Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisSix years after its first edition, Computed Tomography: Principles, Design, Artifacts, and Recent Advances, Second Edition provides and updated overview of the evolution of CT, the mathematical and physical aspects of the technology, and the fundamentals of image reconstruction algorithms.Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Conventional X-ray Tomography. 1.2 History of Computed Tomography. 1.3 Different Generations of CT Scanners. 1.4 Problems. References. 2. Preliminaries. 2.1 Mathematics Fundamentals. 2.2 Fundamentals of X-ray Physics. 2.3 Measurement of Line Integrals and Data Conditioning. 2.4 Sampling Geometry and Sinogram. 2.5 Problems. References. 3. Image Reconstruction. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Several Approaches to Image Reconstruction. 3.3 The Fourier Slice Theorem. 3.4 The Filtered Backprojection Algorithm. 3.5 Fan-Beam Reconstruction. 3.6 Iterative Reconstruction. 3.7 Problems. References. 4. Image Presentation. 4.1 CT Image Display. 4.2 Volume Visualization. 4.3 Impact of Visualization Tools. 4.4 Problems. References. 5. Key Performance Parameters of the CT Scanner. 5.1 High-Contrast Spatial Resolution. 5.2 Low-Contrast Resolution. 5.3 Temporal Resolution. 5.4 CT Number Accuracy and Noise. 5.5 Performance of the Scanogram. 5.6 Problems. References. 6. Major Components of the CT Scanner. 6.1 System Overview. 6.2 The X-ray Tube and High-Voltage Generator. 6.3 The X-ray Detector and Data-Acquisition Electronics. 6.4 The Gantry and Slip Ring. 6.5 Collimation and Filtration. 6.6 The Reconstruction Engine. 6.7 Problems. References. 7. Image Artifacts: Appearances, Causes, and Corrections. 7.1 What Is an Image Artifact? 7.2 Different Appearances of Image Artifacts. 7.3 Artifacts Related to System Design. 7.4 Artifacts Related to X-ray Tubes. 7.5 Detector-induced Artifacts. 7.6 Patient-induced Artifacts. 7.7 Operator-induced Artifacts. 7.8 Problems. References. 8. Computer Simulation Analysis. 8.1 What Is Computer Simulation? 8.2 Simulation Overview. 8.3 Simulation of Optics. 8.4 Computer Simulation of Physics-related Performance. 8.5 Problems. References. 9. Helical or Spiral CT. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Terminology and Reconstruction. 9.3 Slice Sensitivity Profile and Noise. 9.4 Helically Related Image Artifacts. 9.5 Problems. References. 10. Miltislice CT. 10.1 The Need for Multislice CT. 10.2 Detector Configurations of Multislice CT. 10.3 Nonhelical Mode of Reconstruction. 10.4 Multislice Helical Reconstruction. 10.5 Multislice Artifacts. 10.6 Problems. References. 11. X-ray Radiation and Dose-Reduction Techniques. 11.1 Biological Effects of X-ray Radiation. 11.2 Measurement of X-ray dose. 11.3 Methodologies for Dose Reduction. 11.4 Problems. References. 12. Advanced CT Applications. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cardiac Imaging. 12.3 CT Fluoroscopy. 12.4 CT Perfusion. 12.5 Screening and Quantitative CT. 12.6 Dual-Energy CT. 12.7 Problems. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides robust and useful information for improving the security of enterprise and service provider networks everywhere. It covers network management security issues and currently available security mechanisms by discussing how network architectures have evolved into the contemporary next-generation networks.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Evolution of Networking Concepts 4 1.1.1 The Public Switched Telephone Network 4 1.1.2 Computer/Data Communications Networks 5 1.1.3 Network Architectures 6 1.1.4 Data Network Complexity 8 1.2 A Network Security Historical Perspective 13 1.2.1 ISO/IEC 7498–1 (ITU-T X.200) Coverage of Management 14 1.2.2 ISO/IEC 7498–4 (ITU-T X.700) Coverage of Security Management 15 1.2.3 ISO/IEC 7498–2 (ITU-T X.800) Coverage of Security and Management 15 1.2.4 The Security Frameworks (ITU-T X.810–ITU-T X.816) 23 1.2.5 The ITU-T X.805 Approach to Security 25 1.3 Network and Security Management Systems 26 1.3.1 Element and Network Management Systems 26 1.3.2 Operations Support Systems 27 1.4 Evolution of Network and Security Management Concepts 29 1.4.1 Telecommunications Management Network 29 1.4.2 Next Generation Operations Systems and Software 47 1.4.3 Enhanced Telecom Operations Map 50 1.5 How the Need for Information Security has Changed 57 1.6 Summary 61 Further Reading and Resources 62 2 OVERVIEW OF CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 63 2.1 A Little Network History 63 2.1.1 Point-to-Point Data Communications 64 2.1.2 Early Commercial Packet Switching 64 2.1.3 The ARPANET: Internet 64 2.1.4 Ethernet and IEEE 802.3 70 2.1.5 Network Address Translation 71 2.2 Common Network Organizations 72 2.2.1 Wired Local Area Networks 74 2.2.2 Wireless Networks 83 2.2.3 Metropolitan Area Networks 87 2.2.4 Wide Area Networks 94 2.2.5 Networks Are Now Layered upon Networks 96 2.2.6 Additional Networking Developments 96 2.2.7 Security Mechanisms in Modern Networks 105 2.3 Next-Generation Networks and Interfaces 108 2.3.1 Framework and Topology of the NGN 108 2.3.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem 125 2.4 Summary 133 Further Reading and Resources 136 3 SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 139 3.1 Cybercrime as a Driver for Information Security Management 140 3.2 Governance as a Driver for Information Security Management 142 3.2.1 What Is Governance? 142 3.2.2 Information System Security Governance 143 3.3 Information Security Management Frameworks 145 3.3.1 ISO/IEC 27000 Series 146 3.3.2 The Information Technology Infrastructure Library Framework 164 3.3.3 COBIT Framework 167 3.3.4 FISMA Framework 173 3.4 A Holistic Approach for Security Management 176 3.4.1 Organizational Aspects of Security Governance and Management 176 3.4.2 Policies and Policy Hierarchies 180 3.4.3 Functional and Operational Security Requirements 183 3.5 Summary 189 Further Reading and Resources 189 4 RISK MANAGEMENT IN CURRENT AND FUTURE NETWORKS 191 4.1 Asset Identification: Definition and Inventorying 193 4.2 Impact Analysis 224 4.2.1 Existing System Impact Analysis 224 4.2.2 New System Impact Analysis 236 4.2.3 Risk Mitigation Analysis 240 4.2.4 Malicious Security Events and Threat Assessment 243 4.3 Risk Mitigation Controls Acquisition or Development 257 4.3.1 Procedural Risk Mitigation Controls 257 4.3.2 New Technical Risk Mitigation Controls 258 4.4 Risk Mitigation Controls Deployment Testing 273 4.5 Summary 274 Further Reading and Resources 275 5 OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY 277 5.1 Securing Management Applications and Communications 278 5.1.1 Security within Element and Network Management Systems 278 5.1.2 Telecommunications Management Network Security 279 5.1.3 Operations Support System Security Needs 281 5.1.4 Reflections on Past ITU Treatment of Managing Security 285 5.1.5 Management of Security Services and Mechanisms Revisited 288 5.1.6 A Security Management Framework 291 5.2 Security Operations and Maintenance 296 5.2.1 Operational Security Compliance Programs 297 5.2.2 Security Operations Reviews and Audits 301 5.2.3 Security Event Response and Incident Management 302 5.2.4 Penetration Testing 304 5.2.5 Common Criteria Evaluated Systems 306 5.2.6 Accreditation and Certification 309 5.3 Withdrawal from Service 312 5.4 Summary 314 5.5 Concluding Remarks 314 Further Reading and Resources 314 Appendices 318 Appendix A: Role of Cryptography in Information Security Appendix B: Authentication of Subjects Appendix C: Network Security Mechanisms Appendix D: Example Company Security Policy Appendix E: Example Generic Detailed Security Requirements Appendix F: Securing Common Network Protocols Appendix G: Security Mapping between M.3400 and M.3050 320 Appendix H: State Privacy Laws as of 2010 328 Appendix I: Example RFP Security Appendix Appendix J: RFP Security Analysis of ABC Proposal Appendix K: Example Security Statement of Work 339 Appendix L: Example Solaris Operating System Audit Procedures 348 Appendix M: Example Procedure for Basic Hardening of a Windows XP Professional Operating System 352 Appendix N: Example Network Audit Procedure 356 Appendix O: Example Unix–Linux Operating System Audit Procedures 360 Index 365

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Book SynopsisA broad introduction to the fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies Covering both theory and practical topics, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies offers a sound survey of the major industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication engineering technologies. Divided into four main sections, the book examines RF, antennas, and propagation; wireless access technologies; network and service architectures; and other topics, such as network management and security, policies and regulations, and facilities infrastructure. Helpful cross-references are placed throughout the text, offering additional information where needed. The book provides: Coverage that is closely aligned to the IEEE''s Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) certification program syllabus, reflecting the author''s direct involvement in the development of the program A speTable of ContentsFOREWORD xix PREFACE xxi I PRELIMINARIES 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Notation 4 1.2 Foundations 4 1.3 Signals and Systems 12 1.4 Signaling in Communications Systems 27 II RADIO FREQUENCY, ANTENNAS, AND PROPAGATION 2 Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation 37 2.1 Mathematical Preliminaries 37 2.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics 41 2.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines 46 2.4 Impedance 56 2.5 Tests and Measurements 57 3 Radio-Frequency Engineering 63 3.1 Introduction and Preliminaries 64 3.2 Noise 70 3.3 System Issues Related to Nonlinearity 80 3.4 Mixing and Related Issues 85 3.5 Oscillators and Related Issues 87 3.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues 89 3.7 Other Components 90 4 Antennas 93 4.1 Characterization 94 4.2 Examples 105 4.3 Antenna Arrays 111 4.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on 122 5 Propagation 125 5.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects 126 5.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 132 5.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments 137 5.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget 148 III WIRELESS ACCESS TECHNOLOGIES 6 Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies 159 6.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing 160 6.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems 169 6.3 The Cellular Concept 173 6.4 Spread Spectrum 177 6.5 OFDM 185 7 Component Technologies 193 7.1 Medium Access Control 193 7.2 Handoff 202 7.3 Power Control 208 7.4 Error Correction Codes 210 8 Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi 219 8.1 GSM 220 8.2 IS-95 CDMA 226 8.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi 235 9 Recent Trends and Developments 249 9.1 Third-Generation CDMA-Based Systems 249 9.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access 253 9.3 HSPA and HRPD 258 9.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX 262 9.5 LTE 270 9.6 What's Next? 273 IV NETWORK AND SERVICE ARCHITECTURES 10 Introduction to Network and Service Architectures 277 10.1 Review of Fundamental Networking Concepts 278 10.2 Architectures 285 10.3 IP Networking 290 10.4 Teletraffic Analysis 301 11 GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence 307 11.1 GSM 308 11.2 VoIP 315 11.3 QoS 323 12 Toward an All-IP Core Network 333 12.1 Making IP Work with Wireless 333 12.2 GPRS 341 12.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the Introduction of IMS 346 12.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem 354 12.5 Other Networks 362 13 Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead 367 13.1 Services 367 13.2 Service Architectures 371 13.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 379 13.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks 384 V MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS 14 Network Management 393 14.1 Requirements and Concepts 393 14.2 Network Management Models 394 14.3 SNMP 397 15 Security 415 15.1 Basic Concepts 415 15.2 Cryptography 419 15.3 Network Security Protocols 422 15.4 Wireless Security 432 16 Facilities Infrastructure 443 16.1 Communications Towers 444 16.3 Additional Topics 462 17 Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations 467 17.1 Agreements 468 17.2 Standards 469 17.3 Policies 478 17.4 Regulations 479 EXERCISE SOLUTIONS 487 APPENDIX A: SOME FORMULAS AND IDENTITIES 497 APPENDIX B: WCET GLOSSARY EQUATION INDEX 499 APPENDIX C: WCET EXAM TIPS 501 APPENDIX D: SYMBOLS 503 APPENDIX E: ACRONYMS 509 INDEX 519

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of Radio Frequency Circuit Design features novel applications of RF technology, an area that continues to grow and evolve. It provides a thorough basis for design of RF circuits, including phase locked loops, filters, transformers, amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators.Trade Review"This book focuses on components such as filters, transformers, amplifiers, mixers and oscillators. Even the phase lock loop chapter (the last in the book) is oriented toward practical circuit design, in contrast to the more systems orientation of most communication texts. " (Forums Digital Media Net, 15 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Information Transfer Technology. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Information and Capacity. 1.3 Dependent States. 1.4 Basic Transmitter?Receiver Confi guration. 1.5 Active Device Technology. Problems. Reference. 2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Resistors. 2.3 Capacitors. 2.4 Inductors. 2.5 Conclusions. Problems. References. 3 Impedance Matching. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Q Factor. 3.3 Resonance and Bandwidth. 3.4 Unloaded Q. 3.5 L Circuit Impedance Matching. 3.6 π Transformation Circuit. 3.7 T Transformation Circuit. 3.8 Tapped Capacitor Transformer. 3.9 Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer. 3.10 Conclusions. Problems. References. 4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines. 4.1 Voltage?Current Two-Port Parameters. 4.2 ABCD Parameters. 4.3 Image Impedance. 4.4 Telegrapher's Equations. 4.5 Transmission Line Equation. 4.6 Smith Chart. 4.7 Transmission Line Stub Transformer. 4.8 Commonly Used Transmission Lines. 4.9 Scattering Parameters. 4.10 Indefinite Admittance Matrix. 4.11 Indefinite Scattering Matrix. 4.12 Conclusions. Problems. References. 5 Filter Design and Approximation. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Ideal and Approximate Filter Types. 5.3 Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts. 5.4 Ladder Network Filters. 5.5 Elliptic Filter. 5.6 Matching Between Unequal Resistance Levels. 5.7 Conclusions. Problems. References. 6 Transmission Line Transformers. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Ideal Transmission Line Transformers. 6.3 Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis. 6.4 Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers. 6.5 Baluns. 6.6 Dividers and Combiners. 6.7 The 90° Coupler. Problems. References. 7 Noise in RF Amplifiers. 7.1 Sources of Noise. 7.2 Thermal Noise. 7.3 Shot Noise. 7.4 Noise Circuit Analysis. 7.5 Amplifier Noise Characterization. 7.6 Noise Measurement. 7.7 Noisy Two-Port Circuits. 7.8 Two-Port Noise Factor Derivation. 7.9 Fukui Noise Model for Transistors. Problems. References. 8 Class A Amplifiers. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Defi nitions of Gain. 8.3 Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port Network. 8.4 Power Gain Using S Parameters. 8.5 Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain. 8.6 Stability. 8.7 Class A Power Amplifiers. 8.8 Power Combining of Power Amplifiers. 8.9 Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers. 8.10 Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise. 8.11 Conclusions. Problems. References. 9 RF Power Amplifiers. 9.1 Transistor Configurations. 9.2 Class B Amplifier. 9.3 Class C Amplifier. 9.4 Class C Input Bias Voltage. 9.5 Class D Power Amplifier. 9.6 Class E Power Amplifier. 9.7 Class F Power Amplifier. 9.8 Feed-Forward Amplifiers. 9.9 Conclusions. Problems. References. 10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators. 10.1 Oscillator Fundamentals. 10.2 Feedback Theory. 10.3 Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback. 10.4 Practical Oscillator Example. 10.5 Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient. 10.6 Common Gate (Base) Oscillators. 10.7 Stability of an Oscillator. 10.8 Injection-Locked Oscillator. 10.9 Oscillator Phase Noise. 10.10 Harmonic Generators. Problems. References. 11 RF Mixers. 11.1 Nonlinear Device Characteristics. 11.2 Figures of Merit for Mixers. 11.3 Single-Ended Mixers. 11.4 Single-Balanced Mixers. 11.5 Double-Balanced Mixers. 11.6 Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers. 11.7 Spurious Response. 11.8 Single-Sideband Noise Factor and Noise Temperature. 11.9 Special Mixer Applications. 11.10 Conclusions. Problems. References. 12 Phase-Lock Loops. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 PLL Design Background. 12.3 PLL Applications. 12.4 PLL Basics. 12.5 Loop Design Principles. 12.6 Linear Analysis of the PLL. 12.7 Locking a Phase-Lock Loop. 12.8 Loop Types. 12.9 Negative Feedback in a PLL. 12.10 PLL Design Equations. 12.11 Phase Detector Types. 12.12 Design Examples. 12.13 Conclusions. Problems. References. Appendix A Example of a Solenoid Design. Appendix B Analytical Spiral Inductor Model. Appendix C Double-Tuned Matching Circuit Example. Appendix D Two-Port Parameter Conversion. Appendix E Termination of a Transistor Port with a Load. Appendix F Transistor and Amplifier Formulas. Appendix G Transformed Frequency-Domain Measurements Using SPICE. Appendix H Single-Tone Intermodulation Distortion Suppression for Double-Balanced Mixers. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn unprecedented look into the present and future of next generation networks, services, and management in the telecommunications industry The telecommunications industry has advanced in rapid, significant, and unpredictable ways into the twenty-first century. Next Generation Telecommunications Networks, Services, and Management guides the global industry and academia even further by providing an in-depth look at current and developing trends, as well as examining the complex issues of developing, introducing, and managing cutting-edge telecommunications technologies. This is an orchestrated set of original chapters written expressly for this book by topic experts from around the globe. It addresses next generation technologies and architectures, with the focus on networks, services, and management. Key topics include: Opportunities and challenges of next generation telecommunications networks, services, and management Tri/QuaTable of ContentsGUEST INTRODUCTIONS. EDITOR AND CONTRIBUTOR BIOGRAPHIES. CHAPTER 1 CHANGES, OPPORTUNITIES, AND CHALLENGES (Veli Sahin and Thomas Plevyak). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Scope. 1.3 Changes, Opportunities, and Challenges. 1.4 Major Management Challenges for a Value-Added Service: Triple Shift Service. 1.5 The Grand Challenge: System Integration and Interoperability of Disjoined Islands. 1.6 Some Examples of Management System Applications. 1.7 Overview of Book Organization and Chapters. 1.8 References. CHAPTER 2 MANAGEMENT OF TRIPLE/QUADRUPLE PLAY SERVICES FROM A TELECOM PERSPECTIVE (Jean Craveur). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Context of Triple/Quadruple Play for Telecom Operators. 2.3 The Economic, Service, and Commercial Challenges. 2.4 The Technical Challenge. 2.5 The Operational Challenge. 2.6 The Customer Experience in Broadband Triple Play. 2.7 The Organizational Challenge. 2.8 Conclusions. 2.9 Acknowledgments. 2.10 References. 2.11 Suggested Further Reading. CHAPTER 3 MANAGEMENT OF TRIPLE/QUAD PLAY SERVICES FROM A CABLE PERSPECTIVE (David Jacobs). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The HFC Network. 3.3 Digital TV. 3.4 Data over Cable Service Interface Specifi cation (DOCSIS). 3.5 Cable Telephony. 3.6 Wireless. 3.7 Cable Futures. 3.8 References. CHAPTER 4 NEXT GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES, NETWORKS, AND SERVICES (Bhumip Khasnabish). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Next Generation (NG) Technologies. 4.3 Next Generation Networks (NGNs). 4.4 Next Generation Services. 4.5 Management of NG Services. 4.6 Next Generation Society. 4.7 Conclusions and Future Works/Trends. 4.8 References. CHAPTER 5 IMS AND CONVERGENCE MANAGEMENT (Keizo Kawakami, Kaoru Kenyoshi, and Toshiyuki Misu). 5.1 IMS Architecture. 5.2 IMS Services. 5.3 QoS Control and Authentication. 5.4 Network and Service Management for NGN. 5.5 IMS Advantages. 5.6 References. 5.7 Suggested Further Reading. CHAPTER 6 NEXT GENERATION OSS ARCHITECTURE (Steve Orobec). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Why Are Standards Important to OSS Architecture? 6.3 The TeleManagement Forum (TM Forum) for OSS Architecture. 6.4 Other Standards Bodies. 6.5 TM Forum's Enhanced Telecommunications Operations Map (eTOM). 6.6 Information Framework. 6.7 DMTF CIM (Distributed Task Force Management). 6.8 TIP (TM Forum's Interface Program). 6.9 NGOSS Contracts (aka Business Services). 6.10 MTOSI Case Study. 6.11 Representational State Transfer (REST)—A Silver Bullet? 6.12 Real Network Implementation of a Standard. 6.13 Business Benefit. 6.14 OSS Transition Strategies. 6.15 ETSI TISPAN and 3GPP IMS. 6.16 OSS Interaction with IMS and Subscriber Management (SuM). 6.17 NGN OSS Function/Information View Reference Model. 6.18 Designing Technology-Neutral Architectures. 6.19 UML and Domain Specific Languages (DSLs). 6.20 An Emerging Solution: The Domain Specific Language. 6.21 From Model-Driven Architecture to Model-Driven Software Design. 6.22 Other Standards Models (DMTF CIM, 3GPP, and TISPAN). 6.23 Putting Things Together: Business Services in Depth. 6.24 Building a DSL-Based Solution. 6.25 Final Thought. 6.26 Bibliography. CHAPTER 7 MANAGEMENT OF WIRELESS AD HOC AND SENSOR NETWORKS (Mehmet Ulema). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Overview. 7.3 Functional and Physical Architectures. 7.4 Logical Architectures. 7.5 Information Architectures. 7.6 Summary and Conclusions. 7.7 References. CHAPTER 8 STRATEGIC STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT AND NEXT GENERATION MANAGEMENT STANDARDS (Michael Fargano). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Standards Development Process. 8.3 Management SDO/Forum Categories. 8.4 Principles, Frameworks, and Architecture in Management Standards. 8.5 Strategic Framework for Management Standards Development. 8.6 Sampling of NGN Management Standards Areas and SDO/Forums. 8.7 Summary and Conclusions. 8.8 References. CHAPTER 9 FORECAST OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS AND SERVICES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT (WELL) INTO THE 21ST CENTURY (Roberto Saracco). 9.1 Have We Reached the End of the Road? 9.2 "Glocal" Innovation. 9.3 Digital Storage. 9.4 Processing. 9.5 Sensors. 9.6 Displays. 9.7 Statistical Data Analyses. 9.8 Autonomic Systems. 9.9 New Networking Paradigms. 9.10 Business Ecosystems. 9.11 Internet in 2020. 9.12 Communication in 2020 (or Quite Sooner). 9.13 References. INDEX.

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Book Synopsis* Stutzman provides a pedagogical approach to Antenna Theory, with an emphasis on computational methods. * Addition of more modern material on systems, low-profile elements, and base station antennas to make the book more exciting to undergraduates and more relevant to practicing engineers.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The History of Antennas 1 1.2 What Is an Antenna and When Is it Used? 10 1.3 How Antennas Radiate 13 1.4 The Four Antenna Types 17 Chapter 2 Antenna Fundamentals 23 2.1 Fundamentals of Electromagnetics 23 2.2 Solution of Maxwell's Equations for Radiation Problems 27 2.3 The Ideal Dipole 32 2.4 Radiation Patterns 36 2.5 Directivity and Gain 50 2.6 Antenna Impedance 56 2.7 Radiation Efficiency 60 2.8 Antenna Polarization 61 Chapter 3 Simple Radiating Systems 70 3.1 Electrically Small Dipoles 70 3.2 Half-Wave Dipoles 73 3.3 Monopoles and Image Theory 75 3.4 Small Loop Antennas and Duality 81 3.5 Two-Element Arrays 89 Chapter 4 System Applications for Antennas 100 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Receiving Properties of Antennas 100 4.3 Antenna Noise and Radiometry 103 4.4 Antennas in Communication Systems 107 4.5 Antennas In Wireless Communication Systems 116 4.6 Antennas in Radar Systems 122 4.7 Antennas As Unintentional Radiators 123 Chapter 5 Line Sources 128 5.1 The Uniform Line Source 128 5.2 Tapered Line Sources 137 5.3 Fourier Transform Relations Between the Far-Field Pattern and the Source Distribution 142 5.4 Fast Wave And Slow Wave Distributions 143 5.5 Superdirective Line Sources 145 Chapter 6 Wire Antennas 151 6.1 Dipole Antennas 151 6.2 Folded Dipole Antennas 161 6.3 Yagi-Uda Antennas 166 6.4 Feeding Wire Antennas 175 6.5 Loaded Wire Antennas 186 6.6 Ground Plane Backed Wire Antennas 190 6.7 Wire Antennas Above an Imperfect Ground Plane 198 6.8 Large Loop Antennas 205 Chapter 7 Broadband Antennas 218 7.1 Introduction 218 7.2 Traveling-Wave Wire Antennas 220 7.3 Helical Antennas 225 7.4 Biconical Antennas 233 7.5 Sleeve Antennas 239 7.6 Principles of Frequency-Independent Antennas 243 7.7 Spiral Antennas 245 7.8 Log-Periodic Antennas 251 7.9 Wideband EMC Antennas 261 7.10 Ultra-Wideband Antennas 264 Chapter 8 Array Antennas 271 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 The Array Factor for Linear Arrays 272 8.3 Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 278 8.4 The Complete Array Pattern and Pattern Multiplication 286 8.5 Directivity of Uniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 293 8.6 Nonuniformly Excited, Equally Spaced Linear Arrays 298 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 303 8.8 Multidimensional Arrays 311 8.9 Phased Arrays and Array Feeding Techniques 314 8.10 Elements for Arrays 327 8.11 Wideband Phased Arrays 332 Chapter 9 Aperture Antennas 344 9.1 Radiation from Apertures and Huygens' Principle 344 9.2 Rectangular Apertures 353 9.3 Techniques for Evaluating Gain 360 9.4 Rectangular Horn Antennas 368 9.5 Circular Apertures 385 9.6 Reflector Antennas 391 9.7 Feed Antennas for Reflectors 416 9.8 Lens Antennas 424 Chapter 10 Antenna Synthesis 433 10.1 The Antenna Synthesis Problem 433 10.2 Line Source Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 437 10.3 Linear Array Shaped Beam Synthesis Methods 440 10.4 Low Side Lobe, Narrow Main Beam Synthesis Methods 446 10.5 The Iterative Sampling Method 459 Chapter 11 Low-Profile Antennas and Personal Communication Antennas 465 11.1 Introduction 465 11.2 Microstrip Antenna Elements 466 11.3 Microstrip Arrays 478 11.4 Microstrip Leaky Wave Antennas 481 11.5 Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size 488 11.6 Antennas for Compact Devices 498 11.7 Dielectric Resonator Antennas 512 11.8 Near Fields of Electrically Large Antennas 519 11.9 Human Body Effects on Antenna Performance 523 11.10 Radiation Hazards 526 Chapter 12 Terminal and Base Station Antennas for Wireless Applications 536 12.1 Satellite Terminal Antennas 537 12.2 Base Station Antennas 538 12.3 Mobile Terminal Antennas 545 12.4 Smart Antennas 549 12.5 Adaptive and Spatial Filtering Antennas 553 Chapter 13 Antenna Measurements 559 13.1 Reciprocity and Antenna Measurements 559 13.2 Pattern Measurement and Antenna Ranges 564 13.3 Gain Measurement 571 13.4 Polarization Measurement 576 13.5 Field Intensity Measurement 580 13.6 Mobile Radio Antenna Measurements 582 13.7 Rules for Experimental Investigations 583 Chapter 14 CEM for Antennas: The Method of Moments 587 14.1 General Introduction to CEM 587 14.2 Introduction to the Method of Moments 590 14.3 Pocklington's Integral Equation 591 14.4 Integral Equations and Kirchhoff's Network Equations 594 14.5 Source Modeling 596 14.6 Weighted Residuals and the Method of Moments 601 14.7 Two Alternative Approaches to the Method of Moments 606 14.8 Formulation and Computational Considerations 610 14.9 Calculation of Antenna and Scatterer Characteristics 618 14.10 The Wire Antenna or Scatterer as an N-Port Network 621 14.11 Antenna Arrays 625 14.12 Radar Cross Section of Antennas 631 14.13 Modeling of Solid Surfaces 636 14.14 Summary 645 Chapter 15 CEM for Antennas: Finite Difference Time Domain Method 652 15.1 Maxwell's Equations for the FDTD Method 654 15.2 Finite Differences and the Yee Algorithm 657 15.3 Cell Size, Numerical Stability, and Dispersion 664 15.4 Computer Algorithm and FDTD Implementation 667 15.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions 670 15.6 Source Conditions 674 15.7 Near Fields and Far Fields 681 15.8 A Two-Dimensional Example: An E-Plane Sectoral Horn Antenna 682 15.9 Antenna Analysis and Applications 689 15.10 Summary 697 Chapter 16 CEM for Antennas: High-Frequency Methods 700 16.1 Geometrical Optics 701 16.2 Wedge Diffraction Theory 707 16.3 The Ray-Fixed Coordinate System 716 16.4 A Uniform Theory of Wedge Diffraction 718 16.5 E-Plane Analysis of Horn Antennas 722 16.6 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas 725 16.7 Radiation by a Slot on a Finite Ground Plane 727 16.8 Radiation by a Monopole on a Finite Ground Plane 730 16.9 Equivalent Current Concepts 732 16.10 A Multiple Diffraction Formulation 735 16.11 Diffraction by Curved Surfaces 737 16.12 Application of UTD to Wireless Mobile Propagation 742 16.13 Extension of Moment Method Using the UTD 745 16.14 Physical Optics 750 16.15 Frequency Dependence of First-Order Scattering Sources 757 16.16 Method of Stationary Phase 760 16.17 Physical Theory of Diffraction 763 16.18 Cylindrical Parabolic Reflector Antennas--PTD 769 16.19 Summary 771 References 771 Problems 773 Appendix A Frequency Bands 781 A.1 Radio Frequency Bands 781 A.2 Television Channel Frequencies (in North America) 781 A.3 Cellular Telephone Bands 782 A.4 Radar Bands 782 Appendix B Material Data and Constants 783 B.1 Conductivities of Good Conductors 783 B.2 Wire Data 783 B.3 Dielectric Constant: Permittivity of Free Space 784 B.4 Permeability of Free Space 784 B.5 Velocity of Light of Free Space 784 B.6 Intrinsic Impedance of Free Space 784 B.7 Properties of Some Common Dielectrics 784 Appendix C Coordinate Systems and Vectors 785 C.1 The Coordinate Systems and Unit Vectors 785 C.2 Vector Identities 786 C.3 Vector Differential Operators 787 Appendix D Trigonometric Relations 789 Appendix E Hyperbolic Relations 791 Appendix F Mathematical Relations 793 F.1 Dirac Delta Function 793 F.2 Binomial Theorem 793 F.3 Bessel Functions 793 F.4 Some Useful Integrals 794 Appendix G Computing Tools for Antennas 795 G.1 Wire Antenna Simulation Packages 795 G.2 Parabolic Reflector Antenna Simulation Packages 796 G.3 Web Sites with Antenna Calculation and Modeling Tools 796 Appendix H Book List 797 H.1 Introduction 797 H.2 Antenna Definitions 797 H.3 Fundamental Books on Antennas 797 H.4 Books on Antennas with Propagation 799 H.5 Books On Antennas With Other Topics 799 H.6 Handbooks and General Reference Books on Antennas 799 H.7 Books on Antenna Measurements 800 H.8 Books on Specific Antenna Topics 801 H.9 Books on Antennas For Specific Applications 805 H.10 Books on Computational Methods for Antennas 807 H.11 Books on Topics Closely Related to Antennas 809 Index 811

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Book SynopsisThis book will be the first covering the subject of IP address management (IPAM). The practice of IPAM includes the application of network management disciplines to IP address space and associated network services, namely DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and DNS (Domain Name System).Trade Review"The book aims to be a must-to-have reference for every network engineer. Whenever one encounters a networking issue (not only basic), an answer to the question or the information in which RFC the answer is located can be found." (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 August 2011) "This guide to Internet Protocol address management (IPAM) presents a practical, technical overview of each part of the IP environment and provides advice on best practices for creating an effective, integrated management plan . . . the work includes numerous illustrations and code examples and would be appropriate for advanced computer science students as well as network administrators and designers. Rooney is an IPAM expert and senior director for an IPAM consulting firm." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) "Today, there is no single book that covers the management of these linkages and services they provide; IP Address Management Principles and Practice will fill that gap. While several books are available for leading vendors' DHCP and DNS services implementations, few exist for IP address planning, and none exist that unifies these three topics." (Security @ ITBusiness Net.com, 28 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Part I IP Addressing 1 The Internet Protocol 3 1.1 Highlights of Internet Protocol History 3 1.2 IP Addressing 7 1.3 Classless Addressing 13 1.4 Special Use Addresses 14 2 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 IPv6 Address Allocations 21 2.3 IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration 30 2.4 Neighbor Discovery 30 2.5 Reserved Subnet Anycast Addresses 33 2.6 Required Host IPv6 Addresses 34 3 IP Address Allocation 35 3.1 Address Allocation Logic 38 3.2 IPv6 Address Allocation 49 3.3 IPAM Worldwide’s IPv6 Allocations 53 3.4 Internet Registries 57 3.5 Multihoming and IP Address Space 62 3.6 Block Allocation and IP Address Management 63 Part II DHCP 4 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 DHCP Overview 68 4.3 DHCP Servers and Address Assignmen 75 4.4 DHCP Options 78 4.5 Other Means of Dynamic Address Assignment 89 5 DHCP for IPv6 (DHCPv6) 90 5.1 DHCP Comparison: IPv4 Versus IPv6 91 5.2 DHCPv6 Address Assignment 92 5.3 DHCPv6 Prefix Delegation 93 5.4 DHCPv6 Support of Address Autoconfiguration 94 5.5 Device Unique Identifiers 97 5.6 Identity Associations 99 5.7 DHCPv6 Options 99 6 DHCP Applications 109 6.1 Multimedia Device Type Specific Configuration 110 6.2 Broadband Subscriber Provisioning 111 6.3 Related Lease Assignment or Limitation Applications 115 6.4 Preboot Execution Environment Clients 115 7 DHCP Server Deployment Strategies 118 7.1 DHCP Server Platforms 118 7.2 Centralized DHCP Server Deployment 119 7.3 Distributed DHCP Server Deployment 120 7.4 Server Deployment Design Considerations 122 7.5 DHCP Deployment on Edge Devices 125 8 DHCP and Network Access Security 127 8.1 Network Access Control 127 8.2 Alternative Access Control Approaches 132 8.3 Securing DHCP 137 Part III DNS 9 The Domain Name System (DNS) Protocol 143 9.1 DNS Overview—Domains and Resolution 143 9.2 Name Resolution 145 9.3 Zones and Domains 148 9.4 Resolver Configuration 159 9.5 DNS Message Format 161 10 DNS Applications and Resource Records 176 10.1 Introduction 176 10.2 Name–Address Lookup Applications 178 10.3 Email and Antispam Management 191 10.4 Security Applications 205 10.5 Experimental Name–Address Lookup Records 217 10.6 Resource Record Summary 218 11 DNS Server Deployment Strategies 223 11.1 General Deployment Guidelines 224 11.2 General Deployment Building Blocks 224 11.3 External–External Category 226 11.4 External–Internal Category 231 11.5 Internal–Internal Category 232 11.6 Internal–External Category 237 11.7 Cross-Role Category 243 11.8 Putting it All Together 253 12 Securing DNS (Part I) 254 12.1 DNS Vulnerabilities 254 12.2 Mitigation Approaches 258 12.3 Non-DNSSEC Security Records 259 13 Securing DNS (Part II): DNSSEC 264 13.1 Digital Signatures 265 13.2 DNSSEC Overview 266 13.3 Configuring DNSSEC 268 13.4 The DNSSEC Resolution Process 290 13.5 Key Rollover 297 Part IV IPAM Integration 14 IP Address Management Practices 305 14.1 FCAPS Summary 306 14.2 Common IP Management Tasks 307 14.3 Configuration Management 307 14.4 Fault Management 324 14.5 Accounting Management 334 14.6 Performance Management 338 14.7 Security Management 340 14.8 Disaster Recovery/Business Continuity 340 14.9 ITIL Process Mappings 342 14.10 Conclusion 346 15 IPv6 Deployment and IPv4 Coexistence 347 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Dual-Stack Approach 349 15.3 Tunneling Approaches 353 15.4 Translation Approaches 368 15.5 Application Migration 374 15.6 Planning the IPv6 Deployment Process 374 Bibliography 383 Glossary 392 RFC index 394 Index 408

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Book SynopsisIn the last 30 years there have been dramatic changes in electrical technology--yet the length of the undergraduate curriculum has remained four years. Until some ten years ago, the analysis of transmission lines was a standard topic in the EE and CpE undergraduate curricula. Today most of the undergraduate curricula contain a rather brief study of the analysis of transmission lines in a one-semester junior-level course on electromagnetics. In some schools, this study of transmission lines is relegated to a senior technical elective or has disappeared from the curriculum altogether. This raises a serious problem in the preparation of EE and CpE undergraduates to be competent in the modern industrial world. For the reasons mentioned above, today''s undergraduates lack the basic skills to design high-speed digital and high-frequency analog systems. It does little good to write sophisticated software if the hardware is unable to process the instructions. This problem will increase as the Trade Review"All mathematical calculations are performed clearly and in a very good manner. From this point of view, the book is very useful for students and teachers." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Basic Skills and Concepts Having Application to Transmission Lines 1 1.1 Units and Unit Conversion 3 1.2 Waves, Time Delay, Phase Shift, Wavelength, and Electrical Dimensions 6 1.3 The Time Domain vs. the Frequency Domain 11 1.3.1 Spectra of Digital Signals 12 1.3.2 Bandwidth of Digital Signals 17 1.3.3 Computing the Time-Domain Response of Transmission Lines Having Linear Terminations Using Fourier Methods and Superposition 27 1.4 The Basic Transmission-Line Problem 31 1.4.1 Two-Conductor Transmission Lines and Signal Integrity 32 1.4.2 Multiconductor Transmission Lines and Crosstalk 41 Problems 46 Part I Two-Conductor Lines and Signal Integrity 49 2 Time-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 51 2.1 The Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) Mode of Propagation and the Transmission-Line Equations 52 2.2 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters 56 2.2.1 Wire-Type Lines 57 2.2.2 Lines of Rectangular Cross Section 68 2.3 The General Solutions for the Line Voltage and Current 71 2.4 Wave Tracing and Reflection Coefficients 74 2.5 The SPICE (PSPICE) Exact Transmission-Line Model 84 2.6 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 91 2.7 Effects of Reactive Terminations on Terminal Waveforms 92 2.7.1 Effect of Capacitive Terminations 92 2.7.2 Effect of Inductive Terminations 94 2.8 Matching Schemes for Signal Integrity 96 2.9 Bandwidth and Signal Integrity: When Does the Line Not Matter? 104 2.10 Effect of Line Discontinuities 105 2.11 Driving Multiple Lines 111 Problems 113 3 Frequency-Domain Analysis of Two-Conductor Lines 121 3.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Sinusoidal Steady-State Excitation of the Line 122 3.2 The General Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents 123 3.3 The Voltage Reflection Coefficient and Input Impedance to the Line 123 3.4 The Solution for the Terminal Voltages and Currents 125 3.5 The SPICE Solution 128 3.6 Voltage and Current as a Function of Position on the Line 130 3.7 Matching and VSWR 133 3.8 Power Flow on the Line 134 3.9 Alternative Forms of the Results 137 3.10 The Smith Chart 138 3.11 Effects of Line Losses 147 3.12 Lumped-Circuit Approximations for Electrically Short Lines 161 3.13 Construction of Microwave Circuit Components Using Transmission Lines 167 Problems 170 Part II Three-Conductor Lines and Crosstalk 175 4 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lines 177 4.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lines 177 4.2 The Per-Unit-Length Parameters 184 4.2.1 Wide-Separation Approximations for Wires 185 4.2.2 Numerical Methods 196 Problems 205 5 Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossless Lines 207 5.1 Decoupling the Transmission-Line Equations with Mode Transformations 208 5.2 The SPICE Subcircuit Model 210 5.3 Lumped-Circuit Approximate Models of the Line 227 5.4 The Inductive-Capacitive Coupling Approximate Model 232 Problems 236 6 Solution of the Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossy Lines 239 6.1 The Transmission-Line Equations for Three-Conductor Lossy Lines 240 6.2 Characterization of Conductor and Dielectric Losses 244 6.2.1 Conductor Losses and Skin Effect 244 6.2.2 Dielectric Losses 248 6.3 Solution of the Phasor (Frequency-Domain) Transmission-Line Equations for a Three-Conductor Lossy Line 251 6.4 Common-Impedance Coupling 260 6.5 The Time-Domain to Frequency-Domain Method 261 Problems 270 Appendix A Brief Tutorial on Using PSPICE 273 Index 295

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Book SynopsisComplex systems modeling and simulation approaches are being adopted in a growing number of sectors, including finance, economics, biology, astronomy, and many more.Technologies ranging from distributed computing to specialized hardware are explored and developed to address the computational requirements arising in complex systems simulations. The aim of this book is to present a representative overview of contemporary large-scale computing technologies in the context of complex systems simulations applications.The intention is to identify new research directions in this field and to provide a communications platform facilitating an exchange of concepts, ideas and needs between the scientists and technologist and complex system modelers.On the application side, the book focuses on modeling and simulation of natural and man-made complex systems.On the computing technology side, emphasis is placed on the distributed computing approaches, but supercomputing and other novTable of ContentsForeword xi Preface xv Contributors xix 1. State-of-the-Art Technologies for Large-Scale Computing 1 Florian Feldhaus, Stefan Freitag, and Chaker El Amrani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Grid Computing 2 1.3 Virtualization 6 1.4 Cloud Computing 8 1.5 Grid and Cloud: Two Complementary Technologies 12 1.6 Modeling and Simulation of Grid and Cloud Computing 13 1.7 Summary and Outlook 15 References 16 2. The e-Infrastructure Ecosystems: Providing Local Support to Global Science 19 Erwin Laure and Åke Edlund 2.1 The Worldwide e-Infrastructure Landscape 19 2.2 BalticGrid: A Regional e-Infrastructure, Leveraging on the Global “Mothership” EGEE 21 2.3 The EGEE Infrastructure 25 2.4 Industry and e-Infrastructures: The Baltic Example 29 2.5 The Future of European e-Infrastructures: The European Grid Initiative (EGI) and the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) Infrastructures 31 2.6 Summary 33 Acknowledgments 34 References 34 3. Accelerated Many-Core GPU Computing for Physics and Astrophysics on Three Continents 35 Rainer Spurzem, Peter Berczik, Ingo Berentzen, Wei Ge, Xiaowei Wang, Hsi-Yu Schive, Keigo Nitadori, Tsuyoshi Hamada, and José Fiestas 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Astrophysical Application for Star Clusters and Galactic Nuclei 38 3.3 Hardware 40 3.4 Software 41 3.5 Results of Benchmarks 42 3.6 Adaptive Mesh Refinement Hydrosimulations 49 3.7 Physical Multiscale Discrete Simulation at IPE 49 3.8 Discussion and Conclusions 53 Acknowledgments 54 References 54 4. An Overview of the SimWorld Agent-Based Grid Experimentation Systems 59 Matthew Scheutz and Jack J. Harris 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 System Architecture 62 4.3 System Implementation 67 4.4 A SWAGES Case Study 71 4.5 Discussion 74 4.6 Conclusions 78 References 78 5. Repast HPC: A Platform for Large-Scale Agent-Based Modeling 81 Nicholson Collier and Michael North 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Agent Simulation 82 5.3 Motivation and Related Work 82 5.4 From Repast S to Repast HPC 90 5.5 Parallelism 92 5.6 Implementation 94 5.7 Example Application: Rumor Spreading 101 5.8 Summary and Future Work 107 References 107 6. Building and Running Collaborative Distributed Multiscale Applications 111 Katarzyna Rycerz and Marian Bubak 6.1 Introduction 111 6.2 Requirements of Multiscale Simulations 112 6.3 Available Technologies 116 6.4 An Environment Supporting the HLA Component Model 119 6.5 Case Study with the MUSE Application 124 6.6 Summary and Future Work 127 Acknowledgments 128 References 129 7. Large-Scale Data-Intensive Computing 131 Mark Parsons 7.1 Digital Data: Challenge and Opportunity 131 7.2 Data-Intensive Computers 132 7.3 Advanced Software Tools and Techniques 134 7.4 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgments 139 References 139 8. A Topolpgy-Aware Evolutionary Algorithm for Reverse-Engineering Gene Regulatory Networks 141 Martin Swain, Camille Coti, Johannes Mandel, and Werner Dubitzky 8.1 Introduction 141 8.2 Methodology 143 8.3 Results and Discussion 155 8.4 Conclusions 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 161 9. QosCosGrid e-Science Infrastructure for Large-Scale Complex System Simulations 163 Krzysztof Kurowski, Bartosz Bosak, Piotr Grabowski, Mariusz Mamonski, Tomasz Piontek, George Kampis, László Gulyás, Camille Coti, Thomas Herault, and Franck Cappello 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Distributed and Parallel Simulations 165 9.3 Programming and Execution Environments 168 9.4 QCG Middleware 174 9.5 Additional QCG Tools 179 9.6 QosCosGrid Science Gateways 180 9.7 Discussion and Related Work 182 References 184 Glossary 187 Index 195

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Book SynopsisWind energy is clean and sustainable and one of the fastest growing renewable energy resources in the world. Power conversion and control is one of the most important technologies in a wind energy system. The book covers a wide range of topics on wind energy conversion and control from an electrical engineering perspective.Trade Review"I highly recommend the essential and very in depth book Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems by Bin Wu, Ph.D., Yongqiang Lang, Ph.D., Navid Zargari, Ph.D., and Samir Kouro, Ph.D., to any academics, practicing engineers, consultants, electrical and energy industry executives, government policy makers, and graduate and senior undergraduate students seeking a complete and comprehensive reference textbook that covers all aspects of wind power conversion and control of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This is a landmark book that is a must for anyone serious about the subject, and about the principles that underpin wind energy systems." (Blog Business World, 1 March 2012) "Considering that the wind energy is now highly competitive and is being emphasized all over the world, this book is extremely important and very timely. It is expected to be of wide demand in the world. The book is of unique quality, and no such book currently exists in the market. The primary emphasis of the book is power conversion and control of wind energy conversion systems. It gives comprehensive and in-depth analysis on wind generators, power converters and control systems of various types of wind generation systems. There are adequate explanatory materials on different types of wind turbines, and basics of wind energy systems. The book is very well-organized with physical explanations, mathematical analysis, computer simulation, experimental results, and worked-out examples. There are a large number of worked-out problems at the end of the book which are extremely important. It is a unique book with optimal balance of theory and practical discussion. It is a complete book for designers of wind generation systems and can serve as textbook for undergraduate/graduate courses in universities. —Dr. Bimal K. Bose, Condra Chair of Excellence/Emeritus in Power Electronics, University of TennesseeTable of ContentsPreface. List of Symbols. Acronyms and Abbreviations. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Overview of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. 1.3 Wind Turbine Technology. 1.4 Wind Energy Conversion System Configurations. 1.5 Grid Code. 1.6 Summary. 2. Fundamentals of Wind Energy Conversion System Control. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Wind Turbine Components. 2.3 Wind Turbine Aerodynamics. 2.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Control. 2.5 Summary. 3. Wind Generators and Modeling. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Reference Frame Transformation. 3.3 Induction Generator Models. 3.4 Synchronous Generators. 3.5 Summary. 4. Power Converters in Wind Energy Conversion Systems. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 AC Voltage Controllers (Soft Starters). 4.3 Interleaved Boost Converters. 4.4 Two-Level Voltage Source Converters. 4.5 Three-Level Neutral Point Clamped Converters. 4.6 PWM Current Source Converters. 4.7 Control of Grid-Connected Inverter. 4.8 Summary. 5. Wind Energy System Configurations. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Fixed Speed WECS. 5.3 Variable Speed Induction Generator WECS. 5.4 Variable-speed Synchronous Generator WECS. 5.5 Summary. 6. Fixed-Speed Induction Generator WECS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Configuration of Fixed-Speed Wind Energy Systems. 6.3 Operation Principle. 6.4 Grid Connection with Soft Starter. 6.5 Reactive Power Compensation. 6.6 Summary. 7. Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Squirrel Cage Induction Generators. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Direct Field Oriented Control. 7.3 Indirect Field Oriented Control. 7.4 Direct Torque Control. 7.5 Control of Current Source Converter Interfaced WECS. 7.6 Summary. 8. Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Based WECS. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Super- and Sub-synchronous Operation of DFIG. 8.3 Unity Power Factor Operation of DFIG. 8.4 Leading and Lagging Power Factor Operation. 8.5 A Steady-State Performance of DFIG WECS. 8.6 DFIG WECS Start-up and Experiments. 8.7 Summary. 9. Variable-Speed Wind Energy Systems with Synchronous Generators. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 System Configuration. 9.3 Control of Synchronous Generators. 9.4 SG Wind Energy System with Back-to-back VSC. 9.5 DC/DC Boost Converter Interfaced SG Wind Energy Systems. 9.6 Reactive Power Control of SG WECS. 9.7 Current Source Converter Based SG Wind Energy Systems. 9.8 Summary. Appendix A. Per Unit System. Appendix B. Generator Parameters. Appendix C. Problems and Answers Manual.

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Book SynopsisMusic is much more than listening to audio encoded in some unreadable binary format. It is, instead, an adventure similar to reading a book and entering its world, complete with a story, plot, sound, images, texts, and plenty of related data with, for instance, historical, scientific, literary, and musicological contents. Navigation of this world, such as that of an opera, a jazz suite and jam session, a symphony, a piece from non-Western culture, is possible thanks to the specifications of new standard IEEE 1599, IEEE Recommended Practice for Defining a Commonly Acceptable Musical Application Using XML, which uses symbols in language XML and music layers to express all its multimedia characteristics. Because of its encompassing features, this standard allows the use of existing audio and video standards, as well as recuperation of material in some old format, the events of which are managed by a single XML file, which is human and machine readable - musical symbols have been reTable of ContentsPreface xi A Brief Introduction to the IEEE 1599 Standard xv Denis L. Baggi and Goffredo M. Haus List of Contributors xvii 1 THE IEEE 1599 STANDARD 1 Denis L. Baggi and Goffredo M. Haus 1.1 Introduction 1 Important Features of IEEE 1599 2 Examples of Applications of IEEE 1599 to Increase Music Enjoyment 3 Example I: A Score with Different Versions: “King Porter Stomp,” by Jelly Roll Morton 6 Example II: A Jazz Piece with No Score: “Crazy Rhythm” 6 Example III: An Opera Using the Composer’s Manuscript: Tosca, by Giacomo Puccini 9 Example IV: “Peaches en Regalia,” by Frank Zappa 9 Example V: “Il mio ben quando verrà,” by Giovanni Paisiello 12 Example VI: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3, by J.S. Bach 14 Example VII: Blues, a Didactical Tool to Learn Jazz Improvisation 14 Example VIII: “La caccia,” from Antonio Vivaldi’s Four Seasons (“Autumn”) 16 Example IX: A Musicological Fantasy: Tauhid, a Piece of Free Jazz 17 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgments 19 References 19 2 ENCODING MUSIC INFORMATION 21 Luca A. Ludovico 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Heterogeneous Descriptions of Music 22 2.3 Available File Formats 23 2.4 Key Features of IEEE 1599 24 2.5 Multi-Layer Structure 25 2.6 The Logic Layer 27 2.7 The Spine 29 2.7.1 Inter-layer and Intra-layer Synchronization 31 2.7.2 Virtual Timing and Position of Events 32 2.7.3 How to Build the Spine 33 References 36 3 STRUCTURING MUSIC INFORMATION 37 Adriano Baratè and Goffredo M. Haus 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Music Objects and Music Algorithms 38 3.2.1 Music Objects 38 3.2.2 Music Algorithms 38 3.2.3 Music Objects and Music Algorithms in IEEE 1599 39 3.3 Petri Nets 39 3.3.1 Petri Nets Extension: Hierarchy 40 3.3.2 Petri Nets Extension: Probabilistic Arc Weights 43 3.4 Music Petri Nets 44 3.4.1 Music Petri Nets in IEEE 1599 47 3.5 Music Analysis Using Music Petri Nets 47 3.6 Real-Time Interaction with Music Petri Nets 50 3.7 Conclusions 55 References 55 4 MODELING AND SEARCHING MUSIC COLLECTIONS 57 Alberto Pinto 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Describing Music Content 58 4.2.1 Music Search Engines 59 4.3 Music Description in IEEE 1599 60 4.3.1 Chord Grid Objects 64 4.3.2 Petri Net Objects 65 4.3.3 Analysis Objects 65 4.3.4 MIR Objects 66 4.4 The Theoretical Framework 66 4.4.1 The Model Perspective 66 4.4.2 Categories 67 4.5 Music Modeling and Retrieval in IEEE 1599 67 4.5.1 MIR Model 68 4.5.2 MIR Object 69 4.5.3 MIR Subobject 70 4.5.4 MIR Morphisms 70 4.5.5 MIR Features 70 4.5.6 GraphXML Encoding 71 4.6 Case Study: Graph-Categorial Modeling 72 4.6.1 Content Description 72 4.6.2 Content Retrieval 72 4.6.3 MIR Model 73 4.6.4 MIR Object and Subobject 74 4.6.5 MIR Morphism 75 References 75 5 FEATURE EXTRACTION AND SYNCHRONIZATION AMONG LAYERS 77 Antonello D’Aguanno, Goffredo M. Haus, and Davide A. Mauro 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Encoding Synchronization Information 78 5.2.1 Extraction of Synchronization Data 82 5.2.2 Case Study 84 5.3 Overview of Synchronization Algorithms 84 5.4 VarSi: An Automatic Score-to-Audio Synchronization Algorithm Based on the IEEE 1599 Format 88 5.4.1 Score Analysis 89 5.4.2 Audio Analysis 90 5.4.3 Decisional Phase 91 References 94 6 IEEE 1599 AND SOUND SYNTHESIS 97 Luca A. Ludovico 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 From Music Symbols to Sound Synthesis 98 6.2.1 Translating Symbols into a Performance Language 99 6.2.2 Interpretative Models 105 6.2.3 Audio Rendering and Synchronization 106 6.3 From Sound Synthesis to Music Symbols 108 6.4 An Example of Encoding 110 6.5 Conclusions 113 References 114 7 IEEE 1599 APPLICATIONS FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND EDUCATION 115 Adriano Baratè and Luca A. Ludovico 7.1 Introduction 115 7.2 IEEE 1599 for Entertainment 116 7.3 IEEE 1599 for Music Education 117 7.4 IEEE 1599-Based Music Viewers 118 7.5 Case Studies 120 7.5.1 Navigating and Interacting with Music Notation and Audio 120 7.5.2 Musicological Analysis 121 7.5.3 Instrumental and Ear Training 126 7.5.4 IEEE 1599 Beyond Music 132 References 132 8 PAST PROJECTS USING SYMBOLS FOR MUSIC 133 Denis L. Baggi 8.1 Brief History 133 8.2 Bass Computerized Harmonization (BA-C-H) 134 8.3 Harmony Machine 135 8.4 NeurSwing, an Automatic Jazz Rhythm Section Built with Neural Nets 141 8.5 The Paul Glass System 145 8.6 A Program That Finds Notes and Type of a Chord and Plays It 147 8.7 Summary of Projects 149 8.8 Conclusions 150 References 150 Appendix A. Brief History of IEEE 1599 Standard, and Acknowledgments 151 Appendix B. IEEE Document-Type Defi nitions (DTDs) 153 Appendix C. IEEE 1599 Demonstration Videos 177 Index 179

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Book SynopsisProvides students and engineers with the fundamental developments and common practices of software evolution and maintenance Software Evolution and Maintenance: A Practitioner's Approach introduces readers to a set of well-rounded educational materials, covering the fundamental developments in software evolution and common maintenance practices in the industry. Each chapter gives a clear understanding of a particular topic in software evolution, and discusses the main ideas with detailed examples. The authors first explain the basic concepts and then drill deeper into the important aspects of software evolution. While designed as a text in an undergraduate course in software evolution and maintenance, the book is also a great resource forsoftware engineers, information technology professionals, and graduate students in software engineering. Based on the IEEE SWEBOK (Software Engineering Body of Knowledge) Explains two maintenance standards:Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Figures xvii List of Tables xxi 1 Basic Concepts and Preliminaries 1 1.1 Evolution Versus Maintenance, 1 1.1.1 Software Evolution, 3 1.1.2 Software Maintenance, 4 1.2 Software Evolution Models and Processes, 6 1.3 Reengineering, 9 1.4 Legacy Systems, 11 1.5 Impact Analysis, 12 1.6 Refactoring, 13 1.7 Program Comprehension, 14 1.8 Software Reuse, 15 1.9 Outline of the Book, 16 References, 18 Exercises, 23 2 Taxonomy of Software Maintenance and Evolution 25 2.1 General Idea, 25 2.1.1 Intention-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 26 2.1.2 Activity-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 28 2.1.3 Evidence-Based Classification of Software Maintenance, 28 2.2 Categories of Maintenance Concepts, 37 2.2.1 Maintained Product, 37 2.2.2 Maintenance Types, 40 2.2.3 Maintenance Organization Processes, 41 2.2.4 Peopleware, 43 2.3 Evolution of Software Systems, 44 2.3.1 SPE Taxonomy, 46 2.3.2 Laws of Software Evolution, 49 2.3.3 Empirical Studies, 54 2.3.4 Practical Implications of the Laws, 56 2.3.5 Evolution of FOSS Systems, 58 2.4 Maintenance of Cots-Based Systems, 61 2.4.1 Why Maintenance of CBS Is Difficult?, 62 2.4.2 Maintenance Activities for CBSs, 65 2.4.3 Design Properties of Component-Based Systems, 67 2.5 Summary, 70 Literature Review, 73 References, 75 Exercises, 80 3 Evolution and Maintenance Models 83 3.1 General Idea, 83 3.2 Reuse-Oriented Model, 84 3.3 The Staged Model for Closed Source Software, 87 3.4 The Staged Model for Free, Libre, Open Source Software, 90 3.5 Change Mini-Cycle Model, 91 3.6 IEEE/EIA Maintenance Process, 94 3.7 ISO/IEC 14764 Maintenance Process, 99 3.8 Software Configuration Management, 111 3.8.1 Brief History, 112 3.8.2 SCM Spectrum of Functionality, 113 3.8.3 SCM Process, 117 3.9 CR Workflow, 119 3.10 Summary, 125 Literature Review, 126 References, 129 Exercises, 131 4 Reengineering 133 4.1 General Idea, 133 4.2 Reengineering Concepts, 135 4.3 A General Model for Software Reengineering, 137 4.3.1 Types of Changes, 140 4.3.2 Software Reengineering Strategies, 141 4.3.3 Reengineering Variations, 143 4.4 Reengineering Process, 144 4.4.1 Reengineering Approaches, 144 4.4.2 Source Code Reengineering Reference Model, 146 4.4.3 Phase Reengineering Model, 150 4.5 Code Reverse Engineering, 153 4.6 Techniques Used for Reverse Engineering, 156 4.6.1 Lexical Analysis, 157 4.6.2 Syntactic Analysis, 157 4.6.3 Control Flow Analysis, 157 4.6.4 Data Flow Analysis, 158 4.6.5 Program Slicing, 158 4.6.6 Visualization, 160 4.6.7 Program Metrics, 162 4.7 Decompilation Versus Reverse Engineering, 164 4.8 Data Reverse Engineering, 165 4.8.1 Data Structure Extraction, 168 4.8.2 Data Structure Conceptualization, 169 4.9 Reverse Engineering Tools, 170 4.10 Summary, 174 Literature Review, 176 References, 178 Exercises, 185 5 Legacy Information Systems 187 5.1 General Idea, 187 5.2 Wrapping, 189 5.2.1 Types of Wrapping, 189 5.2.2 Levels of Encapsulation, 191 5.2.3 Constructing a Wrapper, 192 5.2.4 Adapting a Program for Wrapper, 194 5.2.5 Screen Scraping, 194 5.3 Migration, 195 5.4 Migration Planning, 196 5.5 Migration Methods, 202 5.5.1 Cold Turkey, 202 5.5.2 Database First, 203 5.5.3 Database Last, 204 5.5.4 Composite Database, 205 5.5.5 Chicken Little, 206 5.5.6 Butterfly, 208 5.5.7 Iterative, 212 5.6 Summary, 217 Literature Review, 218 References, 219 Exercises, 221 6 Impact Analysis 223 6.1 General Idea, 223 6.2 Impact Analysis Process, 225 6.2.1 Identifying the SIS, 228 6.2.2 Analysis of Traceability Graph, 229 6.2.3 Identifying the Candidate Impact Set, 231 6.3 Dependency-Based Impact Analysis, 234 6.3.1 Call Graph, 234 6.3.2 Program Dependency Graph, 235 6.4 Ripple Effect, 238 6.4.1 Computing Ripple Effect, 238 6.5 Change Propagation Model, 242 6.5.1 Recall and Precision of Change Propagation Heuristics, 243 6.5.2 Heuristics for Change Propagation, 245 6.5.3 Empirical Studies, 246 6.6 Summary, 247 Literature Review, 248 References, 249 Exercises, 253 7 Refactoring 255 7.1 General Idea, 255 7.2 Activities in a Refactoring Process, 258 7.2.1 Identify What to Refactor, 258 7.2.2 Determine Which Refactorings Should be Applied, 259 7.2.3 Ensure that Refactoring Preserves the Behavior of the Software, 261 7.2.4 Apply the Refactorings to the Chosen Entities, 262 7.2.5 Evaluate the Impacts of the Refactorings on Quality, 263 7.2.6 Maintain Consistency of Software Artifacts, 265 7.3 Formalisms for Refactoring, 265 7.3.1 Assertions, 265 7.3.2 Graph Transformation, 266 7.3.3 Software Metrics, 267 7.4 More Examples of Refactorings, 271 7.5 Initial Work on Software Restructuring, 273 7.5.1 Factors Influencing Software Structure, 273 7.5.2 Classification of Restructuring Approaches, 275 7.5.3 Restructuring Techniques, 276 7.6 Summary, 282 Literature Review, 283 References, 286 Exercises, 288 8 Program Comprehension 289 8.1 General Idea, 289 8.2 Basic Terms, 291 8.2.1 Goal of Code Cognition, 291 8.2.2 Knowledge, 291 8.2.3 Mental Model, 293 8.2.4 Understanding Code, 296 8.3 Cognition Models for Program Understanding, 298 8.3.1 Letovsky Model, 298 8.3.2 Shneiderman and Mayer Model, 301 8.3.3 Brooks Model, 303 8.3.4 Soloway, Adelson, and Ehrlich Model, 308 8.3.5 Pennington Model, 310 8.3.6 Integrated Metamodel, 312 8.4 Protocol Analysis, 315 8.5 Visualization for Comprehension, 317 8.6 Summary, 321 Literature Review, 321 References, 322 Exercises, 324 9 Reuse and Domain Engineering 325 9.1 General Idea, 325 9.1.1 Benefits of Reuse, 327 9.1.2 Reuse Models, 327 9.1.3 Factors Influencing Reuse, 328 9.1.4 Success Factors of Reuse, 329 9.2 Domain Engineering, 329 9.2.1 Draco, 331 9.2.2 DARE, 331 9.2.3 FAST, 331 9.2.4 FORM, 331 9.2.5 KobrA, 332 9.2.6 PLUS, 332 9.2.7 PuLSE, 332 9.2.8 Koala, 332 9.2.9 RSEB, 332 9.3 Reuse Capability, 333 9.4 Maturity Models, 334 9.4.1 Reuse Maturity Model, 334 9.4.2 Reuse Capability Model, 336 9.4.3 RiSE Maturity Model, 338 9.5 Economic Models of Software Reuse, 340 9.5.1 Cost Model of Gaffney and Durek, 346 9.5.2 Application System Cost Model of Gaffney and Cruickshank, 348 9.5.3 Business Model of Poulin and Caruso, 350 9.6 Summary, 352 Literature Review, 352 References, 353 Exercises, 356 Glossary 359 Index 379

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Book SynopsisAdvances in computers and personal navigation systems have greatly expanded the applications of Kalman filters. A Kalman filter uses information about noise and system dynamics to reduce uncertainty from noisy measurements. Common applications of Kalman filters include such fast-growing fields as autopilot systems, battery state of charge (SoC) estimation, brain-computer interface, dynamic positioning, inertial guidance systems, radar tracking, and satellite navigation systems. Brown and Hwang''s bestselling textbook introduces the theory and applications of Kalman filters for senior undergraduates and graduate students. This revision updates both the research advances in variations on the Kalman filter algorithm and adds a wide range of new application examples. The book emphasizes the application of computational software tools such as MATLAB. The companion website includes M-files to assist students in applying MATLAB to solving end-of-chapter homework problems.Table of ContentsPART 1: RANDOM SIGNALS BACKGROUNDChapter 1 Probability and Random Variables: A ReviewChapter 2 Mathematical Description of Random SignalsChapter 3 Linear Systems Response, State-space Modeling and Monte Carlo SimulationPART 2: KALMAN FILTERING AND APPLICATIONSChapter 4 Discrete Kalman Filter BasicsChapter 5 Intermediate Topics on Kalman FilteringChapter 6 Smoothing and Further Intermediate TopicsChapter 7 Linearization, Nonlinear Filtering and Sampling Bayesian FiltersChapter 8 the "Go-Free" Concept, Complementary Filter and Aided Inertial ExamplesChapter 9 Kalman Filter Applications to the GPS and Other Navigation SystemsAPPENDIX A. Laplace and Fourier TransformsAPPENDIX B. The Continuous Kalman Filter

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Book SynopsisThe introductory chapter briefly presents the fundamental topologies and operation of power inverters. The second chapter contains a description of wavelet basis functions and sampling theory with particular reference to the switching model of inverters.Trade Review Table of ContentsPreface ix List of Symbols xi List of Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction to Power Inverters 1 1.1 Fundamental Inverter Topologies 1 1.1.1 Single-Phase (1φ) Inverters 2 1.1.2 Three-Phase (3φ) Inverters 4 1.2 Multilevel Inverter Topologies 6 1.2.1 Neutral-Point Clamped Multilevel Inverter 7 1.2.2 Diode-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 8 1.2.3 Capacitor-Clamped Multilevel Inverter 8 1.2.4 Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter 9 1.3 Fundamental Inverter Switching 11 1.4 Harmonic Distortion 15 1.5 Summary 17 2. Wavelets and the Sampling Theorem 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Wavelet Basis Functions 21 2.2.1 Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 23 2.2.2 Semi-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 25 2.2.3 Bi-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 27 2.2.4 Shift-Orthogonal Wavelet Basis Functions 28 2.3 Sampling Process as a Multiresolution Analysis (MRA) 29 2.4 Sampling Forms 33 2.4.1 Uniform Sampling 33 2.4.2 Nonuniform Sampling 35 2.4.3 Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling 36 2.5 Wavelet Sampling Theory 37 2.6 Summary 39 3. Modeling of Power Inverters 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Sampling-Based Modeling of Single-Phase Inverters 43 3.2.1 Nonuniform Sampling-Based Representation 44 3.2.2 Reconstructing the Reference-Modulating Signal from Nonuniform Samples 46 3.3 Testing the Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling-Based Model of Inverters 51 3.3.1 PWM Inverter Output Voltage for Two Carrier Frequencies 52 3.4 Sampling-Based Modeling of Three-Phase Inverters 53 3.5 Summary 62 4. Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelets 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelet Basis Functions 66 4.2.1 Balancing the Order of the Scale-Based Linearly Combined Scaling Function ϕ(t) 70 4.2.2 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Wavelet Function ψϕ(t) 72 4.2.3 Construction of Scale-Based Linearly Combined Synthesis Scaling Functions ϕ(t) 74 4.3 Nondyadic MRA Structure 76 4.3.1 MRA for Nonuniform Recurrent Sampling 76 4.4 Scale-Based Linearly Combined Scaling Functions for Three-Phase Inverters 79 4.5 Summary 83 5. Single-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverters 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Implementing the Wavelet Modulation Technique 85 5.3 Simulated Performance of a Wavelet Modulated Inverter 88 5.4 Experimental Performance of a Wavelet Modulated Inverter 95 5.5 The Scale-Time Interval Factor γ 101 5.6 Summary 106 6. Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverters 107 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Implementing the Wavelet Modulation Technique for a Three-Phase Inverter 108 6.3 Simulated Performance of a Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverter 111 6.4 Experimental Performance of a Three-Phase Wavelet Modulated Inverter 119 6.5 Summary 127 Appendix A Nondyadic MRA for 3φ WM Inverters 131 A.1 Preliminary Derivations 131 A.2 Time and Scale Localization of MRA Spaces 132 Bibliography 135 Index 143

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Book SynopsisIn this book, Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) is approached from a strictly practical and application-oriented point of view. Based on the characteristics and constraints of modern fiber-optic components, transport systems and fibers, the textprovides relevant rules of thumb and practical hints for technology selection, WDM system and link dimensioning, and also for network-related aspects such as wavelength assignment and resilience mechanisms. Actual 10/40 Gb/s WDM systems are considered, and apreview ofthe upcoming 100 Gb/s systems and technologies for even higher bit rates is given as well. Key features: Considers WDM from ULH backbone (big picture view)down to PON access (micro view). Includes allmajor telecom and datacom applications. Provides the relevant background for state-of-the-art and next-gen systems. Offerspractical guidelines for system / link engineering. Trade Review“This book would be an excellent reference for advanced undergraduate students and graduate researchers, as well as professional engineers.” (Optics & Photonics News, 6 June 2014)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi 1 Introduction to WDM 1 1.1 WDM Theory 1 1.2 History of WDM 2 References 4 2 Optical Fiber Effects 7 2.1 Linear Effects 7 2.2 Nonlinear Fiber Effects 25 References 51 3 Components and Subsystems 55 3.1 Transmitters 55 Laser Diodes 63 3.2 Transmission Line 84 3.3 Receivers 135 3.4 Digital Electronics 146 References 162 4 Nonfiber-Related Effects 177 4.1 Linear Cross Talk 177 4.2 Noise in Optical Transmission Systems 181 Chains 187 References 193 5 Modulation Formats For WDM 197 5.1 Basic Modulation 197 5.2 Pulse Shaping 202 5.3 Modulation Formats 206 5.4 Coherent Intradyne Dual-Polarization QAM Detection 231 5.5 Optical OFDM 240 5.6 Comparison of Modulation Formats 243 References 247 6 System Realization 253 6.1 Access Networks 253 Arrays 261 Transmitters 266 6.2 Corporate Networks (Storage Reach Extensions) 277 6.3 WDM Transport Encryption 287 6.4 Metro and Regional Networks 288 6.5 Long-Haul and Ultralong-Haul Systems 294 Dispersion 297 6.6 Future Network Configurations and Convergence 313 References 321 7 WDM Network Management 327 7.1 Layered Network 327 7.2 Management Approaches 329 7.3 Basic EMS NMS and OSS Functionality 331 7.4 Data Communications Network 334 7.5 Management System Interfaces 337 7.6 Control Plane 339 References 348 8 Selected Network Issues 349 8.1 Overview of the Optical Transport Network 349 8.2 Monitoring in WDM Systems 356 8.3 Flexible WDM Networks 375 8.4 Protection and Restoration 377 References 389 9 Standards Relevant for WDM 395 9.1 ITU-T Recommendations 395 9.2 Others 396 10 Practical Approximations and Tips 401 10.1 Conversion Between Bit Error Rate and Equivalent Q-Factor 401 10.2 Properties of a PRBS Signal 402 10.3 Chromatic Dispersion Values and Propagation Constants 403 References 404 Index 405

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Book SynopsisThe book is composed of 12 chapters and three appendices, and can be divided into four parts. The first part includes Chapters 2 to 7, which discuss the concepts, models, methods and data in probabilistic transmission planning.Trade Review"Principle engineer at a Canadian electric company, Li uses his technical reports and papers as a foundation for a comprehensive guide to planning a system to transmit electricity from its generation source to the sub-transmission stations where it enters the distribution system." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgments xxi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Overview of Transmission Planning 1 1.2 Necessity of Probabilistic Transmission Planning 6 1.3 Outline of the Book 8 2 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PROBABILISTIC PLANNING 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Probabilistic Planning Criteria 12 2.3 Procedure of Probabilistic Planning 14 2.4 Other Aspects in Probabilistic Planning 17 2.5 Conclusions 18 3 LOAD MODELING 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Load Forecast 22 3.3 Load Clustering 37 3.4 Uncertainty and Correlation of Bus Loads 42 3.5 Voltage- and Frequency-Dependent Bus Loads 44 3.6 Conclusions 46 4 SYSTEM ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Power Flow 50 4.3 Probabilistic Power Flow 53 4.4 Optimal Power Flow (OPF) 57 4.5 Probabilistic Search Optimization Algorithms 64 4.6 Contingency Analysis and Ranking 72 4.7 Voltage Stability Evaluation 76 4.8 Transient Stability Solution 80 4.9 Conclusions 83 5 PROBABILISTIC RELIABILITY EVALUATION 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 Reliability Indices 86 5.3 Reliability Worth Assessment 90 5.4 Substation Adequacy Evaluation 93 5.5 Composite System Adequacy Evaluation 99 5.6 Probabilistic Voltage Stability Assessment 107 5.7 Probabilistic Transient Stability Assessment 114 5.8 Conclusions 120 6 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS METHODS 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Cost Components of Projects 124 6.3 Time Value of Money and Present Value Method 125 6.4 Depreciation 131 6.5 Economic Assessment of Investment Projects 137 6.6 Economic Assessment of Equipment Replacement 142 6.7 Uncertainty Analysis in Economic Assessment 144 6.8 Conclusions 147 7 DATA IN PROBABILISTIC TRANSMISSION PLANNING 149 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Data for Power System Analysis 150 7.3 Reliability Data in Probabilistic Planning 163 7.4 Other Data 176 7.5 Conclusions 178 8 FUZZY TECHNIQUES FOR DATA UNCERTAINTY 181 8.1 Introduction 181 8.2 Fuzzy Models of System Component Outages 182 8.3 Mixed Fuzzy and Probabilistic Models for Loads 190 8.4 Combined Probabilistic and Fuzzy Techniques 192 8.5 Example 1: Case Study Not Considering Weather Effects 196 8.6 Example 2: Case Study Considering Weather Effects 202 8.7 Conclusions 212 9 NETWORK REINFORCEMENT PLANNING 215 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Probabilistic Planning of Bulk Power Supply System 216 9.3 Probabilistic Planning of Transmission Loop Network 225 9.4 Conclusions 234 10 RETIREMENT PLANNING OF NETWORK COMPONENTS 237 10.1 Introduction 237 10.2 Retirement Timing of an Aged AC Cable 238 10.3 Replacement Strategy of an HVDC Cable 247 10.4 Conclusions 257 11 SUBSTATION PLANNING 259 11.1 Introduction 259 11.2 Probabilistic Planning of Substation Confi guration 260 11.3 Transformer Spare Planning 272 11.4 Conclusions 280 12 SINGLE-CIRCUIT SUPPLY SYSTEM PLANNING 283 12.1 Introduction 283 12.2 Reliability Performance of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 285 12.3 Planning Method of Single-Circuit Supply Systems 288 12.4 Application to Actual Utility System 298 12.5 Conclusions 307 APPENDIX A ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY THEORY AND STATISTICS 309 A.1 Probability Operation Rules 309 A.2 Four Important Probability Distributions 310 A.3 Measures of Probability Distribution 313 A.4 Parameter Estimation 314 A.5 Monte Carlo Simulation 316 APPENDIX B ELEMENTS OF FUZZY MATHEMATICS 321 B.1 Fuzzy Sets 321 B.2 Fuzzy Numbers 323 B.3 Two Typical Fuzzy Numbers in Engineering Applications 325 B.4 Fuzzy Relations 326 APPENDIX C ELEMENTS OF RELIABILITY EVALUATION 329 C.1 Basic Concepts 329 C.2 Crisp Reliability Evaluation 331 C.3 Fuzzy Reliability Evaluation 335 References 341 Index 349

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Book SynopsisBased on the author's first-hand experience and expertise, this book offers a proven framework for global software engineering. Readers will learn best practices for managing a variety of software projects, coordinating the activities of several locations across the globe while accounting for cultural differences. Most importantly, readers will learn how to engineer a first-rate software product as efficiently as possible by fully leveraging global personnel and resources. Global Software and IT takes a unique approach that works for projects of any size, examining such critical topics as: Executing a seamless project across multiple locations Mitigating the risks of off-shoring Developing and implementing processes for global development Establishing practical outsourcing guidelines Fostering effective collaboration and communication across continents and culture This book provides a balanced framework for planning gloTable of ContentsForeword ix About the Author xi Introduction 1 Part I Strategy 1. Different Business Models 7 2. The Bright Side: Benefi ts 15 3. The Dark Side: Challenges 19 4. Deciding the Business Model 27 5. Preparing the Business Case 33 Part II Development 6. Requirements Engineering 39 7. Estimation and Planning 45 8. Development Processes 53 9. Practice: Global Software Architecture Development 59 10. Practice: Software Chunks and Distributed Development 69 11. Confi guration Management 81 12. Open Source Development 83 13. Quality Control 89 14. Tools and IT Infrastructure 95 15. Practice: Collaborative Development Environments 109 Part III Management 16. Life-Cycle Management 127 17. Supplier Selection and Evaluation 131 18. Supplier Management 135 19. Practice: IT Outsourcing—A Supplier Perspective 141 20. Monitoring Cost, Progress, and Performance 151 21. Risk Management 165 22. Practice: Risk Assessment in Globally Distributed Projects 179 23. Intellectual Property and Information Security 189 24. Practice: Global Software Engineering in Avionics 193 25. Practice: Global Software Engineering in Automotive 209 Part IV People and Teams 26. Work Organization and Resource Allocation 227 27. Roles and Responsibilities 237 28. Soft Skills 241 29. Training and Coaching 245 30. Practice: People Factors in Globally Distributed Projects 249 31. Practice: Requirements Engineering in Global Teams 257 32. Practice: Educating Global Software Engineering 269 Part V Advancing Your Own Business 33. Key Take-Away Tips 283 34. Global Software and IT Rules of Thumb 293 35. The World Remains Flat 297 Appendices Appendix A Checklist/Template: Getting Started 303 Appendix B Checklist/Template: Self Assessment 309 Appendix C Checklist/Template: Risk Management 315 Glossary and Abbreviations 319 Bibliography 339 Index 349

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Book SynopsisThe book will address the-state-of-the-art in integrated Bio-Microsystems that integrate microelectronics with fluidics, photonics, and mechanics. New exciting opportunities in emerging applications that will take system performance beyond offered by traditional CMOS based circuits are discussed in detail. The book is a must for anyone serious about microelectronics integration possibilities for future technologies. The book is written by top notch international experts in industry and academia. The intended audience is practicing engineers with electronics background that want to learn about integrated microsystems. The book will be also used as a recommended reading and supplementary material in graduate course curriculum.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I: HUMAN BODY MONITORING. 1 INTERFACING BIOLOGY AND CIRCUITS: QUANTIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE METRICS (Alexander J. Casson and Esther Rodriguez-Villegas). 2 FULLY INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL SIGNAL RECORDING: TECHNOLOGY PERSPECTIVE AND LOW-NOISE FRONT-END DESIGN (Andrea Bonfanti, Tommaso Borghi, Guido Zambra, and Andrea L. Lacaita). 3 VLSI IMPLEMENTATION OF WIRELESS NEURAL RECORDING MICROSYSTEM FOR NEUROMUSCULAR STIMULATION (Shuenn-Yuh Lee, Chih-Jen Cheng, Shyh-Chyang Lee, and Qiang Fang). 4 HEALTH-CARE DEVICES USING RADIO FREQUENCY TECHNOLOGY (Jung Han Choi and Dong Kyun Kim). 5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF LOW-POWER DIGITAL INTEGRATED SYSTEMS FOR IMPLANTABLE MEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Zhihua Wang, Xiang Xie, Xinkai Chen, and Xiaowen Li). PART II: BIOSENSORS AND CIRCUITS. 6 AFFINITY-BASED BIOSENSORS: STOCHASTIC MODELING AND FIGURES OF MERIT (Shreepriya Das, Haris Vikalo, and Arjang Hassibi). 7 FABRICATION EXAMPLES BASED ON STANDARD CMOS AND MEMS PROCESSES (Bernard Courtois). 8 CMOS CAPACITIVE BIOINTERFACES FOR LAB-ON-CHIP APPLICATIONS (Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh). 9 LENSFREE IMAGING CYTOMETRY AND DIAGNOSTICS FOR POINT-OF-CARE AND TELEMEDICINE APPLICATIONS (Sungkyu Seo, Ting-Wei Su, Anthony Erlinger, and Aydogan Ozcan). 10 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL IN BIOMICROFLUIDICS (Francesca Sapuppo, Marcos Intaglietta, and Maide Bucolo). 11 MONITORING OF STEM CELL CULTURE PROCESS USING ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS (Xicai Yue and Emmanuel M. Drakakis). PART III: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES. 12 BUILDING INTERFACES TO DEVELOPING CELLS AND ORGANISMS: FROM CYBORG BEETLES TO SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY (Hirotaka Sato, Daniel Cohen, and Michel M. Maharbiz). 13 TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARRAYED SINGLE-CELL BIOLOGY (Sarah C. McQuaide, James R. Etzkorn, and Babak A. Parviz). 14 APPLICATION OF BACTERIAL FLAGELLAR MOTORS IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS (Steve Tung, Jin-Woo Kim, and Ryan Pooran). 15 GENE INJECTION AND MANIPULATION USING CMOS-BASED TECHNOLOGIES (Arati Sridharan and Jit Muthuswamy). 16 LOW-COST DIAGNOSTICS: RF DESIGNER’S APPROACH (Nan Sun, Yong Liu, and Donhee Ham). Index.

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Book SynopsisCompiling the authors? combined decades of experience, Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensing and Analysis sheds light on microwave noncontact vital sign detection from bench-top module to CMOS integrated microchip, covering a frequency range of over 30 GHz.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background, 1 1.2 Recent Progress on Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors, 2 1.2.1 Microwave/Millimeter-Wave Interferometer and Vibrometer, 2 1.2.2 Noncontact Vital Sign Detection, 3 1.3 About This Book, 4 2 Theory of Microwave Noncontact Motion Sensors 7 2.1 Introduction to Radar, 7 2.1.1 Antennas, 8 2.1.2 Propagation and Antenna Gain, 10 2.1.3 Radio System Link and Friis Equation, 13 2.1.4 Radar Cross Section and Radar Equation, 15 2.1.5 Radar Signal-To-Noise Ratio, 16 2.1.6 Signal-Processing Basics, 17 2.2 Mechanism of Motion Sensing Radar, 18 2.2.1 Doppler Frequency Shift, 18 2.2.2 Doppler Nonlinear Phase Modulation, 19 2.2.3 Pulse Radar, 26 2.2.4 FMCW Radar, 27 2.2.5 Comparison of Different Detection Mechanisms, 29 2.3 Key Theory and Techniques of Motion Sensing Radar, 31 2.3.1 Null and Optimal Detection Point, 31 2.3.2 Complex Signal Demodulation, 33 2.3.3 Arctangent Demodulation, 34 2.3.4 Double-Sideband Transmission, 36 2.3.5 Optimal Carrier Frequency, 43 2.3.6 Sensitivity: Gain and Noise Budget, 49 3 Hardware Development of Microwave Motion Sensors 53 3.1 Radar Transceiver, 53 3.1.1 Bench-Top Radar Systems, 53 3.1.2 Board Level Radar System Integration, 61 3.1.3 Motion Sensing Radar-On-Chip Integration, 63 3.1.4 Pulse-Doppler Radar and Ultra-Wideband Technologies, 85 3.1.5 FMCW Radar, 89 3.2 Radar Transponders, 92 3.2.1 Passive Harmonic Tag, 93 3.2.2 Active Transponder for Displacement Monitoring, 95 3.3 Antenna Systems, 99 3.3.1 Phased Array Systems, 99 3.3.2 Broadband Antenna, 100 3.3.3 Helical Antenna, 103 4 Advances in Detection and Analysis Techniques 107 4.1 System Design and Optimization, 107 4.1.1 Shaking Noise Cancellation Using Sensor Node Technique, 107 4.1.2 DC-Coupled Displacement Radar, 111 4.1.3 Random Body Movement Cancellation Technique, 116 4.1.4 Nonlinear Detection of Complex Vibration Patterns, 124 4.1.5 Motion Sensing Based on Self-Injection-Locked Oscillators, 131 4.2 Numerical Methods: Ray-Tracing Model, 136 4.3 Signal Processing, 141 4.3.1 MIMO, MISO, SIMO Techniques, 141 4.3.2 Spectral Estimation Algorithms, 142 4.3.3 Joint Time–Frequency Signal Analysis, 153 5 Applications and Future Trends 157 5.1 Application Case Studies, 158 5.1.1 Assisted Living and Smart Homes, 158 5.1.2 Sleep Apnea Diagnosis, 164 5.1.3 Wireless Infant Monitor, 169 5.1.4 Measurement of Rotational Movement, 173 5.1.5 Battlefield Triage and Enemy Detection, 178 5.1.6 Earthquake and Fire Emergency Search and Rescue, 179 5.1.7 Tumor Tracking in Radiation Therapy, 180 5.1.8 Structural Health Monitoring, 185 5.2 Development of Standards and State of Acceptance, 194 5.3 Future Development Trends, 196 5.4 Microwave Industry Outlook, 202 References 203 Index 215

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Book SynopsisThe next generation of computer system designers will be less concerned about details of processors and memories, and more concerned about the elements of a system tailored to particular applications. These designers will have a fundamental knowledge of processors and other elements in the system, but the success of their design will depend on the skills in making system-level tradeoffs that optimize the cost, performance and other attributes to meet application requirements. This book provides a new treatment of computer system design, particularly for System-on-Chip (SOC), which addresses the issues mentioned above. It begins with a global introduction, from the high-level view to the lowest common denominator (the chip itself), then moves on to the three main building blocks of an SOC (processor, memory, and interconnect). Next is an overview of what makes SOC unique (its customization ability and the applications that drive it). The final chapter presents future challenges for systTable of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xvii 1 Introduction to the Systems Approach 1 1.1 System Architecture: An Overview 1 1.2 Components of the System: Processors, Memories, and Interconnects 2 1.3 Hardware and Software: Programmability Versus Performance 5 1.4 Processor Architectures 7 1.4.1 Processor: A Functional View 8 1.4.2 Processor: An Architectural View 9 1.5 Memory and Addressing 19 1.5.1 SOC Memory Examples 20 1.5.2 Addressing: The Architecture of Memory 21 1.5.3 Memory for SOC Operating System 22 1.6 System-Level Interconnection 24 1.6.1 Bus-Based Approach 24 1.6.2 Network-on-Chip Approach 25 1.7 An Approach for SOC Design 26 1.7.1 Requirements and Specifi cations 26 1.7.2 Design Iteration 27 1.8 System Architecture and Complexity 29 1.9 Product Economics and Implications for SOC 31 1.9.1 Factors Affecting Product Costs 31 1.9.2 Modeling Product Economics and Technology Complexity: The Lesson for SOC 33 1.10 Dealing with Design Complexity 34 1.10.1 Buying IP 34 1.10.2 Reconfi guration 35 1.11 Conclusions 37 1.12 Problem Set 38 2 Chip Basics: Time, Area, Power, Reliability, and Confi gurability 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.1.1 Design Trade-Offs 39 2.1.2 Requirements and Specifi cations 42 2.2 Cycle Time 43 2.2.1 Defi ning a Cycle 43 2.2.2 Optimum Pipeline 44 2.2.3 Performance 46 2.3 Die Area and Cost 47 2.3.1 Processor Area 47 2.3.2 Processor Subunits 50 2.4 Ideal and Practical Scaling 53 2.5 Power 57 2.6 Area–Time–Power Trade-Offs in Processor Design 60 2.6.1 Workstation Processor 60 2.6.2 Embedded Processor 61 2.7 Reliability 62 2.7.1 Dealing with Physical Faults 62 2.7.2 Error Detection and Correction 65 2.7.3 Dealing with Manufacturing Faults 68 2.7.4 Memory and Function Scrubbing 69 2.8 Confi gurability 69 2.8.1 Why Reconfi gurable Design? 69 2.8.2 Area Estimate of Reconfi gurable Devices 70 2.9 Conclusion 71 2.10 Problem Set 71 3 Processors 74 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Processor Selection for SOC 76 3.2.1 Overview 76 3.2.2 Example: Soft Processors 76 3.2.3 Examples: Processor Core Selection 79 3.3 Basic Concepts in Processor Architecture 81 3.3.1 Instruction Set 81 3.3.2 Some Instruction Set Conventions 82 3.3.3 Branches 82 3.3.4 Interrupts and Exceptions 84 3.4 Basic Concepts in Processor Microarchitecture 86 3.5 Basic Elements in Instruction Handling 88 3.5.1 The Instruction Decoder and Interlocks 88 3.5.2 Bypassing 90 3.5.3 Execution Unit 90 3.6 Buffers: Minimizing Pipeline Delays 91 3.6.1 Mean Request Rate Buffers 91 3.6.2 Buffers Designed for a Fixed or Maximum Request Rate 92 3.7 Branches: Reducing the Cost of Branches 93 3.7.1 Branch Target Capture: Branch Target Buffers (BTBs) 94 3.7.2 Branch Prediction 97 3.8 More Robust Processors: Vector, Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW), and Superscalar 101 3.9 Vector Processors and Vector Instruction Extensions 101 3.9.1 Vector Functional Units 103 3.10 VLIW Processors 107 3.11 Superscalar Processors 108 3.11.1 Data Dependencies 109 3.11.2 Detecting Instruction Concurrency 110 3.11.3 A Simple Implementation 112 3.11.4 Preserving State with Out-of-Order Execution 116 3.12 Processor Evolution and Two Examples 118 3.12.1 Soft and Firm Processor Designs: The Processor as IP 118 3.12.2 High-Performance, Custom-Designed Processors 118 3.13 Conclusions 119 3.14 Problem Set 120 4 Memory Design: System-on-Chip and Board-Based Systems 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Overview 125 4.2.1 SOC External Memory: Flash 125 4.2.2 SOC Internal Memory: Placement 126 4.2.3 The Size of Memory 127 4.3 Scratchpads and Cache Memory 128 4.4 Basic Notions 129 4.5 Cache Organization 130 4.6 Cache Data 133 4.7 Write Policies 134 4.8 Strategies for Line Replacement at Miss Time 135 4.8.1 Fetching a Line 136 4.8.2 Line Replacement 136 4.8.3 Cache Environment: Effects of System, Transactions, and Multiprogramming 137 4.9 Other Types of Cache 138 4.10 Split I- and D-Caches and the Effect of Code Density 138 4.11 Multilevel Caches 139 4.11.1 Limits on Cache Array Size 139 4.11.2 Evaluating Multilevel Caches 140 4.11.3 Logical Inclusion 143 4.12 Virtual-to-Real Translation 143 4.13 SOC (On-Die) Memory Systems 145 4.14 Board-based (Off-Die) Memory Systems 147 4.15 Simple DRAM and the Memory Array 149 4.15.1 SDRAM and DDR SDRAM 152 4.15.2 Memory Buffers 156 4.16 Models of Simple Processor–Memory Interaction 156 4.16.1 Models of Multiple Simple Processors and Memory 157 4.16.2 The Strecker-Ravi Model 158 4.16.3 Interleaved Caches 160 4.17 Conclusions 161 4.18 Problem Set 161 5 Interconnect 165 5.1 Introduction 165 5.2 Overview: Interconnect Architectures 166 5.3 Bus: Basic Architecture 168 5.3.1 Arbitration and Protocols 170 5.3.2 Bus Bridge 171 5.3.3 Physical Bus Structure 171 5.3.4 Bus Varieties 172 5.4 SOC Standard Buses 173 5.4.1 AMBA 174 5.4.2 CoreConnect 177 5.4.3 Bus Interface Units: Bus Sockets and Bus Wrappers 179 5.5 Analytic Bus Models 183 5.5.1 Contention and Shared Bus 183 5.5.2 Simple Bus Model: Without Resubmission 184 5.5.3 Bus Model with Request Resubmission 185 5.5.4 Using the Bus Model: Computing the Offered Occupancy 185 5.5.5 Effect of Bus Transactions and Contention Time 186 5.6 Beyond the Bus: NOC with Switch Interconnects 187 5.6.1 Static Networks 190 5.6.2 Dynamic Networks 192 5.7 Some NOC Switch Examples 194 5.7.1 A 2-D Grid Example of Direct Networks 194 5.7.2 Asynchronous Crossbar Interconnect for Synchronous SOC (Dynamic Network) 196 5.7.3 Blocking versus Nonblocking 197 5.8 Layered Architecture and Network Interface Unit 197 5.8.1 NOC Layered Architecture 198 5.8.2 NOC and NIU Example 200 5.8.3 Bus versus NOC 201 5.9 Evaluating Interconnect Networks 201 5.9.1 Static versus Dynamic Networks 202 5.9.2 Comparing Networks: Example 204 5.10 Conclusions 205 5.11 Problem Set 206 6 Customization and Confi gurability 208 6.1 Introduction 208 6.2 Estimating Effectiveness of Customization 209 6.3 SOC Customization: An Overview 210 6.4 Customizing Instruction Processors 212 6.4.1 Processor Customization Approaches 214 6.4.2 Architecture Description 215 6.4.3 Identifying Custom Instructions Automatically 217 6.5 Reconfi gurable Technologies 218 6.5.1 Reconfi gurable Functional Units (FUs) 218 6.5.2 Reconfi gurable Interconnects 222 6.5.3 Software Confi gurable Processors 224 6.6 Mapping Designs Onto Reconfi gurable Devices 226 6.7 Instance-Specifi c Design 228 6.8 Customizable Soft Processor: An Example 231 6.9 Reconfi guration 235 6.9.1 Reconfi guration Overhead Analysis 235 6.9.2 Trade-Off Analysis: Reconfi gurable Parallelism 237 6.10 Conclusions 242 6.11 Problem Set 243 7 Application Studies 246 7.1 Introduction 246 7.2 SOC Design Approach 246 7.3 Application Study: AES 251 7.3.1 AES: Algorithm and Requirements 251 7.3.2 AES: Design and Evaluation 253 7.4 Application Study: 3-D Graphics Processors 254 7.4.1 Analysis: Processing 255 7.4.2 Analysis: Interconnection 259 7.4.3 Prototyping 260 7.5 Application Study: Image Compression 262 7.5.1 JPEG Compression 262 7.5.2 Example JPEG System for Digital Still Camera 264 7.6 Application Study: Video Compression 266 7.6.1 MPEG and H.26X Video Compression: Requirements 268 7.6.2 H.264 Acceleration: Designs 271 7.7 Further Application Studies 276 7.7.1 MP3 Audio Decoding 276 7.7.2 Software-Defi ned Radio with 802.16 279 7.8 Conclusions 281 7.9 Problem Set 282 8 What's Next: Challenges Ahead 285 8.1 Introduction 285 8.2 Overview 286 8.3 Technology 288 8.4 Powering the ASOC 289 8.5 The Shape of the ASOC 292 8.6 Computer Module and Memory 293 8.7 RF or Light Communications 293 8.7.1 Lasers 294 8.7.2 RF 295 8.7.3 Potential for Laser/RF Communications 295 8.7.4 Networked ASOC 296 8.8 Sensing 296 8.8.1 Visual 296 8.8.2 Audio 297 8.9 Motion, Flight, and the Fruit Fly 298 8.10 Motivation 299 8.11 Overview 300 8.12 Pre-Deployment 302 8.13 Post-Deployment 307 8.13.1 Situation-Specifi c Optimization 308 8.13.2 Autonomous Optimization Control 309 8.14 Roadmap and Challenges 310 8.15 Summary 312 Appendix: Tools for Processor Evaluation 313 References 316 Index 329

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Book SynopsisIn order to truly understand data signals transmitted by satellite, one must understand scintillation theory in addition to well established theories of EM wave propagation and scattering. Scintillation is a nuisance in satellite EM communications, but it has stimulated numerous theoretical developments with science applications.Table of Contents1. Introduction. 1.1 Electromagnetic Propagation Theory. 1.2 Anticipating Scintillation Theory. 2. The Forward Propagation Equation. 2.1 Weakly Inhomogeneous Media. 2.2 Numerical Simulations. 3. The Statistical Theory of Scintillation. 3.1 Background. 3.2 Calculation of Field Moments. 3.3 Second-Order Moments. 3.4 Fourth-Order Moments. 3.5 Intensity Statistics. 3.6 Numerical Simulations. 3.7 Statistical Theory Limitations. 4. Beacon Satellite Scintillation. 4.1 Geometric Considerations. 4.2 Phase Structure Revisited. 4.3 Complex Field Coherence Revisited. 4.4 Satellite Orbit & Earth Magnetic Field Calculation. 4.5 Examples. 4.6 Theory and Simulations. 5. System Applications of Scintillation. 5.1 An Introduction to Waveforms. 5.2 Scintillation Channel Model. 5.3 System Performance Analysis. 5.4 Scintillation Data Processing. 5.5 Scintillation Data Interpretation. 5.6 Beacon Satellite Research. 6. Scattering and Boundaries. 6.1 Embedded Compact Scattering Objects. 6.2 Boundary Surfaces. Appendix A. A.1 Far-Field Approximation. A.2 Backscatter. A.3 Anisotropy Transformations. A.4 Wavefront Curvature Correction. A.5 Two-Dimensional Boundary Integrals. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a ground-breaking intelligent system for fast and non-invasive microbial identification using 3D optical imaging methods and high throughput algorithms for automatic analysis of 3D and 4D microscopic image data, as well as analysis of microscopic imaging towards a basic understanding of biological specimens.Table of ContentsPart I. Digital Holographic Microscopy (DHM) 1. Introduction References 2. Coherent optical imaging 2.1 Monochromatic fields and irradiance 2.2 Analytic expression for Fresnel diffraction 2.3 Transmittance function of lens 2.4 Geometrical imaging concepts 2.5 Coherent imaging theory References 3. Lateral and depth resolutions 3.1 Lateral resolution 3.2 Depth (or axial) resolution References 4. Phase unwrapping 4.1 Branch cuts 4.2 Quality-guided path-following algorithms References 5. Off-axis digital holographic microscopy 5.1 Off-axisdigital holographic microscopy designs 5.2 Digital hologram reconstruction References 6. Gabor digital holographic microscopy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methodology References Part II. Deep Learning in DHM Systems 7. Introduction References 8. No-search focus prediction in DHM with deep learning 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and methods 8.3 Experimental results 8.4 Conclusions References 9. Automated phase unwrapping in DHM with deep learning 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Deep learning model 9.3 Unwrapping with deep learning model 9.4 Conclusions References 10. Noise-free phase imaging in Gabor DHM with deep learning 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A deep learning model for Gabor DHM 10.3 Experimental results 10.4 Discussion 10.5 Conclusions References Part III. Intelligent DHM for Biomedical Applications 11. Introduction References 12. Red blood cells phase image segmentation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Marker-controlled watershed algorithm 12.3 Segmentation based on marker-controlled watershed algorithm 12.4 Experimental results 12.5 Performance evaluation 12.6 Conclusions References 13. Red blood cells phase image segmentation with deep learning 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Fully convolutional neural networks 13.3 Red blood cells phase image segmentation via deep learning 13.4 Experimental results 13.5 Conclusions References 14. Automated phenotypic classification of red blood cells 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Feature extraction 14.3 Pattern recognition neural network 14.4 Experimental results and discussion 14.5 Conclusions References 15. Automated analysis of red blood cell storage lesions 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Quantitative analysis of red blood cell 3D morphological changes 15.3 Experimental results and discussion 15.4 Conclusions References 16. Automated red blood cells classification with deep learning 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Proposed deep learning model 16.3 Experimental results 16.4 Conclusions References 17. High-throughput label-free cell counting with deep neural networks 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Materials and methods 17.3 Experimental results 17.4 Conclusions References 18. Automated tracking of temporal displacements of red blood cells 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Mean-shift tracking algorithm 18.3 Kalman filter 18.4 Procedure for single RBC tracking 18.5 Experimental results 18.6 Conclusions References 19. Automated quantitative analysis of red blood cells dynamics 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Red blood cell parameters 19.3 Quantitative analysis of red blood cell fluctuations 19.4 Conclusions References 20. Quantitative analysis of red blood cells during temperature elevation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Red blood cell sample preparations 20.3 Experimental results 20.4 Conclusions References 21. Automated measurement of cardiomyocytes dynamics with DHM 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Cell culture and imaging 21.3 Automated analysis of cardiomyocytes dynamics 21.4 Conclusions References 22. Automated analysis of cardiomyocytes with deep learning 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Region of interest identification with dynamic beating activity analysis 22.3 Deep neural network for cardiomyocytes image segmentation 22.4 Experimental results 22.5 Conclusions References 23. Automatic quantification of drug-treated cardiomyocytes with DHM 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Materials and methods 23.3 Experimental results and discussion 23.4 Conclusions References 24. Analysis of cardiomyocytes with holographic image-based tracking 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Materials and methods 24.3 Experimental results and discussion 24.4 Conclusions References 25. Conclusion and future work

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive description of an optical communications technology known as free space opticala next-generation communications network that uses optical signals through the atmosphere instead of fiber, RF, or microwaves. This technology potentially offers more complex ultrabandwidth communication services simultaneously to multiple users and in a very short time, compared to fiber optic technology. This text presents established and new advancements drawn from the latest research and development in components, networking, operation, and practices. This book describes the FSO network concepts in simple language. It provides comprehensive coverage in an easy-to-understand, progressive style that starts from the physics of the atmosphere and how it affects optical communications; continues with the design of a network node; and concludes with fiberless network applications from point-to-point to mesh topology. Important areas discussed include: PropagaTrade ReviewThe book covers an important area of free space optical networking. Although this type of communications has its roots in ancient times and its modern form was originally conceived for the inter-satellite applications, its applicability extends now to terrestrial access networks, LAN to LAN inter-connectivity, emergency communications network deployment, and others. Free Space Optical Networks for Ultra-Broad Band Services was written by Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, a renowned expert in optical communications, in a reader-friendly manner. The book covers a wide range of topics, ranging from free the physical layer, through networking issues, to security and applications. It can be a valuable source of information for graduate students as well as practicing engineers. Andrzej Jajszczyk AGH University of Science and Technology This book is an introduction to the technical aspects and design issues of free-space optical (FSO) networks. The effects of atmospheric phenomena on laser beam propagation are presented. Optical devices used in FSO systems are overviewed. The design of FSO systems with point-to-point, ring and mesh topology is explained emphasizing practical aspects. Advantages and drawbacks of FSO networks are examined. Throughout the book, all topics are presented using a clear, albeit appropriate, language. Most difficult technical details are omitted, thus allowing readers with a general background to understand the essential concepts and principles. The tutorial approach of S. Kartalopoulos, already familiar to the readers of his previous works, makes also this book a pleasant reading to all those wishing a general introduction to FSO networks. Stefano Bregni Politecnico di MilanoTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi INTRODUCTION 1 1 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT IN UNGUIDED MEDIA 11 1.1 Introduction 11 1.2 Laser Beam Characteristics 12 1.3 Atmospheric Layers 28 1.4 Atmospheric Effects on Optical Signals 30 1.5 Coding for Atmospheric Optical Propagation 44 1.6 LIDAR 44 2 FSO TRANSCEIVER DESIGN 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Light Sources 52 2.3 Modulators 61 2.4 Photodetectors and Receivers 63 2.5 Optical Amplifi cation 70 2.6 Optical Signal to Noise Ratio 76 2.7 Acquisition, Pointing and Tracking 77 2.8 Adaptive and Active Optics 83 2.9 Laser Safety 86 2.10 Node Housing and Mounting 87 3 POINT-TO-POINT FSO SYSTEMS 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Simple PtP Design 93 3.3 Point-to-Point with Transponder Nodes 98 3.4 Hybrid FSO and RF 101 3.5 FSO Point-to-Multipoint 102 3.6 FSO Point-to-Mobile 103 4 RING FSO SYSTEMS 106 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Ring Topologies and Service Protection 107 4.3 Ring Nodes with Add-Drop 109 4.4 Concatenated Rings 111 4.5 Ring to Network Connectivity 111 5 MESH FSO SYSTEMS 113 5.1 Introduction 113 5.2 FSO Nodes for Mesh Topology 114 5.3 Hybrid Mesh-FSO with RF 120 5.4 Hybrid FSO-Fiber Networks 121 6 WDM MESH-FSO 124 6.1 Introduction 124 6.2 Light Attributes 125 6.3 Optical Media 125 6.4 Interaction of Light with Matter 127 6.5 Medium Birefringence 133 6.6 DWDM and CWDM Optical Channels 134 6.7 WDM FSO Links 135 6.8 WDM Mesh FSO Networks 135 6.9 Service Protection in Mesh-FSO Networks 138 6.10 WDM Mesh-FSO versus EM-Wireless 140 7 INTEGRATING MESH-FSO WITH THE PUBLIC NETWORK 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 The Ethernet Protocol 145 7.3 The TCP/IP Protocol 151 7.4 The ATM Protocol 154 7.5 Wireless Protocols 158 7.6 The Next Generation SONET/SDH Protocol 164 7.7 Next Generation SONET/SDH Networks 170 7.8 Next Generation Protocols 175 7.9 The GMPLS Protocol 177 7.10 The GFP Protocol 179 7.11 The LCAS Protocol 184 7.12 The LAPS Protocol 184 7.13 Any Protocol over SONET/SDH 186 8 FSO NETWORK SECURITY 191 8.1 Introduction 191 8.2 Cryptography 193 8.3 Security Levels 194 8.4 Security Layers 195 8.5 FSO Inherent Security Features 198 8.6 Conclusion 200 9 FSO SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 202 9.1 Introduction 202 9.2 FSO Networks for Highway Assisted Communications 203 9.3 Mesh-FSO in Disaster Areas 203 9.4 Visual Light Communication 204 9.5 Conclusion 207 References 207 Acronyms 209 Index 218

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Book Synopsis*Trade Review"Written by experts actively involved in the 3GPP standards and product development, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition gives a complete and up-to-date overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and clear manner. Building upon on the success of the first edition, LTE for UMTS, Second Edition has been revised to now contain improved coverage of the Release 8 LTE details, including field performance results, transport network, self optimized networks and also covering the enhancements done in 3GPP Release 9." (FierceTelecom, 17 August 2011) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgements xix List of Abbreviations xxi 1 Introduction 1 Harry Holma and Antti Toskala 1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth 1 1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth 1 1.3 Evolution of Wireline Technologies 3 1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE 4 1.5 Overview of LTE 5 1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies 6 1.7 Wireless Spectrum 8 1.8 New Spectrum Identified by WRC-07 9 1.9 LTE-Advanced 10 2 LTE Standardization 13 Antti Toskala 2.1 Introduction 13 2.2 Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process 13 2.3 LTE Targets 15 2.4 LTE Standardization Phases 16 2.5 Evolution Beyond Release 8 18 2.6 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced 20 2.7 LTE Specifications and 3GPP Structure 20 References 21 3 System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE 23 Atte L¨ansisalmi and Antti Toskala 3.1 System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP 23 3.2 Basic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRAN Access Network 25 3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Configuration 25 3.2.2 Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Configuration 26 3.2.3 Self-configuration of S1-MME and X2 Interfaces 35 3.2.4 Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Configuration 36 3.2.5 Roaming in Basic System Architecture Configuration 40 3.3 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks 41 3.3.1 Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 41 3.3.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 42 3.3.3 Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 44 3.3.4 Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure 45 3.4 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks 46 3.4.1 Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 46 3.4.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 48 3.4.3 Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Configuration 51 3.5 Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks 52 3.5.1 Architecture for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 52 3.5.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 54 3.5.3 Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 55 3.5.4 Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT 56 3.6 IMS Architecture 56 3.6.1 Overview 56 3.6.2 Session Management and Routing 58 3.6.3 Databases 59 3.6.4 Services Elements 59 3.6.5 Inter-working Elements 59 3.7 PCC and QoS 60 3.7.1 PCC 60 3.7.2 QoS 62 References 65 4 Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE 67 Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 LTE Multiple Access Background 67 4.3 OFDMA Basics 70 4.4 SC-FDMA Basics 76 4.5 MIMO Basics 80 4.6 Summary 82 References 82 5 Physical Layer 83 Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli, Mieszko Chmiel and Juha Korhonen 5.1 Introduction 83 5.2 Transport Channels and their Mapping to the Physical Channels 83 5.3 Modulation 85 5.4 Uplink User Data Transmission 86 5.5 Downlink User Data Transmission 90 5.6 Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 93 5.6.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel, PUCCH 94 5.6.2 PUCCH Configuration 98 5.6.3 Control Signaling on PUSCH 102 5.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals 104 5.7 PRACH Structure 109 5.7.1 Physical Random Access Channel 109 5.7.2 Preamble Sequence 110 5.8 Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 112 5.8.1 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 112 5.8.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 113 5.8.3 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 115 5.8.4 Cell-specific Reference Signal 116 5.8.5 Downlink Transmission Modes 117 5.8.6 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 119 5.8.7 Synchronization Signal 120 5.9 Physical Layer Procedures 120 5.9.1 HARQ Procedure 121 5.9.2 Timing Advance 122 5.9.3 Power Control 123 5.9.4 Paging 124 5.9.5 Random Access Procedure 124 5.9.6 Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure 127 5.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology 132 5.9.8 Cell Search Procedure 134 5.9.9 Half-duplex Operation 134 5.10 UE Capability Classes and Supported Features 135 5.11 Physical Layer Measurements 136 5.11.1 eNodeB Measurements 136 5.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure 137 5.12 Physical Layer Parameter Configuration 137 5.13 Summary 138 References 139 6 LTE Radio Protocols 141 Antti Toskala, Woonhee Hwang and Colin Willcock 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Protocol Architecture 141 6.3 The Medium Access Control 144 6.3.1 Logical Channels 145 6.3.2 Data Flow in MAC Layer 146 6.4 The Radio Link Control Layer 147 6.4.1 RLC Modes of Operation 148 6.4.2 Data Flow in the RLC Layer 148 6.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 150 6.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 151 6.6.1 UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT 151 6.6.2 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 152 6.6.3 Self Optimization – Minimization of Drive Tests 167 6.7 X2 Interface Protocols 169 6.7.1 Handover on X2 Interface 169 6.7.2 Load Management 171 6.8 Understanding the RRC ASN.1 Protocol Definition 172 6.8.1 ASN.1 Introduction 172 6.8.2 RRC Protocol Definition 173 6.9 Early UE Handling in LTE 182 6.10 Summary 183 References 183 7 Mobility 185 Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 186 7.2.1 Overview of Idle Mode Mobility 186 7.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection Process 187 7.2.3 Tracking Area Optimization 189 7.3 Intra-LTE Handovers 190 7.3.1 Procedure 190 7.3.2 Signaling 192 7.3.3 Handover Measurements 195 7.3.4 Automatic Neighbor Relations 195 7.3.5 Handover Frequency 196 7.3.6 Handover Delay 197 7.4 Inter-system Handovers 198 7.5 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 199 7.6 Summary 201 References 201 8 Radio Resource Management 203 Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa and Ingo Viering 8.1 Introduction 203 8.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms 203 8.3 Admission Control and QoS Parameters 204 8.4 Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 206 8.4.1 Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework 206 8.4.2 Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 206 8.4.3 Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms 209 8.4.4 Packet Scheduling with MIMO 211 8.4.5 Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations 211 8.5 Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 216 8.5.1 Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 219 8.5.2 Uplink Link Adaptation 223 8.5.3 Uplink Packet Scheduling 223 8.6 Interference Management and Power Settings 227 8.6.1 Downlink Transmit Power Settings 227 8.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination 228 8.7 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 230 8.8 RRC Connection Maintenance 233 8.9 Summary 233 References 234 9 Self Organizing Networks (SON) 237 Krzysztof Kordybach, Seppo Hamalainen, Cinzia Sartori and Ingo Viering 9.1 Introduction 237 9.2 SON Architecture 238 9.3 SON Functions 241 9.4 Self-Configuration 241 9.4.1 Configuration of Physical Cell ID 242 9.4.2 Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR) 243 9.5 Self-Optimization and Self-Healing Use Cases 244 9.5.1 Mobility Load Balancing (MLB) 245 9.5.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) 248 9.5.3 RACH Optimization 251 9.5.4 Energy Saving 251 9.5.5 Summary of the Available SON Procedures 252 9.5.6 SON Management 252 9.6 3GPP Release 10 Use Cases 253 9.7 Summary 254 References 255 10 Performance 257 Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, Istv´an Z. Kov´acs, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen and Jussi Reunanen 10.1 Introduction 257 10.2 Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates 257 10.3 Terminal Categories 260 10.4 Link Level Performance 261 10.4.1 Downlink Link Performance 261 10.4.2 Uplink Link Performance 262 10.5 Link Budgets 265 10.6 Spectral Efficiency 270 10.6.1 System Deployment Scenarios 270 10.6.2 Downlink System Performance 273 10.6.3 Uplink System Performance 275 10.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 × 2 276 10.6.5 Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) 283 10.6.6 Spectral Efficiency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth 285 10.6.7 Spectral Efficiency Evaluation in 3GPP 286 10.6.8 Benchmarking LTE to HSPA 287 10.7 Latency 288 10.7.1 User Plane Latency 288 10.8 LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum 290 10.9 Dimensioning 291 10.10 Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks 293 10.10.1 Data Volume Analysis 293 10.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis 297 10.11 Summary 299 References 301 11 LTE Measurements 303 Marilynn P. Wylie-Green, Harri Holma, Jussi Reunanen and Antti Toskala 11.1 Introduction 303 11.2 Theoretical Peak Data Rates 303 11.3 Laboratory Measurements 305 11.4 Field Measurement Setups 306 11.5 Artificial Load Generation 307 11.6 Peak Data Rates in the Field 310 11.7 Link Adaptation and MIMO Utilization 311 11.8 Handover Performance 313 11.9 Data Rates in Drive Tests 315 11.10 Multi-user Packet Scheduling 317 11.11 Latency 320 11.12 Very Large Cell Size 321 11.13 Summary 323 References 323 12 Transport 325 Torsten Musiol 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 Protocol Stacks and Interfaces 325 12.2.1 Functional Planes 325 12.2.2 Network Layer (L3) – IP 327 12.2.3 Data Link Layer (L2) – Ethernet 328 12.2.4 Physical Layer (L1) – Ethernet Over Any Media 329 12.2.5 Maximum Transmission Unit Size Issues 330 12.2.6 Traffic Separation and IP Addressing 332 12.3 Transport Aspects of Intra-LTE Handover 334 12.4 Transport Performance Requirements 335 12.4.1 Throughput (Capacity) 335 12.4.2 Delay (Latency), Delay Variation (Jitter) 338 12.4.3 TCP Issues 339 12.5 Transport Network Architecture for LTE 340 12.5.1 Implementation Examples 340 12.5.2 X2 Connectivity Requirements 341 12.5.3 Transport Service Attributes 342 12.6 Quality of Service 342 12.6.1 End-to-End QoS 342 12.6.2 Transport QoS 343 12.7 Transport Security 344 12.8 Synchronization from Transport Network 347 12.8.1 Precision Time Protocol 347 12.8.2 Synchronous Ethernet 348 12.9 Base Station Co-location 348 12.10 Summary 349 References 349 13 Voice over IP (VoIP) 351 Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lund´en, Esa Malkam¨aki, Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang 13.1 Introduction 351 13.2 VoIP Codecs 351 13.3 VoIP Requirements 353 13.4 Delay Budget 354 13.5 Scheduling and Control Channels 354 13.6 LTE Voice Capacity 357 13.7 Voice Capacity Evolution 364 13.8 Uplink Coverage 365 13.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE 368 13.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 370 13.11 Summary 372 References 373 14 Performance Requirements 375 Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl Mc Cune and Laurent No¨el 14.1 Introduction 375 14.2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 375 14.2.1 Frequency Bands 375 14.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 378 14.2.3 Channel Arrangements 379 14.3 eNodeB RF Transmitter 380 14.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions 381 14.3.2 Co-existence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same Operating Band 383 14.3.3 Co-existence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands 385 14.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality 389 14.4 eNodeB RF Receiver 392 14.5 eNodeB Demodulation Performance 398 14.6 User Equipment Design Principles and Challenges 403 14.6.1 Introduction 403 14.6.2 RF Subsystem Design Challenges 403 14.6.3 RF-baseband Interface Design Challenges 410 14.6.4 LTE Versus HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity 414 14.7 UE RF Transmitter 418 14.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement 418 14.7.2 LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM 418 14.7.3 Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (De-sense) 419 14.7.4 Transmitter Architecture 420 14.8 UE RF Receiver Requirements 421 14.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 422 14.8.2 Introduction to UE Self-Desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 424 14.8.3 ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges 429 14.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison between LTE and WCDMA Receivers 435 14.9 UE Demodulation Performance 440 14.9.1 Transmission Modes 440 14.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation 443 14.9.3 Demodulation Performance 443 14.10 Requirements for Radio Resource Management 446 14.10.1 Idle State Mobility 447 14.10.2 Connected State Mobility When DRX is not Active 447 14.10.3 Connected State Mobility When DRX is Active 450 14.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements 450 14.11 Summary 451 References 452 15 LTE TDD Mode 455 Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala 15.1 Introduction 455 15.2 LTE TDD Fundamentals 455 15.2.1 The LTE TDD Frame Structure 457 15.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation 459 15.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA 459 15.2.4 Channel Reciprocity 460 15.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes 461 15.3 TDD Control Design 462 15.3.1 Common Control Channels 462 15.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal 464 15.3.3 HARQ Process and Timing 465 15.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling 466 15.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 467 15.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 467 15.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over PUCCH 468 15.4 Semi-persistent Scheduling 469 15.5 MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals 471 15.6 LTE TDD Performance 472 15.6.1 Link Performance 473 15.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for the TDD System 473 15.6.3 System Level Performance 477 15.7 Evolution of LTE TDD 483 15.8 LTE TDD Summary 484 References 484 16 LTE-Advanced 487 Mieszko Chmiel, Mihai Enescu, Harri Holma, Tommi Koivisto, Jari Lindholm, Timo Lunttila, Klaus Pedersen, Peter Skov, Timo Roman, Antti Toskala and Yuyu Yan 16.1 Introduction 487 16.2 LTE-Advanced and IMT-Advanced 487 16.3 Requirements 488 16.3.1 Backwards Compatibility 488 16.4 3GPP LTE-Advanced Study Phase 489 16.5 Carrier Aggregation 489 16.5.1 Impact of the Carrier Aggregation for the Higher Layer Protocol and Architecture 492 16.5.2 Physical Layer Details of the Carrier Aggregation 493 16.5.3 Changes in the Physical Layer Uplink due to Carrier Aggregation 493 16.5.4 Changes in the Physical Layer Downlink due to Carrier Aggregation 494 16.5.5 Carrier Aggregation and Mobility 494 16.5.6 Carrier Aggregation Performance 495 16.6 Downlink Multi-antenna Enhancements 496 16.6.1 Reference Symbol Structure in the Downlink 496 16.6.2 Codebook Design 499 16.6.3 System Performance of Downlink Multi-antenna Enhancements 501 16.7 Uplink Multi-antenna Techniques 502 16.7.1 Uplink Multi-antenna Reference Signal Structure 503 16.7.2 Uplink MIMO for PUSCH 503 16.7.3 Uplink MIMO for Control Channels 504 16.7.4 Uplink Multi-user MIMO 505 16.7.5 System Performance of Uplink Multi-antenna Enhancements 505 16.8 Heterogeneous Networks 506 16.9 Relays 508 16.9.1 Architecture (Design Principles of Release 10 Relays) 508 16.9.2 DeNB – RN Link Design 510 16.9.3 Relay Deployment 511 16.10 Release 11 Outlook 512 16.11 Conclusions 513 References 513 17 HSPA Evolution 515 Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala 17.1 Introduction 515 17.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 515 17.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 517 17.4 Enhanced FACH and RACH 520 17.5 Downlink MIMO and 64QAM 521 17.5.1 MIMO Workaround Solutions 523 17.6 Dual Cell HSDPA and HSUPA 524 17.7 Multicarrier and Multiband HSDPA 526 17.8 Uplink 16QAM 527 17.9 Terminal Categories 528 17.10 Layer 2 Optimization 529 17.11 Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS 531 17.12 Architecture Evolution 531 17.13 Summary 533 References 535 Index 537

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Book SynopsisWhere this book is exceptional is that the reader will not just learn how LTE works but why it works Adrian Scrase, ETSI Vice-President, International Partnership Projects Following on the success of the first edition, this book is fully updated, covering the latest additions to LTE and the key features of LTE-Advanced. This book builds on the success of its predecessor, offering the same comprehensive system-level understanding built on explanations of the underlying theory, now expanded to include complete coverage of Release 9 and the developing specifications for LTE-Advanced. The book is a collaborative effort of more than 40 key experts representing over 20 companies actively participating in the development of LTE, as well as academia. The book highlights practical implications, illustrates the expected performance, and draws comparisons with the well-known WCDMA/HSPA standards. The authors not only pay special attention to the physical layer, giviTable of ContentsEditors’ Biographies List of Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgements List of Acronyms 1 Introduction and Background 1 Thomas Sälzer and Matthew Baker 1.1 The Context for the Long Term Evolution of UMTS 1 1.2 Requirements and Targets for the Long Term Evolution 7 1.3 Technologies for the Long Term Evolution 14 1.4 From Theory to Practice 20 References 21 Part I Network Architecture and Protocols 23 2 Network Architecture 25 Sudeep Palat and Philippe Godin 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Overall Architectural Overview 26 2.3 Protocol Architecture 32 2.4 Quality of Service and EPS Bearers 34 2.5 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: S1 Interface 40 2.6 The E-UTRAN Network Interfaces: X2 Interface 49 2.7 Summary 55 References 55 3 Control Plane Protocols 57 Himke van der Velde 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 58 3.3 PLMN and Cell Selection 78 3.4 Paging 84 3.5 Summary 86 References 86 4 User Plane Protocols 87 Patrick Fischer, SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun and YoungDae Lee 4.1 Introduction to the User Plane Protocol Stack 87 4.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 89 4.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 98 4.4 Medium Access Control (MAC) 108 4.5 Summary of the User Plane Protocols 120 References 120 Part II Physical Layer for Downlink 121 5 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 123 Andrea Ancora, Issam Toufik, Andreas Bury and Dirk Slock 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 OFDM 125 5.3 OFDMA 137 5.4 Parameter Dimensioning 139 5.5 Summary 142 References 142 6 Introduction to Downlink Physical Layer Design 145 Matthew Baker 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 Transmission Resource Structure 145 6.3 Signal Structure 148 6.4 Introduction to Downlink Operation 149 References 150 7 Synchronization and Cell Search 151 Fabrizio Tomatis and Stefania Sesia 7.1 Introduction 151 7.2 Synchronization Sequences and Cell Search in LTE 151 7.3 Coherent Versus Non-Coherent Detection 161 References 163 8 Reference Signals and Channel Estimation 165 Andrea Ancora, Stefania Sesia and Alex Gorokhov 8.1 Introduction 165 8.2 Design of Reference Signals in the LTE Downlink 167 8.2.1 Cell-Specific Reference Signals 168 8.3 RS-Aided Channel Modelling and Estimation 174 8.4 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 178 8.5 Time-Domain Channel Estimation 181 8.6 Spatial-Domain Channel Estimation 184 8.7 Advanced Techniques 185 References 186 9 Downlink Physical Data and Control Channels 189 Matthew Baker and Tim Moulsley 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Downlink Data-Transporting Channels 189 9.3 Downlink Control Channels 196 References 214 10 Link Adaptation and Channel Coding 215 Brian Classon, Ajit Nimbalker, Stefania Sesia and Issam Toufik 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Link Adaptation and CQI Feedback 217 10.3 Channel Coding 223 10.4 Conclusions 245 References 246 11 Multiple Antenna Techniques 249 Thomas Sälzer, David Gesbert, Cornelius van Rensburg, Filippo Tosato, Florian Kaltenberger and Tetsushi Abe 11.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Theory 249 11.2 MIMO Schemes in LTE 262 11.3 Summary 276 References 277 12 Multi-User Scheduling and Interference Coordination 279 Issam Toufik and Raymond Knopp 12.1 Introduction 279 12.2 General Considerations for Resource Allocation Strategies 280 12.3 Scheduling Algorithms 283 12.4 Considerations for Resource Scheduling in LTE 286 12.5 Interference Coordination and Frequency Reuse 287 12.6 Summary 291 References 292 13 Broadcast Operation 293 Himke van der Velde, Olivier Hus and Matthew Baker 13.1 Introduction 293 13.2 Broadcast Modes 293 13.3 Overall MBMS Architecture 295 13.4 MBMS Single Frequency Network Transmission 297 13.5 MBMS Characteristics 303 13.6 Radio Access Protocol Architecture and Signalling 304 13.7 Public Warning Systems 312 13.8 Comparison of Mobile Broadcast Modes 312 References 314 Part III Physical Layer for Uplink 315 14 Uplink Physical Layer Design 317 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 14.1 Introduction 317 14.2 SC-FDMA Principles 318 14.3 SC-FDMA Design in LTE 321 14.4 Summary 325 References 326 15 Uplink Reference Signals 327 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 RS Signal Sequence Generation 328 15.3 Sequence-Group Hopping and Planning 332 15.4 Cyclic Shift Hopping 333 15.5 Demodulation Reference Signals (DM-RS) 335 15.6 Uplink Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) 337 15.7 Summary 340 References 341 16 Uplink Physical Channel Structure 343 Robert Love and Vijay Nangia 16.1 Introduction 343 16.2 Physical Uplink Shared Data Channel Structure 344 16.3 Uplink Control Channel Design 348 16.4 Multiplexing of Control Signalling and UL-SCH Data on PUSCH 365 16.5 ACK/NACK Repetition 367 16.6 Multiple-Antenna Techniques 367 16.7 Summary 369 References 369 17 Random Access 371 Pierre Bertrand and Jing Jiang 17.1 Introduction 371 17.2 Random Access Usage and Requirements in LTE 371 17.3 Random Access Procedure 372 7.4 Physical Random Access Channel Design 376 17.5 PRACH Implementation 396 17.6 Time Division Duplex (TDD) PRACH 404 17.7 Concluding Remarks 405 References 406 18 Uplink Transmission Procedures 407 Matthew Baker 18.1 Introduction 407 18.2 Uplink Timing Control 407 18.3 Power Control 411 References 420 Part IV Practical Deployment Aspects 421 19 User Equipment Positioning 423 Karri Ranta-aho and Zukang Shen 19.1 Introduction 423 19.2 Assisted Global Navigation Satellite System (A-GNSS) Positioning 425 19.3 Observed Time Difference Of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning 426 19.4 Cell-ID-based Positioning 431 19.5 LTE Positioning Protocols 433 19.6 Summary and Future Techniques 435 References 436 20 The Radio Propagation Environment 437 Juha Ylitalo and Tommi Jämsä 20.1 Introduction 437 20.2 SISO and SIMO Channel Models 438 20.3 MIMO Channel Models 441 20.4 Radio Channel Implementation for Conformance Testing 454 20.5 Concluding Remarks 455 References 455 21 Radio Frequency Aspects 457 Moray Rumney, Takaharu Nakamura, Stefania Sesia, Tony Sayers and Adrian Payne 21.1 Introduction 457 21.2 Frequency Bands and Arrangements 459 21.3 Transmitter RF Requirements 462 21.4 Receiver RF Requirements 474 21.5 RF Impairments 492 21.6 Summary 500 References 501 22 Radio Resource Management 503 Muhammad Kazmi 22.1 Introduction 503 22.2 Cell Search Performance 505 22.3 Mobility Measurements 513 22.4 UE Measurement Reporting Mechanisms and Requirements 516 22.5 Mobility Performance 518 22.6 RRC Connection Mobility Control Performance 525 22.7 Radio Link Monitoring Performance 526 22.8 Concluding Remarks 528 References 529 23 Paired and Unpaired Spectrum 531 Nicholas Anderson 23.1 Introduction 531 23.2 Duplex Modes 532 23.3 Interference Issues in Unpaired Spectrum 533 23.4 Half-Duplex System Design Aspects 544 23.5 Reciprocity 552 24 Picocells, Femtocells and Home eNodeBs 563 Philippe Godin and Nick Whinnett 24.1 Introduction 563 24.2 Home eNodeB Architecture 564 24.3 Interference Management for Femtocell Deployment 569 24.4 RF Requirements for Small Cells 574 24.5 Summary 580 References 580 25 Self-Optimizing Networks 581 Philippe Godin 25.1 Introduction 581 25.2 Automatic Neighbour Relation Function (ANRF) 582 25.3 Self-Configuration of eNodeB and MME 584 25.4 Automatic Configuration of Physical Cell Identity 587 25.5 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization 587 25.6 Mobility Robustness Optimization 591 25.7 Random Access CHannel (RACH) Self-Optimization 595 25.8 Energy Saving 596 25.9 Emerging New SON Use Cases 597 References 598 26 LTE System Performance 599 Tetsushi Abe 26.1 Introduction 599 26.2 Factors Contributing to LTE System Capacity 599 26.3 LTE Capacity Evaluation 603 26.4 LTE Coverage and Link Budget 608 26.5 Summary 610 References 611 Part V LTE-Advanced 613 27 Introduction to LTE-Advanced 615 Dirk Gerstenberger 27.1 Introduction and Requirements 615 27.2 Overview of the Main Features of LTE-Advanced 618 27.3 Backward Compatibility 619 27.4 Deployment Aspects 620 27.5 UE Categories for LTE-Advanced 621 References 622 28 Carrier Aggregation 623 Juan Montojo and Jelena Damnjanovic 28.1 Introduction 623 28.2 Protocols for Carrier Aggregation 624 28.3 Physical Layer Aspects 631 28.4 UE Transmitter and Receiver Aspects 648 28.5 Summary 650 References 650 29 Multiple Antenna Techniques for LTE-Advanced 651 Alex Gorokhov, Amir Farajidana, Kapil Bhattad, Xiliang Luo and Stefan Geirhofer 29.1 Downlink Reference Signals 651 29.2 Uplink Reference Signals 657 29.3 Downlink MIMO Enhancements 659 29.4 Uplink Multiple Antenna Transmission 666 29.5 Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP) Transmission and Reception 669 29.6 Summary 671 References 671 30 Relaying 673 Eric Hardouin, J. Nicholas Laneman, Alexander Golitschek, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Osvaldo Gonsa 30.1 Introduction 673 30.2 Theoretical Analysis of Relaying 679 30.3 Relay Nodes in LTE-Advanced 684 30.4 Summary 699 References 699 31 Additional Features of LTE Release 10 701 Teck Hu, Philippe Godin and Sudeep Palat 31.1 Introduction 701 31.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 701 31.3 Minimization of Drive Tests 710 31.4 Machine-Type Communications 712 References 714 32 LTE-Advanced Performance and Future Developments 715 Takehiro Nakamura and Tetsushi Abe 32.1 LTE-Advanced System Performance 715 32.2 Future Developments 718 References 720 Index 721

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Book SynopsisProfessor Emanuel uses clear presentation to compare and facilitate understanding of two seminal standards, The IEEE Std. 1459 and The DIN 40110-2:2002-11. Through critical analysis of the most important and recent theories and review of basic concepts, a highly accessible guide to the essence of the standards is presented.Trade Review Table of ContentsForeword xi Preface xiii 1 Electric Energy Flow: Physical Mechanisms 1 1.1 Problems 16 1.2 References 18 2 Single-Phase Systems With Sinusoidal Waveforms 21 2.1 The Resistance 21 2.2 The Inductance 25 2.3 The Capacitance 27 2.4 The R - L - C Loads 29 2.5 The Apparent Power 30 2.6 The Concept of Power Factor and Power Factor Correction 34 2.7 Comments on Power Factor 38 2.8 Other Means of Reactive Power Control and Compensation 41 2.9 Series Compensation 44 2.10 Reactive Power Caused by Mechanical Components that Store Energy 45 2.11 Physical Interpretation of Instantaneous Powers by Means of Poynting Vector 48 2.12 Problems 57 2.13 References 60 3 Single-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal Waveforms 63 3.1 The Linear Resistance 63 3.2 The Linear Inductance 68 3.3 The Linear Capacitance 71 3.4 The Linear Series R . L . C Circuit 71 3.5 The Nonlinear Resistance 74 3.6 The Nonlinear Inductance 80 3.7 Nonlinear Load: The General Case 83 3.8 Problems 90 3.9 References 92 4 Apparent Power Resolution for Nonsinusoidal Single-Phase Systems 93 4.1 Constantin I. Budeanu’s Method 95 4.2 Stanislaw Fryze’s Method 99 4.3 Manfred Depenbrock’s Method 102 4.4 Leszek Czarnecki’s Method 106 4.5 The Author’s Method 110 4.6 Comparison Among the Methods 115 4.7 Power Factor Compensation 120 4.8 Comments on Skin Effect, Apparent Power, and Power Factor 128 4.9 The Additiveness Problem 131 4.10 Problems 135 4.11 References 137 5 Three-Phase Systems with Sinusoidal Waveforms 139 5.1 Background: The Balanced and Symmetrical System 140 5.2 The Three-Phase Unbalanced System 142 5.3 The Power Factor Dilemma 145 5.4 Powers and Symmetrical Components 149 5.4.1 How Symmetrical Components are Generated 149 5.4.2 Expressing the Powers by Means of Symmetrical Components 154 5.5 Effective Apparent Power Resolutions 158 5.5.1 FBD-Method 158 5.5.2 L. S. Czarnecki's Method 165 5.5.3 IEEE Std. 1459–2010 Method 167 5.5.4 Comparison Between The Two Major Engineering Schools of Thought 169 5.6 Problems 182 5.7 References 184 6 Three-Phase Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Conditions 185 6.1 The Vector Apparent Power Approach 185 6.2 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010's Approach 187 6.3 The DIN 40110’s Approach 192 6.3.1 The IEEE Std. 1459-2010 Approach 195 6.3.2 The DIN 40110 Approach 196 6.4 Observations and Suggestions 198 6.5 Problems 201 6.6 References 202 7 Power Definitions for Time-Varying Loads 205 7.1 Background: Basic Example 206 7.2 Single-Phase Sinusoidal Case 210 7.2.1 Analytical Expressions of Powers: Single-Phase Sinusoidal 213 7.3 Single-Phase Nonsinusoidal Case 214 7.4 Three-Phase Sinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition 216 7.5 Three-Phase Systems with Nonsinusoidal and Unbalanced Condition 220 7.6 Problems 225 7.7 References 227 8 Appendices 229 8.1 Appendix I: The Electrostatic Field Distribution in a Coaxial Cable 229 8.2 Appendix II: Poynting Vector due to Displacement Current 231 8.3 Appendix III: Electric Field Caused by a Time-Varying Magnetic Field 232 8.4 Appendix IV: The Electromagnetic Wave Along the Three-Phase Line 235 8.5 Appendix V: Equation (5.99) 242 8.6 Appendix VI: Maximum Active Power (Three-Phase, Four-Wire System) 243 8.7 Appendix VII: About the Ratio p = Rs/Rn 247 8.8 Appendix VIII: The Use of Varmeters in the Presence of Nonsinusoidal and Asymmetrical Voltages and Currents 249 8.9 References 258 Index 259

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Book SynopsisThis book is a must-read for all network planners and other professionals wishing to improve the quality and cost efficiency of 3G and LTE networks In this book, the authors address the architecture of the 2/3G network and the Long Term Evolution (LTE) network. The book proposes analytical models that make the analysis and dimensioning of the most important interfaces, i.e. WCDMA or Iub, possible. Furthermore, the authors include descriptions of fundamental technological issues in 2/3 G networks, basic traffic engineering models and frequent examples of the application of analytical models in the analysis and dimensioning of the interface of cellular networks. The specific knowledge included in the content will enable the reader to understand and then to prepare appropriate programming softwares that will allow them to evaluate quality parameters of cellular networks, i.e. blocking probabilities or call losses. Additionally, the book presents models for the analysis anTable of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. Part I Standards for Mobile Networks. 1 Global System for Mobile Communications. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 System architecture. 1.3 Time structure of the GSM system. 1.4 Logical channels. 1.5 High Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD). 1.6 GPRS packet transmission. 1.7 EDGE packet transmission. 1.8 Traffic management mechanisms in cellular networks. 2 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Architecture of the system. 2.3 Wideband access with WCDMA coding and multiplexing – essentials. 2.4 Channels in the WCDMA radio interface. 2.5 Modulation. 2.6 Signal reception techniques. 2.7 Radio resource management in the UMTS system. 2.8 High-speed packet data transmission. 2.9 Services. 3 Long-Term Evolution. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 System architecture. 3.3 Transmission techniques in the LTE system. 3.4 Channels in the radio interface of the LTE system. 3.5 Radio resource management in LTE. Part II Teletraffic Engineering for Mobile Networks. 4 Basic Definitions and Terminology. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Call stream. 4.3 Service stream. 4.4 Markov processes. 4.5 The concept of traffic. 4.6 Quality of service in telecommunication systems. 5 Basic Elements of Traffic Engineering used in Mobile Networks. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Erlang model. 5.3 Engset model. 5.4 Comments. 6 Modeling of Systems with Single-Rate Overflow Traffic. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Basic information on overflow systems. 6.3 Models of alternative groups. 6.4 Equivalent groups. 6.5 Modeling of overflow traffic in systems with finite number of traffic sources. 6.6 Comments. 7 Models of Links Carrying Multi-Service Traffic. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Multi-dimensional Erlang distribution. 7.3 Full-availability group with multi-rate traffic. 7.4 State-dependent systems. 7.5 Systems with finite and infinite number of traffic sources. 7.6 Limited-availability group. 7.7 Full-availability group with reservation. 7.8 Full-availability group with threshold mechanism. 7.9 Full-availability group with compression mechanism. 7.10 Full-availability group with priorities. 8 Modeling of Systems with Multi-Rate Overflow Traffic. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Single-service model of the group with overflow traffic. 8.3 Dimensioning of alternative groups with multi-rate traffic. 8.4 Multi-service model of the group with overflow traffic. 8.5 Comments. 9 Equivalent Bandwidth. 9.1 ON/OFF Source. 9.2 Markov Modulated Poisson Process. 9.3 Interrupted Bernoulli Process. 9.4 Comments. 9.5 Self-similar traffic. 9.6 Exemplary methods for determining equivalent bandwidth. 9.7 Bandwidth discretization. 10 Models of the Nodes in the Packet Network. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Little's law. 10.3 Model of the M/M/1 system. 10.4 Model of the M/M/1/N-1 system. 10.5 Model of the M/M/m system. 10.6 Model of the M/M/m/N system. 10.7 Model of the M/G/1 system. 10.8 M/D/1 system. 10.9 Queueing systems with one service station and non-preemptive priorities. 10.10 Model M/G/R PS. Part III Application of Analytical Models for Mobile Networks. 11 Modeling and Dimensioning of the Radio Interface. 11.1 Modeling of resource allocations in the radio interface of mobile cellular networks. 11.2 Cellular system with hard capacity carrying single-service traffic. 11.3 Cellular system with soft capacity carrying single-service traffic. 11.4 Cellular system with hard and soft capacity carrying a mixture of multiservice traffic streams. 11.5 HSPA traffic in the radio interface of the UMTS network. 11.6 Comments. 12 Modeling and Dimensioning of the Iub interface. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Exemplary architecture of the Iub interface. 12.3 Modeling of the Iub interface. 12.4 Comments. 13 Application of Multi-Rate Models for Modeling UMTS Networks. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Models of group of cells carrying multi-rate traffic. 13.3 Models of traffic overflow. 13.4 Handover mechanisms. 13.5 Comments. Conclusion. Appendix A. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntegrating renewable energy and other distributed energy sources into smart grids, often via power inverters, is arguably the largest new frontier for smart grid advancements. Inverters should be controlled properly so that their integration does not jeopardize the stability and performance of power systems and a solid technical backbone is formed to facilitate other functions and services of smart grids. This unique reference offers systematic treatment of important control problems in power inverters, and different general converter theories. Starting at a basic level, it presents conventional power conversion methodologies and then non-conventional' methods, with a highly accessible summary of the latest developments in power inverters as well as insight into the grid connection of renewable power. Consisting of four parts Power Quality Control, Neutral Line Provision, Power Flow Control, and Synchronisation this book fully demonstrates the integration of controlTrade Review"From basic level to latest developments it covers every aspect to be a helpful resource both in practice and research." (VGB PowerTech, 1 May 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xix About the Authors xxi List of Abbreviations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Outline of the Book 1 1.2 Basics of Power Processing 4 1.3 Hardware Issues 24 1.4 Wind Power Systems 44 1.5 Solar Power Systems 53 1.6 Smart Grid Integration 55 2 Preliminaries 63 2.1 Power Quality Issues 63 2.2 Repetitive Control 67 2.3 Reference Frames 71 PART I POWER QUALITY CONTROL 3 Current H∞ Repetitive Control 81 3.1 System Description 81 3.2 Controller Design 82 3.3 Design Example 87 3.4 Experimental Results 88 3.5 Summary 91 4 Voltage and Current H∞ Repetitive Control 93 4.1 System Description 93 4.2 Modelling of an Inverter 94 4.3 Controller Design 96 4.4 Design Example 100 4.5 Simulation Results 102 4.6 Summary 107 5 Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control with a Frequency-adaptive Mechanism 109 5.1 System Description 109 5.2 Controller Design 110 5.3 Design Example 116 5.4 Experimental Results 117 5.5 Summary 126 6 Cascaded Current-Voltage H∞ Repetitive Control 127 6.1 Operation Modes in Microgrids 127 6.2 Control Scheme 129 6.3 Design of the Voltage Controller 131 6.4 Design of the Current Controller 133 6.5 Design Example 134 6.6 Experimental Results 136 6.7 Summary 147 7 Control of Inverter Output Impedance 149 7.1 Inverters with Inductive Output Impedances (L-inverters) 149 7.2 Inverters with Resistive Output Impedances (R-inverters) 150 7.3 Inverters with Capacitive Output Impedances (C-inverters) 152 7.4 Design of C-inverters to Improve the Voltage THD 153 7.5 Simulation Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 157 7.6 Experimental Results for R-, L- and C-inverters 159 7.7 Impact of the Filter Capacitor 162 7.8 Summary 163 8 Bypassing Harmonic Current Components 165 8.1 Controller Design 165 8.2 Physical Interpretation of the Controller 167 8.3 Stability Analysis 169 8.4 Experimental Results 171 8.5 Summary 172 9 Power Quality Issues in Traction Power Systems 173 9.1 Introduction 173 9.2 Description of the Topology 175 9.3 Compensation of Negative-sequence Currents, Reactive Power and Harmonic Currents 175 9.4 Special Case: cos θ = 1 180 9.5 Simulation Results 181 9.6 Summary 184 PART II NEUTRAL LINE PROVISION 10 Topology of a Neutral Leg 187 10.1 Introduction 187 10.2 Split DC Link 188 10.3 Conventional Neutral Leg 189 10.4 Independently-controlled Neutral Leg 190 10.5 Summary 191 11 Classical Control of a Neutral Leg 193 11.1 Mathematical Modelling 193 11.2 Controller Design 195 11.3 Performance Evaluation 199 11.4 Selection of the Components 201 11.5 Simulation Results 202 11.6 Summary 205 12 H∞ Voltage-Current Control of a Neutral Leg 207 12.1 Mathematical Modelling 207 12.2 Controller Design 210 12.3 Selection of Weighting Functions 214 12.4 Design Example 215 12.5 Simulation Results 216 12.6 Summary 217 13 Parallel PI Voltage-H∞ Current Control of a Neutral Leg 219 13.1 Description of the Neutral Leg 219 13.2 Design of an 13.3 Addition of a Voltage Control Loop 226 13.4 Experimental Results 226 13.5 Summary 230 14 Applications in Single-phase to Three-phase Conversion 233 14.1 Introduction 233 14.2 The Topology under Consideration 236 14.3 Basic Analysis 237 14.4 Controller Design 239 14.5 Simulation Results 244 14.6 Summary 248 PART III POWER FLOW CONTROL 15 Current Proportional–Integral Control 251 15.1 Control Structure 251 15.2 Controller Implementation 254 15.3 Experimental Results 254 15.4 Summary 258 16 Current Proportional-Resonant Control 259 16.1 Proportional-resonant Controller 259 16.2 Control Structure 260 16.3 Controller Design 261 16.4 Experimental Results 263 16.5 Summary 268 17 Current Deadbeat Predictive Control 269 17.1 Control Structure 269 17.2 Controller Design 269 17.3 Experimental Results 271 17.4 Summary 275 18 Synchronverters: Grid-friendly Inverters that Mimic Synchronous Generators 277 18.1 Mathematical Model of Synchronous Generators 278 18.2 Implementation of a Synchronverter 282 18.3 Operation of a Synchronverter 284 18.4 Simulation Results 287 18.5 Experimental Results 290 18.6 Summary 296 19 Parallel Operation of Inverters 297 19.1 Introduction 297 19.2 Problem Description 299 19.3 Power Delivered to a Voltage Source 300 19.4 Conventional Droop Control 301 19.5 Inherent Limitations of Conventional Droop Control 304 19.6 Robust Droop Control of R-inverters 309 19.7 Robust Droop Control of C-inverters 319 19.8 Robust Droop Control of L-inverters 326 19.9 Summary 330 20 Robust Droop Control with Improved Voltage Quality 335 20.1 Control Strategy 335 20.2 Experimental Results 337 20.3 Summary 346 21 Harmonic Droop Controller to Improve Voltage Quality 347 21.1 Model of an Inverter System 347 21.2 Power Delivered to a Current Source 349 21.3 Reduction of Harmonics in the Output Voltage 351 21.4 Simulation Results 353 21.5 Experimental Results 355 21.6 Summary 358 PART IV SYNCHRONISATION 22 Conventional Synchronisation Techniques 361 22.1 Introduction 361 22.2 Zero-crossing Method 362 22.3 Basic Phase-locked Loops (PLL) 363 22.4 PLL in the Synchronously Rotating Reference Frame (SRF-PLL) 364 22.5 Second-order Generalised Integrator-based PLL (SOGI-PLL) 366 22.6 Sinusoidal Tracking Algorithm (STA) 368 22.7 Simulation Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 369 22.8 Experimental Results with SOGI-PLL and STA 372 22.9 Summary 378 23 Sinusoid-locked Loops 379 23.1 Single-phase Synchronous Machine (SSM) Connected to the Grid 379 23.2 Structure of a Sinusoid-locked Loop (SLL) 380 23.3 Tracking of the Frequency and the Phase 382 23.4 Tracking of the Voltage Amplitude 382 23.5 Tuning of the Parameters 382 23.6 Equivalent Structure 383 23.7 Simulation Results 384 23.8 Experimental Results 386 23.9 Summary 390 References 393 Index 407

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Book SynopsisIn Transcultural Communication, Andreas Hepp provides an accessible and engaging introduction to the exciting possibilities and inevitable challenges presented by the proliferation of transcultural communication in our mediatized world.Trade Review"...an engaging and well-balanced introduction to contemporary developments in global media communication from a transcultural perspective...a highly stimulating read for students and novice scholars alike." - Communications - The European Journal of Communication ResearchTable of Contents1 Introduction 1 2 Approaches to Transcultural Communication 10 2.1 Consequences of Globalization 13 2.2 Postcolonial Critique 18 2.3 Methodological Reflections 22 2.4 Integrative Analyses 28 3 The Regulation of Transcultural Communication 35 3.1 Global Commercialization and Communicative Infrastructure 39 3.2 State Regulation 51 3.3 From the Free Flow of Communication to the Regulation of Globalization 59 3.4 The Global Governance of Media 73 4 The Production of Media and their Transcultural Contexts 82 4.1 The Cultures of Production within Global Media Businesses 88 4.2 The Transculturality of Journalistic Practice 98 4.3 Alternative Forms of Media Production 104 4.4 Media Cities as Transcultural Locations 113 5 The Transculturality of Media Products 124 5.1 Hollywood, Bollywood, and Nollywood 128 5.2 The Import of Programs and the Adaptation of Formats 140 5.3 The Articulation of News 154 5.4 Media Events 168 6 The Appropriation of Media and Transculturation 179 6.1 The Appropriation of Media as Cultural Localization 181 6.2 Media Disjunctions in a Mediatized Everyday World 193 6.3 Communities and Communitization 205 6.4 Media Identity and Citizenship 216 7 Perspectives on Transcultural Communication 226 Acknowledgements 231 References 234 Index 270

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on new techniques, analysis, applications and future trends of microstrip and printed antenna technologies, with particular emphasis to recent advances from the last decade Attention is given to fundamental concepts and techniques, their practical applications and the future scope of developments. Several topics, essayed as individual chapters include reconfigurable antenna, ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna, reflectarrays, antennas for RFID systems and also those for body area networks. Also included are antennas using metamaterials and defected ground structures (DGSs). Essential aspects including advanced design, analysis and optimization techniques based on the recent developments have also been addressed. Key Features: Addresses emerging hot topics of research and applications in microstrip and printed antennas Considers the fundamental concepts, techniques, applications and future scope of such technologiesTrade Review"This book provides a reference for R&D researchers, professors, practicing engineers, and scientists working in these fields. Graduate students studying/working on related subjects will find this book as a comprehensive literature for understanding the present and future trends in microstrip and printed antennas." (Global Print Monitor, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Acknowledgments. 1 Numerical Analysis Techniques (Ramesh Garg). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Standard (Yee’s) FDTD Method. 1.3 Numerical Dispersion of FDTD Algorithms and Hybrid Schemes. 1.4 Stability of Algorithms. 1.5 Absorbing Boundary Conditions. 1.6 LOD-FDTD Algorithm. 1.7 Robustness of Printed Patch Antennas. 1.8 Thin Dielectric Approximation. 1.9 Modeling of PEC and PMC for Irregular Geometries. References. 2 Computer Aided Design of Microstrip Antennas (Debatosh Guha and Jawad Y. Siddiqui). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Microstrip Patch as Cavity Resonator. 2.3 Resonant Frequency of Circular Microstrip Patch (CMP). 2.4 Resonant Frequency of Rectangular Microstrip Patch (RMP) with Variable Air Gap. 2.5 Resonant Frequency of an Equilateral Triangular Microstrip Patch (ETMP) with Variable Air Gap. 2.6 Input Impedance of a Microstrip Patch. 2.7 Feed Reactance of a Probe-Fed Microstrip Patch. 2.8 Radiation Characteristics. 2.9 Radiation Efficiency. 2.10 Bandwidth. 2.11 Conclusion. References. 3 Generalized Scattering Matrix Approach for Multilayer Patch Arrays (Arun K. Bhattacharyya). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Outline of the GSM Approach. 3.3 Mutual Coupling Formulation. 3.4 Finite Array: Active Impedance and Radiation Patterns. 3.5 Numerical Example. 3.6 Conclusions. 3.7 References. 4 Optimization Techniques for Planner Antennas (Rabindra K. Mishra). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Basic Optimization Concepts. 4.3 Real Coded Genetic Algorithm (RCGA). 4.4 Neurospectral Design of Rectangular Patch Antenna. 4.5 Inset-fed Patch Antenna Design Using Particle Swarm Optimization. 4.6 Conclusion. References. 5 Microstrip Reflectarray Antennas (Jafar Shaker and Reza Chaharmir). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 General Review of Reflectarrays: Mathematical Formulation and General Trends. 5.3 Comparison of Reflectarray and Conventional Parabolic Reflector. 5.4 Cell Elements and Specific Applications: A General Survey. 5.5 Wideband Techniques for Reflectarrays. 5.6 Development of Novel Loop-Based Cell Elements. 5.7 Conclusion. References. 6 Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas (Jennifer T. Bernhard). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Substrate Modification for Reconfigurability. 6.3 Conductor Modification for Reconfigurability. 6.4 Enabling Reconfigurability: Considerations for Reconfiguration Mechanisms. 6.5 Future Trends in Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna Research and Development. References. 7 Wearable Antennas for Body Area Networks (Peter S. Hall and Yang Hao). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Sources on the Human Body. 7.3 Narrowband Antennas. 7.4 Fabric Antennas. 7.5 Ultra Wideband Antennas. 7.6 Multiple Antenna Systems. 7.7 Conclusion. References. 8 Printed Antennas for Wireless Communications (Satish K. Sharma and Lotfollah Shafai). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Broadband Microstrip Patch Antennas. 8.3 Patch Antennas for Multiband Wireless Communications. 8.4 Enhanced Gain Patch Antennas. 8.5 Wideband Compact Patch Antennas. 8.6 Microstrip Slot Antennas. 8.7 Microstrip Planar Monopole Antenna. References. 9 UHF Passive RFID Tag Antennas (Daniel Deavours and Daniel Dobkin). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Application Requirements. 9.3 Approaches. 9.4 Fabrication. 9.5 Conclusion. References. 10 Printed UWB Antennas (Zhi Ning Chen, Xianming Qing and Shie Ping See). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 “Swan” Antenna with Reduced Ground Plane Effect. 10.3 Slim UWB Antenna. 10.4 Diversity Antenna. 10.5 Printed Slot UWB Antenna and Band-Notched Solutions. References. 11 Metamaterial Antennas and Radiative Systems (Christophe Caloz). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fundamentals of Metamaterials. 11.3 Leaky-Wave Antennas. 11.4 Resonant Antennas. 11.5 Exotic Radiative Systems. References. 12 Defected Ground Structure for Microstrip Antennas (Debatosh Guha, Sujoy Biswas, and Yahia M. M. Antar). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Fundamentals of DGS. 12.3 DGS for controlling Microstrip Antenna Feeds and Front-End Characteristics. 12.4 DGS to Control/Improve Radiation Properties of Microstrip Patch Antennas. 12.5 DGS for Reduced Mutual Coupling between Microstrip Array Elements and Associated Improvements. 12.6 Conclusion. Appendix: A Brief DGS Chronology. References. 13 Printed Leaky Wave Antennas (Samir F. Mahmoud and Yahia M. M. Antar). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 The Leaky Wave as a Complex Plane Wave. 13.3 Radiation Pattern of a Leaky Wave. 13.4 Examples of Leaky Mode Supporting Structures. 13.5 The Excitation Problem. 13.6 Two-Dimensional Leaky Waves. 13.7 Further Advances on a Class of Periodic Leaky Wave Antennas. References. Appendix I Preliminary Ideas: PTFE-Based Microwave Lamiantes and Making Prototypes. Appendix II Preliminary Ideas: Microwave Connectors for Printed Circuits and Antennas. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe transformation of vibrations into electric energy through the use of piezoelectric devices is an exciting and rapidly developing area of research with a widening range of applications constantly materialising.Trade Review“This is certainly an interesting book for those who design vibrational piezoelectric energy-harvesting devices, providing an extensive review of many of the modeling techniques used.” (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 May 2013)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. 1. Introduction to Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 1.1 Vibration-Based Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Transduction. 1.2 An Examples of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System. 1.3 Mathematical Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 1.4 Summary of the Theory of Linear Piezoelectricity. 1.5 Outline of the Book. 2. Base Excitation Problem for Cantilevered Structures and Correction of the Lumped-Parameter Electromechanical Model. 2.1 Base Excitation Problem for the Transverse Vibrations. 2.2 Correction of the Lumped-Parameter Base Excitation Model for Transverse Vibrations. 2.3 Experimental Case Studies for Validation of the Correction Factor. 2.4 Base Excitation Problem for Longitudinal Vibrations and Correction of its Lumped-Parameter Model. 2.5 Correction Factor in the Electromechanically Coupled Lumped-Parameter Equations and a Theoretical Case Study. 2.6 Summary. 2.7 Chapter Notes. 3. Analytical Distributed-Parameter Electromechanical Modeling of Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 3.1 Fundamentals of the Electromechanically Coupled Distributed-Parameter Model. 3.2 Series Connection of the Piezoceramic Layers. 3.3 Parallel Connection of Piezoceramic Layers. 3.4 Equivalent Representation of the Series and the Parallel Connection Cases. 3.5 Single-Mode Electromechanical Equations for Modal Excitations. 3.6 Multi-mode and Single-Mode Electromechanical FRFs. 3.7 Theoretical Case Study. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 Chapter Notes. 4. Experimental Validation of the Analytical Solution for Bimorph Configurations. 4.1 PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever without a Tip Mass. 4.2 PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever with a Tip Mass. 4.3 PZT-5A Bimorph Cantilever. 4.4 Summary. 4.5 Chapter Notes. 5. Dimensionless Equations, Asymptotic Analyses, and Closed-Form Relations for Parameter Identification and Optimization. 5.1 Dimensionless Representation of the Single-Mode Electromechanical FRFs. 5.2 Asymptotic Analyses and Resonance Frequencies. 5.3 Identification of Mechanical Damping. 5.4 Identification of the Optimum Electrical Load for Resonance Excitation. 5.5 Intersection of the Voltage Asymptotes and a Simple Technique for the Experimental Identification of the Optimum Load Resistance. 5.6 Vibration Attenuation Amplification from the Short-Circuit to Open-Circuit Conditions. 5.7 Experimental Validation for a PZT-5H Bimorph Cantilever. 5.8 Summary. 5.9 Chapter Notes. 6. Approximate Analytical Distributed-Parameter Electromechanical Modeling of Cantilevered Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters. 6.1 Unimorph Piezoelectric Energy Harvester Configuration. 6.2 Electromechanical Euler-Bernoulli Model with Axial Deformations. 6.3 Electromechanical Rayleigh Model with Axial Deformations. 6.4 Electromechanical Timoshenko Model with Axial Deformations. 6.5 Modeling of Symmetric Configurations. 6.6 Presence of a Tip Mass in the Euler-Bernoulli, Rayleigh, and Timoshenko Models. 6.7 Comments on the Kinematically Admissible Trial Functions. 6.8 Experimental Validation of the Assumed-Modes Solution for a Bimorph Cantilever. 6.9 Experimental Validation for a Two-Segment Cantilever. 6.10 Summary. 6.11 Chapter Notes. 7. Modeling of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting for Various Forms of Dynamic Loading. 7.1 Governing Electromechanical Equations. 7.2 Periodic Excitation. 7.3 White Noise Excitation. 7.4 Excitation Due to Moving Loads. 7.5 Local Strain Fluctuations on Large Structures. 7.6 Numerical Solution for General Transient Excitation. 7.7 Case Studies. 7.8 Summary. 7.9 Chapter Notes. 8. Modeling and Exploiting Mechanical Nonlinearities in Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 8.1 Perturbation Solution of the Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Problem: the Method of Multiple Scales. 8.2 Monostable Duffing Oscillator with Piezoelectric Coupling. 8.3 Bistable Duffing Oscillator with Piezoelectric Coupling: the Piezomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester. 8.4 Experimental Performance Results of the Bistable Peizomagnetoelastic Energy Harvester. 8.5 A Bistable Plate for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 8.6 Summary. 8.7 Chapter Notes. 9. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Aeroelastic Vibrations. 9.1 A Lumped-Parameter Piezoaeroelastic Energy Harvester Model for Harmonic Response. 9.2 Experimental Validations of the Lumped-Parameter Model at the Flutter Boundary. 9.3 Utilization of System Nonlinearities in Piezoaeroelastic Energy Harvesting. 9.4 A Distributed-Parameter Piezoaeroelastic Model for Harmonic Response: Assumed-Modes Formulation. 9.5 Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Piezoaeroelastic Formulations with Finite-Element Modeling. 9.6 Theoretical Case Study for Airflow Excitation of a Cantilevered Plate. 9.7 Summary. 9.8 Chapter Notes. 10. Effects of Material Constants and Mechanical Damping on Power Generation. 10.1 Effective Parameters of Various Soft Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.2 Theoretical Case Study for Performance Comparison of Soft Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.3 Effective Parameters of Typical Soft and Hard Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.4 Theoretical Case Study for Performance Comparison of Soft and Hard Ceramics and Single Crystals. 10.5 Experimental Demonstration for PZT-5A and PZT-5H Cantilevers. 10.6 Summary. 10.7 Chapter Notes. 11. A Brief Review of the Literature of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuits. 11.1 AC-DC Rectification and Analysis of the Rectified Output. 11.2 Two-Stage Energy Harvesting Circuits: DC-DC Conversion for Impedance Matching. 11.3 Synchronized Switching on Inductor for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting. 11.4 Summary. 11.5 Chapter Notes. Appendix A. Piezoelectric Constitutive Equations. Appendix B. Modeling of the Excitation Force in Support Motion Problems of Beams and Bars. Appendix C. Modal Analysis of a Uniform Cantilever with a Tip Mass. Appendix D. Strain Nodes of a Uniform Thin Beam for Cantilevered and Other Boundary Conditions. Appendix E. Numerical Data for PZT-5A and PZT-5H Piezoceramics. Appendix F. Constitutive Equations for an Isotropic Substructure. Appendix G. Essential Boundary Conditions for Cantilevered Beams. Appendix H. Electromechanical Lagrange Equations Based on the Extended Hamilton’s Principle. Index.

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Book SynopsisWireless Connectivity: An Intuitive and Fundamental Guide Wireless connectivity has become an indispensable part, a commodity associated with the way we work and play. The latest developments, the 5G, next-generation Wi-Fi and Internet of Things connectivity, are the key enablers for widespread digitalization of practically all industries and public sector segments. This immense development within the last three decades have been accompanied by a large number of ideas, articles, patents, and even myths. This book introduces the most important ideas and concepts in wireless connectivity and discusses how these are interconnected, whilst the mathematical content is kept minimal. The book does not follow the established, linear structure in which one starts from the propagation and channels and then climbs up the protocol layers. The structure is, rather, nonlinear, in an attempt to follow the intuition used when one creates a new technology to solve a certain problem. The target audience is: Students in electronics, communication, and networkingWireless engineers that are specialized in one area, but want to know how the whole system works, without going through all the details and mathComputer scientists that want to understand the fundamentals of wireless connectivity, the requirements and, most importantly, the limitationsEngineers in energy systems, logistics, transport and other vertical sectors that are increasingly reliant on wireless technologyTable of ContentsForeword xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 An Easy Introduction to the Shared Wireless Medium 3 1.1 How to Build a Simple Model for Wireless Communication 4 1.1.1 Which Features We Want from the Model 4 1.1.2 Communication Channel with Collisions 4 1.1.3 Trade-offs in the Collision Model 7 1.2 The First Contact 9 1.2.1 Hierarchy Helps to Establish Contact 9 1.2.2 Wireless Rendezvous without Help 11 1.2.3 Rendezvous with Full-Duplex Devices 12 1.3 Multiple Access with Centralized Control 12 1.3.1 A Frame for Time Division 13 1.3.2 Frame Header for Flexible Time Division 14 1.3.3 A Simple Two-Way System that Works Under the Collision Model 15 1.3.4 Still Not a Practical TDMA System 18 1.4 Making TDMA Dynamic 19 1.4.1 Circuit-Switched versus Packet-Switched Operation 19 1.4.2 Dynamic Allocation of Resources to Users 20 1.4.3 Short Control Packets and the Idea of Reservation 22 1.4.4 Half-Duplex versus Full-Duplex in TDMA 24 1.5 Chapter Summary 25 1.6 Further Reading 25 1.7 Problems and Reflections 26 2 Random Access: How to Talk in Crowded Dark Room 29 2.1 Framed ALOHA 30 2.1.1 Randomization that Maximizes the ALOHA Throughput 32 2.2 Probing 35 2.2.1 Combining ALOHA and Probing 39 2.3 Carrier Sensing 39 2.3.1 Randomization and Spectrum Sharing 39 2.3.2 An Idle Slot is Cheap 41 2.3.3 Feedback to the Transmitter 43 2.4 Random Access and Multiple Hops 45 2.4.1 Use of Reservation Packets in Multi-Hop 47 2.4.2 Multiple Hops and Full-Duplex 47 2.5 Chapter Summary 48 2.6 Further Reading 48 2.7 Problems and Reflections 48 3 Access Beyond the Collision Model 53 3.1 Distance Gets into the Model 53 3.1.1 Communication Degrades as the Distance Increases 53 3.1.2 How to Make the Result of a Collision Dependent on the Distance 55 3.2 Simplified Distance Dependence: A Double Disk Model 57 3.3 Downlink Communication with the Double Disk Model 58 3.3.1 A Cautious Example of a Design that Reaches the Limits of the Model 61 3.4 Uplink Communication with the Double Disk Model 62 3.4.1 Uplink that Uses Multi-Packet Reception 64 3.4.2 Buffered Collisions for Future Use 64 3.4.3 Protocols that Use Packet Fractions 66 3.5 Unwrapping the Packets 68 3.6 Chapter Summary 69 3.7 Further Reading 70 3.8 Problems and Reflections 70 4 The Networking Cake: Layering and Slicing 75 4.1 Layering for a One-Way Link 75 4.1.1 Modules and their Interconnection 75 4.1.2 Three Important Concepts in Layering 77 4.1.3 An Example of a Two-Layer System 78 4.2 Layers and Cross-Layer 79 4.3 Reliable and Unreliable Service from a Layer 81 4.4 Black Box Functionality for Different Communication Models 84 4.5 Standard Layering Models 86 4.5.1 Connection versus Connectionless 87 4.5.2 Functionality of the Standard Layers 88 4.5.3 A Very Brief Look at the Network Layer 89 4.6 An Alternative Wireless Layering 91 4.7 Cross-Layer Design for Multiple Hops 92 4.8 Slicing of the Wireless Communication Resources 94 4.8.1 Analog, Digital, Sliced 94 4.8.2 A Primer on Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.1 Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 96 4.8.2.2 Non-Orthogonal Wireless Slicing 98 4.9 Chapter Summary 100 4.10 Further Reading 100 4.11 Problems and Reflections 100 5 Packets Under the Looking Glass: Symbols and Noise 105 5.1 Compression, Entropy, and Bit 105 5.1.1 Obtaining Digital Messages by Compression 106 5.1.2 A Bit of Information 106 5.2 Baseband Modules of the Communication System 107 5.2.1 Mapping Bits to Baseband Symbols under Simplifying Assumptions 108 5.2.2 Challenging the Simplifying Assumptions about the Baseband 109 5.3 Signal Constellations and Noise 110 5.3.1 Constellation Points and Noise Clouds 110 5.3.2 Constellations with Limited Average Power 113 5.3.3 Beyond the Simple Setup for Symbol Detection 114 5.3.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 116 5.4 From Bits to Symbols 117 5.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 117 5.4.2 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 118 5.4.3 Constellations of Higher Order 119 5.4.4 Generalized Mapping to Many Symbols 122 5.5 Symbol-Level Interference Models 123 5.5.1 Advanced Treatment of Collisions based on a Baseband Model 124 5.6 Weak and Strong Signals: New Protocol Possibilities 126 5.6.1 Randomization of Power 127 5.6.2 Other Goodies from the Baseband Model 129 5.7 How to Select the Data Rate 130 5.7.1 A Simple Relation between Packet Errors and Distance 130 5.7.2 Adaptive Modulation 132 5.8 Superposition of Baseband Symbols 134 5.8.1 Broadcast and Non-Orthogonal Access 135 5.8.2 Unequal Error Protection (UEP) 137 5.9 Communication with Unknown Channel Coefficients 138 5.10 Chapter Summary 141 5.11 Further Reading 142 5.12 Problems and Reflections 142 6 A Mathematical View on a Communication Channel 147 6.1 A Toy Example: The Pigeon Communication Channel 147 6.1.1 Specification of a Communication Channel 149 6.1.2 Comparison of the Information Carrying Capability of Mathematical Channels 150 6.1.3 Assumptions and Notations 151 6.2 Analog Channels with Gaussian Noise 151 6.2.1 Gaussian Channel 152 6.2.2 Other Analog Channels Based on the Gaussian Channel 152 6.3 The Channel Definition Depends on Who Knows What 154 6.4 Using Analog to Create Digital Communication Channels 158 6.4.1 Creating Digital Channels through Gray Mapping 158 6.4.2 Creating Digital Channels through Superposition 161 6.5 Transmission of Packets over Communication Channels 163 6.5.1 Layering Perspective of the Communication Channels 163 6.5.2 How to Obtain Throughput that is not Zero 164 6.5.3 Asynchronous Packets and Transmission of “Nothing” 167 6.5.4 Packet Transmission over a Ternary Channel 169 6.6 Chapter Summary 171 6.7 Further Reading 171 6.8 Problems and Reflections 172 7 Coding for Reliable Communication 177 7.1 Some Coding Ideas for the Binary Symmetric Channel 177 7.1.1 A Channel Based on Repetition Coding 177 7.1.2 Channel Based on Repetition Coding with Erasures 179 7.1.3 Coding Beyond Repetition 181 7.1.4 An Illustrative Comparison of the BSC Based Channels 182 7.2 Generalization of the Coding Idea 183 7.2.1 Maximum Likelihood (ML) Decoding 187 7.3 Linear Block Codes for the Binary Symmetric Channel 188 7.4 Coded Modulation as a Layered Subsystem 192 7.5 Retransmission as a Supplement to Coding 194 7.5.1 Full Packet Retransmission 195 7.5.2 Partial Retransmission and Incremental Redundancy 197 7.6 Chapter Summary 199 7.7 Further Reading 199 7.8 Problems and Reflections 199 8 Information-Theoretic View on Wireless Channel Capacity 203 8.1 It Starts with the Law of Large Numbers 203 8.2 A Useful Digression into Source Coding 204 8.3 Perfectly Reliable Communication and Channel Capacity 207 8.4 Mutual Information and Its Interpretations 209 8.4.1 From a Local to a Global Property 209 8.4.2 Mutual Information in Some Actual Communication Setups 211 8.5 The Gaussian Channel and the Popular Capacity Formula 214 8.5.1 The Concept of Entropy in Analog Channels 214 8.5.2 The Meaning of “Shannon’s Capacity Formula” 215 8.5.3 Simultaneous Usage of Multiple Gaussian Channels 217 8.6 Capacity of Fading Channels 219 8.6.1 Channel State Information Available at the Transmitter 219 8.6.2 Example: Water Filling for Binary Fading 221 8.6.3 Water Filling for Continuously Distributed Fading 222 8.6.4 Fast Fading and Further Remarks on Channel Knowledge 223 8.6.5 Capacity When the Transmitter Does Not Know the Channel 225 8.6.5.1 Channel with Binary Inputs and Binary Fading 225 8.6.5.2 Channels with Gaussian Noise and Fading 229 8.6.6 Channel Estimation and Knowledge 230 8.7 Chapter Summary 232 8.8 Further Reading 233 8.9 Problems and Reflections 233 9 Time and Frequency in Wireless Communications 237 9.1 Reliable Communication Requires Transmission of Discrete Values 237 9.2 Communication Through a Waveform: An Example 239 9.3 Enter the Frequency 242 9.3.1 Infinitely Long Signals and True Frequency 242 9.3.2 Bandwidth and Time-Limited Signals 245 9.3.3 Parallel Communication Channels 247 9.3.4 How Frequency Affects the Notion of Multiple Access 248 9.4 Noise and Interference 250 9.4.1 Signal Power and Gaussian White Noise 250 9.4.2 Interference between Non-Orthogonal Frequencies 252 9.5 Power Spectrum and Fourier Transform 255 9.6 Frequency Channels, Finally 258 9.6.1 Capacity of a Bandlimited Channel 259 9.6.2 Capacity and OFDM Transmission 261 9.6.3 Frequency for Multiple Access and Duplexing 261 9.7 Code Division and Spread Spectrum 263 9.7.1 Sharing Synchronized Resources with Orthogonal Codes 263 9.7.2 Why Go Through the Trouble of Spreading? 265 9.7.3 Mimicking the Noise and Covert Communication 268 9.7.4 Relation to Random Access 269 9.8 Chapter Summary 270 9.9 Further Reading 270 9.10 Problems and Reflections 270 10 Space in Wireless Communications 275 10.1 Communication Range and Coverage Area 276 10.2 The Myth about Frequencies that Propagate Badly in Free Space 278 10.3 The World View of an Antenna 280 10.3.1 Antenna Directivity 280 10.3.2 Directivity Changes the Communication Models 282 10.4 Multipath and Shadowing: Space is Rarely Free 283 10.5 The Final Missing Link in the Layering Model 286 10.6 The Time-Frequency Dynamics of the Radio Channel 288 10.6.1 How a Time-Invariant Channel Distorts the Received Signal 288 10.6.2 Frequency Selectivity, Multiplexing, and Diversity 291 10.6.3 Time-Variant Channel Introduces New Frequencies 292 10.6.4 Combined Time-Frequency Dynamics 295 10.7 Two Ideas to Deal with Multipath Propagation and Delay Spread 296 10.7.1 The Wideband Idea: Spread Spectrum and a RAKE Receiver 297 10.7.2 The Narrowband Idea: OFDM and a Guard Interval 299 10.8 Statistical Modeling of Wireless Channels 300 10.8.1 Fading Models: Rayleigh and Some Others 301 10.8.2 Randomness in the Path Loss 303 10.9 Reciprocity and How to Use It 303 10.10 Chapter Summary 305 10.11 Further Reading 305 10.12 Problems and Reflections 305 11 Using Two, More, or a Massive Number of Antennas 309 11.1 Assumptions about the Channel Model and the Antennas 310 11.2 Receiving or Transmitting with a Two-Antenna Device 311 11.2.1 Receiver with Two Antennas 311 11.2.2 Using Two Antennas at a Knowledgeable Transmitter 313 11.2.3 Transmit Diversity 314 11.3 Introducing MIMO 315 11.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 317 11.4 Multiple Antennas for Spatial Division of Multiple Users 319 11.4.1 Digital Interference-Free Beams: Zero Forcing 320 11.4.2 Other Schemes for Precoding and Digital Beamforming 322 11.5 Beamforming and Spectrum Sharing 325 11.6 What If the Number of Antennas is Scaled Massively? 327 11.6.1 The Base Station Knows the Channels Perfectly 328 11.6.2 The Base Station has to Learn the Channels 329 11.7 Chapter Summary 331 11.8 Further Reading 331 11.9 Problems and Reflections 331 12 Wireless Beyond a Link: Connections and Networks 335 12.1 Wireless Connections with Different Flavors 335 12.1.1 Coarse Classification of the Wireless Connections 335 12.1.2 The Complex, Multidimensional World of Wireless Connectivity 337 12.2 Fundamental Ideas for Providing Wireless Coverage 339 12.2.1 Static or Moving Infrastructure 340 12.2.2 Cells and a Cellular Network 341 12.2.3 Spatial Reuse 343 12.2.4 Cells Come in Different Sizes 345 12.2.5 Two-Way Coverage and Decoupled Access 347 12.3 No Cell is an Island 348 12.3.1 Wired and Wireless Backhaul 348 12.3.2 Wireless One-Way Relaying and the Half-Duplex Loss 349 12.3.3 Wireless Two-Way Relaying: Reclaiming the Half-Duplex Loss 351 12.4 Cooperation and Coordination 355 12.4.1 Artificial Multipath: Treating the BS as Yet Another Antenna 355 12.4.2 Distributing and Networking the MIMO Concept 357 12.4.3 Cooperation Through a Wireless Backhaul 359 12.5 Dissolving the Cells into Clouds and Fog 360 12.5.1 The Unattainable Ideal Coverage 360 12.5.2 The Backhaul Links Must Have a Finite Capacity 362 12.5.3 Noisy Cooperation with a Finite Backhaul 363 12.5.4 Access Through Clouds and Fog 364 12.6 Coping with External Interference and Other Questions about the Radio Spectrum 366 12.6.1 Oblivious Rather Than Selfish 366 12.6.2 License to Control Interference 367 12.6.3 Spectrum Sharing and Caring 369 12.6.4 Duty Cycling, Sensing, and Hopping 371 12.6.5 Beyond the Licensed and Unlicensed and Some Final Words 372 12.7 Chapter Summary 374 12.8 Further Reading 374 12.9 Problems and Reflections 375 Bibliography 377 Index 381

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Book SynopsisElectrostatic discharge (ESD) continues to impact semiconductor components and systems as technologies scale from micro- to nano-electronics. This book studies electrical overstress, ESD, and latchup from a whole-chip ESD design synthesis approach. It provides a clear insight into the integration of ESD protection networks from a generalist perspective, followed by examples in specific technologies, circuits, and chips. Uniquely both the semiconductor chip integration issues and floorplanning of ESD networks are covered from a top-down'' design approach. Look inside for extensive coverage on: integration of cores, power bussing, and signal pins in DRAM, SRAM, CMOS image processing chips, microprocessors, analog products, RF components and how the integration influences ESD design and integration architecturing of mixed voltage, mixed signal, to RF design for ESD analysis floorplanning for peripheral and core I/O designs, and the implications onTable of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 ESD Design Synthesis. 1.1 ESD Design Synthesis and Architecture Flow. 1.2 ESD Design - The Signal Path and the Alternate Current Path. 1.3 ESD Electrical Circuit and Schematic Architecture Concepts. 1.4 Mapping Semiconductor Chips and ESD Design. 1.5 ESD Chip Architecture and ESD Test Standards. 1.6 ESD Testing. 1.7 ESD Chip Architecture and ESD Alternative Current Path. 1.8 ESD Networks, Sequencing and Chip Architecture. 1.9 ESD Design Synthesis - Latchup-Free ESD Networks. 1.10 ESD Design Concepts - Buffering - Inter-Device. 1.11 ESD Design Concepts - Ballasting - Inter-Device. 1.12 ESD Design Concepts - Ballasting - Intra-Device. 1.13 ESD Design Concepts - Distributed Load Techniques. 1.14 ESD Design Concepts - Dummy Circuits. 1.15 ESD Design Concepts - Power Supply De-coupling. 1.16 ESD Design Concepts - Feedback Loop De-Coupling. 1.17 ESD Layout and Floorplan-Related Concepts. 1.18 ESD Design Concepts - Analog Circuit Techniques. 1.19 ESD Design Concepts - Wire Bonds. 1.20 Design Rules. 1.21 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 2 ESD Architecture and Floorplanning. 2.1 ESD Design Floorplan. 2.2 Peripheral I/O Design. 2.3 Lumped ESD Power Clamp in Peripheral I/O Design Architecture. 2.4 Lumped ESD Power Clamp in Peripheral I/O Design Architecture Master/Slave ESD Power Clamp System. 2.5 Array I/O. 2.6 ESD Architecture - Dummy Bus Architecture. 2.7 Native Voltage Power Supply Architecture. 2.8 Mixed-Voltage Architecture. 2.9 Mixed-Signal Architecture. 2.10 Mixed-System Architecture - Digital and Analog CMOS. 2.11 Mixed-Signal Architecture - Digital, Analog, and RF Architecture. 2.12 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 3 ESD Power Grid Design. 3.1 ESD Power Grid. 3.2 Semiconductor Chip Impedance. 3.3 Interconnect Failure and Dynamic On-Resistance. 3.4 Interconnect Wire and Via Guidelines. 3.5 ESD Power Grid Resistance. 3.6 Power Grid Layout Design. 3.7 ESD Specification Power Grid Considerations. 3.8 Power Grid Design Synthesis - ESD Design Rule Checking Methods. 3.9 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 4 ESD Power Clamp. 4.1 ESD Power Clamps. 4.2 Design Synthesis of ESD Power Clamps. 4.3 Design Synthesis of ESD Power Clamps - The ESD Power Clamp Shunting Element. 4.4 ESD Power Clamp Issues. 4.5 ESD Power Clamp Design. 4.6 ESD Power Clamp Design Synthesis - Bipolar ESD Power Clamps. 4.7 Master/Slave ESD Power Clamp Systems. 4.8 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 5 ESD Signal Pin Network Design and Synthesis. 5.1 ESD Signal Pin Structures. 5.2 ESD Signal Input Structures - ESD and Bond Pads Layout. 5.3 ESD Design Synthesis and Layout of MOSFETs. 5.4 ESD Design Synthesis and Layout of Diodes. 5.5 ESD Design Synthesis of SCRs. 5.6 ESD Design Synthesis and Layout of Resistors. 5.7 ESD Design Synthesis of Inductors. 5.8 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 6 Guard Ring Design and Synthesis. 6.1 Guard Ring Design and Integration. 6.2 Guard Ring Characterization. 6.3 Semiconductor Chip Guard Ring Seal. 6.4 I/O to Core Guard Rings. 6.5 I/O to I/O Guard Rings. 6.6 Within I/O Guard Rings. 6.7 ESD Signal Pin Guard Rings. 6.8 Library Element Guard Rings. 6.9 Mixed-Signal Guard Rings - Digital to Analog. 6.10 Mixed-Voltage Guard Rings - High Voltage to Low Voltage. 6.11 Passive and Active Guard Rings. 6.12 Trench Guard Rings. 6.13 TSV Guard Rings 6.14 Guard Ring DRC. 6.15 Guard Ring and Computer Aided Design Methods. 6.16 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. 7 ESD Full-Chip Design Integration and Architecture. 7.1 Design Synthesis and Integration. 7.2 Digital Design. 7.3 Custom Design vs. Standard Cell Design. 7.4 Memory ESD Design. 7.5 Microprocessor ESD Design. 7.6 Application-Specific Integrated Circuits. 7.7 CMOS Image Processing Chip Design. 7.8 Mixed-Signal Architecture. 7.9 Summary and Closing Comments. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisMIMO-OFDM for LTE, WIFI and WIMAX: Coherent versus Non-Coherent and Cooperative Turbo-Transceivers provides an up-to-date portrayal of wireless transmission based on OFDM techniques augmented with Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) and Spatial-Division Multiple Access (SDMA).Trade Review"This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date portrayal of wireless transmission based on OFDM techniques augmented with Space-Time Block Codes (STBCs) and Spatial-Division Multiple Access (SDMA) . . . the book also includes an extensive bibliography, as well as both subject and author indexes. (Annotation ©2011 Book News Inc. Portland, OR)." (Booknews, 1 April 2011) "The book systematically converts the lessons of Shannon's information theory into design principles applicable to practical wireless systems; the depth of discussions increases towards the end of the book.". (4G Wireless Evolution , 26 January 2011)Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xix Other Wiley–IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xxi Preface xxiii Acknowledgments xxvii List of Symbols xxix 1 Introduction to OFDM and MIMO-OFDM 1 1.1 OFDM History 1 1.2 OFDM Schematic 9 1.3 Channel Estimation for Multi-carrier Systems 12 1.4 Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM 15 1.5 Signal Detection in MIMO-OFDM Systems 16 1.6 Iterative Signal Processing for SDM-OFDM 21 1.7 System Model 22 1.8 SDM-OFDM System Model 29 1.9 Novel Aspects and Outline of the Book 33 1.10 Chapter Summary 36 2 OFDM Standards 37 2.1 Wi-Fi 37 2.2 3GPP LTE 38 2.3 WiMAX Evolution 39 2.4 Chapter Summary 59 Part I Coherently Detected SDMA-OFDM Systems 61 3 Channel Coding Assisted STBC-OFDM Systems 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Space–Time Block Codes 63 3.3 Channel-Coded STBCs 75 3.4 Channel Coding Aided STBC-OFDM 95 3.5 Chapter Summary 106 4 Coded Modulation Assisted Multi-user SDMA-OFDM Using Frequency-Domain Spreading 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 System Model 110 4.3 Simulation Results 113 4.4 Chapter Summary 135 5 Hybrid Multi-user Detection for SDMA-OFDM Systems 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 GA-Assisted MUD 140 5.3 Enhanced GA-based MUD 148 5.4 Chapter Summary 168 6 Direct-Sequence Spreading and Slow Subcarrier-Hopping Aided Multi-user SDMA-OFDM Systems 171 6.1 Conventional SDMA-OFDM Systems 171 6.2 Introduction to Hybrid SDMA-OFDM 172 6.3 Subband Hopping Versus Subcarrier Hopping 173 6.4 System Architecture 175 6.5 Simulation Results 188 6.6 Complexity Issues 196 6.7 Conclusions 197 6.8 Chapter Summary 197 7 Channel Estimation for OFDM and MC-CDMA 201 7.1 Pilot-Assisted Channel Estimation 201 7.2 Decision-Directed Channel Estimation 202 7.3 A Posteriori FD-CTF Estimation 203 7.4 A Posteriori CIR Estimation 206 7.5 Parametric FS-CIR Estimation 216 7.6 Time-Domain A Priori CIR Tap Prediction 223 7.7 PASTD-Aided DDCE 230 7.8 Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM 233 7.9 Chapter Summary 245 8 Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and MUD for SDMA-OFDM Systems 247 8.1 Introduction 247 8.2 System Overview 249 8.3 GA-Assisted Iterative Joint Channel Estimation and MUD 250 8.4 Simulation Results 259 8.5 Conclusions 268 8.6 Chapter Summary 268 Part II Coherent versus Non-coherent and Cooperative OFDM Systems 271 List of Symbols in Part II 273 9 Reduced-Complexity Sphere Detection for Uncoded SDMA-OFDM Systems 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Principle of SD 278 9.3 Complexity-Reduction Schemes for SD 289 9.4 Comparison of the Depth-First, K-Best and OHRSA Detectors 301 9.5 Chapter Conclusions 303 10 Reduced-Complexity Iterative Sphere Detection for Channel-Coded SDMA-OFDM Systems 307 10.1 Introduction 307 10.2 Channel-Coded Iterative Centre-Shifting SD 311 10.3 A Priori LLR-Threshold-Assisted Low-Complexity SD 334 10.4 URC-Aided Three-Stage Iterative Receiver Employing SD 343 10.5 Chapter Conclusions 353 11 Sphere-Packing Modulated STBC-OFDM and its Sphere Detection 357 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Orthogonal Transmit Diversity Design with SP Modulation 360 11.3 Sphere Detection Design for SP Modulation 369 11.4 Chapter Conclusions 376 12 Multiple-Symbol Differential Sphere Detection for Differentially Modulated Cooperative OFDM Systems 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.2 Principle of Single-Path MSDSD 385 12.3 Multi-path MSDSD Design for Cooperative Communication 390 12.4 Chapter Conclusions 416 13 Resource Allocation for the Differentially Modulated Cooperation-Aided Cellular Uplink in Fast Rayleigh Fading Channels 419 13.1 Introduction 419 13.2 Performance Analysis of the Cooperation-Aided UL 421 13.3 CUS for the Uplink 432 13.4 Joint CPS and CUS for the Differential Cooperative Cellular UL Using APC 449 13.5 Chapter Conclusions 456 14 The Near-Capacity Differentially Modulated Cooperative Cellular Uplink 459 14.1 Introduction 459 14.2 Channel Capacity of Non-coherent Detectors 463 14.3 SISO MSDSD 465 14.4 Approaching the Capacity of the Differentially Modulated Cooperative Cellular Uplink 472 14.5 Chapter Conclusions 487 Part III Coherent SDM-OFDM Systems 491 List of Symbols in Part III 493 15 Multi-stream Detection for SDM-OFDM Systems 495 15.1 SDM/V-BLAST OFDM Architecture 495 15.2 Linear Detection Methods 496 15.3 Nonlinear SDM Detection Methods 501 15.4 Performance Enhancement Using Space–Frequency Interleaving 509 15.5 Performance Comparison and Discussion 511 15.6 Conclusions 512 16 Approximate Log-MAP SDM-OFDM Multi-stream Detection 515 16.1 OHRSA-Aided SDM Detection 515 17 Iterative Channel Estimation and Multi-stream Detection for SDM-OFDM 549 17.1 Iterative Signal Processing 549 17.2 Turbo Forward Error-Correction Coding 550 17.3 Iterative Detection–Decoding 552 17.4 Iterative Channel Estimation–Detection and Decoding 554 17.5 Chapter Summary 560 18 Summary, Conclusions and Future Research 563 18.1 Summary of Results 563 18.2 Suggestions for Future Research 587 A Appendix to Chapter 5 597 A.1 A Brief Introduction to Genetic Algorithms 597 A.2 Normalization of the Mutation-Induced Transition Probability 601 Glossary 603 Bibliography 611 Subject Index 641 Author Index 647

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Book SynopsisSpoken language understanding (SLU) is an emerging field in between speech and language processing, investigating human/ machine and human/ human communication by leveraging technologies from signal processing, pattern recognition, machine learning and artificial intelligence. SLU systems are designed to extract the meaning from speech utterances and its applications are vast, from voice search in mobile devices to meeting summarization, attracting interest from both commercial and academic sectors. Both human/machine and human/human communications can benefit from the application of SLU, using differing tasks and approaches to better understand and utilize such communications. This book covers the state-of-the-art approaches for the most popular SLU tasks with chapters written by well-known researchers in the respective fields. Key features include: Presents a fully integrated view of the two distinct disciplines of speech processing and language processing for SLU taTrade Review“The book also contains references to existing datasets that can be used by researchers interested in the field; these, together with the presented baseline, equip one with the necessary tools to step into this very daring and fascinating domain.” (Zentralblatt MATH, 2012) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. Forward. Preface. 1 Introduction (Gokhan Tur and Renato De Mori). 1.1 A Brief History of Spoken Language Understanding. 1.2 Organization of the Book. PART 1 SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR HUMAN/MACHINE INTERACTIONS. 2 History of Knowledge and Processes for Spoken Language Understanding (Renato De Mori). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Meaning Representation and Sentence Interpretation. 2.3 Knowledge Fragments and Semantic Composition. 2.4 Probabilistic Interpretation in SLU Systems. 2.5 Interpretation with Partial Syntactic Analysis. 2.6 Classification Models for Interpretation. 2.7 Advanced Methods and Resources for Semantic Modeling and Interpretation. 2.8 Recent Systems. 2.9 Conclusions. References. 3 Semantic Frame-based Spoken Language Understanding (Ye-Yi Wang, Li Deng and Alex Acero). 3.1 Background. 3.2 Knowledge-based Solutions. 3.3 Data-driven Approaches. 3.4 Summary. References. 4 Intent Determination and Spoken Utterance Classification (Gokhan Tur and Li Deng). 4.1 Background. 4.2 Task Description. 4.3 Technical Challenges. 4.4 Benchmark Data Sets. 4.5 Evaluation Metrics. 4.6 Technical Approaches. 4.7 Discussion and Conclusions. References. 5 Voice Search (Ye-Yi Wang, Dong Yu, Yun-Cheng Ju and Alex Acero). 5.1 Background. 5.2 Technology Review. 5.3 Summary. References. 6 Spoken Question Answering (Sophie Rosset, Olivier Galibert and Lori Lamel). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Specific Aspects of Handling Speech in QA Systems. 6.3 QA Evaluation Campaigns. 6.4 Question-answering Systems. 6.5 Projects Integrating Spoken Requests and Question Answering. 6.6 Conclusions. References. 7 SLU in Commercial and Research Spoken Dialogue Systems (David Suendermann and Roberto Pieraccini). 7.1 Why Spoken Dialogue Systems (Do Not) Have to Understand. 7.2 Approaches to SLU for Dialogue Systems. 7.3 From Call Flow to POMDP: How Dialogue Management Integrates with SLU. 7.4 Benchmark Projects and Data Sets. 7.5 Time is Money: The Relationship between SLU and Overall Dialogue System Performance. 7.6 Conclusion. References. 8 Active Learning (Dilek Hakkani-Tür and Giuseppe Riccardi). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Motivation. 8.3 Learning Architectures. 8.4 Active Learning Methods. 8.5 Combining Active Learning with Semi-supervised Learning. 8.6 Applications. 8.7 Evaluation of Active Learning Methods. 8.8 Discussion and Conclusions. References. PART 2 SPOKEN LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING FOR HUMAN/HUMAN CONVERSATIONS. 9 Human/Human Conversation Understanding (Gokhan Tur and Dilek Hakkani-Tür). 9.1 Background. 9.2 Human/Human Conversation Understanding Tasks. 9.3 Dialogue Act Segmentation and Tagging. 9.4 Action Item and Decision Detection. 9.5 Addressee Detection and Co-reference Resolution. 9.6 Hot Spot Detection. 9.7 Subjectivity, Sentiment, and Opinion Detection. 9.8 Speaker Role Detection. 9.9 Modeling Dominance. 9.10 Argument Diagramming. 9.11 Discussion and Conclusions. References. 10 Named Entity Recognition (Frédéric Béchet). 10.1 Task Description. 10.2 Challenges Using Speech Input. 10.3 Benchmark Data Sets, Applications. 10.4 Evaluation Metrics. 10.5 Main Approaches for Extracting NEs from Text. 10.6 Comparative Methods for NER from Speech. 10.7 New Trends in NER from Speech. 10.8 Conclusions. References. 11 Topic Segmentation (Matthew Purver). 11.1 Task Description. 11.2 Basic Approaches, and the Challenge of Speech. 11.3 Applications and Benchmark Datasets. 11.4 Evaluation Metrics. 11.5 Technical Approaches. 11.6 New Trends and Future Directions. References. 12 Topic Identification (Timothy J. Hazen). 12.1 Task Description. 12.2 Challenges Using Speech Input. 12.3 Applications and Benchmark Tasks. 12.4 Evaluation Metrics. 12.5 Technical Approaches. 12.6 New Trends and Future Directions. References. 13 Speech Summarization (Yang Liu and Dilek Hakkani-Tür). 13.1 Task Description. 13.2 Challenges when Using Speech Input. 13.3 Data Sets. 13.4 Evaluation Metrics. 13.5 General Approaches. 13.6 More Discussions on Speech versus Text Summarization. 13.7 Conclusions. References. 14 Speech Analytics (I. Dan Melamed and Mazin Gilbert) 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 System Architecture. 14.3 Speech Transcription. 14.4 Text Feature Extraction. 14.5 Acoustic Feature Extraction. 14.6 Relational Feature Extraction. 14.7 DBMS. 14.8 Media Server and Player. 14.9 Trend Analysis. 14.10 Alerting System. 14.11 Conclusion. References. 15 Speech Retrieval (Ciprian Chelba, Timothy J. Hazen, Bhuvana Ramabhadran and Murat Saraçlar). 15.1 Task Description. 15.2 Applications. 15.3 Challenges Using Speech Input. 15.4 Evaluation Metrics. 15.5 Benchmark Data Sets. 15.6 Approaches. 15.7 New Trends. 15.8 Discussion and Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisShort Message Service (SMS): The Creation of Personal Text Messaging presents a chronological history of SMS. The book starts by describing text communication in the early 1980s. It characterizes the SMS concept developed via Franco-German cooperation and describes how GSM is different, detailing the succeeding factors.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii 1 Communication Networks in the Early 1980s and the Portfolio of GSM Services 1 F. Hillebrand 1.1 Station-to-station Morse Telegraphy, the Origin of All Modern Technical Text Communication 1 1.2 Network-based Communication Services in the Early 1980s 1 1.3 Services Portfolio of GSM 7 1.4 GSM Mobile Telephony and SMS – the Most Successful Telecommunication Services 12 2 Who Invented SMS? 15 F. Hillebrand 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Clarification of the Terms ‘Invention’ and ‘Innovation’ 15 2.3 Was SMS Invented during the ISDN Work? 16 2.4 Was SMS Invented by Test Engineers, Students or in a Pizzeria Session? 17 2.5 A Clarifying Discussion within the GSM Community in Spring 2009 18 2.6 Timetables of SMS Genesis 19 3 The Creation of the SMS Concept from Mid-1984 to Early 1987 23 F. Hillebrand 3.1 The Birth of the SMS Concept in the French and German Network Operators 23 3.2 The Standardisation of the SMS Concept in the GSM Committee from February 1985 to April 1987 34 3.3 The Acceleration of the GSM Project, Including SMS in 1987 42 4 The Technical Design of SMS in DGMH from June 1987 to October 1990 45 F. Trosby 4.1 Background 45 4.2 Some Personal Sentiments at the Start 46 4.3 The Instructions that IDEG Were Given for Provision of SMS 47 4.4 Overall Description of the Work in the Period from 1987 to 1990 and Work Items Dealt with 48 4.5 The SMS of September 1990 55 4.6 Major Design Issues 64 4.7 Final Remarks on the Period of the First Three Years of DGMH 71 4.8 Work on SMS in GSM Bodies Outside GSM4 72 4.9 Other Tasks of DGMH 73 5 The Evolution of SMS Features and Specifications from October 1990 to the End of 1996 75 K. Holley 5.1 Topics Discussed in this Chapter 76 5.2 Technical Improvements to SMS 1990-1996 77 5.3 Concluding Remarks on the SMS Period 1990-1996 97 6 The Evolution of SMS Features and Specifications from the Beginning of 1997 to Mid-2009 99 I. Harris 6.1 SIM Toolkit Data Download and Secure Messaging 100 6.2 SMS Compression 100 6.3 Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS) 101 6.4 Voicemail Management 103 6.5 Routers 104 6.6 Language Tables 105 6.7 Other Important Standards Work for SMS 107 6.8 The End of an Era 108 6.9 Further Reading 109 7 Early Commercial Applications and Operational Aspects 111 I. Harris 7.1 Fixed-network Connection to the SMS-SC 112 7.2 Network Operator Interworking, Roaming and Number Portability 114 7.3 Third-party SMS-SCs 115 7.4 Intelligent Terminal Connections to Mobile Phones 116 7.5 SMS Keyboard Text Entry 117 7.6 SMS to Fax and SMS to Email 117 7.7 Two-way Real-time Messaging Applications 119 7.8 Performance 120 7.9 SMS Traffic Growth 121 7.10 Billing 122 7.11 The Content Provider Access (CPA) Model Deployed in Norway 123 7.12 SMS in 2009 123 8 Global Market Development 125 F. Hillebrand 8.1 The Creation of a Large Base of Mobiles and the Global SMS Infrastructure 125 8.2 First Use of SMS by Network Operators 126 8.3 How SMS Was Discovered by Young People and Became a Part of the Youth Culture and Widely Accepted 126 8.4 SMS Has Become the Leading Mobile Messaging Service and Will Stay in the Lead in the Foreseeable Future 127 9 Conclusions 131 F. Hillebrand 9.1 Factors that Were Critical for the Success of SMS 131 9.2 Proposals for a Further Evolution of SMS: SMS Phase 3 132 9.3 What Can be Learnt from SMS for Standardisation in Other Areas 133 Annex 1 Abbreviations Used in Several Parts of the Book 135 Annex 2 Sources for Quoted GSM Documents and Other Documents 139 Annex 3 Meetings of IDEG/WP4/GSM4 and DGMH in the Period from May 1987 to September 1990 143 Annex 4 DGMH Attendance in the Period from May 1987 to September 1990 145 Annex 5 Meetings of GSM4/SMG 4 and DGMH in the Period from October 1990 to the End of 1996 147 Annex 6 DGMH Attendance in the Period from October 1990 to the End of 1996 149 Annex 7 Evolution of GSM Specification 03.40 157 Annex 8 Literature 165 Annex 9 Brief Biographies of the Authors 167 Index 173

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Book SynopsisThis practical guide covers both the civilian and military uses of radio communications, focusing on the applications of radio propagation and prediction. It introduces the basic theory of radio prediction, then provides a step-by-step explanation of how this theory can be translated into real-life applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Glossary. PART ONE – BASIC THEORY. 1 Introduction. 1.1 The Aim of this Book. 1.2 Current Radio Technology. 1.3 Factors Constraining Radio Communications. References and Further Reading. 2 Management of the Radio Spectrum. 2.1 Spectrum Management Fundamentals. 2.2 Civil Spectrum Management. 2.3 Military Spectrum Management. 2.4 Management of EWActivities. References and Further Reading. 3 The Radio Channel. 3.1 Frequency Aspects of the Radio Channel. 3.2 Narrowband Signals. 3.3 Frequency Hopping Signals. 3.4 Wideband Signals. 3.5 The Effect of Movement on the Radio Channel. References and Further Reading. 4 Radio Links in the Presence of Noise. 4.1 Sources of Radio Noise. 4.2 Effects of Noise. 4.3 The Radio Receiver. 4.4 Radio Link Budgets in the Presence of Noise. References and Further Reading. 5 Radio Links in the Presence of Interference. 5.1 Sources of Radio Interference. 5.2 Interference in the Spectral Domain. 5.3 Interference in the Time Domain. 5.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques. References and Further Reading. 6 Radio Links and Deliberate Jamming. 6.1 The Purpose of Jamming. 6.2 How Jamming Works. 6.3 Types of Communications Jammers. 6.4 Jamming Mitigation Techniques. References and Further Reading. 7 Radar and Radar Jamming. 7.1 Introduction to Radars. 7.2 The Radar Equation. 7.3 Types of Radar. 7.4 Radar Jamming Techniques. 7.5 Radar Jamming Mitigation Techniques. References and Further Reading. 8 Radio-Controlled Improvised Explosive Devices. 8.1 The Poor Man’s Weapon of Choice: IEDs. 8.2 Radio Control for IEDs. 8.3 Detection of IED Radio Control Systems. References and Further Reading. PART TWO – PRACTICAL. 9 Predicting HF Radio. 9.1 Propagation at HF. 9.2 HF Skywave Link Budgets. 9.3 Groundwave. References and Further Reading. 10 VHF to SHF Radio Prediction. 10.1 Propagation above HF. 10.2 Modelling Methods. 10.3 Deterministic Models. 10.4 Empirical Models. 10.5 Combined Models. 10.6 Link Budgets. References and Further Reading. 11 Data Requirements for Radio Prediction. 11.1 Why Consider Modelling Requirements? 11.2 Communications System Parameters. 11.3 ES Specific Parameters. 11.4 EA Specific Parameters. 11.5 Radar Specific Parameters. 11.6 Third-Party Characteristics. 11.7 General Antenna Characteristics. 11.8 Antenna Environment Considerations. 11.9 Terrain Data. 11.10 Ground and Radio Clutter Data. 11.11 Sunspots, Ionospheric and Atmospheric Data. References and Further Reading. 12 Planning and Optimising Radio Links. 12.1 Path Profile Prediction. 12.2 Optimising a Link. 12.3 Re-Broadcast Links. 12.4 Linked Networks. References and Further Reading. 13 Planning Radio Networks for Coverage. 13.1 Coverage Predictions. 13.2 Optimisation of Radio Networks. 13.3 Limiting Coverage. References and Further Reading. 14 Interference Analysis. 14.1 Introduction to Radio Interference Analysis. 14.2 Fading Considerations. 14.3 Interference from other Channels. 14.4 Different Ways of Representing Co-Existing Signals. References and Further Reading. 15 Management Techniques for Interference. 15.1 Preventing Interference. 15.2 Managing Interference. 15.3 Interference Reports. References and Further Reading. 16 Management of Interference at a Radio Site. 16.1 Special Features of Radio Sites with Multiple Systems. 16.2 Sources of Interference at a Radio Site. 16.3 Methods of Managing Interference at Radio Sites. References and Further Reading. 17 Communications Electronic Warfare. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Detection and Intercept Networks. 17.3 Direction Finding Networks. 17.4 Communications Jammers. 17.5 The Role of Unmanned Airborne Vehicles. 17.6 Countering Enemy Communications Electronic Warfare. References and Further Reading. 18 Non-Communications Electronic Warfare. 18.1 Non-Communications EW. 18.2 Radar Jamming Techniques. 18.3 Platform Self Protection Methods. 18.4 Parametric Information Collection Methods. References and Further Reading. 19 Countering Radio-Controlled IEDs. 19.1 Introduction to IEDs. 19.2 Radio Controlled IED. 19.3 Basic IED Counter Methods. 20 Summary and Conclusions. Appendix A: Working with Decibels. Appendix B: Common Conversion Formulae and Reference Tables. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffering complete and comprehensive coverage of modern sonar spectrum system analysis, Underwater Acoustics: Analysis, Design and Performance of Sonar provides a state-of-the-art introduction to the subject and has been carefully structured to offer a much-needed update to the classic text by Urick. Expanded to included computational approaches to the topic, this book treads the line between the highly theoretical and mathematical texts and the more populist, non-mathematical books that characterize the existing literature in the field. The author compares and contrasts different techniques for sonar design, analysis and performance prediction and includes key experimental and theoretical results, pointing the reader towards further detail with extensive references. Practitioners in the field of sonar design, analysis and performance prediction as well as graduate students and researchers will appreciate this new reference as an invaluable and timely contribution to the field.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction to Sonar 1 1.1 Acoustic Waves 1 1.1.1 Compressions and Rarefactions 3 1.2 Speed of Propagation 4 1.3 Acoustic Wave Parameters 5 1.4 Doppler Shift 9 1.5 Intensity, SPL, and Decibels 10 1.6 Combining Acoustic Waves 11 1.7 Comparative Parameter for Sound in Water and Air 14 References 15 2 The Sonar Equations 17 2.1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 17 2.2 Active Sonar Equation 18 2.3 Signal Excess 20 2.4 Figure of Merit 20 References 21 3 Transducers, Directionality, and Arrays 23 3.1 Transducer Response 25 3.2 Beam Pattern Response 25 3.3 Linear Arrays 27 3.3.1 Triplet Towed Array 33 3.3.2 Multiline Towed Arrays 33 3.4 Rectangular Planar Array 33 3.5 Amplitude Shading 37 3.6 Continuous Arrays 37 3.7 Volumetric Arrays 41 3.8 Product Theorem 44 3.9 Broadband Beam Patterns 45 3.10 Directivity and Array Gain 45 3.11 Noise Cross-Correlation between Hydrophones 47 3.12 Directivity of Line Arrays 49 3.13 Directivity of Area Arrays 51 3.14 Directivity of Volumetric Arrays 52 3.15 Difference Arrays 54 3.16 Multiplicative Arrays 57 3.17 Sparsely Populated Arrays 59 3.18 Adaptive Beamforming 60 References 62 4 Active Sonar Sources 63 4.1 Source Level 63 4.2 Cavitation 64 4.3 Near-Field Interactions 67 4.4 Explosive Sources 67 4.5 Physics of Shock Waves in Water 68 4.6 Bubble Pulses 72 4.7 Pros and Cons of Explosive Charges 73 4.8 Parametric Acoustic Sources 73 References 74 5 Transmission Loss 75 5.1 Sound Speed Profile in the Sea 76 5.2 Snell’s Law and Transmission across an Interface 77 5.3 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 79 5.4 Transmission through a Plate 82 5.5 Ray Tracing 84 5.6 Spreading Loss 91 5.7 Absorption of Sound in the Ocean 92 5.7.1 Mechanisms of Absorption 92 References 95 6 Transmission Loss: Interaction with Boundaries 97 6.1 Sea State, Wind Speed, and Wave Height 97 6.2 Pierson–Moskowitz Model for Fully Developed Seas 99 6.3 Sea Surface Interaction 101 6.3.1 Lloyd Mirror Interference 101 6.3.2 Loss Due to Interaction with the Surface 104 6.4 Bottom Loss 112 6.4.1 Simple Rayleigh Bottom Loss Model 113 6.4.2 U.S. Navy OAML Approved Models of Bottom Loss 113 6.4.3 Low-Frequency Bottom Loss (LFBL) Model: 50 to 1000 Hz 113 6.4.4 High-Frequency Bottom Loss (HFBL) Model 114 6.4.5 High-Frequency Environment Acoustic (HFEVA) Model 117 6.5 Leakage Out of a Duct, Low-Frequency Cutoff 117 6.6 Propagation Loss Model Descriptions 120 6.6.1 Ray Models 120 6.6.2 Normal Modes 121 6.6.3 Parabolic Equations 122 6.6.4 U.S. Navy Standard Models 123 References 125 7 Ambient Noise 127 7.1 Ambient Noise Models 127 7.2 Seismic Noise 128 7.3 Ocean Turbulence 130 7.4 Shipping Noise 131 7.5 Wave Noise 131 7.6 Thermal Noise 131 7.7 Rain Noise 131 7.8 Temporal Variability of Ambient Noise 133 7.9 Depth Effects on Noise 133 7.10 Directionality of Noise 133 7.11 Under Ice Noise 137 7.12 Spatial Coherence of Ambient Noise 138 References 140 8 Reverberation 143 8.1 Scattering, Backscattering Strength, and Target Strength 143 8.1.1 Surface and Bottom Scattering 143 8.1.2 Volume Scattering 152 8.1.3 Bottom Scattering 152 8.1.4 Reverberation Target Strength 153 8.1.5 Calculation of Reverberation for Use in the Sonar Equation 154 8.1.6 Volume Reverberation Level 156 8.2 Reverberation Frequency Spread and Doppler Gain Potential 157 8.2.1 Power Spectral Density of a CW Pulse 159 8.2.2 Environmental Frequency Spreading 161 8.2.3 Frequency Spreading Due to Transmitter and Receiver Motion 161 8.2.4 Frequency Spreading Due to Target 162 8.3 Important Observation with Respect to Reverberation 164 References 164 9 Active Target Strength 167 9.1 Target Strength Definition 167 9.2 Active Target Strength of a Large Sphere 169 9.3 Active Target Strength of a Very Small Sphere 170 9.4 Target Strengths of Simple Geometric Forms 173 9.5 Target Strength of Submarines 173 9.6 The TAP Model 174 9.7 Target Strength of Surface Ships 176 9.8 Target Strength of Mines and Torpedoes 176 9.9 Target Strength of Fish 178 References 181 10 Radiated Noise 183 10.1 General Characteristics of Ship Radiated Noise 183 10.2 Propeller Radiated Noise 184 10.3 Machinery Noise 186 10.4 Resonance Noise 187 10.5 Hydrodynamic Noise 187 10.6 Platform Quieting 189 10.7 Total Radiated Noise 189 Reference 192 11 Self Noise 193 11.1 Flow Noise 193 11.2 Turbulent Noise Coherence 198 11.3 Strumming Noise 199 References 199 12 Statistical Detection Theory 201 12.1 Introduction 201 12.2 Case 1: Signal Is Known Exactly 205 12.2.1 Observations on Case 1 210 12.3 Case 2: Signal Is White Gaussian Noise 210 12.3.1 Observations on Case 2 213 References 214 13 Methodology for Calculation of the Recognition Differential 215 13.1 Continuous Broadband Signals (PBB) 216 13.1.1 PBB Step 1: Theoretical Broadband Nrd 217 13.1.2 PBB Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum 217 13.1.3 PBB Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation 220 13.1.4 PBB Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics 226 13.1.5 PBB Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses 227 13.2 Continuous Narrowband Signals (PNB) 227 13.2.1 PNB Step 1: Theoretical Narrowband Nrd 229 13.2.2 PNB Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum 230 13.2.3 PNB Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation 233 13.2.4 PNB Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics (Signal Is Not a Perfect Sine Wave) 239 13.2.5 PNB Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses 240 13.2.6 Nrd Calculation Example 241 13.3 Active Sonar 241 13.3.1 CW Active Pulse Active Step 1: Theoretical Nrd 242 13.3.2 Active Step 2: Correction for Noise Spectrum 253 13.3.3 Active Step 3: Correction for Processor Implementation 255 13.3.4 Active Step 4: Correction for Nonideal Signal Characteristics 257 13.3.5 Active Step 5: Adjustment for Additional At-Sea Losses 257 13.3.6 Nrd Calculation Examples 258 13.4 Aural Detection 258 13.5 Display Nomenclature 261 References 264 14 False Alarms, False Contacts, and False Targets 265 14.1 Sea Story 265 14.2 Failure to Detect 266 14.3 Detection Theory 266 14.3.1 Hypothesis Testing 266 14.3.2 Probability Density Function 267 14.3.3 Detection of Constant Level 268 14.4 False Alarm Probability Calculation 269 14.5 False/Nonthreat Contacts 271 14.6 False Targets 271 14.7 Summary and Conclusions 272 References 272 15 Variability and Uncertainty 273 15.1 Random Variability of a Sonar 276 15.2 Sources of Variability 276 References 281 16 Modeling Detection and Tactical Decision Aids 283 16.1 Figure of Merit Range or R50 % 283 16.2 Tactical Decision Aids 287 References 289 17 Cumulative Probability of Detection 291 17.1 Why is CPD Important? 291 17.2 Discrete Glimpse and Continuous Looking 291 17.3 Lambda–Sigma Jump Model 292 17.4 Nonjump Processes 293 17.5 What Are Appropriate Random Parameters? 293 17.6 Approximation Method for Computation of the Cumulative Probability of Detection (CPD) 296 References 298 18 Tracking, Target Motion Analysis, and Localization 299 18.1 Bearing Trackers 299 18.1.1 Amplitude Difference Method 299 18.1.2 Phase Difference Method or Cross-Correlation Method 300 18.2 General Principle of Tracking and Bearing Measurement 301 18.3 Other Sources of Bearing Error for Area Arrays 303 18.4 Additional Sources of Errors for Line Arrays 305 18.5 Bottom Bounce 306 18.6 Manual versus Automatic Tracking 306 18.7 Localization and Target Motion Analysis 307 18.7.1 Localization 307 18.7.2 Wave Front Curvature Ranging (WFCR) 312 18.7.3 Multipath Ranging (MPR) 314 18.7.4 Depression/Elevation (D/E) Ranging 317 18.7.5 Triangulation Ranging 317 18.8 Bearings Only Methodologies 319 18.9 Four-Bearing TMA 319 18.10 Ekelund Ranging 321 18.11 Range and Bearing TMA 322 18.12 Other Bearings Only TMA Methodologies 323 18.13 Other TMA and Localization Schemes 324 References 324 19 Design and Evaluation of Sonars 325 19.1 Choice of Frequency and Size 325 19.2 Computational Requirements 327 19.2.1 Beamforming 328 19.3 Signal Processing after Beamformer 329 19.3.1 Detection 329 19.4 Active Pulse Choice 330 19.5 Monostatic, Bistatic, and Multistatic Active Sonars 332 19.6 Ambiguity Functions 334 19.7 Mine Hunting and Bottom Survey Sonars 334 19.8 Echo Sounding and Fishing Sonars 335 19.9 Navigation 336 19.10 Vehicle Location and At-Sea Rescue 336 19.11 Intercept Receivers 336 19.12 Communications 336 19.13 Marine Mammals and Active Sonar 337 References 337 A Fourier Transforms 339 A.1 Definitions 339 A.2 Parseval’s Theorem and Plancherel’s Theorem 340 A.3 Properties of Fourier Transforms 341 A.4 Localization or Uncertainty Property 341 B Analysis of Errors Associated with a Least Squares Methodology 343 Reference 346 Index 347

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Book SynopsisPresenting a number of methods and techniques for the modeling and optimization of liquid crystal devices, Modeling and Optimization of Liquid Crystal Displays represents modeling methods that are more accurate, versatile, reliable, and quicker than analogues in competing books.Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Foreword xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix List of Abbreviations xxi About the Companion Website xxiii 1 Polarization of Monochromatic Waves. Background of the Jones Matrix Methods. The Jones Calculus 1 1.1 Homogeneous Waves in Isotropic Media 1 1.1.1 Plane Waves 1 1.1.2 Polarization. Jones Vectors 3 1.1.3 Coordinate Transformation Rules for Jones Vectors. Orthogonal Polarizations. Decomposition of a Wave into Two Orthogonally Polarized Waves 9 1.2 Interface Optics for Isotropic Media 14 1.2.1 Fresnel's Formulas. Snell's Law 14 1.2.2 Reflection and Transmission Jones Matrices for a Plane Interface between Isotropic Media 20 1.3 Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Media 23 1.3.1 Wave Equations 23 1.3.2 Waves in a Uniaxial Layer 25 1.3.3 A Simple Birefringent Layer and Its Principal Axes 30 1.3.4 Transmission Jones Matrices of a Simple Birefringent Layer at Normal Incidence 32 1.3.5 Linear Retarders 36 1.3.6 Jones Matrices of Absorptive Polarizers. Ideal Polarizer 38 1.4 Jones Calculus 41 1.4.1 Basic Principles of the Jones Calculus 42 1.4.2 Three Useful Theorems for Transmissive Systems 46 1.4.3 Reciprocity Relations. Jones's Reversibility Theorem 50 1.4.4 Theorem of Polarization Reversibility for Systems Without Diattenuation 53 1.4.5 Particular Variants of Application of the Jones Calculus. Cartesian Jones Vectors for Wave Fields in Anisotropic Media 55 References 57 2 The Jones Calculus: Solutions for Ideal Twisted Structures and Their Applications in LCD Optics 59 2.1 Jones Matrix and Eigenmodes of a Liquid Crystal Layer with an Ideal Twisted Structure 59 2.2 LCD Optics and the Gooch–Tarry Formulas 64 2.3 Interactive Simulation 67 2.4 Parameter Space 69 References 73 3 Optical Equivalence Theorem 75 3.1 General Optical Equivalence Theorem 75 3.2 Optical Equivalence for the Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cell 77 3.3 Polarization Conserving Modes 77 3.3.1 LP1 Modes 78 3.3.2 LP2 Modes 79 3.3.3 LP3 Modes 80 3.3.4 CP Modes 81 3.4 Application to Nematic Bistable LCDs 82 3.4.1 2pi Bistable TN Displays 82 3.4.2 Pi Bistable TN Displays 83 3.5 Application to Reflective Displays 84 3.6 Measurement of Characteristic Parameters of an LC Cell 86 3.6.1 Characteristic Angle Omega 86 3.6.2 Characteristic Phase Gamma 87 References 87 4 Electro-optical Modes: Practical Examples of LCD Modeling and Optimization 91 4.1 Optimization of LCD Performance in Various Electro-optical Modes 91 4.1.1 Electrically Controlled Birefringence 91 4.1.2 Twist Effect 101 4.1.3 Supertwist Effect 109 4.1.4 Optimization of Optical Performance of Reflective LCDs 116 4.2 Transflective LCDs 119 4.2.1 Dual-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach 119 4.2.2 Single-Mode Single-Cell-Gap Approach 122 4.3 Total Internal Reflection Mode 124 4.4 Ferroelectric LCDs 131 4.4.1 Basic Physical Properties 131 4.4.2 Electro-optical Effects in FLC Cells 135 4.5 Birefringent Color Generation in Dichromatic Reflective FLCDs 145 References 149 5 Necessary Mathematics. Radiometric Terms. Conventions. Various Stokes and Jones Vectors 153 5.1 Some Definitions and Relations from Matrix Algebra 153 5.1.1 General Definitions 153 5.1.2 Some Important Properties of Matrix Products 160 5.1.3 Unitary Matrices. Unimodular Unitary 2 x 2 Matrices. STU Matrices 160 5.1.4 Norms of Vectors and Matrices 163 5.1.5 Kronecker Product of Matrices 166 5.1.6 Approximations 167 5.2 Some Radiometric Quantities. Conventions 167 5.3 Stokes Vectors of Plane Waves and Collimated Beams Propagating in Isotropic Nonabsorbing Media 169 5.4 Jones Vectors 171 5.4.1 Fitted-to-Electric-Field Jones Vectors and Fitted-to-Transverse-Component-of-Electric-Field Jones Vectors 171 5.4.2 Fitted-to-Irradiance Jones Vectors 172 5.4.3 Conventional Jones Vectors 175 References 176 6 Simple Models and Representations for Solving Optimization and Inverse Optical Problems. Real Optics of LC Cells and Useful Approximations 177 6.1 Polarization Transfer Factor of an Optical System 178 6.2 Optics of LC Cells in Terms of Polarization Transport Coefficients 182 6.2.1 Polarization-Dependent Losses and Depolarization. Unpolarized Transmittance 185 6.2.2 Rotations 187 6.2.3 Symmetry of the Sample 190 6.3 Retroreflection Geometry 192 6.4 Applications of Polarization Transport Coefficients in Optimization of LC Devices 195 6.5 Evaluation of Ultimate Characteristics of an LCD that can be Attained by Fitting the Compensation System. Modulation Efficiency of LC Layers 207 References 216 7 Some Physical Models and Mathematical Algorithms Used in Modeling the Optical Performance of LCDs 217 7.1 Physical Models of the Light–Layered System Interaction Used in Modeling the Optical Behavior of LC Devices. Plane-Wave Approximations. Transfer Channel Approach 217 7.2 Transfer Matrix Technique and Adding Technique 237 7.2.1 Transfer Matrix Technique 238 7.2.2 Adding Technique 242 7.3 Optical Models of Some Elements of LCDs 246 References 248 8 Modeling Methods Based on the Rigorous Theory of the Interaction of a Plane Monochromatic Wave with an Ideal Stratified Medium. Eigenwave (EW) Methods. EW Jones Matrix Method 251 8.1 General Properties of the Electromagnetic Field Induced by a Plane Monochromatic Wave in a Linear Stratified Medium 252 8.1.1 Maxwell's Equations and Constitutive Relations 252 8.1.2 Plane Waves 256 8.1.3 Field Geometry 259 8.2 Transmission and Reflection Operators of Fragments (TR Units) of a Stratified Medium and Their Calculation 275 8.2.1 EW Jones Vector. EW Jones Matrices. Transmission and Reflection Operators 275 8.2.2 Calculation of Overall Transmission and Overall Reflection Operators for Layered Systems by Using Transfer Matrices 281 8.3 Berreman’s Method 283 8.3.1 Transfer Matrices 283 8.3.2 Transfer Matrix of a Homogeneous Layer 285 8.3.3 Transfer Matrix of a Smoothly Inhomogeneous Layer. Staircase Approximation 287 8.3.4 Coordinate Systems 289 8.4 Simplifications, Useful Relations, and Advanced Techniques 291 8.4.1 Orthogonality Relations and Other Useful Relations for Eigenwave Bases 291 8.4.2 Simple General Formulas for Transmission Operators of Interfaces 297 8.4.3 Calculation of Transmission and Reflection Operators of Layered Systems by Using the Adding Technique 303 8.5 Transmissivities and Reflectivities 304 8.6 Mathematical Properties of Transfer Matrices and Transmission and Reflection EW Jones Matrices of Lossless Media and Reciprocal Media 311 8.6.1 Properties of Matrix Operators for Nonabsorbing Regions 311 8.6.2 Properties of Matrix Operators for Reciprocal Regions 313 8.7 Calculation of EW 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices for LC Layers 319 8.8 Transformation of the Elements of EW Jones Vectors and EW Jones Matrices Under Changes of Eigenwave Bases 322 8.8.1 Coordinates of the EW Jones Vector of a Wave Field in Different Eigenwave Bases 322 8.8.2 EW Jones Operators in Different Eigenwave Bases 326 References 328 9 Choice of Eigenwave Bases for Isotropic, Uniaxial, and Biaxial Media 331 9.1 General Aspects of EWB Specification. EWB-generating routines 331 9.2 Isotropic Media 338 9.3 Uniaxial Media 342 9.4 Biaxial Media 352 References 365 10 Efficient Methods for Calculating Optical Characteristics of Layered Systems for Quasimonochromatic Incident Light. Main Routines of LMOPTICS Library 367 10.1 EW Stokes Vectors and EW Mueller Matrices 368 10.2 Calculation of the EW Mueller Matrices of the Overall Transmission and Reflection of a System Consisting of "Thin" and "Thick" Layers 375 10.3 Main Routines of LMOPTICS 384 10.3.1 Routines for Computing 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices and EW Jones Matrices 384 10.3.2 Routines for Computing EW Mueller Matrices 388 10.3.3 Other Useful Routines 391 References 392 11 Calculation of Transmission Characteristics of Inhomogeneous Liquid Crystal Layers with Negligible Bulk Reflection 393 11.1 Application of Jones Matrix Methods to Inhomogeneous LC Layers 394 11.1.1 Calculation of Transmission Jones Matrices of LC Layers Using the Classical Jones Calculus 394 11.1.2 Extended Jones Matrix Methods 404 11.2 NBRA. Basic Differential Equations 409 11.3 NBRA. Numerical Methods 420 11.3.1 Approximating Multilayer Method 421 11.3.2 Discretization Method 427 11.3.3 Power Series Method 428 11.4 NBRA. Analytical Solutions 430 11.4.1 Twisted Structures 430 11.4.2 Nontwisted Structures 432 11.4.3 NBRA and GOA. Adiabatic and Quasiadiabatic Approximations 434 11.5 Effect of Errors in Values of the Transmission Matrix of the LC Layer on the Accuracy of Modeling the Transmittance of the LCD Panel 437 References 438 12 Some Approximate Representations in EWJones Matrix Method and Their Application in Solving Optimization and Inverse Problems for LCDs 441 12.1 Theory of STUM Approximation 442 12.2 Exact and Approximate Expressions for Transmission Operators of Interfaces at Normal Incidence 447 12.3 Polarization Jones Matrix of an Inhomogeneous Nonabsorbing Anisotropic Layer with Negligible Bulk Reflection at Normal Incidence. Simple Representations of Polarization Matrices of LC Layers at Normal Incidence 463 12.4 Immersion Model of the Polarization-Converting System of an LCD 466 12.5 Determining Configurational and Optical Parameters of LC Layers With a Twisted Structure: Spectral Fitting Method 474 12.5.1 How to Bring Together the Experiment and Unitary Approximation 476 12.5.2 Parameterization and Solving the Inverse Problem 480 12.5.3 Appendix to Section 12.5 489 12.6 Optimization of Compensation Systems for Enhancement of Viewing Angle Performance of LCDs 490 References 504 13 A FewWords About Modeling of Fine-Structure LCDs and the Direct Ray Approximation 507 13.1 Virtual Microscope 508 13.2 Directional Illumination and Diffuse Illumination 513 References 516 A LCD Modeling Software MOUSE-LCD Used for the HKUST Students Final Year Projects (FYP) from 2003 to 2011 517 A.1 Introductory Remarks 517 A.2 Fast LCD 517 A.2.1 TN Cell 517 A.2.2 Effect of d/p Ratio 519 A.2.3 Effect of K22/K11 520 A.2.4 Effect of K33/K11 520 A.2.5 Effect of delta 521 A.2.6 Effect of gamma 521 A.2.7 Effect of Anchoring Strength W 523 A.2.8 Optimized TN Cell With Fast Response Time 523 A.2.9 Other LC Modes 524 A.3 Color LCD 524 A.3.1 The Super-Twisted Nematic Cell 524 A.3.2 STN Birefringent Colors in Transmissive and Reflective Modes 525 A.4 Transflective LCD 525 A.4.1 Vertical Aligned Nematic Cell 525 A.5 Switchable Viewing Angle LCD 535 A.6 Optimal e-paper Configurations 535 A.7 Color Filter Optimization 536 References 536 B Some Derivations and Examples 537 B.1 Conservation Law for Energy Flux 537 B.2 Lorentz’s Lemma 538 B.3 Nonexponential Waves 538 B.4 To the Power Series Method (Section 11.3.3) 540 B.5 One of the Ways to Obtain the Explicit Expressions for Transmission Jones Matrices of an Ideal Twisted LC Layer 541 Reference 543 Index 545

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Book SynopsisWritten by international experts in the field, this book covers the standards, architecture and deployment issues related to IP-based emergency services This book brings together contributions from experts on technical and operational aspects within the international standardisation and regulatory processes relating to routing and handling of IP-based emergency calls. Readers will learn how these standards work, how various standardization organizations contributed to them and about pilot projects, early deployment and current regulatory situation. Key Features: Provides an overview of how the standards related to IP-based emergency services work, and how various organizations contributed to them Focuses on SIP and IMS-based communication systems for the Internet Covers standards, architecture and deployment issues International focus, with coverage of the major national efforts in this area Written Trade Review“In addition, practitioners, product architects, and developers will find interesting and useful ideas. Many parts of the book can be recommended to experts working on standards and regulations.” (IEEE Communications Magazine, 1 February 2015) Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii List of Contributors xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv Acronyms xxvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 History 1 1.2 Overview 5 1.3 Building Blocks 8 1.3.1 Recognizing Emergency Calls 8 1.3.2 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 9 1.3.3 Routing Emergency Calls 9 2 Location: Formats, Encoding and Protocols 11 2.1 Applying the PIDF-LO civicAddress Type to US Addresses 14 2.1.1 Introduction: The Context and Purpose of PIDF-LO and CLDXF 15 2.1.2 CLDXF Elements 17 2.1.3 Conclusion 30 2.2 DHCP as a Location Configuration Protocol (LCP) 31 2.2.1 What’s New in RFC 6225? 32 2.2.2 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 Option Formats 32 2.2.3 Option Support 35 2.2.4 Latitude and Longitude Fields 36 2.2.5 Altitude 36 2.2.6 Datum 37 2.3 Geography Markup Language (GML) 37 2.3.1 Introduction 37 2.3.2 Overview of the OGC 38 2.3.3 The OGC Geography Markup Language (GML) 38 2.3.4 Conclusion 47 2.4 A Taxonomy of the IETF HELD Protocol 47 2.4.1 The LIS and HELD 48 2.4.2 LIS Discovery 48 2.4.3 Basic HELD 53 2.4.4 HELD Target Identities and Third-Party Requests 59 2.4.5 HELD Measurements 62 2.4.6 HELD as a Dereference Protocol 64 2.4.7 HELD Policy URIs 66 2.4.8 HELD Device Capabilities 69 2.5 OMA Enablers and Emergency Services 72 2.5.1 SUPL 73 2.5.2 MLS 84 2.5.3 MLP 85 2.5.4 LOCSIP 89 2.6 3GPP Location Protocols 92 2.6.1 Introduction 92 2.6.2 Location Technology in 3GPP Networks 93 2.6.3 Emergency Location Information in 3GPP CS Domain, Control Plane 100 2.6.4 Emergency Location Information in the IMS 100 3 Architectures 103 3.1 NENA i2 104 3.1.1 Background 104 3.1.2 The i2 Architecture 105 3.1.3 Regulatory Situation and Deployment Status 117 3.2 NENA i3 119 3.2.1 History 119 3.2.2 Emergency Services IP Networks 120 3.2.3 Signaling and Routing IP-Originated Calls 121 3.2.4 Legacy Wireline and Wireless Origination 122 3.2.5 Emergency Events 123 3.2.6 Routing Calls Within the ESInet 123 3.2.7 Provisioning the ECRF 124 3.2.8 PSAPs 125 3.2.9 Other i3 Features 126 3.3 IETF Emergency Services for Internet Multimedia 126 3.3.1 Introduction 126 3.3.2 Recognizing Emergency Calls 128 3.3.3 Obtaining and Conveying Location Information 128 3.3.4 Routing Emergency Calls 129 3.3.5 Obligations 130 3.3.6 LoST Mapping Architecture 132 3.3.7 Steps Toward an IETF Emergency Services Architecture 135 3.3.8 Summary 138 3.4 Emergency Services Support in WiFi Networks 139 3.4.1 Introduction 139 3.4.2 Location Configuration 140 3.4.3 Support for Emergency Services 141 3.4.4 Support for Emergency Alert Systems 142 3.5 WiMAX 142 3.5.1 The WiMAX Network Architecture 143 3.5.2 Network Architecture for Emergency Services Support 148 3.5.3 The Fundamental Building Blocks 150 3.5.4 Roaming Considerations and Network Entry 152 3.5.5 Limited Access 154 3.5.6 Location Support in WiMAX 157 3.5.7 Conclusion 163 3.6 3GPP 163 3.6.1 Introduction 163 3.6.2 Requirements 164 3.6.3 Emergency Calls in the CS Domain 169 3.6.4 Emergency Calls in PS Domain 176 3.6.5 Identified Overload Problems 189 4 Deployment Examples 193 4.1 Emergency Calling in Sweden 195 4.1.1 Introduction 195 4.1.2 Overview 196 4.1.3 Protocols for PSAP Interconnection 198 4.1.4 Protocol Standards 200 4.1.5 Media 201 4.1.6 Emergency Call Routing 201 4.1.7 Testing 201 4.1.8 Examples 201 4.2 UK Specification for Locating VoIP Callers 209 4.2.1 Introduction 209 4.2.2 The Regulatory Environment 209 4.2.3 Standards Development 210 4.2.4 The Current UK Emergency Services Structure 210 4.2.5 Principles Driving the Specification 211 4.2.6 Putting It All Together 213 4.2.7 Implications for Access Network Providers 215 4.3 Implementation of VoIP 9-1-1 Services in Canada 216 4.3.1 Regulatory Framework (About the CRTC) 217 4.3.2 Canada’s Telecom Profile 217 4.3.3 Interim Solution for Nomadic and Fixed/Non-Native VoIP 220 4.3.4 The (Defunct) Canadian i2 Proposal 222 4.3.5 VoIP Regulatory Processes, Decisions and Milestones 227 4.3.6 Lessons Learned 229 4.3.7 Conclusion 230 4.4 US/Indiana Wireless Direct Network Project 230 4.4.1 Background and History of the IWDN 231 4.4.2 The IWDN Crossroads Project 231 4.4.3 The IN911 IP Network 232 4.4.4 Conclusion 235 5 Security for IP-Based Emergency Services 237 5.1 Introduction 237 5.2 Communication Model 238 5.3 Adversary Models and Security Threats 240 5.4 Security Threats 241 5.4.1 Denial-of-Service Attacks 242 5.4.2 Attacks Involving the Emergency Identifier 242 5.4.3 Attacks Against the Mapping System 243 5.4.4 Attacks Against the Location Information Server 244 5.4.5 Swatting 245 5.4.6 Attacks to Prevent a Specific Individual From Receiving Aid 246 5.4.7 Attacks to Gain Information About an Emergency 246 5.4.8 Interfering With the LIS and LoST Server Discovery Procedure 246 5.4.9 Call Identity Spoofing 247 5.5 Countermeasures 248 5.5.1 Discovery 248 5.5.2 Secure Session Setup and Caller Identity 250 5.5.3 Media Exchange 251 5.5.4 Mapping Database Security 251 6 Emergency Services for Persons With Disabilities 253 6.1 What Is Specific with Communication for People with Disabilities? 253 6.1.1 Important Characteristics of Regular Voice Telephony 253 6.1.2 Important Characteristics of Accessible Conversational Services Suitable for People with Disabilities 254 6.2 Reality Today 255 6.3 Interpretation of the Term “Equivalent Service” 255 6.4 Sad History 256 6.5 Policy and Regulation Support 256 6.5.1 UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 256 6.5.2 The European Union Universal Service Directive 257 6.5.3 The Telecom Act and Public Procurement Act in the United States 257 6.5.4 Americans With Disability Act 257 6.5.5 Relay Service Regulation in the United States 258 6.6 Good Opportunities in IP-Based Services 258 6.7 Implementation Experience 260 7 Regulatory Situation 261 7.1 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the United States 262 7.1.1 Introduction 262 7.1.2 Background 262 7.1.3 E9-1-1 Requirements 263 7.2 Regulatory Aspects of Emergency Services in the European Union 266 7.2.1 Introduction 266 7.2.2 Regulatory Development of Emergency Services Under EU Law 267 7.2.3 Current Legal Framework 267 7.2.4 New Legal Framework 274 7.2.5 Emergency Regulation Outside of the EU Telecom Regulatory Framework 276 7.2.6 Conclusion 276 8 Research Projects and Pilots 279 8.1 REACH112: Responding to All Citizens Needing Help 280 8.1.1 Outline 280 8.1.2 Emergency Service Access 282 8.1.3 The Obstacles 284 8.1.4 Conclusion 288 8.2 PEACE: IP-Based Emergency Applications and Services for Next-Generation Networks 288 8.2.1 Introduction 288 8.2.2 Project Scope 289 8.2.3 Development Status 291 8.3 US Department of Transportation’s NG 9-1-1 Pilot Project 298 8.3.1 Overview 298 8.3.2 Proof-of-Concept Description 300 8.3.3 Testing 313 8.3.4 Conclusion 317 9 Organizations 321 9.1 ETSI EMTEL 322 9.1.1 Purpose of ETSI Special Committee EMTEL (Emergency Communications) 322 9.1.2 Main Features of EMTEL 322 9.1.3 Scope of ETSI SC EMTEL Work 323 9.1.4 Operation and Activities of SC EMTEL 324 9.1.5 EMTEL Evolution and Strategy 324 9.1.6 Vision for Future Emergency Services 325 9.2 NENA 326 9.3 EENA 327 9.3.1 What Is EENA? 327 9.3.2 What EENA Does? 327 9.3.3 What Are the EENA Memberships? 328 9.4 Ecma International 330 9.4.1 Ecma International 330 9.4.2 Ecma Technical Committee TC32 331 9.4.3 ECMA TR/101, Next Generation Corporate Networks (NGCN) – Emergency Calls 331 9.5 ATIS 332 9.5.1 Emergency Services Interconnection Forum (ESIF) 332 9.5.2 Next-Generation Emergency Services (NGES) Subcommittee 333 9.5.3 Example ESIF Issues 334 9.5.4 Summary 336 9.6 The NG9-1-1 Caucus and the NG9-1-1 Institute 336 9.7 COCOM EGEA 338 10 Conclusion and Outlook 341 10.1 Location 341 10.2 Architectures 342 10.3 Deployments 343 10.4 Security and Privacy 344 10.5 Emergency Services for Persons with Disabilities 344 10.6 Regulation 345 10.7 Research Projects and Pilots 345 10.8 Funding 346 References 349 Index 363

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Book SynopsisFourier Methods in Imaging first introduces the basic mathematical concepts of linear algebra for vectors and functions, a knowledge of which is necessary for understanding the subsequent discussions.Trade Review"Overall, this is an excellent text, appropriate for the graduate student approaching this material for the first time, and for the seasoned professional looking for an up-to-date reference." (Journal of Electronic Imaging, 1 April 2011) "This comprehensive textbook represents a practical review of Fourier techniques in imaging methods. It will be very useful for graduate students (in engineering, science, computer science, and applied mathematics) as well as engineers interested in linear imaging systems." (Zentralblatt Math, 2010)Table of ContentsSeries Editor’s Preface. Preface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Signals, Operators, and Imaging Systems. 1.2 The Three Imaging Tasks. 1.3 Examples of Optical Imaging. 1.4 ImagingTasks inMedical Imaging. 2 Operators and Functions. 2.1 Classes of Imaging Operators. 2.2 Continuous and Discrete Functions. Problems. 3 Vectors with Real-Valued Components. 3.1 Scalar Products. 3.2 Matrices. 3.3 Vector Spaces. Problems. 4 Complex Numbers and Functions. 4.1 Arithmetic of Complex Numbers. 4.2 Graphical Representation of Complex Numbers. 4.3 Complex Functions. 4.4 Generalized Spatial Frequency – Negative Frequencies. 4.5 Argand Diagrams of Complex-Valued Functions. Problems. 5 Complex-Valued Matrices and Systems. 5.1 Vectors with Complex-Valued Components. 5.2 Matrix Analogues of Shift-Invariant Systems. 5.3 Matrix Formulation of ImagingTasks. 5.4 Continuous Analogues of Vector Operations. Problems. 6 1-D Special Functions. 6.1 Definitions of 1-D Special Functions. 6.2 1-D Dirac Delta Function. 6.3 1-D Complex-Valued Special Functions. 6.4 1-D Stochastic Functions–Noise. 6.5 Appendix A: Area of SINC[x] and SINC2[x]. 6.6 Appendix B: Series Solutions for Bessel Functions J0[x] and J1[x]. Problems. 7 2-D Special Functions. 7.1 2-D Separable Functions. 7.2 Definitions of 2-D Special Functions. 7.3 2-D Dirac Delta Function and its Relatives. 7.4 2-D Functions with Circular Symmetry. 7.5 Complex-Valued 2-D Functions. 7.6 Special Functions of Three (orMore) Variables. Problems. 8 Linear Operators. 8.1 Linear Operators. 8.2 Shift-Invariant.Operators. 8.3 Linear Shift-Invariant (LSI) Operators. 8.4 Calculating Convolutions. 8.5 Properties of Convolutions. 8.6 Autocorrelation. 8.7 Crosscorrelation. 8.8 2-DLSIOperations. 8.9 Crosscorrelations of 2-D Functions. 8.10 Autocorrelations of 2-D.Functions. Problems. 9 Fourier Transforms of 1-D Functions. 9.1 Transforms of Continuous-Domain Functions. 9.2 Linear Combinations of Reference Functions. 9.3 Complex-Valued Reference Functions. 9.4 Transforms of Complex-Valued Functions. 9.5 Fourier Analysis of Dirac Delta Functions. 9.6 Inverse Fourier Transform. 9.7 Fourier Transforms of 1-D Special Functions. 9.8 Theorems of the Fourier Transform. 9.9 Appendix: Spectrum of Gaussian via Path Integral. Problems. 10 Multidimensional Fourier Transforms. 10.1 2-D Fourier Transforms. 10.2 Spectra of Separable 2-D Functions. 10.3 Theorems of 2-D Fourier Transforms. Problems. 11 Spectra of Circular Functions. 11.1 The Hankel Transform. 11.2 Inverse Hankel Transform. 11.3 Theorems of Hankel Transforms. 11.4 Hankel Transforms of Special Functions. 11.5 Appendix: Derivations of Equations (11.12) and (11.14). Problems. 12 The Radon Transform. 12.1 Line-Integral Projections onto Radial Axes. 12.2 Radon Transforms of Special Functions. 12.3 Theorems of the Radon Transform. 12.4 Inverse Radon Transform. 12.5 Central-Slice Transform. 12.6 Three Transforms of Four Functions. 12.7 Fourier and Radon Transforms of Images. Problems. 13 Approximations to Fourier Transforms. 13.1 Moment Theorem. 13.2 1-D Spectra via Method of Stationary Phase. 13.3 Central-Limit Theorem. 13.4 Width Metrics and Uncertainty Relations. Problems. 14 Discrete Systems, Sampling, and Quantization. 14.1 Ideal Sampling. 14.2 Ideal Sampling of Special Functions. 14.3 Interpolation of Sampled Functions. 14.4 Whittaker–Shannon Sampling Theorem. 14.5 Aliasingand Interpolation. 14.6 “Prefiltering” to Prevent Aliasing. 14.7 Realistic Sampling. 14.8 Realistic Interpolation. 14.9 Quantization. 14.10 Discrete Convolution. Problems. 15 Discrete Fourier Transforms. 15.1 Inverse of the Infinite-Support DFT. 15.2 DFT over Finite Interval. 15.3 Fourier Series Derived from Fourier Transform. 15.4 Efficient Evaluation of the Finite DFT. 15.5 Practical Considerations for DFT and FFT. 15.6 FFTs of 2-D Arrays. 15.7 Discrete Cosine Transform. Problems. 16 Magnitude Filtering. 16.1 Classes of Filters. 16.2 Eigenfunctions of Convolution. 16.3 Power Transmission of Filters. 16.4 Lowpass Filters. 16.5 Highpass Filters. 16.6 Bandpass Filters. 16.7 Fourier Transform as a Bandpass Filter. 16.8 Bandboost and Bandstop Filters. 16.9 Wavelet Transform. Problems. 17 Allpass (Phase) Filters. 17.1 Power-Series Expansion for Allpass Filters. 17.2 Constant-Phase Allpass Filter. 17.3 Linear-Phase Allpass Filter. 17.4 Quadratic-Phase Filter. 17.5 Allpass Filters with Higher-Order Phase. 17.6 Allpass Random-Phase Filter. 17.7 Relative Importance of Magnitude and Phase. 17.8 Imaging of Phase Objects. 17.9 Chirp Fourier Transform. Problems. 18 Magnitude–Phase Filters. 18.1 Transfer Functions of Three Operations. 18.2 Fourier Transform of Ramp Function. 18.3 Causal Filters. 18.4 Damped Harmonic Oscillator. 18.5 Mixed Filters with Linear or Random Phase. 18.6 Mixed Filter with Quadratic Phase. Problems. 19 Applications of Linear Filters. 19.1 Linear Filters for the Imaging Tasks. 19.2 Deconvolution– “Inverse Filtering”. 19.3 Optimum Estimators for Signals in Noise. 19.4 Detection of Known Signals – Matched Filter. 19.5 Analogies of Inverse and Matched Filters. 19.6 Approximations to Reciprocal Filters. 19.7 Inverse Filtering of Shift-Variant Blur. Problems. 20 Filtering in Discrete Systems. 20.1 Translation, Leakage, and Interpolation. 20.2 Averaging Operators– Lowpass Filters. 20.3 Differencing Operators – Highpass Filters. 20.4 Discrete Sharpening Operators. 20.5 2-DGradient. 20.6 Pattern Matching. 20.7 Approximate Discrete Reciprocal Filters. Problems. 21 Optical Imaging in Monochromatic Light. 21.1 Imaging Systems Based on Ray Optics Model. 21.2 Mathematical Model of Light Propagation. 21.3 Fraunhofer Diffraction. 21.4 Imaging System based on Fraunhofer Diffraction. 21.5 Transmissive Optical Elements. 21.6 Monochromatic Optical Systems. 21.7 Shift-Variant Imaging Systems. Problems. 22 Incoherent Optical Imaging Systems. 22.1 Coherence. 22.2 Polychromatic Source – Temporal Coherence. 22.3 Imaging in Incoherent Light. 22.4 System Function in Incoherent Light. Problems. 23 Holography. 23.1 Fraunhofer Holography. 23.2 Holography in Fresnel Diffraction Region. 23.3 Computer-Generated Holography. 23.4 Matched Filtering with Cell-Type CGH. 23.5 Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR). Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a cross-disciplinary reference to speech in mobile and pervasive environments Speech in Mobile and Pervasive Environments addresses the issues related to speech processing on resource-constrained mobile devices.Table of ContentsAbout the Series Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Foreword xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Application design 3 1.2 Interaction modality 3 1.3 Speech processing 4 1.4 Evaluations 5 2 Mobile Speech Hardware: The Case for Custom Silicon 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Mobile hardware: Capabilities and limitations 11 2.2.1 Looking inside a mobile device: Smartphone example 11 2.2.2 Processing limitations 14 2.2.3 Memory limitations 16 2.2.4 Power limitations 19 2.2.5 Silicon technology and mobile hardware 22 2.3 Profiling existing software systems 24 2.3.1 Speech recognition overview 24 2.3.2 Profiling techniques summary 25 2.3.3 Processing time breakdown 27 2.3.4 Memory usage 29 2.3.5 Power and energy breakdown 30 2.3.6 Summary 32 2.4 Recognizers for mobile hardware: Conventional approaches 32 2.4.1 Reduced-resource embedded recognizers 33 2.4.2 Network recognizers 35 2.4.3 Distributed recognizers 36 2.4.4 An alternative approach: Custom hardware 38 2.5 Custom hardware for mobile speech recognition 38 2.5.1 Motivation 38 2.5.2 Hardware implementation: Feature extraction 40 2.5.3 Hardware implementation: Feature scoring 41 2.5.4 Hardware implementation: Search 44 2.5.5 Hardware implementation: Performance and power evaluation 47 2.5.6 Hardware implementation: Summary 49 2.6 Conclusion 49 Bibliography 50 3 Embedded Automatic Speech Recognition and Text-to-Speech Synthesis 57 3.1 Automatic speech recognition 57 3.2 Mathematical formulation 58 3.3 Acoustic parameterization 60 3.3.1 Landmark-based approach 64 3.4 Acoustic modeling 64 3.4.1 Unit selection 64 3.4.2 Hidden Markov models 66 3.5 Language modeling 69 3.6 Modifications for embedded speech recognition 71 3.6.1 Feature computation 71 3.6.2 Likelihood computation 75 3.7 Applications 77 3.7.1 Car navigation systems 77 3.7.2 Smart homes 78 3.7.3 Interactive toys 78 3.7.4 Smartphones 79 3.8 Text-to-speech synthesis 79 3.9 Text to speech in a nutshell 80 3.10 Front end 81 3.11 Back end 84 3.11.1 Rule-based synthesis 84 3.11.2 Data-driven synthesis 86 3.11.3 Statistical parameteric speech synthesis 90 3.12 Embedded text-to-speech 91 3.13 Evaluation 92 3.14 Summary 94 Bibliography 94 4 Distributed Speech Recognition 99 4.1 Elements of distributed speech processing 100 4.2 Front-end processing 101 4.2.1 Device requirements 103 4.2.2 Transmission issues in DSR 104 4.2.3 Back-end processing 105 4.3 ETSI standards 106 4.3.1 Basic front-end standard ES 201 108 107 4.3.2 Noise-robust front-end standard ES 202 050 107 4.3.3 Tonal-language recognition standard ES 202 211 107 4.4 Transfer protocol 108 4.4.1 Signaling 109 4.4.2 RTP payload format 109 4.5 Energy-aware distributed speech recognition 110 4.6 ESR, NSR, DSR 111 Bibliography 113 5 Context in Conversation 115 5.1 Context modeling and aggregation 115 5.1.1 An example of composer specification 121 5.2 Context-based speech applications: Conspeakuous 122 5.2.1 Conspeakuous architecture 124 5.2.2 B-Conspeakuous 125 5.2.3 Learning as a source of context 125 5.2.4 Implementation 127 5.2.5 A tourist portal application 130 5.3 Context-based speech applications: Responsive information architect 132 5.4 Conclusion 133 Bibliography 134 6 Software: Infrastructure, Standards, Technologies 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Mobile operating systems 139 6.3 Voice over internet protocol 140 6.3.1 Implications for mobile speech 141 6.3.2 Sample speech applications 142 6.3.3 Access channels 142 6.4 Standards 143 6.5 Standards: VXML 144 6.6 Standards: VoiceFleXML 145 6.6.1 Brief overview of speech-based systems 147 6.6.2 System architecture 148 6.6.3 System architecture: VoiceFleXML interpreter 150 6.6.4 VoiceFleXML: Voice browser 155 6.6.5 A prototype implementation 159 6.7 SAMVAAD 163 6.7.1 Background and problem setting 165 6.7.2 Reorganization algorithms 166 6.7.3 Minimizing the number of dialogs 167 6.7.4 Hybrid call-flows 171 6.7.5 Minimally altered call-flows 172 6.7.6 Device-independent call-flow characterization 174 6.7.7 SAMVAAD: Architecture, implementation and experiments 175 6.7.8 Splitting dialog call-flows 180 6.8 Conclusion 188 6.9 Summary and future work 188 Bibliography 189 7 Architecture of Mobile Speech-Based and Multimodal Dialog Systems 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Multimodal architectures 193 7.3 Multimodal frameworks 195 7.4 Multimodal mobile applications 196 7.4.1 Mobile companion 197 7.4.2 MUMS 199 7.4.3 TravelMan 200 7.4.4 Stopman 203 7.5 Architectural models 206 7.5.1 Client–server systems 207 7.5.2 Dialog description systems 208 7.5.3 Generic model for distributed mobile multimodal speech systems 210 7.6 Distribution in the Stopman system 211 7.7 Conclusions 214 Bibliography 214 8 Evaluation of Mobile and Pervasive Speech Applications 219 8.1 Introduction 220 8.1.1 Spoken interaction 220 8.1.2 Mobile-use context 222 8.1.3 Speech and mobility 223 8.2 Evaluation of mobile speech-based systems 224 8.2.1 User interface evaluation methodology 225 8.2.2 Technical evaluation of speech-based systems 226 8.2.3 Usability evaluations 227 8.2.4 Subjective metrics and objective metrics 228 8.2.5 Laboratory and field studies 230 8.2.6 Simulating mobility in the laboratory 231 8.2.7 Studying social context 232 8.2.8 Long- and short-term studies 232 8.2.9 Validity 233 8.3 Case studies 235 8.3.1 STOPMAN evaluation 235 8.3.2 TravelMan evaluation 240 8.3.3 Discussion 247 8.4 Theoretical measures for dialog call-flows 248 8.4.1 Introduction 248 8.4.2 Dialog call-flow characterization 250 8.4.3 (m,q,a)-characterization 251 8.4.4 (m,q,a)-complexity 253 8.4.5 Call-flow analysis using (m,q,a)-complexity 254 8.5 Conclusions 257 Bibliography 258 9 Developing Regions 263 9.1 Introduction 264 9.2 Applications and studies 264 9.2.1 VoiKiosk 265 9.2.2 HealthLine 267 9.2.3 The spoken web 268 9.2.4 TapBack 271 9.3 Systems 275 9.4 Challenges 278 Bibliography 278 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of projects based around various microcontrollers from the PIC family. The reader is carefully guided through the book, from very simple to more complex projects in order to gradually build their knowledge about PIC microcontrollers and digital electronics in general.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xiii 1 PREPARING TO DO A PIC PROJECT 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Overview of PIC Microcontroller 2 1.3 Basics of PIC Assembly Language 9 1.4 Introduction to C Programming for PIC Microcontroller 16 1.5 MPLAB Integrated Development Environment (IDE) 28 1.6 Advanced Debugger Features – Stimulus 48 2 SIMPLE INTERFACES 55 2.1 Introduction 55 2.2 PIC12F629 Circuit Design 56 2.3 The PIC12F629 Strip Board Design 57 2.4 The PIC12F629 PCB Board Design 58 2.5 The PIC12F629 – Flashing LED Application 59 2.6 PIC16F627A Circuit Design 68 2.7 PIC16F629 Strip Board Design 69 2.8 PIC16F627A PCB Board Design 70 2.9 PIC16F627A – Display Segments 71 3 DISPLAY INTERFACES 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 PIC16F627A Four-Digit, Seven-Segment LED Display Circuit Design 84 3.3 PIC16F627A Four-Digit, Seven-Segment LED Display Circuit Strip Board Design 84 3.4 PIC12F629 PCB Board Design 86 3.5 PIC16F627A Four-Digit, Seven-Segment LED Display Circuit Application 86 3.6 PIC16F627A LCD Display Circuit Design 93 3.7 PIC16F627A Four-Digit, Seven-Segment LED Display Circuit Strip Board and PCB Design 95 3.8 PIC16F627A LCD Display Circuit Application 96 4 RS232 INTERFACES 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 RS232 Interface Circuit Design 106 4.3 PIC16F627A MCU – Transmit – C Program 109 4.4 PIC16F627A MCU – Transmit – Assembly Program 115 4.5 PIC16F627A MCU – Receive – C Program 119 4.6 PIC16F627A MCU – Receive – Assembly Program 121 4.7 PIC16F627A MCU – Transmit-Receive – C Program 124 4.8 PIC16F627A MCU – Transmit-Receive – Assembly Program 126 5 INTERFACING PICS WITH THE ANALOG WORLD 129 5.1 Introduction 129 5.2 Hardware Description 132 5.3 Level Indicator Program and Advanced Simulator Features 133 5.4 Level Indicator with Timing 147 5.5 Level Indicator with Better Timing – Timer Interrupts 149 5.6 Talkthrough Program with Adjustable Sampling Rate 156 6 OTHER PIC PROJECTS 159 6.1 Introduction 159 6.2 Stepper Motor Controller using PIC12F675 159 6.3 DC Motor Controller using a PIC12F675 164 6.4 An Ultrasonic Measuring System using the PIC16F627A 167 6.5 Function Generator 173 6.6 Digital Filtering 178 Appendix 189 Index 191

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, encompassing and accessible text examining a wide range of key Wireless Networking and Localization technologies This book provides a unified treatment of issues related to all wireless access and wireless localization techniques. The book reflects principles of design and deployment of infrastructure for wireless access and localization for wide, local, and personal networking. Description of wireless access methods includes design and deployment of traditional TDMA and CDMA technologies and emerging Long Term Evolution (LTE) techniques for wide area cellular networks, the IEEE 802.11/WiFi wireless local area networks as well as IEEE 802.15 Bluetooth, ZigBee, Ultra Wideband (UWB), RF Microwave and body area networks used for sensor and ad hoc networks. The principles of wireless localization techniques using time-of-arrival and received-signal-strength of the wireless signal used in military and commercial applications in smart devices operating in urTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Elements of Information Networks 3 1.3 Evolution of Wireless Access to the PSTN 17 1.4 Evolution of Wireless Access to the Internet 21 1.5 Evolution of Wireless Localization Technologies 27 1.6 Structure of this Book 29 Part I PRINCIPLES OF AIR–INTERFERENCE DESIGN 2 Characteristics of the Wireless Medium 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Modeling of Large-scale RSS, Path Loss, and Shadow Fading 45 2.3 Modeling of RSS Fluctuations and Doppler Spectrum 60 2.4 Wideband Modeling of Multipath Characteristics 72 2.5 Emerging Channel Models 79 Appendix A2: What Is the Decibel? 84 3 Physical Layer Alternatives forWireless Networks 99 3.1 Introduction 99 3.2 Physical Layer Basics: Data rate, Bandwidth, and Power 100 3.3 Performance in Multipath Wireless Channels 107 3.4 Wireless Transmission Techniques 112 3.5 Multipath Resistant Techniques 120 3.6 Coding Techniques for Wireless Communications 136 3.7 Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum Access 145 Appendix A3 145 4 Medium Access Methods 153 4.1 Introduction 153 4.2 Centralized Assigned-Access Schemes 155 4.3 Distributed Random Access for Data Oriented Networks 173 4.4 Integration of Voice and Data Traffic 195 Part II PRINCIPLES OF NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN 5 Deployment ofWireless Networks 217 5.1 Introduction 217 5.2 Wireless Network Architectures 218 5.3 Interference in Wireless Networks 224 5.4 Deployment of Wireless LANs 233 5.5 Cellular Topology, Cell Fundamentals, and Frequency Reuse 238 5.6 Capacity Expansion Techniques 248 5.7 Network Planning for CDMA Systems 268 5.8 Femtocells 270 6 Wireless Network Operations 275 6.1 Introduction 275 6.2 Cell Search and Registration 281 6.3 Mobility Management 283 6.4 Radio Resources and Power Management 301 7 Wireless Network Security 321 7.1 Introduction 321 7.2 Security in Wireless Local Networks 324 7.3 Security in Wireless Personal Networks 330 7.4 Security in Wide Area Wireless Networks 334 7.5 Miscellaneous Issues 340 Appendix A7: An Overview of Cryptography and Cryptographic Protocols 341 Part III WIRELESS LOCAL ACCESS 8 Wireless LANs 357 8.1 Introduction 357 8.2 Wireless Local Area Networks and Standards 363 8.3 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Operations 369 9 Low Power Sensor Networks 405 9.1 Introduction 405 9.2 Bluetooth 406 9.3 IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee 424 9.4 IEEE 802.15.6 Body Area Networks 434 10 GigabitWireless 447 10.1 Introduction 447 10.2 UWB Communications at 3.1–10.6 GHz 451 10.3 Gigabit Wireless at 60 GHz 467 Part IV WIDE AREA WIRELESS ACCESS 11 TDMA Cellular Systems 479 11.1 Introduction 479 11.2 What is TDMA Cellular? 480 11.3 Mechanisms to Support a Mobile Environment 486 11.4 Communication Protocols 491 11.5 Channel Models for Cellular Networks 501 11.6 Transmission Techniques in TDMA Cellular 508 11.7 Evolution of TDMA for Internet Access 512 12 CDMA Cellular Systems 519 12.1 Introduction 519 12.2 Why CDMA? 520 12.3 CDMA Based Cellular Systems 521 12.4 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 522 12.5 Communication Channels and Protocols in Example CDMA Systems 534 12.6 Cell Search, Mobility, and Radio Resource Management in CDMA 546 12.7 High Speed Packet Access 554 13 OFDM and MIMO Cellular Systems 561 13.1 Introduction 561 13.2 Why OFDM? 562 13.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output 572 13.4 WiMax 576 13.5 Long Term Evolution 582 13.6 LTE Advanced 591 Part V WIRELESS LOCALIZATION 14 Geolocation Systems 597 14.1 Introduction 597 14.2 What is Wireless Geolocation? 598 14.3 RF Location Sensing and Positioning Methodologies 602 14.4 Location Services Architecture for Cellular Systems 613 14.5 Positioning in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 620 15 Fundamentals of RF Localization 625 15.1 Introduction 625 15.2 Modeling of the Behavior of RF Sensors 626 15.3 Performance Bounds for Ranging 631 15.4 Wireless Positioning Algorithms 639 16 Wireless Localization in Practice 653 16.1 Introduction 653 16.2 Emergence of Wi-Fi Localization 653 16.3 Comparison of Wi-Fi Localization Systems 657 16.4 Practical TOA Measurement 665 16.5 Localization in the Absence of DP 669 16.6 Challenges in Localization inside the Human Body 675 References 687 Index 701

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a practical guide on how to use and apply channel models for system evaluation In this book, the authors focus on modeling and simulation of multiple antennas channels, including multiple input multiple output (MIMO) communication channels, and the impact of such models on channel estimation and system performance. Both narrowband and wideband models are addressed. Furthermore, the book covers topics related to modeling of MIMO channel, their numerical simulation, estimation and prediction, as well as applications to receive diversity, capacity and space-time coding techniques. Key Features: Contains significant background material, as well as novel research coverage, which make the book suitable for both graduate students and researchers Addresses issues such as key-hole, correlated and non i.i.d. channels in the frame of the Generalized Gaussian approach Provides a unique treatment of generalized GaussianTable of ContentsAbout the Series Editors xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 General remarks 1 1.2 Signals, interference, and types of parallel channels 3 2 Four-parametric model of a SISO channel 7 2.1 Multipath propagation 7 2.2 Random walk approach to modeling of scattering field 13 2.2.1 Random walk in two dimensions as a model for scattering field 13 2.2.2 Phase distribution and scattering strength 14 2.2.3 Distribution of intensity 14 2.2.4 Distribution of the random phase 17 2.3 Gaussian case 18 2.3.1 Four-parametric distribution family 18 2.3.2 Distribution of the magnitude 20 2.3.3 Distribution of the phase 27 2.3.4 Moment generating function, moments and cumulants of four-parametric distribution 29 2.3.5 Some aspects of multiple scattering propagation 29 3 Models of MIMO channels 33 3.1 General classification of MIMO channel models 33 3.2 Physical models 33 3.2.1 Deterministic models 34 3.2.2 Geometry-based stochastic models 35 3.3 Analytical models 36 3.3.1 Channel matrix model 37 3.4 Geometrical phenomenological models 47 3.4.1 Scattering from rough surfaces 48 3.5 On the role of trigonometric polynomials in analysis and simulation of MIMO channels 49 3.5.1 Measures of dependency 50 3.5.2 Non-negative trigonometric polynomials and their use in estimation of AoD and AoA distribution 51 3.5.3 Approximation of marginal PDF using non-negative polynomials 51 3.6 Canonical expansions of bivariate distributions and the structure MIMO channel covariance matrix 52 3.6.1 Canonical variables and expansion 52 3.6.2 General structure of the full covariance matrix 54 3.6.3 Relationship to other models 54 3.7 Bivariate von Mises distribution with correlated transmit and receive sides 56 3.7.1 Single cluster scenario 56 3.7.2 Multiple clusters scenario 58 3.8 Bivariate uniform distributions 58 3.8.1 Harmonic coupling 58 3.8.2 Markov-type bivariate density 61 3.9 Analytical expression for the diversity measure of an antenna array 62 3.9.1 Relation of the shape of the spatial covariance function to trigonometric moments 62 3.9.2 Approximation of the diversity measure for a large number of antennas 64 3.9.3 Examples 66 3.9.4 Leading term analysis of degrees of freedom 70 3.10 Effect of AoA/AoD dependency on the SDoF 72 3.11 Space-time covariance function 72 3.11.1 Basic equation 72 3.11.2 Approximations 73 3.12 Examples: synthetic data and uniform linear array 75 3.13 Approximation of a matrix by a Toeplitz matrix 77 3.14 Asymptotic expansions of diversity measure 78 3.15 Distributed scattering model 79 4 Modeling of wideband multiple channels 81 4.1 Standard models of channels 82 4.1.1 COST 259/273 82 4.1.2 3GPP SCM 83 4.1.3 WINNER channel models 84 4.2 MDPSS based wideband channel simulator 84 4.2.1 Geometry of the problem 84 4.2.2 Statistical description 85 4.2.3 Multi-cluster environment 87 4.2.4 Simulation of dynamically changing environment 88 4.3 Measurement based simulator 89 4.4 Examples 91 4.4.1 Two cluster model 92 4.4.2 Environment specified by joint AoA/AoD/ToA distribution 93 4.4.3 Measurement based simulator 95 4.5 Appendix A: simulation parameters 96 5 Capacity of communication channels 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Ergodic capacity of MIMO channel 100 5.2.1 Capacity of a constant (static) MIMO channel 100 5.2.2 Alternative normalization 102 5.2.3 Capacity of a static MIMO channel under different operation modes 103 5.2.4 Ergodic capacity of a random channel 104 5.2.5 Ergodic capacity of MIMO channels 106 5.2.6 Asymptotic analysis of capacity and outage capacity 106 5.3 Effects of MIMO models and their parameters on the predicted capacity of MIMO channels 109 5.3.1 Channel estimation and effective SNR 110 5.3.2 Achievable rates in Rayleigh channels with partial CSI 113 5.3.3 Examples 116 5.4 Time evolution of capacity 119 5.4.1 Time evolution of capacity in SISO channels 119 5.4.2 SISO channel capacity evolution 120 5.5 Sparse MIMO channel model 122 5.6 Statistical properties of capacity 124 5.6.1 Some mathematical expressions 124 5.7 Time-varying statistics 125 5.7.1 Unordered eigenvalues 125 5.7.2 Single cluster capacity LCR and AFD 126 5.7.3 Approximation of multi-cluster capacity LCR and AFD 126 5.7.4 Statistical simulation results 129 6 Estimation and prediction of communication channels 131 6.1 General remarks on estimation of time-varying channels 131 6.2 Velocity estimation 131 6.2.1 Velocity estimation based on the covariance function approximation 131 6.2.2 Estimation based on reflection coefficients 132 6.3 K-factor estimation 133 6.3.1 Moment matching estimation 133 6.3.2 I/Q based methods 134 6.4 Estimation of four-parametric distributions 135 6.5 Estimation of narrowband MIMO channels 138 6.5.1 Superimposed pilot estimation scheme 138 6.5.2 LS estimation 140 6.5.3 Scaled least-square (SLS) estimation 142 6.5.4 Minimum MSE 144 6.5.5 Relaxed MMSE estimators 146 6.6 Using frames for channel state estimation 148 6.6.1 Properties of the spectrum of a mobile channel 149 6.6.2 Frames based on DPSS 150 6.6.3 Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences 150 6.6.4 Numerical simulation 154 7 Effects of prediction and estimation errors on performance of communication systems 157 7.1 Kolmogorov–Szeg¨o-Krein formula 160 7.2 Prediction error for different antennas and scattering characteristics 162 7.2.1 SISO channel 162 7.2.2 SIMO channel 165 7.2.3 MISO channel 167 7.2.4 MIMO channel 170 7.3 Summary of infinite horizon prediction results 174 7.4 Eigenstructure of two cluster correlation matrix 175 7.5 Preliminary comments on finite horizon prediction 176 7.6 SISO channel prediction 178 7.6.1 Wiener filter 178 7.6.2 Single pilot prediction in a two cluster environment 179 7.6.3 Single cluster prediction with multiple past samples 181 7.6.4 Two cluster prediction with multiple past samples 182 7.6.5 Role of oversampling 187 7.7 What is the narrowband signal for a rectangular array? 188 7.8 Prediction using the UIU model 190 7.8.1 Separable covariance matrix 191 7.8.2 1 × 2 unseparable example 192 7.8.3 Large number of antennas: no noise 193 7.8.4 Large number of antennas: estimation in noise 194 7.8.5 Effects of the number of antennas, scattering geometry, and observation time on the quality of prediction 195 7.9 Numerical simulations 198 7.9.1 SISO channel single cluster 198 7.9.2 Two cluster prediction 198 7.10 Wiener estimator 199 7.11 Approximation of the Wiener filter 201 7.11.1 Zero order approximation 202 7.11.2 Perturbation solution 202 7.12 Element-wise prediction of separable process 203 7.13 Effect of prediction and estimation errors on capacity calculations 204 7.14 Channel estimation and effective SNR 205 7.14.1 System model 205 7.14.2 Estimation error 205 7.14.3 Effective SNR 207 7.15 Achievable rates in Rayleigh channels with partial CSI 208 7.15.1 No CSI at the transmitter 208 7.15.2 Partial CSI at the transmitter 209 7.15.3 Optimization of the frame length 211 7.16 Examples 211 7.16.1 P(0, 0) Estimation 211 7.16.2 Effect of non-uniform scattering 213 7.17 Conclusions 214 7.18 Appendix A: Szeg¨o summation formula 215 7.19 Appendix B: matrix inversion lemma 216 8 Coding, modulation, and signaling over multiple channels 219 8.1 Signal constellations and their characteristics 219 8.2 Performance of OSTBC in generalized Gaussian channels and hardening effect 224 8.2.1 Introduction 224 8.2.2 Channel representation 225 8.2.3 Probability of error 227 8.2.4 Hardening effect 229 8.3 Differential time-space modulation (DTSM) and an effective solution for the non-coherent MIMO channel 233 8.3.1 Introduction to DTSM 233 8.3.2 Performance of autocorrelation receiver of DSTM in generalized Gaussian channels 234 8.3.3 Comments on MIMO channel model 235 8.3.4 Differential space-time modulation 235 8.3.5 Performance of DTSM 237 8.3.6 Numerical results and discussions 243 8.3.7 Some comments 243 Bibliography 245 Index 257

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Book SynopsisIndustrial energy systems channel fuels and power into a variety of energy types such as steam, direct heat, hot fluids and gases, and shaft power for compressors, fans, pumps, and other machine-driven equipment. All of these processes impact the environment and are impacted by external energy and environmental policies and regulations.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors. Preface. Introductory Chapter: Framework for Energy and Environmental Management in Industry. 1. Introduction. 2. Energy Use by Industrial Operations. 3. Environmental Impacts of Industrial Operations. 4. End Use Energy Efficiency. 5. Efficiency of Using Raw Materials. 6. Global Energy Policy Framework. 7. Energy and Environmental Policies. 7.1 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC). 7.2 Energy Markets Deregulation and Liberalization. 7.3 Consumers’ Choice in the Liberalized Energy Market. 7.4 Emissions Trading. 7.5 Compulsory Energy Efficiency Programs. 7.6 Voluntary Programs. 8. Industries’ Self-Motivation for Effective Energy and Environmental Performance. 9. Environmentally Responsible Investing. 10. Where to Look for Energy and Environmental Performance Improvements. 11. Bibliography. Part I: Energy and Environmental Management System in Industry (EEMS). 1. Introducing the Energy and Environmental Management System. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Definition of terms. 1.3 Energy and Environmental Management System. 1.4 Objectives of Energy and Environmental Management. 1.5 Dynamics of Energy and Environmental Management. 1.6 Human Aspects of Energy and Environmental Management. 1.7 Initiating Training, Awareness and Motivation Programs. 1.8 Bibliography. 2. The Energy and Environmental Management Concept. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Interactions between Energy and Production. 2.3 Energy Cost Centers. 2.4 Assigning Responsibilities for Energy and Environmental Performance. 2.6 Effective Use of Energy and Environmental Performance Indicators. 2.7 Concept of Energy and Environmental Management System. 2.8 Context of Energy and Environmental Management. 2.9 Bibliography. 3. Relationship between Energy Use and Production Volume. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Energy/Production Relationship by Design. 3.3 Energy/Production Relationship by Standard Operational Procedure. 3.4 Presenting the Dynamics of the Energy/Production Relationship by Scatter Diagram. 3.5 Interpretation of Energy/Production Data Pattern on the Scatter Diagram. 3.6 Statistical Methods for Energy/Production Variability Analysis. 3.7 Meaning and Use of the Regression Line in Energy Performance Evaluation. 3.8 Summary of Presenting and Analyzing the Energy/Production Relationship. 3.9 Bibliography. 4. Evaluating the Performance of Energy and Environmental Management Practice. 4.1 Evaluation of Past Performance. 4.2 Energy and Environmental Auditing. 4.3 Evaluating Organizational Aspects. 4.4 Evaluating Operational Aspects. 4.5 Setting a Baseline for Monitoring Performance Improvements. 4.6 Setting Initial Targets for Performance Improvement. 4.7 Monitoring Energy and Environmental Performance. 4.8 Verifying Performance Improvements – CUSUM Technique. 4.9 Moving Toward Targets – Process of Change. 4.10 Bibliography. 5. Implementation of the Energy and Environmental Management System. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Phases of EEMS Implementation Process. 5.3 Preparation and Planning. 5.4 Implementation Plan. 5.5 EEMS Operation. 5.6 Learning Through EEMS Operation. 5.7 Continuity and Communication. 5.8 Integration of EEMS with Business Management System. 6. Energy and Environmental Management as a Driver for Integrated Performance Management. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Integrated Performance Management in Operations. 6.3 Strategic Aspects of Performance Management. 6.4 Integrated Performance Measurement System. 6.5 Integrated Performance Management. 6.6 Conclusion. 6.7 Bibliography. Part II: Engineering Aspects of Industrial Energy Management. 1. Introduction to Industrial Energy Systems. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Industrial Energy Systems Analysis. 2 Industrial Steam System. 2.1 System Description. 2.1.1 Boilers. 2.3 Principles of Performance Analysis. 2.4 Analysis of Boiler Performance. 2.5 Factors Influencing Boiler Performance. 2.6 Opportunities for Boiler Performance Improvement. 2.7 Software for Boiler Performance Analysis. 2.8 Boiler Performance Monitoring. 2.9 Steam Distribution and Condensate Return System. 2.10 Condensate Return System. 2.11 Environmental Impacts. 2.12 Bibliography. 3. Industrial Electric Power System. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Description of Industrial Electric Power Systems. 3.3 Basic Terms. 3.4 Tariff System. 3.5 Main Components of Industrial Electric Power Systems. 3.6 Performance Assessment of Industrial Electric Power Systems. 3.7 Performance Improvement Opportunities. 3.8 Maintenance Considerations. 3.9 Performance Monitoring. 3.10 Environmental Impacts. 3.11 Bibliography. 4. Compressed Air System. 4.1 System Description. 4.2 Performance Analysis. 4.3 Performance Improvement Opportunities. 4.4 Performance Monitoring. 4.5 Example: Detailed Energy Audit of Compressed Air System. 4.6 Example: Comparison of Load/Unload and Pump-up Tests. 4.7 Bibliography. 5. Refrigeration System. 5.1 Description of System. 5.2 Performance Definitions. 5.3 Performance Analysis. 5.4 Performance Improvement Opportunities. 5.5 Performance Monitoring. 5.6 Example: Improvement of ChilledWater System Operation. 5.7 Bibliography. 6. Industrial Cogeneration. 6.1 System Description. 6.2 Principles of Operation. 6.3 Types of Industrial Cogeneration Plants. 6.4 Operational Modes of Cogeneration Systems. 6.5 Performance Definition. 6.6 Factors Influencing Performance. 6.7 Economic Aspects of Cogeneration as a Performance Improvement Measure. 6.8 Performance Assessment. 6.9 Performance Monitoring and Improvement. 6.10 Environmental Impacts 415. 6.11 Case Study: Drying Kiln (Gas Turbine Operation Philosophy Improvement). 6.12 Bibliography. Part III: Toolbox – Fundamentals for Analysis and Calculation of Energy and Environmental Performance. Index.

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