing 40 2.3.7The world numbering plan 43 2.4 Review Questions 43 3 Basic Circuit Parameters, Measurement Units and Media Overview 47 3.1 Basic Circuit Parameters 47 3.1.1 Frequency and bandwidth 47 3.1.2 The telephone channel passband 49 3.2 Measurement Units 50 3.2.1 Power ratios 50 3.2.2 Signal-to-noise ratio 52 3.2.3 Reference points 54 3.3 Media Overview 56 3.3.1 Twisted-pair cable 56 3.3.2 Coaxial cable 61 3.3.3 Microwave 63 3.3.4 Fiber-optic transmission 64 3.4 Channel Capacity 67 3.4.1 Bit versus baud 67 3.4.2 Nyquist relationship 67 3.4.3 Shannon's law 68 3.5 Structured Wiring 69 3.5.1 The wiring closet 69 3.5.2 The EIA/TIA-568 standard 69 3.6 Review Questions 72 4 Fundamental Data Transmission Concepts 75 4.1 Analog Line Connections 75 4.1.1 The analog switched line 76 4.1.2 Analog leased line 79 4.1.3 Dedicated line 82 4.1.4 Switched network vs leased line economics 83 4.2 Types of Service and Transmission Devices 84 4.2.1 Digital repeaters 85 4.2.2 Modems 86 4.2.3 Acoustic couplers 87 4.2.4 Analog facilities 89 4.2.5 Digital facilities 93 4.2.6 Digital signaling 93 4.2.7Representative AT&T digital offerings 96 4.3 Transmission Mode 98 4.3.1 Simplex transmission 98 4.3.2 Half-duplex transmission 99 4.3.3 Full-duplex transmission 100 4.3.4 Terminal and mainframe computer operating modes 101 4.4 Transmission Techniques 103 4.4.1 Asynchronous transmission 103 4.4.2 Synchronous transmission 105 4.5 Types of Transmission 106 4.6 Wide Area Network Transmission Structures 107 4.6.1 Mainframe computer-based network structure 108 4.6.2 LAN network structure 109 4.6.3 LAN internetworking structure 110 4.7Line Discipline 111 4.8 Transmission Rate 113 4.8.1 Analog service 113 4.8.2 Digital service 114 4.9 Transmission Codes 115 4.9.1 Morse code 115 4.9.2 Baudot code 116 4.9.3 BCD code 116 4.9.4 Extended binary-coded decimal interchange code (EBCDIC) 116 4.9.5 ASCII code 118 4.10 Review Questions 122 5 Terminals, Workstations and WAN and LAN Networking Overview 125 5.1 Terminals 126 5.1.1 Interactive terminal classi®cation 126 5.1.2 Terminal evolution 127 5.2 Workstations and Other LAN Components 141 5.2.1 Network interface card 141 5.2.2 Hubs 142 5.2.3 File server 143 5.2.4 Print server 145 5.2.5 Other types of servers 146 5.3 Wide Area Networking Overview 146 5.3.1 Multiplexing and data concentration 146 5.3.2 Front-end processor 151 5.3.3 Network configurations 151 5.4 Local Area Networking Overview 152 5.4.1 Repeaters 153 5.4.2 Bridges 153 5.4.3 Routers 154 5.4.4 Gateways 155 5.5 Review Questions 157 6 Representative Standards Organizations: the OSI Reference Model 159 6.1 National Standards Organizations 160 6.1.1 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 160 6.1.2 Electronic Industries Association (EIA) 161 6.1.3 Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 163 6.1.4 Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 163 6.1.5 British Standards Institution (BSI) 164 6.1.6 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 164 6.2 International Standards Organizations 164 6.2.1 International Telecommunications Union (ITU) 164 6.2.2 International Standards Organization (ISO) 165 6.3 De facto Standards 167 6.3.1 AT&T compatibility 168 6.3.2 Cross-licensed technology 169 6.3.3 Bellcore/Telcordia Technology 169 6.3.4 Internet standards 170 6.4 The OSI Reference Model 171 6.4.1 Layered architecture 172 6.4.2 OSI layers 173 6.4.3 Data flow 176 6.5 IEEE 802 Standards 177 6.5.1 802 committees 177 6.5.2 Data link subdivision 179 6.6 Review Questions 180 7 The Physical Layer, Cables, Connectors, Plugs and Jacks 183 7.1 DTE/DCE Interfaces 184 7.1.1 Connector overview 186 7.1.2 RS-232-C/D 188 7.1.3 Differential signaling 198 7.1.4 RS- 449 200 7.1.5 V. 35 202 7.1.6 RS-366-A 203 7.1.7 X.21 and X. 20 204 7.1.8 X.21 bis 207 7.1.9 RS- 530 207 7.1.10 High Speed Serial Interface 298 7.1.11 High Performance Parallel Interface 214 7.1.12 Universal Serial Bus 216 7.1.13 IEEE 1394 (FireWire) 218 7.2 Cables and Connectors 222 7.2.1 Twisted-pair cable 222 7.2.2 Low-capacitance shielded cable 223 7.2.3 Ribbon cable 223 7.2.4 The RS-232 null modem 223 7.2.5 RS-232 cabling tricks 225 7.3 Plugs and Jacks 226 7.3.1 Connecting arrangements 228 7.3.2 Telephone options 230 7.3.3 Ordering the business line 231 7.3.4 LAN connectivity 232 7.4 Review Questions 233 8 Basic Transmission Devices: Line Drivers, Modems, and Service Units 235 8.1 Line Drivers 236 8.1.1 Direct connection 236 8.1.2 Using line drivers 239 8.2 Modem Operations 243 8.2.1 The modulation process 243 8.2.2 Bps vs. baud 246 8.2.3 Voice circuit parameters 246 8.2.4 Combined modulation techniques 247 8.2.5 Mode of transmission 253 8.2.6 Transmission techniques 254 8.2.7 Modem classiffication 255 8.2.8 Limited-distance modems 256 8.2.9 Line-type operations 257 8.2.10 Reverse and secondary channels 257 8.2.11 Equalization 258 8.2.12 Synchronization 260 8.2.13 Multiport capability 260 8.2.14 Security capability 261 8.2.15 Multiple speed selection capability 261 8.2.16 Voice/data capability 262 8.2.17Modem handshaking 262 8.2.18 Self-testing features 263 8.2.19 Modem indicators 265 8.2.20 Modern operations and compatibility 265 8.3 Intelligent Modems 289 8.3.1 Hayes command set modems 289 8.3.2 Key intelligent modem features 296 8.3.3 Microcom Networking Protocol (MNP) 302 8.3.4 Data compression 306 8.3.5 MNP Class 5 compression 306 8.3.6 MNP Class 7enhanced data compression 308 8.3.7V.42bis 311 8.4 Broadband Modems 312 8.4.1 Telephone and cable TV infrastructure 313 8.4.2 Cable modems 317 8.4.3 DSL modems 324 8.5 Service Units 330 8.5.1 The DSU 331 8.5.2 The CSU 331 8.6 Review Questions 332 9 Regulators and Carriers 335 9.1 Regulators 336 9.1.1 US regulatory evolution 336 9.1.2 International regulatory authorities 342 9.2 Carrier Offerings 343 9.2.1 AT&T system evolution 343 9.2.2 The Bell system 345 9.2.3 The regional Bell operating companies 346 9.2.4 AT&T service offerings 349 9.2.5 Regional Bell operating company offerings 355 9.3 ATM Overview 356 9.4 Review Questions 357 10 Transmission Errors: Causes, Measurements and Correction Methods 359 10.1 Causes of Transmission Errors 359 10.2 Performance Measurements 360 10.2.1 Bit error rate 360 10.2.2 Bit error rate tester 360 10.2.3 BERT time 362 10.2.4 Performance classiffications 362 10.2.5 Block error rate testing 364 10.2.6 Error-free second testing 365 10.3 Error Detection and Correction Techniques 365 10.3.1 Asynchronous transmission 365 10.3.2 Synchronous transmission 370 10.4 Review Questions 374 11 The WAN Data Link Layer 377 11.1 Terminal and Data Link Protocols: Characteristics and Functions 378 11.1.1 Transmission sequence 379 11.1.2 Error control 379 11.2 Types of Protocol 380 11.2.1 Teletypewriter protocols 380 11.2.2 PC file transfer protocols 385 11.2.3 Bisynchronous protocols 395 11.2.4. Digital Data Communications Message Protocol (DDCMP) 400 11.2.5 Bit-oriented line control procedures 402 11.3 Review Questions 407 12 Increasing WAN Line Utilization 409 12.1 Multiplexers 410 12.1.1 Evolution 410 12.1.2 Device support 410 12.1.3 Multiplexing techniques 411 12.2 Control Units 439 12.2.1 Control unit concept 440 12.2.2 Attachment methods 440 12.2.3 Unit operation 442 12.2.4 Breaking the closed system 443 12.3 Review Questions 445 13 Local Area Networks 449 13.1 Origin 449 13.2 Comparison with WANs 450 13.2.1 Geographical area 450 13.2.2 Data transmission and error rates 450 13.2.3 Ownership 451 13.2.4 Regulation 451 13.2.5 Data routing and topology 451 13.2.6 Type of information carried 452 13.3 Utilization Benefits 452 13.3.1 Peripheral sharing 453 13.3.2 Common software access 453 13.3.3 Electronic mail 453 13.3.4 Gateway access to mainframes 453 13.3.5 Internet access 453 13.3.6 Virtual private network operations 454 13.4 Technological Characteristics 454 13.4.1 Topology 454 13.4.2 Comparison of topologies 456 13.4.3 Signaling methods 457 13.4.4 Transmission medium 460 13.4.5 Access methods 460 13.5 Ethernet Networks 465 13.5.1 Original network components 465 13.5.2 IEEE 802.3 networks 468 13.5.3 Frame composition 490 13.5.4 Media access control overview 495 13.5.5 Logical link control overview 495 13.5.6 Other Ethernet frame types 498 13.6 Token-Ring 504 13.6.1 Topology 504 13.6.2 Redundant versus non-redundant main ring paths 506 13.6.3 Cabling and device restrictions 507 13.6.4 Constraints 510 13.6.5 High speed Token-Ring 514 13.6.6 Transmission formats 515 13.6.7Medium access control 524 13.6.8 Logical link control 527 13.7Review Questions 528 14 Basic LAN Internetworking 531 14.1 Bridge Operations 531 14.1.1 Types of bridge 531 14.1.2 Network utilization 544 14.2 The Switching Hub 546 14.2.1 Basic components 546 14.2.2 Delay times 547 14.2.3 Key advantages of use 549 14.2.4 Switching techniques 549 14.2.5 Port address support 553 14.2.6 Switching architecture 556 14.2.7High-speed port operations 557 14.2.8 Summary 558 14.3 Router Operations 558 14.3.1 Basic operation and use of routing tables 559 14.3.2 Networking capability 560 14.3.3 Communication, transport and routing protocols 561 14.3.4 Router classiffications 563 14.3.5 Routing protocols 566 14.4 Review Questions 575 15 Digital Transmission Systems and Equipment 577 15.1 The T and E Carriers 578 15.1.1 Channel banks 578 15.2 T1 Multiplexers 596 15.2.1 Waveform-based voice digitization modules 597 15.2.2 Vocoding 598 15.2.3 Hybrid coding 601 15.2.4 T1 multiplexer employment 602 15.3 The T3 Carrier 605 15.3.1 T3 circuit types 606 15.3.2 Evolution 606 15.3.3 T3 framing 609 15.4 DDS, ASDS and KiloStream facilities 615 15.4.1 Applications 616 15.4.2 ASDS 616 15.4.3 KiloStream service 617 15.5 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 619 15.5.1 Concept behind ISDN 619 15.5.2 ISDN architecture 620 15.5.3 Network characteristics 621 15.5.4 ISDN layers 625 15.6 Review Questions 628 16 Network Architecture 631 16.1 SNA Overview 632 16.1.1 SNA elements 634 16.1.2 System Service Control Point (SSCP) 634 16.1.3 Network nodes 634 16.1.4 The physical unit 635 16.1.5 The logical unit 635 16.1.6 SNA network structure 635 16.1.7Types of physical unit 637 16.1.8 Multiple domains 637 16.1.9 SNA layers 639 16.1.10 SNA developments 641 16.1.11 SNA sessions 641 16.2 Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) 644 16.2.1 APPC concepts 644 16.2.2 APPN architecture 645 16.2.3 Operation 646 16.3 TCP/IP 649 16.3.1 The rise of the Internet 650 16.3.2 The TCP/IP protocol suite 651 16.3.3 Applications 653 16.3.4 TCP/IP communications 663 16.3.5 The Internet Protocol (IP) 664 16.3.6 Domain Name Service 679 16.4 Internetworking 681 16.4.1 SNA gateway operations 682 16.4.2 Supporting multiple protocols 690 16.4.3 Data Link Switching 693 16.5 Review Questions 694 17 Packet Networks 697 17.1 Packet Switching Overview 698 17.2 X.25 Networks 700 17.2.1 Development period 700 17.2.2 Need for PADs 700 17.2.3 X.25 layers 705 17.2.4 Methods of connection 708 17.2.5 Utilization costs 709 17.2.6 Tymnet 711 17.2.7 Network information 713 17.2.8 Features 713 17.2.9 Protocol conversion 715 17.2.10 LAN interconnectivity 716 17.3 Frame Relay 717 17.3.1 Comparison to X. 25 717 17.3.2 Standards 719 17.3.3 Network access 720 17.3.4 Frame construction 721 17.3.5 Service parameters 729 17.3.6 FRAD features 734 17.3.7 Voice over Frame Relay 740 17.4 Review Questions 745 18 Communications Software 749 18.1 Terminal Emulation Software Features 749 18.1.1 Hardware utilization 752 18.1.2 Software utilization 753 18.1.3 Operational consideration 754 18.1.4 Documentation 757 18.1.5 Dialing 757 18.1.6 Transmission 762 18.1.7Performance efficiency 766 18.1.8 Performance flexibility 770 18.1.9 Security performance 772 18.2 Terminal Emulation Program Examination 774 18.2.1 Procomm Plus for Windows 775 18.2.2 HyperTerminal 777 18.2.3 IBM PC/ 3270 780 18.3 Web Browsers 783 18.3.1 Microsoft Internet Explorer 784 18.3.2 LAN operation 788 18.4 Review Questions 789 19 Fiber-Optic, Satellite and Wireless Terrestrial Communications 791 19.1 Fiber-Optic Transmission Systems 792 19.1.1 System components 792 19.1.2 Transmission advantages 799 19.1.3 Limitations of use 801 19.1.4 Utilization economics 802 19.1.5 Carrier utilization 805 19.1.6 SONET 806 19.2 Satellite Communications Systems 810 19.2.1 Operation overview 810 19.2.2 Satellite access 810 19.2.3 Very small aperture terminal (VSAT) 812 19.2.4 Low earth orbit satellites 812 19.3 Wireless Terrestrial Communications 814 19.3.1 Cellular communications 814 19.3.2 Wireless LANs 820 19.4 Review Questions 821 20 Evolving Technologies 823 20.1 ATM 823 20.1.1 Cell size 823 20.1.2 Scalability 824 20.1.3 Transparency 825 20.1.4 Traffic classiffication 825 20.2 The ATM Protocol Stack 825 20.2.1 ATM Adaptation Layer 825 20.2.2 The ATM Layer 826 20.2.3 Physical Layer 827 20.3 ATM Operation 827 20.3.1 Components 827 20.3.2 Network Interfaces 829 20.3.3 The ATM cell header 830 20.3.4 ATM connections and cell switching 833 20.4 Virtual Private Networking 835 20.4.1 Rationale for use 836 20.4.2 Reliability 837 20.4.3 Problem areas 837 20.5 Review Questions 838 Index 841

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Book SynopsisPresents all the key elements and tools necessary to plan and operate efficient electric utility power systems. Seven sections address economics, finance, and regulation; industrial power economics; load demand and management; reliability of the generation system; cost of production in the generation system; capacity planning; and transmission planning. Each section addresses power system theory and principles and applies them to realistic utility examples. Results from solved examples are expanded to illustrate the sensitivity and direction of key parameters.Table of ContentsThe Utility Perspective. Introduction to Utility Financial Accounting. Time Value of Money. Economic Evaluation. Financial and Regulatory Analysis. Industrial Power Generation Economics. Electricity Load-Demand Forecasting. Load Forecasting II. Power Plant Reliability Characteristics. Generation System Reliability. Generation System Reliability II. Production Simulation. Production Simulation II. Generation Planning. Capacity Resource Planning. Bulk Power Transmission Planning. Power System Stability. Preparing for the Next Century. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers the most complete, up-to-date coverage available on the principles of digital communications. Focuses on basic issues, relating theory to practice wherever possible. Numerous examples, worked out in detail, have been included to help the reader develop an intuitive grasp of the theory.Table of Contents1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Background 1 1.2 The Communication Process 2 1.3 Multiple-Access Techniques 4 1.4 Networks 6 1.5 Digital Communications 9 1.6 Organization of the Book 11 2 Fourier Analysis of Signals and Systems 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 The Fourier Series 13 2.3 The Fourier Transform 16 2.4 The Inverse Relationship between Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Representations 25 2.5 The Dirac Delta Function 28 2.6 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 34 2.7 Transmission of Signals through Linear Time-Invariant Systems 37 2.8 Hilbert Transform 42 2.9 Pre-envelopes 45 2.10 Complex Envelopes of Band-Pass Signals 47 2.11 Canonical Representation of Band-Pass Signals 49 2.12 Complex Low-Pass Representations of Band-Pass Systems 52 2.13 Putting the Complex Representations of Band-Pass Signals and Systems All Together 54 2.14 Linear Modulation Theory 58 2.15 Phase and Group Delays 66 2.16 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 69 2.17 Summary and Discussion 78 3 Probability Theory and Bayesian Inference 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Set Theory 88 3.3 Probability Theory 90 3.4 Random Variables 97 3.5 Distribution Functions 98 3.6 The Concept of Expectation 105 3.7 Second-Order Statistical Averages 108 3.8 Characteristic Function 111 3.9 The Gaussian Distribution 113 3.10 The Central Limit Theorem 118 3.11 Bayesian Inference 119 3.12 Parameter Estimation 122 3.13 Hypothesis Testing 126 3.14 Composite Hypothesis Testing 132 3.15 Summary and Discussion 133 4 Stochastic Processes 145 4.1 Introduction 145 4.2 Mathematical Definition of a Stochastic Process 145 4.3 Two Classes of Stochastic Processes: Strictly Stationary and Weakly Stationary 147 4.4 Mean, Correlation, and Covariance Functions of Weakly Stationary Processes 149 4.5 Ergodic Processes 157 4.6 Transmission of a Weakly Stationary Process through a Linear Time-invariant Filter 158 4.7 Power Spectral Density of a Weakly Stationary Process 160 4.8 Another Definition of the Power Spectral Density 170 4.9 Cross-spectral Densities 172 4.10 The Poisson Process 174 4.11 The Gaussian Process 176 4.12 Noise 179 4.13 Narrowband Noise 183 4.14 Sine Wave Plus Narrowband Noise 193 4.15 Summary and Discussion 195 5 Information Theory 207 5.1 Introduction 207 5.2 Entropy 207 5.3 Source-coding Theorem 214 5.4 Lossless Data Compression Algorithms 215 5.5 Discrete Memoryless Channels 223 5.6 Mutual Information 226 5.7 Channel Capacity 230 5.8 Channel-coding Theorem 232 5.9 Differential Entropy and Mutual Information for Continuous Random Ensembles 237 5.10 Information Capacity Law 240 5.11 Implications of the Information Capacity Law 244 5.12 Information Capacity of Colored Noisy Channel 248 5.13 Rate Distortion Theory 253 5.14 Summary and Discussion 256 6 Conversion of Analog Waveforms into Coded Pulses 267 6.1 Introduction 267 6.2 Sampling Theory 268 6.3 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 274 6.4 Quantization and its Statistical Characterization 278 6.5 Pulse-Code Modulation 285 6.6 Noise Considerations in PCM Systems 290 6.7 Prediction-Error Filtering for Redundancy Reduction 294 6.8 Differential Pulse-Code Modulation 301 6.9 Delta Modulation 305 6.10 Line Codes 309 6.11 Summary and Discussion 312 7 Signaling over AWGN Channels 323 7.1 Introduction 323 7.2 Geometric Representation of Signals 324 7.3 Conversion of the Continuous AWGN Channel into a Vector Channel 332 7.4 Optimum Receivers Using Coherent Detection 337 7.5 Probability of Error 344 7.6 Phase-Shift Keying Techniques Using Coherent Detection 352 7.7 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 370 7.8 Frequency-Shift Keying Techniques Using Coherent Detection 375 7.9 Comparison of M-ary PSK and M-ary FSK from an Information-Theoretic Viewpoint 398 7.10 Detection of Signals with Unknown Phase 400 7.11 Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation Techniques 404 7.12 Binary Frequency-Shift Keying Using Noncoherent Detection 410 7.13 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 411 7.14 BER Comparison of Signaling Schemes over AWGN Channels 415 7.15 Synchronization 418 7.16 Recursive Maximum Likelihood Estimation for Synchronization 419 7.17 Summary and Discussion 431 8 Signaling over Band-Limited Channels 445 8.1 Introduction 445 8.2 Error Rate Due to Channel Noise in a Matched-Filter Receiver 446 8.3 Intersymbol Interference 447 8.4 Signal Design for Zero ISI 450 8.5 Ideal Nyquist Pulse for Distortionless Baseband Data Transmission 450 8.6 Raised-Cosine Spectrum 454 8.7 Square-Root Raised-Cosine Spectrum 458 8.8 Post-Processing Techniques: The Eye Pattern 463 8.9 Adaptive Equalization 469 8.10 Broadband Backbone Data Network: Signaling over Multiple Baseband Channels 474 8.11 Digital Subscriber Lines 475 8.12 Capacity of AWGN Channel Revisited 477 8.13 Partitioning Continuous-Time Channel into a Set of Subchannels 478 8.14 Water-Filling Interpretation of the Constrained Optimization Problem 484 8.15 DMT System Using Discrete Fourier Transform 487 8.16 Summary and Discussion 494 9 Signaling over Fading Channels 501 9.1 Introduction 501 9.2 Propagation Effects 502 9.3 Jakes Model 506 9.4 Statistical Characterization of Wideband Wireless Channels 511 9.5 FIR Modeling of Doubly Spread Channels 520 9.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes: Effects of Flat Fading 525 9.7 Diversity Techniques 527 9.8 “Space Diversity-on-Receive” Systems 528 9.9 “Space Diversity-on-Transmit” Systems 538 9.10 “Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output” Systems: Basic Considerations 546 9.11 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Receiver 551 9.12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 556 9.13 Spread Spectrum Signals 557 9.14 Code-Division Multiple Access 560 9.15 The RAKE Receiver and Multipath Diversity 564 9.16 Summary and Discussion 566 10 Error-Control Coding 577 10.1 Introduction 577 10.2 Error Control Using Forward Error Correction 578 10.3 Discrete Memoryless Channels 579 10.4 Linear Block Codes 582 10.5 Cyclic Codes 593 10.6 Convolutional Codes 605 10.7 Optimum Decoding of Convolutional Codes 613 10.8 Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes 614 10.9 Maximum a Posteriori Probability Decoding of Convolutional Codes 623 10.10 Illustrative Procedure for Map Decoding in the Log-Domain 638 10.11 New Generation of Probabilistic Compound Codes 644 10.12 Turbo Codes 645 10.13 EXIT Charts 657 10.14 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 666 10.15 Trellis-Coded Modulation 675 10.16 Turbo Decoding of Serial Concatenated Codes 681 10.17 Summary and Discussion 688 Appendices A Advanced Probabilistic Models A1 A.1 The Chi-Square Distribution A1 A.2 The Log-Normal Distribution A3 A.3 The Nakagami Distribution A6 B Bounds on the Q-Function A11 C Bessel Functions A13 C.1 Series Solution of Bessel’s Equation A13 C.2 Properties of the Bessel Function A14 C.3 Modified Bessel Function A16 D Method of Lagrange Multipliers A19 D.1 Optimization Involving a Single Equality Constraint A19 E Information Capacity of MIMO Channels A21 E.1 Log-Det Capacity Formula of MIMO Channels A21 E.2 MIMO Capacity for Channel Known at the Transmitter A24 F Interleaving A29 F.1 Block Interleaving A30 F.2 Convolutional Interleaving A32 F.3 Random Interleaving A33 G The Peak-Power Reduction Problem in OFDM A35 G.1 PAPR Properties of OFDM Signals A35 G.2 Maximum PAPR in OFDM Using M-ary PSK A36 G.3 Clipping-Filtering: A Technique for PAPR Reduction A37 H Nonlinear Solid-State Power Amplifiers A39 H.1 Power Amplifier Nonlinearities A39 H.2 Nonlinear Modeling of Band-Pass Power Amplifiers A42 I Monte Carlo Integration A45 J Maximal-Length Sequences A47 J.1 Properties of Maximal-Length Sequences A47 J.2 Choosing a Maximal-Length Sequence A50 K Mathematical Tables A55 Glossary G1 Bibliography B1 Index I1 Credits C1

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to multivectors, dyadics, and differential forms for electrical engineers While physicists have long applied differential forms to various areas of theoretical analysis, dyadic algebra is also the most natural language for expressing electromagnetic phenomena mathematically.Trade Review“…a modern, clear and well-organised account…in an easily mastered notation…” (Ultramicroscopy, Vol 104, 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Multivectors. 1.1 The Grassmann algebra. 1.2 Vectors and dual vectors. 1.3 Bivectors. 1.4 Multivectors. 1.5 Geometric interpretation. 2 Dyadic Algebra. 2.1 Products of dyadics. 2.2 Dyadic identities. 2.3 Eigenproblems. 2.4 Inverse dyadic. 2.5 Metric dyadics. 2.6 Hodge dyadics. 3 Differential Forms. 3.1 Differentiation. 3.2 Differentiation theorems. 3.3 Integration. 3.4 Affine transformations. 4 Electromagnetic Fields and Sources. 4.1 Basic electromagnetic quantities. 4.2 Maxwell equations in three dimensions. 4.3 Maxwell equations in four dimensions. 4.4 Transformations. 4.5 Super forms. 5 Medium, Boundary, and Power Conditions. 5.1 Medium conditions. 5.2 Conditions on boundaries and interfaces. 5.3 Power conditions. 5.4 The Lorentz force law. 5.5 Stress dyadic. 6 Theorems and Transformations. 6.1 Duality transformation. 6.2 Reciprocity. 6.3 Equivalence of sources. 7 Electromagnetic Waves. 7.1 Wave equation for potentials. 7.2 Wave equation for fields. 7.3 Plane waves. 7.4 TE and TM polarized waves. 7.5 Green functions. References. Appendix A: Multivector and Dyadic Identities. Appendix B: Solutions to Selected Problems. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThe state of the art of high-performance computing Prominent researchers from around the world have gathered to present the state-of-the-art techniques and innovations in high-performance computing (HPC), including: * Programming models for parallel computing: graph-oriented programming (GOP), OpenMP, the stages and transformation (SAT) approach, the bulk-synchronous parallel (BSP) model, Message Passing Interface (MPI), and Cilk * Architectural and system support, featuring the code tiling compiler technique, the MigThread application-level migration and checkpointing package, the new prefetching scheme of atomicity, a new receiver makes right data conversion method, and lessons learned from applying reconfigurable computing to HPC * Scheduling and resource management issues with heterogeneous systems, bus saturation effects on SMPs, genetic algorithms for distributed computing, and novel task-scheduling algorithms * Clusters and grid computing: deTrade Review"In this book, the reader will obtain a bird's-eye view on the diversity of problems and approaches in the field of HPC." (Computing Reviews.com, August 24, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART 1. PROGRAMMING MODEL. 1. ClusterGOP: A High-Level Programming Environment for Clusters (Fan Chan, Jiannong Cao and Minyi Guo). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 GOP Model and ClusterGOP Architecture. 1.3 VisualGOP. 1.4 The ClusterGOP Library. 1.5 MPMD Programming Support. 1.6 Programming Using ClusterGOP. 1.7 Summary. 2. The Challenge of Providing A High-Level Programming Model for High-Performance Computing (Barbara Chapman). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 HPC Architectures. 2.3 HPC Programming Models: The First Generation. 2.4 The Second generation of HPC Programming Models. 2.5 OpenMP for DMPs. 2.6 Experiments with OpenMP on DMPs. 2.7 Conclusions. 3. SAT: Toward Structured Parallelism Using Skeletons (Sergei Gorlatch). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 SAT: A Methodology Outline. 3.3 Skeletons and Collective Operations. 3.4 Case Study: Maximum Segment SUM (MSS). 3.5 Performance Aspect in SAT. 3.6 Conclusions and Related Work. 4. Bulk-Synchronous Parallelism: An Emerging Paradigm of High-Performance Computing (Alexander Tiskin). 4.1 The BSP Model. 4.2 BSP Programming. 4.3 Conclusions. 5. Cilk Versus MPI: Comparing Two Parallel Programming Styles on Heterogenous Systems (John Morris, KyuHo Lee and JunSeong Kim). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Experiments. 5.3 Results. 5.4 Conclusion. 6. Nested Parallelism and Pipelining in OpenMP (Marc Gonzalez, E. Ayguade, X. Martorell and J. Labarta). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 OpenMP Extensions for Nested Parallelism. 6.3 OpenMP Extensions for Thread Synchronization. 6.4 Summary. 7. OpenMP for Chip Multiprocessors (Feng Liu and Vipin Chaudhary). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 3SoC Architecture Overview. 7.3 The OpenMP Conpiler/Translator. 7.4 Extensions to OpenMP for DSEs. 7.5 Optimization for OpenMP. 7.6 Implementation. 7.7 Performance Evaluation. 7.8 Conclusions. PART 2. ARCHITECTURAL AND SYSTEM SUPPORT. 8. Compiler and Run-Time Parallelization Techniques for Scientific Computations on Distributed-Memory Parallel Computers (PeiZong Lee, Cheien-Min Wang and Jan-Jan Wu). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Background Material. 8.3 Compiling Regular Programs on DMPCs. 8.4 Compiler and Run-Time Support for Irregular Programs. 8.5 Library Support for Irregular Applications. 8.6 Related Works. 8.7 Concluding Remarks. 9. Enabling Partial-Cache Line Prefetching Through Data Compression (Youtao Zhang and Rajiv Gupta). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Motivation of Partial Cache-Line Perfetching. 9.3 Cache Design Details. 9.4 Experimental Results. 9.5 Related Work. 9.6 Conclusion. 10. MPI Atomicity and Concurrent Overlapping I/O (Wei-Keng Liao, Alok Choudhary, Kenin Coloma, Lee Ward, Eric Russell and Neil Pundit). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Concurrent Overlapping I/O. 10.3 Implementation Strategies. 10.4 Experiment Results. 10.5 Summary. 11. Code Tiling: One Size Fits All (Jingling Xue and Qingguang Huang). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Cache Model. 11.3 Code Tiling. 11.4 Data Tiling. 11.5 Finding Optimal Tile Sizes. 11.6 Experimental Results. 11.7 Related Work. 11.8 Conclusion. 12. Data Conversion for Heterogeneous Migration/Checkpointing (Hai Jiang, Vipin Chaudhary and John Paul Walters). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Migration and Checkpointing. 12.3 Data Conversion. 12.4 Coarse-Grain Tagged RMR in MigThread. 12.5 Microbenchmarks and Experiments. 12.6 Related Work. 12.7 Conclusions and Future Work. 13. Receiving-Message Prediction and Its Speculative Execution (Takanobu Baba, Takashi Yokota, Kamemitsu Ootsu, Fumihitto Furukawa and Yoshiyuki Iwamoto). 13.1 Background. 13.2 Receiving-Message Prediction Method. 13.3 Implementation of the Method in the MIPI Libraries. 13.4 Experimental Results. 13.5 Conclusing Remarks. 14. An Investigation of the Applicability of Distributed FPGAs to High-Performance Computing (John P. Morrison, Padraig O’Dowd and Philip D. Healy). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 High Performance Computing with Cluster Computing. 14.3 Reconfigurable Computing with EPGAs. 14.4 DRMC: A Distributed Reconfigurable Metacomputer. 14.5 Algorithms Suited to the Implementation on FPGAs/DRMC. 14.6 Algorithms Not Suited to the Implementation on FPGAs/DRMC. 14.7 Summary. PART 3. SCHEDULING AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. 15. Bandwidth-Aware Resource Allocation for Heterogeneous Computing Systems to Maximize Throughput (Bo Hong and Viktor K. Prasanna). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Related Work. 15.3 Systems Model and Problem Statement. 15.4 Resource Allocation to Maximize System Throughput. 15.5 Experimental Results. 15.6 Conclusion. 16. Scheduling Algorithms with Bus Bandwidth Considerations for SMPs (Christos D. Antonopoulos, Dimitrios S., Nikolopoulos and Theeodore S. Papatheodorou). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Related Work. 16.3 The Implications of Bus Bandwidth for Application Performance. 16.4 Scheduling Policies for Preserving Bus Bandwidth. 16.5 Experimental Evaluation. 16.6 Conclusions. 17. Toward Performance Guarantee of Dynamic Task Scheduling of a Parameter-Sweep Application onto a Computational Grid (Noriyuki Fujimoto and Kenichi Hagihara). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 A Grid Scheduling Model. 17.3 Related Works. 17.4 The Proposed Algorithm RR. 17.5 The Performance Guarantee of the Proposed Algorithm. 17.6 Conclusion. 18. Performance Study of Reliability Maximization and Turnaround Minimization with GA-based Task Allocation in DCS (Deo Prakash Vidyarthi, Anil Kumar Tripathi, Biplab Kumer Sarker, Kirti Rani and Laurence T. Yang). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 GA for Task Allocation. 18.3 The Algorithm. 18.4 Illustrative Examples. 18.5 Discussions and Conclusion. 19. Toward Fast and Efficient Compile-Time Task Scheduling in Heterogeneous Computing Systems (Tarek Hagras and Jan Janecek). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Problem Definition. 19.3 The Suggested Algorithm. 19.4 Heterogeneous Systems Scheduling Heuristics. 19.5 Experimental Results and Discussion. 19.6 Conclusion. 20. An On-Line Approach for Classifying and Extracting Application Behavior on Linux (Luciano José Senger, Rodrigo Fernandes de Mello, Marcos José Santana, Regina Helena Carlucci Santana and Laurence Tianruo Yang). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Related Work. 20.3 Information Acquisition. 20.4 Linux Process Classification Model. 20.5 Results. 20.6 Evaluation of The Model Intrusion on the System Performance. 20.7 Conclusions. PART 4. CLUSTERS AND GRID COMPUTING. 21. Peer-to-Peer Grid Computing and a .NET-Based Alchemi Framework (Akshay Luther, Rajkumar Buyya, Rajiv Ranjan and Srikumar Venugopal). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Background. 21.3 Desktop Grid Middleware Considerations. 21.4 Representation Desktop Grid Systems. 21.5 Alchemi Desktop Grid Framework. 21.6 Alchemi Design and Implementation. 21.7 Alchemi Performance Evaluation. 21.8 Summary and Future Work. 22. Global Grids and Software Toolkits: A Study of Four Grid Middleware Technologies (Parvin Asadzadeh, Rajkumar Buyya, Chun Ling Kei, Deepa Nayar and Srikumar Venugopal). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Overview of Grid Middleware Systems. 22.3 Unicore. 22.4 Globus. 22.5 Legion. 22.6 Gridbus. 22.7 Implementation of UNICORE Adaptor for Gridbus Broker. 22.8 Comparison of Middleware Systems. 22.9 Summary. 23. High-Performance Computing on Clusters: The Distributed JVM Approach (Wenzhang Zhu, Weijian Fang, Cho-Li Wang and Francis C. M. Lau). 23.1 Background. 23.2 Distributed JVM. 23.3 JESSICA2 Distributed JVM. 23.4 Performance Analysis. 23.5 Related Work. 23.6 Summary. 24. Data Grids: Supporting Data-Intensive Applications in Wide-Area Networks (Xiao Qin and Hong Jiang). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Data Grid Services. 24.3 High-Performance Data Grid. 24.4 Security Issues. 24.5 Open Issues. 24.6 Conclusions. 25. Application I/O on a Parallel File System for Linux Clusters (Dheeraj Bhaardwaj). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Application I/O. 25.3 Parallel I/O System Software. 25.4 Standard Unix & Parallel I/O. 25.5 Example: Seismic Imaging. 25.6 Discussion and Conclusion. 26. One Teraflop Achieved with a Geographically Distributed Linux Cluster (Peng Wang, George Turner, Steven Simms, Dave Hart, Mary Papakhiam and Craig Stewart). 26.1 Introduction. 26.2 Hardware and Software Setup. 26.3 System Tuning and Benchmark Results. 26.4 Performance Costs and Benefits. 27. A Grid-Based Distributed Simulation of Plasma Turbulence (Beniamino Di Martino, Salvatore Venticinque, Sergio Criguglio, Giulana Fogaccia and Gregorio Vlad). 27.1 Introduction. 27.2 MPI Implementation of The Internode Domain Decomposition. 27.3 Integration of The Internode Domain Decomposition with Intranode Particle Decomposition Strategies. 27.4 The MPICH-G2 Implementation. 27.5 Conclusions. 28. Evidence-Aware Trust Model for Dynamic Services (Ali Shaikh Ali, Omer F. Rana and Rashid J. Al-Ali). 28.1 Motivation For Evaluating Trust. 28.2 Service Trust—What Is It? 28.3 Evidence-Aware Trust Model. 28.4 The System Life Cycle. 28.5 Conclusion. PART 5. PEER-TO-PEER COMPUTING. 29. Resource Discovery in Peer-to-Peer Infrastructures (Huang-Chang Hsiao and Chung-Ta King). 29.1 Introduction. 29.2 Design Requirements. 29.3 Unstructured P2P Systems 4. 29.4 Structured P2P Systems. 29.5 Advanced Resource Discovery for Structured P2P Systems. 29.6 Summary. 30. Hybrid Periodical Flooding in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks (Yunhao Liu, Li Xiao, Lionel M. Ni and Zhenyun Zhuang). 30.1 Introduction. 30.2 Serarch Mechanisms. 30.3 Hybrid Periodical Flooding. 30.4 Simulation Methodology. 30.5 Performance Evaluation. 30.6 Conclusion. 31. HIERAS: A DHT-Based Hierarchical P2P Routing Algorithm (Zhiyong Xu, Yiming Hu and Laxmi Bhuyan). 31.1 Introduction. 31.2 Hierarchical P2P Architecture. 31.3 System Design. 31.4 Performance Evaluation. 31.5 Related Works. 31.6 Summary. 32. Flexible and Scalable Group Communication Model for Peer-to-Peer Systems (Tomoya Enokido and Makoto Takizawa). 32.1 Introduction. 32.2 Group of Agents. 32.3 Functions of Group Protocol. 32.4 Autonomic Group Protocol. 32.5 Retransmission. 32.6 Conclusion. PART 6. WIRELESS AND MOBILE COMPUTING. 33. Study of Cache-Enhanced Dynamic Movement-Based Location Management Schemes for 3G Cellular Networks (Krishna Priya Patury, Yi Pan, Xiaola Lin, Yang Xiao and Jie Li). 33. 1 Introduction. 33.2 Location Management with and without Cache. 33.3 The Cache-Enhanced Location Management Scheme. 33.4 Simulation Results and Analysis. 33.5 Conclusion. 34. Maximizing Multicast Lifetime in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks (Guofeng Deng and Sandeep K. S. Gupta). 34.1 Introduction. 34.2 Energy Consumption Model In WANETs. 34.3 Definitions of Maximum Multicast Lifetime. 34.4 Maximum Multicast Lifetime of The Network Using Single Tree (MMLM). 34.5 Maximum Multicast Lifetime of The Network Using Multiple Trees (MMLM). 34.6 Summary. 35. A QoS-Aware Scheduling Algorithm for Bluetooth Scatternets (Young Man Kim, Ten H. Lai and Anish Arora). 35.1 Introduction. 35.2 Perfect Scheduling Problem for Bipartite Scatternet. 35.3 Perfect Assignment Scheduling Algorithm for Bipartite Scatternets. 35.4 Distributed, Local, and Incremental Scheduling Algorithms. 35.5 Performance and QOS Analysis. 35.6 Conclusion. PART 7. HIGH PERFORMANCE APPLICATIONS. 36. A Workload Partitioner for Heterogeneous Grids (Daniel J. Harvey, Sajal K. Das and Rupak Biswas). 36.1 Introduction. 36.2 Preliminaries. 36.3 The MinEX Partitioner. 36.4 N-Body Application. 36.5 Experimental Study. 36.6 Conclusion. 37. Building a User-Level Grid for Bag-of-Tasks Applications (Walfredo Cirne, Francisco Brasileiro, Daniel Paranhos, Lauro Costa, Elizeu Santos-Neto and Carla Osthoff). 37.1 Introduction. 37.2 Design Goals. 37.3 Architecture. 37.4 Working Environment. 37.5 Scheduling. 37.6 Implementation. 37.7 Performance Evaluation. 37.8 Conclusions and Future Work. 38. An Efficient Parallel Method for Calculating the Smarandache Function (Sabin Tabirca, Tatiana Tabirca, Kieran Reynolds and Laurence T. Yang). 38.1 Introduction. 38.2 Computing in Parallel. 38.3 Experimental Results. 38.4 Conclusion. 39. Design, Implementation and Deployment of a Commodity Cluster for Peirodic Comparison of Gene Sequences (Anita M. Orendt, Brian Haymore, David Richardson, Sofia Robb, Alejandro Sanchez Alvarado and Julio C. Facelli). 39.1 Introduction. 39.2 System Requirements and Design. 39.3 Performance. 39.4 Conclusions. 40. A Hierarchical Distributed Shared-Memory Parallel Branch & Bound Application with PVM and OpenMP on Multiprocessor Clusters (Rocco Aversa, Beniamino Di Martino, Nicola Mazzocca and Salvatore Venticinque). 40.1 Introduction. 40.2 The B&B Parallel Application. 40.3 The OpenMP Extension. 40.4 Experimental Results. 40.5 Conclusions. 41. IP Based Telecommunication Services (Anna Bonifacio and G. Spinillo). 41.1 Introduction. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough telecom companies are battling for survival, technology is moving forward. In research laboratories around the world, powerful new technologies are being developed that will shape tomorrow''s communications world. Telecosmos will look at the many different telecom concepts that will be adopted by both consumers and businesses in the years ahead.Trade Review"…this volume should be acquired by college and university undergraduate and graduate libraries supporting degree programs in computer science, telecommunications, and business." (E-STREAMS, April 2005) "If you enjoy reading about the very latest technological revolutions, pick up a copy of this book...we love the book." (Start Your Own Business, Summer 2005)Table of ContentsIntroduction. Information Portal. Back to Me. I, Telecom Junkie. 1. On the Menu—Telecom Services. 1.1 End of the Line for Wireline? 1.2 The Broadband World. 1.3 The Upcoming Mobile Stall. 1.4 Fourth-Generation Mobile Service. 1.5 Modular Components. 1.6 A Considerate Telephone. 1.7 E-Mail Leads to Instant Messaging. 1.8 Fun and Games. 1.9 Flying Phone Service. 1.10 Speech Integration. 1.11 Telemedicine. 2. Nuts and Bits—Telecom Hardware, Software, and More. 2.1 Personal Computers. 2.2 Home Automation. 2.3 Wearable Computers. 2.4 Smart Fabrics. 2.5 Embedded Systems. 2.6 Project Oxygen. 2.7 The Obje Software Architecture. 2.8 BARN Opens the Door. 2.9 Phone Awareness. 2.10 Cognitive Software: Anticipating User Intent. 2.11 Devices That Understand You. 2.12 Turbocharging Data. 2.13 MEMS. 2.14 Storage. 2.15 More Efficient Base Stations. 3. Connections in the Air—Wireless Technologies. 3.1 Wireless LAN “Hotspots”. 3.2 WLANs to Come. 3.3 WLAN for Emergency Communications. 3.4 Smart Brick. 3.5 Wireless Smart Stuff. 3.6 Wireless on Wheels. 3.7 Mesh Networks. 3.8 Wireless Sensor is a “Spec”. 3.9 Collaborative Sensing. 3.10 Optical Sensors. 3.11 Navigating the Real World. 3.12 Wireless Underwear. 4. The Future is Fiber—Optical Technologies. 4.1 Faster Networks. 4.2 New Optical Materials. 4.3 Nanophotonics. 4.4 Wave Polarization. 4.5 Optical Communications via CDMA. 4.6 Light Emitters. 4.7 Optical Antenna. 4.8 Keeping Copper. 5. The Internet Rules—IP Technologies. 5.1 VoIP Telephony. 5.2 The Next Internet. 5.3 Grid Computing. 5.4 Infostructure. 5.5 Tele-Learning Opens Horizons. 5.6 A New Approach to Virus Scanning. 5.7 Putting a Lid on Spam. 5.8 The Meaning Behind Messages. 5.9 Internet Simulator. 5.10 Untangling Tangled Nets. 6. Something in the Air—Radio and Location Technologies. 6.1 Digital Radio. 6.2 Software-Defined Radio. 6.3 Ultrawideband Radio. 6.4 Asset Tracking. 6.5 Radio Monitors. 6.6 Vehicular Telematics. 6.7 Helping Ranchers From Space. 6.8 Seeing Inside Walls. 6.9 Microscillator. 6.10 Antenna Technologies. 6.11 Interference. 7. The Unblinking Eye—Security and Surveillance. 7.1 Testing Security. 7.2 Location-Based Privacy Software. 7.3 Securing Privacy. 7.4 The Seeing Eye. 7.5 Smart Roads. 7.6 Chip Implants. 7.7 Encryption. 7.8 Quantum Cryptography. 7.9 E-Mail “Cluster Bombs”. 8. Energy to Go—Power Generation. 8.1 New Materials. 8.2 Smaller, Lighter Power Adapter. 8.3 Fuel Cells. 8.4 Microcombustion Battery. 8.5 Power Monitor. 8.6 Cooling Technologies. 9. The Critical Last Inch—Input and Output Technologies. 9.1 A Finger Phone. 9.2 Voice Input. 9.3 Improved Audio Output. 9.4 Touch Input. 9.5 Projection Keyboards. 9.6 Thought Input. 9.7 Output. 9.8 A New View. 9.9 Paper-Like Video Displays. 9.10 Finding Information. 9.11 Disabled Access. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisGuidance to help you grasp even the most complex network structures and signaling protocols The Second Edition of Signaling in Telecommunication Networks has been thoroughly updated, offering new chapters and sections that cover the most recent developments in signaling systems and procedures.Trade Review"I recommend this book as a perfect guide to state-of-the-art telecommunications signaling, especially as an advanced undergraduate course book." (Computing Reviews.com, August 6, 2007) "If you need to understand the topic of telecommunications signaling or want to update your knowledge of some of the new or expanded technologies, then...[it] may be the only book you need." (Blogcritics.org, March 2, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Chapter 1 Introduction to Telecommunications. 1.1 Telecommunication Networks. 1.2 Numbering Plans. 1.3 Digit Analysis and Routing. 1.4 Analog Transmission. 1.5 Digital Transmission. 1.6 Special Transmission Equipment. 1.7 Exchanges. 1.8 Access Networks and Line Concentrators. 1.9 Acronyms. 1.10 References. Chapter 2 Introduction to Signaling. 2.1 Overview. 2.2 Standards for Signaling Systems. 2.3 Acronyms. 2.4 References. Chapter 3 Subscriber Signaling. 3.1 Basic Subscriber Signaling. 3.2 Signaling Components in Telephones. 3.3 Signaling Equipment at the Local Exchange. 3.4 Tones, Announcements, and Ringing. 3.5 Subscriber Signaling for Supplementary Services. 3.6 Other Applications of DTMF Signaling. 3.7 Dialing Plans. 3.8 Acronyms. 3.9 References. Chapter 4 Channel-Associated Interexchange Signaling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Bell System Multifrequency Signaling. 4.3 Signaling System No. 5. 4.4 MFC-R2 Signaling. 4.5 Acronyms. 4.6 References. Chapter 5 Introduction to Common-Channel Signaling. 5.1 Signaling Networks. 5.2 Signaling Links and Signal Units. 5.3 Acronyms. 5.4 References. Chapter 6 Signaling in Access Networks. 6.1 Overview of Signaling for Access Systems. 6.2 The GR-303 Standard. 6.3 The V5 Standards. 6.4 The V5.1 Standard. 6.5 The V5.2 Standard. 6.6 Acronyms. 6.7 References. Chapter 7 Introduction to Signaling System No. 7. 7.1 SS7 Structure. 7.2 Identification of Signaling Points and Trunks. 7.3 SS7 Signal Units and Primitives. 7.4 Acronyms. 7.5 References. Chapter 8 SS7 Message Transfer Part. 8.1 Introduction to MTP. 8.2 MTP Level 1. 8.3 Overview of MTP Level 2. 8.4 Basic Error Correction. 8.5 Preventive Cyclic Retransmission. 8.6 Signaling Link Management. 8.7 Overview of MTP Level 3. 8.8 MTP3 Signaling Message Handling. 8.9 MTP3 Signaling Network Management. 8.10 Acronyms. 8.11 References. Chapter 9 Telephone User Part. 9.1 Messages and Primitives. 9.2 Call-Control Messages and Signals. 9.3 Basic Signaling Sequences. 9.4 TUP Support of Additional Services. 9.5 Other TUP Procedures, Messages, and Signals. 9.6 Versions of TUP Signaling. 9.7 Acronyms. 9.8 References. Chapter 10 Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1. 10.1 Introduction to ISDN and DSS1. 10.2 Data Link Layer (LAPD). 10.3 Q.931 Call-Control Messages. 10.4 Introduction to Call-Control Signaling. 10.5 Call-Control Examples. 10.6 Failed ISDN Setups. 10.7 Acronyms. 10.8 References. Chapter 11 ISDN User Part. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 ISUP Messages, Formats, and Parameters. 11.3 Signaling for Calls Between ISDN Users. 11.4 Calls Involving Analog Subscribers. 11.5 End-to-End Signaling. 11.6 Other Signaling Procedures. 11.7 Signaling Procedures for Failed Setups. 11.8 ISUP Signaling in the International Network. 11.9 ISUP Signaling in the United States. 11.10 Acronyms. 11.11 References. Chapter 12 Signaling in Cellular Mobile Telecommunications. 12.1 Introduction to Cellular Mobile Networks. 12.2 AMPS Tone Signals and Message Words. 12.3 Introduction to AMPS Signaling. 12.4 AMPS Message Formats and Parameters. 12.5 AMPS Signaling Procedures. 12.6 Signaling in IS-54 Cellular Systems. 12.7 Introduction to the GSM Cellular System. 12.8 Signaling Between Mobile and Network. 12.9 Layer 3 Messages on the Um Interface. 12.10 Acronyms. 12.11 References. Chapter 13 Air Interface Signaling in CDMA Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 IS-95 Air Interface. 13.3 cdma2000 Air Interface. 13.4 UTRAN Air Interface. 13.5 Acronyms. 13.6 References. Chapter 14 Introduction to Transactions. 14.1 Definitions and Applications. 14.2 SS7 Architecture for Transactions. 14.3 Acronyms. 14.4 References. Chapter 15 Signaling Connection Control Part. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 SCCP Messages and Parameters. 15.3 Connectionless SCCP. 15.4 Connection-Oriented SCCP. 15.5 SCCP Management. 15.6 Acronyms. 15.7 References. Chapter 16 Transaction Capabilities Application Part. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 TCAP Formats and Coding. 16.3 Transaction and Invoke Identities. 16.4 U.S. National TCAP. 16.5 ETSI TCAP. 16.6 Acronyms. 16.7 References. Chapter 17 Transactions in Intelligent Networks. 17.1 Introduction to Intelligent Networks. 17.2 Call Models and Triggers. 17.3 AIN Messages and Transactions. 17.4 AIN 0.1 Parameters. 17.5 Coding of Data Elements. 17.6 Messages and Parameters. 17.7 AIN Services. 17.8 Acronyms. 17.9 References. Chapter 18 Intelligent Network Application Part. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Call Models and Triggers. 18.3 Capability Sets. 18.4 INAP Signaling. 18.5 ETSI INAP. 18.6 Acronyms. 18.7 References. Chapter 19 Mobile Application Part. 19.1 Introduction to IS-MAP. 19.2 Transactions for Registration and Authentication. 19.3 Calls to Mobile Stations. 19.4 Operations for Intersystem Handoff. 19.5 IS-MAP Formats and Codes. 19.6 Introduction to GSM-MAP. 19.7 Operations Related to Location Updating. 19.8 Operations for Calls Terminating at MS. 19.9 Operations and Procedures for Originating Calls. 19.10 Acronyms. 19.11 References. Chapter 20 Introduction to Packet Networks and VoIP. 20.1 Packet-Based Communication. 20.2 The TCP/IP Protocol Suite. 20.3 Introduction to VoIP. 20.4 Lower Layer Protocols for VoIP. 20.5 Acronyms. 20.6 References. Chapter 21 Signaling for VoIP. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 The H.323 Protocol. 21.3 The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). 21.4 The Gateway Control Protocol. 21.5 The Signaling Transport (SIGTRAN) Protocols. 21.6 The Bearer Independent Call-Control (BICC) Protocols. 21.7 Acronyms. 21.8 References. Chapter 22 Signaling in ATM Networks. 22.1 Introduction to ATM Networks and Interfaces. 22.2 ATM Layers and Protocol Stack. 22.3 Lower Layers. 22.4 Introduction to ATM Signaling. 22.5 Signaling at the UNI Interface. 22.6 The PNNI Protocol. 22.7 The B-ISUP Signaling Protocol. 22.8 Other NNI Signaling Protocols. 22.9 ATM Addressing. 22.10 Acronyms. 22.11 References.

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Book SynopsisThe revised and significantly expanded third edition of Evolutionary Computation presents the latest advances in the theory and practice of evolutionary computation. Highlighting the relationship between learning and intelligence, the book shows readers how to use simulated evolution to achieve machine intelligence.Trade Review"...a major contribution to the evolutionary computation literature...recommended reading for experienced researchers, as well as novice students…" (Computing Reviews.com, May 26, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface to the Third Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Defining Artificial Intelligence. 1.1 Background. 1.2 The Turing Test. 1.3 Simulation of Human Expertise. 1.3.1 Samuel’s Checker Program. 1.3.2 Chess Programs. 1.3.3 Expert Systems. 1.3.4 A Criticism of the Expert Systems or Knowledge-Based Approach. 1.3.5 Fuzzy Systems. 1.3.6 Perspective on Methods Employing Specific Heuristics. 1.4 Neural Networks. 1.5 Definition of Intelligence. 1.6 Intelligence, the Scientific Method, and Evolution. 1.7 Evolving Artificial Intelligence. References. Chapter 1 Exercises. 2 Natural Evolution. 2.1 The Neo-Darwinian Paradigm. 2.2 The Genotype and the Phenotype: The Optimization of Behavior. 2.3 Implications of Wright’s Adaptive Topography: Optimization Is Extensive Yet Incomplete. 2.4 The Evolution of Complexity: Minimizing Surprise. 2.5 Sexual Reproduction. 2.6 Sexual Selection. 2.7 Assessing the Beneficiary of Evolutionary Optimization. 2.8 Challenges to Neo-Darwinism. 2.8.1 Neutral Mutations and the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm. 2.8.2 Punctuated Equilibrium. 2.9 Summary. References. Chapter 2 Exercises. 3 Computer Simulation of Natural Evolution. 3.1 Early Speculations and Specific Attempts. 3.1.1 Evolutionary Operation. 3.1.2 A Learning Machine. 3.2 Artificial Life. 3.3 Evolutionary Programming. 3.4 Evolution Strategies. 3.5 Genetic Algorithms. 3.6 The Evolution of Evolutionary Computation. References. Chapter 3 Exercises. 4 Theoretical and Empirical Properties of Evolutionary Computation. 4.1 The Challenge. 4.2 Theoretical Analysis of Evolutionary Computation. 4.2.1 The Framework for Analysis. 4.2.2 Convergence in the Limit. 4.2.3 The Error of Minimizing Expected Losses in Schema Processing. 4.2.3.1 The Two-Armed Bandit Problem. 4.2.3.2 Extending the Analysis for “Optimally” Allocating Trials. 4.2.3.3 Limitations of the Analysis. 4.2.4 Misallocating Trials and the Schema Theorem in the Presence of Noise. 4.2.5 Analyzing Selection. 4.2.6 Convergence Rates for Evolutionary Algorithms. 4.2.7 Does a Best Evolutionary Algorithm Exist? 4.3 Empirical Analysis. 4.3.1 Variations of Crossover. 4.3.2 Dynamic Parameter Encoding. 4.3.3 Comparing Crossover to Mutation. 4.3.4 Crossover as a Macromutation. 4.3.5 Self-Adaptation in Evolutionary Algorithms. 4.3.6 Fitness Distributions of Search Operators. 4.4 Discussion. References. Chapter 4 Exercises. 5 Intelligent Behavior. 5.1 Intelligence in Static and Dynamic Environments. 5.2 General Problem Solving: Experiments with Tic-Tac-Toe. 5.3 The Prisoner’s Dilemma: Coevolutionary Adaptation. 5.3.1 Background. 5.3.2 Evolving Finite-State Representations. 5.4 Learning How to Play Checkers without Relying on Expert Knowledge. 5.5 Evolving a Self-Learning Chess Player. 5.6 Discussion. References. Chapter 5 Exercises. 6 Perspective. 6.1 Evolution as a Unifying Principle of Intelligence. 6.2 Prediction and the Languagelike Nature of Intelligence. 6.3 The Misplaced Emphasis on Emulating Genetic Mechanisms. 6.4 Bottom-Up Versus Top-Down. 6.5 Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence. References. Chapter 6 Exercises. Glossary. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisElectromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications fills an important niche, connecting the more theoretical nature of negative index materials to the practical and covers all of the important topics relevant to a very complete description of the transmission line model of negative index materials.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Definition of Metamaterials (MTMs) and Left-Handed (LH) MTMs. 1.2 Theoretical Speculation by Viktor Veselago. 1.3 Experimental Demonstration of Left-Handedness. 1.4 Further Numerical and Experimental Confirmations. 1.5 “Conventional” Backward Waves and Novelty of LH MTMs. 1.6 Terminology. 1.7 Transmission Line (TL) Approach. 1.8 Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) MTMs. 1.9 MTMs and Photonic Band-Gap (PBG) Structures. 1.10 Historical “Germs” of MTMs. References. 2 Fundamentals of LH MTMs. 2.1 Left-Handedness from Maxwell’s Equations. 2.2 Entropy Conditions in Dispersive Media. 2.3 Boundary Conditions. 2.4 Reversal of Doppler Effect. 2.5 Reversal of Vavilov- ˘ Cerenkov Radiation. 2.6 Reversal of Snell’s Law: Negative Refraction. 2.7 Focusing by a “Flat LH Lens”. 2.8 Fresnel Coefficients. 2.9 Reversal of Goos-H¨anchen Effect. 2.10 Reversal of Convergence and Divergence in Convex and Concave Lenses. 2.11 Subwavelength Diffraction. References. 3 TLTheoryofMTMs. 3.1 Ideal Homogeneous CRLH TLs. 3.1.1 Fundamental TL Characteristics. 3.1.2 Equivalent MTM Constitutive Parameters. 3.1.3 Balanced and Unbalanced Resonances. 3.1.4 Lossy Case. 3.2 LC Network Implementation. 3.2.1 Principle. 3.2.2 Difference with Conventional Filters. 3.2.3 Transmission Matrix Analysis. 3.2.4 Input Impedance. 3.2.5 Cutoff Frequencies. 3.2.6 Analytical Dispersion Relation. 3.2.7 Bloch Impedance. 3.2.8 Effect of Finite Size in the Presence of Imperfect Matching. 3.3 Real Distributed 1D CRLH Structures. 3.3.1 General Design Guidelines. 3.3.2 Microstrip Implementation. 3.3.3 Parameters Extraction. 3.4 Experimental Transmission Characteristics. 3.5 Conversion from Transmission Line to Constitutive Parameters. References. 4 Two-Dimensional MTMs. 4.1 Eigenvalue Problem. 4.1.1 General Matrix System. 4.1.2 CRLH Particularization. 4.1.3 Lattice Choice, Symmetry Points, Brillouin Zone, and 2D Dispersion Representations. 4.2 Driven Problem by the Transmission Matrix Method (TMM). 4.2.1 Principle of the TMM. 4.2.2 Scattering Parameters. 4.2.3 Voltage and Current Distributions. 4.2.4 Interest and Limitations of the TMM. 4.3 Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Modeling Method. 4.3.1 TLM Modeling of the Unloaded TL Host Network. 4.3.2 TLM Modeling of the Loaded TL Host Network (CRLH). 4.3.3 Relationship between Material Properties and the TLM Model Parameters. 4.3.4 Suitability of the TLM Approach for MTMs. 4.4 Negative Refractive Index (NRI) Effects. 4.4.1 Negative Phase Velocity. 4.4.2 Negative Refraction. 4.4.3 Negative Focusing. 4.4.4 RH-LH Interface Surface Plasmons. 4.4.5 Reflectors with Unusual Properties. 4.5 Distributed 2D Structures. 4.5.1 Description of Possible Structures. 4.5.2 Dispersion and Propagation Characteristics. 4.5.3 Parameter Extraction. 4.5.4 Distributed Implementation of the NRI Slab. References. 5 Guided-Wave Applications. 5.1 Dual-Band Components. 5.1.1 Dual-Band Property of CRLH TLs. 5.1.2 Quarter-Wavelength TL and Stubs. 5.1.3 Passive Component Examples: Quadrature Hybrid and Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.3.1 Quadrature Hybrid. 5.1.3.2 Wilkinson Power Divider. 5.1.4 Nonlinear Component Example: Quadrature Subharmonically Pumped Mixer. 5.2 Enhanced-Bandwidth Components. 5.2.1 Principle of Bandwidth Enhancement. 5.2.2 Rat-Race Coupler Example. 5.3 Super-compact Multilayer “Vertical” TL. 5.3.1 “Vertical” TL Architecture. 5.3.2 TL Performances. 5.3.3 Diplexer Example. 5.4 Tight Edge-Coupled Coupled-Line Couplers (CLCs). 5.4.1 Generalities on Coupled-Line Couplers. 5.4.1.1 TEM and Quasi-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Small Interspacing: Impedance Coupling (IC). 5.4.1.2 Non-TEM Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures with Relatively Large Spacing: Phase Coupling (PC). 5.4.1.3 Summary on Symmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.4 Asymmetric Coupled-Line Structures. 5.4.1.5 Advantages of MTM Couplers. 5.4.2 Symmetric Impedance Coupler. 5.4.3 Asymmetric Phase Coupler. 5.5 Negative and Zeroth-Order Resonator. 5.5.1 Principle. 5.5.2 LC Network Implementation. 5.5.3 Zeroth-Order Resonator Characteristics. 5.5.4 Circuit Theory Verification. 5.5.5 Microstrip Realization. References. 6 Radiated-Wave Applications. 6.1 Fundamental Aspects of Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.1 Principle of Leakage Radiation. 6.1.2 Uniform and Periodic Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.1.2.1 Uniform LW Structures. 6.1.2.2 Periodic LW Structures. 6.1.3 Metamaterial Leaky-Wave Structures. 6.2 Backfire-to-Endfire (BE) Leaky-Wave (LW) Antenna. 6.3 Electronically Scanned BE LW Antenna. 6.3.1 Electronic Scanning Principle. 6.3.2 Electronic Beamwidth Control Principle. 6.3.3 Analysis of the Structure and Results. 6.4 Reflecto-Directive Systems. 6.4.1 Passive Retro-Directive Reflector. 6.4.2 Arbitrary-Angle Frequency Tuned Reflector. 6.4.3 Arbitrary-Angle Electronically Tuned Reflector. 6.5 Two-Dimensional Structures. 6.5.1 Two-Dimensional LW Radiation. 6.5.2 Conical-Beam Antenna. 6.5.3 Full-Space Scanning Antenna. 6.6 Zeroth Order Resonating Antenna. 6.7 Dual-Band CRLH-TL Resonating Ring Antenna. 6.8 Focusing Radiative “Meta-Interfaces”. 6.8.1 Heterodyne Phased Array. 6.8.2 Nonuniform Leaky-Wave Radiator. References. 7 The Future of MTMs. 7.1 “Real-Artificial” Materials: the Challenge of Homogenization. 7.2 Quasi-Optical NRI Lenses and Devices. 7.3 Three-Dimensional Isotropic LH MTMs. 7.4 Optical MTMs. 7.5 “Magnetless” Magnetic MTMs. 7.6 Terahertz Magnetic MTMs. 7.7 Surface Plasmonic MTMs. 7.8 Antenna Radomes and Frequency Selective Surfaces. 7.9 Nonlinear MTMs. 7.10 Active MTMs. 7.11 Other Topics of Interest. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents an easy-to-follow introduction to basic concepts, key issues, effective solutions, and technologies for wavelength-routed Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks. Responding to the need for resources focused on the networking potential of WDM, this book is organized in terms of various important networking aspects.Trade Review"Scientists and researchers working with optical communications will welcome all these reference materials." (IEEE Circuits & Devices, May/June 2006)Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Fundamentals of WDM network devices. 3. Routing and wavelength assignment. 4. Virtual topology design. 5. Distributed lightpath establishment. 6. Optical layer survivability. 7. IP over WDM. 8. Future trends in optical networks. Appendix A: Basics of graph theory. Appendix B: Dijkstra's algorithm.

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Book SynopsisReveals important techniques, data, and examples that allow readers to judge various propulsion setups used in both home and factory made bikes and estimate speed and travel distance for each. This text includes numerous charts that present the costs, benefits, and trade offs between both commercial and user converted models.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Electric Bicycles — History, Characteristics, and Uses. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 History of Bicycles. 1.3 History of Electric Bicycles. 1.4 Some Uses for the Electric-Powered Bicycle. 1.5 Examples of Electric Bicycles. 1.6 Future of Electric Bicycles. 1.7 Laws and Regulations Governing Electric Bicycles. 1.8 Conclusion. 2 Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Mathematical Model of Bicycle Performance: Power Required. 2.3 Estimating Required Motor Power. 2.4 Selecting a Battery for Minimum Life-Cycle Cost. 2.5 Unique New Two-Wheeled Vehicles. 3 Sources of Electric Power for Bicycles. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Requirements of Batteries for Powering Electric Bicycles. 3.3 Characteristics of batteries Suitable for Electric Bicycle Propulsion. 3.4 Fuel Cells for Powering Electric Bicycles. 3.5 Best New Electric Power Sources. 3.6 Bicycle Propulsion Power Sources to Watch. 4 Battery Charging. 4.1 History of battery-Charging Technology. 4.2 Basic Functions of battery Chargers. 4.3 Battery Characteristics Pertinent in Charging. 4.4 Lead-Acid Battery Charging. 4.5 Charger Design for Long Battery Life. 4.6 Smart Chargers for New Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal Hydride, and Lithium Batteries. 4.7 Smart Batteries for Smart Chargers. 4.8 Self-Discharge Rate of Nickel and Lithium Cells. 4.9 Recoverable Energy. 4.10 Solar Panel Battery Chargers. 5 Motors and Motor Controllers. 5.1 Fundamental Principles of Electric Motors. 5.2 Motor Characteristics for Electric Bicycle Propulsion. 5.3 Gear Ratio Determination. 5.4 Motor Control. 6 The System Design. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Setting up the Electric Bicycle Systems Design. 6.3 Some Examples of Bicycle-System Trade. 6.4 System Design Example. 7 Measurement of Performance. 7.1 Measuring Propulsion Power to determine Propulsion Efficiency. 7.2 Measuring Motor Efficiency Includes Measurement of Motor Power. 7.3 Measuring battery Characteristics. 8 Developments to Watch. 8.1 Bicycle Systems. 8.2 Energy Sources. 8.3 Solar Charging Systems. 8.4 High-Efficiency Motors. 8.5 Controllers. Appendix: Table of Conversion Factors for Units of Measure. Index.

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Book SynopsisPractical Estimation in Software Engineering is a practical guide to metrics and quantitative software estimation. The book begins with the foundations of measurement and metrics, and then focuses on techniques and tools for estimation of the required effort and the resulting quality of a software project.Trade Review"It is a good and welcome addition to any technical library…and for anyone…who needs to manage software, either development or acquisition." (ACM Software Engineering Notes, January 2007) "…an excellent book on this important area of software development." (CHOICE, December 2006) "The authors offer software engineers and project managers a new, tested approach that provides the quantitative tools, data, and knowledge needed to make sound estimations." (IEEE Computer Magazine, August 2006) "Corporations should advise both their project managers and their software teams to study methods introduced in this worthy text." (Kybernetes, Vol.36 Issue 1)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Objective. 1.2 Approach. 1.3 Motivation. 1.4 Summary. References. Chapter 1 Side Bar. 2. What to Measure. 2.1 Method 1: The Goal Question Metrics Approach. 2.2 Extension to GQM: Metrics Mechanism is Important. 2.3 Method 2: Decision Maker Model. 2.4 Method 3: Standards Driven Metrics. 2.5 What to Measure is a Function of Time. 2.6 Summary. References. Exercises. Project. 3. Fundamentals of Measurement. 3.1 Initial Measurement Exercise. 3.2 The Challenge of Measurement. 3.3 Measurement Models. 3.3.1 Text Models. 3.3.2 Diagrammatic Models. 3.3.3 Algorithmic Models. 3.3.4 Model Examples: Response Time. 3.3.5 The Pantometric Paradigm - How to Measure Anything. 3.4 Meta-Model for Metrics. 3.5 The Power of Measurement. 3.6 Measurement Theory. 3.6.1 Introduction to Measurement Theory. 3.6.2 Measurement Scales. 3.6.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Variability. 3.6.3.1 Measures of Central Tendency. 3.6.3.2 Measures of Variability. 3.6.4 Validity and Reliability of Measurement. 3.6.5 Measurement Error. 3.7 Accuracy versus Precision and the Limits of Software Measurement. 3.7.1 Summary. 3.7.2 Problems. 3.7.3 Project. References. 4. Measuring the Size of Software. 4.1 Physical Measurements of Software. 4.1.1 Measuring Lines of Code. 4.1.1.1 Code Counting Checklists. 4.1.2 Language Productivity Factor. 4.1.3 Counting Reused and Refactored Code. 4.1.4 Counting Non-Procedural Code Length. 4.1.5 Measuring the Length of Specifications and Design. 4.2 Measuring Functionality. 4.2.1 Function Points. 4.2.1.1 Counting Function Points. 4.2.2 Function Point Counting Exercise. 4.2.3 Converting Function Points to Physical Size. 4.2.4 Converting Function Points to Effort. 4.2.5 Other Function Point Engineering Rules. 4.2.6 Function Point Pros and Cons. 4.3 Feature Points. 4.4 Size Summary. 4.5 Size Exercises. 4.6 Theater Tickets Project. References. 5. Measuring Complexity. 5.1 Structural Complexity. 5.1.1 Size as a Complexity Measure. 5.1.1.1 System Size and Complexity. 5.1.1.2 Module Size and Complexity. 5.1.2 Cyclomatic Complexity. 5.1.3 Halstead's Metrics. 5.1.4 Information Flow Metrics. 5.1.5 System Complexity. 5.1.5.1 Maintainability Index. 5.1.5.2 The Agresti-Card System Complexity Metric. 5.1.6 Object-Oriented Design Metrics. 5.1.7 Structural Complexity Summary. 5.2 Conceptual Complexity. 5.3 Computational Complexity. 5.4 Complexity Metrics Summary. 5.5 Complexity Exercises. 5.6 Projects. References. 6. Estimating Effort. 6.1 Effort Estimation - Where are we?. 6.2 Software Estimation Methodologies and Models. 6.2.1 Expert Estimation. 6.2.1.1 Work and Activity Decomposition. 6.2.1.2 System Decomposition. 6.2.1.3 The Delphi Methods. 6.2.2 Using Benchmark Size Data. 6.2.2.1 Lines of Code Benchmark Data. 6.2.2.2 Function Point Benchmark Data. 6.2.3 Estimation by Analogy. 6.2.3.1 Traditional Analogy Approach. 6.2.3.2 Analogy Summary. 6.2.4 Proxy Point Estimation Methods. 6.2.4.1 Meta-Model for Effort Estimation. 6.2.4.2 Function Points. 6.2.4.2.1 COSMIC Function Points. 6.2.4.3 Object Points. 6.2.4.4 Use Case Sizing Methodologies. 6.2.4.4.1 Use Case Points Methodology. 6.2.4.4.2 Example: Use Case Point Methodology Example: Home Security System. 6.2.4.4.3 Use Case Point Methodology Effectiveness. 6.2.5 Custom Models. 6.2.6 Algorithmic Models. 6.2.6.1 Manual Models. 6.2.6.2 Estimating Project Duration. 6.2.6.3 Tool Based Models. 6.3 Combining Estimates. 6.4 Estimating Issues. 6.4.1 Targets vs. Estimates. 6.4.2 The Limitations of Estimation - Why?. 6.4.3 Estimate Uncertainties. 6.5 Estimating Early and Often. 6.6 Estimation Summary. 6.7 Estimation Problems. 6.8 Estimation Project - Theater Tickets. References. 7. In Praise of Defects: Defects and Defect Metrics. 7.1 Why study and measure defects?. 7.2 Faults vs. failures. 7.3 Defect Dynamics and Behaviors. 7.3.1 Defect Arrival Rates. 7.3.2 Defects vs. Effort. 7.3.3 Defects vs. Staffing. 7.3.4 Defect Arrival Rates vs. Code Production Rate. 7.3.5 Defect Density vs. Module Complexity. 7.3.6 Defect Density vs. System Size. 7.4 Defect Projection Techniques and Models. 7.4.1 Dynamic Defect Models. 7.4.1.1 Rayleigh Models. 7.4.1.2 Exponential and S-Curves Arrival Distribution Models. 7.4.1.3 Empirical Data and Recommendations for Dynamic Models. 7.4.2 Static Defect Models. 7.4.2.1 Defect Insertion and Removal Model. 7.4.2.2 Defect Removal Efficiency - A Key Metric. 7.4.2.3 Static Defect Model Tools. 7.5 Additional Defect Benchmark Data. 7.5.1 Defect Data By Application Domain. 7.5.2 Cumulative Defect Removal Efficiency (DRE) Benchmark. 7.5.3 SEI Levels and Defect Relationships. 7.5.4 Latent Defects. 7.5.5 Other Defects Benchmarks and a Few Recommendations+. 7.6 Cost Effectiveness of Defect Removal by Phase. 7.7 Defining and Using Simple Defect Metrics: An example. 7.8 Some Paradoxical Patterns for Customer Reported Defects. 7.9 Defect Summary. 7.10 Problems. 7.11 Projects. 7.12 Answers to the initial questions. References. 8. Software Reliability Measurement and Prediction. 8.1 Why study and measure software reliability?. 8.2 What is reliability?. 8.3 Faults and failures. 8.4 Failure Severity Classes. 8.5 Failure Intensity. 8.6 The Cost of Reliability. 8.7 Software Reliability Theory. 8.7.1 Uniform and Random Distributions. 8.7.2 The probability of failure during a time interval. 8.7.3 F(t) - The Probability of Failure by time t. 8.7.4 R(t) - The Reliability Function. 8.7.5 Reliability Theory Summarized. 8.8 Reliability Models. 8.8.1 Types of Models. 8.8.2 Predicting Number of Defects Remaining. 8.8.3 Reliability Growth Models. 8.8.4 Model Summary. 8.9 Failure Arrival Rates. 8.9.1 Predicting Failure Arrival Rates Using Historical Data. 8.9.2 Engineering Rules for MTTF. 8.9.3 Musa's Algorithm. 8.9.4 Operational Profile Testing. 8.9.5 Predicting Reliability Summary. 8.10 But when do I ship?. 8.11 System Configurations: Probability and Reliability. 8.12 Answers to Initial Question. 8.13 Reliability Summary. 8.14 Reliability Exercises. 8.15 Reliability Project. References. 9. Response Time and Availability. 9.1 Response Time Measurements. 9.2 Availability. 9.2.1 Availability Factors. 9.2.2 Outage Scope. 9.2.3 Complexities in Measuring Availability. 9.2.4 Software Rejuvenation. 9.2.4.1 Software Aging. 9.2.4.2 Classification of Faults. 9.2.4.3 Software Rejuvenation Techniques. 9.2.4.4 Impact of Rejuvenation on Availability. 9.3 Summary. 9.4 Problems. 9.5 Project. References. 10. Measuring Progress. 10.1 Project Milestones. 10.2 Code Integration. 10.3 Testing Progress. 10.4 Defects Discovery and Closure. 10.4.1 Defect Discovery. 10.4.2 Defect Closure. 10.5 Process Effectiveness. 10.6 Summary. References. Problems. 11. Outsourcing. 11.1 The "O" Word. 11.2 Defining Outsourcing. 11.3 Risks Management and Outsourcing. 11.4 Metrics and the Contract. 11.5 Summary. References. Exercises. Problems. Chapter 11 Sidebar. 12. Financial Measures for the Software Engineer. 12.1 It's All About the Green. 12.2 Financial Concepts. 12.3 Building the Business Case. 12.3.1 Understanding Costs. 12.3.1.1 Salaries. 12.3.1.2 Overhead Costs. 12.3.1.3 Risk Costs. 12.3.1.3.1 Identifying Risk. 12.3.1.3.2 Assessing Risks. 12.3.1.3.3 Planning for Risk. 12.3.1.3.4 Monitoring Risk. 12.3.1.4 Capital versus Expense. 12.3.2 Understanding Benefits. 12.3.3 Business Case Metrics. 12.3.3.1 Return on Investment. 12.3.3.2 Pay-Back Period. 12.3.3.3 Cost/Benefit Ratio. 12.3.3.4 Profit & Loss Statement. 12.3.3.5 Cash Flow. 12.3.3.6 Expected Value. 12.4 Living the Business Case. 12.5 Summary. References. Problems. Projects. 13. Benchmarking. 13.1 What is Benchmarking. 13.2 Why Benchmark. 13.3 What to Benchmark. 13.4 Identifying and Obtaining a Benchmark. 13.5 Collecting Actual Data. 13.6 Taking Action. 13.7 Current Benchmarks. 13.8 Summary. References. Problems. Projects. 14. Presenting Metrics Effectively to Management. 14.1 Decide on the Metrics. 14.2 Draw the Picture. 14.3 Create a Dashboard. 14.4 Drilling for Information. 14.5 Example for the Big Cheese. 14.6 Evolving Metrics. 14.7 Summary. References. Problems. Project. Index.

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Book SynopsisParallel Metaheuristics provides a single, up-to-date reference on parallel metaheuristic issues. This comprehensive book presents modern and ongoing research information on using, designing, and analyzing efficient models of parallel algorithms (numeric and real-time efficiency, algorithms, comparison of parallel models).Trade Review"This book nicely combines many papers on a general topic of timeliness and importance." (Journal of the Operational Research Society, 2008) "…a good overview of recent metaheuristic techniques, and can be used as a starting point for developing new parallel version of the methods." (Computing Reviews.com, March 13, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface Contributors. PART I: INTRODUCTION TO METAHEURISITICS AND PARALLELISM. 1. An Introduction to Metaheuristic Techniques (C. Blum, et al.). 2. Measuring the Performance of Parallel Metaheuristics (E. Alba & G. Luque). 3. New Technologies in Parallelism (E. Alba & A. Nebro). 4. Metaheuristics and Parallelism (E. Alba, et al.). PART II: PARALLEL METAHEURISTIC MODELS. 5. Parallel Genetic Algorithms (G. Luque, et al.). 6. Parallel Genetic Programming (F. Fernández, et al.). 7. Parallel Evolution Strategies (G. Rudolph). 8. Parallel Ant Colony Algorithms (S. Janson, et al.). 9. Parallel Estimation of Distribution Algorithms (J. Madera, et al.). 10. Parallel Scatter Search (F. Garcia, et al.). 11. Parallel Variable Neighborhood Search (J. Moreno-Pérez, et al.). 12. Parallel Simulated Annealing (M. Aydin, V. Yigit). 13. Parallel Tabu Search (T. Crainic, et al.). 14. Parallel Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures (M. Resende & C. Ribeiro). 15. Parallel Hybrid Metaheuristics (C. Cotta, et al.). 16. Parallel MultiObjective Optimization (A. Nebro, et al.). 17. Parallel Heterogeneous Metaheuristics (F. Luna, et al.). PART III: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS. 18. Theory of Parallel Genetic Algorithms (E. Cantú-Paz). 19. Parallel Metaheuristics Applications (T. Crainic & N. Hail). 20. Parallel Metaheuristics in Telecommunications (S. Nesmachnow, et al.). 21. Bioinformatics and Parallel Metaheuristics (O. Trelles, A. Rodriguez). Index.

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Book SynopsisComputer-based simulation has long been used to project the behavior of systems too complex for analytical calculation.Trade Review"…researchers and students in organization science and computational organization theory will find it useful…informative reading for professionals and technical management personnel." (Computing Reviews.com, May 24, 2007)Table of ContentsForward. Preface. Contributors. 1. Introduction and Overview (W. Rouse & K. Boff). 2. Strategic Thinking Via Organizational Simulation (W. Rouse). 3. Using Organizational Simulation to Develop Unprecedented Systems (S. Cross). 4. The Learning Organization and Organizational Simulation (D. Andrews, et al.). 5. Requirements and Approaches For Modeling Individuals Within Organizational Simulations (E. Hudlicka & G. Zacharias). 6. Common Ground and Coordination in Joint Activity (G. Klein, et al.). 7. Modeling Team Performance: The Basic Ingredients and Research Needs (E. Salas, et al.). 8. National Differences in Teamwork (H. Klein & A. McHugh). 9. How Well Did It Work? Measuring Organizational Performance in Simulation Environments (J. MacMillan, et al.). 10. Technical and Conceptual Challenges in Organizational Simulation (L. McGinnis). 11. Narrative Abstraction For Organizational Simulations (J. Murray). 12. Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation of Socio-Technical Systems (A. Shah & A. Pritchett). 13. Executable Models of Decision Making Organizations (A. Levis). 14. Organizational Design and Assessment in Cyber-Space (K. Carley). 15. Artificial Intelligence and Its Applications to Organizational Simulation (S. Cross & S. Fouse). 16. Simulating Humans (I. Essa & A. Bobick). 17. Modeling Crowd Behavior For Military Simulation Applications (R. Loftin, et al.). 18. Application of Immersive Technology For Next Generation Simulation (R. Lindheim & J. Korris). 19. From Viz-Sim to VR to Games: How We Build a Hit Game-Based Simulation (M. Zyda, et al.). 20. Distributed Simulation and the High Level Architecture (R. Fujimoto). 21. Harnessing the Hive: Innovation as a Distributed Function in The Online Game Community (J. Herz). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisMobile Internetworking with IPv6 presents Mobile Internetworking concepts, principles, and practices. It describes how Mobile IPv6, an Internet Standard, provides a foundation for a Mobile Internet. The Mobile IPv6 is not only a new design but also includes enhancements such as Route Optimization as an integral part of the specification.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Part I Introduction and Background. 1 Mobility on the Internet: Introduction. 2 IP Version. 3 IP Security. Part II IP Mobility. 4 Mobility Concepts and Principles. 5 Mobility Support Using Mobile IP. 6 Mobile IPv6 Protocol. 7 Binding Cache Management. 8 Return Routability. 9 IP Security for Mobile Nodes and their Home Agents. 10 Packet Handling. 11 Movement Detection. 12 Dynamic Home Agent Discovery. 13 Network Mobility. Part III Advanced Mobility Protocols. 14 Fast Handovers. 15 Fast Handovers Protocol. 16 Context Transfers. 17 Hierarchical Mobility Management.Part IV Applying IP Mobility. 18 Mobile IPv6 in CDMA Packet Data Networks. 19 Enterprise Mobile Networking. 20 Fast Handover in a Wireless LAN. Part V Emerging Topics in IP Mobility. 21 Multiaccess and Mobility. 22 Seamless Handovers. 23 Location Privacy and IP Mobility. 24 Route Optimization for Mobile IPv4 using Return Routability. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn interdisciplinary framework for learning methodologiescovering statistics, neural networks, and fuzzy logic, this book provides a unified treatment of the principles and methods for learning dependencies from data. It establishes a general conceptual framework in which various learning methods from statistics, neural networks, and fuzzy logic can be appliedshowing that a few fundamental principles underlie most new methods being proposed today in statistics, engineering, and computer science. Complete with over one hundred illustrations, case studies, and examples making this an invaluable text.Trade Review"I think Learning From Data is a very valuable volume. I will recommend it to my graduate students." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, March 2009) "The broad spectrum of information it offers is beneficial to many field of research. The selection of topics is good, and I believe that many researchers and practioners will find this book useful." (Technometrics, May 2008) "The authors have succeeded in summarizing some of the recent trends and future challenges in different learning methods, including enabling technologies and some interesting practical applications." (Computing Reviews, May 22, 2008)Table of ContentsPREFACE. NOTATION. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Learning and Statistical Estimation. 1.2 Statistical Dependency and Causality. 1.3 Characterization of Variables. 1.4 Characterization of Uncertainty. 1.5 Predictive Learning versus Other Data Analytical Methodologies. 2 Problem Statement, Classical Approaches, and Adaptive Learning. 2.1 Formulation of the Learning Problem. 2.1.1 Objective of Learning. 2.1.2 Common Learning Tasks. 2.1.3 Scope of the Learning Problem Formulation. 2.2 Classical Approaches. 2.2.1 Density Estimation. 2.2.2 Classification. 2.2.3 Regression. 2.2.4 Solving Problems with Finite Data. 2.2.5 Nonparametric Methods. 2.2.6 Stochastic Approximation. 2.3 Adaptive Learning: Concepts and Inductive Principles. 2.3.1 Philosophy, Major Concepts, and Issues. 2.3.2 A Priori Knowledge and Model Complexity. 2.3.3 Inductive Principles. 2.3.4 Alternative Learning Formulations. 2.4 Summary. 3 Regularization Framework. 3.1 Curse and Complexity of Dimensionality. 3.2 Function Approximation and Characterization of Complexity. 3.3 Penalization. 3.3.1 Parametric Penalties. 3.3.2 Nonparametric Penalties. 3.4 Model Selection (Complexity Control). 3.4.1 Analytical Model Selection Criteria. 3.4.2 Model Selection via Resampling. 3.4.3 Bias–Variance Tradeoff. 3.4.4 Example of Model Selection. 3.4.5 Function Approximation versus Predictive Learning. 3.5 Summary. 4 Statistical Learning Theory. 4.1 Conditions for Consistency and Convergence of ERM. 4.2 Growth Function and VC Dimension. 4.2.1 VC Dimension for Classification and Regression Problems. 4.2.2 Examples of Calculating VC Dimension. 4.3 Bounds on the Generalization. 4.3.1 Classification. 4.3.2 Regression. 4.3.3 Generalization Bounds and Sampling Theorem. 4.4 Structural Risk Minimization. 4.4.1 Dictionary Representation. 4.4.2 Feature Selection. 4.4.3 Penalization Formulation. 4.4.4 Input Preprocessing. 4.4.5 Initial Conditions for Training Algorithm. 4.5 Comparisons of Model Selection for Regression. 4.5.1 Model Selection for Linear Estimators. 4.5.2 Model Selection for k-Nearest-Neighbor Regression. 4.5.3 Model Selection for Linear Subset Regression. 4.5.4 Discussion. 4.6 Measuring the VC Dimension. 4.7 VC Dimension, Occam’s Razor, and Popper’s Falsifiability. 4.8 Summary and Discussion. 5 Nonlinear Optimization Strategies. 5.1 Stochastic Approximation Methods. 5.1.1 Linear Parameter Estimation. 5.1.2 Backpropagation Training of MLP Networks. 5.2 Iterative Methods. 5.2.1 EM Methods for Density Estimation. 5.2.2 Generalized Inverse Training of MLP Networks. 5.3 Greedy Optimization. 5.3.1 Neural Network Construction Algorithms. 5.3.2 Classification and Regression Trees. 5.4 Feature Selection, Optimization, and Statistical Learning Theory. 5.5 Summary. 6 Methods for Data Reduction and Dimensionality Reduction. 6.1 Vector Quantization and Clustering. 6.1.1 Optimal Source Coding in Vector Quantization. 6.1.2 Generalized Lloyd Algorithm. 6.1.3 Clustering. 6.1.4 EM Algorithm for VQ and Clustering. 6.1.5 Fuzzy Clustering. 6.2 Dimensionality Reduction: Statistical Methods. 6.2.1 Linear Principal Components. 6.2.2 Principal Curves and Surfaces. 6.2.3 Multidimensional Scaling. 6.3 Dimensionality Reduction: Neural Network Methods. 6.3.1 Discrete Principal Curves and Self-Organizing Map Algorithm. 6.3.2 Statistical Interpretation of the SOM Method. 6.3.3 Flow-Through Version of the SOM and Learning Rate Schedules. 6.3.4 SOM Applications and Modifications. 6.3.5 Self-Supervised MLP. 6.4 Methods for Multivariate Data Analysis. 6.4.1 Factor Analysis. 6.4.2 Independent Component Analysis. 6.5 Summary. 7 Methods for Regression. 7.1 Taxonomy: Dictionary versus Kernel Representation. 7.2 Linear Estimators. 7.2.1 Estimation of Linear Models and Equivalence of Representations. 7.2.2 Analytic Form of Cross-Validation. 7.2.3 Estimating Complexity of Penalized Linear Models. 7.2.4 Nonadaptive Methods. 7.3 Adaptive Dictionary Methods. 7.3.1 Additive Methods and Projection Pursuit Regression. 7.3.2 Multilayer Perceptrons and Backpropagation. 7.3.3 Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines. 7.3.4 Orthogonal Basis Functions and Wavelet Signal Denoising. 7.4 Adaptive Kernel Methods and Local Risk Minimization. 7.4.1 Generalized Memory-Based Learning. 7.4.2 Constrained Topological Mapping. 7.5 Empirical Studies. 7.5.1 Predicting Net Asset Value (NAV) of Mutual Funds. 7.5.2 Comparison of Adaptive Methods for Regression. 7.6 Combining Predictive Models. 7.7 Summary. 8 Classification. 8.1 Statistical Learning Theory Formulation. 8.2 Classical Formulation. 8.2.1 Statistical Decision Theory. 8.2.2 Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis. 8.3 Methods for Classification. 8.3.1 Regression-Based Methods. 8.3.2 Tree-Based Methods. 8.3.3 Nearest-Neighbor and Prototype Methods. 8.3.4 Empirical Comparisons. 8.4 Combining Methods and Boosting. 8.4.1 Boosting as an Additive Model. 8.4.2 Boosting for Regression Problems. 8.5 Summary. 9 Support Vector Machines. 9.1 Motivation for Margin-Based Loss. 9.2 Margin-Based Loss, Robustness, and Complexity Control. 9.3 Optimal Separating Hyperplane. 9.4 High-Dimensional Mapping and Inner Product Kernels. 9.5 Support Vector Machine for Classification. 9.6 Support Vector Implementations. 9.7 Support Vector Regression. 9.8 SVM Model Selection. 9.9 Support Vector Machines and Regularization. 9.10 Single-Class SVM and Novelty Detection. 9.11 Summary and Discussion. 10 Noninductive Inference and Alternative Learning Formulations. 10.1 Sparse High-Dimensional Data. 10.2 Transduction. 10.3 Inference Through Contradictions. 10.4 Multiple-Model Estimation. 10.5 Summary. 11 Concluding Remarks. Appendix A: Review of Nonlinear Optimization. Appendix B: Eigenvalues and Singular Value Decomposition. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe first book to integrate axiomatic design and robust design for a comprehensive quality approach As the adoption of quality methods grows across various industries, its implementation is challenged by situations where statistical tools are inadequate, yet the earlier a proactive quality system is introduced into a given process, the greater the payback these methods will yield. Axiomatic Quality brings together two well-established theories, axiomatic design and robust design, to eliminate or reduce both conceptual and operational weaknesses. Providing a complete framework for immediate implementation, this book guides design teams in producing systems that operate at high-quality levels for each of their design requirements. And it shows the way towards achieving the Six-Sigma target--six times the standard deviation contained between the target and each side of the specification limits--for each requirement. This book develops an aggressive aTable of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Axiomatic Design Method. Chapter 3. The Independence Axiom. Chapter 4. The Information Axiom and Design Complexity. Chapter 5. Quality Engineering: An Axiomatic Perspective. Chapter 6. The Axiomatic Quality & Reliability Process. Chapter 7. Axiomatic Quality Process Concept Selection Process. Chapter 8. The Conceptual Design for Capability (CDFC) Phase. Chapter 9. Axiomatic Quality Optimization Phase. Chapter 10. The Low Pass Filter Axiomatic Quality Case Study. Chapter 11. The Axiomatic Reliability. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents describes in detail each of the 40 software and systems engineering standards contained in the collection of the IEEE. The book is organized to allow users to quickly pinpoint a subject of interest, find an overall description of the subject, and obtain a clear explanation of best-practice standards for that subject.Trade Review"If there were anything else the reader would want from this book, I cannot contemplate what that might be." (Software Quality Professional, September 2007) "Moore's book is exactly what his title says...consider it a valuable index and commentary—the Cliff Notes" for IEEE standards." (CHOICE, June 2006) "For readers who want a book about standards and how they can be used in a software engineering context, this is the book to have." (Software Quality Professional, June 2006) "...an excellent source for [software engineering practitioners]...helping them to locate the standards pertinent to questions they face in real projects." (Computing Reviews.com, May 22, 2006)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. PART I: BACKGROUND. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Standards-Makers. Chapter 3. Principles of the S2ESC Collection. Chapter 4. Organizing a Standards Collection. PART II: A KNOWLEDGE-ORIENTED VIEW. Chapter 5. Overview of the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge. Chapter 6. Knowledge Area: Software Requirements. Chapter 7. Knowledge Area: Software Design. Chapter 8. Knowledge Area: Software Construction. Chapter 9. Knowledge Area: Software Testing. Chapter 10. Knowledge Area: Software Maintenance. Chapter 11. Knowledge Area: Software Configuration Management. Chapter 12. Knowledge Area: Software Engineering Management. Chapter 13. Knowledge Area: Software Engineering Process. Chapter 14. Knowledge Area: Software Engineering Tools and Methods. Chapter 15. Knowledge Area: Software Quality. Chapter 16. Related Disciplines. Chapter 17. Other IEEE Software Engineering Standards. PART 3: A PROCESS-ORIENTED VIEW. Chapter 18. History and Concepts. Chapter 19. Software Life Cycle Processes. Chapter 20. System Life Cycle Processes. Appendix A: Standards Described in This Book. Appendix B: Abbreviations and Acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive study of microwave vacuum electronic devices and their current and future applications While both vacuum and solid-state electronics continue to evolve and provide unique solutions, emerging commercial and military applications that call for higher power and higher frequencies to accommodate massive volumes of transmitted data are the natural domain of vacuum electronics technology. Modern Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Power Electronics provides systems designers, engineers, and researchers-especially those with primarily solid-state training-with a thoroughly up-to-date survey of the rich field of microwave vacuum electronic device (MVED) technology. This book familiarizes the R&D and academic communities with the capabilities and limitations of MVED and highlights the exciting scientific breakthroughs of the past decade that are dramatically increasing the compactness, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and reliability of this entire class of devices.Trade Review"...a very good up to date survey on the status of microwave power electronics covering a lot of technical details. Scientists and researchers in vacuum electronic devices will certainly like to have this book." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, November/December 2006) "Expected to be in high demand due to its specialized in-depth coverage and easy to read style, plus the fact that little else is out there on this in one volume." (E-STREAMS, November 2006)Table of ContentsDedication. Foreword by Baruch Levush. Preface. Acknowledgements. List of Contributors. List of Acronyms and Abbreviations. Chapter 1. Introduction and Overview. Chapter 2. Historical Highlights. Chapter 3. Klystrons. Chapter 4. Traveling Waves Tubes (TWTs). Chapter 5. Gyro-Amplifiers. Chapter 6. Crossed-Field Devices. Chapter 7. Microfabricated MVEDs. Chapter 8. Advanced Electron Beam Sources. Chapter 9. How to Achieve Linear Amplification. Chapter 10. Computational Modeling. Chapter 11. Next-Generation Microwave Structures and Circuits. Chapter 12. Advanced Materials Technologies for MVEDs. Chapter 13. High Power Microwave (HPM) Sources. Chapter 14. Affordable Manufacturing. Chapter 15. Emerging Applications and Future Possibilities. Index. About the Editors. Appendices.

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Book Synopsis The main subjects in this book relate to software development using cutting-edge technologies for real-world industrial automation applications A hands-on approach to applying a wide variety of emerging technologies to modern industrial practice problems Explains key concepts through clear examples, ranging from simple to more complex problem domains, and all based on real-world industrial problems A useful reference book for practicing engineers as well as an updated resource book for researchers Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acroyms. Part I. Design Principles of Modern Industrial Automation Systems. 1. Introduction. 2. Virtual Instrumentation. 3. Component-Based Measurement Systems. 4. Object-Oriented Software Engineering. 5. Graphical User Interface Design. 6. Database Management. 7. Software Testing. Part II. Real-World Applications. 8. Overview. 9. An Object-Oriented Reconfigurable Software. 10. Flexible Measurement Point Management. 11. A Blending System Using Multithreaded Programming. 12. A Flexible Automatic Test System for Rotating Turbine Machinery. 13. An Internet-Based Online Real-Time Condition Monitoring System. 14. Epilog. Index.

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Book SynopsisModeling and High Performance Control of Electric Machines introduces you to both the modeling and control of electric machines. The direct current (DC) machine and the alternating current (AC) machines (induction, PM synchronous, and BLDC) are all covered in detail. The author emphasizes control techniques used for high-performance applications, specifically ones that require both rapid and precise control of position, speed, or torque. You''ll discover how to derive mathematical models of the machines, and how the resulting models can be used to design control algorithms that achieve high performance. Graduate students studying power and control as well as practicing engineers in industry will find this a highly readable text on the operation, modeling, and control of electric machines. An Instructor''s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.Instructor Support materials are also available. Email IAline@Table of ContentsPART I: DC MACHINES, CONTROLS AND MAGNETICS. 1. The Physics of the DC Motor. 2.Feedback Control. 3. Magnetic Fields and Materials. PART II: AC MACHINE THEORY. 4. Rotating Magnetic Fields. 5. The Physics of AC Machines. 6. Mathematical Models of AC Machines. 7. Symmetric Balanced Three-Phase AC Machines. 8. Induction Motor Control. 9. PM Synchronous Motor Control. 10. Trapezoidal Back-Emf PM Synchronous Motors (BLDC). Appendix: Trigonometric Table and Identities. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis seminal book presents a new logically determined design methodology for designing clockless circuit systems. The book presents the foundations, architectures and methodologies to implement such systems. Based on logical relationships, it concentrates on digital circuit system complexity and productivity to allow for more reliable, faster and cheaper products. * Transcends shortcomings of Boolean logic. * Presents theoritical foundations, architecture and analysis of clockless (asynchronous) circuit design. * Contains examples and exercises making it ideal for those studying the area.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Trusting Logic. 1.1 Mathematicianless Enlivenment of Logic Expression. 1.2 Emulating the Mathematician. 1.3 Supplementing the Expressivity of Boolean Logic. 1.4 Defining a Sufficiently Expressive Logic. 1.5 The Logically Determined System. 1.6 Trusting the Logic: A Methodology of Logical Confidence. 1.7 Summary. 1.8 Exercises. 2. A Sufficiently Expressive Logic. 2.1 Searching for a New Logic. 2.2 Deriving a 3 Value Logic. 2.3 Deriving a 2 Value Logic. 2.4 Compromising Logical Completeness. 2.5 Summary. 3. The Structure of Logically Determined Systems. 3.1 The Cycle. 3.2 Basic Pipeline Structures. 3.3 Control Variables and Wavefront Steering. 3.4 The Logically Determined System. 3.5 Initialization. 3.6 Testing. 3.7 Summary. 3.8 Exercises. 4. 2NCL Combinational Expression. 4.1 Function Classification. 4.2 The Library of 2NCL Operators. 4.3 2NCL Combinational Expression. 4.4 Example 1: Binary Plus Trinary to Quaternary Adder. 4.5 Example 2: Logic Unit. 4.6 Example 3: Minterm Construction. 4.7 Example 4: A Binary Clipper. 4.8 Example 5: A Code Detector. 4.9 Completeness Sufficiency. 4.10 Greater Combinational Composition. 4.11 Directly Mapping Boolean Combinational Expressions. 4.12 Summary. 4.13 Exercises. 5. Cycle Granularity. 5.1 Partitioning Combinational Expressions. 5.2 Partitioning the Data Path. 5.3 Two-dimensional Pipelining: Orthogonal Pipelining Across a Data Path. 5.4 2D Wavefront Behavior. 5.5 2D Pipelined Operations. 5.6 Summary. 5.7 Exercises. 6. Memory Elements. 6.1 The Ring Register. 6.2 Complex Function Registers. 6.3 The Consume/Produce Register Structure. 6.4 The Register File. 6.5 Delay Pipeline Memory. 6.6 Delay Tower. 6.7 FIFO Tower. 6.8 Stack Tower. 6.9 Wrapper for Standard Memory Modules. 6.10 Exercises. 7. State Machines. 7.1 Basic State Machine Structure. 7.2 Exercises. 8. Busses and Networks. 8.1 The Bus. 8.2 A Fan-out Steering Tree. 8.3 Fan-in Steering Trees Do Not Work. 8.4 Arbitrated Steering Structures. 8.5 Concurrent Crossbar Network. 8.6 Exercises. 9. Multi-value Numeric Design. 9.1 Numeric Representation. 9.2 A Quaternary ALU. 9.3 A Binary ALU. 9.4 Comparison. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 Exercises. 10. The Shadow Model of Pipeline Behavior. 10.1 Pipeline Structure. 10.2 The Pipeline Simulation Model. 10.3 Delays Affecting Throughput. 10.4 The Shadow Model. 10.5 The Value of the Shadow Model. 10.6 Exercises. 11. Pipeline Buffering. 11.1 Enhancing Throughput. 11.2 Buffering for Constant Rate Throughput. 11.3 Summary of Buffering. 11.4 Exercises. 12. Ring Behavior. 12.1 The Pipeline Ring. 12.2 Wavefront-limited Ring Behavior. 12.3 The Cycle-to-Wavefront Ratio. 12.4 Ring Signal Behavior. 13. Interacting Pipeline Structures. 13.1 Preliminaries. 13.2 Example 1: The Basics of a Two-pipeline Structure. 13.3 Example 2: A Wavefront Delay Structure. 13.4 Example 3: Reducing the Period of the Slowest Cycle. 13.5 Exercises. 14. Complex Pipeline Structures. 14.1 Linear Feedback Shift Register Example. 14.2 Grafting Pipelines. 14.3 The LFSR with a Slow Cycle. 14.4 Summary. 14.5 Exercises. Appendix A: Logically Determined Wavefront Flow. A.1 Synchronization. A.2 Wavefronts and Bubbles. A.3 Wavefront Propagation. A.4 Extended Simulation of Wavefront Flow. A.5 Wavefront and Bubble Behavior in a System. Appendix B: Playing with 2NCL. B.1 The SR Flip-flop Implementations. B.2 Initialization. B.3 Auto-produce and Auto-consume. Appendix C: Pipeline Simulation. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisWhile much has been published on the subject in individual articles, this text is the first to cohesively present optical switching in a single book. The three authors examine and discuss all the challenges involved in the commercialization of optical switching.Table of ContentsPREFACE. ABOUT THE AUTHORS. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Evolution of Optical Networks. 1.1.1 Broadcast-and-Select Networks. 1.1.2 Wavelength-Routed Networks. 1.2 View of the Current Network. 1.3 Optical Networking. 1.4 Switching in Optical Networks. 1.4.1 Optical Switching. 1.4.2 Opaque Switching. 1.4.3 Challenges for Optical Switching. 1.5 Optical Switching Paradigms. References. 2 Optical Switches. 2.1 Parameters Used for Switch Performance Evaluation. 2.2 Applications of Optical Switches. 2.2.1 Optical Crossconnects. 2.2.2 Protection and Restoration. 2.2.3 Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing. 2.2.4 Optical Signal Monitoring. 2.2.5 Network Provisioning. 2.3 Optical Switch Fabrics. 2.3.1 Optomechanical Switches. 2.3.2 Optical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (Optical MEMS). 2.3.3 Electro-Optic Switches. 2.3.4 Thermo-Optic Switches. 2.3.5 Liquid-Crystal Switches. 2.3.6 Bubble Switches. 2.3.7 Acousto-Optic Switches. 2.3.8 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Switches. 2.3.9 All-Optical Switches. 2.4 Building Large Switches. References. 3 Optical Packet Switching. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Design Alternatives for Optical Packet Switches. 3.2.1 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Optical Packet Switching. 3.2.2 Header Format, Transmission, and Processing. 3.2.3 Electronic versus Optical Control. 3.2.4 Optical Switch Fabric Technology and Architecture. 3.3 Enabling Technologies for Optical Packet Switching. 3.3.1 All-Optical 3R Regeneration. 3.3.2 All-Optical Packet Delineation and Synchronization. 3.3.3 All-Optical Signal Processing. 3.3.4 All-Optical Buffering. 3.3.5 All-Optical Packet Switch Fabrics. 3.3.6 All-Optical Wavelength Conversion. 3.4 General Architecture of an Optical Packet Switch. 3.5 Wavelength Conversion in Optical Packet Switching. 3.5.1 Limited Range Wavelength Converters. 3.6 Contention Resolution in Optical Packet Switches. 3.6.1 Buffering. 3.6.2 Deflection Routing. 3.6.3 Discussion. 3.7 Quality of Service Support. 3.8 Optical Packet Switch Architectures. 3.8.1 KEOPS. 3.8.2 WASPNET. 3.8.3 The Data-Vortex Packet Switch. 3.9 Metropolitan Area Packet Switched Networks. 3.9.1 The HORNET Project. 3.9.2 The DAVID Project. 3.9.3 The RingO Project. References. 4 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Multiprotocol Label Switching. 4.2.1 MPLS Operation. 4.2.2 Label Distribution. 4.2.3 Traffic Engineering. 4.2.4 Constraint-Based Routing. 4.2.5 Extensions to Routing Protocols. 4.2.6 Extensions to Signaling Protocols. 4.3 Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching. 4.3.1 Introduction. 4.3.2 Overview of GMPLS. 4.3.3 Fundamental GMPLS Features. 4.4 The GMPLS Protocol Suite. 4.4.1 Routing Protocols. 4.4.2 Signaling Protocols. 4.4.3 Link Management Protocol. 4.5 Automatically Switched Optical Network (ASON). 4.5.1 The ASON Architecture. 4.5.2 ASON and GMPLS. References. 5 Optical Burst Switching. 5.1 Network and Node Architecture. 5.1.1 Wavelength-Routed Optical Burst Switched Networks. 5.1.2 Labeled Optical Burst Switching. 5.2 Burst Assembly. 5.2.1 Burst Assembly Algorithms. 5.2.2 Predictive Assembly Algorithms. 5.3 Signaling. 5.3.1 The JumpStart Signaling Architecture. 5.4 Routing and Wavelength Assignment in OBS Networks. 5.4.1 Routing. 5.4.2 Wavelength Assignment. 5.5 Burst Scheduling. 5.5.1 Scheduling Algorithms Without Void Filling. 5.5.2 Scheduling Algorithms with Void Filling. 5.5.3 Efficient Implementations of Scheduling Algorithms. 5.5.4 Other Approaches to Burst Scheduling. 5.6 Contention Resolution. 5.6.1 Deflection Routing in OBS Networks. 5.6.2 Burst Segmentation. 5.6.3 Prioritized Contention Resolution. 5.7 Quality of Service Support. 5.7.1 Offset-Based QoS. 5.7.2 Other Schemes for QoS Support. 5.8 Protection and Restoration. 5.8.1 1þ1 Protection in OBS Networks. 5.8.2 Restoration via Deflection Routing. 5.8.3 Reliability in OBS Networks. 5.9 Multicasting. References. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisStatistical Intervals is a guide for practitioners and researchers--providing a detailed, comprehensive, modernized treatment of this important subject. With numerous examples, it presents and differentiates in an easy-to-apply manner the use of confidence intervals (e.g.Table of ContentsPreface to Second Edition iii Preface to First Edition vii Acknowledgments x 1 Introduction, Basic Concepts, and Assumptions 1 1.1 Statistical Inference 2 1.2 Different Types of Statistical Intervals: An Overview 2 1.3 The Assumption of Sample Data 3 1.4 The Central Role of Practical Assumptions Concerning Representative Data 4 1.5 Enumerative Versus Analytic Studies 5 1.6 Basic Assumptions for Enumerative Studies 7 1.7 Considerations in the Conduct of Analytic Studies 10 1.8 Convenience and Judgment Samples 11 1.9 Sampling People 12 1.10 Infinite Population Assumptions 13 1.11 Practical Assumptions: Overview 14 1.12 Practical Assumptions: Further Example 14 1.13 Planning the Study 17 1.14 The Role of Statistical Distributions 17 1.15 The Interpretation of Statistical Intervals 18 1.16 Statistical Intervals and Big Data 19 1.17 Comment Concerning Subsequent Discussion 19 2 Overview of Different Types of Statistical Intervals 21 2.1 Choice of a Statistical Interval 21 2.2 Confidence Intervals 23 2.3 Prediction Intervals 24 2.4 Statistical Tolerance Intervals 26 2.5 Which Statistical Interval Do I Use? 27 2.6 Choosing a Confidence Level 28 2.7 Two-Sided Statistical Intervals Versus One-Sided Statistical Bounds 29 2.8 The Advantage of Using Confidence Intervals Instead of Significance Tests 30 2.9 Simultaneous Statistical Intervals 31 3 Constructing Statistical Intervals Assuming a Normal Distribution Using Simple Tabulations 33 3.1 Introduction 34 3.2 Circuit Pack Voltage Output Example 35 3.3 Two-Sided Statistical Intervals 36 3.4 One-Sided Statistical Bounds 38 4 Methods for Calculating Statistical Intervals for a Normal Distribution 43 4.1 Notation 44 4.2 Confidence Interval for the Mean of a Normal Distribution 45 4.3 Confidence Interval for the Standard Deviation of a Normal Distribution 45 4.4 Confidence Interval for a Normal Distribution Quantile 46 4.5 Confidence Interval for the Distribution Proportion Less (Greater) Than a Specified Value 47 4.6 Statistical Tolerance Intervals 48 4.7 Prediction Interval to Contain a Single Future Observation or the Mean of m Future Observations 50 4.8 Prediction Interval to Contain at least k of m Future Observations 51 4.9 Prediction Interval to Contain the Standard Deviation of m Future Observations 52 4.10 The Assumption of a Normal Distribution 53 4.11 Assessing Distribution Normality and Dealing with Nonnormality 54 4.12 Data Transformations and Inferences from Transformed Data 57 4.13 Statistical Intervals for Linear Regression Analysis 60 4.14 Statistical Intervals for Comparing Populations and Processes 62 5 Distribution-Free Statistical Intervals 65 5.1 Introduction 66 5.2 Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals and One-Sided Confidence Bounds for a Quantile 68 5.3 Distribution-Free Tolerance Intervals and Bounds to Contain a Specified Proportion of a Distribution 78 5.4 Prediction Intervals to Contain a Specified Ordered Observation in a Future Sample 81 5.5 Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals and Bounds to Contain at Least k of m Future Observations 84 6 Statistical Intervals for a Binomial Distribution 89 6.1 Introduction to Binomial Distribution Statistical Intervals 90 6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Actual Proportion Nonconforming in the Sampled Distribution 92 6.3 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Nonconforming Units in a Finite Population 102 6.4 Confidence Intervals for the Probability that the Number of Nonconforming Units in a Sample is Less than or Equal to (or Greater than) a Specified Number 104 6.5 Confidence Intervals for the Quantile of the Distribution of the Number of Nonconforming Units 105 6.6 Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds for the Distribution of the Number of Nonconforming Units 107 6.7 Prediction Intervals for the Number Nonconforming in a Future Sample 108 7 Statistical Intervals for a Poisson Distribution 115 7.1 Introduction 116 7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Event-Occurrence Rate of a Poisson Distribution 117 7.3 Confidence Intervals for the Probability that the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure is Less than or Equal to (or Greater than) a Specified Number 124 7.4 Confidence Intervals for the Quantile of the Distribution of the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure 125 7.5 Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds for the Distribution of the Number of Events in a Specified Amount of Exposure 127 7.6 Prediction Intervals for the Number of Events in a Future Amount of Exposure 128 8 Sample Size Requirements for Confidence Intervals on Distribution Parameters 135 8.1 Basic Requirements for Sample Size Determination 136 8.2 Sample Size for a Confidence Interval for a Normal Distribution Mean 137 8.3 Sample Size to Estimate a Normal Distribution Standard Deviation 141 8.4 Sample Size to Estimate a Normal Distribution Quantile 143 8.5 Sample Size to Estimate a Binomial Proportion 143 8.6 Sample Size to Estimate a Poisson Occurrence Rate 144 9 Sample Size Requirements for Tolerance Intervals, Tolerance Bounds, and Related Demonstration Tests 148 9.1 Sample Size for Normal Distribution Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds148 9.2 Sample Size to Pass a One-Sided Demonstration Test Based on Normally Distributed Measurements 150 9.3 Minimum Sample Size For Distribution-Free Two-Sided Tolerance Intervals and One-Sided Tolerance Bounds 152 9.4 Sample Size for Controlling the Precision of Two-Sided Distribution-Free Tolerance In-tervals and One-Sided Distribution-Free Tolerance Bounds 153 9.5 Sample Size to Demonstrate that a Binomial Proportion Exceeds (is Exceeded by) a Specified Value 154 10 Sample Size Requirements for Prediction Intervals 164 10.1 Prediction Interval Width: The Basic Idea 164 10.2 Sample Size for a Normal Distribution Prediction Interval 165 10.3 Sample Size for Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals for k of m Future Observations 170 11 Basic Case Studies 172 11.1 Demonstration that the Operating Temperature of Most Manufactured Devices will not Exceed a Specified Value 173 11.2 Forecasting Future Demand for Spare Parts 177 11.3 Estimating the Probability of Passing an Environmental Emissions Test 180 11.4 Planning a Demonstration Test to Verify that a Radar System has a Satisfactory Prob-ability of Detection 182 11.5 Estimating the Probability of Exceeding a Regulatory Limit 184 11.6 Estimating the Reliability of a Circuit Board 189 11.7 Using Sample Results to Estimate the Probability that a Demonstration Test will be Successful 191 11.8 Estimating the Proportion within Specifications for a Two-Variable Problem 194 11.9 Determining the Minimum Sample Size for a Demonstration Test 195 12 Likelihood-Based Statistical Intervals 197 12.1 Introduction to Likelihood-Based Inference 198 12.2 Likelihood Function and Maximum Likelihood Estimation 200 12.3 Likelihood-Based Confidence Intervals for Single-Parameter Distributions 203 12.4 Likelihood-Based Estimation Methods for Location-Scale and Log-Location-Scale Distri-butions 206 12.5 Likelihood-Based Confidence Intervals for Parameters and Scalar Functions of Parameters212 12.6 Wald-Approximation Confidence Intervals 216 12.7 Some Other Likelihood-Based Statistical Intervals 224 13 Nonparametric Bootstrap Statistical Intervals 226 13.1 Introduction 227 13.2 Nonparametric Methods for Generating Bootstrap Samples and Obtaining Bootstrap Estimates 227 13.3 Bootstrap Operational Considerations 231 13.4 Nonparametric Bootstrap Confidence Interval Methods 233 14 Parametric Bootstrap and Other Simulation-Based Statistical Intervals 245 14.1 Introduction 246 14.2 Parametric Bootstrap Samples and Bootstrap Estimates 247 14.3 Bootstrap Confidence Intervals Based on Pivotal Quantities 250 14.4 Generalized Pivotal Quantities 253 14.5 Simulation-Based Tolerance Intervals for Location-Scale or Log-Location-Scale Distribu-tions 258 14.6 Simulation-Based Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Prediction Bounds for k of m Fu-ture Observations from Location-Scale or Log-Location-Scale Distributions 260 14.7 Other Simulation and Bootstrap Methods and Application to Other Distributions and Models 263 15 Introduction to Bayesian Statistical Intervals 270 15.1 Bayesian Inference: Overview 271 15.2 Bayesian Inference: an Illustrative Example 274 15.3 More About Specification of a Prior Distribution 283 15.4 Implementing Bayesian Analyses Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation 286 15.5 Bayesian Tolerance and Prediction Intervals 291 16 Bayesian Statistical Intervals for the Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distributions 297 16.1 Bayesian Intervals for the Binomial Distribution 298 16.2 Bayesian Intervals for the Poisson Distribution 306 16.3 Bayesian Intervals for the Normal Distribution 311 17 Statistical Intervals for Bayesian Hierarchical Models 321 17.1 Bayesian Hierarchical Models and Random Effects 322 17.2 Normal Distribution Hierarchical Models 323 17.3 Binomial Distribution Hierarchical Models 325 17.4 Poisson Distribution Hierarchical Models 328 17.5 Longitudinal Repeated Measures Models 329 18 Advanced Case Studies 335 18.1 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Defective Integrated Circuits 336 18.2 Confidence Intervals for Components of Variance in a Measurement Process 339 18.3 Tolerance Interval to Characterize the Distribution of Process Output in the Presence of Measurement Error 344 18.4 Confidence Interval for the Proportion of Product Conforming to a Two-Sided Specification345 18.5 Confidence Interval for the Treatment Effect in a Marketing Campaign 348 18.6 Confidence Interval for the Probability of Detection with Limited Hit-Miss Data 349 18.7 Using Prior Information to Estimate the Service-Life Distribution of a Rocket Motor 353 Epilogue 357 A Notation and Acronyms 360 B Generic Definition of Statistical Intervals and Formulas for Computing Coverage Probabilities 367 B.1 Introduction 367 B.2 Two-sided Confidence Intervals and One-sided Confidence Bounds for Distribution Pa-rameters or a Function of Parameters 368 B.3 Two Sided Control-the-Center Tolerance Intervals to Contain at Least a Specified Pro-portion of a Distribution 371 B.4 Two Sided Tolerance Intervals to Control Both Tails of a Distribution 374 B.5 One-Sided Tolerance Bounds 377 B.6 Two-sided Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Prediction Bounds for Future Observations378 B.7 Two-Sided Simultaneous Prediction Intervals and One-Sided Simultaneous Prediction Bounds 381 B.8 Calibration of Statistical Intervals 383 C Useful Probability Distributions 384 C.1 Probability Distribution and R Computations 384 C.2 Important Characteristics of Random Variables 385 C.3 Continuous Distributions 388 C.4 Discrete Distributions 398 D General Results from Statistical Theory and Some Methods Used to Construct Sta-tistical Intervals 404 D.1 cdfs and pdfs of Functions of Random Variables 405 D.2 Statistical Error Propagation—The Delta Method 409 D.3 Likelihood and Fisher Information Matrices 410 D.4 Convergence in Distribution 413 D.5 Outline of General ML Theory 415 D.6 The CDF pivotal method for constructing confidence intervals 419 D.7 Bonferroni approximate statistical intervals 424 E Pivotal Methods for Constructing Parametric Statistical Intervals 427 E.1 General definition and examples of pivotal quantities 428 E.2 Pivotal Quantities for the Normal Distribution 428 E.3 Confidence intervals for a Normal Distribution Based on Pivotal Quantities 429 E.4 Confidence Intervals for Two Normal Distributions Based on Pivotal Quantities 432 E.5 Tolerance Intervals for a Normal Distribution Based on Pivotal Quantities 432 E.6 Normal Distribution Prediction Intervals Based on Pivotal Quantities 434 E.7 Pivotal Quantities for Log-Location-Scale Distributions 436 F Generalized Pivotal Quantities 440 F.1 Definition of Generalized Pivotal Quantities 440 F.2 A Substitution Method to Obtain GPQs 441 F.3 Examples of GPQs for Functions of Location-Scale Distribution Parameters 441 F.4 Conditions for Exact Intervals Derived from GPQs 443 G Distribution-Free Intervals Based on Order Statistics 446 G.1 Basic Statistical Results Used in this Appendix 446 G.2 Distribution-Free Confidence Intervals and Bounds for a Distribution Quantile 447 G.3 Distribution-Free Tolerance Intervals to Contain a Given Proportion of a Distribution 448 G.4 Distribution-Free Prediction Interval to Contain a Specified Ordered Observation From a Future Sample 449 G.5 Distribution-Free Prediction Intervals and Bounds to Contain at Least k of m Future Observations From a Future Sample 451 H Basic Results from Bayesian Inference Models 455 H.1 Basic Statistical Results Used in this Appendix 455 H.2 Bayes’ Theorem 456 H.3 Conjugate Prior Distributions 456 H.4 Jeffreys Prior Distributions 459 H.5 Posterior Predictive Distributions 463 H.6 Posterior Predictive Distributions Based on Jeffreys Prior Distributions 465 I Probability of Successful Demonstration 468 I.1 Demonstration Tests Based on a Normal Distribution Assumption 468 I.2 Distribution-Free Demonstration Tests 469 J Tables 471 References 508 Subject Index 525

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Book SynopsisThe book explores practical advantages of Grid Computing and what is needed by an organization to migrate to this new computing paradigm.Trade Review"...a comprehensive book with substantial amount of information about grid computing...a great starting point for those who want to migrate to a grid computing system." (E-STREAMS, August 2005)Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Is Grid Computing And What Are The Key Issues? 1 1.2 Potential Applications and Financial Benefits of Grid Computing 10 1.3 Grid Types, Topologies, Components, and Layers— 13 A Preliminary View 1.4 Comparison with Other Approaches 21 1.5 A First Look at Grid Computing Standards 24 1.6 A Pragmatic Course of Investigation 27 2 Grid Benefits and Status of Technology 31 2.1 Motivations for Considering Computational Grids 31 2.2 Brief History of Computing, Communications, and Grid Computing 38 Communication 44 Computation 46 Grid Technology 47 2.3 Is Grid Computing Ready for Prime Time? 47 2.4 Early Suppliers and Vendors 51 2.5 Possible Economic Value 53 2.5.1 Possible Economic Value: One State’s Positioning 53 2.5.2 Possible Economic Value: Extrapolation 56 2.6 Challenges 56 3 Components of Grid Computing Systems and Architectures 63 3.1 Overview 63 3.2 Basic Constituent Elements—A Functional View 71 Portal/User Interface Function/Functional Block 85 The Grid Security Infrastructure: User Security 75 Function/Functional Block Node Security Function/Functional Block 76 Broker Function/Functional Block and Directory 76 Scheduler Function/Functional Block 77 Data Management Function/Functional Block 78 Job Management And Resource Management 78 Function/Functional Block User/Application Submission Function/Functional Block 79 Resources 79 Protocols 80 3.3 Basic Constituent Elements—A Physical View 81 Networks 81 Computation 84 Storage 85 Scientific Instruments 90 Software and licenses 91 3.4 Basic Constituent Elements—Service View 91 4 Standards Supporting Grid Computing: OGSI 101 4.1 Introduction 104 4.2 Motivations for Standardization 109 4.3 Architectural Constructs 113 4.3.1 Definitions 113 4.3.2 Protocol Perspective 115 4.3.3 Going From “Art” To “Science” 123 4.4 What is OGSA/OGSI? A Practical View 125 4.5 OGSA/OGSI Service Elements and Layered Model 129 4.5.1 Key Aspects 129 4.5.2 Ancillary Aspects 132 4.5.3 Implementations of OGSI 136 4.6 What is OGSA/OGSI? A More Detailed View 139 4.6.1 Introduction 139 4.6.2 Setting the Context 140 4.6.3 The Grid Service 145 4.6.4 WSDL Extensions and Conventions 145 4.6.5 Service Data 146 4.6.6 Core Grid Service Properties 149 4.6.7 Other Details 151 4.7 A Possible Application of OGSA/OGSI to Next-Generation 151 Open-Source Outsourcing 4.7.1 Opportunities 151 4.7.2 Outsourcing Trends 151 5 Standards Supporting Grid Computing: OGSA 155 5.1 Introduction 156 5.2 Functionality Requirements 158 5.2.1 Basic Functionality Requirements 159 5.2.2 Security Requirements 160 5.2.3 Resource Management Requirements 161 5.2.4 System Properties Requirements 162 5.2.5 Other Functionality Requirements 163 5.3 OGSA Service Taxonomy 164 5.3.1 Core Services 166 5.3.2 Data Services 168 5.3.3 Program Execution 169 5.3.4 Resource Management 173 5.4 Service Relationships 173 5.4.1 Service Composition 174 5.4.2 Service Orchestration 175 5.4.3 Types of Relationships 176 5.4.4 Platform Services 176 5.5 OGSA Services 177 5.5.1 Handle Resolution 177 5.5.2 Virtual Organization Creation and Management 178 5.5.3 Service Groups and Discovery Services 178 5.5.4 Choreography, Orchestrations and Workflow 180 5.5.5 Transactions 180 5.5.6 Metering Service 181 5.5.7 Rating Service 182 5.5.8 Accounting Service 182 5.5.9 Billing and Payment Service 182 5.5.10 Installation, Deployment, and Provisioning 183 5.5.11 Distributed Logging 183 5.5.12 Messaging and Queuing 184 5.5.13 Event 186 5.5.14 Policy and Agreements 187 5.5.15 Base Data Services 188 5.5.16 Other Data Services 190 5.5.17 Discovery Services 191 5.5.18 Job Agreement Service 192 5.5.19 Reservation Agreement Service 192 5.5.20 Data Access Agreement Service 193 5.5.21 Queuing Service 193 5.5.22 Open Grid Services Infrastructure 193 5.5.23 Common Management Model 195 5.6 Security Considerations 196 5.7 Examples of OGSA Mechanisms in Support of VO Structures 197 6 Grid System Deployment Issues, Approaches, and Tools 201 6.1 Generic Implementations: Globus Toolkit 201 6.1.1 Globus Toolkit tools and APIs 203 6.1.2 Details on Key Tookit Protocols 207 6.1.3 Globus Toolkit Version 3 213 6.1.4 Applications 216 6.2 Grid Computing Environments 217 6.2.1 Introduction 217 6.2.2 Portal Services 219 6.3 Basic Grid Deployment and Management Issues 220 6.3.1 Products Categories 221 6.3.2 Business Grid Types 221 6.3.3 Deploying a Basic Computing Grid 223 6.3.4 Deploying More Complex Computing Grids 224 6.3.5 Grid Networking Infrastucture Required for Deployment 226 6.3.6 Grid Operation—Basic Steps 230 6.3.7 Deployment Challenges and Approaches 231 6.4 Grid Security Details—Deployment Peace of Mind 234 6.4.1 Basic Approach and Mechanisms 234 6.4.2 Additional Perspectives 236 6.4.3 Conclusion 249 7 Grid System Economics 251 7.1 Introduction 252 7.2 Grid Economic Services Architecture 255 7.2.1 Introduction 255 7.2.2 Overview 256 7.2.3 The Chargeable Grid Service (CGS) 258 7.2.4 The Grid Payment System 267 7.2.5 GPSHold Service 274 7.2.6 The Grid CurrencyExchange Service 275 7.2.7 An Example 277 7.2.8 Security Considerations 280 8 Communication Systems for Local Grids 281 8.1 Introduction and Positioning 281 8.2 SAN-Related Technology 284 8.2.1 Fibre Channel Technology—Native Mode 285 8.2.2 Fibre Channel Technology—Tunneled Modes 298 8.3 LAN-Related Technology 303 8.3.1 Standards 303 8.3.2 Key concepts 307 9 Communication Systems for National Grids 313 9.1 Multilink Frame Relay 313 9.1.1 Motivations and Scope 315 9.1.2 Multilink Frame Relay Basics 319 9.2 MPLS Technology 321 9.2.1 Approaches 322 9.2.2 MPLS Operation 324 9.2.3 Key Mechanisms Supporting MPLS 328 9.2.4 Service Availability 332 10 Communication Systems for Global Grids 333 10.1 The Basics of Layer 2 and layer 3 VPNs 334 10.2 The Layer 3 Approach 334 10.3 Layer 2 MPLS VPNs-A Different Philosophy 336 10.4 Which Works Better Where? 337 10.5 A Grid Computing Application 338 References 339 Glossary 353 Index 365

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Book SynopsisA new approach to the study of arithmetic circuits In Synthesis of Arithmetic Circuits: FPGA, ASIC and Embedded Systems, the authors take a novel approach of presenting methods and examples for the synthesis of arithmetic circuits that better reflects the needs of today's computer system designers and engineers.Trade Review"…useful both in the academia and industry…suited for students taking specialist courses…[and] a valuable reference for practicing engineers." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, November/December 2006) "This book is warmly recommended to anyone having to design or understand how computer arithmetic operates at almost every conceivable level of detail." (Computing Reviews.com, June 8, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. About the Authors. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Number Representation. 1.2 Algorithms. 1.3 Hardware Platforms. 1.4 Hardware–Software Partitioning. 1.5 Software Generation. 1.6 Synthesis. 1.7 A First Example. 1.7.1 Specification. 1.7.2 Number Representation. 1.7.3 Algorithms. 1.7.4 Hardware Platform. 1.7.5 Hardware–Software Partitioning. 1.7.6 Program Generation. 1.7.7 Synthesis. 1.7.8 Prototype. 1.8 Bibliography. 2. Mathematical Background. 2.1 Number Theory. 2.1.1 Basic Definitions. 2.1.2 Euclidean Algorithms. 2.1.3 Congruences. 2.2 Algebra. 2.2.1 Groups. 2.2.2 Rings. 2.2.3 Fields. 2.2.4 Polynomial Rings. 2.2.5 Congruences of Polynomial. 2.3 Function Approximation. 2.4 Bibliography. 3. Number Representation. 3.1 Natural Numbers. 3.1.1 Weighted Systems. 3.1.2 Residue Number System. 3.2 Integers. 3.2.1 Sign-Magnitude Representation. 3.2.2 Excess-E Representation. 3.2.3 B’s Complement Representation. 3.2.4 Booth’s Encoding. 3.3 Real Numbers. 3.4 Bibliography. 4. Arithmetic Operations: Addition and Subtraction. 4.1 Addition of Natural Numbers. 4.1.1 Basic Algorithm. 4.1.2 Faster Algorithms. 4.1.3 Long-Operand Addition. 4.1.4 Multioperand Addition. 4.1.5 Long-Multioperand Addition. 4.2 Subtraction of Natural Numbers. 4.3 Integers. 4.3.1 B’s Complement Addition. 4.3.2 B’s Complement Sign Change. 4.3.3 B’s Complement Subtraction. 4.3.4 B’s Complement Overflow Detection. 4.3.5 Excess-E Addition and Subtraction. 4.3.6 Sign–Magnitude Addition and Subtraction. 4.4 Bibliography. 5. Arithmetic Operations: Multiplication. 5.1 Natural Numbers Multiplication. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Shift and Add Algorithms. 5.1.2.1 Shift and Add 1. 5.1.2.2 Shift and Add 2. 5.1.2.3 Extended Shift and Add Algorithm: XY þ C þ D. 5.1.2.4 Cellular Shift and Add. 5.1.3 Long-Operand Algorithm. 5.2 Integers. 5.2.1 B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.1.1 Mod Bnþm B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.1.2 Signed Shift and Add. 5.2.1.3 Postcorrection B’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.2 Postcorrection 2’s Complement Multiplication. 5.2.3 Booth Multiplication for Binary Numbers. 5.2.3.1 Booth-r Algorithms. 5.2.3.2 Per Gelosia Signed-Digit Algorithm. 5.2.4 Booth Multiplication for Base-B Numbers (Booth-r Algorithm in Base B). 5.3 Squaring. 5.3.1 Base-B Squaring. 5.3.1.1 Cellular Carry–Save Squaring Algorithm. 5.3.2 Base-2 Squaring. 5.4 Bibliography. 6 Arithmetic Operations: Division. 6.1 Natural Numbers. 6.2 Integers. 6.2.1 General Algorithm. 6.2.2 Restoring Division Algorithm. 6.2.3 Base-2 Nonrestoring Division Algorithm. 6.2.4 SRT Radix-2 Division. 6.2.5 SRT Radix-2 Division with Stored-Carry Encoding. 6.2.6 P–D Diagram. 6.2.7 SRT-4 Division. 6.2.8 Base-B Nonrestoring Division Algorithm. 6.3 Convergence (Functional Iteration) Algorithms. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Newton–Raphson Iteration Technique. 6.3.3 MacLaurin Expansion—Goldschmidt’s Algorithm. 6.4 Bibliography. 7. Other Arithmetic Operations. 7.1 Base Conversion. 7.2 Residue Number System Conversion. 7.2.1 Introduction. 7.2.2 Base-B to RNS Conversion. 7.2.3 RNS to Base-B Conversion. 7.3 Logarithmic, Exponential, and Trigonometric Functions. 7.3.1 Taylor–MacLaurin Series. 7.3.2 Polynomial Approximation. 7.3.3 Logarithm and Exponential Functions Approximation by Convergence Methods. 7.3.3.1 Logarithm Function Approximation by Multiplicative Normalization. 7.3.3.2 Exponential Function Approximation by Additive Normalization. 7.3.4 Trigonometric Functions—CORDIC Algorithms. 7.4 Square Rooting. 7.4.1 Digit Recurrence Algorithm—Base-B Integers. 7.4.2 Restoring Binary Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooting Algorithm. 7.4.3 Nonrestoring Binary Add-and-Subtract Square Rooting Algorithm. 7.4.4 Convergence Method—Newton–Raphson. 7.5 Bibliography. 8. Finite Field Operations. 8.1 Operations in Zm. 8.1.1 Addition. 8.1.2 Subtraction. 8.1.3 Multiplication. 8.1.3.1 Multiply and Reduce. 8.1.3.2 Modified Shift-and-Add Algorithm. 8.1.3.3 Montgomery Multiplication. 8.1.3.4 Specific Ring. 8.1.4 Exponentiation. 8.2 Operations in GF(p). 8.3 Operations in Zp[x]/f (x). 8.3.1 Addition and Subtraction. 8.3.2 Multiplication. 8.4 Operations in GF(pn). 8.5 Bibliography. Appendix 8.1 Computation of fki. 9 Hardware Platforms. 9.1 Design Methods for Electronic Systems. 9.1.1 Basic Blocks of Integrated Systems. 9.1.2 Recurring Topics in Electronic Design. 9.1.2.1 Design Challenge: Optimizing Design Metrics. 9.1.2.2 Cost in Integrated Circuits. 9.1.2.3 Moore’s Law. 9.1.2.4 Time-to-Market. 9.1.2.5 Performance Metric. 9.1.2.6 The Power Dimension. 9.2 Instruction Set Processors. 9.2.1 Microprocessors. 9.2.2 Microcontrollers. 9.2.3 Embedded Processors Everywhere. 9.2.4 Digital Signal Processors. 9.2.5 Application-Specific Instruction Set Processors. 9.2.6 Programming Instruction Set Processors. 9.3 ASIC Designs. 9.3.1 Full-Custom ASIC. 9.3.2 Semicustom ASIC. 9.3.2.1 Gate-Array ASIC. 9.3.2.2 Standard-Cell-Based ASIC. 9.3.3 Design Flow in ASIC. 9.4 Programmable Logic. 9.4.1 Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs). 9.4.2 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). 9.4.2.1 Why FPGA? A Short Historical Survey. 9.4.2.2 Basic FPGA Concepts. 9.4.3 XilinxTM Specifics. 9.4.3.1 Configurable Logic Blocks (CLBs). 9.4.3.2 Input/Output Blocks (IOBs). 9.4.3.3 RAM Blocks. 9.4.3.4 Programmable Routing. 9.4.3.5 Arithmetic Resources in Xilinx FPGAs. 9.4.4 FPGA Generic Design Flow. 9.5 Hardware Description Languages (HDLs). 9.5.1 Today’s and Tomorrow’s HDLs. 9.6 Further Readings. 9.7 Bibliography. 10. Circuit Synthesis: General Principles. 10.1 Resources. 10.2 Precedence Relation and Scheduling. 10.3 Pipeline. 10.4 Self-Timed Circuits. 10.5 Bibliography. 11 Adders and Subtractors. 11.1 Natural Numbers. 11.1.1 Basic Adder (Ripple-Carry Adder). 11.1.2 Carry-Chain Adder. 11.1.3 Carry-Skip Adder. 11.1.4 Optimization of Carry-Skip Adders. 11.1.5 Base-Bs Adder. 11.1.6 Carry-Select Adder. 11.1.7 Optimization of Carry-Select Adders. 11.1.8 Carry-Lookahead Adders (CLAs). 11.1.9 Prefix Adders. 11.1.10 FPGA Implementation of Adders. 11.1.10.1 Carry-Chain Adders. 11.1.10.2 Carry-Skip Adders. 11.1.10.3 Experimental Results. 11.1.11 Long-Operand Adders. 11.1.12 Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.1 Sequential Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.2 Combinational Multioperand Adders. 11.1.12.3 Carry-Save Adders. 11.1.12.4 Parallel Counters. 11.1.13 Subtractors and Adder-Subtractors. 11.1.14 Termination Detection. 11.1.15 FPGA Implementation of the Termination Detection. 11.2 Integers. 11.2.1 B’s Complement Adders and Subtractors. 11.2.2 Excess-E Adders and Subtractors. 11.2.3 Sign-Magnitude Adders and Subtractors. 11.3 Bibliography. 12 Multipliers. 12.1 Natural Numbers. 12.1.1 Basic Multiplier. 12.1.2 Sequential Multipliers. 12.1.3 Cellular Multiplier Arrays. 12.1.3.1 Ripple-Carry Multiplier. 12.1.3.2 Carry-Save Multiplier. 12.1.3.3 Figures of Merit. 12.1.4 Multipliers Based on Dissymmetric Br Bs Cells. 12.1.5 Multipliers Based on Multioperand Adders. 12.1.6 Per Gelosia Multiplication Arrays. 12.1.6.1 Introduction. 12.1.6.2 Adding Tree for Base-B Partial Products. 12.1.7 FPGA Implementation of Multipliers. 12.2 Integers. 12.2.1 B’s Complement Multipliers. 12.2.2 Booth Multipliers. 12.2.2.1 Booth-1 Multiplier. 12.2.2.2 Booth-2 Multiplier. 12.2.2.3 Signed-Digit Multiplier. 12.2.3 FPGA Implementation of the Booth-1 Multiplier. 12.3 Bibliography. 13. Dividers. 13.1 Natural Numbers. 13.2 Integers. 13.2.1 Base-2 Nonrestoring Divider. 13.2.2 Base-B Nonrestoring Divider. 13.2.3 SRT Dividers. 13.2.3.1 SRT-2 Divider. 13.2.3.2 SRT-2 Divider with Carry-Save Computation of the Remainder. 13.2.3.3 FPGA Implementation of the Carry-Save SRT-2 Divider. 13.2.4 SRT-4 Divider. 13.2.5 Convergence Dividers. 13.2.5.1 Newton–Raphson Divider. 13.2.5.2 Goldschmidt Divider. 13.2.5.3 Comparative Data Between Newton–Raphson (NR) and Goldschmidt (G) Implementations. 13.3 Bibliography. 14 Other Arithmetic Operators. 14.1 Base Conversion. 14.1.1 General Base Conversion. 14.1.2 BCD to Binary Converter. 14.1.2.1 Nonrestoring 2p Subtracting Implementation. 14.1.2.2 Shift-and-Add BCD to Binary Converter. 14.1.3 Binary to BCD Converter. 14.1.4 Base-B to RNS Converter. 14.1.5 CRT RNS to Base-B Converter. 14.1.6 RNS to Mixed-Radix System Converter. 14.2 Polynomial Computation Circuits. 14.3 Logarithm Operator. 14.4 Exponential Operator. 14.5 Sine and Cosine Operators. 14.6 Square Rooters. 14.6.1 Restoring Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.6.2 Nonrestoring Shift-and-Subtract Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.6.3 Newton–Raphson Square Rooter (Naturals). 14.7 Bibliography. 15. Circuits for Finite Field Operations. 15.1 Operations in Zm. 15.1.1 Adders and Subtractors. 15.1.2 Multiplication. 15.1.2.1 Multiply and Reduce. 15.1.2.2 Shift and Add. 15.1.2.3 Montgomery Multiplication. 15.1.2.4 Modulo (Bk2c) Reduction. 15.1.2.5 Exponentiation. 15.2 Inversion in GF(p). 15.3 Operations in Zp[x]/f (x). 15.4 Inversion in GF(pn). 15.5 Bibliography. 16. Floating-Point Unit. 16.1 Floating-Point System Definition. 16.2 Arithmetic Operations. 16.2.1 Addition of Positive Numbers. 16.2.2 Difference of Positive Numbers. 16.2.3 Addition and Subtraction. 16.2.4 Multiplication. 16.2.5 Division. 16.2.6 Square Root. 16.3 Rounding Schemes. 16.4 Guard Digits. 16.5 Adder-Subtractor. 16.5.1 Alignment. 16.5.2 Additions. 16.5.3 Normalization. 16.5.4 Rounding. 16.6 Multiplier. 16.7 Divider. 16.8 Square Root. 16.9 Comments. 16.10 Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNine innovative methods to think outside the box and solve complex system problems Managing Complex Systems provides specific tools and guidance needed to be a more creative and innovative thinker.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Systems and Thinking. 2. Building and Managing Systems. 3. Problems to Ponder. 4. The Inventive Mind. 5. Perspective 1: Broaden and Generalize. 6. Perspective 2: Crossover. 7. Perspective 3: Question Conventional Wisdom. 8. Perspective 4: Back of the Envelope. 9. Perspective 5: Expanding the Dimensions. 10. Perspective 6: Obversity. 11. Perspective 7: Remove Constraints. 12. Perspective 8: Thinking with Pictures. 13. Perspective 9: The Systems Approach. 14. Thinking in Groups. 15. Widening the Circle. 16. Final Thoughts and a Test. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis introduction to digital data transmission, modulation, and error-correction coding, together with the underlying communication and information theory is an all-inclusive text suitable for all those connected with Mechanical Engineering or Computer Science. Equal emphasis is given to underlying mathematical theory and engineering practice. Not meant to be an encyclopedic treatise, the book offers strong, accessible pedagogy. This Second Edition presents enhanced explanations of key ideas as well as additional examples and problems. It also provides greatly expanded coverage of wireless communication, which has seen exponential growth since the release of the first edition. A pedagogocal approach aimed at the 5th year EE student A balance of theory with engineering and design Integration of important topics such as synchronization, radio channels, and wireless communication, which are left out of competing books, or lost in more lengthy formTrade Review"…the author really presents this area from his position of expertise as a lecturer…focuses on core topics, and on an effective combination of theory and practice." (Computing Reviews.com, January 13, 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. List of Programs. List of Examples. Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Transmission. Chapter 2: Baseband Pulse Transmission. Chapter 3: Carrier Transmission. Chapter 4: Synchronization. Chapter 5: Channels. Chapter 6: Error Correction Coding. Chapter 7: Receivers for Disturbed Channels. Index. About the Author.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book to completely cover the whole body of knowledge of Six Sigma and Design for Six Sigma with Simulation Methods as outlined by the American Society for Quality. Both simulation and contemporary Six Sigma methods are explained in detail with practical examples that help understanding of the key features of the design methods.Table of ContentsPREFACE. PART I SIX-SIGMA FUNDAMENTALS. 1 Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Quality and Six-Sigma Defined. 1.3 Introduction to Process Modeling. 1.4 Introduction to Business Process Management. 1.5 Measurement Systems Analysis. 1.6 Process Capability and Six-Sigma Process Performance. 1.7 Overview of Six-Sigma Improvement: DMAIC. 1.8 Six-Sigma Goes Upstream: Design for Six-Sigma. 1.9 Summary. 2 Lean Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Lean Six-Sigma Approach. 2.3 LSS-Enhanced DMAIC. 2.4 Lean Manufacturing. 2.5 Value Stream Mapping. 2.6 Lean Techniques. 2.7 Summary. 3 Design for Six-Sigma Fundamentals. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Transaction-Based Design for Six-Sigma. 3.3 Service Design for Six-Sigma. 3.4 Service DFSS: The ICOV Process. 3.5 Service DFSS: The ICOV Process in Service Development. 3.6 Summary. PART II SIMULATION FUNDAMENTALS. 4 Basic Simulation Concepts. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 System Modeling. 4.3 Simulation Modeling. 4.4 The Role of Simulation. 4.5 Simulation Software. 4.6 Summary. 5 Discrete Event Simulation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 System Modeling with DES. 5.3 Elements of Discrete Event Simulation. 5.4 DES Mechanisms. 5.5 Manual Simulation Example. 5.6 Computer DES Example. 5.7 Summary. 6 The Simulation Process. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Categories of Simulation Studies. 6.3 Systematic Simulation Approach. 6.4 Steps in a Simulation Study. 6.5 Example: Applying Simulation Process to a Hospital Emergency Room. 6.6 Summary. 7 Simulation Analysis. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Terminating Versus Steady-State Simulation. 7.3 Determination of Simulation Run Controls. 7.4 Variability in Simulation Outputs. 7.5 Simulation-Based Optimization. PART III SIMULATION-BASED SIX-SIGMA AND DESIGN FOR SIX-SIGMA. 8 Simulation-Based Six-Sigma Road Maps. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Lean Six-Sigma Process Overview. 8.3 Simulation-Based Lean Six-Sigma Road Map. 8.4 Simulation-Based Design for a Six-Sigma Road Map. 8.5 Summary. 9 Simulation-Based Lean Six-Sigma Application. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 3S-LSS Integrated Approach. 9.3 3S-LSS Case Study. 9.4 Summary. 10 Simulation-Based Design for Six-Sigma Application. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 3S-DFSS Process. 10.3 3S-DFSS Case Study: Dental Clinic Redesign. 10.4 Summary. 11 Practical Guide to Successful Development of Simulation-Based Six-Sigma Projects. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Characteristics of a 3S Application. 11.3 Ingredients for a Successful 3S Program. 11.4 Framework for Successful 3S Implementation. 11.5 3S Project Charter. 11.6 3S Software Tools. APPENDIX A BASIC STATISTICS. APPENDIX B RANDOM NUMBERS. APPENDIX C AXIOMATIC DESIGN. APPENDIX D TAGUCHI’S QUALITY ENGINEERING. APPENDIX E PROCESS MAPPING. APPENDIX F VENDORS. REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisThis text provides quantitative analysis for software engineering practices in order to build reliable software products. Readers learn from discussions of real on-the-job experiences how important it is to plan, measure, and assess each stage of development. Illuminated with case studies, the book concentrates on problem analysis.Trade Review"In a study, the book was found to be successful at significantly increasing the students' willingness and competency in using good software engineering processes." (Computing Reviews.com, May 10, 2006) "…the book is an excellent and very readable guide to the development of reliable software, augmented with humor, case studies, useful tidbits…highly recommended for all software engineers." (CHOICE, March 2006)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgment xxv Part 1 Getting Started 1 1. Think Like an Engineer—Especially for Software 3 1.1 Making a Judgment 4 1.2 The Software Engineer’s Responsibilities 6 1.3 Ethics 6 1.4 Software Development Processes 11 1.5 Choosing a Process 12 1.5.1 No-Method “Code and Fix” Approach 15 1.5.2 Waterfall Model 16 1.5.3 Planned Incremental Development Process 18 1.5.4 Spiral Model: Planned Risk Assessment-Driven Process 18 1.5.5 Development Plan Approach 23 1.5.6 Agile Process: an Apparent Oxymoron 25 1.6 Reemergence of Model-Based Software Development 26 1.7 Process Evolution 27 1.8 Organization Structure 29 1.9 Principles of Sound Organizations 31 1.10 Short Projects—4 to 6 Weeks 33 1.10.1 Project 1: Automating Library Overdue Book Notices 33 1.10.2 Project 2: Ajax Transporters, Inc. Maintenance Project 34 1.11 Problems 35 2. People, Product, Process, Project—The Big Four 39 2.1 People: Cultivate the Guru and Support the Majority 40 2.1.1 How to Recognize a Guru 41 2.1.2 How to Attract a Guru to Your Project 42 2.1.3 How to Keep Your Gurus Working 43 2.1.4 How to Support the Majority 43 2.2 Product: “Buy Me!” 45 2.2.1 Reliable Software Products 46 2.2.2 Useful Software Products 47 2.2.3 Good User Experience 48 2.3 Process: “OK, How Will We Build This?” 49 2.3.1 Agile Processes 49 2.3.2 Object-Oriented Opportunities 53 2.3.3 Meaningful Metrics 60 2.4 Project: Making It Work 61 2.5 Problems 65 2.6 Additional Problems Based on Case Studies 67 Part 2 Ethics and Professionalism 73 3. Software Requirements 75 3.1 What Can Go Wrong With Requirements 75 3.2 The Formal Processes 76 3.3 Robust Requirements 81 3.4 Requirements Synthesis 84 3.5 Requirements Specification 86 3.6 Quantitative Software Engineering Gates 87 3.7 sQFD 88 3.8 ICED-T Metrics 91 3.8.1 ICED-T Insights 92 3.8.2 Using the ICED-T Model 94 3.9 Development Sizing and Scheduling With Function Points 95 3.9.1 Function Point Analysis Experience 95 3.9.2 NCSLOC vs Function Points 96 3.9.3 Computing Simplified Function Points (sFP) 97 3.10 Case Study: The Case of the Emergency No-Show Service 98 3.11 Problems 103 4. Prototyping 107 4.1 Make It Work; Then Make It Work Right 107 4.1.1 How to Get at the Governing Requirements 108 4.1.2 Rapid Application Prototype 108 4.1.3 What’s Soft Is Hard 110 4.2 So What Happens Monday Morning? 111 4.2.1 What Needs to Be Prototyped? 111 4.2.2 How Do You Build a Prototype? 112 4.2.3 How Is the Prototype Used? 112 4.2.4 What Happens to the Prototype? 114 4.3 It Works, But Will It Continue to Work? 116 4.4 Case Study: The Case of the Driven Development 116 4.4.1 Significant Results 119 4.4.2 Lessons Learned 122 4.4.3 Additional Business Histories 123 4.5 Why Is Prototyping So Important? 128 4.6 Prototyping Deficiencies 130 4.7 Iterative Prototyping 130 4.8 Case Study: The Case of the Famished Fish 131 4.9 Problems 133 5. Architecture 137 5.1 Architecture Is a System’s DNA 137 5.2 Pity the Poor System Administrator 139 5.3 Software Architecture Experience 141 5.4 Process and Model 142 5.5 Components 144 5.5.1 Components as COTS 144 5.5.2 Encapsulation and Abstraction 145 5.5.3 Ready or Not, Objects Are Here 146 5.6 UNIX 148 5.7 Tl1 149 5.7.1 Mission 150 5.7.2 Comparative Analysis 151 5.7.3 Message Formatting 152 5.7.4 TL1 Message Formulation 152 5.7.5 Industry Support of TL1 152 5.8 Documenting the Architecture 153 5.8.1 Debriefing Report 154 5.8.2 Lessons Learned 154 5.8.3 Users of Architecture Documentation 154 5.9 Architecture Reviews 155 5.10 Middleware 156 5.11 How Many Times Before We Learn? 158 5.11.1 Comair Cancels 1100 Flights on Christmas 2004 158 5.11.2 Air Traffic Shutdown in September 2004 159 5.11.3 NASA Crashes into Mars, 2004 159 5.11.4 Case Study: The Case of the Preempted Priorities 160 5.12 Financial Systems Architecture 163 5.12.1 Typical Business Processes 163 5.12.2 Product-Related Layer in the Architecture 164 5.12.3 Finding Simple Components 165 5.13 Design and Architectural Process 166 5.14 Problems 170 6. Estimation, Planning, and Investment 173 6.1 Software Size Estimation 174 6.1.1 Pitfalls and Pratfalls 174 6.1.2 Software Size Metrics 175 6.2 Function Points 176 6.2.1 Fundamentals of FPA 176 6.2.2 Brief History 176 6.2.3 Objectives of FPA 177 6.2.4 Characteristics of Quality FPA 177 6.3 Five Major Elements of Function Point Counting 177 6.3.1 EI 177 6.3.2 EO 178 6.3.3 EQ 178 6.3.4 ILF 178 6.3.5 EIF 179 6.4 Each Element Can Be Simple, Average, or Complex 179 6.5 Sizing an Automation Project With FPA 182 6.5.1 Advantages of Function Point Measurement 183 6.5.2 Disadvantages of Function Point Measurement 184 6.5.3 Results Common to FPA 184 6.5.4 FPA Accuracy 185 6.6 NCSLOC Metric 186 6.6.1 Company Statistics 187 6.6.2 Reuse 187 6.6.3 Wideband Delphi 189 6.6.4 Disadvantages of SLOC 190 6.7 Production Planning 192 6.7.1 Productivity 192 6.7.2 Mediating Culture 192 6.7.3 Customer Relations 193 6.7.4 Centralized Support Functions 193 6.8 Investment 195 6.8.1 Cost Estimation Models 195 6.8.2 COCOMO 197 6.8.3 Scheduling Tools—PERT, Gantt 205 6.8.4 Project Manager’s Job 207 6.9 Example: Apply the Process to a Problem 208 6.9.1 Prospectus 208 6.9.2 Measurable Operational Value (MOV) 209 6.9.3 Requirements Specification 209 6.9.4 Schedule, Resources, Features—What to Change? 214 6.10 Additional Problems 216 7. Design for Trustworthiness 223 7.1 Why Trustworthiness Matters 224 7.2 Software Reliability Overview 225 7.3 Design Reviews 228 7.3.1 Topics for Design Reviews 229 7.3.2 Modules, Interfaces, and Components 230 7.3.3 Interfaces 234 7.3.4 Software Structure Influences Reliability 236 7.3.5 Components 238 7.3.6 Open&Closed Principle 238 7.3.7 The Liskov Substitution Principle 239 7.3.8 Comparing Object-Oriented Programming With Componentry 240 7.3.9 Politics of Reuse 240 7.4 Design Principles 243 7.4.1 Strong Cohesion 243 7.4.2 Weak Coupling 243 7.4.3 Information Hiding 244 7.4.4 Inheritance 244 7.4.5 Generalization/Abstraction 244 7.4.6 Separation of Concerns 245 7.4.7 Removal of Context 245 7.5 Documentation 246 7.6 Design Constraints That Make Software Trustworthy 248 7.6.1 Simplify the Design 248 7.6.2 Software Fault Tolerance 249 7.6.3 Software Rejuvenation 251 7.6.4 Hire Good People and Keep Them 254 7.6.5 Limit the Language Features Used 254 7.6.6 Limit Module Size and Initialize Memory 255 7.6.7 Check the Design Stability 255 7.6.8 Bound the Execution Domain 259 7.6.9 Engineer to Performance Budgets 260 7.6.10 Reduce Algorithm Complexity 263 7.6.11 Factor and Refactor 266 7.7 Problems 268 Part 3 Taking the Measure of the System 275 8. Identifying and Managing Risk 277 8.1 Risk Potential 278 8.2 Risk Management Paradigm 279 8.3 Functions of Risk Management 279 8.4 Risk Analysis 280 8.5 Calculating Risk 282 8.6 Using Risk Assessment in Project Development: The Spiral Model 286 8.7 Containing Risks 289 8.7.1 Incomplete and Fuzzy Requirements 289 8.7.2 Schedule Too Short 290 8.7.3 Not Enough Staff 291 8.7.4 Morale of Key Staff Is Poor 292 8.7.5 Stakeholders Are Losing Interest 295 8.7.6 Untrustworthy Design 295 8.7.7 Feature Set Is Not Economically Viable 296 8.7.8 Feature Set Is Too Large 296 8.7.9 Technology Is Immature 296 8.7.10 Late Planned Deliveries of Hardware and Operating System 298 8.8 Manage the Cost Risk to Avoid Outsourcing 299 8.8.1 Technology Selection 300 8.8.2 Tools 300 8.8.3 Software Manufacturing 300 8.8.4 Integration, Reliability, and Stress Testing 301 8.8.5 Computer Facilities 301 8.8.6 Human Interaction Design and Documentation 301 8.9 Software Project Management Audits 303 8.10 Running an Audit 304 8.11 Risks with Risk Management 304 8.12 Problems 305 9. Human Factors in Software Engineering 309 9.1 A Click in the Right Direction 309 9.2 Managing Things, Managing People 312 9.2.1 Knowledge Workers 313 9.2.2 Collaborative Management 313 9.3 FAA Rationale for Human Factors Design 316 9.4 Reach Out and Touch Something 319 9.4.1 Maddening Counterintuitive Cues 319 9.4.2 GUI 319 9.4.3 Customer Care and Web Agents 319 9.5 System Effectiveness in Human Factors Terms 320 9.5.1 What to Look for in COTS 320 9.5.2 Simple Guidelines for Managing Development 322 9.6 How Much Should the System Do? 323 9.6.1 Screen Icon Design 324 9.6.2 Short- and Long-Term Memory 326 9.7 Emerging Technology 327 9.8 Applying the Principles to Developers 334 9.9 The Bell Laboratories Philosophy 336 9.10 So You Want to Be a Manager 338 9.11 Problems 338 10. Implementation Details 344 10.1 Structured Programming 345 10.2 Rational Unified Process and Unified Modeling Language 346 10.3 Measuring Complexity 353 10.4 Coding Styles 360 10.4.1 Data Structures 360 10.4.2 Team Coding 363 10.4.3 Code Reading 364 10.4.4 Code Review 364 10.4.5 Code Inspections 364 10.5 A Must Read for Trustworthy Software Engineers 365 10.6 Coding for Parallelism 366 10.7 Threats 366 10.8 Open-Source Software 368 10.9 Problems 369 11. Testing and Configuration Management 372 11.1 The Price of Quality 373 11.1.1 Unit Testing 373 11.1.2 Integration Testing 373 11.1.3 System Testing 373 11.1.4 Reliability Testing 374 11.1.5 Stress Testing 374 11.2 Robust Testing 374 11.2.1 Robust Design 374 11.2.2 Prototypes 375 11.2.3 Identify Expected Results 375 11.2.4 Orthogonal Array Test Sets (OATS) 376 11.3 Testing Techniques 376 11.3.1 One-Factor-at-a-Time 377 11.3.2 Exhaustive 377 11.3.3 Deductive Analytical Method 377 11.3.4 Random/Intuitive Method 377 11.3.5 Orthogonal Array-Based Method 377 11.3.6 Defect Analysis 378 11.4 Case Study: The Case of the Impossible Overtime 379 11.5 Cooperative Testing 380 11.6 Graphic Footprint 382 11.7 Testing Strategy 384 11.7.1 Test Incrementally 384 11.7.2 Test Under No-Load 384 11.7.3 Test Under Expected-Load 384 11.7.4 Test Under Heavy-Load 384 11.7.5 Test Under Overload 385 11.7.6 Reject Insufficiently Tested Code 385 11.7.7 Diabolic Testing 385 11.7.8 Reliability Tests 385 11.7.9 Footprint 385 11.7.10 Regression Tests 385 11.8 Software Hot Spots 386 11.9 Software Manufacturing Defined 392 11.10 Configuration Management 393 11.11 Outsourcing 398 11.11.1 Test Models 398 11.11.2 Faster Iteration 400 11.11.3 Meaningful Test Process Metrics 400 11.12 Problems 400 12. The Final Project: By Students, For Students 404 12.1 How to Make the Course Work for You 404 12.2 Sample Call for Projects 405 12.3 A Real Student Project 407 12.4 The Rest of the Story 428 12.5 Our Hope 428 Index 429

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Book SynopsisThe first edition, published in 1973, has become a classic reference in the field. Now with the second edition, readers will find information on key new topics such as neural networks and statistical pattern recognition, the theory of machine learning, and the theory of invariances. Also included are worked examples, comparisons between different methods, extensive graphics, expanded exercises and computer project topics. An Instructor''s Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.Table of ContentsBayesian Decision Theory. Maximum-Likelihood and Bayesian Parameter Estimation. Nonparametric Techniques. Linear Discriminant Functions. Multilayer Neural Networks. Stochastic Methods. Nonmetric Methods. Algorithm-Independent Machine Learning. Unsupervised Learning and Clustering. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a wide range of topics dealing with network security. It is focused on the current status of security protocols, architectures, implementations and policies. It makes future projections by analyzing current research activities, proposals, and trends.Trade Review"This book is a handy overview of topics related to network security for both students and researchers working in the field, and should be used as a starting point toward supplementary considerations on the latest research and practical developments." (Computing Reviews, November 17, 2008) "Students, novice and long-time network security researchers and practitioners will appreciate…this compendium." (Computing Reviews.com, October 5, 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. Computer Network Security: Basic Background and Current Issues (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Christos Douligeris). 1.1 Some Terminology on Network Security. 1.2 ISO/OSI Reference Model for Networks. 1.3 Network Security Attacks. 1.4 Mechanisms and Controls for Network Security: Book Overview and Structure. References. Part One Internet Security. 2. Secure Routing (Ioannis Avramopoulos, Hisashi Kobayashi, Arvind Krishnamurthy, and Randy Wang). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Networking Technologies. 2.3 Attacks in Networks. 2.4 State of the Art. 2.5 Conclusion and Research Issues. References. 3. Designing Firewalls: A Survey (Angelos D. Keromytis and Vassilis Prevelakis). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Firewall Classifi cation. 3.3 Firewall Deployment: Management. 3.4 Conclusions. References. 4. Security in Virtual Private Networks (Srinivas Sampalli). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 VPN Overview. 4.3 VPN Benefi ts. 4.4 VPN Terminology. 4.5 VPN Taxonomy. 4.6 IPSec. 4.7 Current Research on VPNs. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5. IP Security (IPSec) (Anirban Chakrabarti and Manimaran Govindarasu). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 IPSec Architecture and Components. 5.3 Benefi ts and Applications of IPSec. 5.4 Conclusions. References. 6. IDS for Networks (John C. McEachen and John M. Zachary). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background. 6.3 Modern NIDSs. 6.4 Research and Trends. 6.5 Conclusions. References. 7. Intrusion Detection Versus Intrusion Protection (Luis Sousa Cardoso). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Detection Versus Prevention. 7.3 Intrusion Prevention Systems: The Next Step in Evolution of IDS. 7.4 Architecture Matters. 7.5 IPS Deployment. 7.6 IPS Advantages. 7.7 IPS Requirements: What to Look For. 7.8 Conclusions. References. 8. Denial-of-Service Attacks (Aikaterini Mitrokotsa and Christos Douligeris). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 DoS Attacks. 8.3 DDoS Attacks. 8.4 DDoS Defense Mechanisms. 8.5 Conclusions. References. 9. Secure Architectures with Active Networks (Srinivas Sampalli, Yaser Haggag, and Christian Labonte). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Active Networks. 9.3 SAVE Test bed. 9.4 Adaptive VPN Architecture with Active Networks. 9.5 (SAM) Architecture. 9.6 Conclusions. References. Part Two Secure Services. 10. Security in E-Services and Applications (Manish Mehta, Sachin Singh, and Yugyung Lee). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 What Is an E-Service? 10.3 Security Requirements for EServices and Applications. 10.4 Security for Future EServices. References. 11. Security in Web Services (Christos Douligeris and George P. Ninios). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Web Services Technologies and Standards. 11.3 Web Services Security Standard. 11.4 Conclusions. References. 12. Secure Multicasting (Constantinos Boukouvalas and Anthony G. Petropoulos). 12.1 Introduction 205 12.2 IP Multicast. 12.3 Application Security Requirements. 12.4 Multicast Security Issues. 12.5 Data Authentication. 12.6 Source Authentication Schemes. 12.7 Group Key Management. 12.8 Group Management and Secure Multicast Routing. 12.9 Secure IP Multicast Architectures. 12.10 Secure IP Multicast Standardization Efforts. 12.11 Conclusions. References. 13. Voice Over IP Security (Son Vuong and Kapil Kumar Singh). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Security Issues in VoIP. 13.3 Vulnerability Testing. 13.4 Intrusion Detection Systems. 13.5 Conclusions. References. 14. Grid Security (Kyriakos Stefanidis, Artemios G. Voyiatzis, and Dimitrios N. Serpanos). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Security Challenges for Grids. 14.3 Grid Security Infrastructure. 14.4 Grid Computing Environments. 14.5 Grid Network Security. 14.6 Conclusions and Future Directions. References. 15. Mobile Agent Security (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou, Christos Douligeris, Rosa Mavropodi, and Vassilios Chrissikopoulos). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Taxonomy of Solutions. 15.3 Security Mechanisms for Mobile Agent Systems. References Part Three Mobile and Security. 16. Mobile Terminal Security (Olivier Benoit, Nora Dabbous, Laurent Gauteron, Pierre Girard, Helena Handschuh, David Naccache, Stéphane Socié, and Claire Whelan). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 WLAN and WPAN Security. 16.3 GSM and 3GPP Security. 16.4 Mobile Platform Layer Security. 16.5 Hardware Attacks on Mobile Equipment. 16.6 Conclusion. References. 17. IEEE 802.11 Security (Daniel L. Lough, David J. Robinson, and Ian G. Schneller). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Introduction to IEEE 802.11. 17.3 Wired Equivalent Privacy. 17.4 Additional IEEE 802.11 Security Techniques. 17.5 Wireless Intrusion Detection Systems. 17.6 Practical IEEE 802.11 Security Measures. 17.7 Conclusions. References. 18. Bluetooth Security (Christian Gehrmann). 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Bluetooth Wireless Technology. 18.3 Security Architecture. 18.4 Security Weaknesses and Countermeasures. 18.5 Bluetooth Security: What Comes Next? References. 19. Mobile Telecom Networks (Christos Xenakis and Lazaros Merakos). 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Architectures Network. 19.3 Security Architectures. 19.4 Research Issues. 19.5 Conclusions. References. 20. Security in Mobile Ad HocNetworks (Mike Burmester, Panayiotis Kotznanikolaou, and Christos Douligeris). 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Routing Protocols. 20.3 Security Vulnerabilities. 20.4 Preventing Attacks in MANETs. 20.5 Trust in MANETs. 20.6 Establishing Secure Routes in a MANET. 20.7 Cryptographic Tools for MANETs. References. 21. Wireless Sensor Networks (Artemios G. Voyiatzis and Dimitrios N. Serpanos). 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Sensor Devices. 21.3 Sensor Network Security. 21.4 Future Directions. 21.5 Conclusions. References. 22. Trust (Lidong Chen). 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 What Is a trust Model? 22.3 How Trust Models Work? 22.4 Where Trust Can Go Wrong? 22.5 Why Is It Diffi cult to Defi ne Trust? 22.6 Which Lessons Have We Learned? References. Part Four Trust, Anonymity, and Privacy. 23. PKI Systems (Nikos Komninos). 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Origins of Cryptography. 23.3 Overview of PKI Systems. 23.4 Components of PKI Systems. 23.5 Procedures of PKI Systems. 23.6 Current and Future Aspects of PKI Systems. 23.7 Conclusions. References. 24. Privacy in Electronic Communications (Alf Zugenmaier and Joris Claessens). 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Protection from Third Party: Confidentiality. 24.3 Protection from Communication Partner. 24.4 Invasions of Electronic Private Sphere. 24.5 Balancing Privacy with Other Needs. 24.6 Structure of Privacy. 24.7 Conclusion and Future Trends. References. 25. Securing Digital Content (Magda M. Mourad and Ahmed N. Tantawy). 25.1 Introduction. 25.2 Securing Digital Content: Need and Challenges. 25.3 Content Protection Techniques. 25.4 Illustrative Application: EPublishing of E-Learning Content. 25.5 Concluding Remarks. References. Appendix A. Cryptography Primer: Introduction to Cryptographic Principles and Algorithms (Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Christos Douligeris). A.1 Introduction. A.2 Cryptographic Primitives. A.3 Symmetric-Key Cryptography. A.4 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography. A.5 Key Management. A.6. Conclusions and Other Fields of Cryptography. References. Appendix B. Network Security: Overview of Current Legal and Policy Issues (Andreas Mitrakas). B.1 Introduction. B.2 Network Security as a Legal Requirement. B.3 Network Security Policy Overview. B.4 Legal Aspects of Network Security. B.5 Self-Regulatory Security Frameworks. B.6 Conclusions. References. Appendix C. Standards in Network Security (Despina Polemi and Panagiotis Sklavos). C.1 Introduction. C.2 Virtual Private Networks: Internet Protocol Security (IPSec). C.3 Multicast Security (MSEC). C.4 Transport Layer Security (TLS). C.5 Routing Security. C.6 ATM Networks Security. C.7 Third-Generation (3G) Mobile Networks. C.8 Wireless LAN (802.11) Security. C.9 E-Mail Security. C.10 Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509). Index. About the Editors and Authors.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents fundamental passive optical network (PON) concepts, providing you with the tools needed to understand, design, and build these new access networks. The logical sequence of topics begins with the underlying principles and components of optical fiber communication technologies used in access networks.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1 Access Technologies. 1.1 General Network Concepts. 1.1.1 Network Architecture Concepts. 1.1.2 Types of Networks. 1.1.3 Network Terminology. 1.1.4 First-Mile Concept. 1.1.5 Network Market Opportunities. 1.1.6 Terminology for Premises. 1.2 Comparison of Access Technologies. 1.2.1 Hybrid Fiber–Coax. 1.2.2 Digital Subscriber Line. 1.2.3 WiMAX. 1.3 Passive Optical Networks. 1.3.1 Basic PON Architectures. 1.3.2 What Is FTTx? 1.4 Point-to-Point Links. 1.5 Summary. Further Reading. Chapter 2 Optical Communications Essentials. 2.1 Definitions of Units and Terms. 2.1.1 Metric Prefixes. 2.1.2 Electromagnetic Spectral Bands. 2.1.3 Optical Spectral Band. 2.1.4 Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy. 2.1.5 Decibel Units. 2.1.6 Refractive Index. 2.2 Elements of an Optical Link. 2.3 Optical Fibers. 2.3.1 Fiber Structures. 2.3.2 Rays and Modes. 2.4 Optical Fiber Attenuation. 2.5 Fiber Information Capacity. 2.5.1 Modal Dispersion. 2.5.2 Chromatic Dispersion. 2.5.3 Polarization Mode Dispersion. 2.6 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers. 2.6.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 2.6.2 Stimulated Raman Scattering. 2.7 Optical Fiber Standards. 2.8 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing. 3.1 Operational Principles of WDM. 3.1.1 WDM Operating Regions. 3.1.2 Generic WDM Link. 3.2 Standard WDM Spectral Grids. 3.2.1 Dense WDM. 3.2.2 Coarse WDM. 3.2.3 PON Spectral Regions. 3.3 Optical Couplers. 3.3.1 Basic 22 Coupler. 3.3.2 Coupler Performance. 3.3.3 Tap Coupler. 3.4 Bidirectional WDM Links. 3.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 4 PON Transceivers. 4.1 Optical Sources for PONs. 4.1.1 Source Characteristics. 4.1.2 DFB and FP Lasers. 4.1.3 Modulation Speed. 4.1.4 Optical Transmitter Packages. 4.2 Optical Receivers. 4.2.1 Photodetector Types. 4.2.2 Quantum Efficiency. 4.2.3 Responsivity. 4.2.4 Speed of Detector Response. 4.2.5 Receiver Bandwidth. 4.2.6 Photodetector Noise. 4.3 Receiver BER and OSNR. 4.4 Burst-Mode Receiver Concept. 4.5 Burst-Mode ONT Transmission. 4.6 PON Transceiver Packages. 4.7 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 5 Passive Optical Components. 5.1 WDM Couplers for PONs. 5.1.1 Thin-Film Filters. 5.1.2 Transmission Diffraction Gratings. 5.2 Optical Power Splitter. 5.2.1 Splitting Loss. 5.2.2 Optical Splitter Structure. 5.3 Optical Cables for PONs. 5.3.1 Cable Structures. 5.3.2 Fiber and Jacket Color Coding. 5.4 Fiber Interconnections. 5.4.1 Optical Connectors. 5.4.2 Connector Losses. 5.4.3 Optical Splices. 5.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 6 Passive Optical Networks. 6.1 Fundamental PON Architecture. 6.2 Active PON Modules. 6.2.1 Optical Line Terminal. 6.2.2 Optical Network Terminal. 6.2.3 Optical Network Unit. 6.3 Traffic Flows. 6.4 Passive Component Applications. 6.4.1 Optical Cables for PONs. 6.4.2 Optical Power Splitters. 6.4.3 Splitter Enclosures. 6.4.4 Wavelength Couplers. 6.5 PON Alternatives. 6.5.1 BPON Basics. 6.5.2 EPON and EFM. 6.5.3 GPON Basics. 6.6 Optics Path Attenuation Ranges. 6.7 Standards Development. 6.7.1 ITU-T. 6.7.2 FSAN. 6.7.3 IEEE. 6.8 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 7 BPON Characteristics. 7.1 BPON Architecture. 7.1.1 Traffic Flow Schemes. 7.1.2 OLT Capabilities. 7.2 ATM Basics. 7.2.1 Use of ATM Cells. 7.2.2 ATM Service Categories. 7.2.3 Service Level Agreements. 7.3 BPON Operational Characteristics. 7.3.1 Voice and Data Traffic Flows. 7.3.2 Protection of Grants. 7.3.3 Video Traffic. 7.4 Traffic Control. 7.4.1 Fixed Bandwidth Allocation. 7.4.2 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation. 7.5 Standards Details. 7.5.1 Recommendation G.983.1. 7.5.2 Recommendation G.983.2. 7.5.3 Recommendation G.983.3. 7.5.4 Recommendation G.983.4. 7.5.5 Recommendation G.983.5. 7.5.6 Recommendation G.983.6. 7.5.7 Recommendation G.983.7. 7.5.8 Recommendation G.983.8. 7.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 8 Ethernet in the First Mile. 8.1 EFM Options. 8.2 EPON Architecture. 8.2.1 OLT and ONT/ONU Functions. 8.2.2 EPON Traffic Flows. 8.2.3 Power Levels Received. 8.3 MPCP Functions. 8.3.1 Discovery Process. 8.3.2 Bandwidth Assignment. 8.3.3 Transmission Timing. 8.4 Point-to-Point Ethernet. 8.4.1 P2P Ethernet Over Fiber. 8.4.2 P2P Ethernet Over Copper. 8.5 Main EPON and P2P EFM Standards. 8.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 9 GPON Characteristics. 9.1 GPON Architecture. 9.1.1 GSR Specification. 9.1.2 GPON Protection Switching. 9.1.3 Information Security in a GPON. 9.2 GPON Recommendation G.984.2. 9.2.1 Optical Performances. 9.2.2 Timing and Optical Power Control. 9.2.3 Forward Error Correction. 9.3 GPON Transmission Convergence Layer. 9.3.1 Downstream GPON Frame Format. 9.3.2 Upstream GPON Frame Format. 9.3.3 GEM Segment. 9.4 ONT Management and Control. 9.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 10 FTTP Concepts and Applications. 10.1 Implementation Scenarios. 10.1.1 Application Alternatives. 10.1.2 Installation Types. 10.2 Network Architectures. 10.2.1 Optical Splitter Locations. 10.2.2 Network Design Variations. 10.3 Local Powering Options. 10.3.1 Indoor Power Supply. 10.3.2 Outdoor Power Supply. 10.3.3 Network Powering. 10.4 Service Applications. 10.4.1 Bandwidth Requirements. 10.4.2 Video Service Issues. 10.5 Expanded WDM PON. 10.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 11 FTTP Network Design. 11.1 Design Criteria. 11.1.1 System Requirements. 11.1.2 System Margin. 11.1.3 Power Penalties. 11.2 Link Power Budget. 11.2.1 Power-Budgeting Process. 11.2.2 FTTP 1310-nm Power Budget. 11.2.3 FTTP 1490-nm Power Budget. 11.3 Photonic Design Automation Tools. 11.3.1 Modeling Tool Characteristics. 11.3.2 FTTP Network Modeling Tool. 11.4 Link Capacity Estimates. 11.4.1 Basic Formulation. 11.4.2 Basic Rise Times. 11.4.3 FTTP Link Rise Time. 11.5 Network Protection Schemes. 11.6 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 12 FTTP Network Implementations. 12.1 Central Office Configuration. 12.1.1 Service Inputs to the FTTP Network. 12.1.2 Cable Layout and Interfaces. 12.1.3 WDM Coupler Placement. 12.1.4 Patch Cords and Intrafacility Cables. 12.2 Feeder Cables. 12.2.1 Feeder Cable Structures. 12.2.2 OSP Distribution Cabinet. 12.3 Distribution Section. 12.4 Installation of PON Cables. 12.4.1 Direct-Burial Installations. 12.4.2 Horizontal Drilling. 12.4.3 Pulling Cable into Ducts. 12.4.4 Cable Jetting Installation. 12.4.5 Aerial Installation. 12.4.6 Cable Warning and Identification Markers. 12.5 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Chapter 13 Network Installation Testing. 13.1 International Measurement Standards. 13.2 Basic Test Instruments. 13.3 Optical Power Measurements. 13.3.1 Definition of Optical Power. 13.3.2 Optical Power Meter. 13.3.3 Power Meter Applications. 13.4 Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer. 13.4.1 OTDR Trace. 13.4.2 OTDR Dead Zone. 13.4.3 Fiber Fault Location. 13.5 Optical Return Loss. 13.6 Visual Fault Locator. 13.7 Optical-Loss Test Set. 13.8 Multifunction Test Instrument. 13.9 Device Conformance Testing. 13.10 FTTP Network Testing. 13.10.1 Checking Individual Link Losses. 13.10.2 Optical-Loss Budget Check. 13.10.3 End-to-End Link Characterization. 13.10.4 ORL Measurements. 13.10.5 OLT and Video Output Checks. 13.10.6 ONT Output Check. 13.11 FTTP Network Troubleshooting. 13.11.1 Resolutions of Network Problems. 13.11.2 Troubleshooting Guidelines. 13.12 Summary. Problems. References and Further Reading. Chapter 14 Network Management Functions. 14.1 Basic Network Management. 14.2 Management Functions. 14.2.1 Performance Management. 14.2.2 Configuration Management. 14.2.3 Accounting Management. 14.2.4 Fault Management. 14.2.5 Security Management. 14.3 OAM&P in FTTP Networks. 14.4 Summary. Problems. Further Reading. Appendix A Units, Physical Constants, and Conversion Factors. Appendix B Acronyms. Appendix C Video Transmission. Appendix D Communication Signals. Appendix E Telcordia Generic Requirements for PON Applications. Index.

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Book SynopsisA classroom-tested book addressing key issues of electrical noise This book examines noise phenomena in linear and nonlinear high-frequency circuits from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives. The authors explore important noise mechanisms using equivalent sources and analytical and numerical methods.Trade Review"…a complete and organized document where [the reader will] find well-structured and in depth material on electrical noise in high-frequency circuits." (IEEE Circuits & Devices Magazine, November/December 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Mathematical and System-oriented Fundamentals. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 hlathematical basics for the description of noise signals. 1.3 Transfer of noise signals by linear networks. 2 Noise of Linear One- and Two-Ports. 2.1 Noise of one-ports. 2.2 Noise of two-ports. 2.3 Noise figure of linear two-ports. 3 Measurement of Noise Parameters. 3.1 Measurement of noise power. 3.2 Measurement of the correlation function and the crossspectrum. 3.3 Illustrative interpretation of the correlation. 3.4 Measurement of the equivalent noise temperature of a one-port. 3.5 Special radiometer circuits. 3.6 Measurement of the noise figure. 3.7 Measurement of minimum noise figure and optimum source impedance. 3.8 De-embedding of the noise parameters. 3.9 Alternative determination of the noise temperature of a one-port. 4 Noise of Diodes and Transistors. 4.1 Shot noise. 4.2 Shot noise of Schottky diodes. 4.3 Shot noise of pn-diodes. 4.4 Noise of PIK diodes. 4.5 Noise equivalent circuits of bipolar transistors. 4.6 Noise of field effect transistors. 5 Parametric Circuits. 5.1 Parametric theory. 5.2 Down converters with Schottky diodes. 5.3 Mixer circuits. 5.4 Noise equivalent circuit of pumped Schottky diodes. 5.5 Noise figure of down-converters with Schottky diodes. 5.6 Mixers with field effect transistors. 5.7 Noise figure of down converters with field effect transistors. 5.8 Harmonic mixers. 5.9 Noise figure of harmonic mixers. 5.10 Noise figure measurements of down converters. 5.11 Noise figure of a parametric amplifier. 5.12 Up-converters with varactors. 6 Noise in Non-linear Circuits. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Problems with the noise characterization of non-linear two-ports. 6.3 l/f-noise. 6.4 Amplitude and phase noise. 6.5 Normalized single sideband noise power density. 6.6 Amplitude and phase noise of amplifiers. 6.7 Transformation of amplitude and phase noise in linear two-ports. 6.8 Amplitude and phase noise in non-linear two-ports. 6.9 Measurement of the phase noise. 7 Noise in Oscillators. 7.1 Two-port and one-port oscillators. 7.2 Oscillation condition. 7.3 Noise analysis. 7.4 Stability condition. 7.5 Examples. 7.5.1 Two-port oscillator with transmission resonator. 7.5.2 One-port oscillator with a series resonator. 7.5.3 Voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). 7.6 Noise in phase-locked loop circuits. 7.7 Measurement of the oscillator noise. 7.7.1 Amplitude noise. 7.7.2 Phase noise. 7.7.3 Injection locking. 7.8 Disturbing effects of oscillator noise. 7.8.1 Heterodyne reception. 7.8.2 Sensitivity of a spectrum analyzer. 7.8.3 Distance measurements. 7.8.4 Velocity measurements. 7.8.5 Transmission of information by a frequency or. phase modulated carrier signal. 7.8.6 Measurement system for the microwave gas spectroscopy. 8 Quantization Noise. 8.1 Quantization noise of analog-to-digital converters. 8.2 Quantization noise of fractional divider phase locked loops. 8.2.1 Application of the Sigma-Delta modulation. 8.2.2 Multiple integration. 8.2.3 Identity of the cascade and the chain circuit. 8.2.4 Chain circuit with weighting coefficients. 8.2.5 Transient behavior of a fractional logic circuit. 8.2.6 Fractional divider without a PLL. Appendix A Solutions to the problems of Chapter 1. Appendix B Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 2. Appendix C Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 3. Appendix D Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 4. Appendix E Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 5. Appendix F Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 6. Appendix G Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 7. Appendix H Solutions to the Problems of Chapter 8. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAll the expert guidance you need to understand, build, and operate GPS receivers The Second Edition of this acclaimed publication enables readers to understand and apply the complex operation principles of global positioning system (GPS) receivers.Trade Review"Recommended for libraries serving graduate engineering programs or specialists." (E-STREAMS, May 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Basic GPS Concept. Chapter 3. Satellite Constellation. Chapter 4. Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed Coordinate System. Chapter 5. GPS C/A Code Signal Structure. Chapter 6. Receiver Hardware Considerations. Chapter 7. Acquisition of GPSb C/A Code Signals. Chapter 8. Tracking GPS Signals. Chapter 9. GPS Software Receivers. Chapter 10. Acquisition of Weak Signals. Chapter 11. Tracking Weak Signals. Chapter 12. GPS Receiver-Related Subjects. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique system focus that presents specific solutions for specific appliances This publication presents state-of-the-art power management techniques for modern electronic appliances that rely on such very large-scale integration (VLSI) chips as CPUs and DSPs.Trade Review"The book is written in an easy-to-understand tone…highly recommended." (CHOICE, June 2006)Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Technology Landscape. 1.2 A Young Industry after All. 2. Power Management Technologies. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Integrated Circuits Power Technology: Processing and Packaging. Diodes and Bipolar Transistors. Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Transistors. DMOS Transistors. CMOS Transistors. Passive Components. A Monolithic Process Example. Packaging. 2.3 Discrete Power Technology: Processing and Packaging. From Wall to Board. Power MOSFET Technology Basics. Package Technologies. 2.4 Ongoing Trends. 3. Circuits. PART I. ANALOG CIRCUITS. 3.1 Transistors. NPN. PNP. Trans-Conductance. Transistor as Transfer-Resistor. Transistor Equations. MOS versus Bipolar Transistors. 3.2 Elementary Circuits. Current Mirror. Current Source. Differential Input Stage. Differential to Single Input Stage. Buffer. 3.3 Operational Amplifier (Opamp). Inverting and Non-Inverting Inputs. Rail to Rail Output Operation. CMOS Opamp. Opamp Symbol and Configurations. DC Open Loop Gain. AC Open Loop Gain. 3.4 Voltage Reference. Positive TC of ?VBE. Negative TC of VBE. Build a ?VBE. Building a Voltage Reference. Fractional Band-Gap Voltage Reference. 3.5 Voltage Regulator. 3.6 Linear versus Switching. 3.7 Switching Regulators. 3.8 Buck Converters. Switching Regulator Power Train. Output Capacitor. Electrolytic Capacitors and Transient Response. Ceramic Capacitors. Losses in the Power Train. The Analog Modulator. Driver. Switching Regulator Block Diagram. Switching Regulator Control Loop. Input Filter. Input Inductor LIN. Input Capacitor. Current Mode. 3.9 Flyback Converters. PART II. DIGITAL CIRCUITS. 3.10 Logic Functions. NAND Gate. Set-Reset R Flip-Flop. Current Mode with Anti-Bouncing Flip-Flop. 4. DC-DC Conversion Architectures. 4.1 Valley Control Architecture. Peak and Valley Control Architectures. Transient Response of Each System. Valley Control with FAN5093. Conclusion. 4.2 Monolithic Buck Converter. A New Design Methodology for Faster Time to Market The Design Cycle. The FAN5301. The Behavioral Model. Light Load Operation. Full Load Operation. Over-Current. One Shot. Comparator. Results. Timing. Conclusion. 4.3 Active Clamp. Introduction. Application. Test Results. Comments. 4.4 Battery Charging Techniques: New Solutions for Notebook Battery Chargers. High Efficiency. The Smart Battery System. Data Conversion. Fast Charge. Battery Charger System. 4.5 Digital Power. Control Algorithm of Modern Switching Regulators: Analog or Digital?. Fast Switchmode Regulators and Digital Control. 5. Offline (AC-DC) Architectures. 5.1 Offline Power Architectures. Introduction. Offline Control. PFC Architecture. DC-DC Conversion Down to Low Voltage. Future Trends. 5.2 Power AC Adapter: Thermal and Electrical Design. Introduction: The Challenge. AC Adapter Power Dissipation. AC Adapter Case Temperature. Active and No-load Operation. Development of a Solution. Conclusion. 6. Power Management of Ultraportable Devices. 6.1 Power Management of Wireless Computing and Communications Devices. The Wireless Landscape. Power Management Technologies for Wireless. Cellular Telephones. Wireless Handheld. Charge. Protection and Fuel Gauging. Convergence of Cellular Telephone and Handheld. Future Architectures. 6.2 Power Management in Wireless Telephones: Subsystem Design Requirements. Smart Phone Subsystems. Display Board. Keypad Board. Main Board. Battery Pack. AC Adapter. 6.3 Powering Feature-Rich Handsets. Growing Complexity and Shrinking Cycle Time. Power Management Unit. Low Dropouts (LDOs). 6.4 More on Power Management Units in Cell Phones. Barriers to Up-Integration. PMU Building Blocks. CPU Regulator. Low Dropout Block. The Microcontroller. The Microcontroller Die. Processing Requirements. Microcontroller-Driven Illumination System. 6.5 Color Displays and Cameras Increase Demand on Power Sources and Management. Digital Still Camera. Camera Phones. Power Minimization. Untethered Operation. 7. Computing and Communications Systems. 7.1 Power Management of Desktop and Notebook Computers. Power Management System Solution for a Pentium III Desktop System. Power Management System Solution for Pentium IV Systems (Desktop and Notebook). Desktop Systems. Powering the Silver Box. Notebook Systems. Future Power Trends. 7.2 Computing and Data Communications Converge at the Point of Load. The Proliferation of Power Supplies. Telecom Power Distribution. Computing Power Distribution. Multiphase Buck Converter for POLs and VRMs. Conclusion. 7.3 Efficient Power Management ICs Tailored for DDR-SDRAM Memories. Introduction. DDR Power Management Architecture. Worst Case Current Consumption. Average Power Consumption. Transient Operation. Standby Operation. Linear versus Switching. Second Generation DDR-DDR2. FAN5236 for DDR and DDR2 Memories. Future Trends. 7.4 Power Management of Digital Set-Top Boxes. Set-Top Box Architecture. Power Management. High Power Set-Top Boxes. Low Power Set-Top Boxes. Conclusion. 7.5 Power Conversion for the Data Communications Market. Introduction. Current Environment with Separate Networks. Migration to Converged Voice/Data/Video IP. Telecom -48 V DC Power Distribution. Datacom AC Power Distribution. Conclusion. 8. Future Directions and Special Topics. 8.1 Beyond Productivity and Toys: Designing ICs for the Health Care Market. 8.2 Power Management Protocols Help Save Energy. ACPI. Motherboard (DC-DC) Voltage Regulators. Offline (AC-DC) Voltage Regulators with Power. Factor Correction (PFC). Green Power (Energy Management). New Low Power System Requirements. Conclusion. 8.3 Heat Disposal in Electronics Applications. Active versus Passive Cooling. Limits of Passive Cooling. Active Cooling. Active Cooling-Yes or No?. Active Cooling Implementation. 8.4 Web Based Design Tools. The Tools on the Web. 8.5 Motor Drivers for Portable Electronic Appliances. Introduction. Camera Basics. Motors and Motor Drivers. Driving Implementation. Efficiency. DSC Power Consumption. Conclusion. Appendix A.Fairchild Specifications for FAN5093. Appendix B. Fairchild Specifications for FAN4803. Appendix C. Fairchild Specifications for FSD210 and FSD200. Appendix D. Fairchild Specifications for FAN5307. Appendix E. Fairchild Specifications for ACE1502. Appendix F. Fairchild Specifications for FAN5236. Appendix G. Fairchild Specifications for FAN8702. Glossary. Further Reading. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn the fundamentals of integrated communication microsystems Advanced communication microsystems-the latest technology to emerge in the semiconductor sector after microprocessors-require integration of diverse signal processing blocks in a power-efficient and cost-effective manner.Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix 1 Fundamental Concepts and Background 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Communication Systems 1 1.2 History and Overview of Wireless Communication Systems 3 1.3 History and Overview of Wired Communication Systems 4 1.4 Communication System Fundamentals 5 1.4.1 Channel Capacity 5 1.4.2 Bandwidth and Power Tradeoff 6 1.4.3 SNR as a Metric 7 1.4.4 Operating Frequency 8 1.4.5 The Cellular Concept 9 1.4.6 Digital Communications 10 1.4.7 Power Constraint 11 1.4.8 Symbol Constellation 12 1.4.9 Quadrature Basis and Sideband Combination 12 1.4.10 Negative Frequency 13 1.5 Electromagnetics 14 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equations 14 1.5.2 Application to Circuit Design 14 1.5.3 Signal Propagation in Wireless Medium 15 1.6 Analysis of Circuits and Systems 16 1.6.1 Laplace Transformation 16 1.6.2 Fourier Series 16 1.6.3 Fourier Transform 18 1.6.4 Time and Frequency Domain Duality 18 1.6.5 Z Transform 20 1.6.6 Circuit Dynamics 21 1.6.7 Frequency Domain and Time Domain Simulators 21 1.6.8 Matrix Representation of Circuits 21 1.7 Broadband, Wideband, and Narrowband Systems 26 1.7.1 LC Tank as a Narrowband Element 26 1.7.2 LC Tank at Resonance 27 1.7.3 Q Factor, Power, and Area Metrics 28 1.7.4 Silicon-Specific Considerations 28 1.7.5 Time Domain Behavior 29 1.7.6 Series/Parallel Resonance 29 1.8 Semiconductor Technology and Devices 30 1.8.1 Silicon-Based Processes 31 1.8.2 Unity Current and Power Gain 31 1.8.3 Noise 33 1.8.4 Bipolar vs. MOS 34 1.8.5 Device Characteristics 35 1.8.6 Passive Components 41 1.8.7 Evaluation Testbenches 51 1.9 Key Circuit Topologies 55 1.9.1 Differential Circuits 55 1.9.2 Translinear Circuits 58 1.9.3 Feedback Circuits 59 1.9.4 Cascode Circuits 61 1.9.5 Common Source, Common Gate, and Common Drain Stages 62 1.9.6 Folded Cascode Topology 64 1.10 Gain/Linearity/Noise 65 1.10.1 Noise and Intermodulation Tradeoff 65 1.10.2 Narrowband and Wideband Systems 66 Conclusion 66 References 66 2 Wireless Communication System Architectures 69 Introduction 69 2.1 Fundamental Considerations 70 2.1.1 Center Frequency, Modulation, and Process Technology 70 2.1.2 Frequency Planning 71 2.1.3 Blockers 72 2.1.4 Spurs and Desensing 74 2.1.5 Transmitter Leakage 74 2.1.6 LO leakage and Interference 74 2.1.7 Image 76 2.1.8 Half-IF Interference 76 2.2 Link Budget Analysis 77 2.2.1 Linearity 77 2.2.2 Noise 80 2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 82 2.2.4 Receiver Gain 82 2.3 Propagation Effects 83 2.3.1 Path Loss 83 2.3.2 Multipath and Fading 85 2.3.3 Equalization 86 2.3.4 Diversity 86 2.3.5 Coding 87 2.4 Interface Planning 87 2.5 Superheterodyne Architecture 87 2.5.1 Frequency Domain Representation 88 2.5.2 Phase Shift and Image Rejection 89 2.5.3 Transmitter and Receiver 90 2.5.4 Imbalance and Harmonics 90 2.6 Low IF Architecture 91 2.7 Direct Conversion Architecture 92 2.7.1 Advantages 93 2.7.2 Modulation 93 2.7.3 Architecture and Frequency Planning 93 2.7.4 Challenges in the Direct Conversion Receiver 94 2.8 Two-Stage Direct Conversion 102 2.9 Current-Mode Architecture 103 2.10 Subsampling Architecture 104 2.11 Multiband Direct Conversion Radio 105 2.12 Polar Modulator 106 2.13 Harmonic Reject Architecture 108 2.14 Practical Considerations for Transceiver Integration 109 2.14.1 Transmitter Considerations 109 2.14.2 Receiver Considerations 110 Conclusion 111 References 111 3 System Architecture for High-Speed Wired Communications 113 Introduction 113 3.1 Bandlimited Channel 118 3.1.1 Fiber Optical Link 118 3.1.2 Dispersion in Fibers 120 3.1.3 Backplane Multi-Gb/s Data Interface 123 3.1.4 Backplane Channel Loss 124 3.2 Equalizer System Study 129 3.2.1 Equalization Overview 129 3.2.2 Historical Background 131 3.2.3 Equalizer Topology Study 133 3.2.4 Equalizer System Simulation 139 Conclusion 143 References 143 4 Mixed Building Blocks of Signal Communication Systems 144 Introduction 144 4.1 Inverters 145 4.1.1 Key Design Parameters 145 4.1.2 Key Electrical Equations 146 4.1.3 Current Reuse Amplifier 147 4.1.4 Cascade and Fan-Out 148 4.2 Static D Flip-Flop 148 4.3 Bias Circuits 151 4.3.1 Current Sources and Sinks 151 4.3.2 Voltage References 153 4.4 Transconductor Cores 154 4.5 Load Networks 157 4.5.1 Passive Load 157 4.5.2 Active Load 158 4.6 AVersatile Analog Signal Processing Core 159 4.7 Low Noise Amplifier 162 4.7.1 Single-Ended Interfaces 163 4.7.2 Design Steps 163 4.7.3 Gain Expansion 165 4.7.4 Layout Considerations 165 4.7.5 Inductorless LNAs 166 4.7.6 Gain Variation 166 4.8 Power Amplifiers 168 4.8.1 Performance Metrics 168 4.8.2 Classes of Amplifiers 170 4.8.3 Practical Considerations 172 4.8.4 PA Architectures 172 4.8.5 Feedback and Feedforward 174 4.8.6 Predistortion Techniques 177 4.9 Balun 178 4.10 Signal Generation Path 179 4.10.1 Oscillator Circuits 179 4.10.2 Quadrature Generation Networks 188 4.10.3 Passive Hybrid Networks 194 4.10.4 Regenerative Frequency Dividers 194 4.10.5 Phase Locked Loop 195 4.11 Mixers 201 4.11.1 Basic Functionality 201 4.11.2 Architectures 202 4.11.3 Conversion Gain/Loss 203 4.11.4 Noise 204 4.11.5 Port Isolation 205 4.11.6 Receive and Transmit Mixers 205 4.11.7 Impedances 206 4.12 Baseband Filters 207 4.12.1 Classification of Integrated Filters 207 4.12.2 Biquadratic Stages 208 4.12.3 Switched Capacitor Filters 209 4.12.4 Gm-C Filters 211 4.12.5 OP-Amp-RC Filters 213 4.12.6 Calibration of On-Chip Filters 224 4.12.7 Passive Filter Configuration 226 4.13 Signal Strength Indicator (SSI) 226 4.14 ADC/DAC 227 4.15 Latch 230 Conclusion 231 References 231 5 Examples of Integrated Communication Microsystems 235 Introduction 235 5.1 Direct Conversion Receiver Front End 235 5.1.1 Circuit Design 236 5.1.2 The Integration: Interfaces and Layout 242 5.1.3 Compensation and Corrections 243 5.2 Debugging: A Practical Scenario 244 5.3 High-Speed Wired Communication Example 245 5.3.1. Bandlimited Channel 245 5.3.2 Design Example 247 Conclusion 258 References 258 6 Low-Voltage, Low-Power, and Low-Area Designs 260 Introduction 260 6.1. Power Consumption Considerations 261 6.1.1 Active Inductors 261 6.1.2 Adding Transfer Function Zero 263 6.1.3 Driving Point Impedance 263 6.1.4 Stacking Functional Blocks 265 6.2 Device Technology and Scaling 266 6.2.1 Digital and Analog Circuits 266 6.2.2 Supply Voltage, Speed, and Breakdown 266 6.2.3 Circuit Impacts of Increased fT 267 6.2.4 MOSFETs in Weak Inversion 267 6.2.5 Millimeter-Wave Applications 268 6.2.6 Practical Considerations 268 6.3 Low-Voltage Design Techniques 269 6.3.1 Separate DC Paths per Circuit Functionality 269 6.3.2 Transformer Coupled Feedback 270 6.3.3 Positive Feedback 271 6.3.4 Current-Mode Interface 272 6.3.5 Circuits Based on Weak Inversion 273 6.3.6 Voltage Boosting 273 6.3.7 Bulk-Driven Circuits 274 6.3.8 Flipped Voltage Follower 276 6.4 Injection-Locked Techniques 277 6.5. Subharmonic Architectures 279 6.5.1 Formalism 279 6.5.2 System Considerations 280 6.5.3 Antiparallel Diode Pair 281 6.5.4 Active Subharmonic Mixers 284 6.5.5 Subharmonic Architecture Building Blocks 286 6.6. Super-Regenerative Architectures 286 6.6.1 Formalism 287 6.6.2 Architecture and Circuit Illustration 289 6.7. Hearing Aid Applications 290 6.7.1 Architecture Based on Digital/Mixed-Signal Circuits 290 6.7.2 Architecture Based on Subthreshold Current-Mode Circuits 292 6.8. Radio Frequency Identification Tags 297 6.8.1 System Considerations 297 6.8.2 System Architecture 297 6.8.3 Rectifier, Limiter, and Regulator 298 6.8.4 Antenna Design 301 6.9. Ultra-Low-Power Radios 302 Conclusion 303 References 304 7 Packaging for Integrated Communication Microsystems 309 Introduction 309 7.1. Background 311 7.1.1 Trends from 1970 to 1995 311 7.1.2 Trends from 1995 to Today 313 7.1.3 Before 2006 314 7.1.4 After 2006 314 7.2 Elements of a Package 315 7.2.1 Power/GND Planes 315 7.2.2 Package Materials 317 7.3 Current Chip Packaging Technologies 317 7.3.1 Ball Grid Arrays (BGAs) 317 7.3.2 Flip-Chip Technology (FCT) 319 7.3.3 Flip-Chip vs. Wire Bond 319 7.3.4 Choice of Transmission Line 320 7.3.5 Thermal Issues 320 7.3.6 Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) 321 7.4 Driving Forces for RF Packaging Technology 322 7.5 MCM Definitions and Classifications 323 7.6 RF–SOP Modules 325 7.7 Package Modeling and Optimization 329 7.8 Future Packaging Trends 333 7.9 Chip-Package Codesign 334 7.10 Package Models and Transmission Lines 335 7.10.1 Frequency of Operations 335 7.10.2 Bends and Discontinuities 336 7.10.3 Differential Signaling 337 7.11 Calculations for Package Elements 339 7.11.1 Inductance 339 7.11.2 Capacitance 340 7.11.3 Image Theory 341 7.12 Crosstalk 342 7.13 Grounding 343 7.14 Practical Issues in Packaging 344 7.15 Chip-Package Codesign Examples 346 7.16 Wafer Scale Package 349 7.17 Filters Using Bondwire 349 7.18 Packaging Limitation 350 Conclusion 351 References 351 8 Advanced SOP Components and Signal Processing 355 Introduction 355 8.1 History of Compact Design 358 8.2 Previous Techniques in Performance Enhancement 361 8.3 Design Complexities 363 8.4 Modeling Complexities 363 8.5 Compact Stacked Patch Antennas Using LTCC Multilayer Technology 365 8.6 Suppression of Surface Waves and Radiation Pattern Improvement Using SHS Technology 378 8.7 Radiation-Pattern Improvement Using a Compact Soft-Surface Structure 382 8.8 A Package-Level-Integrated Antenna Based on LTCC Technology 395 Conclusion 401 References 401 9 Simulation and Characterization of Integrated Microsystems 404 Introduction 404 9.1 Computer-Aided Analysis of Wireless Systems 404 9.1.1 Operating Point Analysis 405 9.1.2 Impedance Matching 407 9.1.3 Tuning at Resonance 407 9.1.4 Transient Analysis 408 9.1.5 Noise Analysis 409 9.1.6 Linearity Analysis 410 9.1.7 Parasitic Elements 413 9.1.8 Process Variation 413 9.2 Measurement Equipments and their Operation 413 9.2.1 DC/Operating Point 413 9.2.2 C–V Measurement 414 9.2.3 Vector Network Analyzer and S-Parameter Measurements 415 9.2.4 Spectrum Analyzer (SA) 416 9.3 Network Analyzer Calibration 418 9.3.1 Overview of Network Analyzer Calibration 418 9.3.2 Types of Calibration 420 9.3.3 SOLT Calibration 420 9.3.4. TRL Calibration 424 9.4 Wafer Probing Measurement 429 9.4.1 Calibration Quantification of Random Errors 429 9.4.2 On-Wafer Measurement at the W-Band (75–110 GHz) 430 9.4.3 On-Wafer Microstrip Characterization Techniques 435 9.4.4 On-Wafer Package Characterization Technique 440 9.5 Characterization of Integrated Radios 448 9.6 In the Lab 451 9.6.1 Operating Point 451 9.6.2 Functionality Test 451 9.6.3 Impedance Matching 451 9.6.4 Conversion Gain 453 9.6.5 Linearity 453 9.6.6 Nonlinear Noise Figure 454 9.6.7 I/Q Imbalance 455 9.6.8 DC Offset 456 Conclusion 457 References 458 Appendix A Compendium of the TRL Calibration Algorithm 459 Appendix A 462 Index 469

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Book SynopsisAs one of the few rising stars of the semiconductor industry, WLAN design is engaging more and more engineers and companies. Essential to the overall system design, is the radio design. In Wireless LAN Radios Arya Behzad covers the necessary theory while emphasizing the practical aspects of this promising technology.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acronyms xi CHAPTER 1 802.11 Flavors and System Requirements 1 1.1 Definition 1 1.2 WLAN Market Trends 3 1.3 History of 802.11 6 1.4 802.11: b, a, or g? 8 1.5 802.11b Standard 10 1.6 802.11a Channel Allocation 13 1.7 802.11a and 802.11g: OFDM Mapping 14 1.7.1 Multipath Fading 14 1.8 802.11a/g: Data Rates 21 1.9 802.11a/g OFDM Packet Construction 24 1.10 802.11 System Requirements 24 1.10.1 Receiver Sensitivity 24 1.10.2 Transmitter Error Vector Magnitude 26 1.10.3 Transmitter Spectral Mask 28 1.11 Vector Signal Analysis 33 CHAPTER 2 Radio Receiver and Transmitter Architectures 43 2.1 Architectures 43 2.1.1 Superheterodyne Receiver 44 2.1.1.1 Choice of Intermediate Frequency in Superheterodyne Receiver 47 2.1.2 Low IF Receiver 51 2.1.3 Direct-Conversion Receiver 55 2.1.4 Receiver Architectures: Summary 59 2.1.5 Superheterodyne Transmitter 60 2.1.6 Low IF Transmitter 64 2.1.7 Direct-Conversion Transmitter 64 2.1.8 Polar Modulators 66 2.2 Process Choices: CMOS versus SiGe BiCMOS 67 CHAPTER 3 Analog Impairments and Issues 73 3.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Noise Figure 73 3.2 Receiver DC Offsets and LO Leakage 75 3.3 Receiver Flicker Noise 79 3.4 Receiver Interferers and Intermodulation Distortion 83 3.4.1 IP3, IP2, and P1dB 83 3.4.2 Tools for Analyzing Modulated Signal Distortion 96 3.5 Receiver Image Rejection 102 3.5.1 Superheterodyne Receiver 102 3.5.2 Low IF Architecture 104 3.5.3 Direct-Conversion Receiver 106 3.6 Quadrature Balance and Relation to Image Rejection 107 3.7 Quadrature Balance and Relation to EVM 109 3.8 Other Transmitter (Modulator) Impairments 116 3.9 Peak-to-Average Ratio and Relation to Linearity and Efficiency 121 3.10 Local Oscillator Pulling in PLL 124 3.11 Phase Noise in PLL 126 3.12 Far-Out Phase Noise 130 3.13 Effect of Phase Noise on OFDM Systems 131 3.14 Effect of Frequency Errors on OFDM 132 3.15 Summary of Analog/RF Impairments 135 CHAPTER 4 Some Key Radio Building Blocks 137 4.1 Low Noise Amplifier 137 4.2 Mixer and its Local Oscillator Buffers 142 4.3 Power Amplifier 148 4.4 Fully Integrated VCO 153 4.5 Multifrequency (Stacked) Mixer 157 4.6 Open-Loop Transconductance Linearization Circuit 158 CHAPTER 5 Calibration Techniques 161 5.1 VCO Calibration 163 5.2 Automatic Frequency Control 165 5.3 Quadrature Error and Local Oscillator Feedthrough Calibration 172 5.4 Bias Current Calibrations (R Calibration) 175 5.5 Filter Time-Constant Calibration (RC Calibration) 176 5.6 Other Calibrations 177 CHAPTER 6 Case Studies 179 6.1 Case Study 1: A CMOS 802.11a Transceiver 179 6.1.1 Architecture and Circuit Implementation 179 6.1.2 Receiver 181 6.1.3 Transmitter 183 6.1.4 Phase-Locked Loop 186 6.2 Case Study 2: High Performance WLAN Transmitter Utilizing Quadrature and LOFT Calibration 189 CHAPTER 7 Brief Discussion Of 802.11n and Concluding Remarks 197 7.1 Need for 802.11n 197 7.2 802.11a/b/g/n MIMO Transceiver 202 7.2.1 Architecture and Circuit Implementation 203 7.2.1.1 Receiver 203 7.2.1.2 Transmitter 205 7.2.1.3 PLL and LO Generation 207 7.2.1.4 Calibration Techniques 209 7.2.2 Packaging Issues 211 7.2.3 Measurement Results 211 7.2.4 MIMO Case Study Conclusion 216 7.3 Concluding Remarks 217 References 221 Annotated Bibliography 223 Index 233 About the Author 241

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Book SynopsisKey problems for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program IEEE Computer Society Real-World Software Engineering Problems helps prepare software engineering professionals for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program. The book offers workable, real-world sample problems with solutions to help readers solve common problems. In addition to its role as the definitive preparation guide for the IEEE Computer Society Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP) Certification Program, this resource also serves as an appropriate guide for graduate-level courses in software engineering or for professionals interested in sharpening or refreshing their skills. The book includes a comprehensive collection of sample problems, each of which includes the problem''s statement, the solution, an explanation, and references. Topics covered include:Trade Review"…this book provides a valuable resource to help software professionals prepare for the CSDP exam, as well as a study aid for software engineering students in general." (Computing Reviews.com, November 8, 2006)Table of ContentsPreface: How was this book developed? What is the Computer Society's Software Development Professional Exam? What are the target audiences? How is this book structured? How are problems and their answers structured? How to use this book. A.Engineering Economics. B.Ethics. C.Professional Practice. D.Standards. A.Requirements. B.Software Design. C.Coding. D.Test. E.Maintenance. F.Software COnfiguration. G.QA. H.Metrics. I.Tools and Methods. J.SQA and V&V.

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Book SynopsisAn expert guide to the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication This exciting publication makes it easy for readers to enter into and deepen their knowledge of the new and emerging field of broadband circuits for optical fiber communication.Trade Review"The book, with its details and practical information, will certainly help advance optical fiber communication…a welcome reference book…" (IEEE Circuits & Devices, May/June 2006)Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Optical Fiber 11 3 Photodetectors 25 4 Receiver Fundamentals 45 5 Transimpedance Amplifiers 105 6 Main Amplifiers 159 7 Optical Transmitters 233 8 Laser and Modulator Drivers 259 Appendix A Eye Diagrams 313 Appendix B Differential Circuits 321 Appendix C S Parameters 329 Appendix D Transistors and Technologies MOSFET and MESFET 343 Appendix E Answers to the Problems 359 Appendix F Notation 385 Appendix G Symbols 387 Appendix H Acronyms 399 References 407 Index 425

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Book SynopsisEffective project management tailored to the needs of the telecommunications industry In our rapidly changing world, the information and communication technologies and services have an immense impact on virtually all aspects of our lives...Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv 1 Projects in Telecommunication Services 1 Introduction 1 Project Management Versus Product Management 1 Virtual Network Operators 3 Contribution of Project Management 4 The Two Facets of Telecommunication Services 5 Categories of Projects in Telecommunication Services 6 Upgrades of Public Networks 7 Establishment of Specialized Business Networks 8 Temporary Networks 10 Characteristics of Telecommunication Service Projects 11 Complex Interfaces 11 External Interfaces 11 Internal Interfaces 12 International Orientation 15 Multidisciplinarity 15 No Mass Production 16 Diverse Users 16 A Relatively Long Planning Stage 17 Summary of Distinctions Between the Development of 17 Telecommunication Services and Equipment Summary 17 2 Standards and Innovation in Telecommunication Services 19 The Two Dimensions of Telecommunication Projects 19 The Technological Dimension 19 The Marketing and Social Dimension 22 Classification of Innovations 23 Innovations and the Technology Life Cycle 25 Innovation in Telecommunication Services 26 Incremental Innovation 27 Architectural Innovation 28 Platform Innovation 30 Radical Innovation 30 Interaction of Innovations in Equipment and Services 30 Phasic Relation Between Equipment and Services 31 Standardization for Telecommunication Services 34 Timing of Standards 35 Marketing Perspective 35 Technological View of Standards 35 Anticipatory Standards 36 Enabling (Participatory) Standards 37 Responsive Standards 38 Lack of Standards 38 Standards Policy and Knowledge Management 39 Summary 40 3 The Project Management Context 43 Organization of the Project Team 43 Functional Organization 44 Examples 45 Advantages 47 Disadvantages 47 Matrix Organization 47 Examples 48 Advantages 50 Disadvantages 50 Projectized Organization 50 Examples 51 Advantages 51 Disadvantages 51 Comparison of Project Organizations 52 Project Organization and Innovation Type 52 Incremental Innovation 52 Architectural Innovation 53 Platform Innovation 54 Radical Innovation 54 The Role of the Project Sponsor 54 Phase Management and Portfolio Management 56 The Rolling Wave Method for Service Development 56 Phase 1: Concept Definition 57 Phase 2: Initiation and Preliminary Planning Phase 58 Phase 3: Implementation 58 Phase 4: Controlled Introduction 58 Phase 5: General Availability and Close-Out 59 Canceling Projects 59 Relation to the Build–Operate–Transfer Model 59 Summary 60 4 Scope Management 61 Scope Initiation 62 Scope Planning 62 Market Service Description (MSD) 62 Scope Definition 63 Work Breakdown Structure 63 Technical Plan 64 The Need for Scope Management 66 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics 66 E-Zpass Toll Collection System 66 Background 66 Gaps in the Definition ITS Scope 67 Scope Creep in New Jersey 68 Sources of Scope Change 68 Customer Profile 69 Vendor’s Effect 69 Basic Principles of Scope Management 69 Change Control Policy 71 Strictness of the Change Control Policy 71 Change Control Board 72 Scope Verification 72 Tracking and Issue Management 72 Project Termination 73 Case Studies 74 Telecommunications Alliances/Joint Ventures 74 Net 1000 76 Background 77 Timeline and Organization Evolution 78 Postmortem Analysis 80 Lessons Learned 84 Lessons Not Learned 84 Summary 85 5 Time and Cost Management 87 Scheduling 87 Delays in Telecommunication Projects 88 Compressing the Schedule 89 Cost Management 90 Project Tracking with Earned Value Analysis 91 Metrics for the Earned Value 92 Discrete Effort Method 92 Apportioned Effort Method 93 Level of Effort Method 93 Budget Types 93 Monitoring Project Progress 93 Measures of Efficiency 94 Prerequisites for Earned Value Analysis 95 Earned Value Analysis in Telecommunication Projects 95 Summary 97 6 Information and Communication Management 99 The Role of Communication Management 99 Dissemination of Information 100 Team Cohesion 100 Historical Database 101 Communication and Outsourcing 101 The Communication Plan 102 Audience 102 Circumstances 103 Nature of Information 103 Content of the Plan 104 Communication Channels 104 One-on-One Communication 105 Meetings 105 Telephony and Teleconferences 107 E-Mail 107 Intranets and Project Portals 107 Evaluation of the Communication Processes 108 Measure of Communication Effectiveness 108 Signs of Communication Problems 108 Barriers to Successful Communications 109 Summary 109 7 Resources Management 111 Formation of the Project Team 111 Team Building 116 Team Building and the Hierarchy of Human Needs 116 Signs of a Jelled Team 117 Enablers of Team Cohesiveness 117 Impediments to Team Consolidation 118 No Self-Actualization 118 No Self-Esteem 118 No Belongingness 119 No Security 119 Team Breakup (Adjourning) 119 Project Leadership 119 Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership 120 Project Manager’s Authority 120 Manipulative Behavior 120 MBTI Classification of Leadership Styles 121 Time-Dependent Leadership 123 Matching Leadership Style with the Project Phase 123 Matching Leadership Style with Innovation Type 124 Matching Leadership with Technology Maturity 125 Conflict Resolution 126 Conflicts Due to Contractual Structures 126 Conflicts Due to Connectual Structures 127 Types of Diversity 127 Examples of Social Diversity 128 Examples of Informational Diversity 128 Examples of Value Diversity 129 Conflicts and Diversity 130 Effects of Conflict on Project Performance 130 Dealing with Conflicts 132 Problem Solving 132 Coercion 132 Compromise 132 Accommodation 132 Withdrawal or Avoidance 132 Summary 133 8 Quality Management 135 Overview 135 Quality and Innovation 136 Service Release Management 137 Quality Plan 138 Categorization of the Defects: Urgency and Criticality 139 Appraisal 141 Schedule Compression 144 Evaluation of Testing Progress 145 When to Stop Testing? 145 Vendor Management During the Testing Program 148 Summary 150 Appendix 151 Poisson Model 151 The Basic Model 152 The Jelinski–Moranda Model 152 Deployability 153 Learning Effect with the Yamada Model 154 9 Vendor Management 157 The Importance of Vendor Management 157 Vendor Management Versus Procurement Management 157 Acquisition Process 158 Evaluation of the Formal Solicitation Process 160 Vendor Selection 160 Contract Type 161 Vendor Types in Telecommunications Services 161 Vendor Evaluation 162 Additional Criteria for Equipment Vendors 164 Additional Criteria for Connectivity Vendors 164 Communications with Technology Vendors 165 Statement of Work 165 Vendor Tracking 166 Partnerships and Virtual Organizations 166 Metrics for Vendor Tracking During Acceptance Testing 168 Vendor’s Handoff 169 Metrics for Vendor Tracking for Problems in the Field 169 Risks in the Management of Technology Vendors 170 The Technology Life Cycle 170 Vendor Type 170 Risk of Supply Disruption 171 Congruence of the Plans for the Vendor and the Service Provider 171 Lack of Standards 172 Intellectual Property and Knowledge Management 172 Inadequate Field Support 173 Risk Mitigation in the Management of Technology Vendor 173 Connectivity Vendors 174 Types of Agreements Among Network Operators 174 Risks Management for Interconnectivity Vendors 174 Summary 175 10 Risk Management 177 Risk Identification 178 Risk Evaluation 178 Risk Mitigation 180 Risk Avoidance 180 Risk Reduction 180 Combined Risk Avoidance and Reduction 181 Risk Deflection 181 Risk Financing 182 Risks Identification Telecommunications Services 183 Project Characteristics 184 Complexity 184 Schedule 184 Novelty 185 Geography 185 Internal Organization 185 Technology 186 Supplier 187 Customer 187 Risk Mitigation in Telecommunications Services 187 Risks Due to Project Characteristics 187 Technological Risks 188 Supplier’s Risks 189 Customer’s Risks 189 Standardization and Risk 189 Innovation and Risk 191 Incremental Innovation 191 Architectural Innovation 192 Platform Innovation 193 Radical Innovation 193 Risk Mitigation and Organizational Culture 193 Risk Mitigation and the Project Manager’s Tolerance for Risk 194 Summary 194 11 Service Development 197 Opportunity Analysis and Concept Definition 197 Product Definition and Project Setup 198 Design and Procurement 199 Architecture Design 199 Supplier Management 200 Technical Definition of the Service 202 Site Selection 202 Service Operations Technical Plan (SOTP) 202 Support Processes 203 Operations, Administration and Maintenance (OA&M) 205 Disaster Recovery 207 Customer Network Management 209 Development 209 Equipment Handoff 210 System and Integration Testing 210 Network Operations Center (NOC) 211 Human Resources 211 Return Maintenance Authorization (RMA) 211 Customer Care 211 Service Turn-Up 212 Installing the Equipment 212 In-Field Tests 212 Pilot Trials 213 Controlled Introduction 214 Management of the Controlled Introduction 214 Marketing and Sales Plans for General Availability 215 Commissioning and Life-Cycle Management 217 Lessons Learned and Closeout 217 Quality-of-Service Metrics 217 Customer Care Performance 219 Network Performance 219 OA&M Quality 219 Business and Network Evolution 219 Summary 221 Appendix 221 12 Some Final Thoughts 223 Continuity and Change 223 Project Success or Service Success? 224 Competition and Government Policies 225 Standardization 227 Outsourcing 228 References 229 Index 239

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Book SynopsisThis book tells you how to meet people's expectations with quality planning, software quality, automation, execution, validation, verification, measurement and analysis, and support. It is divided into four major parts: Part I introduces all the major topics and covers quality planning. Part II is devoted to software testing topics.Trade Review"... seasoned throughout with practical experience and examples ... these combine to give a well-balanced feel overall which is really quite satisfying." (Software Testing, Verification and Reliability, June 2006)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. PART I OVERVIEW AND BASICS. 1 Overview. 1.1 Meeting People's Quality Expectations. 1.2 Book Organization and Chapter Overview. 1.3 Dependency and Suggested Usage. 1.4 Reader Preparation and Background Knowledge. Problems. 2 What Is Software Quality? 2.1 Quality: Perspectives and Expectations. 2.2 Quality Frameworks and ISO-9126. 2.3 Correctness and Defects: Definitions, Properties, and Measurements. 2.4 A Historical Perspective of Quality. 2.5 So, What Is Software Quality? Problems. 3 Quality Assurance. 3.1 Classification: QA as Dealing with Defects. 3.2 Defect Prevention. 3.2.1 Education and training. 3.2.2 Formal method. 3.2.3 Other defect prevention techniques. 3.3 Defect Reduction. 3.3.1 Inspection: Direct fault detection and removal. 3.3.2 Testing: Failure observation and fault removal. 3.3.3 Other techniques and risk identification. 3.4 Defect Containment. 3.4.1 Software fault tolerance. 3.4.2 Safety assurance and failure containment. 3.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 4 Quality Assurance in Context. 4.1 Handling Discovered Defect During QA Activities. 4.2 QA Activities in Software Processes. 4.3 Verification and Validation Perspectives. 4.4 Reconciling the Two Views. 4.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 5 Quality Engineering. 5.1 Quality Engineering: Activities and Process. 5.2 Quality Planning: Goal Setting and Strategy Formation. 5.3 Quality Assessment and Improvement. 5.4 Quality Engineering in Software Processes. 5.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. PART II SOFTWARE'TESTING. 6 Testing: Concepts, Issues, and Techniques. 6.1 Purposes, Activities, Processes, and Context. 6.2 Questions About Testing. 6.3 Functional vs. Structural Testing: What to Test? 6.4 Coverage-Based vs. Usage-Based Testing: When to Stop Testing? 6.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 7 Test Activities, Management, and Automation. 7.1 Test Planning and Preparation. 7.1.1 Test planning: Goals, strategies, and techniques. 7.1.2 Testing models and test cases. 7.1.3 Test suite preparation and management. 7.1.4 Preparation of test procedure. 7.2 Test Execution, Result Checking, and Measurement. 7.3 Analysis and Follow-up. 7.4 Activities, People, and Management. 7.5 Test Automation. 7.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 8 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Checklists and Partitions. 8.1 Checklist-Based Testing and Its Limitations. 8.2 Testing for Partition Coverage. 8.2.1 Some motivational examples. 8.2.2 Partition: Concepts and definitions. 8.2.3 Testing decisions and predicates for partition coverage. 8.3 Usage-Based Statistical Testing with Musa's Operational Profiles. 8.3.1 The cases for usage-based statistical testing. 8.3.2 Musa OP: Basic ideas. 8.3.3 Using OPs for statistical testing and other purposes. 8.4 Constructing Operational Profiles. 8.4.1 Generic methods and participants. 8.4.2 OP development procedure: Musa-1. 8.4.3 OP development procedure: Musa-2. 8.5 Case Study: OP for the Cartridge Support Software. 8.5.1 Background and participants. 8.5.2 OP development in five steps. 8.5.3 Metrics collection, result validation, and lessons learned. 8.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 9 Input Domain Partitioning and Boundary Testing. 9.1 Input Domain Partitioning and Testing. 9.1.1 Basic concepts, definitions, and terminology. 9.1.2 Input domain testing for partition and boundary problems. 9.2 Simple Domain Analysis and the Extreme Point Combination Strategy. 9.3 Testing Strategies Based on Boundary Analysis. 9.3.1 Weak N x 1 strategy. 9.3.2 Weak 1 x 1 strategy. 9.4 Other Boundary Test Strategies and Applications. 9.4.1 Strong and approximate strategies. 9.4.2 Other types of boundaries and extensions. 9.4.3 Queuing testing as boundary testing. 9.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 10 Coverage and Usage Testing Based on Finite-State Machines and Markov Chains. 10.1 Finite-State Machines and Testing. 10.1.1 Overcoming limitations of simple processing models. 10.1.2 FSMs: Basic concepts and examples. 10.1.3 Representations of FSMs. 10.2 FSM Testing: State and Transition Coverage. 10.2.1 Some typical problems with systems modeled by FSMs. 10.2.2 Model construction and validation. 10.2.3 Testing for correct states and transitions. 10.2.4 Applications and limitations. 10.3 Case Study: FSM-Based Testing of Web-Based Applications. 10.3.1 Characteristics of web-based applications. 10.3.2 What to test: Characteristics of web problems. 10.3.3 FSMs for web testing. 10.4 Markov Chains and Unified Markov Models for Testing. 10.4.1 Markov chains and operational profiles. 10.4.2 From individual Markov chains to unified Markov models. 10.4.3 UMM construction. 10.5 Using UMMs for Usage-Based Statistical Testing. 10.5.1 Testing based on usage frequencies in UMMs. 10.5.2 Testing based on other criteria and UMM hierarchies. 10.5.3 Implementation, application, and other issues. 10.6 Case Study Continued: Testing Based on Web Usages. 10.6.1 Usage-based web testing: Motivations and basic approach. 10.6.2 Constructing UMMs for statistical web testing. 10.6.3 Statistical web testing: Details and examples. 10.7 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 11 Control Flow, Data Dependency, and Interaction Testing. 11.1 Basic Control Flow Testing. 1 1.1.1 General concepts. 1 1.1.2 Model construction. 11.1.3 Path selection. 1 1.1.4 Path sensitization and other activities. 11.2 Loop Testing, CFT Usage, and Other Issues. 11.2.1 Different types of loops and corresponding CFGs. 11.2.2 Loop testing: Difficulties ant1 a heuristic strategy. 11.2.3 CFT Usage and Other Issues. 11.3 Data Dependency and Data Flow Testing. 11 .3.1 Basic concepts: Operations C Id~at a and data dependencies. 11.3.2 Basics of DFT and DDG. 11.3.3 DDG elements and characteristics. 11.3.4 Information sources and generic procedure for DDG construction. 11.3.5 Building DDG indirectly. 11.3.6 Dealing with loops. 1 1.4 DFT: Coverage and Applications. 11.4.1 Achieving slice and other coverage. 1 1.4.2 DFT: Applications and other issues. 11.4.3 DFT application in synchronization testing. 1 1.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 12 Testing Techniques: Adaptation, Splecialization, and Integration. 12.1 Testing Sub-phases and Applicable 'Testing Techniques. 12.2 Specialized Test Tasks and Techniques. 12.3 Test Integration. 12.4 Case Study: Hierarchical Web Testing. 12.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. PART Ill QUALITY ASSURANCE BEYOND TESTING. 13 Defect Prevention and Process lmp~rovement. 13.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Approaches. 13.2 Root Cause Analysis for Defect Prevention. 13.3 Education and Training for Defect Prevention. 13.4 Other Techniques for Defect Prevention. 13.4.1 Analysis and modeling for Defect Prevention. 13.4.2 Technologies, standards, and methodologies for defect prevention. 13.4.3 Software tools to block defect injection. 13.5 Focusing on Software Processes. 13.5.1 Process selection, definition, and conformance. 13.5.2 Process maturity. 13.5.3 Process and quality improvement. 13.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 14 Software Inspection. 14.1 Basic Concepts and Generic Process. 14.2 Fagan inspection. 14.3 Other Inspections and Related Activities. 14.3.1 Inspections of reduced scope or team size. 14.3.2 Inspections of enlarged scope or team size. 14.3.3 Informal desk checks, reviews, and walkthroughs. 14.3.4 Code reading. 14.3.5 Other formal reviews and static analyses. 14.4 Defect Detection Techniques, Tool/Process Support, and Effectiveness. 14.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 15 Formal Verification. 15.1 Basic Concepts: Formal Verification and Formal Specification. 15.2 Formal Verification: Axiomatic Approach. 15.2.1 Formal logic specifications. 15.2.2 Axioms. 15.2.3 Axiomatic proofs and a comprehensive example. 15.3 Other Approaches. 15.3.1 Weakest pre-conditions and backward chaining. 15.3.2 Functional approach and symbolic execution. 15.3.3 Seeking alternatives: Model checking and other approaches. 15.4 Applications, Effectiveness, and Integration Issues. 15.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 16 Fault Tolerance and Failure Containment. 16.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts. 16.2 Fault Tolerance with Recovery Blocks. 16.3 Fault Tolerance with N-Version Programming. 16.3.1 NVP: Basic technique and implementation. 16.3.2 Ensuring version independence. 16.3.3 Applying NVP ideas in other QA activities. 16.4 Failure Containment: Safety Assurance and Damage Control. 16.4.1 Hazard analysis using fault-trees and event-trees. 16.4.2 Hazard resolution for accident prevention. 16.4.3 Accident analysis and post-accident damage control. 16.5 Application in Heterogeneous Systerns. 16.5.1 Modeling and analyzing heterogeneous systems. 16.5.2 Prescriptive specifications for safety. 16.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 17 Comparing Quality Assurance Techniques and Activities. 17.1 General Questions: Cost, Benefit, and Environment. 17.2 Applicability to Different Environments. 17.3 Effectiveness Comparison. 17.3.1 Defect perspective. 17.3.2 Problem types. 17.3.3 Defect level and pervasive level. 17.3.4 Result interpretation and constructive information. 17.4 Cost Comparison. 17.5 Comparison Summary and Recommendations. Problems. PART IV QUANTIFIABLE QUALITY IMPROVEMENT. 18 Feedback Loop and Activities for Quantifiable Quality Improvement. 18.1 QA Monitoring and Measurement. 18.1.1 Direct vs. indirect quality me:asurements. 18.1.2 Direct quality measurements Result and defect measurements. 18.1.3 Indirect quality measurements: Environmental, product internal, and activity measurements. 18.2 Immediate Follow-up Actions and Feedback. 18.3 Analyses and Follow-up Actions. 18.3.1 Analyses for product release decisions. 18.3.2 Analyses for other project management decisions. 18.3.3 Other feedback and follow-up actions. 18.4 Implementation, Integration, and Tool Support. 18.4.1 Feedback loop: Implementation and integration. 18.4.2 A refined quality engineering, process. 18.4.3 Tool support: Strategy, implementation, and integration. 18.5 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 19 Quality Models and Measurements. 19.1 Models for Quality Assessment. 19.2 Generalized Models. 19.3 Product-Specific Models. 19.4 Model Comparison and Interconnections. 19.5 Data Requirements and Measurement. 19.6 Selecting Measurements and Models. 19.7 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 20 Defect Classification and Analysis. 20.1 General Types of Defect Analyses. 20.1.1 Defect distribution analysis. 20.1.2 Defect trend analysis and defect dynamics model. 20.1.3 Defect causal analysis. 20.2 Defect Classification and ODC. 20.2.1 ODC concepts. 20.2.2 Defect classification using ODC: A comprehensive example. 20.2.3 Adapting ODC to analyze web errors. 20.3 Defect Analysis for Classified Data. 20.3.1 One-way analysis: Analyzing a single defect attribute. 20.3.2 Two-way and multi-way analysis: Examining cross-interactions. 20.4 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 21 Risk Identification for Quantifiable Quality Improvement. 21.1 Basic Ideas and Concepts. 21.2 Traditional Statistical Analysis Techniques. 21.3 New Techniques for Risk Identification. 2 1.3.1 Principal component and discriminant analyses. 21.3.2 Artificial neural networks and learning algorithms. 21.3.3 Data partitions and tree-based modeling. 21.3.4 Pattern matching and optimal set reduction. 2 1.4 Comparisons and Integration. 21.5 Risk Identification for Classified Defect Data. 21.6 Concluding Remarks. Problems. 22 Software Reliability Engineering. 22.1 SRE: Basic Concepts and General Approaches. 22.2 Large Software Systems and Reliability Analyses. 22.3 Reliability Snapshots Using IDRMs. 22.4 Longer-Term Reliability Analyses Using SRGMs. 22.5 TBRMs for Reliability Analysis and Improvement. 22.5.1 Constructing and using TBRMs. 22.5.2 TBRM Applications.. 22.5.3 TBRM's impacts on reliability improvement. 22.6 Implementation and Software Tool Support. 22.7 SRE: Summary and Perspectives. Problems. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisFocusing on ultra wideband (UWB) communication technology for applications including WPAN, sensor and ad-hoc networks, as well as wireless telemetry and telemedicine, Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication covers both theory and practical issues, including RF, hardware and circuit issues and digital signal processing aspects.Table of ContentsPreface xv Contributors xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband 1Hüseyin Arslan and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Benefits of UWB 2 1.1.2 Applications 3 1.1.3 Challenges 3 1.2 Scope of the Book 4 Chapter 2 UWB Channel Estimation and Synchronization 11Irena Maravic and Martin Vetterli 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Channel Estimation at SubNyquist Sampling Rate 14 2.2.1 UWB Channel Model 14 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 15 2.2.3 Polynomial Realization of the Model-Based Methods 16 2.2.4 Subspace-Based Approach 20 2.2.5 Estimation of Closely Spaced Paths 24 2.3 Performance Evaluation 25 2.3.1 Analysis of Noise Sensitivity 25 2.3.2 Computational Complexity and Alternative Solutions 27 2.3.3 Numerical Example 28 2.4 Estimating UWB Channels with Frequency-Dependent Distortion 29 2.4.1 Algorithm Outline 31 2.5 Channel Estimation from Multiple Bands 32 2.5.1 Filter Bank Approach 32 2.5.2 Estimation from Nonadjacent Bands 32 2.6 Low-Complexity Rapid Acquisition in UWB Localizers 34 2.6.1 Two-Step Estimation 36 2.7 Conclusions 39 Chapter 3 Ultra Wideband Geolocation 43Sinan Gezici, Zafer Sahinoglu, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Signal Model 44 3.3 Positioning Techniques 44 3.3.1 Angle of Arrival 45 3.3.2 Received Signal Strength 49 3.3.3 Time-Based Approaches 51 3.4 Main Sources of Error in Time-Based Positioning 52 3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 52 3.4.2 Multiple Access Interference 53 3.4.3 Nonline-of-Sight Propagation 53 3.4.4 High Time Resolution of UWB Signals 54 3.5 Ranging and Positioning 55 3.5.1 Relationship Between Ranging and Optimal Positioning Algorithms 55 3.5.2 ToA Estimation Algorithms 58 3.5.3 Two-Way Ranging Protocols 69 3.6 Location-Aware Applications 70 3.7 Conclusions 71 Chapter 4 UWB Modulation Options 77Hüseyin Arslan, Ismail Güenc¸, and Sadia Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 UWB Signaling Techniques 78 4.2.1 UWB-IR Signaling 79 4.2.2 Multiband UWB 83 4.2.3 Multicarrier UWB 85 4.2.4 OFDM 85 4.3 Data Mapping 87 4.3.1 Binary Data Mapping Schemes 87 4.3.2 M-ary Data Mapping Schemes 89 4.4 Spectral Characteristics 91 4.5 Data Mapping and Transceiver Complexity 92 4.6 Modulation Performances in Practical Conditions 93 4.6.1 Effects of Multipath 93 4.6.2 Effects of Multiple Access Interference 95 4.6.3 Effects of Timing Jitter and Finger Estimation Error 96 4.7 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Ultra Wideband Pulse Shaper Design 103Zhi Tian, Timothy N. Davidson, Xiliang Luo, Xianren Wu, and Georgios B. Giannakis 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Transmit Spectrum and Pulse Shaper 105 5.3 FIR Digital Pulse Design 108 5.4 Optimal UWB Single Pulse Design 110 5.4.1 Parks–McClellan Algorithm 110 5.4.2 Optimal UWB Pulse Design via Direct Maximization of NESP 111 5.4.3 Constrained Frequency Response Approximation 113 5.4.4 Constrained Frequency Response Design with Linear Phase Filters 114 5.5 Optimal UWB Orthogonal Pulse Design 115 5.5.1 Orthogonality Formulation 115 5.5.2 Sequential UWB Pulse Design 117 5.5.3 Sequential UWB Pulse Design with Linear Phase Filters 118 5.6 Design Examples and Comparisons 120 5.6.1 Single-Pulse Designs and their Spectral Utilization Efficiency 120 5.6.2 Multiband Pulse Design 122 5.6.3 Multiple Orthogonal Pulse Design 123 5.6.4 Pulse Designs for Narrowband Interference Avoidance 125 5.6.5 Impact of Pulse Designs on Transceiver Power Efficiency 126 5.7 Conclusions 128 Chapter 6 Antenna Issues 131Zhi Ning Chen 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Design Considerations 132 6.2.1 Description of Antenna Systems 132 6.2.2 Single-Band and Multiband Schemes 134 6.2.3 Source Pulses 136 6.2.4 Transmit Antenna and PDS 136 6.2.5 Transmit–Receive Antenna System 141 6.3 Antenna and Pulse versus BER Performance 148 6.3.1 Pulsed UWB System 148 6.3.2 Effects of Antennas and Pulses 151 Chapter 7 Ultra Wideband Receiver Architectures 157Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 System Model 158 7.3 UWB Receiver Related Issues 160 7.3.1 Sampling 160 7.3.2 UWB Channel and Channel Parameters Estimation 161 7.3.3 Interference in UWB 164 7.3.4 Other Receiver-Related Issues 165 7.4 TH-IR-UWB Receiver Options 165 7.4.1 Optimal Matched Filter 167 7.4.2 TR-Based Scheme 171 7.4.3 Differential Detector 175 7.4.4 Energy Detector 176 7.5 Conclusion 178 Chapter 8 Ultra Wideband Channel Modeling and Its Impact on System Design 183Chia-Chin Chong 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Principles and Background of UWB Multipath Propagation Channel Modeling 184 8.2.1 Basic Multipath Propagation Mechanisms 184 8.2.2 Classification of UWB Channel Models 185 8.3 Channel Sounding Techniques 187 8.3.1 Time-Domain Technique 187 8.3.2 Frequency-Domain Technique 188 8.4 UWB Statistical-Based Channel Modeling 189 8.4.1 Modeling Philosophy and Mathematical Framework 189 8.4.2 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 190 8.4.3 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 193 8.4.4 Temporal Dispersion and Correlation Properties 197 8.5 Impact of UWB Channel on System Design 199 8.6 Conclusion 200 Chapter 9 MIMO and UWB 205Thomas Kaiser 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Potential Benefits of MIMO and UWB 206 9.3 Literature Review of UWB Multiantenna Techniques 208 9.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 208 9.3.2 Spatial Diversity 209 9.3.3 Beamforming 209 9.3.4 Related Topics 210 9.4 Spatial Channel Measurements and Modeling 211 9.4.1 Spatial Channel Measurements 211 9.4.2 Spatial Channel Modeling 213 9.5 Spatial Multiplexing 215 9.6 Spatial Diversity 216 9.7 Beamforming 220 9.8 Conclusion and Outlook 223 Chapter 10 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation in Ultra Wideband Systems 227Sinan Gezici, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Signal Model 228 10.2.1 Transmitted Signal 228 10.2.2 Received Signal 229 10.3 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Receiver Side 231 10.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection 232 10.3.2 Linear Receivers 232 10.3.3 Iterative (Turbo) Algorithms 240 10.3.4 Other Receiver Structures 243 10.4 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter Side 244 10.4.1 Time-Hopping Sequence Design for MAI Mitigation 245 10.4.2 Pseudochaotic Time Hopping 246 10.4.3 Multistage Block-Spreading UWB Access 247 10.5 Concluding Remarks 248 Chapter 11 Narrowband Interference Issues in Ultra Wideband Systems 255Hüseyin Arslan and Mustafa E. Sahin 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Effect of NBI in UWB Systems 258 11.3 Avoiding NBI 261 11.3.1 Multicarrier Approach 261 11.3.2 Multiband Schemes 263 11.3.3 Pulse Shaping 264 11.3.4 Other NBI Avoidance Methods 266 11.4 Canceling NBI 267 11.4.1 MMSE Combining 268 11.4.2 Frequency Domain Techniques 268 11.4.3 Time–Frequency Domain Techniques 269 11.4.4 Time Domain Techniques 270 11.5 Conclusion and Future Research 271 Chapter 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Ultra Wideband Communications 277Ebrahim Saberina and Ahmed H. Tewfik 12.1 Introduction 277 12.2 Multiband OFDM System 278 12.2.1 Band Planning 278 12.2.2 Sub-Band Hopping 278 12.2.3 OFDM Modulation 280 12.2.4 Frequency Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.5 Time Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.6 Coding 281 12.2.7 Supported Bit Rates 281 12.2.8 MB-OFDM Transceiver 282 12.2.9 Improvement to MB-OFDM 283 12.3 Multiband Pulsed-OFDM UWB system 284 12.3.1 Pulsed-OFDM Transmitter 284 12.3.2 Pulsed-OFDM Signal Spectrum 284 12.3.3 Digital Equivalent Model and Diversity of Pulsed-OFDM 286 12.3.4 Pulsed-OFDM Receiver 288 12.3.5 Selecting the Up-sampling Factor 289 12.4 Comparing MB-OFDM and MB-Pulsed-OFDM systems 290 12.4.1 System Parameters 290 12.4.2 Complexity Comparision 290 12.4.3 Power Consumption Comparison 290 12.4.4 Chip Area Comparison 291 12.4.5 Performance Comparison 293 12.5 Conclusion 295 Chapter 13 UWB Networks and Applications 297Krishna M. Sivalingam and Aniruddha Rangnekar 13.1 Introduction 297 13.2 Background 298 13.2.1 UWB Physical Layer 298 13.2.2 IEEE 802.15.3 Standards 299 13.3 Medium Access Protocols 300 13.3.1 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC Protocol 300 13.3.2 Impact of UWB Channel Acquisition Time 303 13.3.3 Multiple Channels 305 13.4 Network Applications 310 13.5 Summary and Discussion 311 Acknowledgments 311 Chapter 14 Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 315Luca DeNardis and Gian Mario Maggio 14.1 Low Data-Rate UWB Network Applications 315 14.1.1 802.15.4a: A Short History 315 14.1.2 The 802.15.4a PHY 316 14.1.3 PHY: 802.15.4a versus 802.15.4 316 14.1.4 Technical Requirements 317 14.1.5 Applications 319 14.2 The 802.15.4 MAC Standard 321 14.2.1 Network Devices and Topologies 321 14.2.2 Medium Access Strategy 322 14.2.3 From 802.15.4 to 802.15.4a 324 14.3 Advanced MAC Design for Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 324 14.3.1 (UWB)2: Uncoordinated, Wireless, Baseborn Medium Access for UWB Communication Networks 325 14.3.2 Transmission Procedure 328 14.3.3 Reception Procedure 331 14.3.4 Simulation Results 333 Chapter 15 An Overview of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 341David A. Sumy, Branimir Vojcic, and Jinghao Xu 15.1 Introduction 341 15.2 Ad Hoc Networks 343 15.3 Routing in MANETs 345 15.4 Proactive Routing 345 15.4.1 DSDV 346 15.4.2 WRP 348 15.4.3 CGSR 350 15.4.4 STAR 351 15.4.5 HSR 352 15.4.6 OLSR 355 15.4.7 TBRPF 356 15.4.8 DREAM 358 15.4.9 GSR 360 15.4.10 FSR 360 15.4.11 HR 362 15.4.12 HSLS and A-HSLS 363 15.5 Reactive Routing 364 15.5.1 DSR 365 15.5.2 ARA 367 15.5.3 ABR 369 15.5.4 AODV 372 15.5.5 BSR 374 15.5.6 CHAMP 376 15.5.7 DYMO 377 15.5.8 DNVR 378 15.5.9 LAR 380 15.5.10 LBR 381 15.5.11 MPABR 383 15.5.12 NDMR 384 15.5.13 PLBM 385 15.5.14 RDMAR 387 15.5.15 SOAR 388 15.5.16 TORA 391 15.6 Power-Aware Routing 393 15.6.1 BEE 394 15.6.2 EADSR 395 15.6.3 MTPR/MBCR/MMBCR/CMMBCR 395 15.6.4 PARO 396 15.6.5 PAWF 398 15.6.6 MFP/MIP/MFPenergy/MIPenergy 400 15.7 Hybrid Routing 400 15.7.1 MultiWARP 401 15.7.2 SHARP 402 15.7.3 SLURP 403 15.7.4 ZRP 406 15.7.5 AZRP 408 15.7.6 IZR 408 15.7.7 TZRP 408 15.8 Other 410 15.9 Conclusion 411 Appendix 418 Chapter 16 Adaptive UWB Systems 429Francesca Cuomo and Crishna Martello 16.1 Introduction 429 16.1.1 Related Work on Adaptive UWB Systems 431 16.2 A Distributed Power-Regulated Admission Control Scheme for UWB 432 16.2.1 Problem Formalization 434 16.2.2 Power Selection in UWB 435 16.2.3 Steps of the Access Scheme 438 16.3 Performance Analysis 439 16.3.1 Impact of the Initial MEI on Performance of MEI-Based Power Regulation Schemes 442 16.3.2 Performance Behavior as a Function of the Offered Load 445 16.4 Summary 449 Chapter 17 UWB Location and Tracking—A Practical Example of an UWB-Based Sensor Network 451Ian Oppermann, Kegen Yu, Alberto Rabbachin, Lucian Stoica, Paul Cheong, Jean-Philippe Montillet, and Sakari Tiuraniemi 17.1 Introduction 451 17.2 Multiple Access in UWB Sensor Systems 452 17.2.1 Location/Ranging Support 453 17.2.2 Constraints and Implications of UWB Technologies on MAC Design 453 17.3 UWB Sensor Network Case Study 454 17.4 System Description—UWEN 456 17.4.1 Communications System 456 17.4.2 Transmitted Signal 456 17.4.3 Framing Structure 458 17.4.4 Location Approach 458 17.5 System Implementation 459 17.5.1 Transceiver Overview 459 17.5.2 Transmitter 460 17.5.3 UWB Pulse Generator 462 17.6 Location System 463 17.7 Position Calculation Methods 468 17.8 Tracking Moving Objects 473 17.8.1 Simulation Results 474 17.9 Conclusion 476 Acknowledgments 477 Index 481

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Book SynopsisFilling an important gap in the existing curriculum, this book takes account of the mathematical capabilities of undergraduate students. At the same time, the author focuses on devices and physical interpretations rather than mathematical developments.Trade Review"…provides introductory-level coverage of a wide range of topics…recommended." (CHOICE, October 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. PART I: PROPAGATION OF LIGHT. 1. Overview. 1-1 Photonics Defined. 1-2 Fiber Optic Communications. 1-3 Overview of Topics. 2. Review of Optics. 2-1 The Nature of Light. 2-2 Light at a Boundary. 2-3 Light Passing through. 2-4 Imaging Optics. 3. Planar Waveguides. 3-1 Waveguide Modes. 3-2 Mode Chart. 3-3 Dispersion. 4. Cylindrical Waveguides. 4-1 Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture. 4-2 Cylindrical Waveguide. 5. Losses in Optical Fibers. 5-1 Absorption Loss. 5-2 Scattering. 5-3 Bending Losses. 6. Dispersion in Optical Fibers. 6-1 Graded Index Fiber. 6-2 Intramodal Dispersion. 7. Fiber Connections and Diagnostics. 7-1 Fiber Connections. 7-2 Losses in Fiber Connections. 7-3 Fiber Loss Diagnostics. 8. Photonic Crystal Optics. 8-1 1-D Photonic Crystals. 8-2 2-D Photonic Crystals. 8-3 3-D Photonic Crystals. 9. Nonlinear Optics. 9-1 Fundamental Mechanisms. 9-2 Frequency Conversion. 9-3 Nonlinear Refractive Index. 9-4 Electro-optic Effects. PART II: GENERATION AND DETECTTION OF LIGHT. 10. Review of Semiconductor Physics. 10-1 Uniform Semiconductors. 10-2 Layered Semiconductors. 11. Light Sources. 11-1 The LED. 11-2 The Laser Diode. 12. Light Source to Waveguide Coupling Efficiency. 12-1 Point Source. 12-2 Lambertian Source. 12-3 Laser Source. 13. Optical Detectors. 13-1 Thermal Detectors. 13-2 Photon Detectors. 13-3 Noise in Photon Detectors. Part 2 Generation and Detection of Light. 14. Photodiode Detectors . 14-1 Biasing the Photodiode. 14-2 Output Saturation. 14-3 Response Time. 14-4 Types of Photodiodes. 14-5 Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 14-6 Detector Circuits. PART 3: LASER LIGHT. 15. Lasers and Coherent Light. 15-1 Overview of Laser. 15-2 Optical Coherence. 16. Optical Resonators. 16-1 Mode Frequencies. 16-2 Mode Width. 16-3 Fabry-Perot Interferometer. 17. Gaussian Beam Optics. 17-1 Gaussian Beams in Free. 17-2 Gaussian Beams in a Laser. 17-3 Gaussian Beams Passing. 18. Stimulated Emission and Optical Gain. 18-1 Transition Rates. 18-2 Optical Gain. 19. Optical Amplifiers. 19-1 Gain Coefficient. 19-2 Total Gain of Amplifier. 20. Laser Oscillation. 20-1 Threshold Condition. 20-2 Above Lasing Threshold. 21. CW Laser Characteristics. 21-1 Mode Spectrum of Laser. 21-2 Controlling the Laser. 22. Pulsed Lasers. 22-1 Uncontrolled Pulsing. 22-2 Pulsed Pump. 22-3 Theory of Q-Switching. 22-4 Methods of Q-Switching. 22-5 Theory of Mode Locking. 22-6 Methods of Mode Locking. 23 Survey of Laser Types. PART 4: LIGHT-BASED COMMUNICATIONS. 23-1 Optically Pumped Lasers. 23-2 Electrically Pumped Lasers. 24 Optical Communications. 24-1 Fiber Optic CommunicationsSystems. 24-2 Signal Multiplexing. 24-3 Power Budget in Fiber Optic. 24-4 Optical Amplifiers. 24-5 Free-Space Optics. Bibliography. Appendix A: Solid Angle and the Brightness Theorem. Appendix B: Fourier Synthesis and the Uncertainty Relation. List of Symbols. Index.

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Book SynopsisMobile satellite services are set to change with the imminent launch of satellite personal communication services (S-PCS), through the use of non-geostationary satellites. This new generation of satellites will be placed in low earth orbit or medium earth orbit, hence, introducing new satellite design concepts.Trade Review"...presents a very well-organized summary of satellite-based communications systems...this self-contained book can easily be used as a textbook..." (IEEE Communications Magazine, May 2002)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Figures. Tables. Mobile Communication System Evolution. Mobile Satellite Systems. Constellation Characteristics and Orbital Parameters. Channel Characteristics. Radio Link Design. Network Procedures. Integrated Terrestial-Satellite Mobile Networks. Market Analysis. Future Developments. Appendix A: Acronyms. Appendix B: Symbols. Index.

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