Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisOffers an analysis of SDR baseband processing requirements of cellular handsets and basestations 3G handset baseband - ASIC, DSP, parallel processing, ACM and customised programmable architectures 3G basestation baseband - DSP, FPGA-based approaches, reconfigurable and parallel architectures.Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Foreword (Stephen Blust). Abbreviations. Biographies. Introduction (Walter Tuttlebee). PART I: REQUIREMENTS. 1. SDR Baseband Requirements and Direction to Solutions (Mark Cummings). PART II: HANDSET TECHNOLOGIES. 2. Open Mobile Handset Architectures based on the ZSP500 Embedded DSP Core (Jitendra Rayala and Wei-Jei Song). 3. DSP for Handsets: The Blackfin Processor (Jose Fridman and Zoran Zvonar). 4. XPP - An Enabling Technology for SDR Handsets (Eberhard Schler and Lorna Tan). 5. Adaptive Computing as the Enabling Technology for SDR (David Chou, et al.). 6. The Sandbridge Sandblaster Communications Processor (John Glossner, et al.). PART III: BASESTATION TECHNOLOGIES. 7. Cost Effective Software Radio for CDMA systems (Alan Gatherer, et al.). 8. DSP for Basestations - The TigerSHARC (Michael Lopez, et al.). 9. Altera System Architecture Solutions for SDR (Paul Ekas). 10. FPGAs: A Platform-Based Approach to Software Radios (Chris Dick and Jim Hwang). 11. Reconfigurable Parallel DSP - rDSP (Behzad Mohebbi and Fadi J. Kurdahi). 12. The picoArray: A Reconfigurable SDR Processor for Basestations (Rupert Baines). PART IV: EPILOGUE: STRATEGIC IMPACT. 13. The Impact of Technological Change (Walter Tuttlebee). Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamentals in probability and statistics along with relevant applications. This book explains the concept of probabilistic modelling and the process of model selection, verification and analysis. It also demonstrates practical problem solving with examples and exercises.Trade Review“For most practising engineers, this book would make a superb reference text, simply because there are so many worked examples, all extremely relevant to engineers.” (Significance, 1 March 2005) Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. Part A: Probability and Random Variables. 2. Basic Probability Concepts. 3. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 4. Expectations And Moments. 5. Functions of Random Variables. 6. Some Important Discrete Distributions. 7. Some Important Continuous Distributions. Part B: Statistical Inference, Parameter Estimation, and Model Verification. 8. Observed Data and Graphical Representation. 9. Parameter Estimation. 10. Model Verification. 11. Linear Models and Linear Regression. Appendix A: Tables. Appendix B: Computer Software. Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents the fundamentals of the subject along with concepts of probabilistic modelling, and the process of model selection, verification and analysis. This book includes more than 100 examples and 200 exercises, along with a solutions manual for instructors. It presents the fundamentals in probability and statistics along with their applications.Trade Review“For most practising engineers, this book would make a superb reference text, simply because there are so many worked examples, all extremely relevant to engineers.” (Significance, 1 March 2005) "...the many engineering related examples and exercise problems are a strong feature..." (Technometrics, May 2005) "...designed for students, and as reference for lecturers, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of probability and statistics..." (New Civil Engineer, 18 March, 2004) "...written in an accessible and clear way...gives important techniques of the basic standard methods." (Zentralblatt Math, Vol.1049 2004) "...a good introduction to the ideas of probability and statistics...I would recommend it to anyone as a reference for basic theory..." (Journal of Applied Statistics, Vol 32 (6) August 2005)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction. Part A: Probability and Random Variables. 2. Basic Probability Concepts. 3. Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 4. Expectations And Moments. 5. Functions of Random Variables. 6. Some Important Discrete Distributions. 7. Some Important Continuous Distributions. Part B: Statistical Inference, Parameter Estimation, and Model Verification. 8. Observed Data and Graphical Representation. 9. Parameter Estimation. 10. Model Verification. 11. Linear Models and Linear Regression. Appendix A: Tables. Appendix B: Computer Software. Appendix C: Answers to Selected Problems. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThe field of telecommunications is becoming ever more complex. In order to manage the new Telecom industry it is necessary not only to understand its 3 main components, namelythe end users, the technology and networks,and the business aspects, but also their vital inter-relationships. Complexity leads to uncertainty, and one effect of uncertainty is for people to underestimate the complexity of the business and the technology. This book takes a holistic approach to the subject and can be used as a tool for decreasing this uncertainty. During 2000 many operators paid extremely high sums of money for 3G licenses in a number of European countries, supposing a potential corresponding and balancing revenue from mobile services in the new frequency band.Obviously today the licenses are questionable.Consequently, suppliers and operators were forced to reduce their international work force. What are the underlying reasons?Since the true rate and level of development was hardly Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Author xiii References and Acknowledgements xv Glossary xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Book in Brief 1 1.2 A Dynamic Situation 10 1.3 Success Factors for the Growth of Mobile Services 11 1.4 Comment on Terminology 12 2 End-User Needs and Demands 15 2.1 Objectives 15 2.2 The Role of the Unpredictable (?) End User 18 2.3 User Analysis and Segmentation 19 2.4 Basic Needs Model 33 2.5 Mapping of Needs and Services 35 2.6 The Human End User as a Traffic Generator and Receiver 41 2.7 The Future Most Common End User: A Machine 43 2.8 What are the Service Drivers? 45 2.9 User Perception 46 2.10 Summary 47 3 Networks and Technologies 49 3.1 Objectives 49 3.2 What is a Network? 51 3.3 What is a Vertical Network? 54 3.4 The Convergence (or Collision?) 57 3.5 What is a Horizontal Network? 63 3.6 Fundamental Plans 65 3.7 A Techno-Economic View of the Convergence 70 3.8 Adaptation of the Basic Triangle and FPs to the Converged Multi-Service Network 71 3.9 The Connectivity Layer 75 3.10 The Control Layer 78 3.11 The Service Layer 78 3.12 The Distributed Network Dimension 83 3.13 The Processing Dimension 87 3.14 Key Enablers 89 3.15 General Enabler Development 93 3.16 Enabler Overview 93 4 Telecom Business 99 4.1 Objectives 99 4.2 The Telemanagement Forum 101 4.3 Adopting a Telecom Business Perspective 105 4.4 Telecom Enterprise Strategy: Roles for Positioning 108 4.5 Tools for Profitability Calculations and Business Cases 122 4.6 Revenue 130 4.7 Cost Efficiency 135 5 Services 147 5.1 Introduction 147 5.2 The Service Plan 154 5.3 A Common Segmentation of Services for Mobile Internet 157 5.4 Service Segmentation for Planning 159 5.5 Value-added Services 165 5.6 Economy of Service by Means of Caching 166 5.7 Economy of Service by Means of Saving Bandwidth 166 5.8 Bandwidth Requirements 170 5.9 Security 172 5.10 Future Service Development 172 5.11 Pricing: Charging in the New Telecom World 174 5.12 The Service Plan versus the New Architecture 177 5.13 The Core Network and the Service Plan 177 5.14 The Access Network and the Service Plan 180 5.15 Telecom Management and the Service Plan 183 6 Security 185 6.1 Objectives 185 6.2 The Goals of the User and Actor. Terminology 186 6.3 The Problem 187 6.4 Non-Availability for Non-Security Reasons 194 6.5 Connecting Security Terms into Telecommunication 194 6.6 Main Ways to Implement Security 196 6.7 Integrity and Confidentiality by Access Control – Authentication 202 6.8 Integrity by Access Control – Authorization in Enterprises 205 6.9 Integrity by Access Control – Firewalls 205 6.10 Confidentiality: Encryption and Key Management 207 6.11 Confidentiality by Tunnelling 210 6.12 Confidentiality and Integrity by IPsec 212 6.13 Confidentiality and Integrity for Mail by S/MIME 214 6.14 Applications and Solutions 215 6.15 Summary with IPsec and FP Focus 219 7 Quality of Service 221 7.1 Objective 221 7.2 Introduction 221 7.3 Perception of QoS 224 7.4 Threats to QoS 229 7.5 QoS Enablers 237 7.6 QoS at the Application Level 243 7.7 Implementation of QoS in UMTS 244 8 Service Implementation 247 8.1 Objectives 247 8.2 Chapter Structure 249 8.3 Target Network 250 8.4 Development Tracks 254 8.5 Introduction to Packet Design 256 8.6 The Role of Fundamental Technical Plans in Packet Design 258 8.7 Top-Down Approach to Packet Design 259 8.8 Specific Fundamental Technical Plans 266 8.9 Convergence Between Fundamental Technical Plans 275 8.10 Traffic Cases 280 9 Service Network 285 9.1 Objectives 285 9.2 Connection to Preceding Chapters 285 9.3 What is a Service Network? 286 9.4 Service Network Domain and Principles 288 9.5 Terminology 290 9.6 The Architecture of Service Networks 290 9.7 The Needs of the User Domain 295 9.8 The Needs of the Service Network Owner 296 9.9 Service Network Implementation 299 9.10 The (IP) Service Network Support Entities 300 9.11 Examples of Service Implementation 301 10 Terminals 305 10.1 What is a Terminal? 305 10.2 Business Aspects 308 10.3 History 309 10.4 Terminals for Mobile Networks 309 10.5 PDA Development 311 10.6 Terminal Convergence 312 10.7 The Changing Role of Terminating Devices 312 10.8 What is a Customer Premises Network? 313 10.9 Some Enablers 315 10.10 Terminal Functionality – Example 317 10.11 The Future 318 11 Edge Nodes 319 11.1 Introduction 319 11.2 Access and Backbone Networks 321 11.3 MGW Interfaces 323 11.4 Media Gateway Tasks 324 11.5 Summary 329 12 Packet Backbone 331 12.1 Objectives 331 12.2 Service Plan versus Packet Backbone 332 12.3 Capacity Development 334 12.4 Control Functions in the Packet Backbone 336 12.5 The Distributed Dimension 339 12.6 Traffic 339 12.7 ATM Solutions 340 12.8 IP Routing 342 12.9 IP QoS 344 12.10 Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) 347 12.11 Multi-Layer Control 348 13 Access Network 351 13.1 Objectives 351 13.2 Introduction 351 13.3 What is an Access Network? 352 13.4 Access System Fragmentation 357 13.5 Unification 358 13.6 The Distributed Dimension 359 13.7 The Layered Dimension 361 13.8 Fundamental Plans in Access Networks 363 13.9 Mobility 364 13.10 Access Technologies in Mobile Networks 364 13.11 System Evolution 366 13.12 Fixed Systems 374 13.13 Fibre-Based Systems 376 13.14 Ethernet 376 13.15 Combined ADSL over Copper and Ethernet Over Fibre Solution 377 13.16 Cable Modem 378 13.17 WLAN 379 13.18 Satellite Technologies 381 13.19 High Speed Fixed Radio 382 14 Control Network 385 14.1 Introduction 385 14.2 The Environment of the Control Network 387 14.3 Fundamental Plans in the Control Network 388 14.4 A Simple Target Control Network Signalling 390 14.5 Circuit Mode Domain 394 14.6 Packet Mode Domain 397 14.7 IMS Domain = IP Multimedia Subsystem 399 14.8 HLR/HSS for all Previous Domains 402 14.9 The Domain of (Voice and) Signalling Over IP 402 14.10 Common Support Functions 406 15 Interconnection 409 15.1 Objectives 409 15.2 Introduction 410 15.3 Interconnection in Tele-Centric Fixed Voice Networks 413 15.4 Definition of an Actor Interface Reference Point 414 15.5 Service Level Agreements 415 15.6 Service Interworking 416 15.7 QoS Interworking 417 15.8 PDP Context Activation for Connection to a Data Network 418 15.9 Security Interworking 419 15.10 Signalling Interworking 420 15.11 Routing 421 15.12 Mobility Management 423 15.13 Charging and Accounting 424 15.14 Possible Interworking UMTS–WLAN 426 16 Telecom Management – Operations 429 16.1 Introduction 429 16.2 The Management System 431 16.3 Basic Process Part 438 16.4 The TMN Functional Areas 441 16.5 Service Management 443 16.6 TM Operations from a Roce Perspective 445 16.7 Customer Care and Data Warehousing 448 16.8 Security Management 451 16.9 QoS Management 452 16.10 Terminal Management 453 16.11 Access Network Management 454 16.12 Management of Layered and Serial Interworking 454 16.13 Conclusions 457 Appendix 1 Web Services and a Service-Oriented Architecture 459 Appendix 2 Financial Calculations 463 Appendix 3 Development Tracks 473 Appendix 4 Dimensioning Media Gateways and Associated Telephony Servers 481 Index 499

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Book SynopsisOffers an overview of basic quantum computing algorithms and their enhanced versions such as efficient database searching, counting and phase estimation. This book introduces quantum-assisted solutions for telecom problems including multi-user detection in mobile systems, routing in IP based networks, and secure ciphering key distribution.Table of ContentsPreface. How to use this book. Acknowledgements. List of Figures. Acronyms. PART I: INTRODUCTION TO QUANTUM COMPUTING. 1. Motivations. 2. Quantum Computing Basics. 3. Measurements. PART II: QUANTUM ALGORITHMS. 4. Two Simple Quantum Algorithms. 5. Quantum Parallelism. 6. Quantum Fourier Transform and its Applications. PART III: QUANTUM-ASSISTED SOLUTIONS OF INFOCOM PROBLEMS. 7. Searching in an Unsorted Database. 8. Quantum Based Multiuser Detection. 9. Quantum Based Code Breaking. 10. Quantum Based Key Distribution. 11. Surfing the WEB on Quantum Basics. PART IV: APPENDICES. 12. Mathematical Background. 13. Derivations Related to the Generalized Grover Algorithm. 14. Complex Baseband-Equivalent Description of Bandlimited Signals. 15. Useful Links. References. Solution of Exercises. Index.

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Book SynopsisAs audio and telecommunication technologies develop, there is an increasing need to evaluate the technical and perceptual performance of these innovations. A growing number of new technologies (e.g.Table of ContentsPreface. Organisation of the book. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Listening tests - motivation for. 1.2 Role of standardization. 1.3 Role of predictive models. I. EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. 2. Definition of research question and hypothesis. 2.1 Principle of empiricism. 2.2 Principle of rationalism. 2.3 Other principles of scientific argumentation. 2.3.1 Probabilistic reasoning. 2.3.2 Argumentum ad hominem. 2.3.3 Conclusion by analogy. 2.4 Summary. 3. Fundamentals of experimentation. 4. Quantification of impression. 4.1 Response attribute. 4.1.1 Perceptual measurements. 4.1.2 Affective measurements. 4.2 Response format. 4.2.1 Direct scaling. 4.2.2 Indirect scaling. 4.2.3 Selection of appropriate scaling procedure. 4.2.4 Context and bias effects. 4.2.5 Other bias effects. 4.3 Overview of process. 5. Experimental variables. 5.1 Signal. 5.1.1 Signal category. 5.1.2 Recording technique, storage and encoding. 5.1.3 Time domain characteristics. 5.1.4 Spectral characteristics. 5.1.5 Spatial characteristics. 5.1.6 Reference signals. 5.2 Reproduction system. 5.3 Listening room. 5.4 Subject considerations. 5.4.1 Categorisation and applicability. 5.4.2 Listening panels. 5.4.3 Subject selection. 5.4.4 Training and monitoring. 6. Statistics. 6.1 Statistical experimental design. 6.2 Statistical analysis. 6.2.1 Classification of data type. 6.2.2 Levels of analysis. 6.2.3 Descriptive level. 6.2.4 Inferential level. 6.2.5 Statistical checklist. II. TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS. 7. Electroacoustic considerations. 7.1 Listening rooms. 7.1.1 IEC 60268-13 listening rooms. 7.1.2 ITU-R BS.1116-1 listening rooms. 7.1.3 EBU 3276 listening rooms. 7.1.4 General characteristics. 7.2 Listening booths. 7.3 Other spaces. 7.4 Listener and loudspeaker positioning. 7.4.1 Monophonic reproduction. 7.4.2 Stereophonic reproduction. 7.4.3 Multichannel reproduction. 7.4.4 Separate bass loudspeakers. 7.4.5 Listener position. 7.5 Accompanying picture. 7.6 Commonly encountered problems. 7.7 Electrical considerations. 8. Calibration. 8.1 Level calibration. 8.1.1 Level calibration methods. 8.1.2 Level metric selection. 8.1.3 Preferred listening levels. 8.1.4 Reference reproduction levels. 8.2 Loudspeaker calibration. 8.2.1 Level calibration. 8.3 Headphone calibration. 8.3.1 Headphone types. 8.3.2 Ear measurement points. 8.3.3 Headphone measurement. 8.3.4 Target frequency response. 8.3.5 Level calibration. 9. Test planning, administration and reporting. 9.1 Planning. 9.1.1 Experimental planning. 9.1.2 Logistic considerations. 9.1.3 Ethical considerations. 9.2 Administration. 9.2.1 Subject matters. 9.2.2 Subject familiarisation. 9.2.3 Listening test software. 9.3 Reporting. III. APPLICATIONS. 10. Commonly encountered experimental paradigms. 10.1 Standards. 10.1.1 ITU-T P.800 methods. 10.1.2 ITU-R BS.1116-1. 10.1.3 ITU-R BS.1534-1. IV. APPENDICES. A: Standards and Recommendations. A.1 Audio Engineering Society. A.2 American National Standards Institute. A.3 European Broadcasting Union. A.4 International Electrotechnical Commission. A.5 The International Telecommunications Union standards. A.5.1 Telecommunications Standardisation Sector. B: Attribute lists. B.1 Speech quality. B.2 Spatial sound quality. B.2.1 Loudspeakers. B.2.2 Headphones. B.3 Other quality attributes. C: Audio source and demonstration material. D: A-, B-, C- and D- weighting curves. E: DRP-ERP compensation curves. F: Abbreviations. Index.

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Book SynopsisCovers various aspects of digital speech coding, from an introduction to the background, sampling and analysis, quantization methods, and coders through to the research in areas such as voice activity detection and speech enhancement.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 2 Coding Strategies and Standards. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Speech Coding Techniques. 2.3 Algorithm Objectives and Requirements. 2.4 Standard Speech Coders. 2.5 Summary. Bibliography. 3 Sampling and Quantization. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Sampling. 3.3 Scalar Quantization. 3.4 Vector Quantization. 3.5 Summary. Bibliography. 4 Speech Signal Analysis and Modelling. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Short-Time Spectral Analysis. 4.3 Linear Predictive Modelling of Speech Signals. 4.4 Pitch Prediction. 4.5 Summary. Bibliography. 5 Efficient LPC QuantizationMethods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Alternative Representation of LPC. 5.3 LPC to LSF Transformation. 5.4 LSF to LPC Transformation. 5.5 Properties of LSFs. 5.6 LSF Quantization. 5.7 Codebook Structures. 5.8 MSVQ Performance Analysis. 5.9 Inter-frame Correlation. 5.10 Improved LSF Estimation Through Anti-Aliasing Filtering. 5.11 Summary. Bibliography. 6 Pitch Estimation and Voiced–Unvoiced Classification of Speech. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Pitch Estimation Methods. 6.3 Voiced–Unvoiced Classification. 6.4 Summary. Bibliography. 7 Analysis by Synthesis LPC Coding. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Generalized AbS Coding. 7.3 Code-Excited Linear Predictive Coding. 7.4 Summary. Bibliography. 8 Harmonic Speech Coding. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Sinusoidal Analysis and Synthesis. 8.3 Parameter Estimation. 8.4 Common Harmonic Coders. 8.5 Summary. Bibliography. 9 Multimode Speech Coding. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Design Challenges of a Hybrid Coder. 9.3 Summary of Hybrid Coders. 9.4 Synchronized Waveform-Matched Phase Model. 9.5 Hybrid Encoder. 9.6 Speech Classification. 9.7 Hybrid Decoder. 9.8 Performance Evaluation. 9.9 Quantization Issues of Hybrid Coder Parameters. 9.10 Variable Bit Rate Coding. 9.11 Acoustic Noise and Channel Error Performance. 9.12 Summary. Bibliography. 10 Voice Activity Detection. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Standard VAD Methods. 10.3 Likelihood-Ratio-Based VAD. 10.4 Summary. Bibliography. 11 Speech Enhancement. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Review of STSA-based Speech Enhancement. 11.3 Noise Adaptation. 11.4 Echo Cancellation. 11.5 Summary. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisScattering based numerical methods are applied to the numerical simulation of distributed time dependent physical systems. These methods have appeared in various guises as the transmission line matrix method, multidimensional wave digital filtering, and digital waveguide methods. This book provides a framework for all of these techniques.Trade Review"...remarkable...the book is to be highly recommended..." (International Journal of Numerical Modelling, Vol 18 (4) July 2005)Table of ContentsPreface xi Foreword xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 An Overview of Scattering Methods 3 1.1.1 Remarks on Passivity 3 1.1.2 Case Study: The Kelly–Lochbaum Digital Speech Synthesis Model 4 1.1.3 Digital Waveguide Networks 12 1.1.4 A General Approach: Multidimensional Circuit Representations and Wave Digital Filters 18 1.2 Questions 24 2 Wave Digital Filters 25 2.1 Classical Network Theory 27 2.1.1 N-ports 27 2.1.2 Power and Passivity 28 2.1.3 Kirchhoff’s Laws 30 2.1.4 Circuit Elements 31 2.2 Wave Digital Elements and Connections 32 2.2.1 The Bilinear Transform 33 2.2.2 Wave Variables 35 2.2.3 Pseudopower and Pseudopassivity 36 2.2.4 Wave Digital Elements 37 2.2.5 Adaptors 41 2.2.6 Signal and Coefficient Quantization 43 2.2.7 VectorWave Variables 45 2.3 Wave Digital Filters and Finite Differences 48 3 Multidimensional Wave Digital Networks 53 3.1 Symmetric Hyperbolic Systems 55 3.2 Coordinate Changes and Grid Generation 60 3.2.1 Structure of Coordinate Changes 61 3.2.2 Coordinate Changes in (1 +1)D 61 3.2.3 Coordinate Changes in Higher Dimensions 62 3.3 MD-passivity 65 3.4 MD Circuit Elements 68 3.4.1 The MD Inductor 68 3.4.2 Other MD Elements 70 3.4.3 Discretization in the Spectral Domain 71 3.4.4 Other Spectral Mappings 73 3.5 The (1 + 1)D Advection Equation 74 3.5.1 A Multidimensional Kirchhoff Circuit 75 3.5.2 Stability 76 3.5.3 An Upwind Form 77 3.6 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 79 3.6.1 MDKC for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line Equations 80 3.6.2 Digression: The Inductive Lattice Two-port 82 3.6.3 Energetic Interpretation 83 3.6.4 An MDWD Network for the (1 + 1)D Transmission Line 83 3.6.5 Simplified Networks 85 3.7 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System 86 3.7.1 MDKC and MDWD Network 87 3.8 Finite Difference Interpretation 89 3.8.1 MDWD Networks as Multistep Schemes 90 3.8.2 Numerical Phase Velocity and Parasitic Modes 93 3.9 Initial Conditions 97 3.10 Boundary Conditions 99 3.10.1 MDKC Modeling of Boundaries 101 3.11 Balanced Forms 105 3.12 Higher-order Accuracy 108 4 Digital Waveguide Networks 115 4.1 FDTD and TLM 117 4.2 Digital Waveguides 118 4.2.1 The Bidirectional Delay Line 118 4.2.2 Impedance 119 4.2.3 Wave Equation Interpretation 120 4.2.4 Note on the Different Definitions of Wave Quantities 121 4.2.5 Scattering Junctions 122 4.2.6 Vector Waveguides and Scattering Junctions 124 4.2.7 Transitional Note 126 4.3 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line 127 4.3.1 First-order System and the Wave Equation 127 4.3.2 Centered Difference Schemes and Grid Decimation 127 4.3.3 A (1+1)D Waveguide Network 129 4.3.4 Waveguide Network and the Wave Equation 131 4.3.5 An Interleaved Waveguide Network 133 4.3.6 Varying Coefficients 135 4.3.7 Incorporating Losses and Sources 141 4.3.8 Numerical Phase Velocity and Dispersion 143 4.3.9 Boundary Conditions 144 4.4 The (2 +1)D Parallel-plate System . 146 4.4.1 Defining Equations and Centered Differences 146 4.4.2 The Waveguide Mesh 149 4.4.3 Reduced Computational Complexity and Memory Requirements in the Standard Form of the Waveguide Mesh 156 4.4.4 Boundary Conditions 158 4.5 Initial Conditions 162 4.6 Music and Audio Applications of Digital Waveguides 164 5 Extensions of Digital Waveguide Networks 169 5.1 Alternative Grids in (2 +1)D 169 5.1.1 Hexagonal and Triangular Grids 170 5.1.2 The Waveguide Mesh in Radial Coordinates 173 5.2 The (3 + 1)D Wave Equation and Waveguide Meshes 180 5.3 The Waveguide Mesh in General Curvilinear Coordinates 182 5.4 Interfaces between Grids 186 5.4.1 Doubled Grid Density Across an Interface 187 5.4.2 Progressive Grid Density Doubling 193 5.4.3 Grid Density Quadrupling 196 5.4.4 Connecting Rectilinear and Radial Grids 198 5.4.5 Grid Density Doubling in (3 +1)D 202 5.4.6 Note 203 6 Scattering Methods: A Unified Perspective 205 6.1 The (1 +1)D Transmission Line Revisited 206 6.1.1 Multidimensional Unit Elements 207 6.1.2 Hybrid Form of the Multidimensional Unit Element 208 6.1.3 Alternative MDKC for the (1+1) D Transmission Line 210 6.2 Alternative MDKC for the (2 + 1) D Parallel-plate System 212 6.3 Higher-order Accuracy Revisited 214 6.4 Maxwell’s Equations 217 7 Applications to Vibrating Systems 223 7.1 Beam Dynamics 224 7.1.1 MDKC and MDWD network for Timoshenko’s System 226 7.1.2 Waveguide Network for Timoshenko’s System 228 7.1.3 Boundary Conditions in the DWN 230 7.1.4 Simulation: Timoshenko’s System for Beams of Uniform and Varying Cross-sectional Areas 232 7.1.5 Improved MDKC for Timoshenko’s System via Balancing 233 7.2 Plates 235 7.2.1 MDKCs and Scattering Networks for Mindlin’s System 238 7.2.2 Boundary Termination of the Mindlin Plate 242 7.2.3 Simulation: Mindlin’s System for Plates of Uniform and Varying Thickness 246 7.3 Cylindrical Shells 247 7.3.1 The Membrane Shell 248 7.3.2 The Naghdi–Cooper System II Formulation 250 7.4 Elastic Solids 252 7.4.1 Scattering Networks for the Navier System 255 7.4.2 Boundary Conditions 258 8 Time-varying and Nonlinear Systems 261 8.1 Time-varying and Nonlinear Circuit Elements 262 8.1.1 Lumped Elements 262 8.1.2 Distributed Elements 263 8.2 Linear Time-varying Distributed Systems 264 8.2.1 A Time-varying Transmission Line Model 266 8.3 Lumped Nonlinear Systems in Musical Acoustics 267 8.3.1 Piano Hammers 267 8.3.2 The Single Reed 270 8.4 From Wave Digital Principles to Relativity Theory 272 8.4.1 Origin of the Challenge 272 8.4.2 The Principle of Newtonian Limit 274 8.4.3 Newton’s Second Law 274 8.4.4 Newton’s Third Law and Some Consequences 276 8.4.5 Moving Electromagnetic Fields 277 8.4.6 The Bertozzi Experiment 277 8.5 Burger’s Equation 278 8.6 The Gas Dynamics Equations 280 8.6.1 MDKC and MDWD Network for the Gas Dynamics Equations 282 8.6.2 An Alternate MDKC and Scattering Network 283 8.6.3 Entropy Variables 285 9 Concluding Remarks 289 9.1 Answers 289 9.2 Questions 293 A Finite Difference Schemes for the Wave Equation 297 A.1 Von Neumann Analysis of Difference Schemes 298 A.1.1 One-step Schemes 299 A.1.2 Multistep Schemes 300 A.1.3 Vector Schemes 302 A.1.4 Numerical Phase Velocity 302 A.2 Finite Difference Schemes for the (2 + 1)D Wave Equation 303 A.2.1 The Rectilinear Scheme 304 A.2.2 The Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 305 A.2.3 The Triangular Scheme 309 A.2.4 The Hexagonal Scheme 311 A.2.5 Note on Higher-order Accuracy 314 A.3 Finite Difference Schemes for the (3 + 1)D Wave Equation 315 A.3.1 The Cubic Rectilinear Scheme 315 A.3.2 The Octahedral Scheme 317 A.3.3 The (3 + 1) D Interpolated Rectilinear Scheme 318 A.3.4 The Tetrahedral Scheme 321 B Eigenvalue and Steady State Problems 325 B.1 Introduction 325 B.2 Abstract Time Domain Models 326 B.3 Typical Eigenvalue Distribution of a Discretized PDE 326 B.4 Excitation and Filtering 327 B.5 Partial Similarity Transform 327 B.6 Steady State Problems 329 B.7 Generalization to Multiple Eigenvalues 330 B.8 Numerical Example 331 Bibliography 333 Index 355

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Book SynopsisThe growing demand for instant and reliable communication means that photonic circuits are increasingly finding applications in optical communications systems. One of the prime candidates to provide satisfactory performance at low cost in the photonic circuit is silicon. Whilst silicon photonics is less well developed as compared to some other material technologies, it is poised to make a serious impact on the telecommunications industry, as well as in many other applications, as other technologies fail to meet the yield/performance/cost trade-offs. Following a sympathetic tutorial approach, this first book on silicon photonics provides a comprehensive overview of the technology. Silicon Photonics explains the concepts of the technology, taking the reader through the introductory principles, on to more complex building blocks of the optical circuit. Starting with the basics of waveguides and the properties peculiar to silicon, the book also features: Key design issues Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgements. 1. Fundamentals. 2. The Basics of Guided Waves. 3. Characteristics of Optical Fibres for Communications. 4. Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Photonics. 5. Fabrication of Silicon Waveguide Devices. 6. A Selection of Photonic Devices. 7. Polarisation-dependent Losses: Issues for Consideration. 8. Prospects for Silicon Light-emitting Devices. Index.

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Book SynopsisA unique treatment of polarization engineering focusing on Liquid Crystal Display projection systems, Polarization Engineering for LCD Projection explains how the performance and functionality of high definition displays can be improved through an understanding of polarization principles.Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Case for Projection. 1.2 History and Projection Technology Overview. 1.3 Scope of the Book. 2 Liquid Crystal Projection System Basics. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Brightness and Color Sensitivity of the Human Eye. 2.3 Photometric Measurement. 2.4 Summary of What Constitutes a “Good” RPTV Display in the Current Marketplace. 2.5 System Engineering. 2.6 Étendue Considerations. 3 Polarization Basics. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 3.3 Interaction with Media. 3.4 Index Ellipsoid Visualization. 3.5 Modeling Techniques. 4 System Components. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Retarders. 4.3 Polarizers. 4.4 Interference Filters. 4.5 Polarizing Beam Splitters (PBSs). 4.6 Other Components. 5 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs). 5.1 Description and Brief History. 5.2 Anisotropic Properties of Liquid Crystals. 5.3 Frank Free Energy and Electromagnetic Field Contribution to Free Energy. 5.4 Alignment Layer and LC Pretilt Angle. 5.5 Rotational Viscosity. 5.6 Electro-optical Effect of LCs. 5.7 LC Modes for Projection. 5.8 FOV of LCDs. 6 Retarder Stack Filters. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Principle and Background of RSFs. 6.3 RSFs in LC Projection Systems. 6.4 Design of RSFs. 6.5 Properties of Retarder Stacks. 7 System Contrast. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 On-axis Contrast. 7.3 Off-axis Effects. 7.4 PBS/LCOS Compensation. 7.5 ANSI Contrast Enhancement. 7.6 Skew Ray Compensated Retarder Stack Filters. 7.7 Alternative Projection Systems. 7.8 Overall System Contrast. 8 Color Management. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 System Color Band Determination. 8.3 Color Management in Projection Systems. 9 Transmissive Three-panel Projection System. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Brief System Description. 9.3 System Throughput. 9.4 Contrast. 9.4.1 Negative c-plate Compensation. 10 Three-panel Reflective Systems. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 3×PBS/X-cube System. 10.3 Polarization Color Filter Systems. 10.4 Three-panel LCOS System Comparison. 11 Single and Dual Panel LC Projection Systems. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Generic Color Sequential Single Panel Reflective LC System. 11.3 Example Single Panel Color Sequential Systems. 11.4 Two-panel Systems. 11.5 Commercialized Single Panel Projection Systems Based on Spatial Color Separation. Appendix A. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis easy-to-read volume explains the principles of array and phased array antennas at an introductory level, without relying heavily on a thorough understanding of electromagnetics or even antenna theory. Although the principles are explained mathematically, the introduction is based on the array's physical characteristics rather than mathematics.Table of ContentsPreface. References. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Radiation. 1.1 The Early History of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.2 James Clerk Maxwell, The Union of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.3 Radiation by Accelerated Charge. 1.4 Reactive and Radiating Electromagnetic Fields. 2 Antennas. 2.1 The Early History of Antennas. 2.2 Antenna Developments During the First World War. 2.3 Antenna Developments in Between the Wars. 2.4 Antenna Developments During the Second World War. 2.5 Post-War Antenna Developments. 3 Antenna Parameters. 3.1 Radiation Pattern. 3.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth. 3.3 Polarisation. 3.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length. 3.5 Radio Equation. 3.6 Radar Equation. 4 The Linear Broadside Array Antenna. 4.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source Radiators. 4.2 Plane Waves. 4.3 Received Signal. 4.4 Array Factor. 4.5 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes. 4.6 Amplitude Taper. 5 Design of a 4-Element, Linear, Broadside, Microstrip Patch Array Antenna. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. 5.3 Split-T Power Divider. 5.4 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients for a Corporate Fed Array Antenna. 5.5 Simulation, Realisation and Measurement. 6 The Linear Endfire Array Antenna. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Phase Differences. 6.3 Hansen–Woodyard Endfire Array Antenna. 6.4 Mutual Coupling. 6.5 Yagi–Uda Array Antenna. 7 The Linear Phased Array Antenna. 7.1 Linear Phase Taper. 7.2 Beam Broadening. 7.3 Grating Lobes and Visible Space. 7.4 Means of Phase Shifting. 8 A Frequency Scanned Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.1 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.2 Antenna Design. 8.3 Validation. 9 The Planar Array and Phased Array Antenna. 9.1 Geometry. 9.2 Planar Array Antenna. 9.3 Planar Phased Array Antenna. 10 Special Array Antenna Configurations. 10.1 Conformal Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.2 Volume Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.3 Sequential Rotation and Phasing. 10.4 Reactive Loading. 11 Array and Phased Array Antenna Measurement. 11.1 Input Impedance, Self-Coupling and Mutual Coupling. 11.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement. 11.3 Scan Element Pattern. 11.4 Waveguide Simulator. Appendix A: Complex Analysis. A.1 Complex Numbers. A.2 Use of Complex Variables. Appendix B: Vector Analysis. B.1 Notation. B.2 Addition and Subtraction. B.3 Products. B.4 Derivatives. Appendix C: Effective Aperture and Directivity. Appendix D: Transmission Line Theory. D.1 Distributed Parameters. D.2 Guided Waves. D.3 Input Impedance of a Transmission Line. D.4 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines. D.5 Quarter Wavelength Impedance Transformer. Appendix E: Scattering Matrix. E.1 Normalised Scattering Matrix. E.2 Unnormalised Scattering Matrix. Appendix F: Voltage Incident at a Transmission Line. Appendix :G Cascaded Scattering Matrices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe increasing demand for wireless communications has revolutionised the lifestyle of today's society and one of the key components of wireless technology is antenna design. Traditional antenna designs can be used but the increasingly sophisticated customer is demanding smaller, low profile designs.Table of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Planar Radiators. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Bandwidth Definitions. 1.2.1 Impedance Bandwidth. 1.2.2 Pattern Bandwidth. 1.2.3 Polarization or Axial-ratio Bandwidth. 1.2.4 Summary. 1.3 Planar Antennas. 1.3.1 Suspended Plate Antennas. 1.3.2 Bent Plate Antennas. 1.4 Overview of this Book. References. 2 Broadband Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Important Features of Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.2.1 Patch Shapes. 2.2.2 Substrates. 2.2.3 Feeding Structures. 2.2.4 Example: Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas. 2.3 Broadband Techniques. 2.3.1 Lowering the Q. 2.3.2 Using an Impedance Matching Network. 2.3.3 Case Study: Microstrip Patch Antenna with Impedance Matching Stub. 2.3.4 Introducing Multiple Resonances. 2.3.5 Case Study: Microstrip Patch Antenna with Stacked Elements. References. 3 Broadband Suspended Plate Antennas. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Techniques to Broaden Impedance Bandwidth. 3.2.1 Capacitive Load. 3.2.2 Slotted Plates. 3.2.3 Case Study: SPA with an -shaped Slot. 3.2.4 Electromagnetic Coupling. 3.2.5 Nonplanar Plates. 3.2.6 Vertical Feed Sheet. 3.3 Techniques to Enhance Radiation Performance. 3.3.1 Radiation Characteristics of SPAs. 3.3.2 SPA with Dual Feed Probes. 3.3.3 Case Study: Center-concaved SPA with Dual Feed Probes. 3.3.4 SPA with Half-wavelength Probe-fed Strip. 3.3.5 SPA with Probe-fed Center Slot. 3.3.6 Case Study: Center-fed SPA with Double L-shaped Probes. 3.3.7 SPA with Slots and Shorting Strips. 3.4 Arrays with Suspended Plate Elements. 3.4.1 Mutual Coupling between Two Suspended Plate Elements. 3.4.2 Reduced-size Array above Double-tiered Ground Plane. References. 4 Planar Inverted-L/F Antennas. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Inverted-L/F Antenna. 4.3 Broadband Planar Inverted-F/L Antenna. 4.3.1 Planar Inverted-F Antenna. 4.3.2 Planar Inverted-L Antenna. 4.4 Case Studies. 4.4.1 Handset Antennas. 4.4.2 Laptop Computer Antennas. References. 5 Planar Monopole Antennas and Ultra-wideband Applications. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Planar Monopole Antenna. 5.2.1 Planar Bi-conical Structure. 5.2.2 Planar Monopoles. 5.2.3 Roll Monopoles. 5.2.4 EMC Feeding Methods. 5.3 Planar Antennas for UWB Applications. 5.3.1 Ultra-wideband Technology. 5.3.2 Considerations for UWB Antennas and Source Pulses. 5.3.3 Planar UWB Antenna and Assessment. 5.4 Case Studies. 5.4.1 Planar UWB Antenna Printed on a PCB. 5.4.2 Planar UWB Antenna Embedded into a Laptop Computer. 5.4.3 Planar Directional UWB Antenna. References. Index

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Book SynopsisIn Thermal Infrared Sensors, the authors describe the measuring system comprising the sensor and also consider the relationship between radiation source, optical conditions and sensor. The main focus of this book is directed towards thermal (un-cooled) detectors which are the cheapest and most-used detector elements.Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface. List of Examples. List of Symbols. Indices. Abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Infrared Radiation. 1.1.1 Technical Applications. 1.1.2 Classification of Infrared Radiation. 1.2 Historical Development. 1.3 Advantages of Infrared Measuring Technology. 1.4 Comparison of Thermal and Photonic Infrared Sensors. 1.5 Temperature and Spatial Resolution of Infrared Sensors. 1.6 Single-Element Sensors Versus Array Sensors. References. 2 Radiometric Basics. 2.1 Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Solid-State Bodies. 2.1.1 Propagation of Radiation. 2.1.2 Propagation in Lossy Media. 2.1.3 Fields at Interfaces. 2.1.4 Transmission Through Thin Dielectric Layers. 2.2 Radiation Variables.- 2.2.1 Radiation-Field-Related Variables. 2.2.2 Emitter-Side Variables. 2.2.3 Receiver-Related Variables. 2.2.4 Spectral Variables. 2.2.5 Absorption, Reflection and Transmission. 2.2.6 Emissivity. 2.3 Radiation Laws. References. 3 Photometric Basics. 3.1 Solid Angle. 3.1.1 Definition. 3.1.2 Solid Angle Calculations. 3.2 Basic Law of Photometry. 3.2.1 Definition. 3.2.2 Calculation Methods and Examples. 3.2.3 Numerical Solution of the Projected Solid Angle. References. 4 Noise. 4.1 Mathematical Basics. 4.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.2 Time Functions. 4.1.3 Probability Functions. 4.1.4 Correlation Functions. 4.1.5 Spectral Functions. 4.1.6 Noise Analysis of Electronic Circuits. 4.2 Noise Source in Thermal Infrared Sensors. 4.2.1 Thermal Noise and tan δ. 4.2.2 Current Noise. 4.2.3 1/f Noise. 4.2.4 Radiation Noise. 4.2.5 Temperature Fluctuation Noise. References. 5 Sensor Parameters. 5.1 Responsivity. 5.1.1 Introduction. 5.1.2 Black Responsivity. 5.1.3 Spectral Responsivity. 5.1.4 Signal Transfer Function. 5.1.5 Uniformity. 5.2 Noise-Equivalent Power NEP. 5.3 Detectivity. 5.4 Noise-Equivalent Temperature Difference. 5.5 Optical Parameters. 5.6 Modulation Transfer Function. 5.6.1 Definition. 5.6.2 Contrast. 5.6.3 Modulation Transfer Function of a Sensor. 5.6.4 Measuring the Modulation Transfer Function. References. 6 Thermal Infrared Sensors. 6.1 Operating Principles. 6.2 Thermal Models. 6.2.1 Simple Thermal Model. 6.2.2 Thermal Layer Model. 6.3 Network Models for Thermal Sensors. 6.4 Thermoelectric Radiation Sensors. 6.4.1 Principle. 6.4.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.4.3 Design of Thermoelectric Sensors. 6.5 Pyroelectric Sensors. 6.5.1 Principle. 6.5.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.5.3 Design of Pyroelectric Sensors. 6.6 Microbolometers. 6.6.1 Principle. 6.6.2 Thermal Resolution. 6.6.3 Design of a Microbolometer Array. 6.6.4 Read-Out Electronics of Microbolometers. 6.7 Other Thermal Infrared Sensors. 6.7.1 Bimorphous Infrared Sensors. 6.7.2 Micro-GOLAY Cells. 6.8 Comparison of Thermal Sensors. References. 7 Applications of Thermal Infrared Sensors. 7.1 General Considerations. 7.2 Pyrometry. 7.2.1 Design. 7.2.2 Emissivity of Real Emitters. 7.3 Thermal Imaging Cameras. 7.3.1 Design. 7.3.2 Calibration of Thermal Imaging Cameras. 7.4 Passive Infrared Motion Detector. 7.4.1 Design. 7.4.2 Infrared Optics. 7.4.3 Signal Processing. 7.5 Infrared Spectrometry. 7.5.1 Radiation Absorption of Gases. 7.5.2 Design of an Infrared Spectrometer. 7.6 Gas Analysis. References. Appendix A: Constants. Appendix B: PLANCK?s Law of Radiation and Derived Laws. Appendix C: Calculation of the Solid Angle of a Rectangular Area. Further Reading and Sources. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe main topic of this book is quantum mechanics, as the title indicates. It specifically targets those topics within quantum mechanics that are needed to understand modern semiconductor theory. It begins with the motivation for quantum mechanics and why classical physics fails when dealing with very small particles and small dimensions.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv About the Author xvii 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Why Quantum Mechanics? 1 1.1.1 Photoelectric Effect 1 1.1.2 Wave–Particle Duality 2 1.1.3 Energy Equations 3 1.1.4 The Schrödinger Equation 5 1.2 Simulation of the One-Dimensional Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation 7 1.2.1 Propagation of a Particle in Free Space 8 1.2.2 Propagation of a Particle Interacting with a Potential 11 1.3 Physical Parameters: The Observables 14 1.4 The Potential V(x) 17 1.4.1 The Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 17 1.4.2 A Particle in an Electric Field 17 1.5 Propagating through Potential Barriers 20 1.6 Summary 23 Exercises 24 References 25 2. Stationary States 27 2.1 The Infinite Well 28 2.1.1 Eigenstates and Eigenenergies 30 2.1.2 Quantization 33 2.2 Eigenfunction Decomposition 34 2.3 Periodic Boundary Conditions 38 2.4 Eigenfunctions for Arbitrarily Shaped Potentials 39 2.5 Coupled Wells 41 2.6 Bra-ket Notation 44 2.7 Summary 47 Exercises 47 References 49 3. Fourier Theory in Quantum Mechanics 51 3.1 The Fourier Transform 51 3.2 Fourier Analysis and Available States 55 3.3 Uncertainty 59 3.4 Transmission via FFT 62 3.5 Summary 66 Exercises 67 References 69 4. Matrix Algebra in Quantum Mechanics 71 4.1 Vector and Matrix Representation 71 4.1.1 State Variables as Vectors 71 4.1.2 Operators as Matrices 73 4.2 Matrix Representation of the Hamiltonian 76 4.2.1 Finding the Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Matrix 77 4.2.2 A Well with Periodic Boundary Conditions 77 4.2.3 The Harmonic Oscillator 80 4.3 The Eigenspace Representation 81 4.4 Formalism 83 4.4.1 Hermitian Operators 83 4.4.2 Function Spaces 84 Appendix: Review of Matrix Algebra 85 Exercises 88 References 90 5. A Brief Introduction to Statistical Mechanics 91 5.1 Density of States 91 5.1.1 One-Dimensional Density of States 92 5.1.2 Two-Dimensional Density of States 94 5.1.3 Three-Dimensional Density of States 96 5.1.4 The Density of States in the Conduction Band of a Semiconductor 97 5.2 Probability Distributions 98 5.2.1 Fermions versus Classical Particles 98 5.2.2 Probability Distributions as a Function of Energy 99 5.2.3 Distribution of Fermion Balls 101 5.2.4 Particles in the One-Dimensional Infinite Well 105 5.2.5 Boltzmann Approximation 106 5.3 The Equilibrium Distribution of Electrons and Holes 107 5.4 The Electron Density and the Density Matrix 110 5.4.1 The Density Matrix 111 Exercises 113 References 114 6. Bands and Subbands 115 6.1 Bands in Semiconductors 115 6.2 The Effective Mass 118 6.3 Modes (Subbands) in Quantum Structures 123 Exercises 128 References 129 7. The Schrödinger Equation for Spin-1/2 Fermions 131 7.1 Spin in Fermions 131 7.1.1 Spinors in Three Dimensions 132 7.1.2 The Pauli Spin Matrices 135 7.1.3 Simulation of Spin 136 7.2 An Electron in a Magnetic Field 142 7.3 A Charged Particle Moving in Combined E and B Fields 146 7.4 The Hartree–Fock Approximation 148 7.4.1 The Hartree Term 148 7.4.2 The Fock Term 153 Exercises 155 References 157 8. The Green’s Function Formulation 159 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 The Density Matrix and the Spectral Matrix 161 8.3 The Matrix Version of the Green’s Function 164 8.3.1 Eigenfunction Representation of Green’s Function 165 8.3.2 Real Space Representation of Green’s Function 167 8.4 The Self-Energy Matrix 169 8.4.1 An Electric Field across the Channel 174 8.4.2 A Short Discussion on Contacts 175 Exercises 176 References 176 9. Transmission 177 9.1 The Single-Energy Channel 177 9.2 Current Flow 179 9.3 The Transmission Matrix 181 9.3.1 Flow into the Channel 183 9.3.2 Flow out of the Channel 184 9.3.3 Transmission 185 9.3.4 Determining Current Flow 186 9.4 Conductance 189 9.5 Büttiker Probes 191 9.6 A Simulation Example 194 Exercises 196 References 197 10. Approximation Methods 199 10.1 The Variational Method 199 10.2 Nondegenerate Perturbation Theory 202 10.2.1 First-Order Corrections 203 10.2.2 Second-Order Corrections 206 10.3 Degenerate Perturbation Theory 206 10.4 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory 209 10.4.1 An Electric Field Added to an Infinite Well 212 10.4.2 Sinusoidal Perturbations 213 10.4.3 Absorption, Emission, and Stimulated Emission 215 10.4.4 Calculation of Sinusoidal Perturbations Using Fourier Theory 216 10.4.5 Fermi’s Golden Rule 221 Exercises 223 References 225 11. The Harmonic Oscillator 227 11.1 The Harmonic Oscillator in One Dimension 227 11.1.1 Illustration of the Harmonic Oscillator Eigenfunctions 232 11.1.2 Compatible Observables 233 11.2 The Coherent State of the Harmonic Oscillator 233 11.2.1 The Superposition of Two Eigentates in an Infinite Well 234 11.2.2 The Superposition of Four Eigenstates in a Harmonic Oscillator 235 11.2.3 The Coherent State 236 11.3 The Two-Dimensional Harmonic Oscillator 238 11.3.1 The Simulation of a Quantum Dot 238 Exercises 244 References 244 12. Finding Eigenfunctions Using Time-Domain Simulation 245 12.1 Finding the Eigenenergies and Eigenfunctions in One Dimension 245 12.1.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions 248 12.2 Finding the Eigenfunctions of Two-Dimensional Structures 249 12.2.1 Finding the Eigenfunctions in an Irregular Structure 252 12.3 Finding a Complete Set of Eigenfunctions 257 Exercises 259 References 259 Appendix A. Important Constants and Units 261 Appendix B. Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 265 B.1 The Structure of the FFT 265 B.2 Windowing 267 B.3 FFT of the State Variable 270 Exercises 271 References 271 Appendix C. An Introduction to the Green’s Function Method 273 C.1 A One-Dimensional Electromagnetic Cavity 275 Exercises 279 References 279 Appendix D. Listings of the Programs Used in this Book 281 D.1 Chapter 1 281 D.2 Chapter 2 284 D.3 Chapter 3 295 D.4 Chapter 4 309 D.5 Chapter 5 312 D.6 Chapter 6 314 D.7 Chapter 7 323 D.8 Chapter 8 336 D.9 Chapter 9 345 D.10 Chapter 10 356 D.11 Chapter 11 378 D.12 Chapter 12 395 D.13 Appendix B 415 Index 419

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Book SynopsisThis book provides the basics needed to develop sensor network software and supplements it with many case studies covering network applications. It also examines how to develop onboard applications on individual sensors, how to interconnect these sensors, and how to form networks of sensors, although the major aim of this book is to provide foundational principles of developing sensor networking software and critically examine sensor network applications.Trade Review"Intended for high level undergraduate and beginning graduate students in computer engineering, this textbook provides practical information for developing software for sensor networks." (Booknews, 1 June 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Foreword. Acknowledgments. About the Authors. Notations and Abbreviations. I OVERVIEW. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Some Foundational Information. 1.2 Next-Generation Sensor Networked Tiny Devices. 1.3 Sensor Network Software. 1.4 Performance-Driven Network Software Programming. 1.5 Unique Characteristics of Programming Environments for Sensor Networks. 1.6 Goals of the Book. 1.7 Why TinyOS and NesC. 1.8 Organization of the Book. 1.9 Future Demands on Sensor-Based Software. Problems. References. 2 Wireless Sensor Networks. 2.1 Sensor Network Applications. 2.2 Characteristics of Sensor Networks. 2.3 Nature of Data in Sensor Networks. Problems. References. 3 Sensor Technology. 3.1 Sensor Level. 3.2 Server Level. 3.3 Client Level. 3.4 Programming Tools. Problems. References. II BACKGROUND. 4 Data Structures for Sensor Computing. 4.1 Introduction to Sensor Computing. 4.2 Communication Capabilities. 4.3 General Structure of Programming. 4.4 Details on Embedded Data Structures. 4.5 Linked List. 4.6 Importance of Graph Concepts in Sensor Programming. 4.7 Graph and Trees. 4.8 Trees. 4.9 Graph Traversal. 4.10 Connectivity. 4.11 Planar Graphs. 4.12 Coloring and Independence. 4.13 Clique Covering. 4.14 Intersection Graph. 4.15 Defining Data Structure of Spanning Tree Protocols. Problems. References. 5 Tiny Operating System (TinyOS). 5.1 Components of TinyOS. 5.2 An Introduction to NesC. 5.3 Event-Driven Programming. Problems. References. 6 Programming in NesC. 6.1 NesC Programming. 6.2 A Simple Program. Problems. References. III SENSOR NETWORK IMPLEMENTATION. 7 Sensor Programming. 7.1 Programming Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks. 7.2 Sensing the World. 7.3 Applications Using the Interface SplitControl. Problems. References. 8 Algorithms forWireless Sensor Networks. 8.1 Structural Characteristics of Sensor Nodes. 8.2 Distinctive Properties of Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.3 Sensor Network Stack. 8.4 Synchronization in Wireless Sensor Networks. 8.5 Collision Avoidance: Token-Based Approach. 8.6 Carrier Sensing Versus Decoding. Problems. References. 9 Techniques for Protocol Programming. 9.1 The Mediation Device Protocol. 9.2 Contention-Based Protocols. 9.3 Programming with Link-Layer Protocols. 9.4 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) Protocol. 9.5 Transmitter Role. 9.6 Alternating-Bit-Based ARQ Protocols. 9.7 Selective Repeat/Selective Reject. 9.8 Naming and Addressing. 9.9 Distributed Assignment of Networkwide Addresses. 9.10 Improved Algorithms. 9.11 Content-Based Addressing. 9.12 Flooding. 9.13 Rumor Routing. 9.14 Tracking. 9.15 Querying in Rumor Routing. Problems. References. IV REAL-WORLD SCENARIOS. 10 Sensor Deployment Abstraction. 10.1 Sensor Network Abstraction. 10.2 Data Aggregation. 10.3 Collaboration Group Abstractions. 10.4 Programming Beyond Individual Nodes. Problems. References. 11 Standards for Building Wireless Sensor Network Applications. 11.1 802.XX Industry Frequency and Data Rates. 11.2 ZigBee Devices and Components. 11.3 ZigBee Application Development. 11.4 Dissemination and Evaluation. Problems. References. 12 INSPIRE: Innovation in Sensor Programming Implementation for Real-Time Environment. 12.1 Motivation and Background. 12.2 Software Microframework Requirements. References. 13 Performance Analysis of Power-Aware Algorithms. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Service Architecture. 13.3 Approaches To WSN Programmability. 13.4 Simulation Capabilities. 13.5 Benchmarking. 13.6 Conclusion. Problems. References. 14 Modeling Sensor Networks Through Design and Simulation. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Why a New Simulator. 14.3 Currently Available Simulators. 14.4 Simulation Design. 14.5 Implementation Details. 14.6 Experimental Results. 14.7 Final Comments. Appendix. Acknowledgments. Problems. References. 15 MATLAB Simulation of Airport Baggage-Handling System. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Background. 15.3 Proposed Architecture. 15.4 Simulation Results and Discussion. 15.5 Source Code. Problems. References. 16 Security in Sensor Networks. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Security Constraints. 16.3 Denial-of-Service Attacks in Multiple Layers. 16.4 Some Well-Known Algorithms for Security Problems. 16.5 Secure Information Routing. 16.6 Security Protocols for Sensor Networks. 16.7 Final Comments. Problems. References. 17 Closing Comments. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday, formal methods are widely recognized as an essential step in the design process of industrial safety-critical systems. In its more general definition, the term formal methods encompasses all notations having a precise mathematical semantics, together with their associated analysis methods, that allow description and reasoning about the behavior of a system in a formal manner. Growing out of more than a decade of award-winning collaborative work within the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics, Formal Methods for Industrial Critical Systems: A Survey of Applications presents a number of mainstream formal methods currently used for designing industrial critical systems, with a focus on model checking. The purpose of the book is threefold: to reduce the effort required to learnformal methods, whichhas beena major drawback for their industrial dissemination; to help designers to adopt the formal methods which are most appropriate for their systems; Table of ContentsFOREWORD by Mike Hinchey xiii FOREWORD by Alessandro Fantechi and Pedro Merino xv PREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS xix PART I INTRODUCTION AND STATE OF THE ART 1 1 FORMAL METHODS: APPLYING {LOGICS IN, THEORETICAL} COMPUTER SCIENCE 3 Diego Latella 1.1 Introduction and State of the Art 3 1.2 Future Directions 9 PART II MODELING PARADIGMS 15 2 A SYNCHRONOUS LANGUAGE AT WORK: THE STORY OF LUSTRE 17 Nicolas Halbwachs 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 A Flavor of the Language 18 2.3 The Design and Development of Lustre and Scade 20 2.4 Some Lessons from Industrial Use 25 2.5 And Now . . . 28 3 REQUIREMENTS OF AN INTEGRATED FORMAL METHOD FOR INTELLIGENT SWARMS 33 Mike Hinchey, James L. Rash, Christopher A. Rouff, Walt F. Truszkowski, and Amy K.C.S. Vanderbilt 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Swarm Technologies 35 3.3 NASA FAST Project 39 3.4 Integrated Swarm Formal Method 41 3.5 Conclusion 55 PART III TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 61 4 SOME TRENDS IN FORMAL METHODS APPLICATIONS TO RAILWAY SIGNALING 63 Alessandro Fantechi, Wan Fokkink, and Angelo Morzenti 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 CENELEC Guidelines 65 4.3 Software Procurement in Railway Signaling 66 4.4 A Success Story: The B Method 70 4.5 Classes of Railway Signaling Equipment 71 4.6 Conclusions 80 5 SYMBOLIC MODEL CHECKING FOR AVIONICS 85 Radu I. Siminiceanu and Gianfranco Ciardo 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Application: The Runway Safety Monitor 87 5.3 A Discrete Model of RSM 95 5.4 Discussion 107 PART IV TELECOMMUNICATIONS 113 6 APPLYING FORMAL METHODS TO TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES WITH ACTIVE NETWORKS 115 María del Mar Gallardo, Jesús Martínez, and Pedro Merino 6.1 Overview 115 6.2 Active Networks 116 6.3 The Capsule Approach 117 6.4 Previous Approaches on Analyzing Active Networks 118 6.5 Model Checking Active Networks with SPIN 122 6.6 Conclusions 129 7 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF PROBABILISTIC MODEL CHECKING TO COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS 133 Marie Dufl ot, Marta Kwiatkowska, Gethin Norman, David Parker, Sylvain Peyronnet, Claudine Picaronny, and Jeremy Sproston 7.1 Introduction 133 7.2 PTAs 134 7.3 Probabilistic Model Checking 136 7.4 Case Study: CSMA/CD 139 7.5 Discussion and Conclusion 146 PART V INTERNET AND ONLINE SERVICES 151 8 DESIGN FOR VERIFIABILITY: THE OCS CASE STUDY 153 Johannes Neubauer, Tiziana Margaria, and Bernhard Steffen 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 The User Model 155 8.3 The Models and the Framework 158 8.4 Model Checking 159 8.5 Validating Emerging Global Behavior via Automata Learning 161 8.6 Related Work 170 8.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 173 9 AN APPLICATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL CHECKING IN THE INDUSTRY: USER-CENTERED MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF COLLABORATION IN THINKTEAM 179 Maurice H. ter Beek, Stefania Gnesi, Diego Latella, Mieke Massink, Maurizio Sebastianis, and Gianluca Trentanni 9.1 Introduction 179 9.2 thinkteam 182 9.3 Analysis of the thinkteam Log File 184 9.4 thinkteam with Replicated Vaults 189 9.5 Lessons Learned 201 9.6 Conclusions 201 PART VI RUNTIME: TESTING AND MODEL LEARNING 205 10 THE TESTING AND TEST CONTROL NOTATION TTCN-3 AND ITS USE 207 Ina Schieferdecker and Alain-Georges Vouffo-Feudjio 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 The Concepts of TTCN-3 210 10.3 An Introductory Example 216 10.4 TTCN-3 Semantics and Its Application 219 10.5 A Distributed Test Platform for the TTCN-3 220 10.6 Case Study I: Testing of Open Service Architecture (OSA)/Parlay Services 223 10.7 Case Study II: Testing of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) Equipment 225 10.8 Conclusion 230 11 PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF ACTIVE AUTOMATA LEARNING 235 Falk Howar, Maik Merten, Bernhard Steffen, and Tiziana Margaria 11.1 Introduction 235 11.2 Regular Extrapolation 239 11.3 Challenges in Regular Extrapolation 244 11.4 Interacting with Real Systems 247 11.5 Membership Queries 250 11.6 Reset 253 11.7 Parameters and Value Domains 256 11.8 The NGLL 260 11.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 263 References 264 INDEX 269

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Book SynopsisThis book will appeal to scientists and engineers who are concerned with the design of microwave wideband devices and systems. For advanced (ultra)-wideband wireless systems, the necessity and design methodology of wideband filters will be discussed with reference to the inherent limitation in fractional bandwidth of classical bandpass filters.Table of ContentsPREFACE ix 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background on UWB Technology 2 1.2 UWB Regulations 3 1.3 UWB Bandpass Filters 8 1.4 Organization of the Book 11 2 TRANSMISSION LINE CONCEPTS AND NETWORKS 18 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Transmission Line Theory 19 2.3 Microwave Network Parameters 26 2.4 Relative Theories of Network Analysis 42 2.5 Summary 52 3 CONVENTIONAL PARALLEL-COUPLED LINE FILTER 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Lumped-Element Lowpass Filter Prototype 54 3.3 Impedance and Frequency Transformation 65 3.4 Immittance Inverters 70 3.5 Lowpass Prototype Filter with Immittance Inverter 71 3.6 Parallel-Coupled Line Bandpass Filter 76 3.7 Summary 84 4 PLANAR TRANSMISSION LINE RESONATORS 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Uniform Impedance Resonator 87 4.3 Stepped Impedance Resonators 94 4.4 Multiple-Mode Resonator 104 4.5 Summary 113 5 MMR-BASED UWB BANDPASS FILTERS 116 5.1 Introduction 116 5.2 An Initial MMR-Based UWB Bandpass Filter 118 5.3 UWB Bandpass Filters with Varied Geometries 121 5.4 UWB Filters with Improved Out-of-Band Performance 130 5.5 UWB Bandpass Filter with a Notch Band 142 5.6 Summary 146 6 SYNTHESIS APPROACH FOR UWB FILTERS 149 6.1 Introduction 149 6.2 Transfer Function 150 6.3 Transmission Line Network with Pure Shunt/Series Stubs 152 6.4 Transmission Line Network with Hybrid Series and Shunt Stubs 163 6.5 MMR-Based UWB Filter with Parallel-Coupled Lines 178 6.6 Summary 187 7 OTHER TYPES OF UWB FILTERS 188 7.1 Introduction 188 7.2 UWB Filters with Highpass and Lowpass Filters 188 7.3 UWB Filters with Optimum Shunt Short-Circuited Stubs 191 7.4 UWB Filters with Quasi-Lumped Elements 195 7.5 UWB Filters with Composite CPW and Microstrip Structure 197 7.6 UWB Filter with Microstrip Ring Resonator 199 7.7 UWB Filter using Multilayer Structures 203 7.8 UWB Filter with Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) 205 7.9 UWB Filter with Notch Band 207 7.10 Summary 210 References 210 INDEX 214

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Book SynopsisQuickly Engages in Applying Algorithmic Techniques to Solve Practical Signal Processing Problems With its active, hands-on learning approach, this text enables readers to master the underlying principles of digital signal processing and its many applications in industries such as digital television, mobile and broadband communications, and medical/scientific devices. Carefully developed MATLAB examples throughout the text illustrate the mathematical concepts and use of digital signal processing algorithms. Readers will develop a deeper understanding of how to apply the algorithms by manipulating the codes in the examples to see their effect. Moreover, plenty of exercises help to put knowledge into practice solving real-world signal processing challenges. Following an introductory chapter, the text explores: Sampled signals and digital processing Random signals Representing signals and systems TemporTrade Review"Intended for undergraduate or graduate students in engineering or related disciplines, this introductory volume examines key theories in signal processing and presents this information optimized for use with MATLAB technical computing software." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. What Is Signal Processing? 1 1.1 Chapter Objectives 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.3 Book Objectives 2 1.4 DSP and ITS Applications 3 1.5 Application Case Studies Using DSP 4 1.6 Overview of Learning Objectives 12 1.7 Conventions Used in This Book 15 1.8 Chapter Summary 16 Chapter 2. Matlab for Signal Processing 19 2.1 Chapter Objectives 19 2.2 Introduction 19 2.3 What Is MATLAB? 19 2.4 Getting Started 20 2.5 Everything Is a Matrix 20 2.6 Interactive Use 21 2.7 Testing and Looping 23 2.8 Functions and Variables 25 2.9 Plotting and Graphing 30 2.10 Loading and Saving Data 31 2.11 Multidimensional Arrays 35 2.12 Bitwise Operators 37 2.13 Vectorizing Code 38 2.14 Using MATLAB for Processing Signals 40 2.15 Chapter Summary 43 Chapter 3. Sampled Signals and Digital Processing 45 3.1 Chapter Objectives 45 3.2 Introduction 45 3.3 Processing Signals Using Computer Algorithms 45 3.4 Digital Representation of Numbers 47 3.5 Sampling 61 3.6 Quantization 64 3.7 Image Display 74 3.8 Aliasing 81 3.9 Reconstruction 84 3.10 Block Diagrams and Difference Equations 88 3.11 Linearity, Superposition, and Time Invariance 92 3.12 Practical Issues and Computational Efficiency 95 3.13 Chapter Summary 98 Chapter 4. Random Signals 103 4.1 Chapter Objectives 103 4.2 Introduction 103 4.3 Random and Deterministic Signals 103 4.4 Random Number Generation 105 4.5 Statistical Parameters 106 4.6 Probability Functions 108 4.7 Common Distributions 112 4.8 Continuous and Discrete Variables 114 4.9 Signal Characterization 116 4.10 Histogram Operators 117 4.11 Median Filters 122 4.12 Chapter Summary 125 Chapter 5. Representing Signals and Systems 127 5.1 Chapter Objectives 127 5.2 Introduction 127 5.3 Discrete-Time Waveform Generation 127 5.4 The z Transform 137 5.5 Polynomial Approach 144 5.6 Poles, Zeros, and Stability 146 5.7 Transfer Functions and Frequency Response 152 5.8 Vector Interpretation of Frequency Response 153 5.9 Convolution 156 5.10 Chapter Summary 160 Chapter 6. Temporal and Spatial Signal Processing 165 6.1 Chapter Objectives 165 6.2 Introduction 165 6.3 Correlation 165 6.4 Linear Prediction 177 6.5 Noise Estimation and Optimal Filtering 183 6.6 Tomography 188 6.7 Chapter Summary 201 Chapter 7. Frequency Analysis of Signals 203 7.1 Chapter Objectives 203 7.2 Introduction 203 7.3 Fourier Series 203 7.4 How Do the Fourier Series Coefficient Equations Come About? 209 7.5 Phase-Shifted Waveforms 211 7.6 The Fourier Transform 212 7.7 Aliasing in Discrete-Time Sampling 231 7.8 The FFT as a Sample Interpolator 233 7.9 Sampling a Signal over a Finite Time Window 236 7.10 Time-Frequency Distributions 240 7.11 Buffering and Windowing 241 7.12 The FFT 243 7.13 The DCT 252 7.14 Chapter Summary 266 Chapter 8. Discrete-Time Filters 271 8.1 Chapter Objectives 271 8.2 Introduction 271 8.3 What Do We Mean by “Filtering”? 272 8.4 Filter Specification, Design, and Implementation 274 8.5 Filter Responses 282 8.6 Nonrecursive Filter Design 285 8.7 Ideal Reconstruction Filter 293 8.8 Filters with Linear Phase 294 8.9 Fast Algorithms for Filtering, Convolution, and Correlation 298 8.10 Chapter Summary 311 Chapter 9. Recursive Filters 315 9.1 Chapter Objectives 315 9.2 Introduction 315 9.3 Essential Analog System Theory 319 9.4 Continuous-Time Recursive Filters 326 9.5 Comparing Continuous-Time Filters 339 9.6 Converting Continuous-Time Filters to Discrete Filters 340 9.7 Scaling and Transformation of Continuous Filters 361 9.8 Summary of Digital Filter Design via Analog Approximation 371 9.9 Chapter Summary 372 Bibliography 375 Index 379

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Book SynopsisCaptures state-of-the-art in Cloud Computing Indentifies potential research directions and technologies Chapters written by industry experts and contain real world case studies Example illustrating problems and review questions for each chapter .Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Contributors. Part I. Foundations. 1. Introduction to Cloud Computing (Willliam Voorsluys, James Broberg, and Rajkumar Buyya). 2. Migrating into a Cloud (T. S. Mohan). 3. Enriching the “Integration as a Service” Paradigm for the Cloud Era (Pethuru Raj). 4. The Enterprise Cloud Computing Paradigm (Tariq Ellahi, Benoit Hudzia, Hui Li, Maik A. Lindner, and Philip Robinson). Part II. Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS). 5. Virtual Machines Provisioning and Migration Services (Mohamed El-Refaey). 6. On the Management of Virtual Machines for Cloud Infrastructures (Ignacio M. Llorente, Rubén S. Montero, Borja Sotomayor, David Breitgand, Alessandro Maraschini, Eliezer Levy, and Benny Rochwerger). 7. Enhancing Cloud Computing Environments Using a Cluster as a Service (Michael Brock and Andrzej Goscinski). 8. Secure Distributed Data Storage in Cloud Computing (Yu Chen, Wei-Shinn Ku, Jun Feng, Pu Liu, and Zhou Su). Part III. Platform and Software as a Service (PAAS/IAAS). 9. Aneka—Integration of Private and Public Clouds (Christian Vecchiola, Xingchen Chu, Michael Mattess, and Rajkumar Buyya). 10. CometCloud: An Autonomic Cloud Engine (Hyunjoo Kim and Manish Parashar). 11. T-Systems’ Cloud-Based Solutions for Business Applications (Michael Pauly). 12. Workflow Engine for Clouds (Suraj Pandey, Dileban Karunamoorthy, and Rajkumar Buyya). 13. Understanding Scientific Applications for Cloud Environments (Shantenu Jha, Daniel S. Katz, Andre Luckow, Andre Merzky, and Katerina Stamou). 14. The MapReduce Programming Model and Implementations (Hai Jin, Shadi Ibrahim, Li Qi, Haijun Cao, Song Wu, and Xuanhua Shi). Part IV. Monitoring and Management. 15. An Architecture for Federated Cloud Computing (Benny Rochwerger, Constantino Vázquez, David Breitgand, David Hadas, Massimo Villari, Philippe Massonet, Eliezer Levy, Alex Galis, Ignacio M. Llorente, Rubén S. Montero, Yaron Wolfsthal, Kenneth Nagin, Lars Larsson, and Fermín Galán). 16. SLA Management in Cloud Computing: A Service Provider’s Perspective (Sumit Bose, Anjaneyulu Padala, Dheepak R A, Sridhar Murthy, and Ganesan Malaiyandisamy). 17. Performance Prediction for HPC on Clouds (Rocco Aversa, Beniamino Di Martino, Massimiliano Rak, Salvatore Venticinque, and Umberto Villano). Part V. Applications. 18. Best Practices in Architecting Cloud Applications in the AWS Cloud (Jinesh Varia). 19. Massively Multiplayer Online Game Hosting on Cloud Resources (Vlad Nae, Radu Prodan, and Alexandru Iosup). 20. Building Content Delivery Networks Using Clouds (James Broberg). 21. Resource Cloud Mashups (Lutz Schubert, Matthias Assel, Alexander Kipp, and Stefan Wesner). Part VI. Governance and Case Studies. 22. Organizational Readiness and Change Management in the Cloud Age (Robert Lam). 23. Data Security in the Cloud (Susan Morrow). 24. Legal Issues in Cloud Computing (Janine Anthony Bowen). 25. Achieving Production Readiness for Cloud Services (Wai-Kit Cheah and Henry Kasim). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe book is written as primer hand book for addressing the fundamentals of smart grid. It provides the working definition the functions, the design criteria and the tools and techniques and technology needed for building smart grid. The book is needed to provide a working guideline in the design, analysis and development of Smart Grid.Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 SMART GRID ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Today's Grid versus the Smart Grid 2 1.3 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007: Rationale for the Smart Grid 2 1.4 Computational Intelligence 4 1.5 Power System Enhancement 5 1.6 Communication and Standards 5 1.7 Environment and Economics 5 1.8 Outline of the Book 5 1.9 General View of the Smart Grid Market Drivers 6 1.10 Stakeholder Roles and Function 6 1.11 Working Definition of the Smart Grid Based on Performance Measures 11 1.12 Representative Architecture 12 1.13 Functions of Smart Grid Components 12 1.14 Summary 15 2 SMART GRID COMMUNICATIONS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY 16 2.1 Communication and Measurement 16 2.2 Monitoring, PMU, Smart Meters, and Measurements Technologies 19 2.3 GIS and Google Mapping Tools 23 2.4 Multiagent Systems (MAS) Technology 24 2.5 Microgrid and Smart Grid Comparison 27 2.6 Summary 27 3 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 29 3.1 Introduction to Load Flow Studies 29 3.2 Challenges to Load Flow in Smart Grid and Weaknesses of the Present Load Flow Methods 30 3.3 Load Flow State of the Art: Classical, Extended Formulations, and Algorithms 31 3.4 Congestion Management Effect 37 3.5 Load Flow for Smart Grid Design 38 3.6 DSOPF Application to the Smart Grid 41 3.7 Static Security Assessment (SSA) and Contingencies 43 3.8 Contingencies and Their Classification 44 3.9 Contingency Studies for the Smart Grid 48 3.10 Summary 49 4 STABILITY ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR SMART GRID 51 4.1 Introduction to Stability 51 4.2 Strengths and Weaknesses of Existing Voltage Stability Analysis Tools 51 4.3 Voltage Stability Assessment 56 4.4 Voltage Stability Assessment Techniques 62 4.5 Voltage Stability Indexing 65 4.6 Analysis Techniques for Steady-State Voltage Stability Studies 68 4.7 Application and Implementation Plan of Voltage Stability 70 4.8 Optimizing Stability Constraint through Preventive Control of Voltage Stability 71 4.9 Angle Stability Assessment 73 4.10 State Estimation 81 5 COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR SMART GRID DESIGN 100 5.1 Introduction to Computational Tools 100 5.2 Decision Support Tools (DS) 101 5.3 Optimization Techniques 103 5.4 Classical Optimization Method 103 5.5 Heuristic Optimization 108 5.6 Evolutionary Computational Techniques 112 5.7 Adaptive Dynamic Programming Techniques 115 5.8 Pareto Methods 117 5.9 Hybridizing Optimization Techniques and Applications to the Smart Grid 118 5.10 Computational Challenges 118 5.11 Summary 119 6 PATHWAY FOR DESIGNING SMART GRID 122 6.1 Introduction to Smart Grid Pathway Design 122 6.2 Barriers and Solutions to Smart Grid Development 122 6.3 Solution Pathways for Designing Smart Grid Using Advanced Optimization and Control Techniques for Selection Functions 125 6.4 General Level Automation 125 6.5 Bulk Power Systems Automation of the Smart Grid at Transmission Level 130 6.6 Distribution System Automation Requirement of the Power Grid 132 6.7 End User/Appliance Level of the Smart Grid 137 6.8 Applications for Adaptive Control and Optimization 137 6.9 Summary 138 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND STORAGE 140 7.1 Renewable Energy Resources 140 7.2 Sustainable Energy Options for the Smart Grid 141 7.3 Penetration and Variability Issues Associated with Sustainable Energy Technology 148 7.4 Demand Response Issues 150 7.5 Electric Vehicles and Plug-in Hybrids 151 7.6 PHEV Technology 151 7.7 Environmental Implications 152 7.8 Storage Technologies 154 7.9 Tax Credits 158 7.10 Summary 159 8 INTEROPERABILITY, STANDARDS, AND CYBER SECURITY 160 8.1 Introduction 160 8.2 Interoperability 161 8.3 Standards 163 8.4 Smart Grid Cyber Security 166 8.5 Cyber Security and Possible Operation for Improving Methodology for Other Users 173 8.6 Summary 174 9 RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND TRAINING FOR THE SMART GRID 176 9.1 Introduction 176 9.2 Research Areas for Smart Grid Development 176 9.3 Research Activities in the Smart Grid 178 9.4 Multidisciplinary Research Activities 178 9.5 Smart Grid Education 179 9.6 Training and Professional Development 182 9.7 Summary 183 10 CASE STUDIES AND TESTBEDS FOR THE SMART GRID 184 10.1 Introduction 184 10.2 Demonstration Projects 184 10.3 Advanced Metering 185 10.4 Microgrid with Renewable Energy 185 10.5 Power System Unit Commitment (UC) Problem 186 10.6 ADP for Optimal Network Reconfiguration in Distribution Automation 191 10.7 Case Study of RER Integration 196 10.8 Testbeds and Benchmark Systems 197 10.9 Challenges of Smart Transmission 198 10.10 Benefits of Smart Transmission 198 10.11 Summary 198 References 199 11 EPILOGUE 200 Index 203

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Book SynopsisNow in an completely revised, updated, and enlarged Second Edition, Small Antennas in Portable Devices reviews recent significant theoretical and practical developments in the electrically small antenna area.Trade Review“It could be used in a graduate course in statistics, or by statisticians who want to learn the reasoning behind the Bayesian methods.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii 1. QUALITY FACTORS OF ESA 1 1.1 Introduction / 1 1.2 Chu Antenna Q / 4 1.3 Collin and Rothschild Q Analysis / 8 1.4 Thal Antenna Q / 14 1.5 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TE Modes / 16 1.6 Radian Sphere with Mu and/or Epsilon: TM Modes / 22 1.7 Effects of Core Losses / 28 1.8 Q for Spheroidal Enclosures / 34 References / 36 2. BANDWIDTH AND MATCHING 39 2.1 Introduction / 39 2.2 Foster’s Reactance Theorem and Smith Chart / 39 2.3 Fano’s Matching Limitations / 41 2.4 Matching Circuit Loss Magnification / 46 2.5 Network and Z0 Matching / 48 2.6 Non-Foster Matching Circuits / 50 2.7 Matched and High-Z Preamp Monopoles / 51 2.7.1 A Short Monopole Matched at One Frequency / 52 2.7.2 Short Monopole with High-Impedance Amplifier / 54 References / 55 3. ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS: CANONICAL TYPES 59 3.1 Introduction / 59 3.2 Dipole Basic Characteristics / 59 3.2.1 Dipole Impedance and Bandwidth / 59 3.2.2 Resistive and Reactive Loading / 67 3.2.3 Other Loading Configurations / 76 3.2.4 Short Flat Resonant Dipoles / 78 3.2.5 Spherical Helix Antennas / 82 3.2.6 Multiple Resonance Antennas / 84 3.2.6.1 Spherical Dipole; Arc Antennas / 84 3.2.6.2 Multiple Mode Antennas / 86 3.2.6.3 Q Comparisons / 87 3.2.7 Evaluation of Moment Method Codes for Electrically Small Antennas / 88 3.3 Partial Sleeve, PIFA, and Patch / 93 3.3.1 Partial Sleeve / 93 3.3.2 PIFA Designs / 94 3.3.3 Patch with Permeable Substrate / 98 3.4 Loops / 101 3.4.1 Air Core Loops, Single and Multiple Turns / 101 3.4.2 Permeable Core Loops / 107 3.4.3 Receiving Loops / 114 3.4.4 Vector Sensor / 116 3.5 Dielectric Resonator Antennas / 120 References / 127 4. CLEVER PHYSICS, BUT BAD NUMBERS 135 4.1 Contrawound Toroidal Helix Antenna / 135 4.2 Transmission Line Antennas / 138 4.3 Halo, Hula Hoop, and DDRR Antennas / 138 4.4 Dielectric-Loaded Antennas / 140 4.5 Meanderline Antennas / 141 4.6 Cage Monopole / 142 References / 143 5. PATHOLOGICAL ANTENNAS 147 5.1 Crossed-Field Antenna / 147 5.2 Infinite Efficiency Antenna / 149 5.3 E–H Antenna / 150 5.4 TE–TM Antenna / 150 5.5 Crossed Dipoles / 151 5.6 Snyder Dipole / 152 5.7 Loop-Coupled Loop / 155 5.8 Multiarm Dipole / 158 5.9 Complementary Pair Antenna / 158 5.10 Integrated Antenna / 159 5.11 Q ¼ 0 Antenna / 160 5.12 Antenna in a NIM Shell / 161 5.13 Fractal Antennas / 162 5.14 Antenna on a Chip / 170 5.15 Random Segment Antennas / 171 5.16 Multiple Multipoles / 171 5.17 Switched Loop Antennas / 173 5.18 Electrically Small Focal Spots / 174 5.19 ESA Summary / 174 References / 175 6. SUPERDIRECTIVE ANTENNAS 181 6.1 History and Motivation / 181 6.2 Maximum Directivity / 182 6.2.1 Apertures / 182 6.2.2 Arrays / 183 6.2.2.1 Broadside Arrays of Fixed Spacing / 183 6.2.2.2 Endfire Arrays / 186 6.2.2.3 Minimization Codes / 192 6.2.2.4 Resonant Endfire Arrays / 192 6.3 Constrained Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.1 Dolph–Chebyshev Superdirectivity / 194 6.3.2 Superdirective Ratio Constraint / 198 6.3.3 Bandwidth or Q Constraint / 200 6.3.4 Phase or Position Adjustment / 200 6.3.5 Tolerance Constraint / 201 6.4 Bandwidth, Efficiency, and Tolerances / 201 6.4.1 Bandwidth / 201 6.4.2 Efficiency / 205 6.4.3 Tolerances / 208 6.5 Miscellaneous Superdirectivity / 209 6.6 Superdirective Antenna Summary / 210 References / 210 7. SUPERCONDUCTING ANTENNAS 215 7.1 Introduction / 215 7.2 Superconductivity Concepts for Antenna Engineers / 215 7.3 Dipole, Loop, and Patch Antennas / 221 7.3.1 Loop and Dipole Antennas / 222 7.3.2 Microstrip Antennas / 223 7.3.3 Array Antennas / 225 7.3.4 Millimeter-Wave Antennas / 229 7.3.4.1 Waveguide Flat Plane Array / 229 7.3.4.2 Microstrip Planar Array / 230 7.3.5 Submillimeter Antennas / 232 7.3.6 Low-Temperature Superconducting Antennas / 232 7.4 Phasers and Delay Lines / 233 7.5 Superconducting Antenna Summary / 236 References / 236 APPENDIX A A WORLD HISTORY OF ELECTRICALLY SMALL ANTENNAS 243 APPENDIX B DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USEFUL TO ESA 277 APPENDIX C SPHERICAL SHELL OF ENG METAMATERIAL SURROUNDING A DIPOLE ANTENNA 279 APPENDIX D FREQUENCY DISPERSION LIMITS RESOLUTION IN VESELAGO LENS 307 AUTHOR INDEX 335 SUBJECT INDEX 343

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Book SynopsisWhile the field of computer vision drives many of today's digital technologies and communication networks, the topic of color has emerged only recently in most computer vision applications. One of the most extensive works to date on color in computer vision, this book provides a complete set of tools for working with color in the field of image understanding. Based on the authors' intense collaboration for more than a decade and drawing on the latest thinking in the field of computer science, the book integrates topics from color science and computer vision, clearly linking theories, techniques, machine learning, and applications. The fundamental basics, sample applications, and downloadable versions of the software and data sets are also included. Clear, thorough, and practical, Color in Computer Vision explains: Computer vision, including color-driven algorithms and quantitative results of various state-of-the-art methods Color science toTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 From Fundamental to Applied 2 1.2 Part I: Color Fundamentals 3 1.3 Part II: Photometric Invariance 3 1.4 Part III: Color Constancy 4 1.5 Part IV: Color Feature Extraction 5 1.6 Part V: Applications 7 1.7 Summary 9 PART I Color Fundamentals 11 2 Color Vision 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Stages of Color Information Processing 14 2.3 Chromatic Properties of the Visual System 18 2.4 Summary 24 3 Color Image Formation 26 3.1 Lambertian Reflection Model 28 3.2 Dichromatic Reflection Model 29 3.3 Kubelka–Munk Model 32 3.4 The Diagonal Model 34 3.5 Color Spaces 36 3.6 Summary 44 PART II Photometric Invariance 47 4 Pixel-Based Photometric Invariance 49 4.1 Normalized Color Spaces 50 4.2 Opponent Color Spaces 52 4.3 The HSV Color Space 52 4.4 Composed Color Spaces 53 4.5 Noise Stability and Histogram Construction 58 4.6 Application: Color-Based Object Recognition 64 4.7 Summary 68 5 Photometric Invariance from Color Ratios 69 5.1 Illuminant Invariant Color Ratios 71 5.2 Illuminant Invariant Edge Detection 73 5.3 Blur-Robust and Color Constant Image Description 74 5.4 Application: Image Retrieval Based on Color Ratios 77 5.5 Summary 80 6 Derivative-Based Photometric Invariance 81 6.1 Full Photometric Invariants 84 6.2 Quasi-Invariants 101 6.3 Summary 111 7 Photometric Invariance by Machine Learning 113 7.1 Learning from Diversified Ensembles 114 7.2 Temporal Ensemble Learning 119 7.3 Learning Color Invariants for Region Detection 120 7.4 Experiments 124 7.5 Summary 134 PART III Color Constancy 135 8 Illuminant Estimation and Chromatic Adaptation 137 8.1 Illuminant Estimation 139 8.2 Chromatic Adaptation 141 9 Color Constancy Using Low-level Features 143 9.1 General Gray-World 143 9.2 Gray-Edge 146 9.3 Physics-Based Methods 150 9.4 Summary 151 10 Color Constancy Using Gamut-Based Methods 152 10.1 Gamut Mapping Using Derivative Structures 155 10.2 Combination of Gamut Mapping Algorithms 157 10.3 Summary 160 11 Color Constancy Using Machine Learning 161 11.1 Probabilistic Approaches 161 11.2 Combination Using Output Statistics 162 11.3 Combination Using Natural Image Statistics 163 11.4 Methods Using Semantic Information 167 11.5 Summary 171 12 Evaluation of Color Constancy Methods 172 12.1 Data Sets 172 12.2 Performance Measures 175 12.3 Experiments 180 12.4 Summary 185 PART IV Color Feature Extraction 187 13 Color Feature Detection 189 13.1 The Color Tensor 191 13.2 Color Saliency 205 13.3 Conclusions 218 14 Color Feature Description 221 14.1 Gaussian Derivative-Based Descriptors 225 14.2 Discriminative Power 229 14.3 Level of Invariance 235 14.4 Information Content 236 14.5 Summary 243 15 Color Image Segmentation 244 15.1 Color Gabor Filtering 245 15.2 Invariant Gabor Filters Under Lambertian Reflection 247 15.3 Color-Based Texture Segmentation 247 15.4 Material Recognition Using Invariant Anisotropic Filtering 249 15.5 Color Invariant Codebooks and Material-Specific Adaptation 256 15.6 Experiments 258 15.7 Image Segmentation by Delaunay Triangulation 263 15.8 Summary 268 PART V Applications 269 16 Object and Scene Recognition 271 16.1 Diagonal Model 272 16.2 Color SIFT Descriptors 273 16.3 Object and Scene Recognition 276 16.4 Results 280 16.5 Summary 285 17 Color Naming 287 17.1 Basic Color Terms 288 17.3 Color Names from Uncalibrated Data 304 17.4 Experimental Results 313 17.5 Conclusions 316 18 Segmentation of Multispectral Images 318 18.1 Reflection and Camera Models 319 18.2 Photometric Invariant Distance Measures 321 18.3 Error Propagation 325 18.4 Photometric Invariant Region Detection by Clustering 328 18.5 Experiments 330 18.6 Summary 338 Citation Guidelines 339 References 341 Index 363

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Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive depository of information relating to the scientific and technological aspects of Shale Gas and Alternative Energy. This book includes practical applications of existing technologies, from design to operating and troubleshooting. It is suitable for student looking for practical and applied energy information.Trade Review"As a reliable and current reference book, the 912-page Encyclopedia of Alternative Energy and Shale Gas contains a total of 76 articles [and] covers multiple important alternate energy and renewable energy sources and shale gas topics.... The book... has great value as a current energy reference book in public and university libraries, as well as on the bookshelves of those interested in getting a quick overview of alternate energy sources and shale gas." (The Professional Geologist, 23/01/2017) "Overall the book has a lot of information, some of it of interest to the public and politicians and some of it of interest to engineers. For both groups, this is a useful source of information. The articles have full bibliographies so topics can be taken further." (John Goodier, Reference Reviews, Vol 31, No 3)Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION: ENERGY DRIVES EVERYTHINGHoward C. Hayden xi LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xxv PART I WIND 1 Acceptance of Wind Power: An Introduction to Drivers and Solutions 3Jacob Ladenburg 2 Wind Power Forecasting Techniques 10Michael Negnevitsky 3 Maximizing the Loading inWind Turbine Plants: (A) The Betz Limit, (B) Ducting the Turbine 20D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 4 Modeling Wind Turbine Wakes for Wind Farms 28Angus C. W. Creech and Wolf-Gerrit Fr¨uh 5 Fatigue Failure inWind Turbine Blades 52Juan C. Marin, Alberto Barroso, Federico Paris, and Jose Canas 6 Floating Wind Turbines: The New Wave in Offshore Wind Power 69Antoine Peiffer and Dominique Roddier 7 Wind Power—Aeole Turns Marine 80Roger H. Charlier and Alexandre C. Thys 8 Impacts of Wind Farms on Weather and Climate at Local and Global Scales 88Justin J. Traiteur and Somnath Baidya Roy 9 Power Curves and Turbulent Flow Characteristics of Vertical Axis Wind Turbines 104Kevin Pope and Greg F. Naterer 10 Windmill Brake State Models Used in Predicting Wind Turbine Performance 116Panu Pratumnopharat and Pak Sing Leung 11 Lightning Protection of Wind Turbines and Associated Phenomena 120Petar Sarajcev 12 Wind Turbine Wake Modeling—Possibilities with Actuator Line/Disc Approaches 141Stefan Ivanell and Robert Mikkelsen 13 Random Cascade Model for Surface Wind Speed 153R. Baile and J. F. Muzy 14 Wind Power Budget 163Hugo Abi Karam 15 Identification ofWind Turbines in Closed-Loop Operation in the Presence of Three-Dimensional Turbulence Wind Speed: Torque Demand to Measured Generator Speed Loop 169Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dor´e Landau 16 Identification in Closed-Loop Operation of Models for Collective Pitch Robust Controller Design 180Mikel Iribas-Latour and Ion-Dore Landau 17 Wind Basics—Energy from Moving Air 194 18 Wind—Chronological Development 201 PART II SOLAR 19 Solar Air Conditioning 205Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 20 Energy Performance of Hybrid Cogeneration Versus Side-by-Side Solar Water Heating and Photovoltaic for Subtropical Building Application 212Tin-Tin Chow, Ka-Kui Tse, and Norman Tse 21 Polycrystalline Silicon for Thin Film Solar Cells 226Nicolas Budini, Roberto D. Arce, Roman H. Buitrago, and Javier A. Schmidt 22 Solar Basics – Energy from the Sun 233 23 NASA Armstrong Fact Sheet: Solar-Power Research 241 24 Solar Thermal – Chronological Development 247 25 Photovoltaic – Chronological Development 249 PART III GEOTHERMAL 26 Geothermal: History, Classification, and Utilization for Power Generation 253Mathew C. Aneke and Mathew C. Menkiti 27 Enhanced Geothermal Systems 265Rosemarie Mohais, Choashui Xu, Peter A. Dowd, and Martin Hand 28 Thermodynamic Analysis of Geothermal Power Plants 290Mehmet Kanoglu and Ali Bolatturk 29 Sustainability Assessment of Geothermal Power Generation 301Annette Evans, Vladimir Strezov, and Tim J. Evans 30 Geothermal Energy and Organic Rankine Cycle Machines 310Bertrand F. Tchanche 31 Low Temperature Geothermal Energy: Geospatial and Economic Indicators 318Alberto Gemelli, Adriano Mancini, and Sauro Longhi 32 Dry Cooling Towers for Geothermal Power Plants 333Zhiqiang Guan, Kamel Hooman, and Hal Gurgenci 33 Thermal Storage 350Marc A. Rosen 34 Shallow Geothermal Systems: Computational Challenges and Possibilities 368Rafid Al-Khoury 35 Geothermal Basics—What is Geothermal Energy? 390 36 Geothermal—Chronologic Development 394 PART IV HYDROPOWER 37 Sustainability of Hydropower 399Joerg Hartmann 38 Environmental Issues Related to Conventional Hydropower 404Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Alison H. Colotelo, Richard S. Brown, and Thomas J. Carlson 39 Social Issues Related to Hydropower 410Joerg Hartmann 40 Safety in Hydropower Development and Operation 413Urban Kjellen 41 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage 423John P. Deane and Brian O’Gallachoir 42 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Hydroelectric Dams in Tropical Forests 426Philip M. Fearnside 43 Physical and Multidimensional Numeric Hydraulic Modeling of Hydropower Systems and Rivers 437Timothy C. Sassaman and Daniel Gessler 44 Experimental and Numerical Modeling Tools for Conventional Hydropower Systems 448Zhiqun Daniel Deng, Thomas J. Carlson, Gene R. Ploskey, Richard S. Brown, Gary E. Johnson, and Alison H. A. Colotelo 45 The State of Art on Large Cavern Design for Underground Powerhouses and Some Long-Term Issues 465Omer Aydan 46 Hydroelectric Power for the Nation 488 47 Hydropower Basics—Energy from Moving Water 492 48 Hydropower—Chronologic Development 497 PART V BATTERIES AND FUEL CELLS 49 Fuel Cell Control 501Winston Garcia-Gabin and Darine Zambrano 50 Recent Trends in the Development of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Systems 509Amornchai Arpornwichanop and Suthida Authayanun 51 Integrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Systems for Electrical Power Generation—A Review 526Suttichai Assabumrungrat, Amornchai Arpornwichanop, Vorachatra Sukwattanajaroon, and Dang Saebea 52 Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Secondary Batteries 547Fiona M. Gray and Michael J. Smith 53 Recycling and Disposal of Battery Materials 566Michael J. Smith and Fiona M. Gray 54 AC OR DC 578M. Aram Azadpour PART VI RENEWABLE ENERGY CONCEPTS 55 Will Renewables Cut Carbon Dioxide Emissions Substantially? 581Herbert Inhaber 56 The Concept of Base-Load Power 585Mark Diesendorf 57 Tidal Power Harnessing 590Roger H. Charlier 58 The Loading ofWater Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines 601D. P. Georgiou and N. G. Theodoropoulos 59 Bottled Gas as Household Energy 606Masami Kojima 60 Exergy Analysis: Theory and Applications 628Marc A. Rosen 61 Global Transport Energy Consumption 651Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery 62 Biomass: Renewable Energy from Plants and Animals 657 63 Planting and Managing Switchgrass as a Biomass Energy Crop 663 64 Municipal SolidWaste—Chronological Development 675 65 Ethanol—Chronological Development 677 66 Thermal Properties of Methane Hydrate by Experiment and Modeling and Impacts Upon Technology 680Robert P. Warzinski, Isaac K. Gamwo, Eilis J. Rosenbaum, Evgeniy M. Myshakin, Hao Jiang, Kenneth D. Jordan, Niall J. English, and David W. Shaw (Public Domain) PART VII SHALE GAS 67 Shale Gas Will Rock theWorld 689Amy Myers Jaffe 68 What is Shale Gas? 692Energy Information Administration (Public Domain) 69 Directional and Horizontal Drilling in Oil and Gas Wells 695Public Domain 70 Hydraulic Fracturing of Oil and Gas Wells Drilled in Shale 697Public Domain 71 Hydraulic Fracturing: A Game-Changer for Energy and Economies 700Isaac Orr 72 Zero Discharge Water Management for Horizontal Shale Gas Well Development 720West Virginia Water Research Institute (Public Domain) 73 About Oil Shale—What is Oil Shale? 723Public Domain 74 Natural Gas Basics—How Was Natural Gas Formed? 725Public Domain 75 Natural Gas—Chronological Development 732Public Domain 76 Energy Mineral Division of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Shale Gas and Liquids Committee Annual Report, FY 2014 734Neil S. Fishman, Chair INDEX 857

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Book SynopsisIn the near future, wireless sensor networks will become an integral part of our day-to-day life. To solve different sensor networking related issues, researchers have been putting various efforts and coming up with innovative ideas. Within the last few years, we have seen a steep growth of research works particularly on various sensor node organization issues. The objective of this book is to gather recent advancements in the fields of self-organizing wireless sensor networks as well as to provide the readers with the essential information about sensor networking.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi 1 INTRODUCTION: SERVICE RELIABILITY 1 1.1 Motivation 4 1.2 Technical Challenges 5 1.3 Summary of Earlier Solutions 7 1.4 Summary of New Ways to Verify Web Services 8 1.5 Structure of the Book 10 References 11 2 MODEL CHECKING 15 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Model Checking 18 2.2 State-Space Explosion 19 2.3 Model-Checking Tools 22 References 25 3 PETRI NETS 27 3.1 Colored Petri Nets 31 3.1.1 CPN ML 31 3.1.2 CPN Syntax and Semantics 35 3.1.3 Timed Colored Petri Nets 41 3.1.4 Multisets 47 3.1.5 CPN Definitions 47 3.2 Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets 49 References 55 4 WEB SERVICES 57 4.1 Business Process Execution Language 59 4.2 Spring Framework 70 4.3 JAXB 2 APIs 74 4.3.1 Unmarshaling XML Documents 74 4.3.2 Marshaling Java Objects 75 References 76 5 MEMORY-EFFICIENT STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS IN SOFTWARE MODEL CHECKING 77 5.1 Motivation 78 5.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 79 5.3 Related Work 83 5.4 Models for Memory-Efficient State-Space Analysis 86 5.4.1 Sequential Model 87 5.4.2 Tree Model 98 5.5 Experimental Results 108 5.6 Discussion 112 5.7 Summary 113 References 113 6 TIME-EFFICIENT STATE-SPACE ANALYSIS IN SOFTWARE MODEL CHECKING 115 6.1 Motivation 116 6.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 118 6.3 Overview of Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets 119 6.4 Related Work 123 6.5 Technique for Time-Efficient State-Space Analysis 125 6.5.1 Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graph 126 6.5.2 Exploring a Module 129 6.5.3 Access Table and Parameterized Reachability Graph for a Super-module 134 6.5.4 Algorithms for Generating Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graphs 137 6.5.5 Additional Memory Cost for Storing Access Tables and Parameterized Reachability Graphs 143 6.5.6 Theoretical Evaluation of the Reduction in Delay 145 6.6 Experimental Results 149 6.7 Discussion 151 6.8 Summary 152 References 153 7 GENERATING HIERARCHICAL MODELS BY IDENTIFYING STRUCTURAL SIMILARITIES 155 7.1 Motivation 156 7.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 158 7.3 Basics of Substitution Transition 160 7.4 Related Work 161 7.5 Method for Installing Hierarchy 162 7.5.1 Lookup Method 163 7.5.2 Clustering Method 189 7.5.3 Time Complexity of the Lookup Algorithm 193 7.6 Experimental Results 194 7.7 Discussion 201 7.8 Summary 202 References 203 8 FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING, SIMULATION, AND VERIFICATION OF A BPEL SPECIFICATION 205 8.1 Motivation 206 8.2 Overview of the Problem and Solution 208 8.3 Related Work 209 8.4 Colored Petri Net Semantics for BPEL 211 8.4.1 Component A 211 8.4.2 Component B 214 8.4.3 Object Model for BPEL Activities 217 8.4.4 XML Templates 221 8.4.5 Algorithm for Cloning Templates 234 8.5 Results 236 8.6 Discussion 241 8.7 Summary 242 References 242 9 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK 245 9.1 Results 246 9.2 Discussion 249 9.3 What Could Be Improved? 251 References 252 INDEX 255

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Book SynopsisDiscusses the growth mechanisms of tin whiskers and the effective mitigation strategies necessary to reduce whisker growth risks This book covers key tin whisker topics, ranging from fundamental science to practical mitigation strategies.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Introduction xi 1 A Predictive Model forWhisker Formation Based on Local Microstructure and Grain Boundary Properties 1Pylin Sarobol, Ying Wang, Wei-Hsun Chen, Aaron E. Pedigo, John P. Koppes, John E. Blendell and Carol A. Handwerker 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Characteristics of Whisker and Hillock Growth from Surface Grains, 3 1.3 Summary and Recommendations, 17 Acknowledgments, 18 References, 19 2 Major Driving Forces and Growth Mechanisms for TinWhiskers 21Eric Chason and Nitin Jadhav 2.1 Introduction, 21 2.2 Understanding the Mechanisms Behind Imc-Induced Stress Evolution and Whisker Growth, 24 2.3 Relation of Stress to Whisker Growth, 34 2.4 Conclusions, 39 Acknowledgments, 40 References, 40 3 Approaches of Modeling and Simulation of Stresses in Sn Finishes 43Peng Su and Min Ding 3.1 Introduction, 43 3.2 Constitutive Model, 44 3.3 Strain Energy Density, 46 3.4 Grain Orientation, 46 3.5 Finite Element Modeling of Triple-Grain Junction, 48 3.6 Finite Element Modeling of Sn Finish with Multiple Grains, 55 References, 66 4 Properties and Whisker Formation Behavior of Tin-Based Alloy Finishes 69Takahiko Kato and Asao Nishimura 4.1 Introduction, 69 4.2 General Properties of Tin-based Alloy Finishes (Asao Nishimura), 70 4.3 Effect of Alloying Elements on Whisker Formation and Mitigation (Asao Nishimura), 75 4.4 Dependence of Whisker Propensity of Matte Tin–Copper Finish on Copper Lead-Frame Material (Takahiko Kato), 89 4.5 Conclusions, 118 Acknowledgments, 118 References, 119 5 Characterization Techniques for Film Characteristics 125Takahiko Kato and Yukiko Mizuguchi 5.1 Introduction, 125 5.2 TEM (Takahiko Kato), 125 5.3 SEM (Yukiko Mizuguchi), 140 5.4 EBSD (Yukiko Mizuguchi), 146 5.5 Conclusions, 154 Acknowledgments, 155 References, 155 6 Overview of Whisker-Mitigation Strategies for High-Reliability Electronic Systems 159David Pinsky 6.1 Overview of Tin Whisker Risk Management, 159 6.2 Details of Tin Whisker Mitigation, 164 6.3 Managing Tin Whisker Risks at the System Level, 173 6.4 Control of Subcontractors and Suppliers, 183 6.5 Conclusions, 185 References, 185 7 Quantitative Assessment of Stress Relaxation in Tin Films by the Formation of Whiskers, Hillocks, and Other Surface Defects 187Nicholas G. Clore, Dennis D. Fritz, Wei-Hsun Chen, Maureen E. Williams, John E. Blendell and Carol A. Handwerker 7.1 Introduction, 187 7.2 Surface-Defect Classification and Measurement Method, 189 7.3 Preparation and Storage Conditions of Electroplated Films on Substrates, 194 7.4 Surface Defect Formation as a Function of Tin Film Type, Substrate, and Storage Condition, 195 7.5 Conclusions, 209 Appendix, 209 Acknowledgments, 209 References, 213 8 Board Reflow Processes and their Effect on Tin Whisker Growth 215Jasbir Bath 8.1 Introduction, 215 8.2 The Effect of Reflowed Components on Tin Whisker Growth in Terms of Grain Size and Grain Orientation Distribution, 215 8.3 Reflow Profiles and the Effect on Tin Whisker Growth, 216 8.4 Influence of Reflow Atmosphere and Flux on Tin Whisker Growth, 219 8.5 Effect of Solder Paste Volume on Component Tin Whisker Growth during Electronics Assembly, 220 8.6 Conclusions, 221 Acknowledgments, 222 References, 222 9 Mechanically Induced TinWhiskers 225Tadahiro Shibutani and Michael Osterman 9.1 Introduction, 225 9.2 Overview of Mechanically Induced Tin Whisker Formation, 227 9.3 Theory, 228 9.4 Case Studies, 237 9.5 Conclusions, 245 References, 246 Index 249

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together experts in the field who present material on a number of important and growing topics including lighting, displays, solar concentrators.The first chapter provides an overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics. Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and descriptions of the optical components used in illumination systems. The next two chapters provide material within the theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing applications. This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to three years.The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert to perform the task.Trade Review“Aside from illumination engineers, the book could be useful for graduate electrical or optical engineering students.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 September 2013)Table of ContentsPREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xvii GLOSSARY xix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1 1.1 What Is Illumination? 1 1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2 1.3 Units 4 1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4 1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6 1.4 Intensity 9 1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10 1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11 1.6.1 Lambertian 13 1.6.2 Isotropic 14 1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15 1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15 1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16 1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17 1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18 1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20 1.8.3 TIR Optics 22 1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24 1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24 1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25 1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28 1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29 References 30 CHAPTER 2 ÉTENDUE 31 2.1 Étendue 32 2.2 Conservation of Étendue 33 2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and Étendue 34 2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized Étendue 36 2.2.3 Conservation of Étendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40 2.3 Other Expressions for Étendue 41 2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41 2.3.2 Throughput 42 2.3.3 Extent 43 2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43 2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43 2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44 2.4 Design Examples Using Étendue 45 2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45 2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48 2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50 2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52 2.5 Concentration Ratio 59 2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61 2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61 2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63 2.7 Étendue Discussion 67 References 68 CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ÉTENDUE 71 3.1 Introduction 71 3.2 Étendue Squeezers versus Étendue Rotators 71 3.2.1 Étendue Rotating Mappings 74 3.2.2 Étendue Squeezing Mappings 77 3.3 Introductory Example of Étendue Squeezer 79 3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80 3.4 Canonical Étendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82 3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82 3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83 3.4.3 Étendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85 3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88 3.6 Étendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95 3.7 Conclusions 95 Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96 Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98 References 99 CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101 4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103 4.4 SMS Chains 104 4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105 4.4.2 Conditions 106 4.5 SMS Surfaces 106 4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107 4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108 4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109 4.6 Design Examples 109 4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110 4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111 4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115 4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117 4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129 4.7 Conclusions 140 References 144 CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147 5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147 5.2 Acceptance Angle 148 5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal Étendue: Aplanatic Optics 164 5.5 3D Miñano–Benitez Design Method Applied to High Solar Concentration 171 5.6 Köhler Integration in One Direction 180 5.7 Köhler Integration in Two Directions 195 5.8 Appendix 5.A Acceptance Angle of Square Concentrators 201 5.9 Appendix 5.B Polychromatic Effi ciency 204 Acknowledgments 207 References 207 CHAPTER 6 LIGHTPIPE DESIGN 209 6.1 Background and Terminology 209 6.1.1 What is a Lightpipe 209 6.1.2 Lightpipe History 210 6.2 Lightpipe System Elements 211 6.2.1 Source/Coupling 211 6.2.2 Distribution/Transport 211 6.2.3 Delivery/Output 212 6.3 Lightpipe Ray Tracing 212 6.3.1 TIR 212 6.3.2 Ray Propagation 212 6.4 Charting 213 6.5 Bends 214 6.5.1 Bent Lightpipe: Circular Bend 214 6.5.2 Bend Index for No Leakage 215 6.5.3 Refl ection at the Output Face 216 6.5.4 Refl ected Flux for a Specifi c Bend 217 6.5.5 Loss Because of an Increase in NA 218 6.5.6 Other Bends 219 6.6 Mixing Rods 220 6.6.1 Overview 220 6.6.2 Why Some Shapes Provide Uniformity 221 6.6.3 Design Factors Infl uencing Uniformity 223 6.6.4 RGB LEDs 226 6.6.5 Tapered Mixers 228 6.7 Backlights 233 6.7.1 Introduction 233 6.7.2 Backlight Overview 234 6.7.3 Optimization 235 6.7.4 Parameterization 235 6.7.4.1 Vary Number 236 6.7.4.2 Vary Size 236 6.7.5 Peak Density 237 6.7.6 Merit Function 237 6.7.7 Algorithm 238 6.7.8 Examples 239 6.8 Nonuniform Lightpipe Shapes 245 6.9 Rod Luminaire 246 Acknowledgments 247 References 247 CHAPTER 7 SAMPLING, OPTIMIZATION, AND TOLERANCING 251 7.1 Introduction 251 7.2 Design Tricks 253 7.2.1 Monte Carlo Processes 254 7.2.2 Reverse Ray Tracing 257 7.2.3 Importance Sampling 260 7.2.4 Far-Field Irradiance 263 7.3 Ray Sampling Theory 266 7.3.1 Transfer Effi ciency Determination 266 7.3.2 Distribution Determination: Rose Model 268 7.4 Optimization 272 7.4.1 Geometrical Complexity 273 7.4.2 Merit Function Designation and Calculation 280 7.4.3 Optimization Methods 281 7.4.4 Fractional Optimization with Example: LED Collimator 282 7.5 Tolerancing 289 7.5.1 Types of Errors 290 7.5.2 System Error Sensitivity Analysis: LED Die Position Offset 290 7.5.3 Process Error Case Study: Injection Molding 291 References 297 INDEX 299

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Book SynopsisThe latest frequency synthesis techniques, including sigma-delta, Diophantine, and all-digital Sigma-delta is a frequency synthesis technique that has risen in popularity over the past decade due to its intensely digital nature and its ability to promote miniaturization. A continuation of the popular Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock, Second Edition, this timely resource provides a broad introduction to sigma-delta by pairing practical simulation results with cutting-edge research. Advanced Frequency Synthesis by Phase Lock discusses both sigma-delta and fractional-nthe still-in-use forerunner to sigma-deltaemploying Simulink models and detailed simulations of results to promote a deeper understanding. After a brief introduction, the book shows how spurs are produced at the synthesizer output by the basic process and different methods for overcoming them. It investigates how various defects in sigma-delta synthesis contribute to spurs or noise in the synthesized signal. SyntTable of ContentsPreface xv Symbols List and Glossary xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Phase-Locked Synthesizer 2 1.2 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesis 3 1.3 Representing a Change in Divide Number 3 1.4 Units 5 1.5 Representing Phase Noise 5 1.6 Phase Noise at the Synthesizer Output 7 1.7 Observing the Output Spectrum 7 2 Fractional-N and Basic ΣΔ Synthesizers 9 2.1 First-Order Fractional-N 9 2.1.1 Canceling Quantization Noise 11 2.1.2 Cancellation with a PFD 13 2.1.3 Cancellation Techniques 15 2.1.4 Spectrum without Cancellation 16 2.1.5 Influence of N 17 2.2 Second-Order Fractional-N 17 2.2.1 Purpose 17 2.2.2 Form 18 2.2.3 Performance 19 2.2.4 Interpreting the Spectrum 21 2.3 Higher Order Fractional-N 24 2.3.1 Constant Sampling Rate 25 2.3.2 Noise Shaping Versus Cancellation 28 2.3.3 Effect of a Varying Sampling Rate 28 2.4 Spectrums with Constant Sampling Rate 31 2.4.1 100.625 MHz with Zero Initial Condition 31 2.4.2 100.62515... with Zero Initial Condition 34 2.4.3 100.625 MHz with Seed 36 2.5 Summary of Spectrums 36 2.6 Summary 36 3 Other Spurious Reduction Techniques 39 3.1 LSB Dither 39 3.2 Maximum Sequence Length 43 3.3 Shortened Accumulators and Lower Primes 48 3.4 Long Sequence 51 3.5 Summary 53 4 Defects in ΣΔ Synthesizers 55 4.1 Noise Models 55 4.1.1 VCO Noise 55 4.1.2 Basic-Reference Noise 56 4.1.3 Equivalent Input Noise 56 4.1.4 ΣΔ Quantization Noise 57 4.1.5 Parameter Dependence 57 4.1.6 Synthesizer Output Noise 57 4.1.6.1 Nominal Parameters 59 4.1.6.2 Higher Fout 60 4.1.6.3 Higher Fref 62 4.1.6.4 Summary 63 4.2 Levels of Other Noise in ΣΔ Synthesizers 64 4.2.1 Dither 65 4.2.2 Varying Sample Rate 65 4.2.3 Mismatched (Unbalanced) Charge Pumps 66 4.2.4 Levels for All Four Loop Configurations 67 4.2.5 Simple Charge Pump 69 4.2.6 System Performance 71 4.3 Noise Sources, Equivalent Input Noise 71 4.3.1 Without ΣΔ Modulation 72 4.3.2 Increase with ΣΔ Modulation 73 4.4 Discrete Sidebands 74 4.4.1 At Offsets Related to ffract 74 4.4.1.1 Due to Current Mismatch 74 4.4.1.2 Not Necessarily Related to Mismatch 75 4.4.2 At Offsets of nFref 75 4.4.2.1 Due to SD Modulation 76 4.4.2.2 Due to Delays in the PFD 77 4.4.2.3 Due to Leakage Current 77 4.4.2.4 Due to All Three 77 4.4.2.5 With Resampling 78 4.4.2.6 Significance of Levels 78 4.4.3 Charge Pump Dead Zone 80 4.5 Summary 80 5 Other ΣΔ Architectures 81 5.1 Stability 81 5.2 Feedback 82 5.3 Feedforward 85 5.4 Quantizer Offset 89 5.5 MASH-n1n2n3 91 5.6 Cancellation of Quantization Noise in the General Modulator 92 5.7 Fractional Swallows 93 5.7.1 Resulting Spurs 96 5.7.2 Estimate of Achievable Suppression 96 5.7.3 Fractional Swallows in a ΣΔ Synthesizer 96 5.8 Hardware Reduction 97 5.8.1 Analysis 97 5.8.2 Simulation 100 6 Simulation 103 6.1 SandH.mdl 103 6.1.1 The Synthesizer Loop 105 6.1.2 MASH Modulator 105 6.1.3 Setting Parameters 105 6.1.4 Accumulator Size 106 6.1.5 Scopes 107 6.1.6 Spectrum Analyzers 107 6.1.7 Spectrums Observed 108 6.1.8 Reason for Frequency Conversion 110 6.1.9 Synchronization 111 6.2 SandHreverse.mdl 111 6.3 CPandI.mdl 111 6.4 Dither.mdl 111 6.5 HandK.mdl 113 6.6 SimplePD.mdl 114 6.7 CPandIplus.mdl 114 6.7.1 CP Balance 114 6.7.2 PFD Delays 116 6.7.3 Data Acquisition 116 6.7.4 Log Plots 116 6.8 CPandITrunc.mdl 117 6.9 Adapting a Model 118 6.10 EFeedback.mdl 118 6.11 FeedForward.mdl 120 6.12 MASH modulator scripts 120 6.13 SynStep__.mdl 121 6.14 Other Methods 121 7 Diophantine Synthesizer 123 7.1 Two-Loop Synthesizer 124 7.2 Multi Loop Synthesizers 126 7.3 MATLAB Scripts 126 7.3.1 loop2tune 126 7.3.2 loopxtune 128 7.3.3 Algorithm 128 7.4 Signal Mixing 129 7.5 Reference-Frequency Coupling 132 7.6 Center Frequencies 133 8 Operation at Extreme Bandwidths 135 8.1 Determining the Effects of Sampling 135 8.2 A Particular Case 136 8.3 When are Sampling Effects Important? 141 8.4 Computer Program 141 8.5 Sampling Effects in ΣΔ Synthesizers 141 9 All-Digital Frequency Synthesizers 145 9.1 The Flying Adder Synthesizer 146 9.1.1 The Concept 146 9.1.2 Frequencies Generated 147 9.1.3 Jitter 149 9.1.4 Suppression of Spurs 150 9.1.5 Further Development 151 9.2 ADPLL Synthesizer 151 9.2.1 ADPLL Concept 151 9.2.2 The Numbers 152 9.2.3 Mathematical Representation 152 9.2.4 DCO 153 9.2.5 Loop Filter 154 9.2.6 Synchronization 154 9.2.7 Phase Noise 154 9.2.7.1 In-Band Noise, Critical Source 154 9.2.7.2 Improving Resolution 155 9.2.8 Reference Spurs 157 9.2.9 Fractional Spurs 157 9.2.10 Modulation Response 159 9.2.11 ΣΔ Cancellation 159 9.2.12 Simulation 159 9.2.13 Dead Zone 160 Appendix A. All Digital 163 A.1 Flying Adder Circuits 163 A.2 ADPLL Synthesizer 164 A.2.1 Alternative Architecture 164 A.2.2 Reference Jitter and the Dead Zone 165 A.2.3 Reference Jitter and Calibration 167 A.2.4 Initial Plan for a Model of an ADPLL Synthesizer 168 Appendix C. Fractional Cancellation 171 C.1 Modulator Details 171 C.2 First Accumulator 173 C.3 Second Accumulator 173 C.4 Additional Accumulators 174 C.5 Accumulator without Input Register 176 Appendix E. Excess PPSD 177 E.1 Development of Eq. (2.4) 177 E.2 Approximating kp as constant 180 E.3 Approximation in Eq. (E.8) 181 Appendix F. References to FS2 183 Appendix G. Using GSMPL 185 G.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function 185 G.1.1 Without Sampling 185 G.1.2 Using Gsmpl 186 G.1.3 Sampling Effects 186 G.2 Closed-Loop Responses 187 G.3 Saving Results 187 G.4 Version Number 187 G.5 Example Session 187 G.6 Generating Analysis Plots 189 G.7 Verification of Gardner’s Stability Limits 191 G.8 The Nyquist Plot 192 G.8.1 Without Sampling 193 G.8.2 With Sampling 193 Appendix H. Sample-and-Hold Circuit 195 H.1 Transient Performance 195 H.1.1 No Sampling 196 H.1.2 Ideal Sampler 196 H.1.3 Hold with Integrator 196 H.1.4 Modified Hold with Integrator 200 H.2 Filter Capacitor Before Sampler 202 Appendix L. Loop Response 207 L.1 Primary Loop 207 L.1.1 Open-Loop Transfer Function 207 L.1.2 Error Transfer Function 208 L.1.3 Forward Transfer Function 209 L.1.4 Output PPSD Shape 211 L.2 Damped Loop 213 Appendix M. Mash PSD 215 M.1 MASH Modulator: First Stage 217 M.2 MASH Modulator: Second Order 219 M.3 MASH Modulator: Higher Order 219 M.4 Variances 221 M.5 Some Parameters of S 222 M.6 Previous Development 222 M.7 Some MASH Modulator Characteristics 222 M.8 Characteristics of MATLAB scripts mashone and mashall_ 223 Appendix N. Sampled Noise 225 N.1 Case 1: Wn ≪ fref 225 N.2 Case 2: 1/ T ≫ Wn ≫ fref 225 N.3 Case 3: Wn ≫ 1/ T ≫ fref 226 N.4 Variance of Sampled Noise (1/ T ≫ fref) 226 N.5 Convolution of PSDs 227 N.6 Representing Squared PSDs 228 Appendix O. Oscillator Spectrums 229 Appendix P. Phase Detectors 231 Appendix Q. Quantization PPSD 233 Q.1 Development of Eq. (Q.1) 234 Q.2 Superposition 235 Q.3 New Synthesized Frequency 236 Q.4 Loop Response 237 Q.5 Verification of the Effect of Sampling on the Loop 237 Appendix R. Reference Frequency Spurs 241 R.1 Leakage Current 242 R.2 Pulse Offset 242 R.3 ΣΔ Modulation 243 R.4 Effect of ΣΔ Modulation on Pulse Offset Spurs 244 R.5 Effect of ΣΔ Modulation on Leakage Spurs 247 R.6 Effects of Resampling 247 Appendix S. Spectrum Analysis 249 S.1 Spectrums 249 S.1.1 Periodicity 249 S.1.2 Accurate Representation 250 S.1.3 Approximate Representation 251 S.1.4 Representation of a Sequence 252 S.2 The Spectrum Analyzer 253 S.3 The Window Function 253 S.4 Density and Discrete Spurs 254 S.5 Control Parameters 255 S.6 Frequency Conversion in an Analyzer 255 S.7 Displaying L, FPSD, and PPSD 256 S.8 Spectral Overlaps 256 S.8.1 Aliasing 256 S.8.2 Spectral Folding 257 S.8.3 Image 258 S.9 Anomalous Spurs 258 Appendix T. Toolboxes 259 Appendix U. Noise Produced By Charge Pump Current Unbalance (Mismatch) 261 Appendix W. Getting Files From the Wiley Internet Site 265 Appendix X. Some Tables 267 X.1 Accumulator Shortening 267 X.2 Sequence Lengths 268 End Notes 269 References 277 Index 283

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Book Synopsis* DFR records, oscillograms and numerical relay fault records are analyzed * Functional system diagrams showing monitored voltages and currents are provided * Provides real world case studies involving protection systems for generators, transformers, overhead transmission lines, etc.Trade Review"The author has published a unique and valuable reference book on disturbance analysis for power systems and is to be honored for his life-long dedication and significant contributions to the electric power community. His book enhances power system engineers to understand power system phenomena which impact protective relaying practices. Adequate and safe system operations is the result of understanding power system disturbances and protection system response during power system disturbances. I strongly recommend reading the author book, titled “Disturbance Analysis for Power Systems” published by Wiley on October, 2011, documenting his over 40 years of experience in the protection and control and system disturbance analysis areas."— Simon R. Chano Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Power System Disturbance Analysis Function 1 1.1 Analysis Function of Power System Disturbances 2 1.2 Objective of DFR Disturbance Analysis 4 1.3 Determination of Power System Equipment Health Through System Disturbance Analysis 5 1.4 Description of DFR Equipment 6 1.5 Information Required for the Analysis of System Disturbances 7 1.6 Signals to be Monitored by a Fault Recorder 8 1.7 DFR Trigger Settings of Monitored Voltages and Currents 10 1.8 DFR and Numerical Relay Sampling Rate and Frequency Response 11 1.9 Oscillography Fault Records Generated by Numerical Relaying 11 1.10 Integration and Coordination of Data Collected from Intelligent Electronic Devices 12 1.11 DFR Software Analysis Packages 12 1.12 Verification of DFR Accuracy in Monitoring Substation Ground Currents 21 1.13 Using DFR Records to Validate Power System Short-Circuit Study Models 24 1.14 COMTRADE Standard 31 2 Phenomena Related To System Faults and The Process of Clearing Faults From A Power System 33 2.1 Shunt Fault Types Occurring in a Power System 33 2.2 Classification of Shunt Faults 34 2.3 Types of Series Unbalance in a Power System 39 2.4 Causes of Disturbance in a Power System 39 2.5 Fault Incident Point 40 2.6 Symmetric and Asymmetric Fault Currents 41 2.7 Arc-Over or Flashover at the Voltage Peak 44 2.8 Evolving Faults 48 2.9 Simultaneous Faults 51 2.10 Solid or Bolted (RF¼0) Close-in Phase-to-Ground Faults 52 2.11 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Solid (RF¼0) Remote Line-to-Ground Fault 53 2.12 Sequential Clearing Leading to a Stub Fault that Shows a Resistive Remote Line-to-Ground Fault 54 2.13 High-Resistance Tree Line-to-Ground Faults 56 2.14 High-Resistance Line-to-Ground Fault Confirming the Resistive Nature of the Fault Impedance When Fed from One Side Only (Stub) 58 2.15 Phase-to-Ground Faults on an Ungrounded System 59 2.16 Current in Unfaulted Phases During Line-to-Ground Faults 60 2.17 Line-to-Ground Fault on the Grounded-Wye (GY) Side of a Delta/GY Transformer 63 2.18 Line-to-Line Fault on the Grounded-Wye Side of a Delta/GY Transformer 65 2.19 Line-to-Line Fault on the Delta Side of a Delta/GY Transformer with No Source Connected to the Delta Winding 66 2.20 Subcycle Relay Operating Time During an EHV Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault 68 2.21 Self-Clearing of a C-g Fault Inside an Oil Circuit Breaker Tank 69 2.22 Self-Clearing of a B-g Fault Caused by a Line Insulator Flashover 70 2.23 Delayed Clearing of a Pilot Scheme Due to a Delayed Communication Signal 71 2.24 Sequential Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault 72 2.25 Step-Distance Clearing of an L-g Fault 74 2.26 Ground Fault Clearing in Steps by an Instantaneous Ground Element at One End and a Ground Time Overcurrent Element at the Other End 76 2.27 Ground Fault Clearing by Remote Backup Following the Failures of Both Primary and Local Backup (Breaker Failure) Protection Systems 78 2.28 Breaker Failure Clearing of a Line-to-Ground Fault 79 2.29 Determination of the Fault Incident Point and Classification of Faults Using a Comparison Method 81 3 Power System Phenomena and Their Impact On Relay System Performance 85 3.1 Power System Oscillations Leading to Simultaneous Tripping of Both Ends of a Transmission Line and the Tripping of One End Only on an Adjacent Line 86 3.2 Generator Oscillations Triggered by a Combination of L-g Fault, Loss of Generation, and Undesired Tripping of Three 138-kV Lines 91 3.3 Stable Power Swing Generated During Successful Synchronization of a 200-MW Unit 95 3.4 Major System Disturbance Leading to Different Oscillations for Different Transmission Lines Emanating from the Same Substation 96 3.5 Appearance of 120-Hz Current at a Generator Rotor During a High-Side Phase-to-Ground Fault 98 3.6 Generator Negative-Sequence Current Flow During Unbalanced Faults 101 3.7 Inadvertent (Accidental) Energization of a 170-MW Hydro Generating Unit 102 3.8 Appearance of Third-Harmonic Voltage at Generator Neutral 104 3.9 Variations of Generator Neutral Third-Harmonic Voltage Magnitude During System Faults 106 3.10 Generator Active and Reactive Power Outputs During a GSU High-Side L-g Fault 107 3.11 Loss of Excitation of a 200-MW Unit 108 3.12 Generator Trapped (Decayed) Energy 110 3.13 Nonzero Current Crossing During Faults and Mis-Synchronization Events 112 3.14 Generator Neutral Zero-Sequence Voltage Coupling Through Step-Up Transformer Interwinding Capacitance During a High-Side Ground Fault 113 3.15 Energizing a Transformer with a Fault on the High Side within the Differential Zone 115 3.16 Transformer Inrush Currents 118 3.17 Inrush Currents During Energization of the Grounded-Wye Side of a YG/Delta Transformer 120 3.18 Inrush Currents During Energization of a Transformer Delta Side 121 3.19 Two-Phase Energization of an Autotransformer with a Delta Winding Tertiary During a Simultaneous L-g Fault and an Open Phase 124 3.20 Phase Shift of 30_ Across the Delta/Wye Transformer Banks 127 3.21 Zero-Sequence Current Contribution from a Remote Two-Winding Delta/YG Transformer 128 3.22 Conventional Power-Regulating Transformer Core Type Acting as a Zero-Sequence Source 129 3.23 Circuit Breaker Re-Strikes 130 3.24 Circuit Breaker Pole Disagreement During a Closing Operation 132 3.25 Circuit Breaker Opening Resistors 133 3.26 Secondary Current Backfeeding to Breaker Failure Fault Detectors 134 3.27 Magnetic Flux Cancellation 136 3.28 Current Transformer Saturation 138 3.29 Current Transformer Saturation During an Out-of-Step System Condition Initiated by Mis-Synchronization of a Generator Breaker 141 3.30 Capacitive Voltage Transformer Transient 143 3.31 Bushing Potential Device Transient During Deenergization of an EHV Line 144 3.32 Capacitor Bank Breaker Re-Strike Following Interruption of a Capacitor Normal Current 146 3.33 Capacitor Bank Closing Transient 147 3.34 Shunt Capacitor Bank Outrush into Close-in System Faults 149 3.35 SCADA Closing into a Three-Phase Fault 153 3.36 Automatic Reclosing into a Permanent Line-to-Ground Fault 154 3.37 Successful High-Speed Reclosing Following a Line-to-Ground Fault 155 3.38 Zero-Sequence Mutual Coupling–Induced Voltage 156 3.39 Mutual Coupling Phenomenon Causing False Tripping of a High-Impedance Bus Differential Relay During a Line Phase-to-Ground Fault 159 3.40 Appearance of Nonsinusoidal Neutral Current During the Clearing of Three-Phase Faults 162 3.41 Current Reversal on Parallel Lines During Faults 164 3.42 Ferranti Voltage Rise 166 3.43 Voltage Oscillation on EHV Lines Having Shunt Reactors at their Ends 168 3.44 Lightning Strike on an Adjacent Line Followed by a C-g Fault Caused by a Separate Lightning Strike on the Monitored Line 172 3.45 Spill Over of a 345-kV Surge Arrester Used to Protect a Cable Connection, Prior to its Failure 173 3.46 Scale Saturation of an A/D Converter Caused by a Calibration Setting Error 174 3.47 Appearance of Subsidence Current at the Instant of Fault Interruption 176 3.48 Energizing of a Medium Voltage Motor that has an Incorrect Formation of the Stator Winding Neutral 177 3.49 Phase Angle Change from Loading Condition to Fault Condition 179 4 Case Studies Related To Generator System Disturbances 183 4.1 Generator Protection Basics 184 Case Studies 186 Case Study 4.1 Appearance of Double-Frequency (120-Hz) Current in a Hydrogenerator Rotor Due to Stator Negative-Sequence Current Flow During a 115-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 186 Case Study 4.2 Inadvertent (Accidental) Energization of a 170-MW Hydro Unit 193 Case Study 4.3 Loss of Excitation for a 200-MW Generating Unit Caused by Human Error 204 Case Study 4.4 Loss-of-Excitation Trip in an 1100-MW Unit 212 Case Study 4.5 Mis-synchronization of a 50-MW Steam Unit for a Combined-Cycle Plant 214 Case Study 4.6 Mis-synchronization of a 200-MW Hydro Unit 222 Case Study 4.7 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Differential Relay During Manual Synchronization of a Hydro Unit 231 Case Study 4.8 Tripping of a 500-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Triggered by a High-Side 138-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 236 Case Study 4.9 Tripping of a 110-MW Combustion Turbine Unit in a Combined-Cycle Plant During a Power Swing 244 Case Study 4.10 Analysis of an 800-MW Generating Plant DFR Record for a Normally Cleared 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault 247 Case Study 4.11 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Due to a Failed Lead of One Generator Terminal Surge Capacitor 250 Case Study 4.12 Generator Stator Ground Fault in an 800-MW Fossil Unit 260 Case Study 4.13 Three-Phase Fault at the Terminal of an 800-MW Generator Unit 265 Case Study 4.14 Three-Phase Fault at the Terminal of a 50-MW Generator Due to a Cable Connection Failure 271 Case Study 4.15 Generator Stator Phase-to-Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Failure of the Rotor Fan Blade 276 Case Study 4.16 Undesired Tripping of a Pump Storage Plant During a Close-in Phase-to-Ground 345-kV Line Fault 286 Case Study 4.17 Tripping of an 800-MW Plant and the Associated EHV Lines During a 345-kV Bus Fault 293 Case Study 4.18 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant During an External 138-kV Three-Phase Fault 296 Case Study 4.19 Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant During a Disturbance in the 138-kV Transmission System 303 Case Study 4.20 Undesired Tripping of a 150-MW Combined-Cycle Plant Following Successful Clearing of a 138-kV Double-Phase-to-Ground Fault 308 Case Study 4.21 Undesired Tripping of an Induction Generator by a Differential Relay Having a Capacitor Bank Within the Protection Zone 311 Case Study 4.22 Undesired Tripping of a Steam Unit Upon Its First Synchronization to the System During the Commissioning Phase of a Combined-Cycle Plant 314 Case Study 4.23 Sequential Shutdown of a Steam-Driven Generating Unit as Part of a 500-MWCombined-Cycle Plant 318 Case Study 4.24 Wiring Errors Leading to Undesired Generator Numerical Differential Relay Operation During the Commissioning Phase of a New Unit 320 Case Study 4.25 Phasing a New Generator into the System Prior to Commissioning 324 Case Study 4.26 Third-Harmonic Undervoltage Element Setting Procedure for 100% Stator Ground Fault Protection 327 Case Study 4.27 Basis for Setting the Generator Relaying Elements to Provide System Backup Protection 330 5 Case Studies Related To Transformer System Disturbances 335 5.1 Transformer Basics 336 5.2 Transformer Differential Protection Basics 344 5.3 Case Studies 347 Case Study 5.1 Energization of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer with a 13.8-kV Phase-to-Phase Bus Fault Within the Transformer Differential Protection Zone 347 Case Study 5.2 Lack of Protection Redundancy for a Generator Step-up Transformer Leads to Interruption of a 230-kV Area 353 Case Study 5.3 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay Due to a Relay Setting Error in the Winding Configuration 357 Case Study 5.4 Location of a 13.8-kV Switchgear Phase-to-Phase Fault Using Transformer Differential Numerical Relay Fault Records 363 Case Study 5.5 Operation of a Unit Step-Up Transformer with an Open Phase on the 13.8-kV Delta Winding 370 Case Study 5.6 Using a Transformer Phasing Diagram, Digital Fault Recorder Record, and Relay Targets to Confirm the Damaged Phase of a Unit Auxiliary Transformer Failure 375 Case Study 5.7 Failure of a 450-MVA 345/138/13.2-kV Autotransformer 381 Case Study 5.8 Failure of a 750-kVA 13.8/0.480-kV Station Service Transformer Due to a Possible Ferroresonance Condition 387 Case Study 5.9 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay During an External Line-to-Ground Fault 394 Case Study 5.10 Undesired Operation of Numerical Transformer Differential Relays During Energization of Two 75-MVA 138/13.8-kV GSU Transformers 407 Case Study 5.11 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay During Energization of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer 411 Case Study 5.12 Phase-to-Phase Fault Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault at the High Side of a 5-MVA 13.8/4.16-kV Station Service Transformer 414 Case Study 5.13 Phase-to-Phase Fault Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault at the 13.8-kV Bus Connection of a 2-MVA 13.8/0.480-kV Station Service Enclosure 420 Case Study 5.14 Phase-to-Phase Fault in a 13.8-kV Switchgear Caused by Heavy Rain Evolving into a Three-Phase Fault 426 Case Study 5.15 Undesired Operation of a Numerical Transformer Differential Relay Due to a Missing CT Cable Connection as an Input to the Relay Wiring 430 Case Study 5.16 Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Flashover of a Transformer 115-kV Bushing Due to a Bird Droppings 434 Case Study 5.17 Using a Transformer Numerical Relay Oscillography Record to Analyze Phase-to-Ground Faults in a 4.16-kV Low-Resistance Grounding Supply 439 Case Study 5.18 Phase-to-Phase Fault Caused by a Squirrel in a 13.8-kV Cable Bus Which Evolves into a Three-Phase Fault 447 Case Study 5.19 13.8-kV Transformer Lead Phase-to-Phase Fault Due to Animal Contact, Evolving into a 115-kV Transformer Bushing Fault 451 Case Study 5.20 Undesired Tripping of a Numerical Multifunction Transformer Relay by Assertion of a Digital Input Wired to the Buchholz Relay Trip Output 456 6 Case Studies Related To Overhead Transmission-Line System Disturbances 461 6.1 Line Protection Basics 463 6.2 Case Studies 466 Case Study 6.1 Using a DFR Record From One End Only to Determine Local and Remote-End Clearing Times for a Line-to-Ground Fault 466 Case Study 6.2 Analysis of Clearing Times for a Phase-to-Ground Fault from Both Ends of a 345-kV Transmission Line Using Oscillograms from One End Only 469 Case Study 6.3 Analysis of a Three-Phase Fault Caused by Lightning 471 Case Study 6.4 Analysis of a Double-Phase-to-Ground 765-kV Fault Caused by Lightning 473 Case Study 6.5 Assessment of Transmission Tower Footing Resistance by Analyzing a Three-Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Lightning 476 Case Study 6.6 115-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault Cleared First from a Solidly Grounded System, Then Connected and Cleared from an Ungrounded System 478 Case Study 6.7 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault (C-g) Caused by an Act of Vandalism 485 Case Study 6.8 345-kV Phase-to-Ground (A-g) Fault Due to an Accident Along the Line Right-of-Way 489 Case Study 6.9 False Tripping of a 138-kV Current Differential Relaying System During an External Phase-to-Ground Fault 495 Case Study 6.10 Undesired Operation of a 13.8-kV Feeder Ground Relay During a Three-Phase Fault Due to an Extra CT Circuit Ground 502 Case Study 6.11 Correction of a System Model Error from Analysis of a Failure of a Post Insulator Associated with a 115-kV Disconnect Switch 512 Case Study 6.12 Location of a 345-kV Line Fault Protected by Electromechanical Distance Relays Using Information from a DFR Record 519 Case Study 6.13 Location of an Outdoor 13.8-kV Switchgear Fault at a Cogeneration Facility Using a DFR Fault Record from a Remote Substation 524 Case Study 6.14 Breakage (Failure) of a 345-kV Subconductor Bundle During a High-Resistance Tree Fault, Due to the Heavily Loaded Line Sagging to a Tree 529 Case Study 6.15 115-kV Phase-to-Phase Fault Caused by Failure of a Circuit Switcher 536 Case Study 6.16 Undesired Tripping of a 115-kV Feeder Due to a Setting Application Error in the Time Overcurrent Element for a Numerical Line Protection Relay 539 Case Study 6.17 Mitigation of Mutual Coupling Effects on the Reach of Ground Distance Relays Protecting High and Extrahigh-Voltage Transmission Lines 544 7 Case Studies Related To Cable Transmission Feeder System Disturbances 571 Case Studies 572 Case Study 7.1 Optimum Design of Relaying Protection Zones Leads to Quick Identification of a Faulted 345-kV Submarine Cable Section 572 Case Study 7.2 Undesired Operation of a 138-kV Cable Feeder Differential Relay During the Commissioning Phase of a 500-MW Plant 578 Case Study 7.3 Phase-to-Ground Fault Caused by Failure of a 345-kV Cable Connection Between the Generator and the Switchyard, Accompanied by Mechanical Failure of One of the Cable Pot Head Phases 588 Case Study 7.4 Troubleshooting a 345-kV Phase-to-Ground Fault Using Relay Targets Only 595 Case Study 7.5 Failure of a 345-kV Cable Connection Between a 300-MW Generator and a 345-kV Switchyard, Causing a Phase-to-Ground Fault 603 Case Study 7.6 138-kV Cable Pot Head Failure Analysis Using Numerical Current Differential Relay Oscillography and Event Records 607 8 Case Studies Related To Breaker Failure Protection System Disturbances 615 8.1 Breaker Failure Protection Basics 616 Case Studies 626 Case Study 8.1 Tripping of a Combined-Cycle 150-MW Plant by Undesired Operation of a Solid-State Breaker Failure Relaying System 626 Case Study 8.2 115-kV Dual Breaker Failures Resulting in the Loss of a 1000-MW Plant and Associated Substations 634 Case Study 8.3 230-kV Substation Outage Due to Circuit Breaker Problems During the Clearing of a Close-in Phase-to-Ground Fault 640 Case Study 8.4 Failure of a 230-kV Circuit Breaker Leading to Isolation of a 1000-MW Plant and Associated Substations 646 Case Study 8.5 Generator CB Failure During Automatic Synchronization of the Circuit Breaker 654 Case Study 8.6 Circuit Breaker Re-strikes While Clearing Simultaneous Phase-to-Ground Faults on a 230-kV Double-Circuit Tower 660 Case Study 8.7 345-kV Capacitor Bank Breaker Fault Coupled with an Additional Failure of a Dual SF6 Pressure 345-kV Breaker During the Clearing of the Fault 664 Case Study 8.8 Oil Circuit Breaker Failure Following the Clearing of a Failed 230-kV Surge Arrester 671 Case Study 8.9 Detection of a Remote Circuit Breaker Problem from Analysis of a Local Oscillogram Monitoring Line Currents and Voltages 676 Case Study 8.10 Blackout of a 138-kV Load Area Due to a Primary Relay System Failure and the Lack of DC Control Power for the Secondary Relay System Circuit 678 Case Study 8.11 Installation of Two 345-kV Breakers in Series Within a Ring Substation Configuration to Mitigate the Loss of Critical Lines During Breaker Failure Events 682 Case Study 8.12 Design of Two 138-kV Circuit Breakers in Series to Fulfill the Need of Breaker Failure Protection 682 9 Problems 685 Index 715

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Book SynopsisMicrosystems are systems that integrate, on a chip or a package, one or more of many different categories of microdevices. As the past few decades were dominated by the development and rapid miniaturization of circuitry, the current and coming decades are witnessing a similar revolution in the miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and electronics; and communication, control and power devices. Applications ranging from biomedicine to warfare are driving rapid innovation and growth in the field, which is pushing this topic into graduate and undergraduate curricula in electrical, mechanical, and biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsAbout The Authors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Micro Sensors, Actuators, Systems And Smart Materials: An Overview Chapter 3 Micromachining Technologies Chapter 4 Mechanics Of Slender Solids In Microsystems Chapter 5 Finite Element Method Chapter 6 Modeling Of Coupled Electromechanical Systems Chapter 7 Electronics Circuits And Control For Micro And Smart Systems Chapter 8 Integration Of Micro And Smart Systems Chapter 9 Scaling Effects In Microsystems Chapter 10 Simulation Of Microsystems Using Fea Software Acronyms Notation Glossary Appendix Index

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Book SynopsisProviding a clear review of all major wireless broadband standards with an emphasis on managing the explosive growth in mobile video, this book gives an accessible overview of the various standards as well as practical information on 802. 11 link adaptation, 4G smartphone antenna design, wireless video streaming, and smart grids.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1 Overview of Broadband Wireless Networks 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Radio Spectrum 4 1.2.1 Unlicensed Frequency Bands 4 1.2.2 The 2.4 GHz Unlicensed Band 5 1.2.3 The 5 GHz Unlicensed Band 6 1.2.4 The 60 GHz Unlicensed Band 8 1.2.5 Licensed Frequency Bands 8 1.3 Signal Coverage 10 1.3.1 Propagation Mechanisms 11 1.3.2 Multipath 11 1.3.3 Delay Spread and Time Dispersion 13 1.3.4 Coherence Bandwidth 14 1.3.5 Doppler Spread 15 1.3.6 Shadow Fading 15 1.3.7 Radio Propagation Modeling 16 1.3.8 Channel Characteristics 18 1.3.9 Gaussian Channel 18 1.3.10 Rayleigh Channel 18 1.3.11 Rician Channel 19 1.4 Modulation 20 1.4.1 Linear versus Constant Envelope 20 1.4.2 Coherent versus Noncoherent Detection 21 1.4.3 Bit Error Performance 22 1.5 Multipath Mitigation Methods 22 1.5.1 Equalization 22 1.5.2 Multicarrier Transmission 24 1.5.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 25 1.5.4 Wideband Systems 28 1.5.5 Error Control 31 1.6 Multiple Antenna Systems 32 1.6.1 Receive Diversity versus Transmit Diversity 33 1.6.2 Switched Antenna Receive Diversity 33 1.6.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems 34 1.6.4 Spatial Multiplexing 36 1.6.5 Space–Time Coding 38 1.6.6 Alamouti Space–Time Coding 38 1.6.7 Beamforming MIMO Antenna Arrays 40 1.6.8 Downlink MIMO Architectures 41 1.6.9 Open-Loop and Closed-Loop MIMO 42 1.6.10 Single-User and Multiuser MIMO 43 1.7 Interference 45 1.7.1 Spatial Frequency Reuse 45 1.7.2 Cochannel Interference 47 1.7.3 Multiuser Interference 48 1.8 Mobility and Handoff 49 1.8.1 Intercell versus Intracell Handoff 49 1.8.2 Mobile-Initiated versus Network-Initiated Handoff 49 1.8.3 Forward versus Backward Handoff 50 1.9 Channel Assignment Strategies 50 1.9.1 Medium Access Control Protocols 51 1.9.2 Signal Duplexing Techniques 52 1.9.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 54 1.10 Performance Evaluation of Wireless Networks 56 1.10.1 Impact of Link Adaptation 58 1.10.2 Impact of Higher Layers 58 1.10.3 Impact of Number of Antennas 60 1.10.4 Impact of Centralized Control 61 1.11 Outdoor Deployment Considerations 61 1.11.1 Fixed Access Path Loss Model 62 1.11.2 Mobile Access Path Loss Models 63 1.11.3 Single Carrier and Multicarrier OFDM Comparison 64 1.11.4 Impact of Modulation and Operating Frequency 64 References 65 Homework Problems 66 Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 80 2.1 802.11 Deployments and Applications 80 2.2 802.11 Today 82 2.3 IEEE 802.11 Standard 83 2.4 IEEE 802.11 Network Architecture 86 2.4.1 Joining a BSS 88 2.4.2 Association Procedures 88 2.4.3 Disassociation and Reassociation 88 2.5 IEEE 802.11 Basic Reference Model 89 2.5.1 OFDM PHY 90 2.5.2 OFDM PLCP Frame Format 92 2.5.3 Medium Access Control 92 2.5.4 Interframe Space Definitions 93 2.5.5 Distributed Coordination Function 95 2.5.6 Virtual Sensing 97 2.5.7 Point Coordination Function 101 2.5.8 Hybrid Coordination Function 102 2.5.9 Synchronization 103 2.5.10 Transmit Opportunity Scheduling 103 2.5.11 Traffic Specification Construction 104 2.5.12 Radio Resource Measurement 106 2.5.13 Station Power Management 107 2.6 IEEE 802.11 Security 108 2.6.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 109 2.6.2 Robust Security Network Association 111 2.6.3 Mutual Authentication and Key Management 112 2.6.4 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol 114 2.6.5 Counter-Mode Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol 114 2.6.6 Protection of Management Frames 115 2.7 IEEE 802.11n Amendment 115 2.7.1 Data Rates and Dual Band Operation 116 2.7.2 Error Control 117 2.7.3 High-Throughput Station 117 2.7.4 Mixed Mode Preamble 120 2.7.5 Greenfield Preamble 120 2.7.6 Transceiver Design 121 2.7.7 Antenna Selection 122 2.7.8 Subcarrier Mapping 122 2.7.9 Space–Time Block Coding 122 2.7.10 Antenna Beamforming 123 2.7.11 MIMO Control Field 124 2.7.12 HT Capabilities Element 124 2.7.13 MAC Enhancements 125 2.7.14 MPDU Header 125 2.7.15 Frame Types and MAC Addresses 126 2.7.16 Block Acknowledgment 128 2.7.17 Virtual Sensing 130 2.7.18 Use of 40 MHz Channels 131 2.8 New IEEE 802.11 Multigigabit Task Groups 131 2.9 IEEE 802.11ac Amendment 132 2.9.1 Multiuser MIMO 132 2.9.2 Use of 256-QAM 133 2.9.3 Available Bandwidth 134 2.9.4 Modulation and Coding Schemes 134 2.9.5 Interoperability 135 2.10 IEEE 802.11ad Amendment 135 2.10.1 PHY Specifications 140 2.10.2 MAC Specifications 141 2.10.3 Beamforming Protocol 143 2.10.4 60 GHz Implementation 143 References 145 Homework Problems 145 Chapter 3 IEEE 802.16 Standard 162 3.1 Overview of IEEE 802.16 162 3.2 Basic IEEE 802.16 Operation 164 3.2.1 Reference Model 164 3.2.2 Frequency Bands 167 3.3 IEEE 802.16-2004 Standard 167 3.3.1 Frame Format 168 3.3.2 Multiple Antenna Transmission 170 3.3.3 Adaptive Antenna System 171 3.4 IEEE 802.16e Amendment 172 3.4.1 Subcarrier Allocation 172 3.4.2 Control Mechanisms 173 3.4.3 Closed-Loop Power Control 173 3.4.4 OFDM/OFDMA Implementation 174 3.4.5 Transmit Diversity 174 3.5 IEEE 802.16 Medium Access Control 175 3.5.1 Duplexing 175 3.5.2 Uplink Transmission 175 3.5.3 Downlink Transmission 176 3.5.4 Polling Mechanisms 176 3.5.5 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 176 3.5.6 Bandwidth Allocation 177 3.5.7 Service Flows 177 3.5.8 Unsolicited Grant Service 178 3.5.9 Real-Time Polling Service 178 3.5.10 Non–Real-Time Polling Service 178 3.5.11 Extended Real-Time Variable Rate Service 179 3.5.12 Multicast Support 179 3.5.13 Mobility Support 179 3.5.14 Power Conservation 180 3.6 IEEE 802.16m Amendment 180 3.6.1 UL/DL Adaptive Modulation and Coding Schemes 181 3.6.2 DL MIMO Enhancement 182 3.6.3 UL MIMO Enhancement 183 3.6.4 Frame Format 183 3.6.5 Advanced Preambles 184 3.6.6 Resource Blocks 184 3.6.7 Pilot Subcarriers 184 3.6.8 MAC Layer 185 3.6.9 Enhanced Services 186 3.6.10 Summary of 802.16m Features and Performance 186 3.7 WiMAX Forum 187 3.8 Wireless Access Using WiMAX 188 3.8.1 WiMAX Deployment 188 3.8.2 WiMAX/Wi-Fi Router 190 References 190 Homework Problems 190 Chapter 4 Long Term Evolution 193 4.1 High Speed Packet Access 193 4.2 Long Term Evolution 194 4.2.1 Evolved Packet Core 195 4.2.2 Frequency Bands 197 4.2.3 Physical Layer 197 4.2.4 UL Subcarrier Allocation 199 4.2.5 MIMO Modes 199 4.2.6 Frame Format 200 4.2.7 Physical Resource Blocks 201 4.2.8 Packetization Framework 202 4.2.9 Channel Functions and Mapping 204 4.2.10 Power Saving Modes 209 4.2.11 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service 209 4.3 LTE-Advanced 210 4.3.1 Carrier Aggregation 210 4.3.2 HetNet Topology 211 4.3.3 MIMO Modes 213 4.3.4 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission/Reception 213 4.4 Femtocells 213 4.4.1 Deployment 214 4.4.2 Interference Management 214 4.4.3 Traffic Offload Using Femto HNBs 214 4.5 Antenna Design Challenges for 4G Smartphones 215 4.5.1 Physical Considerations 215 4.5.1.1 Antenna Size 215 4.5.1.2 Mutual Coupling between Multiple Antennas 216 4.5.1.3 Correlation Coefficient 217 4.5.1.4 Device Usage Models 221 4.5.2 Current Handset Antenna Configurations and Challenges 222 4.5.3 Antenna Implementation 223 4.5.4 Conclusion 225 References 225 Homework Problems 226 Chapter 5 ATSC Digital TV and IEEE 802.22 Standards 230 5.1 Digital TV Frequency Channels 230 5.2 Digital TV Standards 231 5.2.1 Overview of Advanced Television Systems Committee 232 5.2.2 ATSC DTV Standard 232 5.2.3 Digital Video Broadcast-Terrestrial 2 232 5.3 Mobile TV 233 5.3.1 Mobile ATSC Standard 233 5.3.2 Digital Video Broadcast-Handheld 235 5.3.3 Digital Multimedia Broadcasting 235 5.3.4 Comparison of TV Standards 236 5.4 The IEEE 802.22 Standard 236 5.4.1 Physical Layer Overview 238 5.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 238 5.4.3 Preambles 239 5.4.4 Bandwidth Resource Allocation 240 5.4.5 Spectral Awareness 240 5.4.6 Spectrum Sensing Function 240 5.4.7 Medium Access Control Overview 241 5.4.8 MAC Frame Format 242 5.4.9 Coexistence Beacon Protocol 242 5.4.10 Security 244 5.4.11 IEEE 802.22.1 244 5.5 Whitespace Alliance 245 References 245 Homework Problems 246 Chapter 6 Mesh, Relay, and Interworking Networks 249 6.1 Introduction 249 6.1.1 Mesh Radio Transceivers and Channels 250 6.1.2 Advantages of Mesh Networks 253 6.1.3 Packet Routing 253 6.1.4 Public Mesh Networks 254 6.2 802.11 Mesh Networks 254 6.2.1 802.11s Amendment 254 6.2.2 Mesh Discovery 255 6.3 Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol 257 6.3.1 Frame Forwarding Function 258 6.3.2 Mesh Deterministic Access 259 6.3.3 Mesh Link Security 260 6.3.4 Secure Peer Link Establishment 261 6.3.5 Airtime Metric 261 6.3.6 Mesh Power Management 262 6.3.7 Layer 2 Congestion Control 262 6.3.8 Mesh Coordination Function 263 6.3.9 Mesh Channel Switching 263 6.4 802.16 Relay Networks 264 6.4.1 PHY and MAC Layer Extensions 264 6.4.2 Scheduling Modes 264 6.4.3 Relay Modes 265 6.4.4 Cooperative Relays 265 6.5 802.11 Interworking with External Networks 266 References 267 Homework Problems 268 Chapter 7 Wireless Video Streaming277 7.1 High-Definition and 3D Videos 277 7.2 Video Compression 278 7.2.1 MPEG Standard 279 7.2.2 H.264/MPEG-4 AVC Standard 280 7.2.3 Constant Bit Rate and Variable Bit Rate Videos 280 7.3 Video Streaming Interfaces and Standards 281 7.3.1 Robust Multicast 281 7.3.2 Prioritization 281 7.3.3 Overlapping BSS Management 282 7.3.4 Interworking with 802.1AVB 282 7.3.5 Higher Layer Factors 282 7.3.6 Digital Living Network Alliance 283 7.4 Adaptive Video Streaming 283 7.4.1 Video Quality and Chunk Efficiency 285 7.4.2 Video Quality for Different VBR Chunk Durations 287 7.4.3 Chunk Rate versus Chunk Duration 288 7.4.4 Chunk Efficiency versus Chunk Duration 290 7.4.5 Instantaneous and Average Rates for Different Chunk Durations 291 7.4.6 Wireless Live Streaming 291 7.4.7 Wireless Smooth Streaming 294 7.4.8 802.16 Smooth Streaming 294 7.4.9 802.11 Smooth Streaming 296 7.5 3D Video Transmission 298 7.5.1 View Multiplexing 298 7.5.2 H.264 Multiview Coding Extension 300 7.5.3 MVC Inter-View Prediction 300 7.5.4 MVC Inter-View Reordering 302 7.5.5 MVC Profiles 302 7.5.6 Comparing MVC with H.264 Video Coding 302 7.5.7 Correlation between Left and Right Views in S3D Videos 303 7.5.8 View Expansion via Pixel Interpolation 305 7.5.9 Pixel Interpolation Results 306 7.5.10 Inter-View versus Intraview Pixel Concealment 307 7.5.11 Interframe versus Intraview Pixel Interpolation 308 7.5.12 Impact of Quantization on Interpolated S3D Videos 308 7.5.13 Anaglyph 3D Generation 310 7.5.14 H.264 Coding Efficiency for Anaglyph Videos 311 7.5.15 Delta Analysis 311 7.5.16 Disparity Vector Generation 313 7.6 Media-Activated Wireless Communications 315 7.6.1 Leanback TV Navigation Using Hand Gestures 315 7.6.2 Multiuser and Multiscreen Media Sharing Using 802.11 315 References 317 Homework Problems 317 Chapter 8 Green Communications in Wireless Home Area Networks 327Contributed By Bob Heile 8.1 ZigBee Overview 327 8.2 Smart Grid Challenges 329 8.3 Home Area Networks 330 8.3.1 Time of Use 332 8.3.2 Electric Vehicles 333 8.4 Future Challenges 334 Homework Problem 334 Glossary 335 Index 347

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented look into the basic physics, chemistry, and technology behind the LCD Most notably used for computer screens, televisions, and mobile phones, LCDs (liquid crystal displays) are a pervasive and increasingly indispensable part of our lives. Providing both an historical and a business-minded context, this extensive resource describes the unique scientific and engineering techniques used to create these beautiful, clever, and eminently useful devices. In this book, the history of the science and technology behind the LCD is described in a prelude to the development of the device, presenting a rational development theme and pinpointing innovations. The book begins with Maxwell''s theory of electromagnetism, and the ultimately profound realization that light is an electromagnetic wave and an electromagnetic wave is light. The power of mathematical physics thus was brought to bear upon the study of light, and particularly the polarization of light by Trade Review“This is an excellent introductory book for readers interested in an overview of the science, technology and business of Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) … The author’s casual writing style makes this book uniquely accessible to a variety of readers, ranging from students to business executives.” (Optics & Photonics News, 13 April 2012) "As one would expect, the reference is written for a professional technical audience, but is clearly written and includes first-rate illustrations." (Book News, 1 October 2011) Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Foreword by Anthony C. Lowe. Preface. Acknowledgments. About the Author. 1 Double Refraction. 2 Electromagnetism. 3 Light in Matter. 4 The Polarization of an Electromagnetic Wave. 5 Liquid Crystals. 6 Thermodynamics for Liquid Crystals. 7 The Calculus of Variations. 8 The Mean Field. 9 Maier–Saupe Theory. 10 Phenomenological Theory. 11 Static Continuum Theory. 12 Dynamic Continuum Theory. 13 The First Liquid Crystal Display. 14 Liquid Crystal Display Chemistry. 15 The Twisted Nematic. 16 Engineering the Liquid Crystal. 17 The Active Matrix. 18 New Screens. 19 The Transistor and Integrated Circuit. 20 A Transistor for the Active Matrix. 21 Semiconductor Fabrication. 22 Enhancing the Image. 23 The Wider View. 24 Liquid Crystal Television. 25 Glass, Panels, and Modules. 26 The Global LCD Business. 27 New Technologies and Products. Index.

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Book SynopsisTeaches digital signal processing concepts via hands-on examples The OMAP-L138 eXperimenter is the latest inexpensive DSP development system to be adopted by the Texas Instruments University Program. The OMAP-L138 processor contains both ARM and DSP cores and is aimed at portable and mobile multimedia applications. This book concentrates on the demonstration of real-time DSP algorithms implemented on its C6748 DSP core. Digital Signal Processing and Applications with the OMAP-L138 eXperimenter provides an extensive and comprehensive set of program examples to aid instructors in teaching DSP in a laboratory using audio frequency signalsmaking it an ideal text for DSP courses at senior undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Subjects covered include polling-based, interrupt-based, and DMA-based I/O methods, and how real-time programs may be run using the board support library (BSL), the DSP/BIOS real-time operating system, or the DSP/BIOS Platform Support P

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisDesigned to support interactive teaching and computer assisted self-learning, this second edition of Electrical Energy Conversion and Transport is thoroughly updated to address the recent environmental effects of electric power generation and transmission, which have become more important together with the deregulation of the industry. New content explores different power generation methods, including renewable energy generation (solar, wind, fuel cell) and includes new sections that discuss the upcoming Smart Grid and the distributed power generation using renewable energy generation, making the text essential reading material for students and practicing engineers.Trade Review“This book is recommended reading for those interested in deepening their knowledge of electrical systems, energy conversion technologies, and the use of computer tools to assist in understanding of complex engineering problems.” (IEEE Power Electronics Society Newsletter, 1 August2013)Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xv 1 ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS 1 1.1. Electric Networks 2 1.1.1. Transmission Systems 4 1.1.2. Distribution Systems 6 1.2. Traditional Transmission Systems 6 1.2.1. Substation Components 8 1.2.2. Substations and Equipment 9 1.2.3. Gas Insulated Switchgear 17 1.2.4. Power System Operation in Steady-State Conditions 18 1.2.5. Network Dynamic Operation (Transient Condition) 20 1.3. Traditional Distribution Systems 20 1.3.1. Distribution Feeder 21 1.3.2. Residential Electrical Connection 24 1.4. Intelligent Electrical Grids 26 1.4.1. Intelligent High-Voltage Transmission Systems 26 1.4.2. Intelligent Distribution Networks 28 1.5. Exercises 28 1.6. Problems 29 2 ELECTRIC GENERATING STATIONS 30 2.1. Fossil Power Plants 34 2.1.1. Fuel Storage and Handling 34 2.1.2. Boiler 35 2.1.3. Turbine 41 2.1.4. Generator and Electrical System 43 2.1.5. Combustion Turbine 47 2.1.6. Combined Cycle Plants 48 2.2. Nuclear Power Plants 49 2.2.1. Nuclear Reactor 50 2.2.2. Pressurized Water Reactor 53 2.2.3. Boiling Water Reactor 55 2.3. Hydroelectric Power Plants 56 2.3.1. Low Head Hydroplants 59 2.3.2. Medium- and High-Head Hydroplants 60 2.3.3. Pumped Storage Facility 62 2.4. Wind Farms 63 2.5. Solar Power Plants 66 2.5.1. Photovoltaics 66 2.5.2. Solar Thermal Plants 70 2.6. Geothermal Power Plants 72 2.7. Ocean Power 73 2.7.1. Ocean Tidal 74 2.7.2. Ocean Current 75 2.7.3. Ocean Wave 75 2.7.4. Ocean Thermal 76 2.8. Other Generation Schemes 76 2.9. Electricity Generation Economics 77 2.9.1. O&M Cost 79 2.9.2. Fuel Cost 79 2.9.3. Capital Cost 80 2.9.4. Overall Generation Costs 81 2.10. Load Characteristics and Forecasting 81 2.11. Environmental Impact 85 2.12. Exercises 86 2.13. Problems 86 3 SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS 89 3.1. Circuit Analysis Fundamentals 90 3.1.1. Basic Defi nitions and Nomenclature 90 3.1.2. Voltage and Current Phasors 91 3.1.3. Power 92 3.2. AC Circuits 94 3.3. Impedance 96 3.3.1. Series Connection 100 3.3.2. Parallel Connection 100 3.3.3. Impedance Examples 104 3.4. Loads 109 3.4.1. Power Factor 111 3.4.2. Voltage Regulation 116 3.5. Basic Laws and Circuit Analysis Techniques 116 3.5.1. Kirchhoff’s Current Law 117 3.5.2. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 123 3.5.3. Thévenin’s and Norton’s Theorems 127 3.6. Applications of Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 128 3.7. Summary 140 3.8. Exercises 141 3.9. Problems 141 4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 145 4.1. Three-Phase Quantities 146 4.2. Wye-Connected Generator 151 4.3. Wye-Connected Loads 155 4.3.1. Balanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 156 4.3.2. Unbalanced Wye Load (Four-Wire System) 158 4.3.3. Wye-Connected Three-Wire System 160 4.4. Delta-Connected System 162 4.4.1. Delta-Connected Generator 162 4.4.2. Balanced Delta Load 163 4.4.3. Unbalanced Delta Load 166 4.5. Summary 168 4.6. Three-Phase Power Measurement 174 4.6.1. Four-Wire System 175 4.6.2. Three-Wire System 175 4.7. Per-Unit System 177 4.8. Symmetrical Components 182 4.8.1. Calculation of Phase Voltages from Sequential Components 182 4.8.2. Calculation of Sequential Components from Phase Voltages 183 4.8.3. Sequential Components of Impedance Loads 184 4.9. Application Examples 188 4.10. Exercises 203 4.11. Problems 204 5 TRANSMISSION LINES AND CABLES 207 5.1. Construction 208 5.2. Components of the Transmission Lines 215 5.2.1. Towers and Foundations 215 5.2.2. Conductors 216 5.2.3. Insulators 218 5.3. Cables 223 5.4. Transmission Line Electrical Parameters 224 5.5. Magnetic Field Generated by Transmission Lines 225 5.5.1. Magnetic Field Energy Content 229 5.5.2. Single Conductor Generated Magnetic Field 230 5.5.3. Complex Spatial Vector Mathematics 233 5.5.4. Three-Phase Transmission Line-Generated Magnetic Field 234 5.6. Transmission Line Inductance 239 5.6.1. External Magnetic Flux 240 5.6.2. Internal Magnetic Flux 241 5.6.3. Total Conductor Magnetic Flux 243 5.6.4. Three-Phase Line Inductance 244 5.7. Transmission Line Capacitance 249 5.7.1. Electric Field Generation 249 5.7.2. Electrical Field around a Conductor 250 5.7.3. Three-Phase Transmission Line Generated Electric Field 256 5.7.4. Three-Phase Line Capacitance 271 5.8. Transmission Line Networks 273 5.8.1. Equivalent Circuit for a Balanced System 273 5.8.2. Long Transmission Lines 277 5.9. Concept of Transmission Line Protection 282 5.9.1. Transmission Line Faults 282 5.9.2. Protection Methods 285 5.9.3. Fuse Protection 285 5.9.4. Overcurrent Protection 285 5.9.5. Distance Protection 288 5.10. Application Examples 289 5.10.1. Mathcad® Examples 289 5.10.2. PSpice®: Transient Short-Circuit Current in Transmission Lines 302 5.10.3. PSpice: Transmission Line Energization 304 5.11. Exercises 307 5.12. Problems 308 6 ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION 313 6.1. Magnetic Circuits 314 6.1.1. Magnetic Circuit Theory 315 6.1.2. Magnetic Circuit Analysis 317 6.1.3. Magnetic Energy 323 6.1.4. Magnetization Curve 324 6.1.5. Magnetization Curve Modeling 329 6.2. Magnetic and Electric Field Generated Forces 336 6.2.1. Electric Field-Generated Force 336 6.2.2. Magnetic Field-Generated Force 337 6.3. Electromechanical System 343 6.3.1. Electric Field 344 6.3.2. Magnetic Field 345 6.4. Calculation of Electromagnetic Forces 347 6.5. Applications 352 6.5.1. Actuators 353 6.5.2. Transducers 356 6.5.3. Permanent Magnet Motors and Generators 362 6.5.4. Microelectromechanical Systems 365 6.6. Summary 368 6.7. Exercises 368 6.8. Problems 369 7 TRANSFORMERS 375 7.1. Construction 376 7.2. Single-Phase Transformers 381 7.2.1. Ideal Transformer 382 7.2.2. Real Transformer 391 7.2.3. Determination of Equivalent Transformer Circuit Parameters 399 7.3. Three-Phase Transformers 408 7.3.1. Wye–Wye Connection 410 7.3.2. Wye–Delta Connection 415 7.3.3. Delta–Wye Connection 418 7.3.4. Delta–Delta Connection 420 7.3.5. Summary 420 7.3.6. Analysis of Three-Phase Transformer Configurations 421 7.3.7. Equivalent Circuit Parameters of a Three-Phase Transformer 429 7.3.8. General Program for Computing Transformer Parameters 432 7.3.9. Application Examples 435 7.3.10. Concept of Transformer Protection 447 7.4. Exercises 450 7.5. Problems 451 8 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 456 8.1. Construction 456 8.1.1. Round Rotor Generator 457 8.1.2. Salient Pole Generator 459 8.1.3. Exciter 462 8.2. Operating Concept 465 8.2.1. Main Rotating Flux 465 8.2.2. Armature Flux 468 8.3. Generator Application 472 8.3.1. Loading 472 8.3.2. Reactive Power Regulation 472 8.3.3. Synchronization 473 8.3.4. Static Stability 474 8.4. Induced Voltage and Armature Reactance Calculation 487 8.4.1. Induced Voltage Calculation 488 8.4.2. Armature Reactance Calculation 496 8.5. Concept of Generator Protection 507 8.6. Application Examples 511 8.7. Exercises 535 8.8. Problems 536 9 INDUCTION MACHINES 541 9.1. Introduction 541 9.2. Construction 543 9.2.1. Stator 543 9.2.2. Rotor 546 9.3. Three-Phase Induction Motor 547 9.3.1. Operating Principle 547 9.3.2. Equivalent Circuit 553 9.3.3. Motor Performance 556 9.3.4. Motor Maximum Output 557 9.3.5. Performance Analyses 560 9.3.6. Determination of Motor Parameters by Measurement 570 9.4. Single-Phase Induction Motor 591 9.4.1. Operating Principle 592 9.4.2. Single-Phase Induction Motor Performance Analysis 595 9.5. Induction Generators 603 9.5.1. Induction Generator Analysis 603 9.5.2. Doubly Fed Induction Generator 606 9.6. Concept of Motor Protection 608 9.7. Exercises 610 9.8. Problems 611 10 DC MACHINES 616 10.1. Construction 616 10.2. Operating Principle 620 10.2.1. DC Motor 620 10.2.2. DC Generator 623 10.2.3. Equivalent Circuit 625 10.2.4. Excitation Methods 628 10.3. Operation Analyses 629 10.3.1. Separately Excited Machine 630 10.3.2. Shunt Machine 637 10.3.3. Series Motor 645 10.3.4. Summary 651 10.4. Application Examples 652 10.5. Exercises 669 10.6. Problems 669 11 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS AND MOTOR CONTROL 673 11.1. Concept of DC Motor Control 674 11.2. Concept of AC Induction Motor Control 678 11.3. Semiconductor Switches 685 11.3.1. Diode 685 11.3.2. Thyristor 687 11.3.3. Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 692 11.3.4. Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 693 11.3.5. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor 695 11.3.6. Summary 696 11.4. Rectifi ers 697 11.4.1. Simple Passive Diode Rectifiers 697 11.4.2. Single-Phase Controllable Rectifiers 709 11.4.3. Firing and Snubber Circuits 726 11.4.4. Three-Phase Rectifiers 728 11.5. Inverters 729 11.5.1. Voltage Source Inverter with Pulse Width Modulation 732 11.5.2. Line-Commutated Thyristor-Controlled Inverter 735 11.5.3. High-Voltage DC Transmission 738 11.6. Flexible AC Transmission 739 11.6.1. Static VAR Compensator 740 11.6.2. Static Synchronous Compensator 744 11.6.3. Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor 744 11.6.4. Unifi ed Power Controller 747 11.7. DC-to-DC Converters 747 11.7.1. Boost Converter 748 11.7.2. Buck Converter 754 11.8. Application Examples 757 11.9. Exercises 773 11.10. Problems 774 Appendix A Introduction to Mathcad® 777 A.1. Worksheet and Toolbars 777 A.1.1. Text Regions 780 A.1.2. Calculations 780 A.2. Functions 783 A.2.1. Repetitive Calculations 784 A.2.2. Defining a Function 785 A.2.3. Plotting a Function 786 A.2.4. Minimum and Maximum Function Values 788 A.3. Equation Solvers 788 A.3.1. Root Equation Solver 789 A.3.2. Find Equation Solver 789 A.4. Vectors and Matrices 790 Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB® 794 B.1. Desktop Tools 794 B.2. Operators, Variables, and Functions 796 B.3. Vectors and Matrices 797 B.4. Colon Operator 799 B.5. Repeated Evaluation of an Equation 799 B.6. Plotting 800 B.7. Basic Programming 803 Appendix C Fundamental Units and Constants 805 C.1. Fundamental Units 805 C.2. Fundamental Physical Constants 809 Appendix D Introduction to PSpice® 810 D.1. Obtaining and Installing PSpice 810 D.2. Using PSpice 811 D.2.1. Creating a Circuit 811 D.2.2. Simulating a Circuit 812 D.2.3. Analyzing Simulation Results 813 Problem Solution Key 815 Bibliography 822 Index 824

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Book SynopsisProvides an easy to understand mathematical tool set for professionals an students in electromagnetic study Non-axiomatic, non-challenging, less formal tutorial approach on the subject Includes appendices with reference material that includes a helpful glossary of terms .Trade Review"This book will benefit scientists and engineers who use electromagnetic theory in the course of their work.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xi Reading Guide xv 1. Introduction 1 2. A Quick Tour of Geometric Algebra 7 2.1 The Basic Rules of a Geometric Algebra 16 2.2 3D Geometric Algebra 17 2.3 Developing the Rules 19 2.3.1 General Rules 20 2.3.2 3D 21 2.3.3 The Geometric Interpretation of Inner and Outer Products 22 2.4 Comparison with Traditional 3D Tools 24 2.5 New Possibilities 24 2.6 Exercises 26 3. Applying the Abstraction 27 3.1 Space and Time 27 3.2 Electromagnetics 28 3.2.1 The Electromagnetic Field 28 3.2.2 Electric and Magnetic Dipoles 30 3.3 The Vector Derivative 32 3.4 The Integral Equations 34 3.5 The Role of the Dual 36 3.6 Exercises 37 4. Generalization 39 4.1 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Multivectors 40 4.2 Blades 40 4.3 Reversal 42 4.4 Maximum Grade 43 4.5 Inner and Outer Products Involving a Multivector 44 4.6 Inner and Outer Products between Higher Grades 48 4.7 Summary So Far 50 4.8 Exercises 51 5. (3+1)D Electromagnetics 55 5.1 The Lorentz Force 55 5.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Free Space 56 5.3 Simplifi ed Equations 59 5.4 The Connection between the Electric and Magnetic Fields 60 5.5 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 64 5.6 Charge Conservation 68 5.7 Multivector Potential 69 5.7.1 The Potential of a Moving Charge 70 5.8 Energy and Momentum 76 5.9 Maxwell’s Equations in Polarizable Media 78 5.9.1 Boundary Conditions at an Interface 84 5.10 Exercises 88 6. Review of (3+1)D 91 7. Introducing Spacetime 97 7.1 Background and Key Concepts 98 7.2 Time as a Vector 102 7.3 The Spacetime Basis Elements 104 7.3.1 Spatial and Temporal Vectors 106 7.4 Basic Operations 109 7.5 Velocity 111 7.6 Different Basis Vectors and Frames 112 7.7 Events and Histories 115 7.7.1 Events 115 7.7.2 Histories 115 7.7.3 Straight-Line Histories and Their Time Vectors 116 7.7.4 Arbitrary Histories 119 7.8 The Spacetime Form of ∇ 121 7.9 Working with Vector Differentiation 123 7.10 Working without Basis Vectors 124 7.11 Classifi cation of Spacetime Vectors and Bivectors 126 7.12 Exercises 127 8. Relating Spacetime to (3+1)D 129 8.1 The Correspondence between the Elements 129 8.1.1 The Even Elements of Spacetime 130 8.1.2 The Odd Elements of Spacetime 131 8.1.3 From (3+1)D to Spacetime 132 8.2 Translations in General 133 8.2.1 Vectors 133 8.2.2 Bivectors 135 8.2.3 Trivectors 136 8.3 Introduction to Spacetime Splits 137 8.4 Some Important Spacetime Splits 140 8.4.1 Time 140 8.4.2 Velocity 141 8.4.3 Vector Derivatives 142 8.4.4 Vector Derivatives of General Multivectors 144 8.5 What Next? 144 8.6 Exercises 145 9. Change of Basis Vectors 147 9.1 Linear Transformations 147 9.2 Relationship to Geometric Algebras 149 9.3 Implementing Spatial Rotations and the Lorentz Transformation 150 9.4 Lorentz Transformation of the Basis Vectors 153 9.5 Lorentz Transformation of the Basis Bivectors 155 9.6 Transformation of the Unit Scalar and Pseudoscalar 156 9.7 Reverse Lorentz Transformation 156 9.8 The Lorentz Transformation with Vectors in Component Form 158 9.8.1 Transformation of a Vector versus a Transformation of Basis 158 9.8.2 Transformation of Basis for Any Given Vector 162 9.9 Dilations 165 9.10 Exercises 166 10. Further Spacetime Concepts 169 10.1 Review of Frames and Time Vectors 169 10.2 Frames in General 171 10.3 Maps and Grids 173 10.4 Proper Time 175 10.5 Proper Velocity 176 10.6 Relative Vectors and Paravectors 178 10.6.1 Geometric Interpretation of the Spacetime Split 179 10.6.2 Relative Basis Vectors 183 10.6.3 Evaluating Relative Vectors 185 10.6.4 Relative Vectors Involving Parameters 188 10.6.5 Transforming Relative Vectors and Paravectors to a Different Frame 190 10.7 Frame-Dependent versus Frame-Independent Scalars 192 10.8 Change of Basis for Any Object in Component Form 194 10.9 Velocity as Seen in Different Frames 196 10.10 Frame-Free Form of the Lorentz Transformation 200 10.11 Exercises 202 11. Application of the Spacetime Geometric Algebra to Basic Electromagnetics 203 11.1 The Vector Potential and Some Spacetime Splits 204 11.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Spacetime Form 208 11.2.1 Maxwell’s Free Space or Microscopic Equation 208 11.2.2 Maxwell’s Equations in Polarizable Media 210 11.3 Charge Conservation and the Wave Equation 212 11.4 Plane Electromagnetic Waves 213 11.5 Transformation of the Electromagnetic Field 217 11.5.1 A General Spacetime Split for F 217 11.5.2 Maxwell’s Equation in a Different Frame 219 11.5.3 Transformation of F by Replacement of Basis Elements 221 11.5.4 The Electromagnetic Field of a Plane Wave Under a Change of Frame 223 11.6 Lorentz Force 224 11.7 The Spacetime Approach to Electrodynamics 227 11.8 The Electromagnetic Field of a Moving Point Charge 232 11.8.1 General Spacetime Form of a Charge’s Electromagnetic Potential 232 11.8.2 Electromagnetic Potential of a Point Charge in Uniform Motion 234 11.8.3 Electromagnetic Field of a Point Charge in Uniform Motion 237 11.9 Exercises 240 12. The Electromagnetic Field of a Point Charge Undergoing Acceleration 243 12.1 Working with Null Vectors 243 12.2 Finding F for a Moving Point Charge 248 12.3 Frad in the Charge’s Rest Frame 252 12.4 Frad in the Observer’s Rest Frame 254 12.5 Exercises 258 13. Conclusion 259 14. Appendices 265 14.1 Glossary 265 14.2 Axial versus True Vectors 273 14.3 Complex Numbers and the 2D Geometric Algebra 274 14.4 The Structure of Vector Spaces and Geometric Algebras 275 14.4.1 A Vector Space 275 14.4.2 A Geometric Algebra 275 14.5 Quaternions Compared 281 14.6 Evaluation of an Integral in Equation (5.14) 283 14.7 Formal Derivation of the Spacetime Vector Derivative 284 References 287 Further Reading 291 Index 293 The IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of power generating stations that use salient pole electric machines. The contents include real-world examples such as large vertical hydro generators, as well as related problems and solutions.Trade ReviewHydro generators have been an essential part of the world’s electrical supply for over 100 years and have a power output up to about 1,000 MW. To our knowledge, this is the first book that is specifically focused on how to operate, test, and maintain such machines. This book has a similar format to the well-regarded book Handbook of Large Turbo Generator Operation and Maintenance, written by two of the authors of the hydro generator book (Kerszenbaum and Klempner). This book will be of interest to readers of this magazine because there is a significant focus on the electrical insulation used in hydro generator rotor and stator windings. The main authors are Mottershead and Bomben, who have extensive experience in hydro generator design and operation, respectively. These authors are well known from published papers and their work on IEEE standards working groups. Bomben is currently the chair of the Board of Governors for the IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference. Handbook of Large Hydro Generators: Operation and Maintenance is a practical handbook for engineers and maintenance staff responsible for the upkeep of large salient-pole hydro generators and pumped-storage generators. It first presents the physics and design of large vertical salient-pole generators. The book then offers readers real-world experience, problem description, and solutions, while teaching them about the design, modernization, inspections, maintenance, and operation of salient-pole machines. One of the best aspects are the explanations of what to look for when doing inspections of the rotor and stators. The book also covers generator protection and auxiliary systems inspection. The final two chapters are dedicated to maintenance and testing, and maintenance philosophies, upgrades, and uprates. Perhaps in a future version of this book they will discuss how to repair hydro generators in more detail. The handbook includes over 420 full color photos and 180 illustrations, forms, and tables to complement the topics covered in the chapters. Every hydro generating plant in the world should have a copy of this book.- John Shea, IEEE DEIS Magazine Book ReviewsTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xv Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Principles of Operation of Synchronous Machines 1 1.1 Introduction to Basic Notions on Electric Power 1 1.2 Electrical–Mechanical Equivalence 6 1.3 Alternating Current (AC) 6 1.4 Three-Phase Circuits 13 1.5 Basic Principles of Machine Operation 14 1.6 The Synchronous Machine 18 1.7 Synchronous Machine: Basic Operation 23 Chapter 2 Generator Design and Construction 35 2.1 Stator Core 36 2.2 Stator Frame 50 2.3 Electromagnetics 54 2.4 Core-End Heating 62 2.5 Flux and Armature Reaction 62 2.6 Stator Core and Frame Forces 64 2.7 Stator Windings 65 2.8 Stator Winding Wedges 79 2.9 Endwinding Support Systems 85 2.10 Stator Winding Configurations 86 2.11 Stator Terminal Connections 88 2.12 Rotor Rim 91 2.13 Rotor Spider/Drum 103 2.14 Rotor Pole Body 106 2.15 Rotor Winding and Insulation 110 2.16 Amortisseur Winding 116 2.17 Slip/Collector Rings and Brush Gear 119 2.18 Cooling Air 122 2.19 Rotor Fans/Blower 124 2.20 Rotor Inertia, Torque, and Torsional Stress 125 2.21 Thrust and Guide Bearings 128 Chapter 3 Generator Auxiliary Systems 157 3.1 Oil Systems 157 3.2 Stator Surface Air Cooling System 161 3.3 Bearing Cooling Coils and Water Supply 165 3.4 Stator Winding Direct Cooling Water System 167 3.5 Excitation Systems 171 3.6 Excitation System Performance Characteristics 174 Chapter 4 Operation and Control 177 4.1 Basic Operating Parameters 177 4.2 Operating Modes 188 4.3 Machine Curves 190 4.4 Special Operating Conditions 200 4.5 Basic Operation Concepts 208 4.6 System Considerations 225 4.7 Grid-Induced Torsional Vibrations 235 4.8 Excitation and Voltage Regulation 237 Chapter 5 Monitoring and Diagnostics 241 5.1 Generator Monitoring Philosophies 242 5.2 Simple Monitoring with Static High-Level Alarm Limits 243 5.3 Dynamic Monitoring with Load Varying Alarm Limits 244 5.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Diagnostic Systems 247 5.5 Monitored Parameters 250 5.6 Radio Frequency Monitoring 273 5.7 Capacitive Coupling 274 5.8 Stator Slot Coupler 276 5.9 Rotor 278 5.10 Excitation System 286 Chapter 6 Generator Protection 291 6.1 Basic Protection Philosophy 291 6.2 IEEE Device Number 295 6.3 Brief Description of Protective Functions 296 6.4 Tripping and Alarming Methods 307 Chapter 7 Inspection Practices and Methodology 311 7.1 Site Preparation 311 7.2 Experience and Training 314 7.3 Inspection Frequency 317 7.4 Generator Accessibility 318 7.5 Inspection Tools 319 7.6 Inspection Forms 321 Chapter 8 Stator Inspection 337 8.1 Stator Frame Soleplates 338 8.2 Stator Frame: General 349 8.3 Stator Core Air Ducts 354 8.4 Stator Core Laminations 356 8.5 Stator Core Clamping System 378 8.6 Stator Coils/Bars 389 8.7 Flow Restriction in Water Cooled Stator Windings 396 8.8 Stator Wedging System 398 8.9 Stator Endwinding 405 8.10 Main and Neutral End Leads, Cables, VTs, CTs, and Insulators 411 Chapter 9 Rotor Inspection 417 9.1 Rotor Spider with Shrunk Laminated Rims 419 9.2 Rotor Rim 430 9.3 Rotor Poles 436 9.4 Rotor Brakes 458 Chapter 10 Auxilliaries Inspection 465 10.1 Excitation: Field Breaker 465 10.2 Excitation: Static Exciter Components 470 10.3 Brushless Exciter 470 10.4 Static Exciter Transformer 472 10.5 Excitation: Rotating Exciters 473 10.6 Excitation: Sliprings, Commutator, and Brushes 481 10.7 Surface Air Coolers 499 10.8 Fire Protection 502 10.9 General Items 504 10.10 Thrust and Guide Bearing 507 10.11 Miscellaneous Auxiliaries 510 Chapter 11 Maintenance and Testing 513 11.1 Stator Core Mechanical 513 11.2 Stator Core Electrical Tests 518 11.3 Stator Winding Mechanical Tests 531 11.4 Stator Winding Electrical Tests 534 11.5 Rotor Mechanical Testing 568 11.6 Rotor Electrical Testing 583 11.7 Bearings 590 11.8 Heat-Run Testing 590 Chapter 12 Maintenance Philosophies, Upgrades, and Uprates 595 12.1 General Maintenance Philosophies 595 12.2 Operational and Maintenance History 597 12.3 Maintenance Intervals/Frequency 598 12.4 Planned Outages 599 12.5 Rehabilitation, Uprating/Upgrading and Life Extension 601 12.6 Excitation System Upgrades 611 12.7 Workforce 627 12.8 Spare Parts 628 12.9 Effect of Uprating on Generator Life 629 12.10 Required Information, Tests and Inspection Prior to Uprating/Upgrading 631 12.11 Maintenance Schedule After Uprating 632 Index 633

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Book SynopsisThe book is based on the observation that communication is the central operation of discovery in all the sciences. In its active mode we use it to interrogate the physical world, sending appropriate signals and receiving nature''s reply. In the passive mode we receive nature''s signals directly. Since we never know a prioriwhat particular return signal will be forthcoming, we must necessarily adopt a probabilistic model of communication. This has developed over the approximately seventy years since it''s beginning, into a Statistical Communication Theory (or SCT). Here it is the set or ensemble of possible results which is meaningful. From this ensemble we attempt to construct in the appropriate model format, based on our understanding of the observed physical data and on the associated statistical mechanism, analytically represented by suitable probability measures. Since its inception in the late ''30''s of the last century, and in particular subsequenTable of ContentsForeword xv Visualizing the Invisible xvii Acknowledgments xxi About the Author xxiii Editor's Note xxv Introduction 1 1 Reception as a Statistical Decision Problem 15 1.1 Signal Detection and Estimation, 15 1.2 Signal Detection and Estimation, 17 1.3 The Reception Situation in General Terms, 22 1.4 System Evaluation, 27 1.5 A Summary of Basic Definitions and Principal Theorems, 35 1.6 Preliminaries: Binary Bayes Detection, 40 1.7 Optimum Detection: On–Off Optimum Processing Algorithms, 46 1.8 Special On–Off Optimum Binary Systems, 50 1.9 Optimum Detection: On–Off Performance Measures and System Comparisons, 57 1.10 Binary Two-Signal Detection: Disjoint and Overlapping Hypothesis Classes, 69 2 Space-Time Covariances and Wave Number Frequency Spectra: I. Noise and Signals with Continuous and Discrete Sampling 77 2.1 Inhomogeneous and Nonstationary Signal and Noise Fields I: Waveforms, Beam Theory, Covariances, and Intensity Spectra, 78 2.2 Continuous Space-Time Wiener-Khintchine Relations, 91 2.3 The W–Kh Relations for Discrete Samples in the Non-Hom-Stat Situation, 102 2.4 The Wiener–Khintchine Relations for Discretely Sampled Random Fields, 108 2.5 Aperture and Arrays-I: An Introduction, 115 2.6 Concluding Remarks, 138 3 Optimum Detection, Space-Time Matched Filters, and Beam Forming in Gaussian Noise Fields 141 3.1 Optimum Detection I: Selected Gaussian Prototypes-Coherent Reception, 142 3.2 Optimum Detection II: Selected Gaussian Prototypes-Incoherent Reception, 154 3.3 Optimal Detection III: Slowly Fluctuating Noise Backgrounds, 176 3.4 Bayes Matched Filters and Their Associated Bilinear and Quadratic Forms, I, 188 3.5 Bayes Matched Filters in the Wave Number–Frequency Domain, 219 3.6 Concluding Remarks, 235 4 Multiple Alternative Detection 239 4.1 Multiple-Alternative Detection: The Disjoint Cases, 239 4.2 Overlapping Hypothesis Classes, 254 4.3 Detection with Decisions Rejection: Nonoverlapping Signal Classes, 262 5 Bayes Extraction Systems: Signal Estimation and Analysis, p(H1) = 1 271 5.1 Decision Theory Formulation, 272 5.2 Coherent Estimation of Amplitude (Deterministic Signals and Normal Noise, p(H1) = 1), 287 5.3 Incoherent Estimation of Signal Amplitude (Deterministic Signals and Normal Noise, p(H1) = 1), 294 5.4 Waveform Estimation (Random Fields), 300 5.5 Summary Remarks, 304 6 Joint Detection and Estimation, p(H1) ≤ 1: I. Foundations 307 6.1 Joint Detection and Estimation under Prior Uncertainty [p(H1)≤ 1]: Formulation, 309 6.2 Optimal Estimation [ p(H1) ≤ 1]: No Coupling, 315 6.3 Simultaneous Joint Detection and Estimation: General Theory, 326 6.4 Joint D and E: Examples–Estimation of Signal Amplitudes [p(H1) ≤ 1], 350 6.5 Summary Remarks, p(H)1 ≤ 1: I-Foundations, 378 7 Joint Detection and Estimation under Uncertainty, pk(H1) < 1. II. Multiple Hypotheses and Sequential Observations 381 7.1 Jointly Optimum Detection and Estimation under Multiple Hypotheses, p(H1) ≤ 1, 382 7.2 Uncoupled Optimum Detection and Estimation, Multiple Hypotheses, and Overlapping Parameter Spaces, 400 7.3 Simultaneous Detection and Estimation: Sequences of Observations and Decisions, 407 7.4 Concluding Remarks, 428 8 The Canonical Channel I: Scalar Field Propagation in a Deterministic Medium 435 8.1 The Generic Deterministic Channel: Homogeneous Unbounded Media, 437 8.2 The Engineering Approach: I-The Medium and Channel as Time-Varying Linear Filters (Deterministic Media), 465 8.3 Inhomogeneous Media and Channels-Deterministic Scatter and Operational Solutions, 473 8.4 The Deterministic Scattered Field in Wave Number-Frequency Space: Innovations, 494 8.5 Extensions and Innovations, Multimedia Interactions, 499 8.6 Energy Considerations, 509 8.7 Summary: Results and Conclusions, 535 9 The Canonical Channel II: Scattering in Random Media; "Classical" Operator Solutions 539 9.1 Random Media: Operational Solutions-First- and Second-Order Moments, 541 9.2 Higher Order Moments Operational Solutions for The Langevin Equation, 565 9.3 Equivalent Representations: Elementary Feynman Diagrams, 580 9.4 Summary Remarks, 598 References, 599 Appendix A1 601 Index 617

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Book SynopsisBroad in scope, involving theory, the application of that theory, and programming technology, compiler construction is a moving target, with constant advances in compiler technology taking place. Today, a renewed focus on do-it-yourself programming makes a quality textbook on compilers, that both students and instructors will enjoy using, of even more vital importance. This book covers every topic essential to learning compilers from the ground up and is accompanied by a powerful and flexible software package for evaluating projects, as well as several tutorials, well-defined projects, and test cases.Trade Review"Compiler Construction Using Java, JavaCC, and Yacc covers every topic essential to learning compilers from the ground up and is accompanied by a powerful and flexible software package for evaluating projects, as well as several tutorials, well-defined projects, and test cases." (Ulitzer, 5 December 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xv Chapter 1 Strings, Languages, and Compilers 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Language Concepts 1 1.3 Basic Compiler Concepts 3 1.4 Basic Set Theory 4 1.5 Null String 6 1.6 Concatenation 7 1.7 Exponent Notation 7 1.8 Star Operator 8 1.9 Concatenation of Sets of Strings 9 1.10 Plus Operator 11 1.11 Question Mark Operator 11 1.12 Shorthand Notation for a Set Containing a Single String 12 1.13 Operator Precedence 12 1.14 Regular Expressions 13 1.15 Limitations of Regular Expressions 15 Problems 16 Chapter 2 Context-Free Grammars, Part 1 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 What is a Context-Free Grammar? 20 2.3 Derivations Using a Context-Free Grammar 21 2.4 Language Defined by a Context-Free Grammar 23 2.5 Different Ways of Representing Contet-Free Grammars 25 2.6 Some Simple Grammars 26 2.7 Techniques for Generating Languages with Context-Free Grammars 29 2.8 Regular and Right Linear Grammars 35 2.9 Counting with Regular Grammars 37 2.0 Grammars for Lists 39 2.10 An Important Language that is Not Context Free 44 Problems 45 Chapter 3 Context-Free Grammars, Part 2 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Parse Trees 49 3.3 Leftmost and Rightmost Derivations 51 3.4 Substitution 52 3.5 Ambiguous Grammars 54 3.6 Determining Nullable Nonterminals 59 3.7 Eliminating Lambda Productions 60 3.8 Eliminating Unit Productions 64 3.9 Eliminating Useless Nonterminals 66 3.10 Recursion Conversions 71 3.11 Adding the Null String to a Language 76 Problems 77 Chapter 4 Context-Free Grammars, Part 3 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Grammars for Arithmetic Expressions 83 4.3 Specifying Associativity and Precedence in Grammars 90 4.4 Backus-Naur Form 92 4.5 Syntax Diagrams 94 4.6 Abstract Syntax Trees and Three-Address Code 96 4.7 Noncontracting Grammars 97 4.8 Essentially Noncontracting Grammars 97 4.9 Converting a Context-Free Grammar to an Essentially Noncontracting Grammar 98 4.10 Pumping Property of Context-Free Languages 101 Problems 104 Chapter 5 Chomsky’s Hierarchy 107 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Context-Sensitive Productions 107 5.3 Context-Sensitive Grammars no 5.4 Unrestricted Grammars 111 Problems 112 Chapter 6 Top-Down Parsing 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Top-Down Construction of a Parse Tree 115 6.3 Parses that Fail 117 6.4 A Bad Grammar for Top-Down Parsing 118 6.5 Deterministic Parsers 119 6.6 A Parser that Uses a Stack 120 6.7 Table Representation of a Stack Parser 124 6.8 Handling Productions with Nonleading Terminal 126 6.9 Writing a Stack Parser in Java 127 Problems 134 Chapter 7 LL(1) Grammars 137 7.1 Introduction 137 7.2 FIRST Set of the Right Side of a Production 137 7.3 Determining Operation Sequences 140 7.4 Determining Selection Sets of Lambda Productions 142 7.5 Whatever-Follows-Left-Follows-Rightmost Rule 145 7.6 Selection Sets for Productions with Nullable Right Sides 147 7.7 Selection Sets Containing End-of-Input Symbol 149 7.8 A Stack Parser for a Grammar with Lambda Productions 152 7.9 Converting a Non-LL( 1) Grammar to an LL( 1) Grammar 153 7.10 Parsing with an Ambiguous Grammar 160 7.11 Computing FIRST and FOLLOW Sets 163 Problems 165 Chapter 8 Table-Driven Stack Parser 171 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Unifying the Operations of a Stack Parser 172 8.3 Implementing a Table-Driven Stack Parser 175 8.4 Improving Our Table-Driven Stack Parser 180 8.5 Parsers that are Not Deterministic—A Digression on Theory 181 Problems 183 Chapter 9 Recursive-Descent Parsing 185 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Simple Recursive-Descent Parser 185 9.3 Handling Lambda Productions 192 9.4 A Common Error 197 9.5 Java Code for Productions 198 9.6 Left Factoring in a Recursive-Descent Parser 199 9.7 Eliminating Tail Recursion 204 9.8 Translating the Star, Plus, and Question Mark Operators 108 9.9 Doing Things Backward 210 Problems 211 Chapter 10 Recursive-Descent Translation 215 10.1 introduction 215 10.2 A Simple Translation Grammar 215 10.3 Converting a Translation Grammar to Java Code 217 10.4 Specifications for a Translation Grammar 218 10.5 Passing Information During a Parse 231 10.6 L-Attributed Grammars 236 10.7 New Token Manager 238 10.8 Solving the Token Lookahead Problem 241 10.9 Code for the New Token Manager 241 10.10 Translation Grammar for Prefix Expression Compiler 253 10.11 An Interesting Use of Recursion 257 Problems 261 Chapter 11 Assembly Language 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Structure of the J1 Computer 265 11.3 Machine Language Instructions 266 11.4 Assembly Language Instructions 268 11.5 Pushing Characters 269 11.6 aout Instruction 270 11.7 Using Labels 270 11.8 Using the Assembler 272 11.9 stav Instruction 275 11.10 Compiling an Assignment Statement 277 11.11 Compiling print and printin 280 11.12 Outputting Strings 28, 11.13 Inputting Decimal Numbers 283 11.14 Entry Directive 284 11.15 More Assembly Language 285 Problems 285 Chapter 12 SI—A Simple Compiler 289 12.1 Introduction 289 12.2 The Source Language 289 12.3 Grammar for Source Language 290 12.4 The Target Language 291 12.5 Symbol Table 292 12.6 Code Generator 293 12.7 Token Class 293 12.8 Writing the Translation Grammar 294 12.9 Implementing the SI Compiler 299 12.10 Trying Out SI 315 12.11 Advice on Extending the SI Compiler 318 12.12 Specifications for S2 320 Problems 324 Chapter 13 JavaCC 331 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 JavaCC Extended Regular Expressions 333 13.3 JavaCC Input File 337 13.4 Specifying Actions for Regular Expressions 344 13.5 JavaCC Input File for Slj 348 13.6 Files Produced by JavaCC 355 13.7 Using the Star and Plus Operators 359 13.8 Choice Points and the Lookahead Directive 362 13.9 JavaCC’s Choice Algorithm 367 13.10 Syntactic and Semantic Lookahead 371 13.11 Using JavaCC to Create a Token Manager Only 372 13.12 Using the Token Chain 373 13.13 Suppressing Warning Messages 377 Problems 387 Chapter 14 Building on S2 383 14.1 Introduction 383 14.2 Extending println and print 383 14.3 Cascaded Assignment Statement 388 14.4 Unary Plus and Minus 313 14.5 readint Statement 393 14.6 Controlling the Token Trace from the Command Line 395 14.7 Specifications for S3 396 Problems 396 Chapter 15 Compiling Control Structures 399 15.1 Introduction 399 15.2 while Statement 399 15.3 if Statement 403 15.4 do-while Statement 407 15.5 Range Checking of Numerical Constants 408 15.6 Handling Backslash-Quote in a String 410 15.7 Handling Backslash-Quote with JavaCC 411 15.8 Universal Blocks in JavaCC 416 15.9 Handling Strings that Span Lines 418 15.10 Handling Strings that Span Lines Using JavaCC 419 15.11 SPECIAL_TOKEN Block in JavaCC 422 15.12 Error Recovery 424 15.13 Error Recovery in JavaCC 429 15.14 Specifications for S4 430 Problems 431 Chapter 16 Compiling Programs in Functional Form 435 16.1 Introduction 435 16.2 Separate Assembly and Linking 435 16.3 Calling and Returning from Fuctions 439 16.4 Source Language for S5 443 16.5 Symbol Table for S5 445 16.6 Code Generator for S5 446 16.7 Translation Grammar forS5 447 16.8 Linking with a Library 457 16.9 Specifications for S5 458 16.10 Extending S5 458 Problems 461 Chapter 17 Finite Automata 465 17.1 Introduction 465 17.2 Deterministic Finite Automata 466 17.3 Converting a DFA to a Regular Expression 468 17.4 Java Code for a DFA 472 17.5 Nondeterministic Finite Automata 474 17.6 Using an NFA as an Algorithm 476 17.7 Converting an NFA to a DFA with the Subset Algorithm 478 17.8 Converting a DFA to a Regular Grammar 479 17.9 Converting a Regular Grammar to an NFA 482  17.10 Converting a Regular Expression to an NF A 484 17.11 Finding the Minimal DFA 488 17.12 Pumping Property of Regular Languages 493 Problems 495 Chapter 18 Capstone Project: Implementing Grep Using Compiler Technology 499 18.1 Introduction 499 18.2 Regular Expressions for Our Grep Program 501 18.3 Token Manager for Regular Expression 501 18.4 Grammar for Regular Expressions 503 18.5 Target Language for Our Regular Expression Compiler 503 18.6 Using an NFA for Pattern Matching 508 Problems 513 Chapter 19 Compiling to a Register-Oriented Architecture 515 19.1 Introduction 515 19.2 Using the Register Instruction Set 516 19.3 Modifications to the Symbol Table for R1 517 19.4 Parser and Code Generator for R1 518 Problems 526 Chapter 20 Optimization 529 20.1 Introduction 529 20.2 Using the ldc Instruction 531 20.3 Reusing Temporary Variables 532 20.4 Constant Folding 535 20.5 Register Allocation 537 20.6 Peephole Optimization 540 Problems 543 Chapter 21 Interpreters 547 21.1 Introduction 547 21.2 Converting SI to 11 549 21.3 Interpreting Statements that Transfer Control 552 21.4 Implementing the Compiler-Interpreter Cl 1 553 21.5 Advantages of Interpreters 558 Problems 559 Chapter 22 Bottom-Up Parsing 561 22.1 Introduction 561 22.2 Principles of Bottom-Up Parsing 561 22.3 Parsing with Right- versus Left-Recursive Grammars 565 22.4 Bottom-Up Parsing with an Ambiguous Grammar 566 22.5 Do-Not-Reduce Rule 569 22.6 SLR(l) Parsing 570 22.7 Shift/Reduce Conflicts 577 22.8 Reduce/Reduce Conflicts 579 22.9 LR(1) Parsing 579 Problems 584 Chapter 23 yacc 587 23.1 Introduction 587 23.2 yacc Input and Output Files 587 23.3 A Simple yacc-Generated Parser 588 23.4 Passing Values Using the Value Stack 596 23.5 Using yacc With an Ambiguous Grammar 602 23.6 Passing Values down the Parse Tree 604 23.7 Implementing Sly 606 23.8 jflex 612 Problems 618 Appendix A Stack Instruction Set 621 Appendix B Register Instruction Set 625 References 629 Index

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Book SynopsisWith the current explosion in network traffic, and mounting pressure on operators' business case, Self-Organizing Networks (SON) play a crucial role. They are conceived to minimize human intervention in engineering processes and at the same time improve system performance to maximize Return-on-Investment (ROI) and secure customer loyalty. Written by leading experts in the planning and optimization of Multi-Technology and Multi-Vendor wireless networks, this book describes the architecture of Multi-Technology SON for GSM, UMTS and LTE, along with the enabling technologies for SON planning, optimization and healing. This is presented mainly from a technology point of view, but also covers some critical business aspects, such as the ROI of the proposed SON functionalities and Use Cases. Key features: Follows a truly Multi-Technology approach: covering not only LTE, but also GSM and UMTS, including architectural considerations of deploying SON in today's GTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv List of Contributors xvii List of Abbreviations xix 1 Operating Mobile Broadband Networks 1 1.1. The Challenge of Mobile Traffic Growth 1 1.1.1. Differences between Smartphones 3 1.1.2. Driving Data Traffic – Streaming Media and Other Services 5 1.2. Capacity and Coverage Crunch 5 1.3. Meeting the Challenge – the Network Operator Toolkit 6 1.3.1. Tariff Structures 6 1.3.2. Advanced Radio Access Technologies 7 1.3.3. Femto Cells 10 1.3.4. Acquisition and Activation of New Spectrum 11 1.3.5. Companion Networks, Offloading and Traffic Management 12 1.3.6. Advanced Source Coding 14 1.4. Self-Organizing Networks (SON) 16 1.5. Summary and Book Contents 17 1.6. References 19 2 The Self-Organizing Networks (SON) Paradigm 21 2.1. Motivation and Targets from NGMN 21 2.2. SON Use Cases 23 2.2.1. Use Case Categories 23 2.2.2. Automatic versus Autonomous Processes 25 2.2.3. Self-Planning Use Cases 25 2.2.4. Self-Deployment Use Cases 26 2.2.5. Self-Optimization Use Cases 28 2.2.6. Self-Healing Use Cases 32 2.2.7. SON Enablers 34 2.3. SON versus Radio Resource Management 35 2.4. SON in 3GPP 37 2.4.1. 3GPP Organization 37 2.4.2. SON Status in 3GPP (up to Release 9) 38 2.4.3. SON Objectives for 3GPP Release 10 40 2.5. SON in the Research Community 41 2.5.1. SOCRATES: Self-Optimization and Self-ConfiguRATion in wirelEss networkS 41 2.5.2. Celtic Gandalf: Monitoring and Self-Tuning of RRM Parameters in a Multi-System Network 42 2.5.3. Celtic OPERA-Net: Optimizing Power Efficiency in mobile RAdio Networks 42 2.5.4. E3: End-to-End Efficiency 43 2.6. References 43 3 Multi-Technology SON 47 3.1. Drivers for Multi-Technology SON 47 3.2. Architectures for Multi-Technology SON 49 3.2.1. Deployment Architectures for Self-Organizing Networks 49 3.2.2. Comparison of SON Architectures 50 3.2.3. Coordination of SON Functions 53 3.2.4. Layered Architecture for Centralized Multi-Technology SON 59 3.3. References 64 4 Multi-Technology Self-Planning 65 4.1. Self-Planning Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 65 4.2. Cross-Technology Constraints for Self-Planning 66 4.3. Self-Planning as an Integrated Process 66 4.4. Planning versus Optimization 69 4.5. Information Sources for Self-Planning 70 4.5.1. Propagation Path-Loss Predictions 70 4.5.2. Drive Test Measurements 71 4.6. Automated Capacity Planning 71 4.6.1. Main Inputs for Automated Capacity Planning 73 4.6.2. Traffic and Network Load Forecast 74 4.6.3. Automated Capacity Planning Process 75 4.6.4. Outputs of the Process and Implementation of Capacity Upgrades in the Network 78 4.7. Automated Transmission Planning 79 4.7.1. Self-Organizing Protocols 80 4.7.2. Additional Requirements for Automated Transmission Planning 82 4.7.3. Automatic Transmission Planning Process 83 4.7.4. Automatic Transmission Planning Algorithms 84 4.7.5. Practical Example 87 4.8. Automated Site Selection and RF Planning 87 4.8.1. Solution Space 89 4.8.2. RF Planning Evaluation Model 90 4.8.3. RF Optimization Engine 91 4.8.4. Technology-Specific Aspects of RF Planning 92 4.9. Automated Neighbor Planning 98 4.9.1. Technology-Specific Aspects of Neighbor Lists 99 4.9.2. Principles of Automated Neighbor List Planning 103 4.10. Automated Spectrum Planning for GSM/GPRS/EDGE 105 4.10.1. Spectrum Planning Objectives 107 4.10.2. Inputs to Spectrum Planning 108 4.10.3. Automatic Frequency Planning 112 4.10.4. Spectrum Self-Planning for GSM/GPRS/EDGE 114 4.10.5. Trade-Offs and Spectrum Plan Evaluation 115 4.11. Automated Planning of 3G Scrambling Codes 117 4.11.1. Scrambling Codes in UMTS-FDD 117 4.11.2. Primary Scrambling Code Planning 119 4.11.3. PSC Planning and Optimization in SON 122 4.12. Automated Planning of LTE Physical Cell Identifiers 124 4.12.1. The LTE Physical Cell ID 124 4.12.2. Planning LTE Physical Cell IDs 125 4.12.3. Automated Planning of PCI in SON 126 4.13. References 127 5 Multi-Technology Self-Optimization 131 5.1. Self-Optimization Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 131 5.2. Cross-Technology Constraints for Self-Optimization 132 5.3. Optimization Technologies 132 5.3.1. Control Engineering Techniques for Optimization 132 5.3.2. Technology Discussion for Optimizing Cellular Communication Systems 136 5.4. Sources for Automated Optimization of Cellular Networks 136 5.4.1. Propagation Predictions 137 5.4.2. Drive Test Measurements 137 5.4.3. Performance Counters Measured at the OSS 138 5.4.4. Call Traces 138 5.5. Self-Planning versus Open-Loop Self-Optimization 139 5.5.1. Minimizing Human Intervention in Open-Loop Automated Optimization Systems 140 5.6. Architectures for Automated and Autonomous Optimization 140 5.6.1. Centralized, Open-Loop Automated Self-Optimization 140 5.6.2. Centralized, Closed-Loop Autonomous Self-Optimization 141 5.6.3. Distributed, Autonomous Self-Optimization 143 5.7. Open-Loop, Automated Self-Optimization of Cellular Networks 144 5.7.1. Antenna Settings 144 5.7.2. Neighbor Lists 146 5.7.3. Frequency Plans 148 5.8. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of 2G Networks 148 5.8.1. Mobility Load Balance for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 149 5.8.2. Mobility Robustness Optimization for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 151 5.9. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of 3G Networks 153 5.9.1. UMTS Optimization Dimensions 153 5.9.2. Key UMTS Optimization Parameters 155 5.9.3. Field Results of UMTS RRM Self-Optimization 163 5.10. Closed-Loop, Autonomous Self-Optimization of LTE Networks 165 5.10.1. Automatic Neighbor Relation 166 5.10.2. Mobility Load Balance 168 5.10.3. Mobility Robustness Optimization 176 5.10.4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization 178 5.10.5. RACH Optimization 179 5.10.6. Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 179 5.10.7. Admission Control Optimization 184 5.11. Autonomous Load Balancing for Multi-Technology Networks 185 5.11.1. Load Balancing Driven by Capacity Reasons 186 5.11.2. Load Balancing Driven by Coverage Reasons 189 5.11.3. Load Balancing Driven by Quality Reasons 190 5.11.4. Field Results 190 5.12. Multi-Technology Energy Saving for Green IT 191 5.12.1. Approaching Energy Saving through Different Angles 192 5.12.2. Static Energy Saving 193 5.12.3. Dynamic Energy Saving 195 5.12.4. Operational Challenges 196 5.12.5. Field Results 197 5.13. Coexistence with Network Management Systems 197 5.13.1. Network Management System Concept and Functions 197 5.13.2. Other Management Systems 201 5.13.3. Interworking between SON Optimization Functions and NMS 201 5.14. Multi-Vendor Self-Optimization 202 5.15. References 204 6 Multi-Technology Self-Healing 207 6.1. Self-Healing Requirements for 2G, 3G and LTE 207 6.2. The Self-Healing Process 208 6.2.1. Detection 209 6.2.2. Diagnosis 210 6.2.3. Cure 210 6.3. Inputs for Self-Healing 211 6.4. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer 2G Networks 211 6.4.1. Detecting Problems 211 6.4.2. Diagnosis 211 6.4.3. Cure 214 6.5. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer 3G Networks 214 6.5.1. Detecting Problems 214 6.5.2. Diagnosis 214 6.5.3. Cure 218 6.6. Self-Healing for Multi-Layer LTE Networks 220 6.6.1. Cell Outage Compensation Concepts 222 6.6.2. Cell Outage Compensation Algorithms 223 6.6.3. Results for P0 Tuning 224 6.6.4. Results for Antenna Tilt Optimization 224 6.7. Multi-Vendor Self-Healing 227 6.8. References 229 7 Return on Investment (ROI) for Multi-Technology SON 231 7.1. Overview of SON Benefits 231 7.2. General Model for ROI Calculation 233 7.3. Case Study: ROI for Self-Planning 235 7.3.1. Scope of Self-Planning and ROI Components 235 7.3.2. Automated Capacity Planning 237 7.3.3. Modeling SON for Automated Capacity Planning 237 7.3.4. Characterizing the Traffic Profile 238 7.3.5. Modeling the Need for Capacity Expansions 241 7.3.6. CAPEX Computations 243 7.3.7. OPEX Computations 243 7.3.8. Sample Scenario and ROI 245 7.4. Case Study: ROI for Self-Optimization 249 7.4.1. Self-Optimization and ROI Components 249 7.4.2. Modeling SON for Self-Optimization 250 7.4.3. Characterizing the Traffic Profile 250 7.4.4. Modeling the Need for Capacity Expansions 251 7.4.5. Quality, Churn and Revenue 252 7.4.6. CAPEX Computations 254 7.4.7. OPEX Computations 255 7.4.8. Sample Scenario and ROI 255 7.5. Case Study: ROI for Self-Healing 260 7.5.1. OPEX Reduction through Automation 260 7.5.2. Extra Revenue due to Improved Quality and Reduced Churn 260 7.5.3. Sample Scenario and ROI 261 7.6. References 261 Appendix A Geo-Location Technology for UMTS 263 A.1. Introduction 263 A.2. Observed Time Differences (OTDs) 264 A.3. Algorithm Description 264 A.3.1. Geo-Location of Events 264 A.3.2. Synchronization Recovery 265 A.3.3. Filtering of Events 265 A.4. Scenario and Working Assumptions 266 A.5. Results 266 A.5.1. Reported Sites per Event 266 A.5.2. Event Status Report 268 A.5.3. Geo-Location Accuracy 268 A.5.4. Impact of Using PD Measurements 269 A.6. Concluding Remarks 269 A.7. References 271 Appendix B X-Map Estimation for LTE 273 B.1. Introduction 273 B.2. X-Map Estimation Approach 274 B.3. Simulation Results 275 B.4. References 277 Index 279

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Book SynopsisIncludes a preface written by Professor Leonard Kleinrock, Distinguished Professor of Computer Science, UCLA, USA This book discusses and explores the concept of mobile cloud, creating an inspiring research space for exploiting opportunistic resource sharing, and covering from theoretical research approaches to the development of commercially profitable ideas. A mobile cloud is a cooperative arrangement of dynamically connected communication nodes sharing opportunistic resources. In this book, authors provide a comprehensive and motivating overview of this rapidly emerging technology. The book explores how distributed resources can be shared by mobile users in very different ways and for various purposes. The book provides many stimulating examples of resource-sharing applications. Enabling technologies for mobile clouds are also discussed, highlighting the key role of network coding. Mobile clouds have the potentTrade Review“The book is full of insights for researchers, developing engineers, students, and IT professionals. It contains a wide bibliography related to already implemented solutions and solutions being studied in scientific research.” (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 September 2015)Table of ContentsForeword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xxi Abbreviations xxiii Part One MOBILE CLOUDS: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 Motivation 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 From Brick Phones to Smart Phones 5 1.3 Mobile Connectivity Evolution: From Single to Multiple Air Interface Devices 7 1.4 Network Evolution: The Need for Advanced Architectures 10 1.5 Conclusion 11 References 11 2 Mobile Clouds: An Introduction 13 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Mobile Cloud Definitions 15 2.3 Cooperation and Cognition in Mobile Clouds 24 2.4 Mobile Cloud Classification and Associated Cooperation Approaches 27 2.5 Types of Cooperation and Incentives 29 2.6 Conclusion 33 References 35 3 Sharing Device Resources in Mobile Clouds 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Examples of Resource Sharing 39 3.3 Sharing Loudspeakers 40 3.4 Sharing Microphones 41 3.5 Sharing Image Sensors 42 3.6 Sharing Displays 44 3.7 Sharing General–Purpose Sensors 46 3.8 Sharing Keyboards 46 3.9 Sharing Data Pipes 46 3.10 Sharing Mobile Apps 48 3.11 Sharing Mass Memory 48 3.12 Sharing Processing Units 49 3.13 Sharing Batteries 50 3.14 Conclusion 51 References 51 Part Two ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MOBILE CLOUDS 4 Wireless Communication Technologies 55 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Cellular Communications Systems 56 4.3 Short–Range Technologies 58 4.4 Combined Air Interface 62 4.5 Building Mobile Clouds 64 4.6 Conclusion 65 References 66 5 Network Coding for Mobile Clouds 67 5.1 Introduction to Network Coding 67 5.2 Inter–Flow Network Coding 68 5.3 Inter–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds 73 5.4 Intra–Flow Network Coding 78 5.5 Intra–Flow Network Coding for User Cooperation in Mobile Clouds 80 5.6 Conclusion 91 References 91 6 Mobile Cloud Formation and Maintenance 93 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Mobile Cloud Stages 94 6.3 Service Discovery for Mobile Clouds 100 6.4 Conclusion 104 References 104 Part Three SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 7 Cooperative Principles by Nature 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 Cheetahs and Hyenas 108 7.3 Orca – Killer Whales 109 7.4 Vampire Bats 109 7.5 Monkeys 110 7.6 Prisoner’s Dilemma 110 7.7 Conclusion 115 References 115 8 Social Mobile Clouds 117 8.1 Introduction 117 8.2 Different Forms of Cooperation 118 8.3 Social Networks and Mobile Clouds 121 8.4 Cooperation in Relaying Networks: A Simple Example 128 8.5 Conclusion 129 References 130 Part Four GREEN ASPECTS OF MOBILE CLOUDS 9 Green Mobile Clouds: Making Mobile Devices More Energy Efficient 133 9.1 Introduction 133 9.2 Cooperative Download 138 9.3 Cooperative Streaming 150 9.4 Comparison of the Different Approaches 153 9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 154 9.6 Energy Gain for the Network Operator 156 9.7 Conclusion 157 References 157 Part Five APPLICATION OF MOBILE CLOUDS 10 Mobile Clouds Applications 161 10.1 Introduction 161 10.2 Forced Cooperation – Overlay Network 162 10.3 Technology–enabled Cooperation – Overlay Network 165 10.4 Socially–enabled Cooperation – Overlay Network 166 10.5 Altruism – Overlay Network 167 10.6 Forced Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 167 10.7 Technically–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 169 10.8 Socially–enabled Cooperation – Direct Mobile Cloud 173 10.9 Altruism: Direct Mobile Cloud 174 10.10 Industrial Activities 175 10.11 Conclusion 176 References 176 Part Six MOBILE CLOUDS: PROSPECTS AND CONCLUSIONS 11 Visions and Prospects 181 11.1 Some Insights on the Future Developments of Mobile Clouds 181 11.2 Mobile Clouds and Related Technology Developments 184 11.3 Promising Novel Applications of Mobile Clouds 187 11.4 Resource Sharing as one of the Pillars of Social Interaction: the Birth of Shareconomy 189 References 192 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the fundamentals and details of MPEG-2 Systems technology Written by an expert in the field, this book examines the MPEG-2 system specification as developed in the early 1990's, as well as its evolution into the fourth edition of the MPEG-2 systems standard, published in 2013. While MPEG-2 systems will continue to evolve further, this book describes the MPEG-2 system functionality as of October 2013. Furthermore, relevant background information is provided. The discussion of MPEG-2 system functionality requires knowledge of various fundamental issues, such as timing, and supported content formats. Therefore also some basic information on video and audio coding is provided, including their evolution. Also other content formats supported in MPEG-2 systems are described, as far as needed to understand MPEG-2 systems. Ordered logically working from the basics and background through to the details and fundamentals of MPEG-2 transport streamsTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii About the Author xvii Acknowledgements xxi Part One BACKGROUNDS OF MPEG-2 SYSTEMS 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 The Scope of This Book 7 1.2 Some Definitions 7 References 8 2 Technology Developments Around 1990 9 References 11 3 Developments in Audio and Video Coding in MPEG 13 3.1 The Need for Compression 13 3.1.1 Compression Factors for Audio 14 3.1.2 Compression Factors for Video 14 3.2 MPEG Video 19 3.2.1 Introduction 19 3.2.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Video Essentials 20 3.2.3 Evolution of MPEG Video 39 3.3 MPEG Audio 47 3.3.1 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Audio Essentials 47 3.3.2 Evolution of MPEG Audio 53 References 59 4 Other Important Content Formats 61 4.1 Metadata 61 4.2 Timed Text 64 4.3 Lossless and Scalable Lossless Audio 69 4.4 Multiview Video 69 4.5 3D Video 70 4.5.1 Left and Right Views in a Single Video Stream 73 4.5.2 Depth Information Associated to 2D Video 75 4.5.3 Use of MVC to Convey Left and Right Views 78 4.5.4 Further 3D Video Evolution 79 References 80 5 Motivation for a Systems Standard 83 6 Principles Underlying the MPEG-2 Systems Design 87 6.1 Building an End-to-End System 87 6.1.1 Constant End-to-End Delay 87 6.1.2 Video Coding Delay 88 6.1.3 Audio Coding Delay 94 6.1.4 Delay Compensation 95 6.2 The Multiplex and Demultiplex Operation 97 6.3 Delivery Schedule of MPEG System Streams 106 6.4 Synchronization of Audio and Video 108 6.5 MPEG-2 System Streams and the STD Model 113 6.6 Timing Issues 118 6.6.1 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-1 Systems 119 6.6.2 Regeneration of the STC in System Decoders 121 6.6.3 Frequency and Tolerance of the STC in MPEG-2 Systems 125 6.7 Quality of Service Issues 127 6.8 Transport Layer Independence 131 References 132 7 MPEG-1 Systems: Laying the MPEG-2 Foundation 133 7.1 Driving Forces 133 7.2 Objectives and Requirements 136 7.3 Structure of MPEG-1 System Streams 138 7.4 The MPEG-1 System Target Decoder 143 7.5 The MPEG-1 System Stream 155 7.5.1 Data Structure and Design Considerations 155 7.5.2 Constrained System Parameter Streams 161 7.5.3 Compliancy Requirements of MPEG-1 System Streams 166 7.6 MPEG-1 Applications 168 7.6.1 Compact Disc 168 7.6.2 Computers 169 7.7 Conclusions on MPEG-1 169 References 170 Part Two THE MPEG-2 SYSTEMS STANDARD 171 8 The Development of MPEG-2 Systems 173 8.1 Driving Forces 173 8.2 Objectives and Requirements 176 8.3 The Evolution of MPEG-2 Systems 178 References 185 9 Layering in MPEG-2 Systems 187 9.1 Need for Program Streams and Transport Streams 187 9.2 PES Packets as a Common Layer 188 9.3 Program Streams 189 9.4 Transport Streams 193 9.4.1 Transport Packets 193 9.4.2 Conveying PES Packets in Transport Packets 195 9.4.3 The Size of Transport Packets 196 9.4.4 Multiple Programs, PSI, Descriptors and Sections 199 9.4.5 Conveying Sections in Transport Packets 213 References 214 10 Conditional Access and Scrambling 217 10.1 Support of Conditional Access Systems 217 10.2 Scrambling in Transport Streams 219 10.3 Improving the Interoperability between CA Systems 224 10.4 Scrambling in Program Streams 225 Reference 226 11 Other Features of MPEG-2 Systems 227 11.1 Error Resiliency 227 11.2 Re-Multiplexing of Transport Streams 230 11.3 Local Program Insertion in Transport Streams 234 11.3.1 Usage of Local Program Insertions 234 11.3.2 Associated PSI Issues 235 11.3.3 Time Base Discontinuities 236 11.4 Splicing in Transport Streams 239 11.5 Variable Bitrate and Statistical Multiplexing 245 11.6 Padding and Stuffing 245 11.7 Random Access and Parsing Convenience 248 11.8 Carriage of Private Data 250 11.9 Copyright and Copy Control Support 254 11.10 Playback Trick Modes 255 11.11 Single Program and Partial Transport Streams 255 11.12 Program Stream Carriage within a Transport Stream 258 11.13 PES Streams 260 11.14 Room for Future Extensions 260 References 261 12 The MPEG-2 System Target Decoder Model 263 12.1 Introduction to the MPEG-2 STD 263 12.2 The Program Stream STD: P-STD 264 12.2.1 Description of P-STD 264 12.2.2 Buffer Management in the P-STD 267 12.2.3 CSPS: Constrained System Parameter Program Stream 268 12.2.4 Usage of P-STD for PES-STD 270 12.3 Transport Stream STD: T-STD 275 12.3.1 Description of T-STD 275 12.3.2 The Use of Transport Buffers 279 12.3.3 System Data Processing and Buffer Management 281 12.3.4 Processing of Elementary Stream Data 284 12.3.5 T-STD Buffers for Elementary Stream Decoding 288 12.3.6 Buffer Management for Elementary Stream Data 290 12.4 General STD Constraints and Requirements 290 12.5 Content Format Specific STD Issues 292 12.5.1 Decoding of MPEG Audio Streams in STD Model 292 12.5.2 Decoding of MPEG Video Streams in STD Model 295 13 Data Structure and Design Considerations 299 13.1 System Time Clock Samples and Time Stamps 299 13.2 PES Packets 301 13.3 Descriptors of Programs and Program Elements 309 13.3.1 General Format of Descriptors 309 13.3.2 Types of Descriptors 311 13.3.3 System Orientated Descriptors 311 13.3.4 General Content Descriptors 315 13.4 Program Streams 319 13.5 Sections 326 13.6 Transport Streams and Transport Packets 329 Reference 331 14 Content Support in MPEG-2 Systems 333 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 MPEG-1 334 14.2.1 MPEG-1 Video 334 14.2.2 MPEG-1 Audio 334 14.2.3 MPEG-1 System Stream 334 14.3 MPEG-2 336 14.3.1 MPEG-2 Video 336 14.3.2 MPEG-2 (BC) Audio 338 14.3.3 MPEG-2 AAC 340 14.3.4 MPEG-2 DSM-CC 341 14.3.5 MPEG-2 System Stream 342 14.3.6 MPEG-2 IPMP 343 14.4 (ITU-T Rec.) H.222.1 343 14.5 MHEG 344 14.6 MPEG-4 345 14.6.1 MPEG-4 Visual 345 14.6.2 MPEG-4 Audio 346 14.6.3 MPEG-4 Timed Text 349 14.6.4 MPEG-4 Systems 350 14.7 AVC 354 14.8 SVC 360 14.9 3D Video 366 14.9.1 Service Compatible and Frame Compatible 3D Video 366 14.9.2 Depth or Parallax Map as Auxiliary Video Stream 369 14.9.3 MVC 370 14.10 JPEG 2000 Video 376 14.11 Metadata 377 14.12 Overview of Assigned Stream-type Values 387 References 389 15 The Real-Time Interface for Transport Streams 391 Reference 396 16 Relationship to Download and Streaming Over IP 397 16.1 IP Networks and MPEG-2 Systems 397 16.2 Streaming Over IP 397 16.3 Download 400 16.4 Carriage of MPEG-2 Systems Across IP Networks 400 16.5 Adaptive HTTP Streaming 401 References 401 17 MPEG-2 System Applications 403 18 The Future of MPEG-2 Systems 407 Reference 412 Epilogue 413 Annexes 423 Index 427

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses key problems of computer vision (CV), focusing on the significant issues of object detection, tracking, and recognition in images, which are not found in other CV books. Throughout, the book balances theory, implementation, and case studies in order to provide a complete and accessible treatment of the topic.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv Notations and Abbreviations xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Sample of Computer Vision 3 1.2 Overview of Book Contents 6 References 8 2 Tensor Methods in Computer Vision 9 2.1 Abstract 9 2.2 Tensor – A Mathematical Object 10 2.2.1 Main Properties of Linear Spaces 10 2.2.2 Concept of a Tensor 11 2.3 Tensor – A Data Object 13 2.4 Basic Properties of Tensors 15 2.4.1 Notation of Tensor Indices and Components 16 2.4.2 Tensor Products 18 2.5 Tensor Distance Measures 20 2.5.1 Overview of Tensor Distances 22 2.5.1.1 Computation of Matrix Exponent and Logarithm Functions 24 2.5.2 Euclidean Image Distance and Standardizing Transform 29 2.6 Filtering of Tensor Fields 33 2.6.1 Order Statistic Filtering of Tensor Data 33 2.6.2 Anisotropic Diffusion Filtering 36 2.6.3 IMPLEMENTATION of Diffusion Processes 40 2.7 Looking into Images with the Structural Tensor 44 2.7.1 Structural Tensor in Two-Dimensional Image Space 47 2.7.2 Spatio-Temporal Structural Tensor 50 2.7.3 Multichannel and Scale-Space Structural Tensor 52 2.7.4 Extended Structural Tensor 54 2.7.4.1 IMPLEMENTATION of the Linear and Nonlinear Structural Tensor 57 2.8 Object Representation with Tensor of Inertia and Moments 62 2.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION of Moments and their Invariants 65 2.9 Eigendecomposition and Representation of Tensors 68 2.10 Tensor Invariants 72 2.11 Geometry of Multiple Views: The Multifocal Tensor 72 2.12 Multilinear Tensor Methods 75 2.12.1 Basic Concepts of Multilinear Algebra 78 2.12.1.1 Tensor Flattening 78 2.12.1.2 IMPLEMENTATION Tensor Representation 84 2.12.1.3 The k-mode Product of a Tensor and a Matrix 95 2.12.1.4 Ranks of a Tensor 100 2.12.1.5 IMPLEMENTATION of Basic Operations on Tensors 101 2.12.2 Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition (HOSVD) 112 2.12.3 Computation of the HOSVD 114 2.12.3.1 Implementation of the HOSVD Decomposition 119 2.12.4 HOSVD Induced Bases 121 2.12.5 Tensor Best Rank-1 Approximation 123 2.12.6 Rank-1 Decomposition of Tensors 126 2.12.7 Best Rank-(R1, R2, . . . , RP) Approximation 131 2.12.8 Computation of the Best Rank-(R1, R2, . . . , RP) Approximations 134 2.12.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION – Rank Tensor Decompositions 137 2.12.8.2 CASE STUDY – Data Dimensionality Reduction 145 2.12.9 Subspace Data Representation 149 2.12.10 Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 151 2.12.11 Computation of the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 155 2.12.12 Image Representation with NMF 160 2.12.13 Implementation of the Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 162 2.12.14 Nonnegative Tensor Factorization 169 2.12.15 Multilinear Methods of Object Recognition 173 2.13 Closure 179 2.13.1 Chapter Summary 179 2.13.2 Further Reading 180 2.13.3 Problems and Exercises 181 References 182 3 Classification Methods and Algorithms 189 3.1 Abstract 189 3.2 Classification Framework 190 3.2.1 IMPLEMENTATION Computer Representation of Features 191 3.3 Subspace Methods for Object Recognition 194 3.3.1 Principal Component Analysis 195 3.3.1.1 Computation of the PCA 199 3.3.1.2 PCA for Multi-Channel Image Processing 210 3.3.1.3 PCA for Background Subtraction 214 3.3.2 Subspace Pattern Classification 215 3.4 Statistical Formulation of the Object Recognition 222 3.4.1 Parametric and Nonparametric Methods 222 3.4.2 Probabilistic Framework 222 3.4.3 Bayes Decision Rule 223 3.4.4 Maximum a posteriori Classification Scheme 224 3.4.5 Binary Classification Problem 226 3.5 Parametric Methods – Mixture of Gaussians 227 3.6 The Kalman Filter 233 3.7 Nonparametric Methods 236 3.7.1 Histogram Based Techniques 236 3.7.2 Comparing Histograms 239 3.7.3 IMPLEMENTATION – Multidimensional Histograms 243 3.7.4 Parzen Method 246 3.7.4.1 Kernel Based Methods 248 3.7.4.2 Nearest-Neighbor Method 250 3.8 The Mean Shift Method 251 3.8.1 Introduction to the Mean Shift 251 3.8.2 Continuously Adaptive Mean Shift Method (CamShift) 257 3.8.3 Algorithmic Aspects of the Mean Shift Tracking 259 3.8.3.1 Tracking of Multiple Features 259 3.8.3.2 Tracking of Multiple Objects 260 3.8.3.3 Fuzzy Approach to the CamShift 261 3.8.3.4 Discrimination with Background Information 262 3.8.3.5 Adaptive Update of the Classifiers 263 3.8.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the CamShift Method 264 3.9 Neural Networks 267 3.9.1 Probabilistic Neural Network 267 3.9.2 IMPLEMENTATION – Probabilistic Neural Network 270 3.9.3 Hamming Neural Network 274 3.9.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the Hamming Neural Network 278 3.9.5 Morphological Neural Network 282 3.9.5.1 IMPLEMENTATION of the Morphological Neural Network 285 3.10 Kernels in Vision Pattern Recognition 291 3.10.1 Kernel Functions 296 3.10.2 IMPLEMENTATION – Kernels 301 3.11 Data Clustering 306 3.11.1 The k-Means Algorithm 308 3.11.2 Fuzzy c-Means 311 3.11.3 Kernel Fuzzy c-Means 313 3.11.4 Measures of Cluster Quality 315 3.11.5 IMPLEMENTATION Issues 317 3.12 Support Vector Domain Description 327 3.12.1 Implementation of Support Vector Machines 333 3.12.2 Architecture of the Ensemble of One-Class Classifiers 334 3.13 Appendix – MATLAB R and other Packages for Pattern Classification 336 3.14 Closure 336 3.14.1 Chapter Summary 336 3.14.2 Further Reading 337 Problems and Exercises 338 References 339 4 Object Detection and Tracking 346 4.1 Introduction 346 4.2 Direct Pixel Classification 346 4.2.1 Ground-Truth Data Collection 347 4.2.2 CASE STUDY – Human Skin Detection 348 4.2.3 CASE STUDY – Pixel Based Road Signs Detection 352 4.2.3.1 Fuzzy Approach 353 4.2.3.2 SVM Based Approach 353 4.2.4 Pixel Based Image Segmentation with Ensemble of Classifiers 361 4.3 Detection of Basic Shapes 364 4.3.1 Detection of Line Segments 366 4.3.2 UpWrite Detection of Convex Shapes 367 4.4 Figure Detection 370 4.4.1 Detection of Regular Shapes from Characteristic Points 371 4.4.2 Clustering of the Salient Points 375 4.4.3 Adaptive Window Growing Method 376 4.4.4 Figure Verification 378 4.4.5 CASE STUDY – Road Signs Detection System 380 4.5 CASE STUDY – Road Signs Tracking and Recognition 385 4.6 CASE STUDY – Framework for Object Tracking 389 4.7 Pedestrian Detection 395 4.8 Closure 402 4.8.1 Chapter Summary 402 4.8.2 Further Reading 402 Problems and Exercises 403 References 403 5 Object Recognition 408 5.1 Abstract 408 5.2 Recognition from Tensor Phase Histograms and Morphological Scale Space 409 5.2.1 Computation of the Tensor Phase Histograms in Morphological Scale 411 5.2.2 Matching of the Tensor Phase Histograms 413 5.2.3 CASE STUDY – Object Recognition with Tensor Phase Histograms in Morphological Scale Space 415 5.3 Invariant Based Recognition 420 5.3.1 CASE STUDY – Pictogram Recognition with Affine Moment Invariants 421 5.4 Template Based Recognition 424 5.4.1 Template Matching for Road Signs Recognition 425 5.4.2 Special Distances for Template Matching 428 5.4.3 Recognition with the Log-Polar and Scale-Spaces 429 5.5 Recognition from Deformable Models 436 5.6 Ensembles of Classifiers 438 5.7 CASE STUDY – Ensemble of Classifiers for Road Sign Recognition from Deformed Prototypes 440 5.7.1 Architecture of the Road Signs Recognition System 442 5.7.2 Module for Recognition of Warning Signs 446 5.7.3 The Arbitration Unit 452 5.8 Recognition Based on Tensor Decompositions 453 5.8.1 Pattern Recognition in SubSpaces Spanned by the HOSVD Decomposition of Pattern Tensors 453 5.8.2 CASE STUDY – Road Sign Recognition System Based on Decomposition of Tensors with Deformable Pattern Prototypes 455 5.8.3 CASE STUDY – Handwritten Digit Recognition with Tensor Decomposition Method 462 5.8.4 IMPLEMENTATION of the Tensor Subspace Classifiers 465 5.9 Eye Recognition for Driver’s State Monitoring 470 5.10 Object Category Recognition 476 5.10.1 Part-Based Object Recognition 476 5.10.2 Recognition with Bag-of-Visual-Words 477 5.11 Closure 480 5.11.1 Chapter Summary 480 5.11.2 Further Reading 481 Problems and Exercises 482 Reference 483 A Appendix 487 A.1 Abstract 487 A.2 Morphological Scale-Space 487 A.3 Morphological Tensor Operators 490 A.4 Geometry of Quadratic Forms 491 A.5 Testing Classifiers 492 A.5.1 Implementation of the Confusion Matrix and Testing Object Detection in Images 496 A.6 Code Acceleration with OpenMP 499 A.6.1 Recipes for Object-Oriented Code Design with OpenMP 501 A.6.2 Hints on Using and Code Porting to OpenMP 507 A.6.3 Performance Analysis 511 A.7 Useful MATLAB R Functions for Matrix and Tensor Processing 512 A.8 Short Guide to the Attached Software 513 A.9 Closure 516 A.9.1 Chapter Summary 516 A.9.2 Further Reading 519 Problems and Exercises 520 References 520 Index 523

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Book SynopsisHilbert Transform Applications in Mechanical Vibration addresses recent advances in theory and applications of the Hilbert transform to vibration engineering, enabling laboratory dynamic tests to be performed more rapidly and accurately.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Brief History of the Hilbert Transform. 1.2 Hilbert Transform in Vibration Analysis. 1.3 Organization of the Book. PART I. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND ANALYTIC SIGNAL. 2 ANALYTIC SIGNAL REPRESENTATION. 2.1 Local Versus Global Estimations. 2.2 The Hilbert Transform Notation. 2.3 Main Properties of the Hilbert Transform. 2.4 The Hilbert Transform of Multiplication. 2.5 Analytic Signal Representation. 2.6 Polar Notation. 2.7 Angular Position and Speed. 2.8 Signal Waveform and Envelope. 2.9 Instantaneous Phase. 2.10 Instantaneous Frequency. 2.11 Envelope vs. Instantaneous Frequency Plot. 2.12 Distribution Functions of the Instantaneous Characteristics. 2.13 Signal Bandwidth. 2.14 Instantaneous Frequency Distribution and Negative Values. 2.15 Conclusions. 3 SIGNAL DEMODULATION. 3.1 Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency Extraction. 3.2 Hilbert Transform and Synchronous Detection. 3.3 Digital Hilbert Transformers. 3.4 Instantaneous Characteristics Distortions. 3.5 Conclusions. Part II. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SIGNALS. 4 TYPICAL EXAMPLES AND DESCRIPTION OF VIBRATION DATA. 4.1 Random Signal. 4.2 Decay Vibration Waveform. 4.3 Slow Linear Sweeping Frequency Signal. 4.4 Harmonic Frequency Modulation. 4.5 Harmonic Amplitude Modulation. 4.6 Product of Two Harmonics. 4.7 Single Harmonic with DC Offset. 4.8 Composition of Two Harmonics. 4.9 Derivative and Integral of the Analytic Signal. 4.10 Signal Level. 4.11 Frequency Contents. 4.12 Narrowband and Wideband Signal. 4.13 Conclusions. 5 ACTUAL SIGNAL CONTENTS. 5.1 Monocomponent Signal. 5.2 Multicomponent Signal. 5.3 Types of multicomponent signals. 5.4 Averaging Envelope and Instantaneous Frequency. 5.5 Smoothing and Approximation of the Instantaneous Frequency. 5.6 Congruent Envelope. 5.7 Congruent Instantaneous Frequency. 5.8 Conclusions. 6 LOCAL AND GLOBAL VIBRATION DECOMPOSITIONS. 6.1 Empirical Mode Decomposition. 6.2 Analytical Basics of the EMD. 6.3 Global Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.4 Instantaneous Frequency of the Largest Energy Component. 6.5 Envelope of the Largest Energy Component. 6.6 Subtraction of the Synchronous Largest Component. 6.7 Hilbert Vibration Decomposition Scheme. 6.8 Examples of Hilbert Vibration Decomposition. 6.9 Comparison of the Hilbert Transform Decomposition Methods. 6.10 Common Properties of the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.11 The Differences between the Hilbert Transform Decompositions. 6.12 Amplitude-Frequency Resolution of HT Decompositions. 6.13 Limiting Number of Valued Oscillating Components. 6.14 Decompositions of Typical Non-stationary Vibration Signals. 6.15 Main Results and Recommendations. 6.16 Conclusions. 7 SIGNAL ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 7.1 Structural Health Monitoring. 7.2 Standing and Traveling Wave Separation. 7.3 Echo Signal Estimation. 7.4 Synchronization Description. 7.5 Fatigue Estimation. 7.6 Multichannel Vibration Generation. 7.7 Conclusions. Part III. HILBERT TRANSFORM AND VIBRATION SYSTEMS 8 VIBRATION SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS. 8.1 Kramers-Kronig Relations. 8.2 Detection of Nonlinearities in Frequency Domain. 8.3 Typical Nonlinear Elasticity Characteristics. 8.4 Phase Plane Representation of Elastic Nonlinearities in Vibration Systems. 8.5 Complex Plane Representation. 8.6 Approximate Primary Solution of a Conservative Nonlinear System. 8.7 Hilbert Transform and Hysteretic Damping. 8.8 Nonlinear Damping Characteristics in SDOF Vibration System. 8.9 Typical Nonlinear Damping in Vibration System. 8.10 Velocity-Dependent Nonlinear Damping. 8.11 Velocity-Independent Damping. 8.12 Combination of Different Damping Elements. 8.13 Conclusions. 9 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PRIMARY SOLUTION. 9.1 Theoretical Bases of the Hilbert Transform System Identification. 9.2 Free Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.3 Forced Vibration Modal Characteristics. 9.4 BackBone (Skeleton Curve). 9.5 Damping Curve. 9.6 Frequency Response. 9.7 Force Static Characteristics. 9.8 Conclusions. 10 THE FREEVIB and FORCEVIB METHODS. 10.1 FREEVIB Identification Examples. 10.2 FORCEVIB Identification Examples. 10.3 System Identification with Biharmonic Excitation. 10.4 Identification of Nonlinear Time-Varying System. 10.5 Experimental Identification of Nonlinear Vibration System. 10.6 Conclusions. 11 CONSIDERING HIGH ORDER SUPERHARMONICS. IDENTIFICATION OF ASYMMETRIC AND MDOF SYSTEMS. 11.1 Description of the Precise Method Scheme. 11.2 Identification of the Instantaneous Modal Parameters. 11.3 Congruent Modal Parameters. 11.4 Congruent Nonlinear Elastic and Damping Forces. 11.5 Examples of Precise Free Vibration Identification. 11.6 Forced Vibration Identification Considering High-Order Superharmonics. 11.7 Identification of Asymmetric Nonlinear System. 11.8 Experimental Identification of a Crack. 11.9 Identification of MDOF Vibration System. 11.10 Identification of Weakly Nonlinear Coupled Oscillators. 11.11 Conclusions. 12 SYSTEM ANALYSIS PRACTICE EXPERIENCE AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION. 12.1 Non-parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibration Systems. 12.2 Parametric Identification of Nonlinear Mechanical Vibrating Systems. 12.3 Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection. 12.4 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBy taking a practical approach to the industrial inspection of digital holography, Digital Holography for MEMS and Microsystem Metrology offers a description of the use of digital holography and its growing applications for MEMS characterization, residual stress measurement, design and evaluation and device testing and inspection.Table of ContentsAbout the Editor xi Contributors xiii Series Preface xvii Acknowledgements xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Anand Asundi 2 Digital Reflection Holography and Applications 7 Vijay R. Singh and Anand Asundi 2.1 Introduction to Digital Holography and Methods 7 2.1.1 Holography and Digital Holography 7 2.1.2 Digital Recording Mechanism 9 2.1.3 Numerical Reconstruction Methods 10 2.2 Reflection Digital Holographic Microscope (DHM) Systems Development 13 2.2.1 Optical Systems and Methodology 13 2.3 3D Imaging, Static and Dynamic Measurements 23 2.3.1 Numerical Phase and 3D Measurements 23 2.3.2 Digital Holographic Interferometry 25 2.4 MEMS/Microsystems Characterization Applications 31 2.4.1 3D Measurements 31 2.4.2 Static Measurements and Dynamic Interferometric Measurement 35 2.4.3 Vibration Analysis 39 References 50 3 Digital Transmission Holography and Applications 51 Qu Weijuan 3.1 Historical Introduction 51 3.2 The Foundation of Digital Holography 53 3.2.1 Theoretical Analysis of Wavefront Interference 58 3.2.2 Digital Hologram Recording and Reconstruction 70 3.2.3 Different Numerical Reconstruction Algorithms 71 3.3 Digital Holographic Microscopy System 73 3.3.1 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Physical Spherical Phase Compensation 74 3.3.2 Lens-Less Common-Path Digital Holographic Microscope 79 3.3.3 Common-Path Digital Holographic Microscope 84 3.3.4 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Quasi-Physical Spherical Phase Compensation: Light with Long Coherence Length 92 3.3.5 Digital Holographic Microscopy with Quasi-Physical Spherical Phase Compensation: Light with Short Coherence Length 99 3.4 Conclusion 102 References 104 4 Digital In-Line Holography and Applications 109 Taslima Khanam 4.1 Background 109 4.2 Digital In-Line Holography 111 4.2.1 Recording and Reconstruction 111 4.3 Methodology for 2D Measurement of Micro-Particles 114 4.3.1 Numerical Reconstruction, Pre-Processing and Background Correction 114 4.3.2 Image Segmentation 116 4.3.3 Particle Focusing 117 4.3.4 Particle Size Measurement 118 4.4 Validation and Performance of the 2D Measurement Method 120 4.4.1 Verification of the Focusing Algorithm 121 4.4.2 Spherical Beads on a Glass Slide 123 4.4.3 Microspheres in a Flowing System 124 4.4.4 10 mm Microspheres Suspension 125 4.4.5 Measurement of Microfibers 125 4.5 Methodology for 3D Measurement of Micro-Fibers 128 4.5.1 Method 1: The 3D Point Cloud Method 129 4.5.2 Method 2: The Superimposition Method 130 4.6 Validation and Performance of the 3D Measurement Methods 134 4.6.1 Experiment with a Single Fiber 134 4.6.2 3D Measurements of Micro-Fibers in Suspension 135 4.7 Conclusion 136 References 137 5 Other Applications 139 5.1 Recording Plane Division Multiplexing (RDM) in Digital Holography for Resolution Enhancement 141 Caojin Yuan and Hongchen Zhai 5.1.1 Introduction of the Recording Plane Division Multiplexing Technique 141 5.1.1.1 The SM Technique 142 5.1.1.2 The ADM Technique 143 5.1.1.3 The WDM Technique 145 5.1.1.4 The PM Technique 146 5.1.2 RDM Implemented in Pulsed Digital Holography for Ultra-Fast Recording 147 5.1.2.1 Introduction 147 5.1.2.2 AMD in the Pulsed Digital Holography 148 5.1.2.3 WDM in Pulsed Digital Holography 150 5.1.3 RDM Implemented by Digital Holography for Spatial Resolution Enhancement 152 5.1.3.1 Introduction 152 5.1.3.2 AMD in Digital Holography 153 5.1.3.3 AMD and PM in Digital Holography 156 5.1.4 Conclusion 159 References 160 5.2 Development of Digital Holographic Tomography 161 Yu Yingjie 5.2.1 Introduction 161 5.2.2 Classification of Digital Holographic Tomography 162 5.2.3 Principle of Digital Holographic Tomography 166 5.2.3.1 Principle of Digital Holography 166 5.2.3.2 Reconstruction Principle of Computer Tomography 166 5.2.3.3 CT Reconstruction Algorithms 168 5.2.4 Application of DHT 170 5.2.4.1 Detection of Biological Tissue 170 5.2.4.2 Material Detection 172 References 175 5.3 Digital Holographic Interferometry for Phase Distribution Measurement 177 Jianlin Zhao 5.3.1 Measurement Principle of Digital Holographic Interferometry 177 5.3.1.1 Principle of Phase Measurement of the Object Wave Field 178 5.3.1.2 Principle of Digital Holographic Interferometry 180 5.3.2 Applications of Digital Holographic Interferometry in Surface Profile Testing of MEMS/MOEMS 183 5.3.3 Applications of Digital Holographic Interferometry in Measuring Refractive Index Distribution 185 5.3.3.1 Measurement of Light-Induced Index Change in Photorefractive Crystals 186 5.3.3.2 Measurement of Acoustic Standing Wave Field 191 5.3.3.3 Measurement of Plasma Plume Field 192 5.3.3.4 Measurement of Temperature Distribution in Air Field 193 5.3.3.5 Visualization Measurement of Turbulent Flow Field in Water 194 References 195 6 Conclusion 199 Anand Asundi Index 201

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Book SynopsisElectrostatic discharge (ESD) continues to impact semiconductor manufacturing, semiconductor components and systems, as technologies scale from micro- to nano electronics. This book introduces the fundamentals of ESD, electrical overstress (EOS), electromagnetic interference (EMI), electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), and latchup, as well as provides a coherent overview of the semiconductor manufacturing environment and the final system assembly. It provides an illuminating look into the integration of ESD protection networks followed by examples in specific technologies, circuits, and chips. The text is unique in covering semiconductor chip manufacturing issues, ESD semiconductor chip design, and system problems confronted today as well as the future of ESD phenomena and nano-technology. Look inside for extensive coverage on: The fundamentals of electrostatics, triboelectric charging, and how they relate to present day manufacturing environments of micro-Trade Review"With 146 figures including colour blood films and haematology slides, the book provides a pleasant state-of-the-art introduc-tion to clinical haematology. There is a self-assess- ment section at the end." (Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, 1 April 2011) Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Fundamentals of Electrostatics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Electrostatics 1 1.2.1 Thales of Miletus and Electrostatic Attraction 2 1.2.2 Electrostatics and the Triboelectric Series 3 1.2.3 Triboelectric Series and Gilbert 4 1.2.4 Triboelectric Series and Gray 4 1.2.5 Triboelectric Series and Dufay 4 1.2.6 Triboelectric Series and Franklin 5 1.2.7 Electrostatics – Symmer and the Human Body Model 5 1.2.8 Electrostatics – Coulomb and Cavendish 5 1.2.9 Electrostatics – Faraday and the Ice Pail Experiment 5 1.2.10 Electrostatics – Faraday and Maxwell 6 1.2.11 Electrostatics – Paschen 6 1.2.12 Electrostatics – Stoney and the “Electron” 6 1.3 Triboelectric Charging – How does it Happen? 7 1.4 Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators 8 1.5 Static Dissipative Materials 8 1.6 ESD and Materials 9 1.7 Electrification and Coulomb’s Law 9 1.7.1 Electrification by Friction 10 1.7.2 Electrification by Induction 10 1.7.3 Electrification by Conduction 10 1.8 Electromagnetism and Electrodynamics 11 1.9 Electrical Breakdown 11 1.9.1 Electrostatic Discharge and Breakdown 11 1.9.2 Breakdown and Paschen’s Law 12 1.9.3 Breakdown and Townsend 12 1.9.4 Breakdown and Toepler’s Law 13 1.9.5 Avalanche Breakdown 13 1.10 Electroquasistatics and Magnetoquasistatics 15 1.11 Electrodynamics and Maxwell’s Equations 16 1.12 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 16 1.13 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 16 1.14 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) 16 1.15 Summary and Closing Comments 17 References 17 2 Fundamentals of Manufacturing and Electrostatics 21 2.1 Materials, Tooling, Human Factors, and Electrostatic Discharge 22 2.1.1 Materials and Human Induced Electric Fields 23 2.2 Manufacturing Environment and Tooling 23 2.3 Manufacturing Equipment and ESD Manufacturing Problems 23 2.4 Manufacturing Materials 24 2.5 Measurement and Test Equipment 24 2.5.1 Manufacturing Testing for Compliance 25 2.6 Grounding and Bonding Systems 27 2.7 Worksurfaces 27 2.8 Wrist Straps 28 2.9 Constant Monitors 28 2.10 Footwear 28 2.11 Floors 28 2.12 Personnel Grounding with Garments 29 2.12.1 Garments 29 2.13 Air Ionization 29 2.14 Seating 29 2.15 Carts 30 2.16 Packaging and Shipping 31 2.16.1 Shipping Tubes 31 2.16.2 Trays 32 2.17 ESD Identification 32 2.18 ESD Program Management – Twelve Steps to Building an ESD Strategy 32 2.19 ESD Program Auditing 33 2.20 ESD On-Chip Protection 33 2.21 Summary and Closing Comments 34 References 34 3 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC and Latchup 39 3.1 ESD, EOS, EMI, EMC and Latchup 39 3.1.1 ESD 39 3.1.2 EOS 40 3.1.3 EMI 40 3.1.4 EMC 41 3.1.5 Latchup 41 3.2 ESD Models 41 3.2.1 Human Body Model (HBM) 41 3.2.2 Machine Model (MM) 43 3.2.3 Cassette Model 45 3.2.4 Charged Device Model (CDM) 46 3.2.5 Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) 46 3.2.6 Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) 50 3.3 Electrical Overstress (EOS) 50 3.3.1 EOS Sources – Lightning 51 3.3.2 EOS Sources – Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP) 52 3.3.3 EOS Sources – Machinery 52 3.3.4 EOS Sources – Power Distribution 52 3.3.5 EOS Sources – Switches, Relays and Coils 53 3.3.6 EOS Design Flow and Product Definition 53 3.3.7 EOS Sources – Design Issues 54 3.3.8 EOS Failure Mechanisms 55 3.4 EMI 57 3.5 EMC 57 3.6 Latchup 58 3.7 Summary and Closing Comments 59 References 59 4 System Level ESD 65 4.1 System Level Testing 65 4.1.1 System Level Testing Objectives 66 4.1.2 Distinction of System and Component Level Testing Failure Criteria 66 4.2 When Systems and Chips Interact 67 4.3 ESD and System Level Failures 68 4.3.1 ESD Current and System Level Failures 68 4.3.2 ESD Induced E- and H-Fields and System Level Failures 69 4.4 Electronic Systems 70 4.4.1 Cards and Boards 70 4.4.2 System Chassis and Shielding 71 4.5 System Level Problems Today 71 4.5.1 Hand Held Systems 71 4.5.2 Cell Phones 71 4.5.3 Servers and Cables 72 4.5.4 Laptops and Cables 74 4.5.5 Disk Drives 74 4.5.6 Digital Cameras 75 4.6 Automobiles, ESD, EOS, and EMI 77 4.6.1 Automobiles and ESD – Ignition Systems 77 4.6.2 Automobiles and EMI – Electronic Pedal Assemblies 77 4.6.3 Automobiles and Gas Tank Fires 78 4.6.4 Hybrids and Electric Cars 78 4.6.5 Automobiles in the Future 79 4.7 Aerospace Applications 80 4.7.1 Airplanes, Partial Discharge, and Lightning 80 4.7.2 Satellites, Spacecraft Charging, and Single Event Upset (SEU) 81 4.7.3 Space Landing Missions 81 4.8 ESD and System Level Test Models 83 4.9 IEC 61000-4-2 83 4.10 Human Metal Model (HMM) 83 4.11 Charged Board Model (CBM) 86 4.12 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) 87 4.12.1 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) and Scaling 89 4.12.2 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Cable Measurement Equipment 89 4.12.3 Cable Configuration – Test Configuration 92 4.12.4 Cable Configuration – Floating Cable 92 4.12.5 Cable Configuration – Held Cable 92 4.12.6 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Peak Current vs. Charged Voltage 92 4.12.7 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) – Plateau Current vs Charged Voltage 92 4.13 Summary and Closing Comments 93 References 93 5 Component Level Issues – Problems and Solutions 97 5.1 ESD Chip Protection – The Problem and the Cure 97 5.2 ESD Chip Level Design Solutions – Basics of Design Synthesis 98 5.2.1 ESD Circuits 101 5.2.2 ESD Signal Pin Protection Networks 101 5.2.3 ESD Power Clamp Protection Networks 103 5.2.4 ESD Power Domain-to-Domain Circuitry 103 5.2.5 ESD Internal Signal Line Domain-to-Domain Protection Circuitry 104 5.3 ESD Chip Floor Planning – Basics of Design Layout and Synthesis 105 5.3.1 Placement of ESD Signal Pin HBM Circuitry 106 5.3.2 Placement of ESD Signal Pin CDM Circuitry 107 5.3.3 Placement of ESD Power Clamp Circuitry 107 5.3.4 Placement of ESD VSS-to-VSS Circuitry 109 5.4 ESD Analog Circuit Design 109 5.4.1 Symmetry and Common Centroid Design for ESD Analog Circuits 110 5.4.2 Analog Signal Pin to Power Rail ESD Network 111 5.4.3 Common Centroid Analog Signal Pin to Power Rail ESD Network 111 5.4.4 Co-synthesis of Common Centroid Analog Circuit and ESD Networks 112 5.4.5 Signal Pin-to-Signal Pin Differential Pair ESD Network 113 5.4.6 Common Centroid Signal Pin Differential Pair ESD Protection 113 5.5 ESD Radio Frequency (RF) Design 115 5.5.1 ESD Radio Frequency (RF) Design Practices 115 5.5.2 ESD RF Circuits – Signal Pin ESD Networks 121 5.5.3 ESD RF Circuits – ESD Power Clamps 123 5.5.4 ESD RF Circuits – ESD RF VSS-to-VSS Networks 126 5.6 Summary and Closing Comments 127 References 127 6 ESD in Systems – Problems and Solutions 129 6.1 ESD System Solutions from Largest to Smallest 129 6.2 Aerospace Solutions 129 6.3 Oil Tanker Solutions 130 6.4 Automobile Solutions 130 6.5 Computers – Servers 131 6.5.1 Servers – Touch Pads and Handling Procedures 131 6.6 Mother Boards and Cards 131 6.6.1 System Card Insertion Contacts 131 6.6.2 System Level Board Design – Ground Design 131 6.7 System Level “On Board” ESD Protection 133 6.7.1 Spark Gaps 134 6.7.2 Field Emission Devices (FED) 136 6.8 System Level Transient Solutions 140 6.8.1 Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) Devices 141 6.8.2 Polymer Voltage Suppression (PVS) Devices 143 6.9 Package-Level Mechanical ESD Solutions – Mechanical “Crowbars” 144 6.10 Disk Drive ESD Solutions 145 6.10.1 In Line “ESD Shunt” 145 6.10.2 Armature – Mechanical “Shunt” – A Built-In Electrical “Crowbar” 145 6.11 Semiconductor Chip Level Solutions – Floor Planning, Layout, and Architecture 147 6.11.1 Mixed Signal Analog and Digital Floor Planning 147 6.11.2 Bipolar-CMOS-DMOS (BCD) Floor Planning 148 6.11.3 System-on Chip Design Floor Planning 148 6.12 Semiconductor Chip Solutions – Electrical Power Grid Design 149 6.12.1 HMM and IEC Specification Power Grid and Interconnect Design Considerations 150 6.12.2 ESD Power Clamp Design Synthesis – IEC 61000-4-2 Responsive ESD Power Clamps 151 6.13 ESD and EMC – When Chips Bring Down Systems 152 6.14 System Level and Component Level ESD Testing and System Level Response 152 6.14.1 Time Domain Reflection (TDR) and Impedance Methodology for ESD Testing 152 6.14.2 Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) ESD Test System Evaluation 154 6.14.3 ESD Degradation System Level Method – Eye Tests 158 6.15 EMC and ESD Scanning 160 6.16 Summary and Closing Comments 163 References 164 7 Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) in the Future 167 7.1 What is in the Future for ESD? 167 7.2 Factories and Manufacturing 167 7.3 Photo-Masks and Reticles 168 7.3.1 ESD Concerns in Photo-Masks 169 7.3.2 Avalanche Breakdown in Photo-Masks 170 7.3.3 Electrical Model in Photo-Masks 171 7.3.4 Failure Defects in Photo-Masks 172 7.4 Magnetic Recording Technology 174 7.5 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Devices 176 7.5.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Devices 177 7.6 Micro-Motors 178 7.6.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Motors 178 7.7 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) RF Switches 180 7.7.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) RF Switches 180 7.8 Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Mirrors 182 7.8.1 ESD Concerns in Micro-Electromechanical (MEM) Mirrors 182 7.9 Transistors 183 7.9.1 Transistors – Bulk vs. SOI Technology 184 7.9.2 Transistors and FinFETs 185 7.9.3 ESD in FinFETs 185 7.10 Silicon Nanowires 187 7.11 Carbon Nanotubes 187 7.12 Future Systems and System Designs 188 7.13 Summary and Closing Comments 189 References 190 Glossary 195 ESD Standards 199 Index 203

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