Electronics and communications engineering Books

Book SynopsisBuilding Software for Simulation A unique guide to the design and implementation of simulation software This book offers a concise introduction to the art of building simulation software, collecting the most important concepts and algorithms in one place. Written for both individuals new to the field of modeling and simulation as well as experienced practitioners, this guide explains the design and implementation of simulation software used in the engineering of large systems while presenting the relevant mathematical elements, concept discussions, and code development. The book approaches the topic from the perspective of Zeigler's theory of modeling and simulation, introducing the theory's fundamental concepts and showing how to apply them to engineering problems. Readers will learn five necessary skills for building simulations of complicated systems: Working with fundamental abstractions for simulating dynamic systems Developing basic Trade Review"It is indispensable reading for undergraduate and graduate students studying modeling and simulation, as well as for practicing scientists and engineers involved in the development of simulation tools." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011) "Written by leading experts in the field, this book (which is complementary to Fatigue of Materials and Structures: Application to Damage and Design, also edited by Claude Bathias and Andr Pineau), provides an authoritative, comprehensive and unified treatment of the mechanics and micromechanisms of fatigue in metals, polymers and composites." (PR-Inside.com, 15 March 2011) "This book offers a concise introduction to the art of building simulation software, collecting the most important concepts and algorithms in one place." (Robotics Technology, 15 March 2011) Table of ContentsPREFACE. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Elements of a Software Architecture. 1.2 Systems Concepts as an Architectural Foundation. 1.3 Summary. 1.4 Organization of the Book. 2 FIRST EXAMPLE: SIMULATING A ROBOTIC TANK. 2.1 Functional Modeling. 2.2 A Robotic Tank. 2.2.1 Equations of Motion. 2.2.2 Motors, Gearbox, and Tracks. 2.2.3 Complete Model of the Tank?s Continuous Dynamics. 2.2.4 The Computer. 2.2.5 Complete Model of the Tank. 2.3 Design of the Tank Simulator. 2.4 Experiments. 2.5 Summary. 3 DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS. 3.1 Atomic Models. 3.1.1 Trajectories. 3.1.2 The State Transition and Output Function. 3.1.3 Two Examples of Atomic, Discrete-Time Models. 3.1.4 Systems with Bags for Input and Output. 3.1.5 A Simulator for Atomic Models. 3.2 Network Models. 3.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model. 3.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model. 3.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant. 3.2.4 Simulating the Resultant. 3.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Time Systems. 3.4 Mealy/Moore-Type Systems. 3.5 Cellular Automata. 3.6 Summary. 4 DISCRETE-EVENT SYSTEMS. 4.1 Atomic Models. 4.1.1 Time and Trajectories. 4.1.2 The State Transition Function. 4.1.3 The Output Function. 4.1.4 Legitimate Systems. 4.1.5 An Example of an Atomic Model. 4.1.6 The Interrupt Handler in the Robotic Tank. 4.1.7 Systems with Bags for Input and Output. 4.1.8 A Simulator for Atomic Models. 4.1.9 Simulating the Interrupt Handler. 4.2 Network Models. 4.2.1 The Parts of a Network Model. 4.2.2 The Resultant of a Network Model. 4.2.3 An Example of a Network Model and Its Resultant. 4.2.4 Simulating the Resultant. 4.3 A Simulator for Discrete-Event Systems. 4.3.1 The Event Schedule. 4.3.2 The Bag. 4.3.3 The Simulation Engine. 4.4 The Computer in the Tank. 4.5 Cellular Automata Revisited. 4.6 Summary. 5 HYBRID SYSTEMS. 5.1 An Elementary Hybrid System. 5.2 Networks of Continuous Systems. 5.3 Hybrid Models as Discrete-Event Systems. 5.4 Numerical Simulation of Hybrid Systems. 5.5 A Simulator for Hybrid Systems. 5.6 Interactive Simulation of the Robotic Tank. 5.6.1 Correcting the Dynamics of a Turn. 5.6.2 A Simplified Model of the Motor. 5.6.3 Updating the Display. 5.6.4 Implementing the Tank Physics. 5.7 Approximating Continuous Interaction Between Hybrid Models. 5.8 A Final Comment on Cellular Automata. 5.8.1 Differential Automata with Constant Derivatives. 5.8.2 Modeling Asynchronous Cellular Automata with Differential Automata. 5.8.3 A Homomorphism from Differential Automata to Asynchronous Cellular Automata. 5.9 Summary. 6 APPLICATIONS. 6.1 Control Through a Packet-Switched Network. 6.1.1 Model of the Pendulum and Its PID Controller. 6.1.2 Integration with an Ethernet Simulator. 6.1.3 Experiments. 6.2 Frequency Regulation in an Electrical Power System. 6.2.1 Generation. 6.2.2 Transmission Network and Electrical Loads. 6.2.3 Frequency Monitoring and Load Actuation. 6.2.4 Software Implementation. 6.2.5 Experiments. 6.3 Summary. 7 THE FUTURE. 7.1 Simulation Programming Languages. 7.2 Parallel Computing and Discrete-Event Simulation. 7.3 The Many Forms of Discrete Systems and Their Simulators. 7.4 Other Facets of Modeling and Simulation. APPENDIX A DESIGN AND TEST OF SIMULATIONS. A.1 Decomposing a Model. A.1.1 Bottom-Up Testing. A.1.2 Invariants and Assertions. A.2 Input and Output Objects. A.2.1 Simple Structures. A.2.2 Unions. A.2.3 Pointers and Hierarchies of Events. A.2.4 Mixing Strategies with Model Wrappers. A.3 Reducing Execution Time. APPENDIX B PARALLEL DISCRETE EVENT SIMULATION. B.1 A Conservative Algorithm. B.1.1 Lookahead. B.1.2 The Algorithm. B.2 Implementing the Algorithm with OpenMP. B.2.1 Pragmas, Volatiles, and Locks. B.2.2 Overview of the Simulator. B.2.3 The LogicalProcess. B.2.4 The MessageQ. B.2.5 The ParSimulator. B.3 Demonstration of Gustafson?s and Amdahl?s Laws. APPENDIX C MATHEMATICAL TOPICS. C.1 System Homomorphisms. C.2 Sinusoidal State-Steady Analysis. REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisSupervisory Skills for the Technical Manager: A Guide to Success focuses exclusively on the dynamics of being a technical manager such as a scientist, programmer, or engineer. An R&D environment demands modified management techniques and this book explores how to do so. Drawing of years of experience to provide technical managers with various tools and ways to apply them in supervisory situation, this essential title includes exercises, templates and checklists to accelerate their uses and applications on the job. In addition, case studies are included throughout to thoroughly explain and explore the concepts discussed. Key topics include handing the transition to supervising others in research and development, the characteristics needed to motivate personnel in a R&D environment as compared to other areas of business are detailed. The pitfalls and challenges of managing technical personnel, how delegating can build an effective team that can produce superior results,Table of ContentsPREFACE xi CHAPTER 1 TIPS ON TRANSITIONS FOR TECHNICAL MANAGERS 1 Transition Situations 1 Manager or Scientist? An Attribute Inventory 6 Manager–Scientist Inventory Score Sheet 10 Interpretation 12 Questions to Ask Yourself 12 Transition Situations—Solutions 13 References 14 Bibliography 14 CHAPTER 2 ADVICE ON CREATING A MOTIVATING CLIMATE 17 Motivation Situation 17 What Motivates You? 18 Why Is Motivation Important? 21 Diagnosing Motivation 22 Applying Theories about Motivation 22 Motivation Situation—Solution 28 References 29 Bibliography 29 CHAPTER 3 HINTS TO INCREASE INTERPERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS 31 Interpersonal Effectiveness—My Story 31 The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 32 Using Type Effectively 34 Applying Characteristics of Type 39 Role of Emotions and Trust 43 References 46 Bibliography 46 CHAPTER 4 CLUES ABOUT COMMUNICATION PITFALLS AND STRATEGIES 49 Communication Situation 49 Communication Patterns and Factors 50 The AIDR Technique 55 Focusing on Others—A Development Experiment 56 Ask Questions 57 Challenge Assumptions 58 Email 58 Email Guide 59 Applying the MBTI 60 Planning a Personal Communication Strategy 63 Communication Situation—Suggestions 64 References 64 Bibliography 65 CHAPTER 5 SECRETS TO MANAGING PERFORMANCE 67 Performance Situation 67 Setting Expectations and Goals 68 Consider Personal Styles—Both Yours and Your Employee’s 71 Managing Performance 74 Performance Problem Solving 76 Dealing with Performance Issues 76 Managing a Performance Issue 77 Distinguishing between Observations and Conclusions 78 Performance Conversation Checklist 80 Tackling Recurring Problems 81 Performance Issue Linked to Technical Problems 81 Managing Managers 83 Suggested Answers for Distinguishing between Observations and Conclusions 86 References 87 Bibliography 87 CHAPTER 6 INCREASING EFFECTIVENESS THROUGH DELEGATION 89 Delegation Situation 89 Delegation Choices 90 Delegation Benefits 91 Delegation Analysis 93 Delegation Profile 95 Planning for Delegation 96 Styles of Delegation 97 Relation of U/E to Delegation Style 101 Delegation Checklist 102 Delegation Using Type 104 Temperaments 107 Applying New Concepts and Skills 108 Delegation Situation—Solution 109 Delegation Choices—Suggestions 109 References 110 Bibliography 110 CHAPTER 7 POINTS FOR SUCCEEDING AS A COACH 113 Coaching Success 113 Building Connections 114 How Do Star Performers Network? 115 Group Social Networks 115 Challenging the Status Quo 117 Looking Forward 121 Suggestions for Development Activities 122 Coaching Success—Solution 131 References 132 Bibliography 132 CHAPTER 8 TECHNIQUES TO MANAGE GROUPS, TEAMS, AND MEETINGS 135 Facilitation Situation 135 Building Collaboration 136 Role Clarification Activity 137 Goal Clarification Activity 138 Group Operating Principles or Norms 138 Increasing Meeting Effectiveness 139 Individual Autonomy versus Group Interdependence 140 Decision Making 142 Meeting Management Techniques 143 Application: Your Own Meeting 147 Facilitation Situation—Suggestions 149 References 150 Bibliography 151 CHAPTER 9 CLUES TO FOSTER CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION 153 Sam’s Dilemma 153 Social and Educational Input on Creativity 154 Raising the Bar for Creativity and Innovation 155 Definitions: Creativity and Innovation 156 Sam’s Dilemma—Resolved 166 References 167 Bibliography 168 CHAPTER 10 POINTERS ON MANAGING PROJECTS AND DECISIONS 171 Project Support 171 So, What Can You Do? 173 Learn the Basics of Project Management 173 Understand and Take Advantage of Different Approaches to Project Planning 173 Challenge What Does Not Make Sense 175 Consider the Difference between Risk and Uncertainty 175 Look for Ways to Improve Communication in Your Project 176 Avoid Going for the Big Bang—Prioritize and Proceed Incrementally 177 Be Assertive and Work to Kill a Project That Should Die 180 Use Consensus Wisely and Make Timely Decisions 181 Project Support—Suggestions 186 References 187 Bibliography 188 CHAPTER 11 SUGGESTIONS FOR MANAGING UP 191 Managing Up Stories 191 Build Your Relationship 193 Manage Communication 194 Guidelines to Approach Your Boss 197 Guidelines for Receiving Feedback 198 Managing Up Stories—Resolved 201 References 203 Bibliography 204 CHAPTER 12 LET’S USE IT RIGHT: A SUMMARY OF SUGGESTED APPROACHES 205 References 215 FIFTY-TWO-WEEK LEADERSHIP JOURNAL 217 INDEX 315

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Book SynopsisA unified treatment of the vulnerabilities that exist in real-world network systemswith tools to identify synergies for mergers and acquisitions Fragile Networks: Identifying Vulnerabilities and Synergies in an Uncertain World presents a comprehensive study of network systems and the roles these systems play in our everyday lives. This book successfully conceptualizes, defines, and constructs mathematically rigorous, computer-based tools for the assessment of network performance and efficiency, along with robustness and vulnerability analysis. The result is a thorough exploration that promotes an understanding of the critical infrastructure of today''s network systems, from congested urban transportation networks and supply chain networks under disruption to financial networks and the Internet. The authors approach the analyses by abstracting not only topological structures of networks, but also the behavior of network users, the demand for resources, the resulTable of ContentsPART I NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS, EFFICIENCY MEASUREMENT, AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS. 1 Introduction and Overview. 2 Fundamental Methodologies, Network Models, and Algorithms. 3 Network Performance Measurement and Robustness Analysis. PART II APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS. 4 Application of the Measures to Transportation Networks. 5 Supply Chain Networks with Disruption Risks. 6 Critical Nodes and Links in Financial Networks. 7 Dynamic Networks, the Internet, and Electric Power. PART III MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS, NETWORK INTEGRATION, AND SYNERGIES. 8 A System-Optimization Perspective for Supply Chain Network Integration. 9 Environmental and Cost Synergy in Network Integration. 10 Multiproduct Supply Chain Network Integration. 11 Network Oligopolies and the Merger Paradox. Appendix. Bibliography. Glossary.

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Book SynopsisA major update of solar cell technology and the solar marketplace Since the first publication of this important volume over a decade ago, dramatic changes have taken place with the solar market growing almost 100-fold and the U.S. moving from first to fourth place in the world market as analyzed in this Second Edition. Three bold new opportunities are identified for any countries wanting to improve market position. The first is combining pin solar cells with 3X concentration to achieve economic competitiveness near term. The second is charging battery-powered cars with solar cell?generated electricity from arrays in surrounding areas?including the car owners'' homes?while simultaneously reducing their home electricity bills by over ninety percent. The third is formation of economic unions of sufficient combined economic size to be major competitors. In this updated edition, feed-in tariffs are identified as the most effective approach for public policy. Reasons are proTrade Review"In this updated edition, feed-in tariffs are identified as the most effective approach for public policy. Reasons are provided to explain why pin solar cells outperform more traditional pn solar cells. Field test data are reported for nineteen percent pin solar cells and for -500X concentrating systems with bare cell efficiencies approaching forty percent." (Global Print Monitor, 26 November 2010) Table of ContentsI. Introduction to Solar Cells. 1. Solar Cells: A Brief History and Introduction (Lewis Fraas and Larry Partain). 2. Solar Cell Electricity Market History, Public Policy, Projected Future and Estimated Costs (Larry Partain and Lewis Fraas). 3. Solar Cells, Single Crystal Semiconductors, and High Efficiency (Lewis Fraas). 4. Solar Cell Device Physics (Larry Partain). II. Terrestrial Solar Cell Electricity. 5. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells and Modules (Leonid Rubin). 6. Thin Film Solar Cells and Modules (Robert Birkmire). 7. Terrestrial Module Fabrication & Assembly Technologies (Christopher Bunner). 8. Chinese Solar Cell Status (Wang Sicheng). 9. Tracking the Sun for More kWh and Lower Cost Solar Electricity (Ron Corio, Michael Reed and Lewis Fraas). 10. Solar Cell Systems: Definition, Performance & Reliability (Jason Strauch, Larry Moore and Elmer Collins). 11. Leveled Cost of Energy for Utility-Scale Photovoltaics (Matthew Campbell). III. Terrestrial Concentrator Solar Cell Systems. 12. Low Concentration Crystalline Silicon Systems (Lewis Fraas). 13. High-Concentration, III-V Multijunction Solar Cells (Geoffrey Kinsey). 14. High Concentration Fresnel Lens Assemblies and Systems (Gerhard (Peharz and Andreas Bett). 15. High Concentration Cassengrainian Solar Cell Modules and Arrays (Michael Ludowise and Lewis Fraas). 16. Concentrator Solar Cell Installations at University of Nevada Las Vegas (Suresh Sadineni and Robert Boehm). 17. Concentrator Solar Cell Field Installations (Francisca Rubio, Mar¡a Martinez and Pedro Banda). IV. Solar Cells in Space. 18. Space Solar Cells and Applications (Sheila Bailey and Ryne Raffaelle). V. Other Aspects & Considerations. 19. Solar Resource for Space and Terrestrial Applications (Christian Gueymard and Daryl Myers). 20. Solar Energy Costs: The Solar Advisor Model (Paul Gilman, Nathan Blair and Christopher Cameron). 21. Challenges of Large-Scale Solar Cell Electricity Production (David Faiman). VI. Thin Films & X-ray Imager Technologies. 22. Market Overview of Flat Panel Detectors for X-Ray Imaging (Carl LaCasce, Larry Partain and Chuck Blouir). 23. Amorphous Silicon Transistors and Photodiodes (Robert Street). 24. Amorphous Silicon Digital X-ray Imaging (Richard Colbeth). 25. Photoconductor Digital X-ray Imaging (George Zentai). VII. Summary. 26. Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (Lewis Fraas and Larry Partain).

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Book SynopsisIntriguing . . . [filled with] new ideas about overarching intellectual themes that govern our technologies and our society. Nikil Jayant, Eminent Scholar, Georgia Research Alliance Dr. Ahamed is correct in observing that ''silicon and glass have altered the rhythm of mind'' and that computers need to be more ''human.'' Bishnu S. Atal, Member, National Academy of Engineering This book combines philosophical, societal, and artificial intelligence concepts with those of computer science and information technology to demonstrate novel ways in which computers can simplify data mining on the Internet. It describes numerous innovative methods that go well beyond information retrieval to allow computers to accomplish such tasks as processing, classifying, prioritizing, and reconstituting knowledge. The book is divided into five parts: New knowledge sensing and filtering environments Concept building and wisdTable of ContentsForword. Preface. Introduction. 1 New Knowledge Environments. Chapter Summary. 1.1 The Need to Know. 1.2 Role of Technology. 1.3 Knowledge and Wealth. 1.4 Evolving Knowledge Environments. 1.5 Structure and Communication of Knowledge. 1.6 Intelligent Internet and Knowledge Society. 1.7 Knowledge Networks. 1.8 Conclusions. References. 2 Wisdom Machines. Chapter Summary. 2.1 Many "Flavors" of Wisdom. 2.2 Three Orientations of Wisdom. 2.3 Optimization of Wise Choices. 2.4 Three-Level Functions. 2.5 Knowledge Machines Building Blocks. 2.6 Machine Clusters. 2.7 From Wisdom to Behavior. 2.8 Order, Awareness, and Search. 2.9 Conclusions. References. 3 General Theory of Knowledge. Chapter Summary. 3.1 A Basis for the Theory of Knowledge. 3.2 Comprehension, Nature, and Knowledge. 3.3 Central Processing and Knowledge Processing. 3.4 Accumulation of Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom. 3.5 The Enhanced Knowledge Trail. 3.6 Sequencing of Events at Nodes. 3.7 Transitions at I, K, and C Nodes. 3.8 Transition Management at Nodes. 3.9 An Inverse Universe. 3.10 Origin and Destination. 3.11 The Entropy of Knowledge. 3.12 Conclusions. References. 4 Verb Functions and Noun Objects. Chapter Summary. 4.1 Positive and Negative Social Forces. 4.2 Framework of Knowledge. 4.3 Compilation of Knowledge. 4.4 Derivation of Knowledge. 4.5 Knowledge Machine Software Hierarchy. 4.6 Knowledge Hardware and Software Systems. 4.7 Classical Migration Path of Knowledge. 4.8 Conclusions. References. 5 Humanistic and Semi-Human Systems. Chapter Summary. 5.1 Humanistic Chip Sets. 5.2 Essence of Human Activity. 5.3 Smart Verbs and Intelligent Nouns. 5.4 Algorithmic Representation. 5.5 Effects of Intelligent Response. 5.6 Gradation of Knowledge Processor Unit Responses. 5.7 Fragments of Overall Human Activity. 5.8 Dual Knowledge Processor Unit Human Interaction Model. References. A.1 Nonlinear Responses. A.2 Oscillatory Response of Noun Objects. B.1 Knowledge Machines for Human Interactive Processes. B.2 Knowledge Machine for Labor-Management. B.3 Knowledge Machine for Corporate Interactions. 6 Information and Knowledge Filters. Chapter Summary. 6.1 Junk Information and Hype Knowledge. 6.2 Design of Conventional Signal Filters. 6.3 Signal Waves and Knowledge Flow. 6.4 The (I« »K) Filters. 6.5 The Design of (I« »K) Filters. 6.6 Configuration of (I« »K) Systems. 6.7 Selection of Noun Objects and Verb Functions in Samples. 6.8 Systems for (I« »K) Filters. 6.9 Two-Port Knowledge Network. 6.10 Knowledge Gates. 6.11 Contamination of (I« »K). 6.12 Decontamination of Knowledge. 6.13 Conclusions. References. 7 Process and Change Of Entropy. Chapter Summary. 7.1 Actions And Entropy. 7.2 Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.3 Classification of Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.4 Clusters of Complex Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.5 Single-Process Kopcodes for Generic Knowledge-Centric Objects. 7.6 Multiple-Process Instructions. 7.7 Passive Kopcs. 7.8 Active Kopcs. 7.9 Execution of Multiple-Process Instructions. 7.10 Iterative and Reflexive Processing. 7.11 Macroinstructions For Knowledge Processor Units. 7.12 Knowledge Processor Unit Architectures for Kopc01-12 Instructions. 7.13 Conclusions. References. 8 Knowledge System Architectures. Chapter Summary. 8.1 From the Central Processor Unit to Knowledge Processor Unit. 8.2 The Philosophic Dimension. 8.3 Iterative Cyclic Social Processes. 8.4 The Scientific Dimension. 8.5 Varieties of Processors and Machines. 8.6 The Trend of Concepts. 8.7 Recent Trends Towards Wisdom. 8.8 The Trend of Values and Ethics. 8.9 Conclusions. References. 9 Humans, Machines, and Networks. Chapter Summary. 9.1 Ethics and Values In High-Tech Society. 9.2 Needs that Drive. 9.3 Networks that Transport. 9.4 Overlap of Needs and Networks. 9.5 Rationality of Humanistic Machines. 9.6 Wisdom Domain and Knowledge Rush. 9.7 Needs Pyramid of a Society. 9.8 Self-Perpetuating Power Loops. 9.9 Convergence of Knowledge and Motivation Hierarchies. 9.10 Knowledge Machines on Knowledge. 9.11 Conclusions. References. 10 Architecture of Knowledge. Chapter Summary. 10.1 A New Breed of Knowledge. 10.2 The Knowledge Loop and Its Stability. 10.3 Continuity of Knowledge. 10.4 Three Orientations of Wisdom. 10.5 Long-Term Movements within the K-Loop. 10.6 Conflictive Roles of TVB<>DAH Orientations. 10.7 Tracking of The K-Loops. 10.8 Details of Upward Migration. 10.9 Details of Downward Migration. 10.10 Knowledge Loops in X-And Y-Dimensions. 10.11 Four Ports of Super-Node K. 10.12 Construction of A Knowledge Plane. 10.13 Knowledge Bases in Primary K-Plane. 10.14 Successive K-Loops in the Time Dimension. 10.15 The Nebula of Knowledge: Knowbula. 10.16 Hindsight and Foresight. 10.17 Knowledge, Freedom, and Creativity. 10.18 Knowledge and Money. 10.19 Pinnacle of Mind and Infinity of Thought. 10.20 Social Migration and Political Agenda. 10.21 Conclusions. References. Acronyms. Index. Author Biography.

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Book SynopsisGives the reader the ability to set up a proper test environment and conduct software performance and scalability tests. Uses many examples showing software performance problems and applicable solutions. Contains a number of case studies to assist the reader with comprehending all aspects of software performance and scalability.Table of ContentsPREFACE xv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi Introduction 1 Performance versus Scalability 1 PART 1 THE BASICS 3 1. Hardware Platform 5 1.1 Turing Machine 6 1.2 von Neumann Machine 7 1.3 Zuse Machine 8 1.4 Intel Machine 9 1.5 Sun Machine 17 1.6 System Under Test 18 1.7 Odds Against Turing 30 1.8 Sizing Hardware 35 1.9 Summary 37 2. Software Platform 41 2.1 Software Stack 42 2.2 APIs 44 2.3 Multithreading 47 2.4 Categorizing Software 535 2.5 Enterprise Computing 55 2.6 Summary 63 3. Testing Software Performance and Scalability 65 3.1 Scope of Software Performance and Scalability Testing 67 3.2 Software Development Process 83 3.3 Defining Software Performance 86 3.4 Stochastic Nature of Software Performance Measurements 95 3.5 Amdahl’s Law 97 3.6 Software Performance and Scalability Factors 99 3.7 System Performance Counters 111 3.8 Software Performance Data Principles 129 3.9 Summary 131 PART 2 APPLYING QUEUING THEORY 135 4. Introduction to Queuing Theory 137 4.1 Queuing Concepts and Metrics 139 4.2 Introduction to Probability Theory 143 4.3 Applying Probability Theory to Queuing Systems 145 4.4 Queuing Models for Networked Queuing Systems 153 4.5 Summary 172 5. Case Study I: Queuing Theory Applied to SOA 177 5.1 Introduction to SOA 178 5.2 XML Web Services 179 5.3 The Analytical Model 181 5.4 Service Demand 183 5.5 MedRec Application 188 5.6 MedRec Deployment and Test Scenario 189 5.7 Test Results 191 5.8 Comparing the Model with the Measurements 198 5.9 Validity of the SOA Performance Model 200 5.10 Summary 200 6. Case Study II: Queuing Theory Applied to Optimizing and Tuning Software Performance and Scalability 205 6.1 Analyzing Software Performance and Scalability 207 6.2 Effective Optimization and Tuning Techniques 220 6.3 Balanced Queuing System 240 6.4 Summary 244 PART 3 APPLYING API PROFILING 249 7. Defining API Profiling Framework 251 7.1 Defense Lines Against Software Performance and Scalability Defects 252 7.2 Software Program Execution Stack 253 7.3 The PerfBasic API Profiling Framework 254 7.4 Summary 260 8. Enabling API Profiling Framework 263 8.1 Overall Structure 264 8.2 Global Parameters 265 8.3 Main Logic 266 8.4 Processing Files 266 8.5 Enabling Profiling 267 8.6 Processing Inner Classes 270 8.7 Processing Comments 271 8.8 Processing Method Begin 272 8.9 Processing Return Statements 274 8.10 Processing Method End 275 8.11 Processing Main Method 276 8.12 Test Program 277 8.13 Summary 279 9. Implementing API Profiling Framework 281 9.1 Graphics Tool—dot 281 9.2 Graphics Tool—ILOG 284 9.3 Graphics Resolution 286 9.4 Implementation 287 9.5 Summary 300 10. Case Study: Applying API Profiling to Solving Software Performance and Scalability Challenges 303 10.1 Enabling API Profiling 304 10.2 API Profiling with Standard Logs 313 10.3 API Profiling with Custom Logs 320 10.4 API Profiling with Combo Logs 325 10.5 Applying API Profiling to Solving Performance and Scalability Problems 333 10.6 Summary 337 APPENDIX A STOCHASTIC EQUILIBRIUM AND ERGODICITY 339 A.1 Basic Concepts 339 A.2 Classification of Random Processes 343 A.3 Discrete-Time Markov Chains 345 A.4 Continuous-Time Markov Chains 349 A.5 Stochastic Equilibrium and Ergodicity 351 A.6 Birth–Death Chains 357 APPENDIX B MEMORYLESS PROPERTY OF THE EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION 361 APPENDIX C M/M/1 QUEUES AT STEADY STATE 363 C.1 Review of Birth–Death Chains 363 C.2 Utilization and Throughput 364 C.3 Average Queue Length in the System 365 C.4 Average System Time 365 C.5 Average Wait Time 366 INDEX 367

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Book SynopsisThe only book on the market to seamlessly explore the physical and technical aspects of nonlinear effects as well as their impacts and applications, Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers provides a comprehensible introduction to the complex nonlinear phenomena occurring within optical fibers.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. References. 2 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. 2.1 Wave Equation for Linear Media. 2.2 Electromagnetic Waves. 2.3 Energy Density and Flow. 2.4 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity. 2.5 Reflection and Transmission of Waves. 2.6 The Harmonic Oscillator Model. 2.7 The Refractive Index. 2.8 The Limit of Geometrical Optics. Problems. References. 3 Optical Fibers. 3.1 Geometric Optics Description. 3.2 Wave Propagation in Fibers. 3.3 Fiber Attenuation. 3.4 Modulation and Transfer of Information. 3.5 Chromatic Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers. 3.6 Polarization-Mode Dispersion. Problems. References. 4 The Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. 4.1 The Nonlinear Polarization. 4.2 The Nonlinear Refractive Index. 4.3 Importance of Nonlinear Effects in Fibers. 4.4 Derivation of the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation. 4.5 Soliton Solutions. 4.6 Numerical Solution of the NLSE. Problems. References. 5. Nonlinear Phase Modulation. 5.1 Self-Phase Modulation. 5.2 Cross-Phase Modulation. Problems. References. 6. Four-Wave Mixing. 6.1 Wave Mixing. 6.2 Mathematical Description. 6.3 Phase Matching. 6.4 Impact and Control of FWM. 6.5 Fiber Parametric Amplifiers. 6.6 Parametric Oscillators. 6.7 Nonlinear Phase Conjugation with FWM. 6.8 Squeezing and Photo-Pair Sources. Problems. References. 7 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects. 7.1 Mathematical Description. 7.2 Intrachannel XPM. 7.3 Intrachannel FWM. 7.4 Control of Intrachannels Nonlinear Effects. Problems. References. 8 Soliton Lightwave Systems. 8.1 Soliton Properties. 8.2 Perturbation of Solitons. 8.3 Path-Averaged Solitons. 8.4 Soliton Transmission Control. 8.5 Dissipative Solitons. 8.6 Dispension-Managed Solitons. 8.7 WDM Soliton Systems. Problems. References. 9 Other Applications of Optical Solitons. 9.1 Soliton Fiber Lasers. 9.2 Pulse Compression. 9.3 Fibers Bragg Gratings. Problems. References. 10 Polarization Effects. 10.1 Coupled Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations. 10.2 Nonlinear Phase Shift. 10.3 Solitons in Fibers with Constant Birefringence. 10.4 Solitons in Fibers with Randomly Varying Birefringence. 10.5 PMD-Induced Soliton Pulse Broadening. 10.6 Dispersion-Managed Solitons and PMD. Problems. References. 11 Stimulated Raman Scattering. 11.1 Raman Scattering in the Harmonic Oscillator Model. 11.2 Raman Gain. 11.3 Raman Threshold. 11.4 Impact of Raman Scattering on Communication Systems. 11.5 Raman Amplification. 11.6 Raman Fiber Lasers. Problems. References. 12 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.1 Light Scattering at Acoustic Waves. 12.2 The Coupled Equations for Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.3 Brillouin Gain and Bandwidth. 12.4 Threshold of Stimulated Brillouin Scattering. 12.5 SBS in Active Fibers. 12.6 Impact of SBS on Communication Systems. 12.7 Fiber Brillouin Amplifiers. 12.8 SBS Slow Light. 12.9 Fiber Brillouin Lasers. Problems. References. 13 Highly Nonlinear and Microstructured Fibers. 13.1 The Nonlinear Parameter in Silica Fibers. 13.2 Microstructured Fibers. 13.3 Non-Silica Fibers. 13.4 Soliton Self-Frequency Shift. 13.5 Four-Wave Mixing. 13.6 Supercontinuum Generation. Problems. References. 14 Optical Signal Processing. 14.1 Nonlinear Sources for WDM Systems. 14.2 Optical Regeneration. 14.3 Optical Pulse Train Generation. 14.4 Wavelength Conversion. 14.5 All-Optical Switching. Problems. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a critical, learned edition of the General Report on Tunny with Emphasis on Statistical Methods (aka The Newmanry Report), prepared in 1945 and declassified in 2000. The Report was a technical account of what the team of cryptanalysts did in their work at Bletchley Park during WWII.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Editorial Notes xiv Notes on Vocabulary xiv List of Abbreviations xv Cryptanalytic Significance of the Analysis of Tunny, by Whitfield Diffie xvii Editors’ Introduction, by Whitfield Diffie and J. V. Field xxv Statistics at Bletchley Park, by S. L. Zabell lxxv Biographies of Authors ciii Notes on the Editors of the Present Volume cvii List of Figures cix General Report on Tunny, with emphasis on statistical methods 1 Part 0: Preface Chapter 01: Preface 3 Part 1: Introduction Chapter 11: German Tunny 6 Chapter 12: Cryptographic Aspects 22 Chapter 13: Machines 32 Chapter 14: Organisation 35 Chapter 15: Some Historical Notes 39 Part 2: Methods of Solution Chapter 21: Some Probability Techniques 43 Chapter 22: Statistical Foundations 50 Chapter 23: Machine Setting 80 Chapter 24: Rectangling 110 Chapter 25: Chi-Breaking from Cipher 139 Chapter 26: Wheel-Breaking from Key 185 Chapter 27: Cribs 219 Chapter 28: Language Methods 237 Part 3: Organisation Chapter 31: Mr Newman’s Section 262 Chapter 32: Organisation of the Testery 267 Chapter 33: Knockholt 268 Chapter 34: Registration and Circulation 269 Chapter 35: Tapemaking and Checking 271 Chapter 36: Chi-Breaking from Cipher 275 Chapter 37: Machine Setting Organisation 277 Chapter 38: Wheel-Breaking from Key, Organisation 280 Chapter 39: Language Methods 282 Part 4: Early Methods and History Chapter 41: The First Break 284 Chapter 42: Early Hand Methods 290 Chapter 43: Testery Methods 1942–44 298 Chapter 44: Hand Statistical Methods 305 Part 5: Machines Chapter 51: Introductory 309 Chapter 52: Development of Robinson and Colossus 312 Chapter 53: Colossus 316 Chapter 54: Robinson 336 Chapter 55: Specialized Counting Machines 346 Chapter 56: Copying Machines 350 Chapter 57: Simple machines 361 Chapter 58: Photographs 362 Part 6: Raw Materials Chapter 61: Raw Materials — Production, with Plans of Tunny Links 381 Part 7: References Chapter 71: Glossary and Index 387 Chapter 72: Notation 435 Chapter 73: Bibliography 441 Chapter 74: Chronology 444 Part 8: Conclusions Chapter 81: Conclusions 452 Part 9: Appendices Chapter 91: The 5202 Machine 456 Chapter 92: Recovery of Motor Patterns from De-chi 471 Chapter 93: Thrasher 482 Chapter 94: Research into the QEP System 484 Chapter 95: Mechanical Flags 488 Appendix A: Transmission of Teleprinter Signals, by J. A. Reeds 495 Appendix B: Activities at Knockholt, by J. A. Reeds 503 Appendix C: The 5202 Machine, by J. A. Reeds 530 Appendix D: Initial Conception of Colossus, by J. A. Reeds 535 Appendix E: List of Scanned Exhibits 540 Supplementary Glossary 542 Biographical Notes 547 Notes 561 Bibliography 624 Index 645

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Book SynopsisA thorough and rigorous analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities This book offers a comprehensive analysis of electromagnetic fields in cavities of general shapes and properties. Part One covers classical deterministic methods to conclude resonant frequencies, modal fields, and cavity losses; quality factor; mode bandwidth; and the excitation of cavity fields from arbitrary current distributions for metal-wall cavities of simple shape. Part Two covers modern statistical methods to analyze electrically large cavities of complex shapes and properties. Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities combines rigorous solutions to Maxwell''s equations with conservation of energy to solve for the statistics of many quantities of interest: penetration into cavities (and shielding effectiveness), field strengths far from and close to cavity walls, and power received by antennas within cavities. It includes all modes and shows you how to utilize faTable of ContentsPREFACE. PART I. DETERMINISTIC THEORY. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Maxwell’s Equations. 1.2 Empty Cavity Modes. 1.3 Wall Losses. 1.4 Cavity Excitation. 1.5 Perturbation Theories. Problems. 2. Rectangular Cavity. 2.1 Resonant Modes. 2.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 2.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. Problems. 3. Circular Cylindrical Cavity. 3.1 Resonant Modes. 3.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 3.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. Problems. 4. Spherical Cavity. 4.1 Resonant Modes. 4.2 Wall Losses and Cavity Q. 4.3 Dyadic Green’s Functions. 4.4 Schumann Resonances in the Earth-Ionosphere Cavity. Problems. PART II. STATISTICAL THEORIES FOR ELECTRICALLY LARGE CAVITIES. 5. Motivation for Statistical Approaches. 5.1 Lack of Detailed Information. 5.2 Sensitivity of Fields to Cavity Geometry and Excitation. 5.3 Interpretation of Results. Problems. 6. Probability Fundamentals. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Probability Density Function. 6.3 Common Probability Density Functions. 6.4 Cumulative Distribution Function. 6.5 Methods for Determining Probability Density Functions. Problems. 7. Reverberation Chambers. 7.1 Plane-Wave Integral Representation of Fields. 7.2 Ideal Statistical Properties of Electric and Magnetic Fields. 7.3 Probability Density Functions for the Fields. 7.4 Spatial Correlation Functions of Fields and Energy Density. 7.5 Antenna or Test-Object Response. 7.6 Loss Mechanisms and Chamber Q. 7.7 Reciprocity and Radiated Emissions. 7.8 Boundary Fields. 7.9 Enhanced Backscatter at the Transmitting Antenna. Problems. 8. Aperture Excitation of Electrically Large, Lossy Cavities. 8.1 Aperture Excitation. 8.2 Power Balance. 8.3 Experimental Results for SE. Problems. 9. Extensions to the Uniform-Field Model. 9.1 Frequency Stirring. 9.2 Unstirred Energy. 9.3 Alternative Probability Density Function. Problems. 10. Further Applications of Reverberation Chambers. 10.1 Nested Chambers for Shielding Effectiveness Measurements. 10.2 Evaluation of Shielded Enclosures. 10.3 Measurement of Antenna Efficiency. 10.4 Measurement of Absorption Cross Section. Problems. 11. Indoor Wireless Propagation. 11.1 General Considerations. 11.2 Path Loss Models. 11.3 Temporal Characteristics. 11.4 Angle of Arrival. 11.5 Reverberation Chamber Simulation. Problems. APPENDIX A. VECTOR ANALYSIS. APPENDIX B. ASSOCIATED LEGENDRE FUNCTIONS. APPENDIX C. SPHERICAL BESSEL FUNCTIONS. APPENDIX D. THE ROLE OF CHAOS IN CAVITY FIELDS. APPENDIX E. SHORT ELECTRIC DIPOLE RESPONSE. APPENDIX F. SMALL LOOP ANTENNA RESPONSE. APPENDIX G. RAY THEORY FOR CHAMBER ANALYSIS. APPENDIX H. ABSORPTION BY A HOMOGENEOUS SPHERE. APPENDIX I. TRANSMISSION CROSS SECTION OF A SMALL CIRCULAR APERTURE. APPENDIX J. SCALING. REFERENCES. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisEven as newer cellular technologies and standards emerge, many of the fundamental principles and the components of the cellular network remain the same. Presenting a simple yet comprehensive view of cellular communications technologies, Cellular Communications provides an end-to-end perspective of cellular operations, ranging from physical layer details to call set-up and from the radio network to the core network. This self-contained source for practitioners and students represents a comprehensive survey of the fundamentals of cellular communications and the landscape of commercially deployed 2G and 3G technologies and provides a glimpse of emerging 4G technologies.Table of ContentsPreface xxiii Acknowledgments xxix PART I FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF CELLULAR COMMUNICATIONS 1 Introduction to Cellular Communications 3 1.1 Motivation for Cellular Communications 4 1.2 The History of Wireless Communications and the Birth of a Cellular System 4 1.2.1 Once Upon a Time... A Really Brief History of Communications 5 1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum Allocation 5 1.2.3 Pre-Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems 8 1.2.4 The Advent of Cellular Systems 9 1.3 Concepts of a Cellular System 11 1.3.1 Network Architecture 11 1.3.2 Air Interface 12 1.3.3 Frequency Reuse 13 1.3.4 Sectorization and Its Impact on Quality and Capacity 20 1.4 Concepts of Duplexing and Multiple Access 22 1.4.1 Duplexing Methods 22 1.4.2 Multiple Access Methods 24 1.5 Types of Interference 26 1.5.1 Adjacent Channel Interference 26 1.5.2 Co-Channel Interference 27 1.6 Evolution of Cellular Standards 28 1.6.1 Evolutionary Path of Cellular Standards 28 1.6.2 Spectrum Allocation in the United States 32 1.6.3 Spectrum Allocation Outside the U.S. 34 1.7 Ecosystem of Cellular Systems 34 1.7.1 Service Providers 35 1.7.2 Mobile Device Manufacturers 36 1.7.3 Radio Network Infrastructure Vendors 37 1.7.4 Baseband Chipset Manufacturers 37 1.7.5 Original Equipment Manufacturers 39 1.7.6 Core Network Vendors 39 1.7.7 Design, Optimization, and Testing Tool Manufacturers 40 1.7.8 Appplication Providers 40 1.8 Phases of a Cellular System 42 1.8.1 Phase 1: Specifications of the Standard 42 1.8.2 Phase 2: Prototype Design and Lab Tests 43 1.8.3 Phase 3: Field Trials 43 1.8.4 Phase 4: Commercial Deployments 44 1.8.5 Phase 5: Optimization 44 1.9 Performance of Cellular Systems 45 1.9.1 Sector Capacity and Call Blocking Probability 45 1.9.2 Accessibility, Access Failure Rate, and Paging Failure Rate 47 1.9.3 Retainability and Call-Drop Rate 47 1.9.4 Error Rate and Quality of Service 47 1.9.5 Cell-Edge Reliability and Cell-Area Reliability 48 1.9.6 Peak User Data Rate 49 1.9.7 Average Cell or Sector Throughput and User-Perceived Throughput 49 1.9.8 Latency or Delay 50 1.9.9 Delay Jitter 50 1.10 End-User Services 50 1.11 Points to Remember 52 2 Elements of a Digital Communication System 55 2.1 Overview of a Digital Cellular Communication System 56 2.2 Transceiver Operations in a Digital Cellular System 57 2.3 Information Bits: Construction at the Transmitter and Retrieval at the Receiver 59 2.3.1 Linear Predictive Speech Coding: A Simplistic View 61 2.3.2 Enhanced Variable-Rate Codec 62 2.3.3 Adaptive Multirate Codec 66 2.4 Forward Error Correction Coding and Decoding 70 2.4.1 Convolutional Coding at the Transmitter 72 2.4.2 Example Convolutional Decoding at the Receiver 74 2.4.3 Turbo Coding at the Transmitter 83 2.4.4 Turbo Decoding at the Receiver 85 2.4.5 What Should I Choose: Convolutional or Turbo? 86 2.5 Interleaving and De-Interleaving 87 2.6 Digital Modulation and Demodulation 89 2.6.1 Modulation Schemes 90 2.6.2 Demodulation Approaches 96 2.6.3 Choosing a Modulation Scheme 99 2.7 RF Processor Functions at the Transmitter and the Receiver 100 2.8 Points to Remember 109 3 Radio Frequency Propagation 111 3.1 Radio Frequency Waves 111 3.2 Free-Space Propagation 113 3.3 Cellular Propagation Mechanisms 116 3.3.1 Reflection 116 3.3.2 Diffraction 117 3.3.3 Scattering 119 3.3.4 Absorption and Penetration 120 3.4 Prediction of Received Signal Strength 121 3.4.1 Distance-Based Path Loss 124 3.4.2 Large-Scale Fading 128 3.4.3 Small-Scale Fading 131 3.5 Points to Remember 153 4 IP and Associated Technologies for a Cellular System 155 4.1 Why Internet Protocol? (Or, Perhaps, Why Not Internet Protocol?) 156 4.2 Protocol Stack for the Internet 159 4.2.1 Overview of the Transport Layer (Layer 4) Protocols 160 4.2.2 Overview of the Internetwork Layer (Layer 3) Protocols 173 4.2.3 Overview of the Link Layer (Layer 2) Protocols 184 4.3 Routing and Forwarding of IP Packets 193 4.4 Transport of Information within the Network Infrastructure 200 4.5 Voice-Over-IP-Related Protocols 204 4.5.1 Session Initiation Protocol 206 4.5.2 Session Description Protocol 209 4.5.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol and Real-Time Transport Control Protocol 211 4.6 A Potpourri of IP-Centric Protocols 213 4.6.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 213 4.6.2 Mobile IP 214 4.6.3 Domain Name System 220 4.6.4 RADIUS and Diameter 222 4.6.5 IP Quality-of-Service Implementation: Integrated Services and Differentiated Services 224 4.6.6 IP Tunneling, GTP, and GRE 228 4.6.7 IPsec 231 4.6.8 Robust Header Compression 231 4.7 Essence of IPv6 232 4.8 Points to Remember 235 PART II 2G, 2.5G, AND 3G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES 5 Overview of GSM 239 5.1 Introduction 240 5.1.1 The Origin of GSM and GSM Milestones in Two Minutes 240 5.1.2 Highlights of a GSM System 241 5.2 GSM System Architecture 242 5.2.1 Base Station System 244 5.2.2 Core Network 247 5.3 Air-Interface Protocol Stack between MS and BSS 249 5.3.1 High-Level View of MS-BSS Communications 249 5.3.2 Air-Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 251 5.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 259 5.4.1 Frequency and Time Structures 259 5.4.2 Air-Interface Channels 263 5.4.3 Bursts: An Inside Look 267 5.5 Network Acquisition 269 5.5.1 Beyond Radio Network Acquisition: MS-Core-Network Communications 272 5.6 Voice Call Setup 279 5.6.1 MS-Originated Call Setup 279 5.6.2 MS-Terminated Call Setup and Paging Procedure 281 5.7 Mobility Management in Idle Mode 282 5.8 Mobility Management in Active or Connected Mode 283 5.8.1 What are the Channel Conditions? 284 5.8.2 Making a Handover Decision: Who is in Charge Around Here? 287 5.8.3 Follow the Leader: Handover Completion 293 5.9 Power Control 294 5.9.1 A Detailed Look at Power Control 295 5.9.2 Further Reduction in the Transmit Power Consumption: DTX 297 5.10 Deployment Considerations 298 5.11 Evolution of GSM 302 5.12 Points to Remember 302 6 GPRS and EDGE 305 6.1 Introduction 306 6.1.1 The Motivation for GPRS 306 6.1.2 The Motivation for EDGE 308 6.1.3 GPRS in Two Minutes 308 6.1.4 EDGE in Two Minutes 309 6.2 System Architecture 310 6.2.1 Packet-Domain Core Network Architecture: An Overview 310 6.2.2 A Detailed View of the Components of the Packet-Domain Core Network 312 6.2.3 Interfaces of the Packet-Domain Core Network 321 6.2.4 End-to-End View of the Data Transfer 323 6.3 MS-BSS Air-Interface Communications 324 6.3.1 Physical Layer of GPRS and EDGE 325 6.3.2 RLC/MAC Layer and Its Functions 334 6.4 Radio Interface: Frame Structure and Channels 342 6.4.1 Review of Timing Structures 342 6.4.2 New Logical Channels in GPRS and EDGE 344 6.4.3 Association of Logical and Physical Channels 346 6.5 Network Acquisition 348 6.5.1 Cell Search and Synchronization: A Brief Review 348 6.5.2 The MS's GPRS Attach Procedure: Making the First Contact with the Core Network 349 6.5.3 Getting Ready for Packet Data Transfer: PDP Context Activation 351 6.6 Packet Transfer in GPRS and EDGE 353 6.6.1 MS-Originated Packet Transfer 353 6.6.2 MS-Terminated Packet Transfer 355 6.6.3 Management of Circuit-Switched and GPRS Paging 356 6.7 Mobility Management 358 6.7.1 Routing Area Update: STANDBY State Mobility Management 358 6.7.2 Mobility Management in READY State 359 6.8 Deployment Considerations and Network Evolution 361 6.9 Points to Remember 362 7 Fundamentals of CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 363 7.1 A Brief Introduction to CDMA, WCDMA, and IS-95 364 7.2 CDMA or WCDMA: An Efficient Resource-Sharing Technique 366 7.3 Characteristics of CDMA 369 7.3.1 Wideband Transmission 369 7.3.2 Frequency Reuse and Impact of Sectorization 370 7.3.3 Interference and its Control in CDMA 371 7.3.4 Handoff 375 7.3.5 Power Control 381 7.3.6 Capacity of a CDMA System 388 7.4 IS-95 System Architecture 390 7.5 IS-95 MS-Radio-Network Communications: An Overview 391 7.5.1 Duplexing: Simultaneous Downlink and Uplink Transmissions 392 7.5.2 IS-95 Protocol Stack Overview 392 7.5.3 Downlink and Uplink Radio Channels of IS-95 394 7.5.4 Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 399 7.5.5 Multiplex Sublayer (Between Layer 1 and Layer 2): An Overview 403 7.5.6 Layer 2 Versus Layer 3 404 7.6 IS-95 Call Setup 405 7.7 IS-95 Mobility Management 407 7.7.1 Power-On Network Acquisition—One-Way Traffic! 407 7.7.2 MS to Network: "Here I Am"—Registration and Other Idle Mode Activities 408 7.7.3 Handoff in Connected or Traffic Mode—Now We Are Getting Really Busy! 411 7.8 IS-95 Power Control 414 7.8.1 Uplink Power Control 415 7.8.2 Downlink Power Control 416 7.9 IS-95: Deployment, Evolution, and Enhancements 418 7.10 Points to Remember 420 8 CDMA20001X 423 8.1 A Brief Overview of CDMA2000 424 8.2 CDMA2000 lx Network Architecture 426 8.2.1 Overview of the Network Architecture 426 8.2.2 A Detailed View of the Packet-Switched Core Network 429 8.3 MS-Radio-Access-Network Communications 431 8.3.1 Overview of Air-Interface Protocol Stack 431 8.3.2 Radio Channels and Radio Configurations of lx 433 8.3.3 Overview of Physical Layer (Layer 1) Processing 441 8.3.4 Overview of Link Layer (Layer 2) Processing 445 8.3.5 A Brief Overview of Upper-Layer Processing 454 8.4 lx Call Setup 454 8.4.1 Voice Call Setup in lx: An Overview 455 8.4.2 Voice Call Setup in lx: A Closer Look 456 8.4.3 How About Data Call Setup in lx? 459 8.4.4 What About MS-Terminated Call Setup? 460 8.5 Over-the-Air Transmission of Traffic for Forward and Reverse Links 462 8.5.1 Forward Link Packet Data Transmission 462 8.5.2 Reverse Link Packet Data Transmission 467 8.6 Mobility Management 468 8.6.1 Registration and Authentication 469 8.6.2 Using the Access Channel 472 8.6.3 Handoff in Connected Mode: lx Enhancements 477 8.7 lx Power Control 481 8.7.1 Reverse Link Power Control for the Reverse Fundamental Channel 481 8.7.2 Forward Link Power Control for the Forward Fundamental Channel 482 8.8 lx Deployment and Evolution 484 8.9 Points to Remember 485 9 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99 487 9.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System Release 99: Executive Summary 488 9.2 UMTS Network Architecture 489 9.2.1 Radio Network Subsystem 491 9.2.2 Protocol Stacks: From User Equipment to the Edge of the Network 493 9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Stack between UE and UTRAN 495 9.3.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack: A Brief Overview 495 9.3.2 Physical Layer 499 9.3.3 Medium Access Control Sublayer 503 9.3.4 Radio Link Control Sublayer 504 9.3.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol Sublayer 510 9.3.6 Broadcast-Multicast Control Sublayer 511 9.3.7 Radio Resource Control Layer 512 9.4 Radio Interface Between the UE and the UTRAN 515 9.4.1 Overview of Frame Structure and Radio Channels 515 9.4.2 Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes 519 9.4.3 Primary Synchronization Channel 523 9.4.4 Secondary Synchronization Channel 523 9.4.5 Primary Common Pilot Channel 524 9.4.6 Primary Common Control Physical Channel 525 9.4.7 Page Indicator Channel 526 9.4.8 Secondary—Common Control Physical Channel 527 9.4.9 Physical Random Access Channel 528 9.4.10 Acquisition Indicator Channel 533 9.4.11 Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 534 9.4.12 Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel and Dedicated Physical Control Channel 535 9.4.13 Combining of the Downlink Channels in a Cell 536 9.4.14 Transmission of Uplink Channels by User Equipment 539 9.5 Cell Search and Synchronization 539 9.5.1 Overview of Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search 539 9.5.2 Power-Up Synchronization and Cell Search: A Closer Look 540 9.5.3 Beyond Synchronization: User Equipment and Core Network Communications 542 9.6 Voice Call Setup 544 9.6.1 Overview of Voice Call Setup and Teardown 544 9.6.2 Detailed Voice Call Setup 545 9.7 Data Call Setup 553 9.7.1 Overview of the Data Session Setup 553 9.7.2 Detailed Data Session Setup 554 9.8 Mobility Management 557 9.8.1 Idle Mode Mobility: An Overview 558 9.8.2 Connected Mode Mobility: An Overview of Basic Concepts 559 9.8.3 Stages of Intra-Frequency Handover: A Closer Look 562 9.8.4 Intra-UMTS Inter-Frequency and Inter-RAT Handover 568 9.8.5 Compressed Mode 569 9.9 Power Control 573 9.9.1 Uplink Closed-Loop Power Control 574 9.9.2 Downlink Closed-Loop Power Control 579 9.10 Quality-of-Service in the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 580 9.11 Evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System 581 9.12 Points to Remember 583 10 1xEvolution-Data-Optimized Revision 0 585 10.1 lxEV-DO: Executive Summary 586 10.2 Overview of Call Setup and Data Transmission 587 10.3 Network Architecture 590 10.4 lxEV-DO Protocol Stack: An Overview 591 10.5 Introduction to Radio Channels and Timing Structure 593 10.6 A Closer Look at Forward Link Radio Channels 596 10.6.1 Pilot Channel 597 10.6.2 Medium Access Control Channel 597 10.6.3 Control Channel 600 10.6.4 Forward Traffic Channel 604 10.6.5 Combining the Forward Link Channels 610 10.7 A Closer Look at Reverse Link Channels 612 10.7.1 Access Channel 612 10.7.2 Pilot Channel and Data Channel 615 10.7.3 Data Rate Control Channel 617 10.7.4 Acknowledgment Channel 619 10.7.5 Combining of the Reverse Link Channels 621 10.8 Call Setup: A Closer Look 623 10.8.1 Session Setup 624 10.8.2 Point-to-Point Protocol Setup 628 10.8.3 Mobile Internet Protocol Setup 628 10.9 Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 630 10.10 Reverse Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 633 10.10.1 Stage 1: Configuration of the Access Terminal with Reverse Link Parameters 633 10.10.2 Stage 2: Fast Indications of Reverse Link Interference 635 10.10.3 Stage 3: Execution of the Reverse Link Data Determination Algorithm 635 10.10.4 Stage 4: The Access Terminal's Data Transmission 638 10.11 Mobility Management in 1 xEV-DO 640 10.12 A Glimpse of 1 xEV-DO Optimization 642 10.12.1 RF Optimization 643 10.12.2 Parameter and Configuration Optimization 644 10.13 1 xRTT and 1 xEV-DO Interworking 645 10.14 lxEV-DO Link Budget 646 10.15 Points to Remember 649 11 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 651 11.1 Overview of Third Generation Partnership Project Release 5 652 11.2 A Bird's-Eye View of High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Data Transmission 653 11.3 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels and Their Use: A Deep Dive 655 11.3.1 High-Speed-Physical Downlink Shared Channel 655 11.3.2 High-Speed-Shared Control Channel 659 11.3.3 High-Speed-Dedicated Physical Control Channel 667 11.4 Data Transmission Process 671 11.4.1 Step 1: Reporting of Channel Conditions 671 11.4.2 Step 2: Scheduling of Users and User Packets 672 11.4.3 Step 3: Packet Transmission from the Node B and Packet Reception at UEs 677 11.4.4 Step 4: UE Response to a Received Packet 680 11.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Call Setup 681 11.6 Resource Management of the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access Channels 683 11.7 Mobility Management in High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 685 11.8 Network and UE Architecture 689 11.8.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stack Changes from Release 99 to Release 5 689 11.8.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access UE Categories 691 11.8.3 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 691 11.8.4 Construction of a Packet at the Node B 695 11.9 Points to Remember 697 12 1x Evolution-Data-Optimized Revision A 699 12.1 Introduction 700 12.2 Overview of Rev. A Enhancements 702 12.3 Characteristics of Physical Layer Subtypes 705 12.3.1 Overview of Physical Layer Subtypes 705 12.3.2 Reverse Link Frame Structure of Subtype 2 Physical Layer 706 12.4 Rev. A Forward Link Channels 707 12.4.1 Overview of FL Channels 707 12.4.2 ARQ Channel: A New Forward Link Channel in Rev. A 715 12.5 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Channels 718 12.5.1 Access Channel and RRI Channel Enhancements in Rev. A 721 12.5.2 Auxiliary Pilot Channel and DSC Channel: New Rev. A Channels 723 12.6 Rev. A Enhancement for Call Setup and Session Setup 724 12.6.1 Session Configuration and Multiple Personalities 725 12.6.2 Generic Attribute Update Protocol 728 12.6.3 Multimode Capability Discovery Protocol 728 12.7 Rev. A Forward Link Data Transmission: A Detailed View 728 12.7.1 Overview of Enhancements in Forward Link Transmission 728 12.7.2 DRC Enhancements 731 12.7.3 Multi-User Packets 734 12.7.4 MACIndex Enhancements 737 12.7.5 The AT's Detection of the FL Packet 739 12.7.6 Forward Link H-ARQ 739 12.8 Overview of Rev. A Reverse Link Data Rate Control 740 12.9 Reverse Link Interference Control via T2P 742 12.9.1 Motivation for T2P-Based Rate Control 743 12.9.2 What Is T2P, Anyway? 744 12.10 Subtype 2 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 745 12.10.1 Terminology for Subtype 2 and 3 RTC MAC Protocol 745 12.10.2 Overview of RL Data Transmission 750 12.10.3 A Comprehensive View of RL Data Transmission 751 12.11 Subtype 3 RTC MAC Protocol Data Rate Control 756 12.11.1 Overview of RL Data Transmission 756 12.11.2 Detailed View of RL Data Transmission 758 12.12 Rev. A QoS Control 761 12.12.1 Air-Interface QoS 762 12.12.2 Network QoS Control on R-P Interface 763 12.13 Handoff within 1 xEV-DO 764 12.14 Idle State Enhancements and Signaling Enhancements 766 12.15 1 xEV-DO Rev. A Interworking: Rev. 0, Rev. A, and CDMA2000 lx 767 12.16 Points to Remember 767 13 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access 769 13.1 Introduction to HSUPA: An Executive Summary 770 13.2 Basics of Data Transmission: A Brief Overview 771 13.2.1 Simplified HSUPA Call Setup 772 13.2.2 Some Terminology 773 13.2.3 Major Stages of Uplink Data Transmission: An Overview 774 13.3 HSUPA Channels 777 13.3.1 The E-DCH and E-DPDCHs (Uplink) 777 13.3.2 The E-DPCCH (Uplink) 784 13.3.3 The E-AGCH (Downlink) 785 13.3.4 The E-RGCH (Downlink) 787 13.3.5 The E-HICH (Downlink) 788 13.3.6 A Really Close Look at Timing Relationships Among HSUPA Channels 789 13.4 Prior to Data Transmission 790 13.5 Steps of Uplink Data Transmission 793 13.5.1 Scheduling Requests from the UE to the Node Bs 794 13.5.2 The Node B's Determination of Grants 794 13.5.3 Determination of the Serving Grant 798 13.5.4 E-DCH Transmission 800 13.5.5 Node B's Packet Decoding and HARQ Transmission 811 13.6 Physical Layer Retransmissions and HARQ 811 13.7 Support for User Mobility 814 13.8 System Architecture 815 13.8.1 Enhancements to the Existing Architecture 815 13.8.2 Interaction Between the Node B and the RNC for the Management of HSUPA Channels and Resources 817 13.8.3 HSUPA UE Categories 818 13.9 Points to Remember 818 PART III IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM AND 4G CELLULAR TECHNOLOGIES 14 IP Multimedia Subsystem 823 14.1 Introduction to IMS: What and Why? 823 14.2 IMS, IP Convergence, and Fixed Mobile Convergence 827 14.3 History of IMS 828 14.4 IMS Architecture 831 14.4.1 High-Level View of the IMS Architecture 831 14.4.2 IMS Architecture: A Closer Look 835 14.5 IMS Communication Protocols for Signaling and Media Transport 841 14.5.1 Using SIP in IMS 842 14.5.2 H.248 in IMS 845 14.6 Identifying the IMS Subscriber and the IMS Elements 848 14.7 IMS Session Setup Scenarios 852 14.7.1 IMS Device to PSTN Call Setup: A Closer Look 852 14.7.2 PSTN-Originated and IMS Device-Terminated VoIP Call Setup: An Overview 856 14.7.3 Multimedia Session Setup for IMS Endpoints: A Brief Overview 858 14.8 IMS Services and Applications 860 14.9 Implementation of Quality-of-Service using IMS 862 14.10 Points to Remember 864 15 Fourth-Generation Technologies 867 15.1 Why 4G Technologies? 867 15.2 Essential Elements of 4G Technologies 869 15.3 Fundamentals of OFDM and OFDM A 871 15.3.1 OFDM and OFDM A: Why and Why Now? 871 15.3.2 OFDM: A High-Level View 872 15.3.3 Construction of Orthogonal Subcarriers 874 15.3.4 OFDM Challenges and Solutions 878 15.3.5 Simplified OFDMA Transceiver 884 15.4 Multiple Antenna Techniques 888 15.4.1 Diversity Techniques: Some Simple and Some Sophisticated! 888 15.4.2 Spatial Multiplexing 892 15.4.3 Beamforming 893 15.4.4 Space-Division Multiple Access 895 15.5 WiMAX Overview 897 15.5.1 Salient Features of WiMAX 897 15.5.2 WiMAX Network Architecture 900 15.5.3 WiMAX Air Interface 902 15.5.4 WiMAX Operations 903 15.6 Overview of LTE 908 15.6.1 Salient Features of LTE 909 15.6.2 LTE Network Architecture 911 15.6.3 LTE Air Interface 914 15.6.4 LTE Operations 915 15.6.5 A Brief Overview of LTE-Advanced 919 15.7 4G Technology Challenges 921 15.8 Points to Remember 922 Appendix A: A Brief Overview of Signaling System 7 923 Appendix B: Erlang-B Table 929 Appendix C: A High-Level Comparison of Third-Generation Technologies 931 Appendix D: HSPA+ Overview 943 D. 1 Summary of HSPA+ Features 943 D.2 Data Transmission in HSPA+: A Closer Look 947 D.3 HSPA+: Beyond Release 7 952 References 955 Glossary 977 Index 991

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Book SynopsisDemystifies FACTS controllers, offering solutions to power control and power flow problems Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) controllers represent one of the most important technological advances in recent years, both enhancing controllability and increasing power transfer capacity of electric power transmission networks. This timely publication serves as an applications manual, offering readers clear instructions on how to model, design, build, evaluate, and install FACTS controllers. Authors Kalyan Sen and Mey Ling Sen share their two decades of experience in FACTS controller research and implementation, including their own pioneering FACTS design breakthroughs. Readers gain a solid foundation in all aspects of FACTS controllers, including: Basic underlying theories Step-by-step evolution of FACTS controller development Guidelines for selecting the right FACTS controller SaTable of ContentsForeword. Preface. Acknowledgements. Nomenclature. 1. Applications of FACTS Controllers. 2. Power Flow Control Concepts. 2.1 Theory. 2.2 Implementation of Power Flow Control Concepts. 2.3 Interline Power Flow Concept. 3. Modeling Principles. 3.1 The Modeling in EMTP. 3.2 Vector Phase-Locked Loop (VPLL). 3.3 Transmission Line Steady-State Resistance Calculator. 3.4 Simulation of an Independent PFC in a Single Line Application. 4. Transformer-Based FACTS Controllers. 4.1 Voltage Regulating Transformer (VRT). 4.2 Phase Angle Regulator (PAR). 5. Mechanically Switched FACTS controllers. 5.1 Shunt Compensation. 5.2 Series Compensation. Chapter 6: Voltage-Sourced Converter (VSC). 6.1 Modeling an Ideal VSC. 6.2 DC-to-AC VSC. 6.3 Discussion. 7. Two-Level Pole Design. 7.1 A Three-Phase, Six-Pulse VSC with Two-Level Poles. 7.2 Analysis of a Pole. 8. VSC-Based FACTS Controllers. 8.1 Shunt Compensation. 8.2 Series Compensation. 8.3 Shunt-Series Compensation Using a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC). 9. Sen Transformer. 9.1 Existing Solutions. 9.2 Desired Solution. 9.3 Comparison Among the VRT, PAR, UPFC, and ST. 9.4 Multiline Sen Transformer. 9.5 Flexible Operation of the ST. 9.6 ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.7 Limited Angle Operation of the ST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.8 MST with Shunt-Connected Compensating Voltages. 9.9 Generalized Sen Transformer. 9.10 Summary. Appendix A. Miscellaneous. Appendix B. Power Flow Control Equation in a Lossy Transmission Line. Appendix C. EMTP Files. Bibliography. Index. About he Authors.

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Book SynopsisOptical communication technology, like diode lasers used in optical storage devices, is vital to the optoelectronics industry. Since the first edition, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuits presents up-to-date information on optical communication technology principles and theories.Trade Review“The book is very clearly written and has many demonstrated examples. It is a valuable resource for anyone who wants to learn about basic optoelectronic devices with every-day applications.” (Optics and Photonics News, 4 January 2013)Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi List of Fundamental Constants xxiii 1 Ingredients 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Energy Levels and Bands in Solids 5 1.3 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions: The Creation of Light 7 1.4 Transverse Confinement of Carriers and Photons in Diode Lasers: The Double Heterostructure 10 1.5 Semiconductor Materials for Diode Lasers 13 1.6 Epitaxial Growth Technology 20 1.7 Lateral Confinement of Current, Carriers, and Photons for Practical Lasers 24 1.8 Practical Laser Examples 31 References 39 Reading List 40 Problems 40 2 A Phenomenological Approach to Diode Lasers 45 2.1 Introduction 45 2.2 Carrier Generation and Recombination in Active Regions 46 2.3 Spontaneous Photon Generation and LEDs 49 2.4 Photon Generation and Loss in Laser Cavities 52 2.5 Threshold or Steady-State Gain in Lasers 55 2.6 Threshold Current and Power Out Versus Current 60 2.6.1 Basic P–I Characteristics 60 2.6.2 Gain Models and Their Use in Designing Lasers 64 2.7 Relaxation Resonance and Frequency Response 70 2.8 Characterizing Real Diode Lasers 74 2.8.1 Internal Parameters for In-Plane Lasers: ‹αi›, ηi , and g versus J 75 2.8.2 Internal Parameters for VCSELs: ηi and g versus J, ‹αi›, and αm 78 2.8.3 Efficiency and Heat Flow 79 2.8.4 Temperature Dependence of Drive Current 80 2.8.5 Derivative Analysis 84 References 86 Reading List 87 Problems 87 3 Mirrors and Resonators for Diode Lasers 91 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Scattering Theory 92 3.3 S and T Matrices for Some Common Elements 95 3.3.1 The Dielectric Interface 96 3.3.2 Transmission Line with No Discontinuities 98 3.3.3 Dielectric Segment and the Fabry–Perot Etalon 100 3.3.4 S-Parameter Computation Using Mason’s Rule 104 3.3.5 Fabry–Perot Laser 105 3.4 Three- and Four-Mirror Laser Cavities 107 3.4.1 Three-Mirror Lasers 107 3.4.2 Four-Mirror Lasers 111 3.5 Gratings 113 3.5.1 Introduction 113 3.5.2 Transmission Matrix Theory of Gratings 115 3.5.3 Effective Mirror Model for Gratings 121 3.6 Lasers Based on DBR Mirrors 123 3.6.1 Introduction 123 3.6.2 Threshold Gain and Power Out 124 3.6.3 Mode Selection in DBR-Based Lasers 127 3.6.4 VCSEL Design 128 3.6.5 In-Plane DBR Lasers and Tunability 135 3.6.6 Mode Suppression Ratio in DBR Laser 139 3.7 DFB Lasers 141 3.7.1 Introduction 141 3.7.2 Calculation of the Threshold Gains and Wavelengths 143 3.7.3 On Mode Suppression in DFB Lasers 149 References 151 Reading List 151 Problems 151 4 Gain and Current Relations 157 4.1 Introduction 157 4.2 Radiative Transitions 158 4.2.1 Basic Definitions and Fundamental Relationships 158 4.2.2 Fundamental Description of the Radiative Transition Rate 162 4.2.3 Transition Matrix Element 165 4.2.4 Reduced Density of States 170 4.2.5 Correspondence with Einstein’s Stimulated Rate Constant 174 4.3 Optical Gain 174 4.3.1 General Expression for Gain 174 4.3.2 Lineshape Broadening 181 4.3.3 General Features of the Gain Spectrum 185 4.3.4 Many-Body Effects 187 4.3.5 Polarization and Piezoelectricity 190 4.4 Spontaneous Emission 192 4.4.1 Single-Mode Spontaneous Emission Rate 192 4.4.2 Total Spontaneous Emission Rate 193 4.4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor 198 4.4.4 Purcell Effect 198 4.5 Nonradiative Transitions 199 4.5.1 Defect and Impurity Recombination 199 4.5.2 Surface and Interface Recombination 202 4.5.3 Auger Recombination 211 4.6 Active Materials and Their Characteristics 218 4.6.1 Strained Materials and Doped Materials 218 4.6.2 Gain Spectra of Common Active Materials 220 4.6.3 Gain versus Carrier Density 223 4.6.4 Spontaneous Emission Spectra and Current versus Carrier Density 227 4.6.5 Gain versus Current Density 229 4.6.6 Experimental Gain Curves 233 4.6.7 Dependence on Well Width, Doping, and Temperature 234 References 238 Reading List 240 Problems 240 5 Dynamic Effects 247 5.1 Introduction 247 5.2 Review of Chapter 2 248 5.2.1 The Rate Equations 249 5.2.2 Steady-State Solutions 250 Case (i): Well Below Threshold 251 Case (ii): Above Threshold 252 Case (iii): Below and Above Threshold 253 5.2.3 Steady-State Multimode Solutions 255 5.3 Differential Analysis of the Rate Equations 257 5.3.1 Small-Signal Frequency Response 261 5.3.2 Small-Signal Transient Response 266 5.3.3 Small-Signal FM Response or Frequency Chirping 270 5.4 Large-Signal Analysis 276 5.4.1 Large-Signal Modulation: Numerical Analysis of the Multimode Rate Equations 277 5.4.2 Mode Locking 279 5.4.3 Turn-On Delay 283 5.4.4 Large-Signal Frequency Chirping 286 5.5 Relative Intensity Noise and Linewidth 288 5.5.1 General Definition of RIN and the Spectral Density Function 288 5.5.2 The Schawlow–Townes Linewidth 292 5.5.3 The Langevin Approach 294 5.5.4 Langevin Noise Spectral Densities and RIN 295 5.5.5 Frequency Noise 301 5.5.6 Linewidth 303 5.6 Carrier Transport Effects 308 5.7 Feedback Effects and Injection Locking 311 5.7.1 Optical Feedback Effects—Static Characteristics 311 5.7.2 Injection Locking—Static Characteristics 317 5.7.3 Injection and Feedback Dynamic Characteristics and Stability 320 5.7.4 Feedback Effects on Laser Linewidth 321 References 328 Reading List 329 Problems 329 6 Perturbation, Coupled-Mode Theory, Modal Excitations, and Applications 335 6.1 Introduction 335 6.2 Guided-Mode Power and Effective Width 336 6.3 Perturbation Theory 339 6.4 Coupled-Mode Theory: Two-Mode Coupling 342 6.4.1 Contradirectional Coupling: Gratings 342 6.4.2 DFB Lasers 353 6.4.3 Codirectional Coupling: Directional Couplers 356 6.4.4 Codirectional Coupler Filters and Electro-optic Switches 370 6.5 Modal Excitation 376 6.6 Two Mode Interference and Multimode Interference 378 6.7 Star Couplers 381 6.8 Photonic Multiplexers, Demultiplexers and Routers 382 6.8.1 Arrayed Waveguide Grating De/Multiplexers and Routers 383 6.8.2 Echelle Grating based De/Multiplexers and Routers 389 6.9 Conclusions 390 References 390 Reading List 391 Problems 391 7 Dielectric Waveguides 395 7.1 Introduction 395 7.2 Plane Waves Incident on a Planar Dielectric Boundary 396 7.3 Dielectric Waveguide Analysis Techniques 400 7.3.1 Standing Wave Technique 400 7.3.2 Transverse Resonance 403 7.3.3 WKB Method for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 410 7.3.4 2-D Effective Index Technique for Buried Rib Waveguides 418 7.3.5 Analysis of Curved Optical Waveguides using Conformal Mapping 421 7.3.6 Numerical Mode Solving Methods for Arbitrary Waveguide Profiles 424 7.4 Numerical Techniques for Analyzing PICs 427 7.4.1 Introduction 427 7.4.2 Implicit Finite-Difference Beam-Propagation Method 429 7.4.3 Calculation of Propagation Constants in a z–invariant Waveguide from a Beam Propagation Solution 432 7.4.4 Calculation of Eigenmode Profile from a Beam Propagation Solution 434 7.5 Goos–Hanchen Effect and Total Internal Reflection Components 434 7.5.1 Total Internal Reflection Mirrors 435 7.6 Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437 7.6.1 Absorption Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 437 7.6.2 Scattering Losses in Dielectric Waveguides 438 7.6.3 Radiation Losses for Nominally Guided Modes 438 References 445 Reading List 446 Problems 446 8 Photonic Integrated Circuits 451 8.1 Introduction 451 8.2 Tunable, Widely Tunable, and Externally Modulated Lasers 452 8.2.1 Two- and Three-Section In-plane DBR Lasers 452 8.2.2 Widely Tunable Diode Lasers 458 8.2.3 Other Extended Tuning Range Diode Laser Implementations 463 8.2.4 Externally Modulated Lasers 474 8.2.5 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 481 8.2.6 Transmitter Arrays 484 8.3 Advanced PICs 484 8.3.1 Waveguide Photodetectors 485 8.3.2 Transceivers/Wavelength Converters and Triplexers 488 8.4 PICs for Coherent Optical Communications 491 8.4.1 Coherent Optical Communications Primer 492 8.4.2 Coherent Detection 495 8.4.3 Coherent Receiver Implementations 495 8.4.4 Vector Transmitters 498 References 499 Reading List 503 Problems 503 Appendices 1 Review of Elementary Solid-State Physics 509 A1.1 A Quantum Mechanics Primer 509 A1.1.1 Introduction 509 A1.1.2 Potential Wells and Bound Electrons 511 A1.2 Elements of Solid-State Physics 516 A1.2.1 Electrons in Crystals and Energy Bands 516 A1.2.2 Effective Mass 520 A1.2.3 Density of States Using a Free-Electron (Effective Mass) Theory 522 References 527 Reading List 527 2 Relationships between Fermi Energy and Carrier Density and Leakage 529 A2.1 General Relationships 529 A2.2 Approximations for Bulk Materials 532 A2.3 Carrier Leakage Over Heterobarriers 537 A2.4 Internal Quantum Efficiency 542 References 544 Reading List 544 3 Introduction to Optical Waveguiding in Simple Double-Heterostructures 545 A3.1 Introduction 545 A3.2 Three-Layer Slab Dielectric Waveguide 546 A3.2.1 Symmetric Slab Case 547 A3.2.2 General Asymmetric Slab Case 548 A3.2.3 Transverse Confinement Factor, Γx 550 A3.3 Effective Index Technique for Two-Dimensional Waveguides 551 A3.4 Far Fields 555 References 557 Reading List 557 4 Density of Optical Modes, Blackbody Radiation, and Spontaneous Emission Factor 559 A4.1 Optical Cavity Modes 559 A4.2 Blackbody Radiation 561 A4.3 Spontaneous Emission Factor, βsp 562 Reading List 563 5 Modal Gain, Modal Loss, and Confinement Factors 565 A5.1 Introduction 565 A5.2 Classical Definition of Modal Gain 566 A5.3 Modal Gain and Confinement Factors 568 A5.4 Internal Modal Loss 570 A5.5 More Exact Analysis of the Active/Passive Section Cavity 571 A5.5.1 Axial Confinement Factor 572 A5.5.2 Threshold Condition and Differential Efficiency 573 A5.6 Effects of Dispersion on Modal Gain 576 6 Einstein’s Approach to Gain and Spontaneous Emission 579 A6.1 Introduction 579 A6.2 Einstein A and B Coefficients 582 A6.3 Thermal Equilibrium 584 A6.4 Calculation of Gain 585 A6.5 Calculation of Spontaneous Emission Rate 589 Reading List 592 7 Periodic Structures and the Transmission Matrix 593 A7.1 Introduction 593 A7.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 593 A7.3 Application to Dielectric Stacks at the Bragg Condition 595 A7.4 Application to Dielectric Stacks Away from the Bragg Condition 597 A7.5 Correspondence with Approximate Techniques 600 A7.5.1 Fourier Limit 601 A7.5.2 Coupled-Mode Limit 602 A7.6 Generalized Reflectivity at the Bragg Condition 603 Reading List 605 Problems 605 8 Electronic States in Semiconductors 609 A8.1 Introduction 609 A8.2 General Description of Electronic States 609 A8.3 Bloch Functions and the Momentum Matrix Element 611 A8.4 Band Structure in Quantum Wells 615 A8.4.1 Conduction Band 615 A8.4.2 Valence Band 616 A8.4.3 Strained Quantum Wells 623 References 627 Reading List 628 9 Fermi’s Golden Rule 629 A9.1 Introduction 629 A9.2 Semiclassical Derivation of the Transition Rate 630 A9.2.1 Case I: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Constant 632 A9.2.2 Case II: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Delta Function 635 A9.2.3 Case III: The Matrix Element-Density of Final States Product is a Lorentzian 636 Reading List 637 Problems 638 10 Transition Matrix Element 639 A10.1 General Derivation 639 A10.2 Polarization-Dependent Effects 641 A10.3 Inclusion of Envelope Functions in Quantum Wells 645 Reading List 646 11 Strained Bandgaps 647 A11.1 General Definitions of Stress and Strain 647 A11.2 Relationship Between Strain and Bandgap 650 A11.3 Relationship Between Strain and Band Structure 655 References 656 12 Threshold Energy for Auger Processes 657 A12.1 CCCH Process 657 A12.2 CHHS and CHHL Processes 659 13 Langevin Noise 661 A13.1 Properties of Langevin Noise Sources 661 A13.1.1 Correlation Functions and Spectral Densities 661 A13.1.2 Evaluation of Langevin Noise Correlation Strengths 664 A13.2 Specific Langevin Noise Correlations 665 A13.2.1 Photon Density and Carrier Density Langevin Noise Correlations 665 A13.2.2 Photon Density and Output Power Langevin Noise Correlations 666 A13.2.3 Photon Density and Phase Langevin Noise Correlations 667 A13.3 Evaluation of Noise Spectral Densities 669 A13.3.1 Photon Noise Spectral Density 669 A13.3.2 Output Power Noise Spectral Density 670 A13.3.3 Carrier Noise Spectral Density 671 References 672 Problems 672 14 Derivation Details for Perturbation Formulas 675 Reading List 676 15 Multimode Interference 677 A15.1 Multimode Interference-Based Couplers 677 A15.2 Guided-Mode Propagation Analysis 678 A15.2.1 General Interference 679 A15.2.2 Restricted Multimode Interference 681 A15.3 MMI Physical Properties 682 A15.3.1 Fabrication 682 A15.3.2 Imaging Quality 682 A15.3.3 Inherent Loss and Optical Bandwidth 682 A15.3.4 Polarization Dependence 683 A15.3.5 Reflection Properties 683 Reference 683 16 The Electro-Optic Effect 685 References 692 Reading List 692 17 Solution of Finite Difference Problems 693 A17.1 Matrix Formalism 693 A17.2 One-Dimensional Dielectric Slab Example 695 Reading List 696 Index 697

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Book SynopsisThis book describes the principles of image and video compression techniques and introduces current and popular compression standards, such as the MPEG series. Derivations of relevant compression algorithms are developed in an easy-to-follow fashion. Numerous examples are provided in each chapter to illustrate the concepts.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is Source Coding? 1.2 Why is Compression Necessary? 1.3 Image and Video Compression Techniques. 1.4 Video Compression Standards. 1.5 Organization of the Book. 1.6 Summary. References. 2 Image Acquisition. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Sampling a Continuous Image. 2.3 Image Quantization. 2.4 Color Image Representation. 2.5 Summary. References. Problems. 3 Image Transforms. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Unitary Transforms. 3.3 Karhunen–Loeve Transform. 3.4 Properties of Unitary Transforms. 3.5 Summary. References. Problems. 4 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Continuous Wavelet Transform. 4.3 Wavelet Series. 4.4 Discrete Wavelet Transform. 4.5 Efficient Implementation of 1D DWT. 4.6 Scaling and Wavelet Filters. 4.7 Two-Dimensional DWT. 4.8 Energy Compaction Property. 4.9 Integer or Reversible Wavelet. 4.10 Summary. References. Problems. 5 Lossless Coding. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Information Theory. 5.3 Huffman Coding. 5.4 Arithmetic Coding. 5.5 Golomb–Rice Coding. 5.6 Run–Length Coding. 5.7 Summary. References. Problems. 6 Predictive Coding. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of a DPCM. 6.3 Adaptive DPCM. 6.4 Summary. References. Problems. 7 Image Compression in the Transform Domain. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Basic Idea Behind Transform Coding. 7.3 Coding Gain of a Transform Coder. 7.4 JPEG Compression. 7.5 Compression of Color Images. 7.6 Blocking Artifact. 7.7 Variable Block Size DCT Coding. 7.8 Summary. References. Problems. 8 Image Compression in the Wavelet Domain. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Design of a DWT Coder. 8.3 Zero-Tree Coding. 8.4 JPEG2000. 8.5 Digital Cinema. 8.6 Summary. References. Problems. 9 Basics of Video Compression. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Video Coding. 9.3 Stereo Image Compression. 9.4 Summary. References. Problems. 10 Video Compression Standards. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Standards. 10.3 MPEG-4. 10.4 H.264. 10.5 Summary. References. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisA COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN''S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today''s environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the FTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1 Benefits of Electric Power and a History of the Electric Power Industry 1 1.1 Societal Benefits of Electricity 1 1.2 Origin of the Industry 2 1.3 The Development of the National Electric Power Grid 5 1.4 “The Golden Age” 8 Blackouts and the Reliability Crisis 9 The Environmental Crises—The Shift to Low-Sulfur Oil 10 The Fuel Crisis—The Shift from Oil 10 The Financial Crisis 11 The Legislative and Regulatory Crisis 12 1.5 Global Warming Crisis and Concerns about Carbon Emissions 13 1.6 Restructuring, Competition, and the Industry 13 Ownership Structure Chapter 2 The Electric Power System 15 2.1 The Customers 16 2.2 Sources of the Electric Energy—Generation 17 2.3 The Delivery System 20 Interconnections 24 The Grid 24 Chapter 3 Basic Electric Power Concepts 27 3.1 Electric Energy 28 3.2 Concepts Relating to the Flow of Electricity 30 Direct Current (DC) 31 Alternating Current (AC) 31 Three Phases 33 Synchronism 34 3.3 Characteristics of AC Systems 34 Resistance 34 Induction and Inductive Reactance 35 Capacitance and Capacitive Reactance 36 Impedance 38 3.4 Ohm’s Law for Alternating Current 38 3.5 Power in Alternating Current Circuits 39 Real Power 40 Reactive Power 40 Transformers 42 3.6 Power Flow 43 Division of Power Flow 43 Voltage Drop and Reactive Power Flow 44 3.7 Stability 44 Automatic Generation Controls (AGC) 46 Results of Instability 47 Chapter 4 Electric Energy Consumption 49 4.1 End Uses for Electricity 49 4.2 Customer Classes 50 4.3 Rate Classes 51 4.4 Demand and Energy 51 Energy 52 Effects of Load Diversity 53 4.5 System Load 55 Load Management 57 4.6 Reactive Load 59 4.7 Losses and Unaccounted-For Energy in the Delivery System 59 4.8 Forecasts 61 Chapter 5 Electric Power Generation and Concerns About Greenhouse Gases 65 5.1 Generation’s Role 65 5.2 Types of Generation 66 5.3 Thermal Conversion: Using Fuel as the Energy Resource 69 Steam Cycle—Steam Turbines 69 Combustion (Gas) Turbines 70 Combined Cycle 71 Nuclear 72 Reciprocating Engines 73 Microturbines 74 Combined Heat and Power (CHP) or Cogeneration 74 5.4 Thermal Conversion: Nonfuel Heat Sources 74 Geothermal 74 Solar Thermal Generation 75 5.5 Mechanical Energy Conversion 75 Hydroturbines and Hydropumped Storage 75 Wind Turbines 77 Distributed Generation and Other Sources 78 5.6 Renewable Technologies and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Supply-Side Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions 79 Financial Options to Reduce Carbon Emissions 83 5.7 Characteristics of Generating Plants 84 Size 85 Efficiency 87 Availability 88 Schedulable and Unschedulable Units 90 5.8 Capital Cost of Generation 90 5.9 Generator Life Extension 91 5.10 The Technology of Generation 91 Synchronous Generators 91 Variable Frequency and Direct Current Generation 92 5.11 System Needs and Evaluation of Intermittent Resources 93 Chapter 6 The Technology of the Electric Transmission System 97 6.1 Components 97 6.2 HVAC 98 Overhead Lines 98 Overhead Line Capability—Ratings 99 Transmission Cable 101 Cable Capacity 101 Submarine Cables 102 Superconducting Cables 102 6.3 Substations 102 Substation Equipment 103 Substation Circuit Breaker Arrangements 108 Transmission System Aging 108 6.4 HVDC 108 6.5 Advantages of AC over DC Operation 110 Advantages of HVDC 111 Disadvantages of HVDC 112 6.5 Knowledge Required of Transmission Systems 113 Chapter 7 Distribution 115 7.1 Function of Distribution 115 7.2 Primary Distribution Feeders 116 Radial Systems 116 Loop Systems 117 Primary Network Systems 117 Secondary Systems 117 7.3 Distribution Capacity 118 7.4 Losses 119 7.5 Distribution Facility Ratings 119 7.6 Metering 120 7.7 Control of Distribution Voltages 120 Distribution Transformers 121 Voltage Regulators 122 Capacitors 123 7.8 Distribution System Reliability 123 7.10 Quality of Service 124 7.11 Design of Distribution Systems 125 7.12 Distributed Generation 125 7.13 Operation of Distribution Systems 126 7.14 Smart Grids and Microgrids 127 Chapter 8 Energy Storage and Other New Technologies 129 8.1 Energy Storage 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Generation 131 Benefits of Energy Storage to Transmission and Distribution 132 8.2 Energy Storage Concepts and Technologies 133 Mechanical Systems 133 Thermal Energy Storage 136 Chemical Energy Storage 138 Batteries 138 Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems 139 Electrical Storage 140 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage 141 Power Conversion Equipment 141 The Future for Energy Storage 142 8.3 Smart Grid 142 Microgrids 146 8.4 New Nuclear Plant Designs 146 8.5 Carbon Sequestration and Clean Coal Technologies 150 8.6 Superconductors 153 Chapter 9 Reliability 155 9.1 Causes of Outages 155 9.2 Costs of Power Outages 157 9.3 Ways to Measure Reliability 158 9.4 Planning and Operating a Reliable and Adequate 159 Power System Generation 164 Transmission 165 Distribution 166 9.5 Summary 166 Chapter 10 The Physical Network: The North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and Its Standards 167 10.1 NERC as Electric Reliability Organization 169 10.2 NERC Standards 171 Functional Model 171 10.3 Development of Standards 176 Reliability Principles 177 Market Interface Principles 177 Compliance with NERC Standards 179 Other NERC Responsibilities 179 The Future 180 Chapter 11 The Physical Network: Operation of the Electric Bulk Power 181 11.1 Balancing Authorities 181 Area Control 182 Operating Reserves 184 11.2 Reliability Coordinators 184 11.3 Transmission Operators 186 Power Transfer Limits 186 Determination of Total Transfer Capability 187 Parallel Path Flow and Loop Flow 188 Reduction of Power Transfers—Congestion Management 189 Ancillary Services 189 11.4 Voltage and Reactive Control 191 11.5 Emergencies 192 Operating Emergencies 193 11.6 Information Exchange 194 Chapter 12 The Physical Network: Planning of the Electric Bulk Power System 197 12.1 Planning Standards 198 12.2 Generation Planning 198 12.3 Transmission Planning 200 Transmission System Planning Studies 203 12.4 Least Cost Planning 205 12.5 The New Planning Environment 205 Recent Transmission Projects 211 Chapter 13 The Regulatory Network: Legislation 213 13.1 Pricing and Regulation 213 13.2 Federal Legislation 214 13.3 Federal Utility Holding Company Act (PUHCA) 214 13.4 Federal Power Act 216 13.5 Other 1930 Federal Laws 219 13.6 Department of Energy Organization Act 219 13.7 Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA) 220 13.8 Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct02) 222 13.9 The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct05) 224 13.10 The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 227 13.11 Environmental Laws 227 13.12 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 230 Chapter 14 The Regulatory Network: The Regulators 231 14.1 The Regulators 231 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 231 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 233 Department of Energy (DOE) 234 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 236 Recent Federal Regulations 237 FERC Actions after EPAct92 237 FERC Actions Implementing EPAct05 242 Market Manipulation 242 Electricity Reliability and Infrastructure 242 Expansion and Modernization of the Nation’s Electricity Grid 245 Siting Major New Transmission Facilities 245 PURPA Reforms 246 Repeal of PUHCA—Mergers and Acquisitions 246 Market-Based Rates 247 Recent EPA Actions 248 State Regulatory Authority 249 State Utility Restructuring 250 Overall Regulatory Problems 251 Chapter 15 The Information, Communication, and Control Network and Security 253 15.1 Smart Grid 253 15.2 Financial and Business Operations 254 15.3 System Operations 255 15.4 Distribution Operations 255 15.5 Cyber Security 256 15.6 Nuclear Plant Security 259 Chapter 16 The Fuel and Energy Network 261 16.1 Resource Procurement 264 Fuel Measurements 265 16.2 Fuel Transportation 265 16.3 Fuel Diversity 266 16.4 Fossil Fuels Used 267 16.5 Renewable Energy 269 16.6 Fuel Purchasing 271 16.7 Emission Rights 271 Chapter 17 The Business Network: Market Participants 273 17.1 Investment and Cost Recovery 273 17.2 The Changing Industry Structure 274 Functional Unbundling 274 Additional Utility Responses 275 ISO/RTO Formation 275 Holding Company Formation 275 Power Plant Divestitures 277 17.3 New Structures 279 Power Producers 279 Independent Transmission Companies and Operators 279 Impact of Restructuring on the Transmission System 280 Distributors 280 Power Marketers 281 17.4 New Corporate Ownership 281 Utility Mergers and Acquisitions 282 Acquisitions by Foreign Companies 282 Financial Institutions 283 Chapter 18 The Money Network: Wholesale Markets 285 18.1 The Energy Markets 286 Standard Market Design (SMD) 288 Locational Marginal Pricing (LMP) 289 18.2 Transmission 291 Transmission Rights 291 Physical Transmission Rights (PTRs) 292 Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) 293 Wheeling and Customer Choice 294 Contracts and Agreements 294 Average System versus Incremental Costs 295 18.3 Customer Late Issues 294 Construction Work in Progress (CWIP) 295 Setting of Rates 296 Rate Freezes 296 Allocation of Costs and Economic Benefits 296 Average Costs versus Incremental Costs 297 18.4 Market versus Operational Control 298 18.5 Market Power Issues 298 Price Caps 299 18.6 The Future 299 Chapter 19 The Professional and Industry Organizations 301 19.1 The Professional Organizations 301 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 301 The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 303 American Society of Mechanical Engineers 304 (ASME) and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) CIGRE 304 19.2 Industry Associations 304 NEMA 304 The Association of Edison Illuminating 305 Companies (AEIC) The American Public Power Association (APPA) 305 The Edison Electric Institute (EEI) 306 The Electricity Consumer Resource Council (ELCON) 306 The National Rural Electric Cooperative Association (NRECA) 307 Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA) 307 The Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI) 308 19.3 Public Interest Groups 308 The National Association of Regulatory Utility 308 Commissioners (NARUC) Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) 308 Public Citizen 309 Public Interest Law Project 309 19.4 Research Organizations 309 The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) 310 Other Research 310 The National Regulatory Research Institute (NRRI) 311 The Power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC) 311 Index 313

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Book SynopsisLearn how to implement BCU methods for fast direct stability assessments of electric power systems Electric power providers around the world rely on stability analysis programs to help ensure uninterrupted service to their customers. These programs are typically based on step-by-step numerical integrations of power system stability models to simulate system dynamic behaviors. Unfortunately, this offline practice is inadequate to deal with current operating environments. For years, direct methods have held the promise of providing real-time stability assessments; however, these methods have presented several challenges and limitations. This book addresses these challenges and limitations with the BCU methods developed by author Hsiao-Dong Chiang. To date, BCU methods have been adopted by twelve major utility companies in Asia and North America. In addition, BCU methods are the only direct methods adopted by the Electric Power Research Institute in its latest version ofTrade Review"Armed with a solid foundation in the underlying theory of direct methods, energy functions, and BCU methods, you'll discover how to efficiently solve complex practical problems in stability analysis. Most chapters begin with an introduction and end with concluding remarks, making it easy for you to implement these tested and proven methods that will help you avoid costly and dangerous power outages." (O Six Media, 8 March 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction and Overview. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Trends of Operating Environment. 1.3 Online TSA. 1.4 Need for New Tools. 1.5 Direct Methods: Limitations and Challenges. 1.6 Purposes of This Book. 2. System Modeling and Stability Problems. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Power System Stability Problem. 2.3 Model Structures and Parameters. 2.4 Measurement-Based Modeling. 2.5 Power System Stability Problems. 2.6 Approaches for Stability Analysis. 2.7 Concluding Remarks. 3. Lyapunov Stability and Stability Regions of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Equilibrium Points and Lyapunov Stability. 3.3 Lyapunov Function Theory. 3.4 Stable and Unstable Manifolds. 3.5 Stability Regions. 3.6 Local Characterizations of Stability Boundary. 3.7 Global Characterization of Stability Boundary. 3.8 Algorithm to Determine the Stability Boundary. 3.9 Conclusion. 4. Quasi-Stability Regions: Analysis and Characterization. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Quasi-Stability Region. 4.3 Characterization of Quasi-Stability Regions. 4.4 Conclusions. 5. Energy Function Theory and Direct Methods. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Energy Functions. 5.3 Energy Function Theory. 5.4 Estimating Stability Region Using Energy Functions. 5.5 Optimal Schemes for Estimating Stability Regions. 5.6 Quasi-Stability Region and Energy Function. 5.7 Conclusion. 6. Constructing Analytical Energy Functions for Transient Stability Models. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Energy Functions for Lossless Network-Reduction Models. 6.3 Energy Functions for Lossless Structure-Preserving Models. 6.4 Nonexistence of Energy Functions for Lossy Models. 6.5 Existence of Local Energy Functions. 6.6 Concluding Remarks. 7. Construction of Numerical Energy Functions for Lossy Transient Stability Models. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 A Two-Step Procedure. 7.3 First Integral-Based Procedure. 7.4 Ill-Conditioned Numerical Problems. 7.5 Numerical Evaluations of Approximation Schemes. 7.6 Multistep Trapezoidal Scheme. 7.7 On the Corrected Numerical Energy Functions. 7.8 Concluding Remarks. 8. Direct Methods for Stability Analysis: An Introduction. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 A Simple System. 8.3 Closest UEP Method. 8.4 Controlling UEP Method. 8.5 PEBS Method. 8.6 Concluding Remarks. 9. Foundation of the Closest UEP Method. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 A Structure-Preserving Model. 9.3 Closest UEP. 9.4 Characterization of the Closest UEP. 9.5 Closest UEP Method. 9.6 Improved Closest UEP Method. 9.7 Robustness of the Closest UEP. 9.8 Numerical Studies. 9.9 Conclusions. 10. Foundations of the Potential Energy Boundary Surface Method. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Procedure of the PEBS Method. 10.3 Original Model and Artifi cial Model. 10.4 Generalized Gradient Systems. 10.5 A Class of Second-Order Dynamical Systems. 10.6 Relation between the Original Model and the Artifi cial Model. 10.7 Analysis of the PEBS Method. 10.8 Concluding Remarks. 11. Controlling UEP Method: Theory. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 The Controlling UEP. 11.3 Existence and Uniqueness. 11.4 The Controlling UEP Method. 11.5 Analysis of the Controlling UEP Method. 11.6 Numerical Examples. 11.7 Dynamic and Geometric Characterizations. 11.8 Concluding Remarks. 12. Controlling UEP Method: Computations. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Computational Challenges. 12.3 Constrained Nonlinear Equations for Equilibrium Points. 12.4 Numerical Techniques for Computing Equilibrium Points. 12.5 Convergence Regions of Equilibrium Points. 12.6 Conceptual Methods for Computing the Controlling UEP. 12.7 Numerical Studies. 12.8 Concluding Remarks. 13. Foundations of Controlling UEP Methods for Network-Preserving Transient Stability Models. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 System Models. 13.3 Stability Regions. 13.4 Singular Perturbation Approach. 13.5 Energy Functions for Network-Preserving Models. 13.6 Controlling UEP for DAE Systems. 13.7 Controlling UEP Method for DAE Systems. 13.8 Numerical Studies. 13.9 Concluding Remarks. 14. Network-Reduction BCU Method and Its Theoretical Foundation. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Reduced-State System. 14.3 Analytical Results. 14.4 Static and Dynamic Relationships. 14.5 Dynamic Property (D3). 14.6 A Conceptual Network-Reduction BCU Method. 14.7 Concluding Remarks. 15. Numerical Network-Reduction BCU Method. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Computing Exit Points. 15.3 Stability-Boundary-Following Procedure. 15.4 A Safeguard Scheme. 15.5 Illustrative Examples. 15.6 Numerical Illustrations. 15.7 IEEE Test System. 15.8 Concluding Remarks. 16. Network-Preserving BCU Method and Its Theoretical Foundation. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Reduced-State Model. 16.3 Static and Dynamic Properties. 16.4 Analytical Results. 16.5 Overall Static and Dynamic Relationships. 16.6 Dynamic Property (D3). 16.7 Conceptual Network-Preserving BCU Method. 16.8 Concluding Remarks. 17. Numerical Network-Preserving BCU Method. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Computational Considerations. 17.3 Numerical Scheme to Detect Exit Points. 17.4 Computing the MGP. 17.5 Computation of Equilibrium Points. 17.6 Numerical Examples. 17.7 Large Test Systems. 17.8 Concluding Remarks. 18. Numerical Studies of BCU Methods from Stability Boundary Perspectives. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Stability Boundary of Network-Reduction Models. 18.3 Network-Preserving Model. 18.4 One Dynamic Property of the Controlling UEP. 18.5 Concluding Remarks. 19. Study of the Transversality Conditions of the BCU Method. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 A Parametric Study. 19.3 Analytical Investigation of the Boundary Property. 19.4 The Two-Machine Infi nite Bus (TMIB) System. 19.5 Numerical Studies. 19.6 Concluding Remarks. 20. The BCU–Exit Point Method. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Boundary Property. 20.3 Computation of the BCU–Exit Point. 20.4 BCU–Exit Point and Critical Energy. 20.5 BCU–Exit Point Method. 20.6 Concluding Remarks. 21. Group Properties of Contingencies in Power Systems. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 Groups of Coherent Contingencies. 21.3 Identifi cation of a Group of Coherent Contingencies. 21.4 Static Group Properties. 21.5 Dynamic Group Properties. 21.6 Concluding Remarks. 22. Group-Based BCU–Exit Method. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Group-Based Verifi cation Scheme. 22.3 Linear and Nonlinear Relationships. 22.4 Group-Based BCU–Exit Point Method. 22.5 Numerical Studies. 22.6 Concluding Remarks. 23. Group-Based BCU–CUEP Methods. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Exact Method for Computing the Controlling UEP. 23.3 Group-Based BCU–CUEP Method. 23.4 Numerical Studies. 23.5 Concluding Remarks. 24. Group-Based BCU Method. 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Group-Based BCU Method for Accurate Critical Energy. 24.3 Group-Based BCU Method for CUEPs. 24.4 Numerical Studies. 24.5 Concluding Remarks. 25. Perspectives and Future Directions. 25.1 Current Developments. 25.2 Online Dynamic Contingency Screening. 25.3 Further Improvements. 25.4 Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU)-Assisted Online ATC Determination. 25.5 Emerging Applications. 25.6 Concluding Remarks. Appendix. A1.1 Mathematical Preliminaries. A1.2 Proofs of Theorems in Chapter 9. A1.3 Proofs of Theorems in Chapter 10. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe aim of Design for Reliability (DFR) is to design for zero failures of critical system functions, which results in enormous savings in life cycle costs for producers and users. This practical guide helps readers to understand the best-of-breed methods, technologies, and tools for incorporating reliability into the complex systems design process.Table of ContentsContributors xiii Foreword xv Preface xvii Introduction: What You Will Learn xix 1 Design for Reliability Paradigms 1 Dev Raheja Why Design for Reliability? 1 Reflections on the Current State of the Art 2 The Paradigms for Design for Reliability 4 Summary 13 References 13 2 Reliability Design Tools 15 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 15 Reliability Tools 19 Test Data Analysis 31 Summary 34 References 35 3 Developing Reliable Software 37 Samuel Keene Introduction and Background 37 Software Reliability: Definitions and Basic Concepts 40 Software Reliability Design Considerations 44 Operational Reliability Requires Effective Change Management 48 Execution-Time Software Reliability Models 48 Software Reliability Prediction Tools Prior to Testing 49 References 51 4 Reliability Models 53 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 53 Reliability Block Diagram: System Modeling 56 Example of System Reliability Models Using RBDs 57 Reliability Growth Model 60 Similarity Analysis and Categories of a Physical Model 60 Monte Carlo Models 62 Markov Models 62 References 64 5 Design Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 67 Louis J. Gullo Introduction to FMEA and FMECA 67 Design FMECA 68 Principles of FMECA-MA 71 Design FMECA Approaches 72 Example of a Design FMECA Process 74 Risk Priority Number 82 Final Thoughts 86 References 86 6 Process Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis 87 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 87 Principles of P-FMECA 87 Use of P-FMECA 88 What Is Required Before Starting 90 Performing P-FMECA Step by Step 91 Improvement Actions 98 Reporting Results 100 Suggestions for Additional Reading 101 7 FMECA Applied to Software Development 103 Robert W. Stoddard Introduction 103 Scoping an FMECA for Software Development 104 FMECA Steps for Software Development 106 Important Notes on Roles and Responsibilities with Software FMECA 116 Lessons Learned from Conducting Software FMECA 117 Conclusions 119 References 120 8 Six Sigma Approach to Requirements Development 121 Samuel Keene Early Experiences with Design of Experiments 121 Six Sigma Foundations 124 The Six Sigma Three-Pronged Initiative 126 The RASCI Tool 128 Design for Six Sigma 129 Requirements Development: The Principal Challenge to System Reliability 130 The GQM Tool 131 The Mind Mapping Tool 132 References 135 9 Human Factors in Reliable Design 137 Jack Dixon Human Factors Engineering 137 A Design Engineer’s Interest in Human Factors 138 Human-Centered Design 138 Human Factors Analysis Process 144 Human Factors and Risk 150 Human Error 150 Design for Error Tolerance 153 Checklists 154 Testing to Validate Human Factors in Design 154 References 154 10 Stress Analysis During Design to Eliminate Failures 157 Louis J. Gullo Principles of Stress Analysis 157 Mechanical Stress Analysis or Durability Analysis 158 Finite Element Analysis 158 Probabilistic vs. Deterministic Methods and Failures 159 How Stress Analysis Aids Design for Reliability 159 Derating and Stress Analysis 160 Stress vs. Strength Curves 161 Software Stress Analysis and Testing 166 Structural Reinforcement to Improve Structural Integrity 167 References 167 11 Highly Accelerated Life Testing 169 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 169 Time Compression 173 Test Coverage 174 Environmental Stresses of HALT 175 Sensitivity to Stresses 176 Design Margin 178 Sample Size 180 Conclusions 180 Reference 181 12 Design for Extreme Environments 183 Steven S. Austin Overview 183 Designing for Extreme Environments 183 Designing for Cold 184 Designing for Heat 186 References 191 13 Design for Trustworthiness 193 Lawrence Bernstein and C. M. Yuhas Introduction 193 Modules and Components 196 Politics of Reuse 200 Design Principles 201 Design Constraints That Make Systems Trustworthy 204 Conclusions 210 References and Notes 211 14 Prognostics and Health Management Capabilities to Improve Reliability 213 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 213 PHM Is Department of Defense Policy 216 Condition-Based Maintenance vs. Time-Based Maintenance 216 Monitoring and Reasoning of Failure Precursors 217 Monitoring Environmental and Usage Loads for Damage Modeling 218 Fault Detection, Fault Isolation, and Prognostics 218 Sensors for Automatic Stress Monitoring 220 References 221 15 Reliability Management 223 Joseph A. Childs Introduction 223 Planning, Execution, and Documentation 229 Closing the Feedback Loop: Reliability Assessment, Problem Solving, and Growth 232 References 233 16 Risk Management, Exception Handling, and Change Management 235 Jack Dixon Introduction to Risk 235 Importance of Risk Management 236 Why Many Risks Are Overlooked 237 Program Risk 239 Design Risk 241 Risk Assessment 242 Risk Identification 243 Risk Estimation 244 Risk Evaluation 245 Risk Mitigation 247 Risk Communication 248 Risk and Competitiveness 249 Risk Management in the Change Process 249 Configuration Management 249 References 251 17 Integrating Design for Reliability with Design for Safety 253 Brian Moriarty Introduction 253 Start of Safety Design 254 Reliability in System Safety Design 255 Safety Analysis Techniques 255 Establishing Safety Assessment Using the Risk Assessment Code Matrix 260 Design and Development Process for Detailed Safety Design 261 Verification of Design for Safety Includes Reliability 261 Examples of Design for Safety with Reliability Data 262 Final Thoughts 266 References 266 18 Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment 267 Louis J. Gullo Introduction 267 The Benefits of IEEE 1624-2008 269 Organizational Reliability Capability 270 Reliability Capability Assessment 271 Design Capability and Performability 271 IEEE 1624 Scoring Guidelines 276 SEI CMMI Scoring Guidelines 277 Organizational Reliability Capability Assessment Process 278 Advantages of High Reliability 282 Conclusions 283 References 284 Index 285

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Book SynopsisFundamental Economic Principles, Methods, and Tools for Addressing Human Systems Integration Issues and Tradeoffs Human Systems Integration (HSI) is a new and fundamental integrating discipline designed to help move business and engineering cultures toward more human-centered systems. Integrating consideration of human abilities, limitations, and preferences into engineering systems yields important cost and performance benefits that otherwise would not have been accomplished. In order for this new discipline to be effective, however, a cultural changestarting with organizational leadershipis often necessary. The Economics of Human Systems Integration explains the difficulties underlying valuation of investments in people''s training and education, safety and health, and work productivity. It provides an overview of how the field of economics addresses these difficulties, focusing on human issues associated with design, development, production, operations, mainTrade Review"It provides an overview of how the field of economics addresses these difficulties, focusing on human issues associated with design, development, production, operations, maintenance, and sustainment of complex systems." (Smart Grid, 9 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. PART I INTRODUCTION. 1. Introduction (William B. Rouse). 2. Industry and Commercial Context (William B. Rouse). 3. Government and Defense Context (William B. Rouse and Douglas A. Bodner). PART II ECONOMICS OVERVIEW. 4. Human Capital Economics (William B. Rouse). 5. Labor Economics (Nachum Sicherman). 6. Defense Economics (Keith Hartley). 7. Engineering Economics (William B. Rouse). PART III MODELS, METHODS, AND TOOLS. 8. Parametric Cost Estimation for Human Systems Integration (Ricardo Valerdi and Kevin Liu). 9. A Spreadsheet-Based Tool for Simple Cost–Benefit Analyses of HSI Contributions During Software Application Development (Deborah J. Mayhew). 10. Multistage Real Options (Michael J. Pennock). 11. Organizational Simulation for Economic Assessment (Douglas A. Bodner). PART IV CASE STUDIES. 12. HSI Practices in Program Management: Case Studies of Aegis (Aruna Apte). 13. The Economic Impact of Integrating Ergonomics within an Automotive Production Facility (W. Gary Allread and William S. Marras). 14. How Behavioral and Biometric Health Risk Factors Can Predict Medical and Productivity Costs for Employers (Ron Z. Goetzel, Enid Chung Roemer, Maryam Tabrizi, Rivka Liss-Levinson, and Daniel K. Samoly). 15. Options for Surveillance and Reconnaissance (William B. Rouse). 16. Governing Opportunism in International Armaments Collaboration: The Role of Trust (Ethan B. Kapstein). Index.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth survey of the design and REALIZATIONS of miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters Engineers are continually searching for design methods that can satisfy the ever-increasing demand for miniaturization, accuracy, reliability, and fast development time. Design and Realizations of Miniaturized Fractal RF and Microwave Filters provides RF and microwave engineers and researchers, advanced graduate students, and wireless and telecommunication engineers with the knowledge and skills to design and realize miniaturized fractal microwave and RF filters. This book is an essential resource for the realization of portable and cellular phones, WiFi, 3G and 4G, and satellite networks. The text focuses on the synthesis and fabrication of miniaturized fractal filters with symmetrical and asymmetrical frequency characteristics in the C, X and Ku bands, though applications to other frequency bands are considered. Readers will find helpful guidance on: MTable of ContentsFOREWORD. PREFACE. 1 MICROWAVE FILTER STRUCTURES. 1.1 Background. 1.2 Cavity Filters. 1.3 Planar Filters. 1.4 Planar Filter Technology. 1.5 Active Filters. 1.6 Superconductivity or HTS Filters. 1.7 Periodic Structure Filters. 1.8 SAW Filters. 1.9 Micromachined Filters. 1.10 Summary. References. 2 IN-LINE SYNTHESIS OF PSEUDO-ELLIPTIC FILTERS. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Approximation and Synthesis. 2.3 Chebyshev Filters. 2.4 Pseudo-elliptic Filters. 2.5 Prototype Synthesis Examples. 2.6 Theoretical Coupling Coefficients and External Quality Factors. References. 3 SUSPENDED SUBSTRATE STRUCTURE. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Suspended Substrate Technology. 3.3 Unloaded Quality Factor of a Suspended Substrate Resonator. 3.4 Coupling Coefficients of Suspended Substrate Resonators. 3.5 Enclosure Design Considerations. References. 4 MINIATURIZATION OF PLANAR RESONATORS USING FRACTAL ITERATIONS. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Miniaturization of Planar Resonators. 4.3 Fractal Iteration Applied to Planar Resonators. 4.4 Minkowski Resonators. 4.5 Hibert Resonators. References. 5 DESIGN AND REALIZATIONS OF MEANDERED LINE FILTERS. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Third-order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Transmission Zero on the Right. 5.3 Third-order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Transmission Zero on the Left. References. 6 DESIGN AND REALIZATIONS OF HILBERT FILTERS. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Design of Hilbert Filters. 6.3 Realizations and Measured Performance. References. 7 DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF DUAL-MODE MINKOWSKI FILTERS. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Study of Minkowski Dual-Mode Resonators. 7.3 Design of Fourth-Order Pseudo-elliptic Filters with Two Transmission Zeros. 7.4 Realization and Measured Performance. References. APPENDIX 1: Equivalence Between J and K Lowpass Prototypes. APPENDIX 2: Extraction of the Unloaded Quality Factor of Suspended Substrate Resonators. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisA Research-Driven Resource on Building Biochemical Systems to Perform Information Processing Functions Information Processing by Biochemical Systems describes fully delineated biochemical systems, organized as neural networktype assemblies. It explains the relationship between these two apparently unrelated fields, revealing how biochemical systems have the advantage of using the language of the physiological processes and, therefore, can be organized into the neural networktype assemblies, much in the way that natural biosystems are. A wealth of information is included concerning both the experimental aspects (such as materials and equipment used) and the computational procedures involved. This authoritative reference: Addresses network-type connectivity, considered to be a key feature underlying the information processing ability of the brain Describes novel scientific achievements, and serves as an aid for those interested in furtTrade Review "A wealth of information is included concerning both the experimental aspects (such as materials and equipment used) and the computational procedures involved." (Zentralblatt MATH 2016) Table of ContentsPreface. Terminology. List of Symbols and Acronyms. 1 Introduction and Literature Survey. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Computational Processes Based on Biological Principles. 1.2.1 Modeling Biological Processes. 1.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks. 1.3 Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics. 1.3.1 Motivation. 1.3.2 Molecular Electronics. 1.3.3 Biomolecular Electronics. 1.4 Biochemical Devices Based on Enzymic Reactions. 1.5 Oscillations in Biochemical Systems. 1.6 Kinetic Characteristics of Cyclic Enzyme Systems. 2 Background and Goals of This Study. 3 Materials and Methods. 3.1 Materials. 3.2 Instruments. 3.3 Experimental Methods. 3.3.1 Determination of Kinetic Constants. 3.3.2 Determination of the Inhibition Constant for Inhibition of Glutathione Reductase by Glucose-6-Phosphate. 3.3.3 Immobilization on Affi-Gel 10. 3.3.4 Assay for Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase. 3.3.5 Assay for Glutathione Reductase. 3.4 Computational Methods. 4 Results. 4.1 The Basic System: Theoretical Considerations and Results. 4.1.1 Characteristics of the Basic System. 4.1.2 The Basic System as an Information-Processing Unit. 4.1.3 Analytical Models for the Basic System. 4.1.4 Results of Numerical Simulations for the Basic System. 4.2 Neural Network–Type Biochemical Systems for Information Processing. 4.2.1 Network A. 4.2.2 Network B. 4.2.3 Network C. 4.3 The Basic System: Experimental Results. 4.3.1 Deciding on the Experimental System. 4.3.2 Kinetic Study of the Experimental System. 4.3.3 Control of the Input Signal. 4.3.4 The Basic System in a Fed-Batch Reactor. 4.3.5 Internal Inhibition in the Basic System. 4.3.6 Prediction of the Analytical Model Considering Internal Inhibition in a Fed-Batch Reactor. 4.3.7 Immobilization of G6PDH and GR. 4.3.8 The Basic System in a Packed Bed Reactor. 4.4 The Extended Basic System: Theoretical Considerations and Results. 4.4.1 Characteristics of the Extended Basic System. 4.4.2 The Extended Basic System as an Information-Processing Unit. 4.4.3 Analytical Model for the Extended Basic System. 4.4.4 Results of Numerical Simulations for the Extended Basic System. 5 Discussion. 5.1 The Basic System. 5.1.1 Fed-Batch Reactor: Numerical Simulations. 5.1.2 Continuous Reactor: Numerical Simulations. 5.1.3 Assessment of Experimental Results. 5.2 The Extended Basic System. 5.3 Biochemical Networks. 5.4 Comparing Artificial Neural Networks with Biochemical Networks. 5.5 Comparing Biochemical Networks to Computational Models. 6 Conclusions. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisDigital sound synthesis has long been approached using standard digital filtering techniques. Newer synthesis strategies, however, make use of physical descriptions of musical instruments, and allow for much more realistic and complex sound production and thereby synthesis becomes a problem of simulation. This book has a special focus on time domain finite difference methods presented within an audio framework. It covers time series and difference operators, and basic tools for the construction and analysis of finite difference schemes, including frequency-domain and energy-based methods, with special attention paid to problems inherent to sound synthesis. Various basic lumped systems and excitation mechanisms are covered, followed by a look at the 1D wave equation, linear bar and string vibration, acoustic tube modelling, and linear membrane and plate vibration. Various advanced topics, such as the nonlinear vibration of strings and plates, are given an elaborate treatment. Trade Review"It was a pleasure to read this book, which can be approached from many perspectives. In fact, the author uses a style of writing which can be easily understood from undergraduates and graduates, but, at the same time, there are chapters which contain several technical notions, ideal for PhD students and experts of acoustics." (Zentralblatt Math, 2010) "In a nutshell, a very worthy contribution to the field, Bilbao's Numerical Sound Synthesis does a remarkably good job of synthesizing key ideas in a in a lively manner, exploring complex issues in a consistent manner, without simplification, thereby offering an invaluable companion to those who have just entered the field and to experts in coming to grips with the issues involved in numerical sound synthesis." (Current Engineering Practice, 1 November 2010) "I highly recommend this book as an introduction to the field of physical modeling for sound synthesis, which is becoming more and more popular with the tremendous increase in affordable computer power, through multicore desktops and laptops and supercomputer-like graphics processing unit (GPU) engines." (Computing Reviews, October 2010)Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Sound synthesis and physical modeling. 1.1 Abstract digital sound synthesis. 1.2 Physical modeling. 1.3 Physical modeling: a larger view. 2 Time series and difference operators. 2.1 Time series. 2.2 Shift, difference, and averaging operators. 2.3 Frequency domain analysis. 2.4 Energetic manipulations and identities. 2.5 Problems. 3 The oscillator. 3.1 The simple harmonic oscillator. 3.2 A finite difference scheme. 3.3 Other schemes. 3.4 Lumped mass–spring networks. 3.5 Loss. 3.6 Sources. 3.7 Problems. 3.8 Programming exercises. 4 The oscillator in musical acoustics. 4.1 Nonlinear oscillators. 4.2 Lossless oscillators. 4.3 Lossy oscillators. 4.4 Problems. 4.5 Programming exercises. 5 Grid functions and finite difference operators in 1D. 5.1 Partial differential operators and PDEs. 5.2 Grid functions and difference operators. 5.3 Coordinate changes. 5.4 Problems. 5.5 Programming exercises. 6 The 1D wave equation. 6.1 Definition and properties. 6.2 A simple finite difference scheme. 6.3 Other schemes. 6.4 Modal synthesis. 6.5 Loss. 6.6 Comparative study I. 6.7 Problems. 6.8 Programming exercises. 7 Linear bar and string vibration. 7.1 The ideal uniform bar. 7.2 Stiff strings. 7.3 Frequency-dependent loss. 7.4 Coupling with bow models. 7.5 Coupling with hammer and mallet models. 7.6 Multiple strings. 7.7 Prepared strings. 7.8 Coupled bars. 7.9 Helical springs. 7.10 Spatial variation and stretched coordinates. 7.11 Problems. 7.12 Programming exercises. 8 Nonlinear string vibration. 8.1 The Kirchhoff–Carrier string model. 8.2 General planar nonlinear string motion. 8.3 Non-planar string motion. 8.4 Problems. 8.5 Programming exercises. 9 Acoustic tubes. 9.1 Webster’s equation. 9.2 The vocal tract and speech synthesis. 9.3 Reed wind instruments. 9.4 Other wind instruments. 9.5 Problems. 9.6 Programming exercises. 10 Grid functions and finite difference operators in 2D. 10.1 Partial differential operators and PDEs in two space variables. 10.2 Grid functions and difference operators: Cartesian coordinates. 10.3 Grid functions and difference operators: radial coordinates. 10.4 Problems. 10.5 Programming exercises. 11 The 2D wave equation. 11.1 Definition and properties. 11.2 A simple finite difference scheme. 11.3 Other finite difference schemes. 11.4 Digital waveguide meshes. 11.5 Lumped mass–spring networks. 11.6 Modal synthesis. 11.7 Finite difference schemes in radial coordinates. 11.8 Comparative study II. 11.9 Problems. 11.10 Programming exercises. 12 Linear plate vibration. 12.1 The Kirchhoff thin plate model. 12.2 Loss and tension. 12.3 Plate excitation. 12.4 Plate–string connections. 12.5 Anisotropic plates. 12.6 The thin plate in radial coordinates. 12.7 Problems. 12.8 Programming exercises. 13 Nonlinear plate vibration. 13.1 The Berger plate model. 13.2 The von Kármán plate model. 13.3 Spherical shell vibration. 13.4 Problems. 13.5 Programming exercises. 14 Conclusion and perspectives. 14.1 A family of musical systems. 14.2 Comparative study III. 14.3 Beyond finite difference methods. A Matlab code examples. A.1 The simple harmonic oscillator. A.2 Hammer collision with mass–spring system. A.3 Bowed mass–spring system. A.4 The 1D wave equation: finite difference scheme. A.5 The 1D wave equation: digital waveguide synthesis. A.6 The 1D wave equation: modal synthesis. A.7 The ideal bar. A.8 The stiff string. A.9 The Kirchhoff–Carrier equation. A.10 Vocal synthesis. A.11 The 2D wave equation. A.12 Thin plate. B List of symbols. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisToday's networks of processors on and off chip, operating with independent clocks, need effective synchronization of the data passing between them for reliability. When two or more processors request access to a common resource, such as a memory, an arbiter has to decide which request to deal with first.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. Acknowledgements. 1. Synchronization, Arbitration and Choice. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 The Problem of Choice. 1.3 Choice in Electronics. 1.4 Arbitration. 1.5 Continuous and Discrete Quantities. 1.6 Timing. 1.7 Book Structure. PART I. 2. Modelling Metastability. 2.1 The Synchronizer. 2.2 Latch Model. 2.3 Failure Rates. 2.3.1 Event Histograms and MTBF. 2.4 Latches and Flip-flops. 2.5 Clock Back Edge. 3. Circuits. 3.1 Latches and Metastability Filters. 3.2 Effects of Filtering. 3.3 The Jamb Latch. 3.3.1 Jamb Latch Flip-flop. 3.4 Low Coupling Latch. 3.5 The Q-flop. 3.6 The MUTEX. 3.7 Robust Synchronizer. 3.8 The Tri-flop. 4. Noise and its Effects. 4.1 Noise. 4.2 Effect of Noise on a Synchronizer. 4.3 Malicious Inputs. 4.3.1 Synchronous Systems. 4.3.2 Asynchronous Systems. 5. Metastability Measurements. 5.1 Circuit Simulation. 5.1.1 Time Step Control. 5.1.2 Long-term τ. 5.1.3 Using Bisection. 5.2 Synchronizer Flip-flop Testing. 5.3 Rising and Falling Edges. 5.4 Delay-based Measurement. 5.5 Deep Metastability. 5.6 Back Edge Measurement. 5.7 Measure and Select. 5.7.1 Failure Measurement. 5.7.2 Synchronizer Selection. 6. Conclusions Part I. PART II. 7. Synchronizers in Systems. 7.1 Latency and Throughput. 7.2 FIFO Synchronizer. 7.3 Avoiding Synchronization. 7.4 Predictive Synchronizers. 7.5 Other Low-latency Synchronizers. 7.5.1 Locally Delayed Latching (LDL). 7.5.2 Speculative Synchronization. 7.6 Asynchronous Communication Mechanisms (ACM). 7.6.1 Slot Mechanisms. 7.6.2 Three-slot Mechanism. 7.6.3 Four-slot Mechanism. 7.6.4 Hardware Design and Metastability. 7.7 Some Common Synchronizer Design Issues. 7.7.1 Unsynchronized Paths. 7.7.2 Moving Metastability Out of Sight. 7.7.3 Multiple Synchronizer Flops. 8. Networks and Interconnects. 8.1 Communication on Chip. 8.1.1 Comparison of Network Architectures. 8.2 Interconnect Links. 8.3 Serial Links. 8.3.1 Using One Line. 8.3.2 Using Two Lines. 8.4 Differential Signalling. 8.5 Parallel Links. 8.5.1 One Hot Codes. 8.5.2 Transition Signaling. 8.5.3 n of m Codes. 8.5.4 Phase Encoding. 8.5.5 Time Encoding. 8.6 Parallel Serial Links. 9. Pausible and Stoppable Clocks in GALS. 9.1 GALS Clock Generators. 9.2 Clock Tree Delays. 9.3 A GALS Wrapper. 10. Conclusions Part II. PART III. 11. Arbitration. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Arbiter Definition. 11.3 Arbiter Applications, Resource Allocation Policies and Common Architectures. 11.4 Signal Transition Graphs, Our Main Modelling Language. 12. Simple Two-way Arbiters. 12.1 Basic Concepts and Conventions. 12.1.1 Two-phase or Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) Protocols. 12.1.2 Four-phase or Return-to-zero (RTZ) Protocols. 12.2 Simple Arbitration Between Two Asynchronous Requests. 12.3 Sampling the Logic Level of an Asynchronous Request. 12.4 Summary of Two-way Arbiters. 13. Multi-way Arbiters. 13.1 Multi-way MUTEX Using a Mesh. 13.2 Cascaded Tree Arbiters. 13.3 Ring-based Arbiters. 14. Priority Arbiters. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Priority Discipline. 14.3 Daisy-chain Arbiter. 14.4 Ordered Arbiter. 14.5 Canonical Structure of Priority Arbiters. 14.6 Static Priority Arbiter. 14.7 Dynamic Priority Arbiter. 15. Conclusions Part III. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisAmbient Networks defines a new kind of network architecture, which embeds support for co operation and competition between diverse network types within a common control layer. This unified networking concept can adapt to the heterogeneous environments of different radio technologies and service and network environments. Special focus is placed on facilitating both competition and co-operation of various market players, by defining interfaces which allow the instant negotiation of cooperation agreements. The Ambient Networking concept has been developed in the framework of the Ambient Networks project, which is co-sponsored by the European Union under the Information Society Technology (IST) priority of the 6th Framework Programme. The Ambient Networks project mobilised the work of researchers from over forty different organisations, both major industrial corporations and leading academic institutions, from Europe and worldwide. This book offers a complete and detailed overviTable of ContentsAcknowledgements ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The Current Communications Environment 1 1.2 The Ambient Networking Concept 4 1.3 The Ambient Networks Project 4 1.4 How to Read This Book 5 1.5 Outlook 6 2 Ambient Networks – The Consequence of Convergence 7 2.1 Convergence Leading Towards Ambient Networks 7 2.2 Realization of Convergence 8 2.3 Converged All-IP Networks 9 2.4 Network Convergence with the IP Multimedia Subsystem 12 2.5 Towards Ambient Networks 18 2.6 Motivation for a New Approach 19 2.7 Architectural Requirements for Ambient Networks 21 2.8 Summary 26 3 The Business Environment for Ambient Networks 27 3.1 Business Drivers and Benefi ts 27 3.2 Business Actors 30 3.3 The AN Business Proposition: The Value Network 33 3.4 Financial Aspects 37 3.5 Network Composition – Business View 38 3.6 Migration Aspects 40 3.7 Summary 42 4 Architecture and Components 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 The Ambient Network Approach 44 4.3 The Ambient Control Space Concept 46 4.4 The Ambient Layer Model 53 4.5 Summary 64 5 Security in Ambient Networks 65 5.1 Introduction 65 5.2 Security Problem Space in Ambient Networks 67 5.3 Security Architecture 70 5.4 Key Problems and Solutions 79 5.5 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 92 6 Network Composition 93 6.1 Introduction and Motivation 93 6.2 Composition Procedures 94 6.3 Definition of Composition Types 97 6.4 Conclusions 105 7 GANS – Generic Ambient Networks Signalling 107 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 State of the Art 110 7.3 Protocol Architecture 114 7.4 GANS Transport Layer Protocol 116 7.5 QoS Signalling Application 118 7.6 Conclusions 124 8 Multi-Radio Access 125 8.1 Introduction 125 8.2 Multi Radio Access – Problems and State of the Art 128 8.3 The AN Multi-Radio Access Architecture 133 8.4 Access Selection 138 8.5 Challenging Multi-Radio Access Networking Scenarios 146 8.6 Deployment Cost Savings 151 8.7 Migration Issues 154 8.8 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 154 9 Ambient Networks Mobility Management 157 9.1 Background and Motivation 157 9.2 The Framework for Mobility Management 159 9.3 Functional Entities 166 9.4 Trigger Mechanisms 169 10 Overlay Networks for Media Delivery 177 10.1 Introduction 177 10.2 Why Media Delivery Support in the Network Infrastructure? 178 10.3 Media Delivery Architecture 181 10.4 Concept Evaluation and Demonstration 196 10.5 Conclusion, Outlook and Further Work 201 11 ContextWare – Context Awareness in Ambient Networks 203 11.1 Introduction 203 11.2 Network Context Awareness 204 11.3 Context Awareness in Ambient Networks 206 11.4 Ambient Networks ContextWare: Architecture and System Design 211 11.5 ContextWare Prototypes 223 11.6 Conclusions 230 12 Towards Ambient Networks Management 231 12.1 Introduction 231 12.2 Ambient Networks Management Challenges 234 12.3 Ambient Networks Management Approaches 235 12.4 Conclusions 255 References 261 Abbreviations 269 Index 273

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Book SynopsisBefore putting digital systems for information technology or telecommunication applications on the market, an essential requirement is to perform tests in order to comply with the limits of radiated emission imposed by the standards. This book provides an investigation into signal integrity (SI) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Topics such as reflections, crosstalk, switching noise and radiated emission (RE) in high-speed digital systems are covered, which are essential for IT and telecoms applications. The highly important topic of modelling is covered which can reduce costs by enabling simulation data to demonstrate that a product meets design specifications and regulatory limits. According to the new European EMC directive, this can help to avoid the expensive use of large semi-anechoic chambers or open area test sites for radiated emission assessments. Following a short introduction to signalling and radiated interference in digital systems, the book provides a Trade Review“The approach and practical examples of this book make it a valuable tool for learners and professionals concerned with signal and power integrity and electromagnetic interference, including electrical engineers, system designers, and signal integrity engineers.” (International Journal Microstructure & Materials Properties, 2009)Table of ContentsPreface 1. Introduction to Signal Integrity and Radiated Emission in Digital System 2. High-Speed Digital Devices 3. Inductance 4. Capacitance 5. Reflection on Signal Lines 6. Crosstalk 7. Lossy Transmission Lines 8. Delta I-Noise 9. Radiated Emission from PCB 10. Grounding in PCB 11. Measurement and Modeling 12. Differential Signalling and Discontinuities Modeling in PCBs Appendix A – Working Formulas for partial Inductance Calculation Appendix B – Characteristic Impedance, Delay and Attenuation of Microstrips and Striplines Appendix C - Computation of Resonances in Power Distribution Network of a PCB Appendix D - Formulae for Simple-Radiating Structures Appendix E - Introduction to Nodal Method for AC Analysis Appendix F – Files in the Web Index

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Book SynopsisRadio spectrum is today not efficiently utilized because of a complicated and time-consuming radio regulation processes and inflexibility in standardization. In this book, intelligent technologies to help overcome these barriers, namely, cognitive radios, are discussed.Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. About The Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgement. Preface. Abbreviations. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Access to radio spectrum. 1.2 Artificial spectrum scarcity from unexploited frequencies. 1.3 Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access as solution. 1.4 This book 28. 2. RADIO SPECTRUM TODAY - REGULATION AND SPECTRUM USAGE. 2.1 History and terminology. 2.1.1 The four basic approaches for radio spectrum regulation. 2.1.2 Guiding principles. 2.2 Institutions that regulate radio spectrum. 2.2.1 International Telecommunication Union, ITU. 2.2.2 Europe. 2.2.3 Germany. 2.2.4 United Kingdom. 2.2.5 Japan. 2.2.6 P.R. China. 2.2.7 United States of America. 2.3 Licensed and unlicensed spectrum. 2.3.1 The disadvantages of spectrum licensing. 2.3.2 Unlicensed spectrum as alternative. 2.3.3 Tragedy of commons in unlicensed spectrum. 2.3.4 Spectrum measurements. 3. RADIO SPECTRUM TOMORROW ? DYNAMIC SPECTRUM ACCESS & SPECTRUM SHARING. 3.1 Spectrum sharing and dynamic spectrum access: concepts and terminology. 3.1.1 Spectrum trading and spectrum liberalization. 3.1.2 Underlay and overlay spectrum sharing. 3.1.3 Vertical and horizontal spectrum sharing. 3.1.4 Coexistence, coordination and cooperation. 3.2 Horizontal spectrum sharing. 3.2.1 Coexistence. 3.2.2 Centralized spectrum coordination for horizontal sharing. 3.2.3 Spectrum sharing games. 3.3 Vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.1 Re-use of TV bands for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.2 Spectrum pooling and a common control for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.3 Operator-assistance in vertical spectrum sharing. 3.3.4 Spectrum load smoothing for vertical spectrum sharing. 3.4 Taxonomy for spectrum sharing. 4. TOWARDS COGNITIVE RADIO - RESEARCH AND STANDARDIZATION. 4.1 Research programs and projects. 4.1.1 DARPA Next Generation Communications Program, XG. 4.1.2 National Science Foundation’s project GENI. 4.1.3 European project E3. 4.1.4 European project WINNER+. 4.1.5 European project WIP. 4.1.6 European project SOCRATES. 4.1.7 European project ROCKET. 4.1.8 European project ORACLE. 4.2 IEEE coordination, and the Coexistence Advisory Group IEEE 802.19. 4.3 IEEE SCC41/P1900. 4.3.1 IEEE P1900.1. 4.3.2 IEEE P1900.2. 4.3.3 IEEE P1900.3. 4.3.4 IEEE P1900.4. 4.3.5 IEEE P1900.5. 4.4 Wi-Fi Wireless Local Area Networks IEEE 802.11. 4.4.1 IEEE 802.11k for radio resource measurements. 4.4.2 IEEE 802.11n for high throughput. 4.4.3 IEEE 802.11s for mesh networks. 4.4.4 IEEE 802.11y for high power Wi-Fi. 4.5 WiMAX Wirless Metropolitan Area Networks IEEE 802.16. 4.5.1 IEEE 802.16.2 Coexistence. 4.5.2 IEEE 802.16h license exempt. 4.5.3 IEEE 802.22 for wireless rural area networks. 4.6 Other standardization activities. 4.6.1 White Spaces Coalition & Wireless Innovation Alliance. 4.6.2 The New America Foundation and open spectrum. 4.6.3 SDR Forum. 4.6.4 Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP. 4.6.5 European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI. 4.6.6 Academic research conferences and workshops. 5. PROPOSED ENABLERS FOR REALIZING HORIZONTAL SPECTRUM SHARING. 5.1 IEEE 802.11 in unlicensed spectrum. 5.1.1 Overview. 5.1.2 Physical layer. 5.1.3 Medium access control. 5.1.4 Learning from 802.11. 5.2 IEEE 802.16 in unlicensed spectrum. 5.2.1 Coexistence scenario. 5.2.2 Protecting the beginning of 802.16 MAC frame. 5.2.3 Protecting the 802.16 UL subframe. 5.2.4 Shifting the contention slots. 5.2.5 Quality-of-service, efficiency, and fairness. 5.3 Policies in spectrum usage. 5.3.1 Policy framework. 5.3.2 Spectrum navigation. 5.3.3 Reasoning based spectrum navigation. 5.4 Policy language. 5.5 Spectrum sharing games. 5.5.1 Related work. 5.5.2 802.11e coexistence scenario. 5.5.3 Game overview. 5.5.4 Single stage game for frame based interaction. 5.5.5 Quality-of-service as utility. 5.5.6 Analytic game model. 5.5.7 Behavior. 5.5.8 Equilibrium analysis. 5.5.9 Multi stage game model. 5.5.10 Discounting of future payoffs. 5.5.11 Strategies. 5.5.12 Nash equilibrium in multi stage games. 5.5.13 QoS evaluation of strategies. 5.5.14 Game approach as policy. 5.5.15 Learning from spectrum sharing games. 6. PROPOSED ENABLERS FOR REALIZING VERTICAL SPECTRUM SHARING. 6.1 Frequency division duplex for Wi-Fi: FDD WLANs. 6.2 Operator assisted cognitive radio with beaconing. 6.2.1 Existing standard beaconing concepts. 6.2.2 What is a beacon? 6.2.3 Improved signaling mechanism with dual beacons. 6.2.4 Beacon implementation in IEEE 802.11. 6.2.5 Evaluation. 6.2.6 Dual beaconing for the reuse of TV bands as policy. 6.3 Spectrum load smoothing. 6.3.1 Related work. 6.3.2 Enabling cognitive radios. 6.3.3 Spectrum load smoothing in the time domain. 6.3.4 Initial simulations and convergence experiments. 6.3.5 Modeling spectrum load smoothing in spectrum sharing scenarios. 6.3.6 QoS support in IEEE 802.11e coexistence scenarios. 6.3.7 SLS with reservations - approach to the re-use of TV-bands. 6.3.8 SLS without reservations - opportunistic spectrum usage scenario. 6.3.9 Evaluation of QoS capabilities. 6.3.10 Spectrum load smoothing as policy. 6.3.11 Learning from spectrum load smoothing approach. 7. OUR VISION ? THE TRUE COGNITIVE RADIO. 7.1 Mitola’s cognition circle and related cognitive radio definitions. 7.2 Cognitive radios can gain from delay-tolerant software radio. 7.3 DARPA XG provides implementation guidelines, including the access protocol. 7.3.1 Traceable decision making. 7.3.2 Machine-understandable radio semantics. 7.4 Spectrum etiquette may stimulate cognitive behavior. 7.4.1 What is spectrum etiquette? 7.4.2 Value orientation. 7.5 Network operators may assist dynamic spectrum access. 7.6 Business opportunities. 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS. A. APPENDIX "JEMULA802". B. APPENDIX "YOUSHI". B.1 Modeling QoS requirements and demands. B.2 Resource allocation and collisions. B.3 Graphical user interface. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Signal Processing for Sound and Vibration Engineers is based on Joe Hammond's many years of teaching experience at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, University of Southampton.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Signal Processing. 1.1 Descriptions of Physical Data (Signals). 1.2 Classification of Data. PART I: DETERMINISTIC SIGNALS. 2. Classification of Deterministic Data. 2.1 Periodic Signals. 2.2 Almost Periodic Signals. 2.3 Transient Signals. 2.4 Brief Summary and Concluding Remarks. 2.5 MATLAB Examples. 3. Fourier Series. 3.1 Periodic Signals and Fourier Series. 3.2 The Delta Function. 3.3 Fourier Series and the Delta Function. 3.4 The Complex Form of the Fourier Series. 3.5 Spectra. 3.6 Some Computational Considerations. 3.7 Brief Summary. 3.8 MATLAB Examples. 4. Fourier Integrals (Fourier Transform) and Continuous-Time Linear Systems. 4.1 The Fourier Integral. 4.2 Energy Spectra. 4.3 Some Examples of Fourier Transforms. 4.4 Properties of Fourier Transforms. 4.5 The Importance of Phase. 4.6 Echoes. 4.7 Continuous-Time Linear Time-Invariant Systems and Convolution. 4.8 Group Delay (Dispersion). 4.9 Minimum and Non-Minimum Phase Systems. 4.10 The Hilbert Transform. 4.11 The Effect of Data Truncation (Windowing). 4.12 Brief Summary. 4.13 MATLAB Examples. 5. Time Sampling and Aliasing. 5.1 The Fourier Transform of An Ideal Sampled Signal. 5.2 Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filters. 5.3 Analogue-to-Digital Conversion and Dynamic Range. 5.4 Some Other Considerations in Signal Acquisition. 5.5 Shannon’s Sampling Theorem (Signal Reconstruction). 5.6 Brief Summary. 5.7 MATLAB Examples. 6. The Discrete Fourier Transform. 6.1 Sequences and Linear Filters. 6.2 Frequency Domain Representation of Discrete Systems and Signals. 6.3 The Discrete Fourier Transform. 6.4 Properties of the DFT. 6.5 Convolution of Periodic Sequences. 6.6 The Fast Fourier Transform. 6.7 Brief Summary. 6.8 MATLAB Examples. PART II: INTRODUCTION TO RANDOM PROCESSES. 7. Random Processes. 7.1 Basic Probability Theory. 7.2 Random Variables and Probability Distributions. 7.3 Expectations of Functions of a Random Variable. 7.4 Brief Summary. 7.5 MATLAB Examples. 8. Stochastic Processes; Correlation Functions and Spectra. 8.1 Probability Distribution Associated with a Stochastic Process. 8.2 Moments of a Stochastic Process. 8.3 Stationarity. 8.4 The Second Moments of a Stochastic Process; Covariance. (Correlation) Functions. 8.5 Ergodicity and Time Averages. 8.6 Examples. 8.7 Spectra. 8.8 Brief Summary. 8.9 MATLAB Examples. 9. Linear System Response to Random Inputs: System Identification. 9.1 Single-Input, Single-Output Systems. 9.2 The Ordinary Coherence Function. 9.3 System Identification. 9.4 Brief Summary. 9.5 MATLAB Examples. 10. Estimation Methods and Statistical Considerations. 10.1 Estimator Errors and Accuracy. 10.2 Mean Value and Mean Square Value. 10.3 Correlation and Covariance Functions. 10.4 Power Spectral Density Function. 10.5 Cross-spectral Density Function. 10.6 Coherence Function. 10.7 Frequency Response Function. 10.8 Brief Summary. 10.9 MATLAB Examples. 11. Multiple-Input/Response Systems. 11.1 Description of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Systems. 11.2 Residual Random Variables, Partial and Multiple Coherence Functions. 11.3 Principal Component Analysis. Appendices. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisPresenting information on electrostatic discharge (ESD) and the characterization of semiconductor devices, this book examines ESD physical models and discusses the test systems and testing and specifications of each model, including the RF ESD test systems and magnetic recording (MR) systems and latchup.Table of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Preface xix Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Testing for ESD, EMI, EOS, EMC, and Latchup 1 1.2 Component and System Level Testing 1 1.3 Qualification Testing 2 1.4 ESD Standards 3 1.5 Component Level Standards 6 1.6 System Level Standards 7 1.7 Factory and Material Standards 7 1.8 Characterization Testing 8 1.9 ESD Library Characterization and Qualification 12 1.10 ESD Component Standards and Chip Architectures 12 1.11 System Level Characterization 13 1.12 Summary and Closing Comments 13 Problems 14 References 15 2 Human Body Model 17 2.1 History 17 2.2 Scope 18 2.3 Purpose 18 2.4 Pulse Waveform 18 2.5 Equivalent Circuit 19 2.6 Test Equipment 20 2.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 23 2.8 Failure Mechanisms 25 2.9 HBM ESD Current Paths 26 2.10 HBM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 28 2.11 Alternate Test Methods 32 2.12 HBM Two-Pin Stress 34 2.13 HBM Small Step Stress 37 2.14 Summary and Closing Comments 38 Problems 39 References 39 3 Machine Model 43 3.1 History 43 3.2 Scope 43 3.3 Purpose 43 3.4 Pulse Waveform 44 3.5 Equivalent Circuit 45 3.6 Test Equipment 45 3.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 47 3.8 Failure Mechanisms 49 3.9 MM ESD Current Paths 49 3.10 MM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 52 3.11 Alternate Test Methods 55 3.12 Machine Model to Human Body Model Ratio 57 3.13 Machine Model Status as an ESD Standard 58 3.14 Summary and Closing Comments 58 Problems 59 References 59 4 Charged Device Model (CDM) 61 4.1 History 61 4.2 Scope 61 4.3 Purpose 62 4.4 Pulse Waveform 62 4.5 Equivalent Circuit 65 4.6 Test Equipment 65 4.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 67 4.8 Failure Mechanisms 69 4.9 CDM ESD Current Paths 70 4.10 CDM ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 72 4.11 Alternative Test Methods 74 4.12 Charged Board Model (CBM) 75 4.13 Summary and Closing Comments 77 Problems 79 References 80 5 Transmission Line Pulse (TLP) Testing 84 5.1 History 84 5.2 Scope 85 5.3 Purpose 85 5.4 Pulse Waveform 86 5.5 Equivalent Circuit 87 5.6 Test Equipment 88 5.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 95 5.8 TLP Pulsed I–V Characteristic 98 5.9 Alternate Methods 101 5.10 TLP-to-HBM Ratio 104 5.11 Summary and Closing Comments 104 Problems 104 References 105 6 Very Fast Transmission Line Pulse (VF-TLP) Testing 108 6.1 History 108 6.2 Scope 108 6.3 Purpose 108 6.4 Pulse Waveform 109 6.5 Equivalent Circuit 111 6.6 Test Equipment Configuration 111 6.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 117 6.8 VF-TLP Pulsed I–V Characteristics 121 6.9 Alternate Test Methods 124 6.10 Summary and Closing Comments 125 Problems 128 References 128 7 IEC 61000-4-2 130 7.1 History 130 7.2 Scope 130 7.3 Purpose 130 7.4 Pulse Waveform 131 7.5 Equivalent Circuit 133 7.6 Test Equipment 133 7.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 135 7.8 Failure Mechanisms 137 7.9 IEC 61000-4-2 ESD Current Paths 138 7.10 ESD Protection Circuitry Solutions 139 7.11 Alternative Test Methods 140 7.12 Summary and Closing Comments 143 Problems 143 References 144 8 Human Metal Model (HMM) 147 8.1 History 147 8.2 Scope 147 8.3 Purpose 148 8.4 Pulse Waveform 148 8.5 Equivalent Circuit 149 8.6 Test Equipment 149 8.7 Test Configuration 150 8.8 Test Sequence and Procedure 153 8.9 Failure Mechanisms 157 8.10 ESD Current Paths 158 8.11 ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 158 8.12 Summary and Closing Comments 160 Problems 160 References 161 9 IEC 61000-4-5 163 9.1 History 163 9.2 Scope 164 9.3 Purpose 164 9.4 Pulse Waveform 165 9.5 Equivalent Circuit 166 9.6 Test Equipment 166 9.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 168 9.8 Failure Mechanisms 168 9.9 IEC 61000-4-5 ESD Current Paths 170 9.10 ESD Protection Circuit Solutions 170 9.11 Alternate Test Methods 171 9.12 Summary and Closing Comments 171 Problems 172 References 172 10 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) 174 10.1 History 174 10.2 Scope 175 10.3 Purpose 175 10.4 Cable Discharge Event – Charging, Discharging, and Pulse Waveform 175 10.5 Equivalent Circuit 178 10.6 Test Equipment 179 10.7 Test Measurement 180 10.8 Test Procedure 185 10.9 Measurement of a Cable in Different Conditions 185 10.10 Transient Field Measurements 195 10.11 Telecommunication Cable Discharge Test System 195 10.12 Cable Discharge Current Paths 200 10.13 Failure Mechanisms 200 10.14 Cable Discharge Event (CDE) Protection 201 10.15 Alternative Test Methods 203 10.16 Summary and Closing Comments 204 Problems 204 References 204 11 Latchup 206 11.1 History 206 11.2 Purpose 208 11.3 Scope 209 11.4 Pulse Waveform 209 11.5 Equivalent Circuit 209 11.6 Test Equipment 209 11.7 Test Sequence and Procedure 211 11.8 Failure Mechanisms 215 11.9 Latchup Current Paths 216 11.10 Latchup Protection Solutions 216 11.11 Alternate Test Methods 222 11.12 Single Event Latchup (SEL) Test Methods 224 11.13 Summary and Closing Comments 224 Problems 227 References 227 12 Electrical Overstress (EOS) 230 12.1 History 230 12.2 Scope 232 12.3 Purpose 233 12.4 Pulse Waveform 233 12.5 Equivalent Circuit 233 12.6 Test Equipment 234 12.7 Test Procedure and Sequence 234 12.8 Failure Mechanisms 236 12.9 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Protection Circuit Solutions 240 12.10 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Testing – TLP Method and EOS 249 12.11 Electrical Overstress (EOS) Testing – DC and Transient Latchup Testing 252 12.12 Summary and Closing Comments 252 Problems 252 References 253 13 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) 257 13.1 History 257 13.2 Purpose 258 13.3 Scope 258 13.4 Pulse Waveform 258 13.5 Equivalent Circuit 259 13.6 Test Equipment 259 13.7 Test Procedures 261 13.8 Failure Mechanisms 261 13.9 ESD/EMC Current Paths 263 13.10 EMC Solutions 264 13.11 Alternative Test Methods 266 13.12 EMC/ESD Product Evaluation – IC Prequalification 267 13.13 EMC/ESD Scanning Detection – Upset Evaluation 267 13.14 EMC/ESD Product Qualification Process 268 13.15 Alternative ESD/EMC Scanning Methods 271 13.16 Current Reconstruction Methodology 276 13.17 Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Design EMC Solutions 277 13.18 Summary and Closing Comments 280 Problems 281 References 282 A Glossary of Terms 284 B Standards 288 B.1 ESD Association 288 B.2 International Organization of Standards 289 B.3 IEC 289 B.4 RTCA 289 B.5 Department of Defense 289 B.6 Military Standards 289 B.7 Airborne Standards and Lightning 290 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThis self-contained book gives fundamental knowledge about scattering and diffraction of electromagnetic waves and fills the gap between general electromagnetic theory courses and collections of engineering formulas.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scattering and Diffraction Theory 1 1.2 Books on Related Subjects 3 1.3 Concept and Outline of the Book 5 References 8 2 Fundamentals of Electromagnetic Scattering 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Fundamental Equations and Conditions 11 2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations 12 2.2.2 Constitutive Relations 12 2.2.3 Time-harmonic Scattering Problems 19 2.3 Approximate Boundary Conditions 26 2.3.1 Impedance Boundary Conditions 26 2.3.2 Generalized (Higher-order) Impedance Boundary Conditions 31 2.3.3 Sheet Transition Conditions 32 2.4 Fundamental Properties of Time-harmonic Electromagnetic Fields 35 2.4.1 Energy Conservation and Uniqueness 35 2.4.2 Reciprocity 39 2.5 Basic Solutions of Maxwell’s Equations in Homogeneous Isotropic Media 42 2.5.1 Plane, Spherical, and Cylindrical Waves 43 2.5.2 Electromagnetic Potentials and Fields of External Currents 46 2.5.3 Tensor Green’s Function 50 2.5.4 E and H Modes 54 2.5.5 Fields with Translational Symmetry 58 2.6 Electromagnetic Formulation of Huygens’ Principle 61 2.6.1 Compact Scatterers 62 2.6.2 Cylindrical Scatterers 67 2.7 Problems 70 References 84 3 Far-field Scattering 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Scattering Cross Section 87 3.2.1 Monostatic and Bistatic, Backscattering and Forward-scattering Cross Sections, Differential, Total, Absorption, and Extinction Cross Sections 87 3.2.2 Scattering Width 91 3.2.3 Backscattering from Impedance-matched Bodies 93 3.3 Scattering Matrix 95 3.3.1 Definition 95 3.3.2 Scattering Matrix in Spherical Coordinates 97 3.3.3 Scattering Matrix in the Plane of Scattering Coordinates 99 3.4 Far-field Coefficient 101 3.4.1 Integral Representations and Far-field Conditions 102 3.4.2 Reciprocity of Scattered Fields 106 3.4.3 Forward Scattering 108 3.4.4 Cylindrical Bodies 113 3.5 Scattering Regimes 120 3.5.1 Resonant-size Scatterers 120 3.5.2 Electrically Large Scatterers 121 3.6 Electrically Small Scatterers 125 3.6.1 Physics of Dipole Scattering 126 3.6.2 Dipole Scattering in Terms of Polarizability Tensors 129 3.6.3 Magneto-dielectric Ellipsoid 131 3.6.4 Rotationally Symmetric Particles 137 3.7 Problems 148 References 162 4 Planar Interfaces 165 4.1 Introduction 165 4.2 Interface of Two Homogeneous Semi-infinite Media 167 4.2.1 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 167 4.2.2 Brewster’s Angle 173 4.2.3 Total Internal Reflection 173 4.2.4 Interfaces with Double-negative Materials 176 4.2.5 Surface Waves 177 4.2.6 Vector Solution of Reflection and Transmission Problems 179 4.3 Arbitrary Number of Planar Layers 182 4.3.1 Solution by the Method of Characteristic Matrices 182 4.3.2 Discussion and Limiting Cases 189 4.4 Reflection and Transmission of Cylindrical and Spherical Waves 195 4.4.1 Excitation by a Linear Electric Current 195 4.4.2 Excitation by an Electric Dipole 202 4.5 A Layer between Homogeneous Half-spaces 207 4.5.1 Different Half-spaces 207 4.5.2 A PEC-backed Layer 213 4.5.3 Layer Immersed in a Homogeneous Space 215 4.6 Modeling with Approximate Boundary Conditions 224 4.6.1 Accuracy of Impedance Boundary Conditions 225 4.6.2 Accuracy of Transition Boundary Conditions 229 4.6.3 Impedance-matched Surface 232 4.7 Problems 235 References 249 5 Wedges 251 5.1 Introduction 251 5.2 The Perfectly Conducting Wedge 253 5.2.1 Formulation of Boundary Value Problem 254 5.2.2 Solution by Separation of Variables 256 5.2.3 Fields and Currents at the Edge 258 5.2.4 Reduction to an Integral Form 260 5.2.5 Special Cases 262 5.2.6 Edge-diffracted and GO Components. Diffraction Coefficient 266 5.3 Scattering from a Half-plane (Solution by Factorization Method) 271 5.3.1 Statement of the Problem 271 5.3.2 Functional Equation 273 5.3.3 Factorization and Solution 274 5.3.4 Scattered Field Far from the Edge 276 5.4 The Impedance Wedge 279 5.4.1 Boundary Value Problem, Sommerfeld’s Integrals, and Functional Equations 279 5.4.2 Normal Incidence (Maliuzhinets’ Solution) 288 5.4.3 Unit Surface Impedance 297 5.4.4 Further Exactly Solvable Cases 300 5.5 High-frequency Scattering from Impenetrable Wedges 306 5.5.1 GO Components and Surface Waves 307 5.5.2 Edge-diffracted Field, Diffraction Coefficient, and Scattering Widths 310 5.5.3 Uniform Asymptotic Approximations 316 5.5.4 GTD/UTD Formulation 319 5.6 Behavior of Electromagnetic Fields at Edges 322 5.6.1 Determining the Degree of Singularity 322 5.6.2 Analytical Structure of Meixner’s Series 328 5.7 Problems 329 References 336 6 Circular Cylinders and Convex Bodies 339 6.1 Introduction 339 6.2 Perfectly Conducting Cylinders: Separation of Variables and Series Solution 340 6.2.1 Separation of Variables 342 6.2.2 Satisfying the Boundary Conditions 342 6.2.3 Scattered Fields 343 6.2.4 Numerical Examples 345 6.3 Homogeneous Cylinders under Normal Illumination 350 6.3.1 Field Equations and Boundary Conditions 350 6.3.2 Rayleigh Series Solution 351 6.3.3 Numerical Examples 352 6.4 Watson’s Transformation and High-frequency Approximations 354 6.4.1 Watson’s Transformation 355 6.4.2 Alternative Solution by Separation of Variables 358 6.4.3 High-frequency Approximations 360 6.4.4 Surface Currents in the Penumbra Region. Fock’s Functions 369 6.5 Coated and Impedance Cylinders under Oblique Illumination 375 6.5.1 PEC Cylinder with Magneto-dielectric Coating 376 6.5.2 Impedance Cylinder 383 6.6 Extension to Generally Shaped Convex Impedance Bodies 392 6.6.1 Fock’s Principle of the Local Field in the Penumbra Region 393 6.6.2 Asymptotic Solution for the Field on the Surface of Circular Impedance Cylinders under Oblique Illumination 396 6.6.3 Fock- and GTD-type Solutions for Electrically Large Convex Impedance Bodies 398 6.7 Problems 403 References 411 7 Spheres 412 7.1 Introduction 412 7.2 Exact Solution for a Multilayered Sphere 414 7.2.1 Formulation of the Problem in Terms of Debye’s Potentials 415 7.2.2 Derivation of the Series Solution 417 7.2.3 Solution for Impedance Boundary Conditions 427 7.3 Physics of Scattering from Spheres 429 7.3.1 Classification of Scattering 430 7.3.2 Spiral Waves 436 7.3.3 Debye’s Expansions for Homogeneous Spheres 438 7.3.4 Waves in Electrically Large Homogeneous Low-absorption Spheres 442 7.4 Scattered Field in the Far Zone 463 7.4.1 Far-field Coefficient, Scattering Cross Sections, and Polarization Structure. Approximations for Electrically Large Spheres 463 7.4.2 Electrically Small Spheres: Dipole, Quasi-static, and Resonance Approximations 471 7.4.3 PEC Spheres 479 7.4.4 Core-shell Spheres 483 7.4.5 Impedance Spheres 488 7.5 Far-field Scattering from Homogeneous Spheres 493 7.5.1 Exact Solution and Limiting Cases 494 7.5.2 Electrically Small Lossy Spheres 495 7.5.3 Electrically Small Low-absorption Spheres 499 7.5.4 Electrically Large Lossy Spheres: Relation to the Impedance Sphere and the Role of Absorption 506 7.5.5 Electrically Large Low-absorption Spheres: Light Scattering from Water Droplets 513 7.6 Metamaterial Effects in Scattering from Spheres 542 7.6.1 Small Spheres 542 7.6.2 Invisibility Cloak 546 7.7 Problems 552 References 562 8 Method of Physical Optics 565 8.1 Introduction 565 8.1.1 On Numerical Techniques for Studying Scattering from Arbitrary-shaped Bodies 565 8.1.2 PO as one of the Approximate Analytical Techniques 566 8.1.3 Structure of the Chapter 567 8.2 Principles and General Solution 567 8.2.1 Principles of PO 567 8.2.2 Derivation of PO Solutions 569 8.2.3 PO for Cylindrical Bodies 573 8.3 Transmission through Apertures 575 8.3.1 PO Solution 575 8.3.2 GO Rays and Fresnel Zones 576 8.3.3 Contribution from the Rim of the Aperture: Edge-diffracted Rays 582 8.4 Scattering from Curved Surfaces 594 8.4.1 Fock’s Reflection Formula 594 8.4.2 Application to a Spherical Segment 600 8.4.3 Reflection Formula in the Far-field Region 605 8.4.4 Diffraction by an Edge in a Non-metallic Surface 609 8.5 Advantages and Limitations of Physical Optics 615 8.6 Problems 616 References 632 9 Physical Optics Solutions of Canonical Problems 634 9.1 Introduction 634 9.2 Vertices 635 9.2.1 Vertex on an Edge of a Thin Plate 637 9.2.2 Apex of a Pyramid 641 9.2.3 Tip of an Elliptic Cone 643 9.3 Electrically Large Plates 652 9.3.1 Arbitrarily Shaped Plates 653 9.3.2 Circular Disc 658 9.3.3 Polygonal Plates 663 9.3.4 Far-field Patterns of Polygonal Plates and Apertures 667 9.4 Bodies of Revolution 671 9.4.1 PO Solution for Bodies of Revolution 672 9.4.2 Imperfectly Reflecting Bodies under Axial Illumination 675 9.4.3 PEC Bodies under Oblique Illumination 677 9.4.4 Axial Backscattering 678 9.4.5 Examples 684 9.5 Problems 689 References 712 A Definitions and Useful Relations of Vector Analysis and Differential Geometry 714 A.1 Vector Algebra 714 A.2 Vector Analysis 716 A.3 Vectors and Vector Differential Operators in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 717 A.3.1 General Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 717 A.3.2 Spherical Coordinates 718 A.4 Curves and Surfaces in Space 720 A.4.1 Curves 720 A.4.2 Surfaces 720 A.5 Problems 722 References 724 B Fresnel Integral and Related Functions 725 B.1 Fresnel Integral 725 B.2 Relation to the Error Function 728 B.3 Transition Functions of Uniform Theories of Diffraction 730 B.4 Problems 731 References 732 C Principles of Complex Integration 733 C.1 Introduction 733 C.2 Deforming the Integration Contour 734 C.2.1 Basic Facts about Functions of a Complex Variable 734 C.2.2 Integrals over Infinite Contours 736 C.3 Steepest Descent Method 737 C.3.1 Steepest Descent Path 738 C.3.2 Saddle Point Contribution 739 C.3.3 Pole Singularity near the Saddle Point 741 C.3.4 Further Cases 742 C.4 Problems 743 References 745 D The Stationary Phase Method 746 D.1 Introduction 746 D.2 One-dimensional Integrals 746 D.2.1 No Stationary Points on the Integration Interval 747 D.2.2 Isolated Stationary Points 748 D.2.3 Two Coalescing Stationary Points 751 D.3 Two-dimensional Integrals 756 D.3.1 Stationary Point in the Integration Domain 756 D.3.2 Stationary Point near the Boundary of the Integration Domain 758 D.3.3 Contribution from the Boundary of the Integration Domain 760 D.3.4 Kontorovich’s Formula 763 D.3.5 Integrand Vanishing on the Boundary 765 D.3.6 Summary of the Two-dimensional Stationary-phase Method 766 D.4 Problems 766 References 768 E Asymptotic Approximations of Bessel Functions of Large Argument and Arbitrary Order 770 E.1 Introduction 770 E.1.1 Basic Definitions and Properties 770 E.1.2 Large-argument Approximations (|z| â 1) 772 E.1.3 Content of the Appendix 775 E.2 Debye’s Asymptotic Approximations 776 E.2.1 Debye’s Method 776 E.2.2 WKB Approximation 778 E.2.3 Bessel Functions on the Complex 𝜈 Plane 791 E.3 Almost Equal Argument and Order 795 E.3.1 Approximations in Terms of Airy Functions 796 E.3.2 Approximations in Terms of Normalized Airy Functions 797 E.3.3 Zeros in the Neighborhood of the Points 𝜈 = ±z 798 References 799 Index 801

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Book SynopsisThe long-awaited second edition of Digital Color Management: Encoding Solutions has been fully revised and updated to include new topics on non-CRT displays, digital cinema, encoding metrics and International Color Consortium (ICC) color management.Trade Review"The writing is extremely clear, well paced, and well illustrated. . . Their experience with all of these systems provides a background that is both broad and deep when they explain the limitations of many color-management systems and propose a comprehensive color-management environment." (Journal of Electronic Imaging, 2009) "The book is illuminatively written, impeccably printed and illustrated in color." (SIVip, 2010) Table of ContentsSeries Preface Acknowledgement Introduction I Fundamentals 1 Measuring Color 2 Color-Imaging Systems 3 The Human Color-Imaging System II The Nature of Color Images 4 Electronic Displays 5 Electronic Imaging Systems 6 ReflectionImages 7 ProjectedImages 8 Photographic Negatives III Digital Color Encoding 9 Encoding Concepts 10 Densitometric Color Encoding 11 Colorimetric Color Encoding 12 Scene-Based Color Encoding 13 Color-Encoding Data Metrics 14 Output Signal Processing 15 Myths and Misconceptions IV A Unified Color-Management Environment 16 Color-Management Paradigms 17 A Unified Paradigm: Basic Properties 18 A Unified Paradigm: Encoding Concepts 19 A Unified Paradigm: Encoding Transformations 20 A Unified Paradigm: Example Systems 21 A Unified Paradigm: Complex Systems 22 A Unified Paradigm: Color Interchange 23 A Unified Paradigm: Implementation 24 Closing Thoughts and Conclusions V Appendices A Colorimetry B Densitometry C Photographic Media D Adaptation E Viewing Flare F Scene-Based Color Encoding Specifications G Transformations for Color Interchange H Color-Primary Conversions I Mathematical Transforms Glossary Suggested Reading Index

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Book SynopsisInternet Telephony is one of the most important and fastest growing technologies for emerging mobile networks, as it provides a viable technical and economical alternative to current telecommunication networks. SIP is a standard protocol that has become the de-facto standard for VoIP and multimedia services.Table of ContentsForeword. About the Authors. Acknowledgment. 1 Introduction. 2 Introduction to Cryptographic Mechanisms. 2.1 Cryptographic Algorithms. 2.2 Secure Channel Establishment. 2.3 Authentication in 3GPP Networks. 2.4 Security Mechanisms Threats and Vulnerabilities. 3 Introduction to SIP. 3.1 What is SIP, Why Should we Bother About it and What are Competing Technologies? 3.2 SIP: the Common Scenarios. 3.3 Introduction to SIP Operation: the SIP Trapezoid. 3.4 SIP Components. 3.5 Addressing in SIP. 3.6 SIP Message Elements. 3.7 SIP Dialogs and Transactions. 3.8 SIP Request Routing. 3.9 Authentication, Authorization, Accounting. 3.10 SIP and Middleboxes. 3.11 Other Parts of the SIP Eco-system. 3.12 SIP Protocol Design and Lessons Learned. 4 Introduction to IMS. 4.1 SIP in IMS. 4.2 General Architecture. 4.3 Session Control and Establishment in IMS. 5 Secure Access and Interworking in IMS. 5.1 Access Security in IMS. 5.2 Network Security in IMS. 6 User Identity in SIP. 6.1 Identity Theft. 6.2 Identity Authentication using S/MIME. 6.3 Identity Authentication in Trusted Environments. 6.4 Strong Authenticated Identity. 6.5 Identity Theft Despite Strong Identity. 6.6 User Privacy and Anonymity. 6.7 Subscription Theft. 6.8 Fraud and SIP. 7 Media Security. 7.1 The Real-time Transport Protocol. 7.2 Secure RTP. 7.3 Key Exchange. 8 Denial-of-service Attacks on VoIP and IMS Services. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 General Classification of Denial-of-service Attacks. 8.3 Bandwidth Consumption and Denial-of-service Attacks on SIP Services. 8.4 Bandwidth Depletion Attacks. 8.5 Memory Depletion Attacks. 8.6 CPU Depletion Attacks. 8.7 Misuse Attacks. 8.8 Distributed Denial-of-service Attacks. 8.9 Unintentional Attacks. 8.10 Address Resolution-related Attacks. 8.11 Attacking the VoIP Subscriber Database. 8.12 Denial-of-service Attacks in IMS Networks. 8.13 DoS Detection and Protection Mechanisms. 8.14 Detection of DoS Attacks. 8.15 Reacting to DoS Attacks. 8.16 Preventing DoS Attacks. 8.17 DDoS Signature Specification. 9 SPAM over IP Telephony. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Spam Over SIP: Types and Applicability. 9.3 Why is SIP Good for Spam? 9.4 Legal Side of Unsolicited Communication. 9.5 Fighting Unsolicited Communication. 9.6 General Antispam Framework. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisNext Generation Networks (NGN) provide ubiquitous connectivity with pervasive accessibility to service, application, content and information. NGN will bring tremendous advantages to companies and individuals, in terms of access to information, education and knowledge, efficiency, dematerialisation and new user experiences.Table of ContentsList of Tables. List of Illustrations. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Challenge 1: To Become More Than an ISP. 1.2 Challenge 2: To Apply a Model of Operation Driven by Customer Needs. 1.2.1 The Technology-driven Operation Model. 1.2.2 The Operation Model Driven by Customer Needs. 1.3 NGN – The Holy Grail for a Telecom Operator? 1.4 NGN Aims at Improving Life Quality and Bringing New Life Experience. 1.5 The Network Evolution Towards NGN. 1.6 The Telecom Environment and Corporate Responsibility. 1.7 The Organization of the Book. 2 NGN Vision, Scenarios and Advances. 2.1 NGN Networks: Perspectives and Potentials. 2.2 Some Possible Scenarios. 2.2.1 Virtual Space Flight. 2.2.2 Virtual International Congress. 2.2.3 Virtual Global Exhibition. 2.2.4 Virtual Classroom, e-Education and Experimental Laboratory. 2.2.5 Virtual Corporate Environment. 2.2.6 Virtual Home. 2.2.7 Virtual Hospital. 2.2.8 Virtual Store. 2.2.9 Global and Local Information Centres. 2.2.10 Home Networks. 2.2.11 Automatic Traffic and Car Driving (Machine-to-machine Communication). 2.2.12 NGN Advances. 3 NGN Requirements on Technology and Management. 3.1 NGN Requirements on Technology. 3.1.1 Communication using the Five Human Senses and Surroundings. 3.1.2 Real-time Communication across Language Barriers. 3.1.3 Virtual Living Environments. 3.1.4 User Identification using Biometrics. 3.1.5 Human-like Service Activation. 3.1.6 On-demand End-to-End Connectivity. 3.1.7 Easy and Standardized Service Creation. 3.1.8 Flexible Terminal Equipment. 3.2 NGN Requirements on Management. 3.2.1 Customer Management. 3.2.2 Third-party Service Provider Management. 3.2.3 Service and Service Delivery Management. 3.2.4 Network and Network Performance Management. 3.2.5 Network Security Management. 3.2.6 Device Management. 3.2.7 Information Management. 4 NGN Functional Architecture. 4.1 The ITU NGN Functional Architecture. 4.2 The Proposed NGN Functional Architecture. 4.2.1 Transport Stratum. 4.2.2 Service Stratum. 4.2.3 Service/Application/Content/Information Layer. 4.2.4 Customer Terminal Equipment Functions. 4.2.5 Other Networks. 5 NGN Operator, Provider, Customer and CTE. 5.1 NGN Network Operator. 5.2 NGN Service Provider. 5.3 NGN Customer and CTE. 5.3.1 Individual Customers and CTEs. 5.3.2 Home Customers and CTEs. 5.3.3 Vehicle Customers and CTE. 5.3.4 Corporate Customers and CTE. 5.3.5 Third-party Provider Customers and CTE. 6 Network and Service Evolution towards NGN. 6.1 Major Evolution Steps for the Networks and Services of Today. 6.1.1 Service Convergence and Access Network Development (Step 1). 6.1.2 IP-based Service Conversion and Managed IP Network Development (Step 2). 6.1.3 Network Integration and Service Extension (Step 3). 6.2 Fixed Network Evolution. 6.3 Mobile Network Evolution. 6.4 Cable Network Evolution. 6.5 Internet Evolution. 6.6 IP Network Problems Critical to be Solved. 7 NGN Key Development Areas. 7.1 Terminal Area. 7.1.1 User Terminal. 7.1.2 Machine Terminal. 7.1.3 Sensor Terminal. 7.1.4 Wireless Thin Client. 7.1.5 RFID Technology. 7.1.6 NFC Technology. 7.2 Access Network Area. 7.2.1 Ubiquitous Connectivity. 7.2.2 Co-existence Mechanisms for Multiple Radio Access Networks. 7.3 Backhaul Network Area. 7.4 Core Transport Network Area. 7.5 Service Creation Area. 7.5.1 OSA/Parlay Technologies. 7.5.2 Parlay X Technology. 7.5.3 Web 2.0. 7.6 Network Control and Management Area. 7.6.1 Setting up, Maintaining and Tearing Down End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.2 Monitoring and Controlling the Performance of End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.3 Analysing and Predicting Performance of End-to-End Connectivity. 7.6.4 Generating and Delivering Relevant Information to the Relevant People. 7.6.5 Generating Billing Information. 7.6.6 Managing Multiple Access Networks Belonging to Different Operators. 7.6.7 Managing Multiple Core Transport Networks Belonging to Different Operators. 7.6.8 Managing Changes in the Access Network. 7.6.9 Managing Changes in the Core Transport Network. 7.6.10 End-to-End Network Resource Management. 7.7 Service Control and Management. 7.7.1 GRID Technologies. 7.7.2 End-to-End QoS Management. 7.7.3 End-to-End Security Management. 7.8 Advanced Technologies for Network and Service Management. 7.8.1 Intelligent Agent Technology. 7.8.2 Artificial Intelligence Technology. 7.8.3 SON Technology. 8 NGN Standardizations. 8.1 ITU and GSI-NGN. 8.1.1 GSI-NGN Concept. 8.1.2 GSI-NGN Release 1. 8.1.3 GSI-NGN Release 2. 8.1.4 NGN Recommendations. 8.2 ETSI and TISPAN-NGN. 8.2.1 TISPAN-NGN Concept. 8.2.2 TISPAN-NGN Release 1. 8.2.3 TISPAN-NGN Release 2. 8.2.4 TISPAN-NGN Release 3. 8.3 ATIS and NGN. 8.4 CJA and NGN. 8.5 TMF and NGOSS. 8.5.1 NGOSS Concept. 8.5.2 NGOSS Components and their Functionality. 8.5.3 NGOSS Documents. 8.6 NGMN Alliance and NGMN, and 3GPP and LTE/SAE. 8.6.1 NGMN Alliance and NGMN. 8.6.2 3GPP and LTE/SAE. 9 NGNs and Corporate Responsibility. 9.1 Unsustainable Growth. 9.2 Sustainable Development and Corporate Responsibility. 9.3 The Purpose of Corporate Responsibility. 9.4 The Fundamentals and the Limits of Corporate Responsibility. 9.4.1 Principles and Values. 9.4.2 The Limits of Corporate Responsibility. 9.5 Standards and Tools of Corporate Responsibility. 9.5.1 Norms. 9.5.2 Covenants. 9.5.3 Tools. 9.6 Guiding Concepts. 9.6.1 Triple Bottom Line. 9.6.2 Levels of Effects. 9.6.3 Equity. 9.6.4 Time. 9.6.5 Efficiency. 9.6.6 Limits and Carrying Capacity. 9.7 Corporate Responsibility and NGN. 9.7.1 Balancing the Benefits and Impacts of NGN. 9.7.2 The Positive Aspects. 9.7.3 The Challenges Ahead. 9.8 Summary of Impacts. 9.9 In a Nutshell. 10 Summary. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe detection and recognition of objects in images is a key research topic in the computer vision community. Within this area, face recognition and interpretation has attracted increasing attention owing to the possibility of unveiling human perception mechanisms, and for the development of practical biometric systems.Table of ContentsPreface. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Template Matching and Computer Vision. 1.2 The Book. 1.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 2 The Imaging Process. 2.1 Image Creation. 2.1.1 Light. 2.1.2 Gathering Light. 2.1.3 Diffraction-limited Systems. 2.1.4 Quantum Noise. 2.2 Biological Eyes. 2.2.1 The Human Eye. 2.2.2 Alternative Designs. 2.3 Digital Eyes. 2.4 Digital Image Representations. 2.4.1 TheSampling Theorem. 2.4.2 Image Resampling. 2.4.3 Log-polar Mapping. 2.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 3 Template Matching as Testing. 3.1 Detectionand Estimation. 3.2 Hypothesis Testing. 3.2.1 The Bayes RiskCriterion. 3.2.2 The Neyman–Pearson Criterion. 3.3 An Important Example. 3.4 A Signal Processing Perspective: Matched Filters. 3.5 Pattern Variability and the Normalized Correlation Coefficient. 3.6 Estimation. 3.6.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation. 3.6.2 Bayes Estimation. 3.6.3 James–Stein Estimation. 3.7 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 4 Robust Similarity Estimators. 4.1 Robustness Measures. 4.2 M-estimators. 4.3 L1 Similarity Measures. 4.4 Robust Estimation of Covariance Matrices. 4.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 5 Ordinal Matching Measures. 5.1 Ordinal Correlation Measures. 5.1.1 Spearman Rank Correlation. 5.1.2 Kendall Correlation. 5.1.3 Bhat–Nayar Correlation. 5.2 Non-parametric Local Transforms. 5.2.1 The Census and Rank Transforms. 5.2.2 Incremental Sign Correlation. 5.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 6 Matching Variable Patterns. 6.1 Multiclass Synthetic Discriminant Functions. 6.2 Advanced Synthetic Discriminant Functions. 6.3 Non-orthogonal Image Expansion. 6.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 7 Matching Linear Structure: The Hough Transform. 7.1 Getting Shapes: Edge Detection. 7.2 The Radon Transform. 7.3 The Hough Transform: Line and Circle Detection. 7.4 The Generalized Hough Transform. 7.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 8 Low-dimensionality Representations and Matching. 8.1 Principal Components. 8.1.1 Probabilistic PCA. 8.1.2 How Many Components? 8.2 ANonlinear Approach: Kernel PCA. 8.3 Independent Components. 8.4 Linear Discriminant Analysis. 8.4.1 Bayesian Dual Spaces. 8.5 A Sample Application: Photographic-quality Facial Composites. 8.6 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 9 Deformable Templates. 9.1 A Dynamic Perspective on the Hough Transform. 9.2 Deformable Templates. 9.3 Active Shape Models. 9.4 DiffeomorphicMatching. 9.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 10 Computational Aspects of Template Matching. 10.1 Speed. 10.1.1 Early Jump-out. 10.1.2 TheUse of SumTables. 10.1.3 Hierarchical Template Matching. 10.1.4 Metric Inequalities. 10.1.5 The FFT Advantage. 10.1.6 PCA-basedSpeed-up. 10.1.7 A Combined Approach. 10.2 Precision. 10.2.1 A Perturbative Approach. 10.2.2 Phase Correlation. 10.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 11 Matching Point Sets: The Hausdorff Distance. 11.1 Metric Pattern Spaces. 11.2 Hausdorff Matching. 11.3 Efficient Computation of the Hausdorff Distance. 11.4 Partial Hausdorff Matching. 11.5 Robustness Aspects. 11.6 A Probabilistic Perspective. 11.7 Invariant Moments. 11.8 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 12 Support Vector Machines and Regularization Networks. 12.1 Learning and Regularization. 12.2 RBF Networks. 12.2.1 RBF Networks for Gender Recognition. 12.3 Support Vector Machines. 12.3.1 Improving Efficiency. 12.3.2 Multiclass SVMs. 12.3.3 Best Practice. 12.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 13 Feature Templates. 13.1 Detecting Templates by Features. 13.2 Parametric FeatureManifolds. 13.3 Multiclass Pattern Rejection. 13.4 Template Features. 13.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. 14 Building a Multibiometric System. 14.1 Systems. 14.2 The Electronic Librarian. 14.3 Score Integration. 14.4 Rejection. 14.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. Appendices. A AnImAl: A Software Environment for Fast Prototyping. A.1 AnImAl: An Image Algebra. A.2 Image Representationand Processing Abstractions. A.3 The AnImAl Environment. A.4 Bibliographical Remarks. References. B Synthetic Oracles for Algorithm Development. B.1 Computer Graphics. B.2 Describing Reality: Flexible Rendering Languages. B.3 Bibliographical Remarks. References. C On Evaluation. C.1 A Note on Performance Evaluation. C.2 Traininga Classifier. C.3 Analyzing the Performance of a Classifier. C.4 Evaluating a Technology. C.5 Bibliographical Remarks. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisSemiconductor-based Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices a key technology for the next generation of ultrahigh bandwidth optical communication systems! The introduction of ultra-fast communication systems based on all-optical signal processing is considered to be one of the most promising ways to handle the rapidly increasing global communication traffic. Such systems will enable real time super-high definition moving pictures such as high reality TV-conference, remote diagnosis and surgery, cinema entertainment and many other applications with small power consumption. The key issue to realize such systems is to develop ultra-fast optical devices such as light sources, all-optical gates and wavelength converters. Ultra-Fast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices discusses the state of the art development of semiconductor-based ultrafast all-optical devices, and their various signal processing applications for bit-rates 100Gb/s to 1Tb/s. UltTable of ContentsContributors ix Preface xi 1 Introduction 1Hiroshi Ishikawa 1.1 Evolution of Optical Communication Systems and Device Technologies 1 1.2 Increasing Communication Traffic and Power Consumption 2 1.3 Future Networks and Technologies 4 1.3.1 Future Networks 4 1.3.2 Schemes for Huge Capacity Transmission 5 1.4 Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing Devices 6 1.4.1 Challenges 6 1.4.2 Basics of the Nonlinear Optical Process 7 1.5 Overview of the Devices and Their Concepts 11 1.6 Summary 13 References 13 2 Light Sources 15Yoh Ogawa and Hitoshi Murai 2.1 Requirement for Light Sources 15 2.1.1 Optical Short Pulse Source 16 2.1.2 Optical Time Division Multiplexer 19 2.2 Mode-locked Laser Diodes 20 2.2.1 Active Mode Locking 20 2.2.2 Passive Mode Locking 23 2.2.3 Hybrid Mode Locking 25 2.2.4 Optical Synchronous Mode Locking 27 2.2.5 Application for Clock Extraction 29 2.3 Electro-absorption Modulator Based Signal Source 30 2.3.1 Overview of Electro-absorption Modulator 30 2.3.2 Optical Short Pulse Generation Using EAM 33 2.3.3 Optical Time Division Multiplexer Based on EAMs 38 2.3.4 160-Gb/s Optical Signal Generation 41 2.3.5 Detection of a 160-Gb/s OTDM Signal 43 2.3.6 Transmission Issues 46 2.4 Summary 47 References 47 3 Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Based Ultrafast Signal Processing Devices 53Hidemi Tsuchida and Shigeru Nakamura 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Fundamentals of SOA 53 3.3 SOA as an Ultrafast Nonlinear Medium 56 3.4 Use of Ultrafast Response Component by Filtering 57 3.4.1 Theoretical Background 57 3.4.2 Signal Processing Using the Fast Response Component of SOA 60 3.5 Symmetric Mach–Zehnder (SMZ) All-Optical Gate 64 3.5.1 Fundamentals of the SMZ All-Optical Gate 64 3.5.2 Technology of Integrating Optical Circuits for an SMZ All-Optical Gate 67 3.5.3 Optical Demultiplexing 68 3.5.4 Wavelength Conversion and Signal Regeneration 73 3.6 Summary 83 References 83 4 Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) and PD-EAM Optical Gate Integrating a UTC-PD and a TravelingWave Electro-absorption Modulator 89Hiroshi Ito and Satoshi Kodama 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Uni-traveling-carrier Photodiode (UTC-PD) 91 4.2.1 Operation 91 4.2.2 Fabrication and Characterization 96 4.2.3 Characteristics of the UTC-PD 98 4.2.4 Photo Receivers 114 4.3 Concept of a New Opto-electronic Integrated Device 117 4.3.1 Importance of High-output PDs 117 4.3.2 Monolithic Digital OEIC 118 4.3.3 Monolithic PD-EAM Optical Gate 118 4.4 PD-EAM Optical Gate Integrating UTC-PD and TW-EAM 119 4.4.1 Basic Structure 119 4.4.2 Design 120 4.4.3 Optical Gating Characteristics of PD-EAM 123 4.4.4 Fabrication 125 4.4.5 Gating Characteristics 127 4.4.6 Applications for Ultrafast All-Optical Signal Processing 131 4.4.7 Future Work 143 4.5 Summary and Prospects 147 References 148 5 Intersub-band Transition All-Optical Gate Switches 155Nobuo Suzuki, Ryoichi Akimoto, Hiroshi Ishikawa and Hidemi Tsuchida 5.1 Operation Principle 155 5.1.1 Transition Wavelength 156 5.1.2 Matrix Element 157 5.1.3 Saturable Absorption 157 5.1.4 Absorption Recovery Time 158 5.1.5 Dephasing Time and Spectral Linewidth 160 5.1.6 Gate Operation in Waveguide Structure 162 5.2 GaN/AlN ISBT Gate 164 5.2.1 Absorption Spectra 165 5.2.2 Saturation of Absorption in Waveguides 168 5.2.3 Ultrafast Optical Gate 170 5.3 (CdS/ZnSe)/BeTe ISBT Gate 172 5.3.1 Growth of CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe QWs and ISBT Absorption Spectra 173 5.3.2 Waveguide Structure for a CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe Gate 177 5.3.3 Characteristics of a CdS/ ZnSe/ BeTe Gate 181 5.4 InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb ISBT Gate 183 5.4.1 Device Structure and its Fabrication 183 5.4.2 Saturation Characteristics and Time Response 184 5.5 Cross-phase Modulation in an InGaAs/AlAs/AlAsSb-based ISBT Gate 186 5.5.1 Cross-phase Modulation Effect and its Mechanisms 187 5.5.2 Application to Wavelength Conversion 192 5.6 Summary 195 References 196 6 Wavelength Conversion Devices 201Haruhiko Kuwatsuka 6.1 Introduction 201 6.2 Wavelength Conversion Schemes 202 6.2.1 Optical Gate Switch Type 202 6.2.2 Coherent Type Conversion 204 6.3 Physics of Four-wave Mixing in LDs or SOAs 205 6.3.1 Model 205 6.3.2 Asymmetric χ(3) for Positive and Negative Detuning 210 6.3.3 Symmetric χ(3) in Quantum Dot SOAs 212 6.4 Wavelength Conversion of Short Pulses Using FWM in Semiconductor Devices 214 6.4.1 Model 214 6.4.2 The Effect of the Stop Band in DFB-LDs 217 6.4.3 The Effect of the Depletion of Gain 218 6.4.4 The Pulse Width Broadening in FWM Wavelength Conversion 219 6.5 Experimental Results ofWavelength Conversion Using FWM in SOAs or LDs 220 6.5.1 Wavelength Conversion of Short Pulses Using a DFB-LD 220 6.5.2 Wavelength Conversion of 160-Gb/s OTDM Signal Using a Quantum Dot SOAs 221 6.5.3 Format-free Wavelength Conversion 222 6.5.4 Chromatic Dispersion Compensation of Optical Fibers Using FWM in DFB-LDs 224 6.6 The Future View ofWavelength Conversion Using FWM 225 6.7 Summary 226 References 226 7 Summary and Future Prospects 231Hiroshi Ishikawa 7.1 Introduction 231 7.2 Transmission Experiments 231 7.2.1 FESTA Experiments 231 7.2.2 Test Bed Field Experiment 235 7.2.3 Recent Transmission Experiments above 160-Gb/s 236 7.3 Requirements on Devices and Prospects 238 7.3.1 Devices Described in this Book 238 7.3.2 Necessity for New Functionality Devices and Technology 240 7.4 Summary 241 References 242 Index 243

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Book SynopsisWireless Personal Area Networks provides an in-depth analysis of the recent IEEE 802.15.4 standard for low data rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs), including suggestions to improve performance and comparisons with the related 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) standard. It assesses the suitability of the standard for the development and deployment of wireless sensor networks as well as providing guidance and insight into the relative advantages and disadvantages of various performance solutions. Wireless Personal Area Networks: Provides a comprehensive, in-depth look at the issues surrounding WPAN network operation and performance. Investigates multi-cluster networks and compares how they can be implemented. Analyzes the performance of a single cluster under different traffic and power management regimes including uplink vs. downlink traffic, acknowledged vs. unacknowledged traffic, saturation vs. non-saturation, and the like. DiTable of ContentsAbout the Series Editors xi List of Figures xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Part I WPANS and 802.15.4 1 1 Prologue: Wireless Personal Area Networks 3 1.1 Wireless Ad Hoc Networks 3 1.2 Design Goals for the MAC Protocol 4 1.3 Classification of MAC Protocols for Ad Hoc Networks 6 1.4 Contention-Based MAC Protocols 9 1.5 New Kinds of Ad Hoc Networks 12 1.6 Sensor Networks 12 2 Operation of the IEEE 802.15.4 Network 17 2.1 Physical Layer Characteristics 17 2.2 Star Topology and Beacon Enabled Operation 20 2.3 Slotted CSMA-CA Medium Access 22 2.4 Acknowledging Successful Transmissions 24 2.5 Downlink Communication in Beacon Enabled Mode 25 2.6 Guaranteed Time Slots 28 2.7 Peer-to-Peer Topology and Non-Beacon Enabled Operation 29 2.8 Device Functionality and Cluster Formation 31 2.9 Format of the PHY and MAC frames 35 Part II Single-Cluster Networks 39 3 Cluster with Uplink Traffic 41 3.1 The System Model – Preliminaries 41 3.2 Superframe with an Active Period Only 44 3.3 Superframe with Both Active and Inactive Periods 51 3.4 Probability Distribution of the Packet Service Time 57 3.5 Probability Distribution of the Queue Length 59 3.6 Access Delay 61 3.7 Performance Results 65 4 Cluster with Uplink and Downlink Traffic 71 4.1 The System Model 71 4.2 Modeling the Behavior of the Medium 84 4.3 Probability Distribution for the Packet Service Time 86 4.4 Performance of the Cluster with Bidirectional Traffic 91 5 MAC Layer Performance Limitations 95 5.1 Congestion of Packets Deferred to the Next Superframe 95 5.2 Congestion after the Inactive Period 98 5.3 Congestion of Uplink Data Requests 99 5.4 Blocking of Uplink Data and Data Requests 100 5.5 Possible Remedies 102 6 Activity Management through Bernoulli Scheduling 111 6.1 The Need for Activity Management 111 6.2 Analysis of Activity Management 112 6.3 Analysis of the Impact of MAC and PHY Layers 116 6.4 Controlling the Event Sensing Reliability 121 6.5 Activity Management Policy 123 7 Admission Control Issues 131 7.1 The Need for Admission Control 131 7.2 Performance under Asymmetric Packet Arrival Rates 133 7.3 Calculating the Admission Condition 135 7.4 Performance of Admission Control 139 Part II Summary and Further Reading 143 Part IIIMulti-cluster Networks 145 8 Cluster Interconnection with Master-Slave Bridges 147 8.1 Analysis of Bridge Operation 149 8.2 Markov Chain Model for a Single Node 158 8.3 Performance of the Network 165 8.4 Network with a Single Source Cluster/Bridge 166 8.5 Network with Two Source Clusters/Bridges 173 8.6 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times 179 9 Equalization of Cluster Lifetimes 187 9.1 Modeling the Clusters 187 9.2 Distributed Activity Management 190 9.3 Energy Consumption in Interconnected Clusters 194 9.4 Performance of Activity Management 198 10 Cluster Interconnection with Slave-Slave Bridges 203 10.1 Operation of the SS Bridge 205 10.2 Markov Chain Model for the SS Bridge 217 10.3 Markov Chain for Non-Bridge Nodes 224 10.4 Performance Evaluation 230 10.5 To Acknowledge or Not To Acknowledge: The CSMA-CA Bridge 231 10.6 Thou Shalt Not Acknowledge: The GTS Bridge 234 10.7 Modeling the Transmission Medium and Packet Service Times 240 Part III Summary and Further Reading 251 Part IV Security 253 11 Security in 802.15.4 Specification 255 11.1 Security Services 256 11.2 Auxiliary Security Header 257 11.3 Securing and Unsecuring Frames 258 11.4 Attacks 260 12 The Cost of Secure and Reliable Sensing 265 12.1 Analytical Model of a Generic Key Update Algorithm 267 12.2 Analysis of the Node Buffer 273 12.3 Success Probabilities 276 12.4 Key Update in a Multi-Cluster Network 278 12.5 Cluster Lifetime 280 12.6 Evaluation of Lifetimes and Populations 283 Part IV Summary and Further Reading 287 Appendices 289 Appendix A An Overview of ZigBee 291 A.1 ZigBee Functionality 291 A.2 Device Roles 292 A.3 Network Topologies and Routing 293 A.4 Security 295 Appendix B Probability Generating Functions and Laplace Transforms 301 Bibliography 302 Index 311

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of Wireless Video Communications five years ago, the area of video compression and wireless transceivers has evolved even further. This new edition addresses a range of recent developments in these areas, giving cognizance to the associated transmission aspects and issues of error resilience. Video Compression and Communications has been updated and condensed yet remains all-encompassing, giving a comprehensive overview of the subject. Covering compression issues, coding delay, implementational complexity and bitrate, the book also looks at the historical perspective to video communication. New edition of successful and informative text, Wireless Video Communications Substantial new material has been added on areas such as H.264, MPEG4 coding and transceivers Clear presentation and broad scope make it essential for anyone interested in wireless communications Systematically converts the lessons of Shannon''Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Other Wiley and IEEE Press Books on Related Topics xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A Brief Introduction to Compression Theory 1 1.2 Introduction to Video Formats 2 1.3 Evolution of Video Compression Standards 5 1.4 Video Communications 15 1.5 Organization of the Monograph 17 I Video Codecs for HSDPA-style Adaptive Videophones 19 2 Fractal Image Codecs 21 2.1 Fractal Principles 21 2.2 One-dimensional Fractal Coding 23 2.3 Error Sensitivity and Complexity 32 2.4 Summary and Conclusions 33 3 Low Bitrate DCT Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 35 3.1 Video Codec Outline 35 3.2 The Principle of Motion Compensation 37 3.3 Transform Coding 51 3.4 The Codec Outline 58 3.5 Initial Intra-frame Coding 60 3.6 Gain-controlled Motion Compensation 60 3.7 TheMCER Active/Passive Concept 61 3.8 Partial Forced Update of the Reconstructed FrameBuffers 62 3.9 The Gain/Cost-controlled Inter-frame Codec 64 3.10 The Bit-allocation Strategy 66 3.11 Results 67 3.12 DCT Codec Performance under Erroneous Conditions 70 3.13 DCT-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 72 3.14 System Performance 80 3.15 Summary and Conclusions 89 4 Very Low Bitrate VQ Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 93 4.1 Introduction 93 4.2 The Codebook Design 93 4.3 The Vector Quantizer Design 95 4.4 Performance under Erroneous Conditions 105 4.5 VQ-based Low-rate Video Transceivers 107 4.6 System Performance 113 4.7 Joint Iterative Decoding of Trellis-based Vector-quantized Video and TCM 118 4.8 Summary and Conclusions 136 5 Low Bitrate Quad-tree-based Codecs and HSDPA-style Videophone Transceivers 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 Quad-tree Decomposition 139 5.3 Quad-tree Intensity Match 142 5.4 Model-based Parametric Enhancement 148 5.5 The Enhanced QTCodec 153 5.6 Performance and Considerations under Erroneous Conditions 154 5.7 QT-codec-based Video Transceivers 158 5.8 QT-based Video-transceiver Performance 162 5.9 Summary of QT-based Video Transceivers 165 5.10 Summary of Low-rate Video Codecs and Transceivers 166 II High-resolution Video Coding 171 6 Low-complexity Techniques 173 6.1 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 173 6.2 Block Truncation Coding 177 6.3 Subband Coding 183 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 202 7 High-resolution DCT Coding 205 7.1 Introduction 205 7.2 Intra-frame Quantizer Training 205 7.3 Motion Compensation for High-quality Images 209 7.4 Inter-frame DCT Coding 215 7.5 The Proposed Codec 224 7.6 Summary and Conclusions 235 III H.261, H.263, H.264, MPEG2 and MPEG4 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony and DVB 237 8 H.261 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 239 8.1 Introduction 239 8.2 TheH.261VideoCoding Standard 239 8.3 Effect of Transmission Errors on theH.261Codec 253 8.4 A Reconfigurable Wireless Videophone System 272 8.5 H.261-basedWireless Videophone System Performance 283 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 293 9 Comparative Study of the H.261 and H.263 Codecs 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 TheH.263CodingAlgorithms 297 9.3 Performance Results 318 9.4 Summary and Conclusions 335 10 H.263 for HSDPA-style Wireless Video Telephony 339 10.1 Introduction 339 10.2 H.263inaMobileEnvironment 339 10.3 Design of an Error-resilient Reconfigurable Videophone System 343 10.4 H.263-based Video System Performance 352 10.5 Transmission Feedback 367 10.6 Summary and Conclusions 376 11 MPEG-4 Video Compression 379 11.1 Introduction 379 11.2 OverviewofMPEG-4 380 11.3 MPEG-4: Content-based Interactivity 387 11.4 Scalability of Video Objects 396 11.5 Video Quality Measures 398 11.6 Effect of Coding Parameters 400 11.7 Summary and Conclusion 404 12 Comparative Study of the MPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 407 12.1 Introduction 407 12.2 TheITU-TH.264Project 407 12.3 H.264VideoCodingTechniques 408 12.4 H.264SpecificCodingAlgorithm 410 12.5 Comparative Study of theMPEG-4 and H.264 Codecs 425 12.6 Performance Results 428 13 MPEG-4 Bitstream and Bit-sensitivity Study 437 13.1 Motivation 437 13.2 Structure of Coded Visual Data 437 13.3 Visual Bitstream Syntax 440 13.4 Introduction to Error-resilient Video Encoding 441 13.5 Error-resilient Video Coding in MPEG-4 441 13.6 Error-resilience Tools in MPEG-4 443 13.7 MPEG-4Bit-sensitivityStudy 448 13.8 Chapter Conclusions 457 14 HSDPA-like and Turbo-style Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Video Systems 459 14.1 Turbo-equalized H.263-based Videophony for GSM/GPRS 459 14.2 HSDPA-style Burst-by-burst Adaptive CDMA Videophony: Turbo-coded Burst-by-burst Adaptive Joint Detection CDMA and H.263-based Videophony 472 14.3 Subband-adaptive Turbo-coded OFDM-based Interactive Videotelephony 485 14.4 Burst-by-burst Adaptive Decision Feedback Equalized TCM, TTCM, and BICM for H.263-assistedWireless Videotelephony 506 14.5 Turbo-detected MPEG-4 Video Using Multi-level Coding, TCM and STTC 526 14.6 Near-capacity Irregular Variable Length Codes 543 14.7 Digital Terrestrial Video Broadcasting for Mobile Receivers 558 14.8 Satellite-based Video Broadcasting 601 14.9 Summary and Conclusions 622 14.10WirelessVideoSystemDesignPrinciples 623 Glossary 625 Bibliography 635 Index 659 Author Index 667

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Book SynopsisFiber-optic communication systems have advanced dramatically over the last four decades, since the era of copper cables, resulting in low-cost and high-bandwidth transmission. Fiber optics is now the backbone of the internet and long-distance telecommunication.Trade Review“The detailed, worked examples and first-principles derivations of key results are helpful pedagogical features. Students seeking their first exposure to this field who also wish to learn about advanced topics will find their requirements met by this book.” (Optics and Photonics News, 28 August 2014) Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xvii 1 Electromagnetics and Optics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Coulomb’s Law and Electric Field Intensity 1 1.3 Ampere’s Law and Magnetic Field Intensity 3 1.4 Faraday’s Law 6 1.4.1 Meaning of Curl 7 1.4.2 Ampere’s Law in Differential Form 9 1.5 Maxwell’s Equations 9 1.5.1 Maxwell’s Equation in a Source-Free Region 10 1.5.2 Electromagnetic Wave 10 1.5.3 Free-Space Propagation 11 1.5.4 Propagation in a Dielectric Medium 12 1.6 1-Dimensional Wave Equation 12 1.6.1 1-Dimensional Plane Wave 15 1.6.2 Complex Notation 16 1.7 Power Flow and Poynting Vector 17 1.8 3-Dimensional Wave Equation 19 1.9 Reflection and Refraction 21 1.9.1 Refraction 22 1.10 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 26 1.11 Polarization of Light 31 Exercises 31 Further Reading 34 References 34 2 Optical Fiber Transmission 35 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Fiber Structure 35 2.3 Ray Propagation in Fibers 36 2.3.1 Numerical Aperture 37 2.3.2 Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.3 Dispersion in Multi-Mode Fibers 39 2.3.4 Graded-Index Multi-Mode Fibers 42 2.4 Modes of a Step-Index Optical Fiber* 44 2.4.1 Guided Modes 46 2.4.2 Mode Cutoff 51 2.4.3 Effective Index 52 2.4.4 2-Dimensional Planar Waveguide Analogy 53 2.4.5 Radiation Modes 54 2.4.6 Excitation of Guided Modes 55 2.5 Pulse Propagation in Single-Mode Fibers 57 2.5.1 Power and the dBm Unit 60 2.6 Comparison between Multi-Mode and Single-Mode Fibers 68 2.7 Single-Mode Fiber Design Considerations 68 2.7.1 Cutoff Wavelength 68 2.7.2 Fiber Loss 69 2.7.3 Fiber Dispersion 74 2.7.4 Dispersion Slope 76 2.7.5 Polarization Mode Dispersion 78 2.7.6 Spot Size 79 2.8 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers (DCFs) 79 2.9 Additional Examples 81 Exercises 89 Further Reading 91 References 91 3 Lasers 93 3.1 Introduction 93 3.2 Basic Concepts 93 3.3 Conditions for Laser Oscillations 101 3.4 Laser Examples 108 3.4.1 Ruby Laser 108 3.4.2 Semiconductor Lasers 108 3.5 Wave–Particle Duality 108 3.6 Laser Rate Equations 110 3.7 Review of Semiconductor Physics 113 3.7.1 The PN Junctions 118 3.7.2 Spontaneous and Stimulated Emission at the PN Junction 120 3.7.3 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors 120 3.8 Semiconductor Laser Diode 124 3.8.1 Heterojunction Lasers 124 3.8.2 Radiative and Non-Radiative Recombination 126 3.8.3 Laser Rate Equations 126 3.8.4 Steady-State Solutions of Rate Equations 128 3.8.5 Distributed-Feedback Lasers 132 3.9 Additional Examples 133 Exercises 136 Further Reading 138 References 138 4 Optical Modulators and Modulation Schemes 139 4.1 Introduction 139 4.2 Line Coder 139 4.3 Pulse Shaping 139 4.4 Power Spectral Density 141 4.4.1 Polar Signals 142 4.4.2 Unipolar Signals 142 4.5 Digital Modulation Schemes 144 4.5.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 144 4.5.2 Phase-Shift Keying 144 4.5.3 Frequency-Shift Keying 145 4.5.4 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 146 4.6 Optical Modulators 149 4.6.1 Direct Modulation 149 4.6.2 External Modulators 150 4.7 Optical Realization of Modulation Schemes 158 4.7.1 Amplitude-Shift Keying 158 4.7.2 Phase-Shift Keying 160 4.7.3 Differential Phase-Shift Keying 162 4.7.4 Frequency-Shift Keying 163 4.8 Partial Response Signals∗ 163 4.8.1 Alternate Mark Inversion 169 4.9 Multi-Level Signaling∗ 172 4.9.1 M-ASK 172 4.9.2 M-PSK 174 4.9.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 178 4.10 Additional Examples 182 Exercises 185 Further Reading 186 References 187 5 Optical Receivers 189 5.1 Introduction 189 5.2 Photodetector Performance Characteristics 190 5.2.1 Quantum Efficiency 193 5.2.2 Responsivity or Photoresponse 197 5.2.3 Photodetector Design Rules 199 5.2.4 Dark Current 200 5.2.5 Speed or Response Time 201 5.2.6 Linearity 202 5.3 Common Types of Photodetectors 202 5.3.1 pn Photodiode 203 5.3.2 pin Photodetector (pin-PD) 203 5.3.3 Schottky Barrier Photodetector 204 5.3.4 Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Photodetector 204 5.3.5 Photoconductive Detector 206 5.3.6 Phototransistor 206 5.3.7 Avalanche Photodetectors 207 5.3.8 Advanced Photodetectors∗ 212 5.4 Direct Detection Receivers 219 5.4.1 Optical Receiver ICs 220 5.5 Receiver Noise 224 5.5.1 Shot Noise 224 5.5.2 Thermal Noise 226 5.5.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio, SNR 227 5.6 Coherent Receivers 227 5.6.1 Single-Branch Coherent Receiver 228 5.6.2 Balanced Coherent Receiver 232 5.6.3 Single-Branch IQ Coherent Receiver 234 5.6.4 Balanced IQ Receiver 237 5.6.5 Polarization Effects 239 Exercises 242 References 244 6 Optical Amplifiers 247 6.1 Introduction 247 6.2 Optical Amplifier Model 247 6.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission in Two-Level Systems 248 6.4 Low-Pass Representation of ASE Noise 249 6.5 System Impact of ASE 251 6.5.1 Signal–ASE Beat Noise 253 6.5.2 ASE–ASE Beat Noise 256 6.5.3 Total Mean and Variance 256 6.5.4 Polarization Effects 258 6.5.5 Amplifier Noise Figure 260 6.5.6 Optical Signal-to Noise Ratio 262 6.6 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 263 6.6.1 Cavity-Type Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 264 6.6.2 Traveling-Wave Amplifiers 268 6.6.3 AR Coating 270 6.6.4 Gain Saturation 271 6.7 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier 274 6.7.1 Gain Spectrum 274 6.7.2 Rate Equations∗ 275 6.7.3 Amplified Spontaneous Emission 280 6.7.4 Comparison of EDFA and SOA 281 6.8 Raman Amplifiers 282 6.8.1 Governing Equations 283 6.8.2 Noise Figure 287 6.8.3 Rayleigh Back Scattering 287 6.9 Additional Examples 288 Exercises 298 Further Reading 300 References 300 7 Transmission System Design 301 7.1 Introduction 301 7.2 Fiber Loss-Induced Limitations 301 7.2.1 Balanced Coherent Receiver 306 7.3 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 313 7.4 ASE-Induced Limitations 315 7.4.1 Equivalent Noise Figure 317 7.4.2 Impact of Amplifier Spacing 318 7.4.3 Direct Detection Receiver 319 7.4.4 Coherent Receiver 322 7.4.5 Numerical Experiments 326 7.5 Additional Examples 327 Exercises 333 Further Reading 334 References 334 8 Performance Analysis 335 8.1 Introduction 335 8.2 Optimum Binary Receiver for Coherent Systems 335 8.2.1 Realization of the Matched Filter 342 8.2.2 Error Probability with an Arbitrary Receiver Filter 345 8.3 Homodyne Receivers 345 8.3.1 PSK: Homodyne Detection 347 8.3.2 On–Off Keying 349 8.4 Heterodyne Receivers 350 8.4.1 PSK: Synchronous Detection 351 8.4.2 OOK: Synchronous Detection 353 8.4.3 FSK: Synchronous Detection 356 8.4.4 OOK: Asynchronous Receiver 359 8.4.5 FSK: Asynchronous Detection 364 8.4.6 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Heterodyne Receiver 367 8.5 Direct Detection 368 8.5.1 OOK 368 8.5.2 FSK 371 8.5.3 DPSK 374 8.5.4 Comparison of Modulation Schemes with Direct Detection 379 8.6 Additional Examples 381 Exercises 387 References 388 9 Channel Multiplexing Techniques 389 9.1 Introduction 389 9.2 Polarization-Division Multiplexing 389 9.3 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 391 9.3.1 WDM Components 394 9.3.2 WDM Experiments 401 9.4 OFDM 402 9.4.1 OFDM Principle 402 9.4.2 Optical OFDM Transmitter 406 9.4.3 Optical OFDM Receiver 407 9.4.4 Optical OFDM Experiments 408 9.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 409 9.5.1 Multiplexing 409 9.5.2 Demultiplexing 410 9.5.3 OTDM Experiments 412 9.6 Additional Examples 413 Exercises 415 References 416 10 Nonlinear Effects in Fibers 419 10.1 Introduction 419 10.2 Origin of Linear and Nonlinear Refractive Indices 419 10.2.1 Absorption and Amplification 423 10.2.2 Nonlinear Susceptibility 424 10.3 Fiber Dispersion 426 10.4 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation 428 10.5 Self-Phase Modulation 430 10.6 Combined Effect of Dispersion and SPM 433 10.7 Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 437 10.7.1 Cross-Phase Modulation 438 10.7.2 Four-Wave Mixing 448 10.8 Intrachannel Nonlinear Impairments 454 10.8.1 Intrachannel Cross-Phase Modulation 454 10.8.2 Intrachannel Four-Wave Mixing 455 10.8.3 Intra- versus Interchannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9 Theory of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 457 10.9.1 Variance Calculations 463 10.9.2 Numerical Simulations 466 10.10 Nonlinear Phase Noise 471 10.10.1 Linear Phase Noise 471 10.10.2 Gordon–Mollenauer Phase Noise 474 10.11 Stimulated Raman Scattering 478 10.11.1 Time Domain Description 481 10.12 Additional Examples 483 Exercises 491 Further Reading 493 References 493 11 Digital Signal Processing 497 11.1 Introduction 497 11.2 Coherent Receiver 497 11.3 Laser Phase Noise 498 11.4 IF Estimation and Compensation 501 11.5 Phase Estimation and Compensation 503 11.5.1 Phase Unwrapping 505 11.6 CD Equalization 506 11.6.1 Adaptive Equalizers 510 11.7 Polarization Mode Dispersion Equalization 513 11.8 Digital Back Propagation 516 11.8.1 Multi-Span DBP 521 11.9 Additional Examples 522 Exercises 524 Further Reading 525 References 525 AppendixA 527 Appendix B 533 Index 537

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Book SynopsisLearn all you need to know about wireless sensor networks! Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks provides a thorough description of the nuts and bolts of wireless sensor networks. The authors give an overview of the state-of-the-art, putting all the individual solutions into perspective with one and other.Trade Review"…this book represents an authoritative yet open-minded source to acquire a solid understanding of the fundamentals of WSNs. It is a recommended and enjoy read." (Computing Reviews, March 11, 2008)Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of abbreviations xv A guide to the book xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 The vision of Ambient Intelligence 1 1.2 Application examples 3 1.3 Types of applications 6 1.4 Challenges for WSNs 7 1.4.1 Characteristic requirements 7 1.4.2 Required mechanisms 9 1.5 Why are sensor networks different? 10 1.5.1 Mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks 10 1.5.2 Fieldbuses and wireless sensor networks 12 1.6 Enabling technologies for wireless sensor networks 13 Part I Architectures 15 2 Single-node architecture 17 2.1 Hardware components 18 2.1.1 Sensor node hardware overview 18 2.1.2 Controller 19 2.1.3 Memory 21 2.1.4 Communication device 21 2.1.5 Sensors and actuators 31 2.1.6 Power supply of sensor nodes 32 2.2 Energy consumption of sensor nodes 36 2.2.1 Operation states with different power consumption 36 2.2.2 Microcontroller energy consumption 38 2.2.3 Memory 39 2.2.4 Radio transceivers 40 2.2.5 Relationship between computation and communication 44 2.2.6 Power consumption of sensor and actuators 44 2.3 Operating systems and execution environments 45 2.3.1 Embedded operating systems 45 2.3.2 Programming paradigms and application programming interfaces 45 2.3.3 Structure of operating system and protocol stack 47 2.3.4 Dynamic energy and power management 48 2.3.5 Case Study: TinyOS and nesC 50 2.3.6 Other examples 53 2.4 Some examples of sensor nodes 54 2.4.1 The “Mica Mote” family 54 2.4.2 EYES nodes 54 2.4.3 BTnodes 54 2.4.4 Scatterweb 54 2.4.5 Commercial solutions 55 2.5 Conclusion 56 3 Network architecture 59 3.1 Sensor network scenarios 60 3.1.1 Types of sources and sinks 60 3.1.2 Single-hop versus multihop networks 60 3.1.3 Multiple sinks and sources 62 3.1.4 Three types of mobility 62 3.2 Optimization goals and figures of merit 63 3.2.1 Quality of service 64 3.2.2 Energy efficiency 65 3.2.3 Scalability 66 3.2.4 Robustness 67 3.3 Design principles for WSNs 67 3.3.1 Distributed organization 67 3.3.2 In-network processing 67 3.3.3 Adaptive fidelity and accuracy 70 3.3.4 Data centricity 70 3.3.5 Exploit location information 73 3.3.6 Exploit activity patterns 73 3.3.7 Exploit heterogeneity 73 3.3.8 Component-based protocol stacks and cross-layer optimization 74 3.4 Service interfaces of WSNs 74 3.4.1 Structuring application/protocol stack interfaces 74 3.4.2 Expressibility requirements for WSN service interfaces 76 3.4.3 Discussion 77 3.5 Gateway concepts 78 3.5.1 The need for gateways 78 3.5.2 WSN to Internet communication 79 3.5.3 Internet to WSN communication 80 3.5.4 WSN tunneling 81 3.6 Conclusion 81 Part II Communication Protocols 83 4 Physical layer 85 4.1 Introduction 85 4.2 Wireless channel and communication fundamentals 86 4.2.1 Frequency allocation 86 4.2.2 Modulation and demodulation 88 4.2.3 Wave propagation effects and noise 90 4.2.4 Channel models 96 4.2.5 Spread-spectrum communications 98 4.2.6 Packet transmission and synchronization 100 4.2.7 Quality of wireless channels and measures for improvement 102 4.3 Physical layer and transceiver design considerations in WSNs 103 4.3.1 Energy usage profile 103 4.3.2 Choice of modulation scheme 104 4.3.3 Dynamic modulation scaling 108 4.3.4 Antenna considerations 108 4.4 Further reading 109 5 MAC protocols 111 5.1 Fundamentals of (wireless) MAC protocols 112 5.1.1 Requirements and design constraints for wireless MAC protocols 112 5.1.2 Important classes of MAC protocols 114 5.1.3 MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks 119 5.2 Low duty cycle protocols and wakeup concepts 120 5.2.1 Sparse topology and energy management (STEM) 121 5.2.2 S-mac 123 5.2.3 The mediation device protocol 126 5.2.4 Wakeup radio concepts 127 5.2.5 Further reading 128 5.3 Contention-based protocols 129 5.3.1 CSMA protocols 129 5.3.2 PAMAS 131 5.3.3 Further solutions 132 5.4 Schedule-based protocols 133 5.4.1 LEACH 133 5.4.2 SMACS 135 5.4.3 Traffic-adaptive medium access protocol (TRAMA) 137 5.4.4 Further solutions 139 5.5 The IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol 139 5.5.1 Network architecture and types/roles of nodes 140 5.5.2 Superframe structure 141 5.5.3 GTS management 141 5.5.4 Data transfer procedures 142 5.5.5 Slotted CSMA-CA protocol 142 5.5.6 Nonbeaconed mode 144 5.5.7 Further reading 145 5.6 How about IEEE 802.11 and bluetooth? 145 5.7 Further reading 146 5.8 Conclusion 148 6 Link-layer protocols 149 6.1 Fundamentals: tasks and requirements 150 6.2 Error control 151 6.2.1 Causes and characteristics of transmission errors 151 6.2.2 ARQ techniques 152 6.2.3 FEC techniques 158 6.2.4 Hybrid schemes 163 6.2.5 Power control 165 6.2.6 Further mechanisms to combat errors 166 6.2.7 Error control: summary 167 6.3 Framing 167 6.3.1 Adaptive schemes 170 6.3.2 Intermediate checksum schemes 172 6.3.3 Combining packet-size optimization and FEC 173 6.3.4 Treatment of frame headers 174 6.3.5 Framing: summary 174 6.4 Link management 174 6.4.1 Link-quality characteristics 175 6.4.2 Link-quality estimation 177 6.5 Summary 179 7 Naming and addressing 181 7.1 Fundamentals 182 7.1.1 Use of addresses and names in (sensor) networks 182 7.1.2 Address management tasks 183 7.1.3 Uniqueness of addresses 184 7.1.4 Address allocation and assignment 184 7.1.5 Addressing overhead 185 7.2 Address and name management in wireless sensor networks 186 7.3 Assignment of MAC addresses 186 7.3.1 Distributed assignment of networkwide addresses 187 7.4 Distributed assignment of locally unique addresses 189 7.4.1 Address assignment algorithm 189 7.4.2 Address selection and representation 191 7.4.3 Further schemes 194 7.5 Content-based and geographic addressing 194 7.5.1 Content-based addressing 194 7.5.2 Geographic addressing 198 7.6 Summary 198 8 Time synchronization 201 8.1 Introduction to the time synchronization problem 201 8.1.1 The need for time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 202 8.1.2 Node clocks and the problem of accuracy 203 8.1.3 Properties and structure of time synchronization algorithms 204 8.1.4 Time synchronization in wireless sensor networks 206 8.2 Protocols based on sender/receiver synchronization 207 8.2.1 Lightweight time synchronization protocol (LTS) 207 8.2.2 How to increase accuracy and estimate drift 212 8.2.3 Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks (TPSN) 214 8.3 Protocols based on receiver/receiver synchronization 217 8.3.1 Reference broadcast synchronization (RBS) 217 8.3.2 Hierarchy referencing time synchronization (HRTS) 223 8.4 Further reading 226 9 Localization and positioning 231 9.1 Properties of localization and positioning procedures 232 9.2 Possible approaches 233 9.2.1 Proximity 233 9.2.2 Trilateration and triangulation 234 9.2.3 Scene analysis 237 9.3 Mathematical basics for the lateration problem 237 9.3.1 Solution with three anchors and correct distance values 238 9.3.2 Solving with distance errors 238 9.4 Single-hop localization 240 9.4.1 Active Badge 240 9.4.2 Active office 240 9.4.3 Radar 240 9.4.4 Cricket 241 9.4.5 Overlapping connectivity 241 9.4.6 Approximate point in triangle 242 9.4.7 Using angle of arrival information 243 9.5 Positioning in multihop environments 243 9.5.1 Connectivity in a multihop network 244 9.5.2 Multihop range estimation 244 9.5.3 Iterative and collaborative multilateration 245 9.5.4 Probabilistic positioning description and propagation 247 9.6 Impact of anchor placement 247 9.7 Further reading 248 9.8 Conclusion 249 10 Topology control 251 10.1 Motivation and basic ideas 251 10.1.1 Options for topology control 252 10.1.2 Aspects of topology-control algorithms 254 10.2 Controlling topology in flat networks – Power control 256 10.2.1 Some complexity results 256 10.2.2 Are there magic numbers? – bounds on critical parameters 257 10.2.3 Some example constructions and protocols 259 10.2.4 Further reading on flat topology control 265 10.3 Hierarchical networks by dominating sets 266 10.3.1 Motivation and definition 266 10.3.2 A hardness result 266 10.3.3 Some ideas from centralized algorithms 267 10.3.4 Some distributed approximations 270 10.3.5 Further reading 273 10.4 Hierarchical networks by clustering 274 10.4.1 Definition of clusters 274 10.4.2 A basic idea to construct independent sets 277 10.4.3 A generalization and some performance insights 278 10.4.4 Connecting clusters 278 10.4.5 Rotating clusterheads 279 10.4.6 Some more algorithm examples 280 10.4.7 Multihop clusters 281 10.4.8 Multiple layers of clustering 283 10.4.9 Passive clustering 284 10.4.10 Further reading 284 10.5 Combining hierarchical topologies and power control 285 10.5.1 Pilot-based power control 285 10.5.2 Ad hoc Network Design Algorithm (ANDA) 285 10.5.3 Clusterpow 286 10.6 Adaptive node activity 286 10.6.1 Geographic Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) 286 10.6.2 Adaptive Self-Configuring sEnsor Networks’ Topologies (ASCENT) 287 10.6.3 Turning off nodes on the basis of sensing coverage 288 10.7 Conclusions 288 11 Routing protocols 289 11.1 The many faces of forwarding and routing 289 11.2 Gossiping and agent-based unicast forwarding 292 11.2.1 Basic idea 292 11.2.2 Randomized forwarding 292 11.2.3 Random walks 293 11.2.4 Further reading 294 11.3 Energy-efficient unicast 295 11.3.1 Overview 295 11.3.2 Some example unicast protocols 297 11.3.3 Further reading 301 11.3.4 Multipath unicast routing 301 11.3.5 Further reading 304 11.4 Broadcast and multicast 305 11.4.1 Overview 305 11.4.2 Source-based tree protocols 308 11.4.3 Shared, core-based tree protocols 314 11.4.4 Mesh-based protocols 314 11.4.5 Further reading on broadcast and multicast 315 11.5 Geographic routing 316 11.5.1 Basics of position-based routing 316 11.5.2 Geocasting 323 11.5.3 Further reading on geographic routing 326 11.6 Mobile nodes 328 11.6.1 Mobile sinks 328 11.6.2 Mobile data collectors 328 11.6.3 Mobile regions 329 11.7 Conclusions 329 12 Data-centric and content-based networking 331 12.1 Introduction 331 12.1.1 The publish/subscribe interaction paradigm 331 12.1.2 Addressing data 332 12.1.3 Implementation options 333 12.1.4 Distribution versus gathering of data – In-network processing 334 12.2 Data-centric routing 335 12.2.1 One-shot interactions 335 12.2.2 Repeated interactions 337 12.2.3 Further reading 340 12.3 Data aggregation 341 12.3.1 Overview 341 12.3.2 A database interface to describe aggregation operations 342 12.3.3 Categories of aggregation operations 343 12.3.4 Placement of aggregation points 345 12.3.5 When to stop waiting for more data 345 12.3.6 Aggregation as an optimization problem 347 12.3.7 Broadcasting an aggregated value 347 12.3.8 Information-directed routing and aggregation 350 12.3.9 Some further examples 352 12.3.10 Further reading on data aggregation 355 12.4 Data-centric storage 355 12.5 Conclusions 357 13 Transport layer and quality of service 359 13.1 The transport layer and QoS in wireless sensor networks 359 13.1.1 Quality of service/reliability 360 13.1.2 Transport protocols 361 13.2 Coverage and deployment 362 13.2.1 Sensing models 362 13.2.2 Coverage measures 364 13.2.3 Uniform random deployments: Poisson point processes 365 13.2.4 Coverage of random deployments: Boolean sensing model 366 13.2.5 Coverage of random deployments: general sensing model 368 13.2.6 Coverage determination 369 13.2.7 Coverage of grid deployments 374 13.2.8 Further reading 375 13.3 Reliable data transport 376 13.3.1 Reliability requirements in sensor networks 377 13.4 Single packet delivery 378 13.4.1 Using a single path 379 13.4.2 Using multiple paths 384 13.4.3 Multiple receivers 388 13.4.4 Summary 389 13.5 Block delivery 389 13.5.1 PSFQ: block delivery in the sink-to-sensors case 389 13.5.2 RMST: block delivery in the sensors-to-sink case 395 13.5.3 What about TCP? 397 13.5.4 Further reading 399 13.6 Congestion control and rate control 400 13.6.1 Congestion situations in sensor networks 400 13.6.2 Mechanisms for congestion detection and handling 402 13.6.3 Protocols with rate control 403 13.6.4 The CODA congestion-control framework 408 13.6.5 Further reading 411 14 Advanced application support 413 14.1 Advanced in-network processing 413 14.1.1 Going beyond mere aggregation of data 413 14.1.2 Distributed signal processing 414 14.1.3 Distributed source coding 416 14.1.4 Network coding 420 14.1.5 Further issues 421 14.2 Security 422 14.2.1 Fundamentals 422 14.2.2 Security considerations in wireless sensor networks 423 14.2.3 Denial-of-service attacks 423 14.2.4 Further reading 425 14.3 Application-specific support 425 14.3.1 Target detection and tracking 426 14.3.2 Contour/edge detection 429 14.3.3 Field sampling 432 Bibliography 437 Index 481

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Book SynopsisFully revised, this second edition of Queueing Modeling Fundamentals With Applications In Communication Networks contains a significant new chapter on Flow & Congestion Control and a section on Network Calculus among other new sections that have been added to other chapters.Trade Review"The book is well written and nicely illustrated. I recommend it as an introduction for graduate students and telecommunications engineers." (Computing Reviews, November 24, 2008) "This book would serve ideally as a text for an undergraduate course on network performance analysis." (Computing Reviews, July 2008)Table of ContentsList of Tables xi List of Illustrations xiii Preface xvii 1. Preliminaries 1 1.1 Probability Theory 1 1.1.1 Sample Spaces and Axioms of Probability 2 1.1.2 Conditional Probability and Independence 5 1.1.3 Random Variables and Distributions 7 1.1.4 Expected Values and Variances 12 1.1.5 Joint Random Variables and Their Distributions 16 1.1.6 Independence of Random Variables 21 1.2 z-Transforms – Generating Functions 22 1.2.1 Properties of z-Transforms 23 1.3 Laplace Transforms 28 1.3.1 Properties of the Laplace Transform 29 1.4 Matrix Operations 32 1.4.1 Matrix Basics 32 1.4.2 Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors and Spectral Representation 34 1.4.3 Matrix Calculus 36 Problems 39 2. Introduction to Queueing Systems 43 2.1 Nomenclature of a Queueing System 44 2.1.1 Characteristics of the Input Process 45 2.1.2 Characteristics of the System Structure 46 2.1.3 Characteristics of the Output Process 47 2.2 Random Variables and their Relationships 48 2.3 Kendall Notation 50 2.4 Little’s Theorem 52 2.4.1 General Applications of Little’s Theorem 54 2.4.2 Ergodicity 55 2.5 Resource Utilization and Traffic Intensity 56 2.6 Flow Conservation Law 57 2.7 Poisson Process 59 2.7.1 The Poisson Process – A Limiting Case 59 2.7.2 The Poisson Process – An Arrival Perspective 60 2.8 Properties of the Poisson Process 62 2.8.1 Superposition Property 62 2.8.2 Decomposition Property 63 2.8.3 Exponentially Distributed Inter-arrival Times 64 2.8.4 Memoryless (Markovian) Property of Inter-arrival Times 64 2.8.5 Poisson Arrivals During a Random Time Interval 66 Problems 69 3. Discrete and Continuous Markov Processes 71 3.1 Stochastic Processes 72 3.2 Discrete-time Markov Chains 74 3.2.1 Definitions of Discrete-time Markov Chains 75 3.2.2 Matrix Formulation of State Probabilities 79 3.2.3 General Transient Solutions for State Probabilities 81 3.2.4 Steady-state Behaviour of a Markov Chain 86 3.2.5 Reducibility and Periodicity of a Markov Chain 88 3.2.6 Sojourn Times of a Discrete-time Markov Chain 90 3.3 Continuous-time Markov Chains 91 3.3.1 Definition of Continuous-time Markov Chains 91 3.3.2 Sojourn Times of a Continuous-time Markov Chain 92 3.3.3 State Probability Distribution 93 3.3.4 Comparison of Transition-rate and Transitionprobability Matrices 95 3.4 Birth-Death Processes 96 Problems 100 4. Single-Queue Markovian Systems 103 4.1 Classical M/M/1 Queue 104 4.1.1 Global and Local Balance Concepts 106 4.1.2 Performance Measures of the M/M/1 System 107 4.2 PASTA – Poisson Arrivals See Time Averages 110 4.3 M/M/1 System Time (Delay) Distribution 111 4.4 M/M/1/S Queueing Systems 118 4.4.1 Blocking Probability 119 4.4.2 Performance Measures of M/M/1/S Systems 120 4.5 Multi-server Systems – M/M/m 124 4.5.1 Performance Measures of M/M/m Systems 126 4.5.2 Waiting Time Distribution of M/M/m 127 4.6 Erlang’s Loss Queueing Systems – M/M/m/m Systems 129 4.6.1 Performance Measures of the M/M/m/m 130 4.7 Engset’s Loss Systems 131 4.7.1 Performance Measures of M/M/m/m with Finite Customer Population 133 4.8 Considerations for Applications of Queueing Models 134 Problems 139 5. Semi-Markovian Queueing Systems 141 5.1 The M/G/1 Queueing System 142 5.1.1 The Imbedded Markov-chain Approach 142 5.1.2 Analysis of M/G/1 Queue Using Imbedded Markov-chain Approach 143 5.1.3 Distribution of System State 146 5.1.4 Distribution of System Time 147 5.2 The Residual Service Time Approach 148 5.2.1 Performance Measures of M/G/ 1 150 5.3 M/G/1 with Service Vocations 155 5.3.1 Performance Measures of M/G/1 with Service Vacations 156 5.4 Priority Queueing Systems 158 5.4.1 M/G/1 Non-preemptive Priority Queueing 158 5.4.2 Performance Measures of Non-preemptive Priority 160 5.4.3 M/G/1 Pre-emptive Resume Priority Queueing 163 5.5 The G/M/1 Queueing System 165 5.5.1 Performance Measures of GI/M/ 1 166 Problems 167 6. Open Queueing Networks 169 6.1 Markovian Queries in Tandem 171 6.1.1 Analysis of Tandem Queues 175 6.1.2 Burke’s Theorem 176 6.2 Applications of Tandem Queues in Data Networks 178 6.3 Jackson Queueing Networks 181 6.3.1 Performance Measures for Open Networks 186 6.3.2 Balance Equations 190 Problems 193 7. Closed Queueing Networks 197 7.1 Jackson Closed Queueing Networks 197 7.2 Steady-state Probability Distribution 199 7.3 Convolution Algorithm 203 7.4 Performance Measures 207 7.5 Mean Value Analysis 210 7.6 Application of Closed Queueing Networks 213 Problems 214 8. Markov-Modulated Arrival Process 217 8.1 Markov-modulated Poisson Process (MMPP) 218 8.1.1 Definition and Model 218 8.1.2 Superposition of MMPPs 223 8.1.3 MMPP/G/ 1 225 8.1.4 Applications of MMPP 226 8.2 Markov-modulated Bernoulli Process 227 8.2.1 Source Model and Definition 227 8.2.2 Superposition of N Identical MMBPs 228 8.2.3 ΣMMBP/D/ 1 229 8.2.4 Queue Length Solution 231 8.2.5 Initial Conditions 233 8.3 Markov-modulated Fluid Flow 233 8.3.1 Model and Queue Length Analysis 233 8.3.2 Applications of Fluid Flow Model to ATM 236 8.4 Network Calculus 236 8.4.1 System Description 237 8.4.2 Input Traffic Characterization–Arrival Curve 239 8.4.3 System Characterization – Service Curve 240 8.4.4 Min-Plus Algebra 241 9. Flow and Congestion Control 243 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Quality of Service 245 9.3 Analysis of Sliding Window Flow Control Mechanisms 246 9.3.1 A Simple Virtual Circuit Model 246 9.3.2 Sliding Window Model 247 9.4 Rate Based Adaptive Congestion Control 257 References 259 Index 265

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Book SynopsisHow to solve security issues and problems arising in distributed systems. Security is one of the leading concerns in developing dependable distributed systems of today, since the integration of different components in a distributed manner creates new security problems and issues. Service oriented architectures, the Web, grid computing and virtualization form the backbone of today's distributed systems. A lens to security issues in distributed systems is best provided via deeper exploration of security concerns and solutions in these technologies. Distributed Systems Security provides a holistic insight into current security issues, processes, and solutions, and maps out future directions in the context of today's distributed systems. This insight is elucidated by modeling of modern day distributed systems using a four-tier logical model host layer, infrastructure layer, application layer, and service layer (bottom to top). The authors provide an in-depth coverTable of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Distributed Systems. 1.3 Distributed Systems Security. 1.4 About the Book. Chapter 2: Security Engineering. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Secure Development Life Cycle Processes – An Overview. 2.3 A Typical Security Engineering Process. 2.4 Important Security Engineering Guidelines and Resources. 2.5 Conclusion. Chapter 3. Common Security Issues and Technologies. 3.1 Security Issues. 3.2 Common Security Techniques. 3.3 Summary. Chapter 4 – Host level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 4.1 Background. 4.2 Malware. 4.3 Eavesdropping. 4.4 Job faults. 4.5 Resource starvation. 4.6 Overflow. 4.7 Privilege escalation. 4.8 Injection attacks. 4.9 Conclusion. Chapter 5 – Infrastructure Level Threats & Vulnerabilities. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Network Level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 5.3 Grid Computing Threats and Vulnerabilities. 5.4 Storage Threats and Vulnerabilities. Chapter 6: Application Level Vulnerabilities and Attacks. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Application Layer Vulnerabilities. 6.3 Conclusion. Chapter 7 – Service Level Issues, Threats and Vulnerabilities. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 SOA and Role of Standards. 7.3 Service Level Security Requirements. 7.4 Service Level Threats and Vulnerabilities. 7.5 Service Level Attacks. 7.6 Services Threat Profile. 7.7 Conclusions. Chapter 8: Host level Solutions. 8.1 Background. 8.2 Sandboxing. 8.3 Virtualization. 8.4 Resource Management 8.5 Proof carrying code. 8.6 Memory firewall 8.7 Anti malware. 8.8 Conclusions. Chapter 9 – Infrastructure Level Solutions 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Network Level Solutions. 9.3 Grid Level Solutions. 9.4 Storage Level Solutions. Chapter 10: Application Level Solutions. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Application Level Security Solutions. 10.3 Conclusion. Chapter 11 – Service Level Solutions. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Services Security Policy. 11.3 SOA Security standards stack. 11.4 Standards in Depth. 11.5 Deployment Architectures for SOA Security. 11.6 Managing Service Level Threats. 11.7 Service Threat Solution Mapping. 11.8 XML Firewall Configuration-Threat Mapping. 11.9 Conclusions. Chapter 12 - Case Study – Compliance in Financial Services. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 SOX compliance. 12.3 SOX Security Solutions. 12.4 Multi-level policy driven solution architecture. 12.5 Conclusions. Chapter 13 – Case Study of Grid. 13.1 Background. 13.2 Financial Application. 13.3 Security Requirements Analysis. 13.4 Final Security Architecture. Chapter 14: Future directions and Conclusions. 14.1 Future directions. 14.2 Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisRF and Microwave Transmitter Design is unique in its coverage of both historical transmitter design and cutting edge technologies. This text explores the results of well-known and new theoretical analyses, while informing readers of modern radio transmitters' pracitcal designs and their components.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Introduction 1 References 6 1 Passive Elements and Circuit Theory 9 1.1 Immittance Two-Port Network Parameters 9 1.2 Scattering Parameters 13 1.3 Interconnections of Two-Port Networks 17 1.4 Practical Two-Port Networks 20 1.4.1 Single-Element Networks 20 1.4.2 π- and T -Type Networks 21 1.5 Three-Port Network with Common Terminal 24 1.6 Lumped Elements 26 1.6.1 Inductors 26 1.6.2 Capacitors 29 1.7 Transmission Line 31 1.8 Types of Transmission Lines 35 1.8.1 Coaxial Line 35 1.8.2 Stripline 36 1.8.3 Microstrip Line 39 1.8.4 Slotline 41 1.8.5 Coplanar Waveguide 42 1.9 Noise 44 1.9.1 Noise Sources 44 1.9.2 Noise Figure 46 1.9.3 Flicker Noise 53 References 53 2 Active Devices and Modeling 57 2.1 Diodes 57 2.1.1 Operation Principle 57 2.1.2 Schottky Diodes 59 2.1.3 p–i–n Diodes 61 2.1.4 Zener Diodes 62 2.2 Varactors 63 2.2.1 Varactor Modeling 63 2.2.2 MOS Varactor 65 2.3 MOSFETs 70 2.3.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 70 2.3.2 Nonlinear I–V Models 73 2.3.3 Nonlinear C–V Models 75 2.3.4 Charge Conservation 78 2.3.5 Gate–Source Resistance 79 2.3.6 Temperature Dependence 79 2.3.7 Noise Model 81 2.4 MESFETs and HEMTs 83 2.4.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 83 2.4.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements 85 2.4.3 Curtice Quadratic Nonlinear Model 88 2.4.4 Parker–Skellern Nonlinear Model 89 2.4.5 Chalmers (Angelov) Nonlinear Model 91 2.4.6 IAF (Berroth) Nonlinear Model 93 2.4.7 Noise Model 94 2.5 BJTs and HBTs 97 2.5.1 Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 97 2.5.2 Determination of Equivalent Circuit Elements 98 2.5.3 Equivalence of Intrinsic π- and T -Type Topologies 100 2.5.4 Nonlinear Bipolar Device Modeling 102 2.5.5 Noise Model 105 References 107 3 Impedance Matching 113 3.1 Main Principles 113 3.2 Smith Chart 116 3.3 Matching with Lumped Elements 120 3.3.1 Analytic Design Technique 120 3.3.2 Bipolar UHF Power Amplifier 131 3.3.3 MOSFET VHF High-Power Amplifier 135 3.4 Matching with Transmission Lines 138 3.4.1 Analytic Design Technique 138 3.4.2 Equivalence Between Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 144 3.4.3 Narrowband Microwave Power Amplifier 147 3.4.4 Broadband UHF High-Power Amplifier 149 3.5 Matching Networks with Mixed Lumped and Distributed Elements 151 References 153 4 Power Transformers, Combiners, and Couplers 155 4.1 Basic Properties 155 4.1.1 Three-Port Networks 155 4.1.2 Four-Port Networks 156 4.2 Transmission-Line Transformers and Combiners 158 4.3 Baluns 168 4.4 Wilkinson Power Dividers/Combiners 174 4.5 Microwave Hybrids 182 4.6 Coupled-Line Directional Couplers 192 References 197 5 Filters 201 5.1 Types of Filters 201 5.2 Filter Design Using Image Parameter Method 205 5.2.1 Constant-k Filter Sections 205 5.2.2 m-Derived Filter Sections 207 5.3 Filter Design Using Insertion Loss Method 210 5.3.1 Maximally Flat Low-Pass Filter 210 5.3.2 Equal-Ripple Low-Pass Filter 213 5.3.3 Elliptic Function Low-Pass Filter 216 5.3.4 Maximally Flat Group-Delay Low-Pass Filter 219 5.4 Bandpass and Bandstop Transformation 222 5.5 Transmission-Line Low-Pass Filter Implementation 225 5.5.1 Richards’s Transformation 225 5.5.2 Kuroda Identities 226 5.5.3 Design Example 228 5.6 Coupled-Line Filters 228 5.6.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 228 5.6.2 Coupled-Line Section 231 5.6.3 Parallel-Coupled Bandpass Filters Using Half-Wavelength Resonators 234 5.6.4 Interdigital, Combline, and Hairpin Bandpass Filters 236 5.6.5 Microstrip Filters with Unequal Phase Velocities 239 5.6.6 Bandpass and Bandstop Filters Using Quarter-Wavelength Resonators 241 5.7 SAW and BAW Filters 243 References 250 6 Modulation and Modulators 255 6.1 Amplitude Modulation 255 6.1.1 Basic Principle 255 6.1.2 Amplitude Modulators 259 6.2 Single-Sideband Modulation 262 6.2.1 Double-Sideband Modulation 262 6.2.2 Single-Sideband Generation 265 6.2.3 Single-Sideband Modulator 266 6.3 Frequency Modulation 267 6.3.1 Basic Principle 268 6.3.2 Frequency Modulators 273 6.4 Phase Modulation 278 6.5 Digital Modulation 283 6.5.1 Amplitude Shift Keying 284 6.5.2 Frequency Shift Keying 287 6.5.3 Phase Shift Keying 289 6.5.4 Minimum Shift Keying 296 6.5.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 299 6.5.6 Pulse Code Modulation 300 6.6 Class-S Modulator 302 6.7 Multiple Access Techniques 304 6.7.1 Time and Frequency Division Multiplexing 304 6.7.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access 305 6.7.3 Time Division Multiple Access 305 6.7.4 Code Division Multiple Access 306 References 308 7 Mixers and Multipliers 311 7.1 Basic Theory 311 7.2 Single-Diode Mixers 313 7.3 Balanced Diode Mixers 318 7.3.1 Single-Balanced Mixers 318 7.3.2 Double-Balanced Mixers 321 7.4 Transistor Mixers 326 7.5 Dual-Gate FET Mixer 329 7.6 Balanced Transistor Mixers 331 7.6.1 Single-Balanced Mixers 331 7.6.2 Double-Balanced Mixers 334 7.7 Frequency Multipliers 338 References 344 8 Oscillators 347 8.1 Oscillator Operation Principles 347 8.1.1 Steady-State Operation Mode 347 8.1.2 Start-Up Conditions 349 8.2 Oscillator Configurations and Historical Aspect 353 8.3 Self-Bias Condition 358 8.4 Parallel Feedback Oscillator 362 8.5 Series Feedback Oscillator 365 8.6 Push–Push Oscillators 368 8.7 Stability of Self-Oscillations 372 8.8 Optimum Design Techniques 376 8.8.1 Empirical Approach 376 8.8.2 Analytic Approach 379 8.9 Noise in Oscillators 385 8.9.1 Parallel Feedback Oscillator 386 8.9.2 Negative Resistance Oscillator 392 8.9.3 Colpitts Oscillator 394 8.9.4 Impulse Response Model 397 8.10 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators 407 8.11 Crystal Oscillators 417 8.12 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 423 References 428 9 Phase-Locked Loops 433 9.1 Basic Loop Structure 433 9.2 Analog Phase-Locked Loops 435 9.3 Charge-Pump Phase-Locked Loops 439 9.4 Digital Phase-Locked Loops 441 9.5 Loop Components 444 9.5.1 Phase Detector 444 9.5.2 Loop Filter 449 9.5.3 Frequency Divider 454 9.5.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 457 9.6 Loop Parameters 461 9.6.1 Lock Range 461 9.6.2 Stability 462 9.6.3 Transient Response 463 9.6.4 Noise 465 9.7 Phase Modulation Using Phase-Locked Loops 466 9.8 Frequency Synthesizers 469 9.8.1 Direct Analog Synthesizers 469 9.8.2 Integer-N Synthesizers Using PLL 469 9.8.3 Fractional-N Synthesizers Using PLL 471 9.8.4 Direct Digital Synthesizers 473 References 474 10 Power Amplifier Design Fundamentals 477 10.1 Power Gain and Stability 477 10.2 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C 487 10.3 Linearity 496 10.4 Nonlinear Effect of Collector Capacitance 503 10.5 DC Biasing 506 10.6 Push–Pull Power Amplifiers 515 10.7 Broadband Power Amplifiers 522 10.8 Distributed Power Amplifiers 537 10.9 Harmonic Tuning Using Load–Pull Techniques 543 10.10 Thermal Characteristics 549 References 552 11 High-Efficiency Power Amplifiers 557 11.1 Class D 557 11.1.1 Voltage-Switching Configurations 557 11.1.2 Current-Switching Configurations 561 11.1.3 Drive and Transition Time 564 11.2 Class F 567 11.2.1 Idealized Class F Mode 569 11.2.2 Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line 572 11.2.3 Effect of Saturation Resistance 575 11.2.4 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 577 11.3 Inverse Class F 581 11.3.1 Idealized Inverse Class F Mode 583 11.3.2 Inverse Class F with Quarterwave Transmission Line 585 11.3.3 Load Networks with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 586 11.4 Class E with Shunt Capacitance 589 11.4.1 Optimum Load Network Parameters 590 11.4.2 Saturation Resistance and Switching Time 595 11.4.3 Load Network with Transmission Lines 599 11.5 Class E with Finite dc-Feed Inductance 601 11.5.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters 601 11.5.2 Parallel-Circuit Class E 605 11.5.3 Broadband Class E 610 11.5.4 Power Gain 613 11.6 Class E with Quarterwave Transmission Line 615 11.6.1 General Analysis and Optimum Circuit Parameters 615 11.6.2 Load Network with Zero Series Reactance 622 11.6.3 Matching Circuits with Lumped and Distributed Parameters 625 11.7 Class FE 628 11.8 CAD Design Example: 1.75 GHz HBT Class E MMIC Power Amplifier 638 References 653 12 Linearization and Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 657 12.1 Feedforward Amplifier Architecture 657 12.2 Cross Cancellation Technique 663 12.3 Reflect Forward Linearization Amplifier 665 12.4 Predistortion Linearization 666 12.5 Feedback Linearization 672 12.6 Doherty Power Amplifier Architectures 678 12.7 Outphasing Power Amplifiers 685 12.8 Envelope Tracking 691 12.9 Switched Multipath Power Amplifiers 695 12.10 Kahn EER Technique and Digital Power Amplification 702 12.10.1 Envelope Elimination and Restoration 702 12.10.2 Pulse-Width Carrier Modulation 704 12.10.3 Class S Amplifier 706 12.10.4 Digital RF Amplification 706 References 709 13 Control Circuits 717 13.1 Power Detector and VSWR Protection 717 13.2 Switches 722 13.3 Phase Shifters 728 13.3.1 Diode Phase Shifters 729 13.3.2 Schiffman 90◦ Phase Shifter 736 13.3.3 MESFET Phase Shifters 739 13.4 Attenuators 741 13.5 Variable Gain Amplifiers 746 13.6 Limiters 750 References 753 14 Transmitter Architectures 759 14.1 Amplitude-Modulated Transmitters 759 14.1.1 Collector Modulation 760 14.1.2 Base Modulation 762 14.1.3 Low-Level Modulation 764 14.1.4 Amplitude Keying 765 14.2 Single-Sideband Transmitters 766 14.3 Frequency-Modulated Transmitters 768 14.4 Television Transmitters 772 14.5 Wireless Communication Transmitters 776 14.6 Radar Transmitters 782 14.6.1 Phased-Array Radars 783 14.6.2 Automotive Radars 786 14.6.3 Electronic Warfare 791 14.7 Satellite Transmitters 794 14.8 Ultra-Wideband Communication Transmitters 797 References 802 Index 809

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Book SynopsisSystems'' Verification Validation and Testing (VVT) are carried out throughout systems'' lifetimes. Notably, quality-cost expended on performing VVT activities and correcting system defects consumes about half of the overall engineering cost. Verification, Validation and Testing of Engineered Systems provides a comprehensive compendium of VVT activities and corresponding VVT methods for implementation throughout the entire lifecycle of an engineered system. In addition, the book strives to alleviate the fundamental testing conundrum, namely: What should be tested? How should one test? When should one test? And, when should one stop testing? In other words, how should one select a VVT strategy and how it be optimized? The book is organized in three parts: The first part provides introductory material about systems and VVT concepts. This part presents a comprehensive explanation of the role of VVT in the process of engineered systems (Chapter-1). The secondTable of ContentsPreface xvii Part I Introduction 1 1. Introduction 3 1.1 Opening 3 1.1.1 Background 4 1.1.2 Purpose 5 1.1.3 Intended audience 5 1.1.4 Book structure and contents 6 1.1.5 Scope of application 8 1.1.6 Terminology and notation 9 1.2 VVT Systems and Process 9 1.2.1 Introduction—VVT systems and process 9 1.2.2 Engineered systems 10 1.2.3 VVT concepts and definition 12 1.2.4 The fundamental VVT dilemma 19 1.2.5 Modeling systems and VVT lifecycle 20 1.2.6 Modeling VVT and risks as cost and time drivers 24 1.3 Canonical Systems VVT Paradigm 32 1.3.1 Introduction—Canonical systems VVT paradigm 32 1.3.2 Phases of the system lifecycle 34 1.3.3 Views of the system 37 1.3.4 VVT aspects of the system 39 1.4 Methodology Application 39 1.4.1 Introduction 39 1.4.2 VVT methodology overview 40 1.4.3 VVT tailoring 43 1.4.4 VVT documents 50 1.5 References 56 Part II VVT Activities and Methods 61 2. System VVT Activities: Development 63 2.1 Structure of Chapter 63 2.1.1 Systems development lifecycle phases and VVT activities 63 2.1.2 VVT activity aspects 64 2.1.3 VVT activity format 65 2.2 VVT Activities during Definition 65 2.2.1 Generate Requirements Verification Matrix (RVM) 65 2.2.2 Generate VVT Management Plan (VVT-MP) 67 2.2.3 Assess the Request For Proposal (RFP) document 69 2.2.4 Assess System Requirements Specification (SysRS) 71 2.2.5 Assess project Risk Management Plan (RMP) 72 2.2.6 Assess System Safety Program Plan (SSPP) 74 2.2.7 Participate in System Requirements Review (SysRR) 77 2.2.8 Participate in System Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) review 77 2.2.9 Conduct engineering peer review of the VVT-MP document 79 2.3 VVT Activities during Design 80 2.3.1 Optimize the VVT strategy 80 2.3.2 Assess System/Subsystem Design Description (SSDD) 83 2.3.3 Validate system design by means of virtual prototype 85 2.3.4 Validate system design tools 86 2.3.5 Assess system design for meeting future lifecycle needs 87 2.3.6 Participate in the System Design Review (SysDR) 90 2.4 VVT Activities during Implementation 91 2.4.1 Preparing the test cycle for subsystems and components 91 2.4.2 Assess suppliers’ subsystems test documents 96 2.4.3 Perform Acceptance Test Procedure—Subsystems/ Enabling products 97 2.4.4 Assess system performance by way of simulation 100 2.4.5 Verify design versus implementation consistency 102 2.4.6 Participate in Acceptance Test Review—Subsystems/ Enabling products 103 2.5 VVT Activities during Integration 104 2.5.1 Develop System Integration Laboratory (SIL) 104 2.5.2 Generate System Integration Test Plan (SysITP) 106 2.5.3 Generate System Integration Test Description (SysITD) 108 2.5.4 Validate supplied subsystems in a stand-alone configuration 111 2.5.5 Perform components, subsystem, enabling products integration tests 112 2.5.6 Generate System Integration Test Report (SysITR) 114 2.5.7 Assess effectiveness of the system Built In Test (BIT) 116 2.5.8 Conduct engineering peer review of the SysITR 120 2.6 VVT Activities during Qualification 120 2.6.1 Generate a qualification/acceptance System Test Plan (SysTP) 121 2.6.2 Create qualification/acceptance System Test Description (SysTD) 123 2.6.3 Perform virtual system testing by means of simulation 125 2.6.4 Perform qualification testing/Acceptance Test Procedure (ATP)—System 126 2.6.5 Generate qualification/acceptance System Test Report (SysTR) 129 2.6.6 Assess system testability, maintainability and availability 131 2.6.7 Perform environmental system testing 137 2.6.8 Perform system Certification and Accreditation (C&A) 140 2.6.9 Conduct Test Readiness Review (TRR) 144 2.6.10 Conduct engineering peer review of development enabling products 146 2.6.11 Conduct engineering peer review of program and project safety 148 2.7 References 149 3. Systems VVT Activities: Post-Development 153 3.1 Structure of Chapter 153 3.2 VVT Activities during Production 154 3.2.1 Participate in Functional Configuration Audit (FCA) 154 3.2.2 Participate in Physical Configuration Audit (PCA) 157 3.2.3 Plan system production VVT process 159 3.2.4 Generate a First Article Inspection (FAI) procedure 161 3.2.5 Validate the production-line test equipment 165 3.2.6 Verify quality of incoming components and subsystems 165 3.2.7 Perform First Article Inspection (FAI) 166 3.2.8 Validate pre-production process 167 3.2.9 Validate ongoing-production process 168 3.2.10 Perform manufacturing quality control 170 3.2.11 Verify the production operations strategy 172 3.2.12 Verify marketing and production forecasting 174 3.2.13 Verify aggregate production planning 176 3.2.14 Verify inventory control operation 177 3.2.15 Verify supply chain management 180 3.2.16 Verify production control systems 181 3.2.17 Verify production scheduling 183 3.2.18 Participate in Production Readiness Review (PRR) 184 3.3 VVT Activities during Use/Maintenance 186 3.3.1 Develop VVT plan for system maintenance 187 3.3.2 Verify the Integrated Logistics Support Plan (ILSP) 191 3.3.3 Perform ongoing system maintenance testing 200 3.3.4 Conduct engineering peer review on system maintenance process 204 3.4 VVT Activities during Disposal 208 3.4.1 Develop VVT plan for system disposal 209 3.4.2 Assess the system disposal plan 212 3.4.3 Assess system disposal strategies by means of simulation 214 3.4.4 Assess on-going system disposal process 215 3.4.5 Conduct engineering peer review to assess system disposal processes 219 3.5 References 221 4. System VVT Methods: Non-Testing 223 4.1 Introduction 223 4.2 Prepare VVT Products 223 4.2.1 Requirements Verification Matrix (RVM) 223 4.2.2 System Integration Laboratory (SIL) 226 4.2.3 Hierarchical VVT optimization 230 4.2.4 Defect management and tracking 234 4.2.5 Classification Tree Method 239 4.2.6 Design of Experiments (DOE) 243 4.3 Perform VVT Activities 256 4.3.1 VVT process planning 256 4.3.2 Compare images and documents 262 4.3.3 Requirements testability and quality 265 4.3.4 System test simulation 272 4.3.5 Failure mode effect analysis 280 4.3.6 Anticipatory Failure Determination 286 4.3.7 Model-based testing 293 4.3.8 Robust design analysis 302 4.4 Participate in Reviews 312 4.4.1 Expert team reviews 312 4.4.2 Formal technical reviews 326 4.4.3 Group evaluation and decision 331 4.5 References 346 5. Systems VVT Methods: Testing 351 5.1 Introduction 351 5.2 White Box Testing 356 5.2.1 Component and code coverage testing 356 5.2.2 Interface testing 360 5.3 Black Box—Basic Testing 365 5.3.1 Boundary value testing 365 5.3.2 Decision table testing 367 5.3.3 Finite State Machine testing 368 5.3.4 Human-system interface testing (HSI) 373 5.4 Black Box—High-Volume Testing 378 5.4.1 Automatic random testing 378 5.4.2 Performance testing 381 5.4.3 Recovery testing 385 5.4.4 Stress testing 386 5.5 Black Box—Special Testing 388 5.5.1 Usability testing 388 5.5.2 Security vulnerability testing 393 5.5.3 Reliability testing 402 5.5.4 Search-based testing 410 5.5.5 Mutation testing 418 5.6 Black Box—Environment Testing 422 5.6.1 Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) testing 422 5.6.2 EMI/EMC testing 424 5.6.3 Destructive testing 426 5.6.4 Reactive testing 431 5.6.5 Temporal testing 436 5.7 Black Box—Phase Testing 443 5.7.1 Sanity testing 444 5.7.2 Exploratory testing 445 5.7.3 Regression testing 447 5.7.4 Component and subsystem testing 452 5.7.5 Integration testing 455 5.7.6 Qualification testing 461 5.7.7 Acceptance testing 463 5.7.8 Certification and accreditation testing 466 5.7.9 First Article Inspection (FAI) 473 5.7.10 Production testing 477 5.7.11 Installation testing 481 5.7.12 Maintenance testing 484 5.7.13 Disposal testing 487 5.8 References 488 Part III Modeling and Optimizing VVT Process 495 6. Modeling Quality Cost, Time and Risk 497 6.1 Purpose and Basic Concepts 497 6.1.1 Historical models for cost of quality 498 6.1.2 Quantitative models for cost/time of quality 499 6.2 VVT Cost and Risk Modeling 500 6.2.1 Canonical VVT cost modeling 500 6.2.2 Modeling VVT strategy as a decision problem 502 6.2.3 Modeling appraisal risk cost 505 6.2.4 Modeling impact risk cost 511 6.2.5 Modeling total quality cost 516 6.2.6 VVT cost and risk example 517 6.3 VVT Time and Risk Modeling 521 6.3.1 System/VVT network 521 6.3.2 Modeling time of system/VVT lifecycle 524 6.3.3 Time and risk example 528 6.4 Fuzzy VVT Cost Modeling 530 6.4.1 Introduction 530 6.4.2 General fuzzy logic modeling 530 6.4.3 Fuzzy modeling of the VVT process 532 6.4.4 Fuzzy VVT cost and risk estimation example 541 6.4.5 Fuzzy logic versus probabilistic modeling 544 6.5 References 548 7. Obtaining Quality Data and Optimizing VVT Strategy 550 7.1 Systems’ Quality Costs in the Literature 550 7.2 Obtaining System Quality Data 554 7.2.1 Quality data acquisition 554 7.2.2 Quality data aggregation 555 7.3 IAI/Lahav Quality Data—An Illustration 557 7.3.1 IAI/Lahav pilot project 557 7.3.2 Obtaining raw system and quality data 559 7.3.3 Anchor system and quality data 560 7.3.4 Generating the VVT model database 561 7.4 The VVT-Tool 562 7.4.1 Background 562 7.4.2 Tool availability 563 7.5 VVT Cost, Time and Risk Optimization 564 7.5.1 Optimizing the VVT process 565 7.5.2 Loss function optimization—VVT cost 569 7.5.3 Weight optimization—VVT cost 576 7.5.4 Goal optimization—VVT cost 580 7.5.5 Genetic algorithm optimization—VVT time 584 7.5.6 Genetic multi-domain optimization—VVT cost and time 596 7.6 References 600 8. Methodology Validation and Examples 604 8.1 Methodology Validation Using a Pilot Project 604 8.1.1 VVT cost model validation 605 8.1.2 VVT time model validation 610 8.1.3 Fuzzy VVT cost model validation 617 8.2 Optimizing the VVT Strategy 618 8.2.1 Analytical optimization of cost 619 8.2.2 Cost distribution by phase 626 8.2.3 Weight optimization of cost 627 8.2.4 Goal optimization of cost 631 8.2.5 MPGA optimization for time 635 8.2.6 SSGA optimization of cost and time 637 8.3 Identifying and Avoiding Significant Risks 639 8.3.1 Avoiding critical risks 640 8.3.2 Conjecture on future risk scenarios 642 8.4 Improving System Quality Process 644 Appendix A SysTest Project 646 A.1 About SysTest 646 A.2 SysTest Key Products 648 A.3 SysTest Pilot Projects 649 A.4 SysTest Team 653 A.5 EC Evaluation of SysTest Project 655 References 656 Appendix B Proposed Guide: System Verification, Validation and Testing Master Plan 657 B.1 Background 657 B.2 Creating the VVT-MP 658 B.3 Chapter 1: System Description 659 B.3. 1 Project applicable documents 659 B.3. 2 Mission description 659 B.. 3 System description 659 B.3. 4 Critical technical parameters 660 B.4 Chapter 2: Integrated VVT Program Summary 660 B.4. 1 Integrated VVT program schedule 660 B.4. 2 VVT program management 661 B.5 Chapter 3: System VVT 662 B.5. 1 VVT strategy 662 B.5. 2 Planning VVT activities 665 B.5. 3 VVT limitations 668 B.6 Chapter 4: VVT Resource Summary 669 B.6. 1 Test articles 669 B.6. 2 Test sites and instrumentation 669 B.6. 3 Test support requisition 669 B.6. 4 Expendables for testing 669 B.6. 5 Operational force test support 670 B.. 6 Simulations, models and test beds 670 B.6. 7 Manpower/personnel needs and training 670 B.6. 8 Budget summary 670 Appendix C List of Acronyms 671 Index 679

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended primarily as a handbook for engineers who must design practical systems. Its primarygoal is to discuss model development in sufficient detail so that the reader may design an estimator that meets all application requirements and is robust to modeling assumptions. Since it is sometimes difficult to a priori determine the best model structure, use of exploratory data analysis to define model structure is discussed. Methods for deciding on the best model are also presented. A second goal is to present little known extensions of least squares estimation or Kalman filtering that provide guidance on model structure and parameters, or make the estimator more robust to changes in real-world behavior. A third goal is discussion of implementation issues that make the estimator more accurate or efficient, or that make it flexible so that model alternatives can be easily compared. The fourth goal is to provide the designer/analyst with gTable of ContentsPREFACE xv 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The Forward and Inverse Modeling Problem 2 1.2 A Brief History of Estimation 4 1.3 Filtering, Smoothing, and Prediction 8 1.4 Prerequisites 9 1.5 Notation 9 1.6 Summary 11 2 SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND MODELS 13 2.1 Discrete-Time Models 14 2.2 Continuous-Time Dynamic Models 17 2.2.1 State Transition and Process Noise Covariance Matrices 19 2.2.2 Dynamic Models Using Basic Function Expansions 22 2.2.3 Dynamic Models Derived from First Principles 25 2.2.4 Stochastic (Random) Process Models 31 2.2.5 Linear Regression Models 42 2.2.6 Reduced-Order Modeling 44 2.3 Computation of State Transition and Process Noise Matrices 45 2.3.1 Numeric Computation of Φ 45 2.3.2 Numeric Computation of QD 57 2.4 Measurement Models 58 2.5 Simulating Stochastic Systems 60 2.6 Common Modeling Errors and System Biases 62 2.7 Summary 65 3 MODELING EXAMPLES 67 3.1 Angle-Only Tracking of Linear Target Motion 67 3.2 Maneuvering Vehicle Tracking 69 3.2.1 Maneuvering Tank Tracking Using Multiple Models 69 3.2.2 Aircraft Tracking 73 3.3 Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (INS) Error Model 74 3.4 Spacecraft Orbit Determination (OD) 80 3.4.1 Geopotential Forces 83 3.4.2 Other Gravitational Attractions 86 3.4.3 Solar Radiation Pressure 87 3.4.4 Aerodynamic Drag 88 3.4.5 Thrust Forces 89 3.4.6 Earth Motion 89 3.4.7 Numerical Integration and Computation of Φ 90 3.4.8 Measurements 92 3.4.9 GOES I-P Satellites 96 3.4.10 Global Positioning System (GPS) 97 3.5 Fossil-Fueled Power Plant 99 3.6 Summary 99 4 LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: FUNDAMENTALS 101 4.1 Least-Squares Data Fitting 101 4.2 Weighted Least Squares 108 4.3 Bayesian Estimation 115 4.3.1 Bayesian Least Squares 115 4.3.2 Bayes’ Theorem 117 4.3.3 Minimum Variance or Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) 121 4.3.4 Orthogonal Projections 124 4.4 Probabilistic Approaches—Maximum Likelihood and Maximum A Posteriori 125 4.4.1 Gaussian Random Variables 126 4.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 128 4.4.3 Maximum A Posteriori 133 4.5 Summary of Linear Estimation Approaches 137 5 LINEAR LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: SOLUTION TECHNIQUES 139 5.1 Matrix Norms, Condition Number, Observability, and the Pseudo-Inverse 139 5.1.1 Vector-Matrix Norms 139 5.1.2 Matrix Pseudo-Inverse 141 5.1.3 Condition Number 141 5.1.4 Observability 145 5.2 Normal Equation Formation and Solution 145 5.2.1 Computation of the Normal Equations 145 5.2.2 Cholesky Decomposition of the Normal Equations 149 5.3 Orthogonal Transformations and the QR Method 156 5.3.1 Givens Rotations 158 5.3.2 Householder Transformations 159 5.3.3 Modified Gram-Schmidt (MGS) Orthogonalization 162 5.3.4 QR Numerical Accuracy 165 5.4 Least-Squares Solution Using the SVD 165 5.5 Iterative Techniques 167 5.5.1 Sparse Array Storage 167 5.5.2 Linear Iteration 168 5.5.3 Least-Squares Solution for Large Sparse Problems Using Krylov Space Methods 169 5.6 Comparison of Methods 175 5.6.1 Solution Accuracy for Polynomial Problem 175 5.6.2 Algorithm Timing 181 5.7 Solution Uniqueness, Observability, and Condition Number 183 5.8 Pseudo-Inverses and the Singular Value Transformation (SVD) 185 5.9 Summary 190 6 LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: MODEL ERRORS AND MODEL ORDER 193 6.1 Assessing the Validity of the Solution 194 6.1.1 Residual Sum-of-Squares (SOS) 194 6.1.2 Residual Patterns 195 6.1.3 Subsets of Residuals 196 6.1.4 Measurement Prediction 196 6.1.5 Estimate Comparison 197 6.2 Solution Error Analysis 208 6.2.1 State Error Covariance and Confidence Bounds 208 6.2.2 Model Error Analysis 212 6.3 Regression Analysis for Weighted Least Squares 237 6.3.1 Analysis of Variance 238 6.3.2 Stepwise Regression 239 6.3.3 Prediction and Optimal Data Span 244 6.4 Summary 245 7 LEAST-SQUARES ESTIMATION: CONSTRAINTS, NONLINEAR MODELS, AND ROBUST TECHNIQUES 249 7.1 Constrained Estimates 249 7.1.1 Least-Squares with Linear Equality Constraints (Problem LSE) 249 7.1.2 Least-Squares with Linear Inequality Constraints (Problem LSI) 256 7.2 Recursive Least Squares 257 7.3 Nonlinear Least Squares 259 7.3.1 1-D Nonlinear Least-Squares Solutions 263 7.3.2 Optimization for Multidimensional Unconstrained Nonlinear Least Squares 264 7.3.3 Stopping Criteria and Convergence Tests 269 7.4 Robust Estimation 282 7.4.1 De-Weighting Large Residuals 282 7.4.2 Data Editing 283 7.5 Measurement Preprocessing 285 7.6 Summary 286 8 KALMAN FILTERING 289 8.1 Discrete-Time Kalman Filter 290 8.1.1 Truth Model 290 8.1.2 Discrete-Time Kalman Filter Algorithm 291 8.2 Extensions of the Discrete Filter 303 8.2.1 Correlation between Measurement and Process Noise 303 8.2.2 Time-Correlated (Colored) Measurement Noise 305 8.2.3 Innovations, Model Validation, and Editing 311 8.3 Continous-Time Kalman-Bucy Filter 314 8.4 Modifications of the Discrete Kalman Filter 321 8.4.1 Friedland Bias-FreeBias-Restoring Filter 321 8.4.2 Kalman-Schmidt Consider Filter 325 8.5 Steady-State Solution 328 8.6 Wiener Filter 332 8.6.1 Wiener-Hopf Equation 333 8.6.2 Solution for the Optimal Weighting Function 335 8.6.3 Filter Input Covariances 336 8.6.4 Equivalence of Weiner and Steady-State Kalman-Bucy Filters 337 8.7 Summary 341 9 FILTERING FOR NONLINEAR SYSTEMS, SMOOTHING, ERROR ANALYSISMODEL DESIGN, ANDMEASUREMENT PREPROCESSING 343 9.1 Nonlinear Filtering 344 9.1.1 Linearized and Extended Kalman Filters 344 9.1.2 Iterated Extended Kalman Filter 349 9.2 Smoothing 352 9.2.1 Fixed-Point Smoother 353 9.2.2 Fixed-Lag Smoother 356 9.2.3 Fixed-Interval Smoother 357 9.3 Filter Error Analysis and Reduced-Order Modeling 370 9.3.1 Linear Analysis of Independent Error Sources 372 9.3.2 Error Analysis for ROM Defi ned as a Transformed Detailed Model 380 9.3.3 Error Analysis for Different Truth and Filter Models 382 9.4 Measurement Preprocessing 385 9.5 Summary 385 10 FACTORED (SQUARE-ROOT) FILTERING 389 10.1 Filter Numerical Accuracy 390 10.2 U-D Filter 392 10.2.1 U-D Filter Measurement Update 394 10.2.2 U-D Filter Time Update 396 10.2.3 RTS Smoother for U-D Filter 401 10.2.4 U-D Error Analysis 403 10.3 Square Root Information Filter (SRIF) 404 10.3.1 SRIF Time Update 405 10.3.2 SRIF Measurement Update 407 10.3.3 Square Root Information Smoother (SRIS) 408 10.3.4 Dyer-McReynolds Covariance Smoother (DMCS) 410 10.3.5 SRIF Error Analysis 410 10.4 Inertial Navigation System (INS) Example Using Factored Filters 412 10.5 Large Sparse Systems and the SRIF 417 10.6 Spatial Continuity Constraints and the SRIF Data Equation 419 10.6.1 Flow Model 421 10.6.2 Log Conductivity Spatial Continuity Model 422 10.6.3 Measurement Models 424 10.6.4 SRIF Processing 424 10.6.5 Steady-State Flow Constrained Iterative Solution 425 10.7 Summary 427 11 ADVANCED FILTERING TOPICS 431 11.1 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 432 11.1.1 Calculation of the State Transition Partial Derivatives 434 11.1.2 Derivatives of the Filter Time Update 438 11.1.3 Derivatives of the Filter Measurement Update 439 11.1.4 Partial Derivatives for Initial Condition Errors 440 11.1.5 Computation of the Log Likelihood and Scoring Step 441 11.2 Adaptive Filtering 449 11.3 Jump Detection and Estimation 450 11.3.1 Jump-Free Filter Equations 452 11.3.2 Stepwise Regression 454 11.3.3 Correction of Jump-Free Filter State 455 11.3.4 Real-Time Jump Detection Using Stepwise Regression 456 11.4 Adaptive Target Tracking Using Multiple Model Hypotheses 461 11.4.1 Weighted Sum of Filter Estimates 462 11.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Filter Selection 463 11.4.3 Dynamic and Interactive Multiple Models 464 11.5 Constrained Estimation 471 11.6 Robust Estimation: H-Infi nity Filters 471 11.7 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) 474 11.7.1 Unscented Transform 475 11.7.2 UKF Algorithm 478 11.8 Particle Filters 485 11.9 Summary 490 12 EMPIRICAL MODELING 493 12.1 Exploratory Time Series Analysis and System Identification 494 12.2 Spectral Analysis Based on the Fourier Transform 495 12.2.1 Fourier Series for Periodic Functions 497 12.2.2 Fourier Transform of Continuous Energy Signals 498 12.2.3 Fourier Transform of Power Signals 502 12.2.4 Power Spectrum of Stochastic Signals 504 12.2.5 Time-Limiting Window Functions 506 12.2.6 Discrete Fourier Transform 509 12.2.7 Periodogram Computation of Power Spectra 512 12.2.8 Blackman-Tukey (Correlogram) Computation of Power Spectra 514 12.3 Autoregressive Modeling 522 12.3.1 Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) 524 12.3.2 Burg MEM 525 12.3.3 Final Prediction Error (FPE) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) 526 12.3.4 Marple AR Spectral Analysis 528 12.3.5 Summary of MEM Modeling Approaches 529 12.4 ARMA Modeling 531 12.4.1 ARMA Parameter Estimation 532 12.5 Canonical Variate Analysis 534 12.5.1 CVA Derivation and Overview 536 12.5.2 Summary of CVA Steps 539 12.5.3 Sample Correlation Matrices 540 12.5.4 Order Selection Using the AIC 541 12.5.5 State-Space Model 543 12.5.6 Measurement Power Spectrum Using the State-Space Model 544 12.6 Conversion from Discrete to Continuous Models 548 12.7 Summary 551 APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF VECTORMATRIX OPERATIONS 555 A.1 Definition 555 A.1.1 Vectors 555 A.1.2 Matrices 555 A.2 Elementary Vector Matrix Operations 557 A.2.1 Transpose 557 A.2.2 Addition 557 A.2.3 Inner (Dot) Product of Vectors 557 A.2.4 Outer Product of Vectors 558 A.2.5 Multiplication 558 A.3 Matrix Functions 558 A.3.1 Matrix Inverse 558 A.3.2 Partitioned Matrix Inversion 559 A.3.3 Matrix Inversion Identity 560 A.3.4 Determinant 561 A.3.5 Matrix Trace 562 A.3.6 Derivatives of Matrix Functions 563 A.3.7 Norms 564 A.4 Matrix Transformations and Factorization 565 A.4.1 LU Decomposition 565 A.4.2 Cholesky Factorization 565 A.4.3 Similarity Transformation 566 A.4.4 Eigen Decomposition 566 A.4.5 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 566 A.4.6 Pseudo-Inverse 567 A.4.7 Condition Number 568 APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 569 B.1 Probability 569 B.1.1 Definitions 569 B.1.2 Joint and Conditional Probability, and Independence 570 B.2 Random Variable 571 B.2.1 Distribution and Density Functions 571 B.2.2 Bayes’ Theorem for Density Functions 572 B.2.3 Moments of Random Variables 573 B.2.4 Gaussian Distribution 574 B.2.5 Chi-Squared Distribution 574 B.3 Stochastic Processes 575 B.3.1 Wiener or Brownian Motion Process 576 B.3.2 Markov Process 576 B.3.3 Differential and Integral Equations with White Noise Inputs 577 BIBLIOGRAPHY 579 INDEX 599

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Book SynopsisThis text describes in detail the many numerical techniques and algorithms that are part of modern circuit simulation packages, with an emphasis on the most typically used simulation mode, namely transient analysis.Table of ContentsList of Figures xiii List of Tables xix Preface xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Device Equations 2 1.2 Equation Formulation 3 1.3 Solution Techniques 6 1.3.1 Nonlinear Circuits 7 1.3.2 Dynamic Circuits 8 1.4 Circuit Simulation Flow 8 1.4.1 Analysis Modes 9 Notes 10 Problems 10 2 Network Equations 13 2.1 Elements and Networks 13 2.1.1 Passive Elements 13 2.1.2 Active Elements 15 2.1.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 17 2.1.4 Network Classification 18 2.2 Topological Constraints 19 2.2.1 Network Graphs 19 2.3 Cycle Space and Bond Space 23 2.3.1 Current Assignments 23 2.3.2 Voltage Assignments 24 2.3.3 Orthogonal Spaces 24 2.3.4 Topological Constraints 25 2.3.5 Fundamental Circulation 25 2.3.6 Fundamental Potential Difference 27 2.4 Formulation of Linear Algebraic Equations 27 2.4.1 Sparse Tableau Analysis 28 2.4.2 Nodal Analysis 29 2.4.3 Unique Solvability 30 2.4.4 Modified Nodal Analysis 33 2.5 Formulation of Linear Dynamic Equations 42 2.5.1 Dynamic Element Stamps 43 2.5.2 Unique Solvability 44 Notes 45 Problems 45 3 Solution of Linear Algebraic Circuit Equations 49 3.1 Direct Methods 50 3.1.1 Matrix Preliminaries 50 3.1.2 Gaussian Elimination (GE) 54 3.1.3 LU Factorization 60 3.1.4 Block Gaussian Elimination 71 3.1.5 Cholesky Decomposition 73 3.2 Accuracy and Stability of GE 74 3.2.1 Error 75 3.2.2 Floating Point Numbers 78 3.2.3 Norms 80 3.2.4 Stability of GE and LU Factorization 83 3.2.5 Pivoting for Accuracy 86 3.2.6 Conditioning of Ax = b 89 3.2.7 Iterative Refinement 96 3.3 Indirect/Iterative Methods 97 3.3.1 Gauss-Jacobi 98 3.3.2 Gauss-Seidel 99 3.3.3 Convergence 100 3.4 Partitioning Techniques 104 3.4.1 Node Tearing 104 3.4.2 Direct Methods 106 3.4.3 Indirect Methods 107 3.5 Sparse Matrix Techniques 109 3.5.1 Sparse Matrix Storage 110 3.5.2 Sparse GE and LU Factorization 112 3.5.3 Reordering and Sparsity 113 3.5.4 Pivoting for Sparsity 115 3.5.5 Markowitz Pivoting 116 3.5.6 Diagonal Pivoting 119 3.5.7 The Symmetric (SPD) Case 120 3.5.8 Extension to the Non-SPD Case 122 Notes 125 Problems 125 4 Solution of Nonlinear Algebraic Circuit Equations 127 4.1 Nonlinear Network Equations 127 4.1.1 Nonlinear Elements 128 4.1.2 Nonlinear MNA Formulation 129 4.1.3 Preparing for a DC Analysis 133 4.2 Solution Techniques 133 4.2.1 Iterative Methods and Convergence 134 4.2.2 Introduction to Newton’s Method 136 4.2.3 The One-Dimensional Case 139 4.2.4 The Multidimensional Case 148 4.2.5 Quasi-Newton Methods 152 4.3 Application to Circuit Simulation 154 4.3.1 Linearization and Companion Models 154 4.3.2 Some Test Cases 156 4.3.3 Generalization 162 4.3.4 Considerations for Multiterminal Elements 166 4.3.5 Multivariable Differentiation 167 4.3.6 Linearization of Multiterminal Elements 171 4.3.7 Elements with Internal Nodes 176 4.4 Quasi-Newton Methods in Simulation 181 4.4.1 Damping Methods 182 4.4.2 Overview of More General Methods 186 4.4.3 Source Stepping 187 4.4.4 Gmin Stepping 189 4.4.5 Pseudo-Transient 189 4.4.6 Justification for Pseudo-Transient 193 Notes 196 Problems 197 5 Solution of Differential Circuit Equations 201 5.1 Differential Network Equations 201 5.1.1 Dynamic Elements 201 5.1.2 Dynamic MNA Equations 203 5.1.3 DAEs and ODEs 204 5.2 ODE Solution Techniques 206 5.2.1 ODE Systems and Basic Theorems 206 5.2.2 Overview of Solution Methods 209 5.2.3 Three Basic Methods: FE, BE, and TR 211 5.2.4 Quality Metrics 215 5.2.5 Linear Multistep Methods 220 5.3 Accuracy of LMS Methods 221 5.3.1 Order 221 5.3.2 Consistency 223 5.3.3 The Backward Differentiation Formulas 224 5.3.4 Local Truncation Error 225 5.3.5 Deriving the LMS Methods 228 5.3.6 Solving Implicit Methods 229 5.3.7 Interpolation Polynomial 231 5.3.8 Estimating the LTE 237 5.4 Stability of LMS Methods 241 5.4.1 Linear Stability Theory 242 5.4.2 The Test Equation 243 5.4.3 Absolute Stability 246 5.4.4 Stiff Systems 252 5.4.5 Stiff Stability 253 5.4.6 Remarks 256 5.5 Trapezoidal Ringing 257 5.5.1 Smoothing 258 5.5.2 Extrapolation 259 5.6 Variable Time-Step Methods 261 5.6.1 Implementing a Change of Time-Step 262 5.6.2 Interpolation Methods 262 5.6.3 Variable-Coefficient Methods 264 5.6.4 Variable Step Variable Order (VSVO) Methods 265 5.7 Application to Circuit Simulation 265 5.7.1 From DAEs to Algebraic Equations 266 5.7.2 FE Discretization 269 5.7.3 BE Discretization 271 5.7.4 TR Discretization 277 5.7.5 Charge-Based and Flux-Based Models 282 5.7.6 Multiterminal Elements 291 5.7.7 Time-Step Control 296 5.7.8 Enhancements 298 5.7.9 Overall Flow 299 Notes 300 Problems 300 Glossary 305 Bibliography 307 Index 311

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Book SynopsisFilled with illustrations and practical examples from industry, this book provides a brief but comprehensive introduction to the next-generation wireless networks that will soon replace more traditional wired technologies.Trade Review"Intended as a preview of cutting edge technologies designed to deal with the ever increasing demand for network bandwidth, this collection of twenty-four essays presents scholarship on several types of emerging high-speed network technologies. Divided into sections covering access and backhaul networks, wireline technologies, wireless and spectrum management, metropolitan core, storage and area networks and photonic component technology, specific topics discussed include fiber-wireless network, packet backhaul systems, passive optical networks, mobile wimax, ROADM and radio-frequency transmitters. Appropriate for electronics and communications engineers and high level graduate students, contributors to this work include academics from a variety of universities around the world as well as industry experts in computer networking, fiber optics and telephony." (Reference and Research Book News, February 2011) "Featuring contributions from top industrial experts and academic professors, this authoritative work provides a comprehensive introduction to next-generation networks." (Global Print Monitor, 23 February 2011)Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Part I Access and Backhaul Networks. 1 Roadmap for Next Generation Communications Networks (María Ángeles Callejo Rodríguez and José Enríquez Gabeiras). 2 Wide-Area Ubiquitous Network: An Infrastructure for Sensor and Actuator Networking (Hiroshi Saito, Masato Matsuo, Osamu Kagami, Shigeru Kuwano, Daisei Uchida, and Yuichi Kado). 3 Wireline Access Networks (Scott Reynolds). 4 Fiber-Wireless (FIWI) Networks: Technologies, Architectures, and Future Challenges (Navid Ghazisaidi and Martin Maier). 5 Packet Backhaul Network (Hao Long). 6 Microwave Backhaul Networks (Ron Nadiv). Part II Wireline Technologies. 7 Paving the Road to Gbit/s Broadband Access with Copper (Thomas Magesacher, Per Ödling, Miguel Berg, Stefan Höst, Enrique Areizaga, Per Ola Börjesson and Eduardo Jacob). 8 Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation in EPON and GPON (Björn Skubic, Jiajia Chen, Jawwad Ahmed, Biao Chen and Lena Wosinska). 9 Next-Generation Ethernet Passive Optical Networks: 10G-EPON (Marek Hajduczenia and Henrique J. A. da Silva). 10 Broadband Powerline Communications (Lars Torsten Berger). 11 Power Line Communications and Smart Grids (Tae Eung Sung and Adam Bojanczyk). Part III Wireless Technologies and Spectrum Management. 12 Signaling for Multimedia Conferencing in 4G: Architecture, Evaluation and Issues (Chunyan Fu, Ferhat Khendek and Roch Glitho). 13 Self-Coexistence and Security in Cognitive Radio Networks (Shamik Sengupta, Santhanakrishnan Anand, and Rajarathnam Chandramouli). 14 Mobile WIMAX (Aryan Saèd). 15 Ulta-Wideband Personal Area Networks: MIMO Extensions (Cheran Vithanage, Magnus Sandell, Justin P. Coon and Yue Wang). Part IV Metropolitan, Core, and Storage Area Networks. 16 Next-Generation Integrated Metropolitan-Access Network: Technology Integration and Wireless Convergence (Shing-Wa Wong, Divanilson R. Campelo, and Leonid G. Kazovsky). 17 Resilient Burst Ring: A Novel Technology for Next-Generation Metropolitan Area Networks (Yuefeng Ji and Xin Liu). 18 Multiprotocol Label Switching (Mario Baldi). 19 Overview of Storage Networking and Storage Networks (Eugene Ortenberg and Christian van den Branden). Part V Photonic and Electronic Component Technology. 20 ROADM architectures and WSS Implementation Technologies (Neo Antoniades, George Ellinas, Jonathan Homa and Krishna Bala). 21 Integrated Circuits for Dispersion Compensation in Optical Communication Links (Anthony Chan Carusone, Faisal A. Musa, Jonathan Sewter, and George Ng). 22 High-End Silicon Photodiode Integrated Circuits (Bernhard Goll, Robert Swoboda and Horst Zimmermann). 23 MIMO Wireless Transceiver Design Incorporating Hybrid ARQ (Dimitris Toumpakaris, Jungwon Lee, Edward W. Jang, Hui-Ling Lou, and John M. Cioffi). 24 Radio-Frequency Transmitters (Alireza Zolfaghari, Hooman Darabi and Henrik Jensen). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a repository of cases and articles on the broad applications of human factors knowledge across the globe.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Historical Perspective 1 References 4 1 Natural and Engineered Systems 7 Purposeful Design 7 User-Centered Design 8 Design against Failure 10 Summary 12 References 12 2 Historical Roots 14 Engineering for Physical Limitations 14 Size 14 Strength 17 Speed and Efficiency 17 Engineering for Human Cognition 21 Writing 21 Number Systems 24 Point-and-Click Interfaces 25 The Modern Era 25 Aviation 26 The Digital Computer 28 A Fractured Field 30 Human Factors/Ergonomics 31 Human-Computer Interaction 33 Human-Systems Integration 33 Summary 34 References 34 3 The Current Practice 37 Aerospace 38 The Human-System Specialist in Aerospace 39 Medicine 40 The Human-System Specialist in Medicine 42 Automotive Industry 42 The Human-System Specialist in the Automotive Industry 43 Computer Industry 43 The Human-System Specialist in Human-Computer Interfaces 44 Summary 44 References 45 Part II The Environment 49 References 51 4 The Varied Nature of Environments 53 Static vs. Dynamic Domains 54 Sources of Difficulty in Static Environments 56 Modes 56 Comprehension 57 Sources of Difficulty in Dynamic Environments 58 Lag 58 Plant Dynamics 59 Control Order 63 Perturbation and Noise 66 Internal vs. External Pacing 67 Error Tolerance 68 Summary 69 References 69 5 The Social Context 71 Methodological Consequences of Group Size 74 Length/Variability of Response Times 74 Methods of Study and Analysis 75 Communication and Coordination Consequences of Group Size 76 Summary 79 References 80 6 Analysis Techniques 81 Modeling Static Environments: Finite State Representations 82 Modeling Dynamic Environments 84 Control Theory 85 Signal Detection Theory 88 Task Analysis 93 Measuring Complexity Using Information Theory 94 Modeling Throughput Using Queuing Theory 97 Summary 99 References 99 Part III The Human Element 101 References 103 7 Determinants of Human Behavior 105 The Human Factor 106 Structure and Content 107 Levels of Analysis 109 Summary 111 References 111 8 The Structure of Human Information Processing 113 Processing Stages 115 Cognition and Action 117 Cognition and Goal-Directed Behavior 119 Response Selection 119 The Hick-Hyman Law 120 Compatibility 123 The Nature of Capacity Limitations 125 Summary 126 References 126 9 Acquiring Information 127 Sensory Processing 127 Vision 127 Illumination 128 Reflectance of the Surface 128 Reflectance of Surrounding Surfaces 131 Anatomy of the Eye 131 Visual Acuity 132 Acuity and Retinal Eccentricity 135 Adaptation 138 Saccadic Eye Movements 139 Temporal Vision 141 Masking and Crowding 141 The What and Where of Vision 142 Summary 143 Color Vision 143 CIE Color Space 144 The Uses of Color 147 Audition 147 The Human Auditory System 149 Auditory Perception 150 Pitch, Masking, and Critical Bands 152 Auditory Localization 153 Auditory-Visual Cross-Modal Interactions 154 Sensory Processing Summary 157 Attention 157 Selective Attention 157 The Cocktail Party Phenomenon and Echoic Memory 158 Iconic Memory in Vision 159 Resource and Data Limits 160 The Capacity of Attention 163 The Processing of Unattended Items 163 Controlling Attention 164 Visual Search 164 Visual Monitoring 170 Information Foraging Theory 170 Summary 171 References 172 10 Central Processing Limitations on Multitasking 181 Bottleneck Theories 181 Central Bottleneck Theory 182 The Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm 183 Central Bottleneck Theory and Driving 185 Central Bottleneck Theory and Human-Computer Interaction 187 Fitts’ Law 189 Project Ernestine 190 Capacity Theories 191 Complexity in Resource Allocation 191 Allocation of Limited-Capacity Resources 192 Multiple Resource Theory 195 Using Multiple Resource Theory 198 Applications of Single-Channel and Multiple Resource Theories 200 Timesharing 201 Task-Switching Costs 201 Cognitive Operations in Task Switching 202 Timesharing Strategies and the Control of Processing 203 Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off 204 Optimal Strategies 205 Summary 205 References 206 11 Memory 210 Types of Memories 210 Short-Term Memory 211 Working Memory 213 Long-Term Memory 215 Episodic versus Semantic Memory 217 Retaining and Forgetting Information 218 Interference 220 Forgetting to Remember to Remember: Prospective Memory 223 Retrieving Information 224 Short-Term Memory Retrieval 225 Long-Term Memory Retrieval 226 Summary 230 References 231 12 Decision Making 236 Anatomy of a Decision 236 Normative Approaches to Decision Making 239 Rational Decisions 240 Bayes Theorem 240 Utility and Expected Value 242 Nonoptimality of Human Decisions 243 Failure to Consider Base Rate Information 244 Judging Numerical Quantities 245 Failure to Appreciate Statistical Properties 245 Cognitive Approaches to Decision Making 246 Confirmation Bias 247 Framing Effects 248 Overconfidence 249 Heuristics in Human Decisions 250 Availability 250 Representativeness 251 Anchoring 253 The Use of Heuristics 254 Other Influences on Decision Making 254 Process Models of Human Decision Making 256 Naturalistic Decision Making 259 Relationship between Decision-Making Models and Systems Engineering 262 Summary 263 References 263 Part IV Human-System Integration 267 References 269 13 A Case Study in Human-System Performance: The Exxon Valdez 271 An Account of the Grounding of the Tankship Exxon Valdez 272 The Nature of the Error 274 Mode Errors 274 Control Dynamics and Detection Times 276 Time Estimation 277 Decision Biases 278 Multitasking 279 Summary 281 References 282 14 Human Error 284 Human Error and System Error 284 The Nature of Human Error 285 Theories of Human Error 288 Error Types 289 Error Forms 290 Situation Awareness 292 Situation Awareness in Individuals 292 Situation Awareness of Teams 294 Cognitive Processing in Establishing Situation Awareness 295 Measuring Situation Awareness 296 Inferring Situation Awareness from Eye Fixation Patterns 299 Summary of Situation Awareness 300 Summary 301 References 301 15 Contextual Factors Affecting Human-System Performance 307 Workload 307 Defining and Measuring Workload 308 Performance-Based Metrics 308 Cognitive Task Analysis 313 Physiological Indices of Workload 316 Subjective Ratings of Workload 318 Workload Summary 320 Interruption 320 Operator State 323 Fatigue 324 Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythms 326 Summary 327 References 327 16 The Role of Automation in Human-System Performance 339 Using Automated Devices 341 Levels of Automation 343 A Taxonomy of Automation Levels 345 Automation as a Decision Support Aid 348 Automation and System Safety 352 Summary 354 References 354 0 Alarms and Alerts 360 Sensory Characteristics of Good Alerts and Alarms 361 Design Considerations in Alerts and Alarms 362 Human Factors Issues with Alerts and Alarms 363 Information Displays 364 Transform Information to Take Advantage of Human Perceptual Systems 365 Match Perceptual Cues to the Nature of the Judgment 365 Choose Perceptual Depictions Compatible with Internal Representations 367 Provide Feedback 371 Use Presentation Techniques That Minimize Demand for Focal Visual Attention 372 Use Perceptual Distinctions That Match Visual and Auditory Capabilities 372 Apply the Proximity Compatibility Principle 374 Create Barriers 374 Summary 377 References 377 Index 383

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Book SynopsisOrganic semiconductors are attracting tremendous attention since they are cheap, easy to process, and capable of being deposited on flexible substrates and bent, while their inorganic competitors, e.g. crystalline silicon, would crack.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1 Crystal Engineering Organic Semiconductors (Joseph C. Sumrak, Anatoliy N. Sokolov, and Leonard R. MacGillivray). 2 Conjugated Block Copolymers and Cooligomers (Yongye Liang and Luping Yu). 3 Charge Transports and Its Modeling in Liquid Crystals (Jun-ichi Hanna and Akira Ohno). 4 Self-Organized Discotic Liquid Crystals as Novel Organic Semiconductors (Manoj Mathew and Quan Li). 5 Self-Organized Semiconducting Smectic Liquid Crystals (Ji Ma and Quan Li). 6 Self-Assembling of Carbon Nanotubes (Liming Dai). 7 Self-Organized Fullerene Based Organic Semiconductors (Li-Mei Jin and Quan Li). 8 High-Efficiency Organic Solar Cells Using Self-Organized Materials (Paul A. Lane). 9 Selective Molecular Assembly for Bottom-Up Fabrication of Organic Thin-Film Transistors (Takeo Minari, Masataka Kano, and Kazuhito Tsukagoshi). Index.

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