Developmental biology Books

Book SynopsisNature employs a wide variety of sex determining mechanisms and it is only comparatively recently that the tools have become available for these to be explored at the cellular and molecular levels.Trade Review"...The papers presented are of uniform high quality and this book is essential reading for any serious student of sex determination..." (Human Genetics, October 2002)Table of ContentsChair's Introduction (R. Short). Sex-determining genes in mice: building pathways (R. Lovell-Badge, et al.). Early gonadal development: exploring Wtl and Sox9 function (J. Guo, et al.). General Discussion I: The mechanism of action of SRY. Anomalies of human sexual development: clinical aspects and genetic analysis (E. Vilain). The molecular action of testis-determining factors SRY and SOX 9 (V. Harley). Concerted regulation of gonad differentiation by transcription factors and growth factors (T. Suzuki, et al.). General Discussion II. Evolution of the testis-determining gene - the rise and fall of SRY (Marshall Graves). A Comparative Analysis of vertebrate Sex Determination (A. Sinclair, et al.). Invertebrates may not be so different after all (D. Zarkower). The hormonal control of sexual development (M. Renfree, et al.). Genetic studies of MIS signalling in sexual development (S. Jamin, et al.) Social regulation of the brain: sex, size and status (R. Fernald). The battle of the sexes: opposing pathways in sex determination (H. Hung-Chang Yao, et al). General Discussion III: True Hermaphroditism and the Formation of the Ovotestis. The evolution of chromosomal sex determination (B. Charlesworth). The molecular genetic jigsaw puzzle of vertebrate sex determination and its missing pieces (G. Scherer). Expression-based strategies for discover of genes involved in testis and ovary development (P. Koopman, et al.). Final General Discussion. Index of Contributors. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisAs the lifespan of humans increases, research into aging and its related pathological conditions is gaining momentum. This book is the first to explain protein oxidation and the aging process, focusing on the connection between protein disturbances and the oxidative stress that cells continually undergo.Trade Review“With its discussion of current concepts linked to protein oxidation and its impact on aging and the pathology of certain age-related diseases, this book is an important contribution to the field. Students, researchers, scientists, and even clinicians will benefit from it.” (Doody’s, 10 January 2013) “The format and compartmentalised writing style make this an excellent compendium of knowledge for any researcher interested in assessing our state of knowledge of protein oxidation and ageing. It is easy to find out about the current state of knowledge about a specific reaction, product, method, and/or disease and follow this up by accessing the extensive list of references.” (Chemistry & Industry, 1 July 2013)Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Wiley Series on Protein and Peptide Science xi Preface xiii 1 Oxidative Stress and Protein Oxidation 1 1.1 The Large Variety of Protein Oxidation Products, 7 1.1.1 Primary Protein Oxidation Products, 7 1.1.1.1 Carbon-Centered Radicals, 9 1.1.1.2 Thiyl Radicals, 13 1.1.1.3 Aromatic Ring-Derived Radicals, 13 1.1.1.4 Transfer between Sites, 16 1.1.2 Reactive Compounds Mediating in Protein Oxidation, 18 1.1.2.1 Hydroxyl Radical, 20 1.1.2.2 Superoxide Radicals, 21 1.1.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide, 24 1.1.2.4 Lipid Peroxyl Radicals, 24 1.1.2.5 Alkoxyl Radicals, 24 1.1.2.6 •NO and Peroxynitrite, 25 1.1.2.7 Hypochlorous Acid, 30 1.1.3 Enzymatic Systems Playing a Role in Protein Oxidation, 31 1.1.3.1 NADPH Oxidase, 32 1.1.3.2 Lipoxygenases, 35 1.1.3.3 Protein Kinases, 35 1.1.3.4 Mixed-Function Oxidases, 36 1.1.3.5 Nitric Oxide Synthetase (NOS), 38 1.1.3.6 Myeloperoxidase, 41 1.1.3.7 Cyclooxygenase, 42 1.1.4 Protein Oxidation in Cells and Cellular Structures, 43 1.1.4.1 Protein Oxidation in Blood and Blood Cells, 43 1.1.4.2 Protein Oxidation of Glycolytic Enzymes and Mitochondria, 46 1.1.4.2.1 Glycolytic Enzymes, 48 1.1.4.2.2 Aconitase, 49 1.1.4.2.3 Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase-1, 49 1.1.4.3 Cytochrome P450 Enzymes, 49 1.1.4.4 Protein Oxidation in the Nucleus and Chromatin, 50 1.1.4.4.1 Histone Modifi cation, 50 1.1.4.5 Protein Oxidation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum, 52 1.1.4.6 Protein Oxidation in Peroxisomes, 54 1.2 Reversible Oxidative Modifi cations, 55 1.2.1 Methionine Sulfoxides and Methionine Modifi cations, 55 1.2.2 Cysteine Modifi cations and Disulfi de Bond Formation, 61 1.2.3 Surface Hydrophobicity Modifi cations, 64 1.3 Irreversible Oxidation Products, 64 1.3.1 Protein Oxidation and Enzymatic Posttranslational Modifications, 65 1.3.2 Deamidation and Transamination, 66 1.3.3 Protein Glycation and AGEs, 67 1.3.3.1 Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE), 75 1.3.3.2 Nε-Carboxymethyllysine and Nε-Carboxyethyllysine, 76 1.3.3.3 Pentosidine, 76 1.3.4 Racemization, 77 1.3.5 Nitrosylation, 77 1.3.6 Tyrosyl Radicals and Nitrotyrosines, 78 1.3.6.1 Dityrosines, 79 1.3.7 Protein Carbonyls, 80 1.3.8 Aldehyde–Protein Reactions, 81 1.3.8.1 MDA-Protein Adducts, 82 1.3.8.2 4-Hydroxy-2,3-Nonenal-Protein Adducts, 82 1.3.9 Cross-Linking of Proteins, 82 1.4 The Oxidation of Extracellular Matrix, Membrane and Cytoskeletal Proteins, 83 1.4.1 Collagen, 84 1.4.2 Elastin, 95 1.4.3 The Oxidation of Membrane Proteins, 97 1.4.4 Band 3, 97 1.4.5 Actin, 99 1.5 Mechanism and Factors Influencing the Formation of Protein Oxidation Products, 100 1.5.1 Redox Status, 101 1.5.2 Protein Turnover, 106 1.5.3 Metal-Catalyzed Oxidation (MCO), 107 1.5.4 Heat Shock Proteins, 109 1.6 Protein Aggregates: Formation and Specific Metabolic Effects, 111 1.6.1 Accumulation of Oxidized Proteins, 113 1.6.2 Lipofuscin and Ceroid, 115 1.7 Methods to Measure Protein Oxidation Products in Research Laboratories, 119 1.7.1 Determination of Methionine Sulfoxide Reduction and Methionine Oxidation, 120 1.7.2 Determination of Protein Glycation and Adducts, 121 1.7.3 Analysis of Isoaspartate Formation, 122 1.7.4 Measurement of Fragmentation, 122 1.7.5 Measurement of Tyrosine Oxidation, 123 1.7.6 Protein Carbonyl Measurement, 124 1.7.7 Radioactive Labeling Protocols for Proteolysis and Aggregation Measurements, 128 1.7.8 Standard Chromatographic Methods for the Measurement of Protein Modifi cations, 132 1.7.9 Liquid Chromatography Techniques Supported by Mass Spectrometry, 133 1.7.10 GC/MS, 134 1.7.11 Analysis of Protein-Bound 3-Nitrotyrosine by a Competitive ELISA Method, 134 1.7.12 Protein Oxidation Products as Biomarkers in Clinical Science, 135 References, 139 2 Removal of Oxidized Proteins 215 2.1 The Limited Repair of Some Oxidized Proteins, 216 2.1.1 Thiol Repair, 216 2.1.2 Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases, 219 2.2 Proteolysis, 221 2.2.1 The Proteasomal System and Its Role in the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins, 222 2.2.1.1 The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS), 222 2.2.1.2 The Components of the UPS, 222 2.2.1.2.1 The 20S Proteasome, 222 2.2.1.2.2 The Inducible Forms of the Proteasome and Their Function, 227 2.2.1.2.3 The 11S Regulator, 231 2.2.1.2.4 The 19S Regulator and the UPS, 233 2.2.1.2.5 The PA200 Regulator Protein, 238 2.2.1.2.6 Cellular Proteasome Inhibitors, 239 2.2.1.3 Low-Molecular-Weight Proteasome Inhibitors, 239 2.2.1.4 Cellular Function of the UPS, 241 2.2.1.5 The Degradation of Oxidized Proteins: A Function of the 20S Proteasome, 243 2.2.1.5.1 Early Studies on the Turnover of Oxidized Proteins, 244 2.2.1.5.2 In Vitro Studies and the Recognition of Oxidized Proteins by the Proteasome, 244 2.2.1.5.3 Cellular and In Vivo Studies of the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins, 248 2.2.1.5.4 The Inhibition of the Proteasome by Cross-Linked Oxidized Proteins and Proteasomal Regulation during Oxidative Stress, 251 2.3 The Role of Other Proteases in the Fate of Oxidized Proteins, 254 2.3.1 Lysosomal Degradation of Oxidized Proteins and the Role of Autophagy, 254 2.3.2 Mitochondrial Degradation of Oxidized Proteins and the Lon Protease, 256 2.3.3 The Uptake of Extracellular Oxidized Proteins and the Role of the Proteasome in Their Degradation, 258 2.3.4 Calpains and the Degradation of Oxidized Proteins, 259 2.4 Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Protein Degradation, 260 2.5 Conclusion, 262 References, 262 3 Protein Oxidation and Aging: Different Model Systems and Affecting Factors 295 3.1 Protein Oxidation during Aging: Lower Organisms and Cellular Model Systems, 297 3.1.1 Yeast, 297 3.1.1.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 297 3.1.1.2 Schizosaccharomyces pombe, 301 3.1.2 Podospora anserina, 301 3.1.3 Bacteria, 302 3.1.3.1 Escherichia coli, 302 3.1.4 Cell Cultures, 304 3.2 Nonmammalian Model Systems and the Accumulation of Oxidized Proteins during Aging, 308 3.2.1 Caenorhabditis elegans, 308 3.2.2 Drosophila melanogaster, 310 3.2.3 Aquatic Systems, 313 3.2.4 Plants, 315 3.2.5 Amphibians, 317 3.3 Age-Related Protein Oxidation in Humans and Mammals, 317 3.3.1 Humans, 317 3.3.2 Animals, 319 3.3.2.1 Rabbits, 323 3.3.2.2 Mice, 324 3.3.2.3 Rats, 327 3.3.2.4 Gerbils, 329 3.3.2.5 Primates, 330 3.4 Inherited Factors Influencing Protein Oxidation during Aging, 331 3.4.1 Genetic Instability, Mutations, and Polymorphism, 331 3.4.2 Gender, 333 3.4.3 Vitagenes, 334 3.4.4 Signal Transduction and Transcription Factors, 335 3.4.5 Ion Channels, 340 3.5 Age-Related Protein Aggregate Formation in Model Systems, 341 3.6 Environmental Factors Affecting Healthy Aging, 342 3.6.1 UV-Induced Skin Photoaging and Skin Aging, 344 3.6.2 Pesticides, 348 3.6.3 Exercise, 349 3.6.4 Dietary Factors and Prevention Strategies, 351 3.6.4.1 Melatonin, 353 3.6.4.2 Growth Hormone, 354 3.6.4.3 Biotrace Metal Elements: Zinc, 356 3.6.4.4 Ascorbic Acid, 357 3.6.4.5 Vitamin E, 360 3.6.4.6 Carnitine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine, 361 3.6.4.7 Homocysteine, 362 3.6.4.8 Ubiquinone, Coenzyme Q10, 363 3.6.4.9 Carnosine, 363 3.6.4.10 Lipoic Acid, 364 3.6.4.11 N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine, 365 3.6.5 Pharmacological Response and Biotransformation in Aging, 365 3.6.5.1 Plant Extracts, 366 3.6.5.2 Polyphenols and Flavonoids, 366 3.6.5.3 Resveratrol, 367 3.6.5.4 AGE and ALE Inhibitors, 368 3.6.6 Caloric Restriction, 369 3.7 Repair and Degradation of Oxidized Proteins during Aging, 370 References, 372 4 Protein Oxidation in Some Age-Related Diseases 417 4.1 Protein Oxidation during Neurodegeneration and Neurological Diseases, 417 4.1.1 Brain Aging, 418 4.1.2 Alzheimer’s Disease, 420 4.1.3 Parkinson’s Disease, 424 4.1.4 Huntington’s Disease, 425 4.1.5 Stroke, 427 4.1.6 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, 427 4.2 Protein Oxidation in Cardiac Diseases, 429 4.2.1 Ischemia–Reperfusion, 429 4.2.2 Atherosclerosis, 430 4.3 Protein Oxidation in Diabetes, 431 4.4 Protein Oxidation in Degenerative Arthritis, 434 4.5 Protein Oxidation in Muscle Wasting and Sarcopenia, 435 4.6 Protein Oxidation in Destructive Eye Diseases, 437 4.6.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration, 437 4.6.2 Cataract, 438 4.7 Protein Oxidation in Osteoporosis, 440 4.8 Protein Oxidation in Cancer, 441 4.8.1 Proteasome Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy, 444 4.9 Other Diseases, 446 4.9.1 Premature Aging Diseases Progeria and Werner’s Syndrome, 446 4.9.2 Renal Failure and Hemodialysis in Elderly People, 447 4.9.3 Obesity, 447 4.9.4 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, 448 4.9.5 Presbycusis (Age-Related Hear Loss), 448 References, 448 List of Abbreviations 479 Index 493

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Book SynopsisThis second part of Volume 10 of the "Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates" series reviews progress that has been made in the field of developmental endocrinology.Table of ContentsPreface to the Progress Series. Preface to Volume X, Part B. Contributors. Evolution of Steroid Hormones and Steriod-Hormone Receptors (G.Kauser). Evolution of Developmental Peptide Hormones and Their Receptors (J.Broeck, et al.). Arthropoda--Insecta: Embryology (A. Dorn). Arthropoda--Insecta: Larval Development andMetamorphosis--Molecular Aspects (M. Spindler-Barth & K.-D.Spindler). Arthropoda--Insecta: Diapause (D. Saunders). Arthropoda--Insecta: Caste Differentiation (K. Hartfelder). Arthropoda--Insecta: Endocrine Control of Phase Polymorphism (A.Dorn, et al.). Arthropoda--Insecta: Migration (J. Kent & M. Rankin). Non-Vertebrate Chordata (M. Pestarino). Subject Index. Species Index.

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Book SynopsisThis updated, streamlined, generously illustrated Fifth Edition of the classic text combines comparative vertebrate anatomy and embryology into one easy reference source. Provides an overview of vertebrate evolution, a preview of vertebrate embryology, six chapters on vertebrate development, and then goes through each organ system from both a morphogenesis and comparative anatomy standpoint. Also includes extensive discussions of vertebrate evolution, a large section on developmental preliminaries, an extensive glossary and a new bibliography.Table of ContentsPANORAMA. History of the Human Body. Ancestry and History of the Vertebrates. A Preview of Embryogeny. DEVELOPMENTAL PRELIMINARIES. The Gametes. Fertilization. Cleavage and Gastrulation: General Considerations. Cleavage and Germ Layer Formation in Ascidians Amphioxus, andAmphibians. Avian Cleavage and Germ Layer Formation. Early Human Development and Placentation. MORPHOGENESIS OF ORGAN SYSTEMS. The Skin and Its Derivatives. The Skeleton. The Muscular System. The Alimentary Canal and Its Derivatives. The Coelom and Mesenteries. The Urogenital System. The Circulatory System. The Nervous System and Sense Organs. General References. Supplemental Readings. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis volume covers all aspects of reproduction and development of the entire spectrum of invertebrates - terrestrial, marine, freshwater, brackish water, free-living and parasitic.Table of ContentsPlatyhelminthes (I. Fairweather). Nemertina (M. Tarpin). Nematoda (M. Fleming). Mollusca (S. Smith R. Croll). Annelida--Polychaeta (P. Olive). Annelida--Oligochaeta and Hirudinea (R. Marcel). Arthropoda--Chelicerata (W. Kaufman). Arthropoda--Crustacea (F. Van Herp D. Soyez). Arthropoda--Insecta (T. Adams). Indexes.

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Book SynopsisOrganisms have disappeared from biology as basic, explanatory entities, replaced by genes and their products. This 2007 book is concerned with the rediscovery and redefinition of organisms as the irreducible dynamic systems from which particular types of order emerge, explaining the characteristics of biological forms and their transformations in evolution.Trade Review"Anyone who has been puzzled by the sorts of views championed by the structuralists, ideal morphologists and rational empiricists should read Webster and Goodwin's Form and Transformation. You may not agree, but at least you will understand--and this is no small accomplishment." David L. Hull, Northwestern University"This book makes an important contribution to the paradigm shift." Molecular Reproduction and DevelopmentTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; Part I. The Problem of Form: 1. Introduction: forms and kinds; 2. The old dialectic: empirical classification and Darwinian theory; 3. The ontological status of Taxa: material practice; 4. The ontological status of Taxa: theoretical practice; 5. Rational systematics and morphogenetic theory: a new dialectic?; 6. Putting the organism together again; Part II. Fields and Forms: 7. Segments, symmetries, and epigenetic maps; 8. The unitary morphogenetic field; 9. A generative biology; References; Index.

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Book SynopsisPresents a collection of classic texts combined with a number of contemporary syntheses on the topic of behavioral development in animals. This reader is suitable for students and scholars who wish to engage with the study of animal behavioral development.Table of ContentsForeword by Patrick Bateson. Preface. Part I: General Principles of Development. Introduction. 1. Principles of Development and Differentiation (excerpt). C. H. Waddington. 2. Ontogenetic Adaptations and Retrogressive Processes in the Development of the Nervous System and Behaviour: A Neuroembryological Perspective. R. W. Oppenheim. 3. From Watsonian Behaviourism to Behaviour Epigenetics: Zin-Yang Kuo. 4. Developmental Changes in Sensitivity to Experience. Patrick Bateson and Robert A. Hinde. 5. Behavioural Development: Towards Understanding Processes. C. ten Cate. Part II: Theoretical Debates - Nature/Nurture and Beyond. Introduction. 6. A Critique of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behaviour (excerpt). Daniel S. Lehrman. 7. Heredity and Environment in Mammalian Behaviour. Donald O. Hebb. 8. Evolution and Modification of Behaviour (excerpt). Konrad Lorenz. 9. Semantic and Conceptual Issues in the Nature-Nurture Problem. Daniel S. Lehrman. Part III: Empirical Paradigms: Development of Perceptual and Motor Mechanisms. Introduction. Development of Perceptual and Motor Mechanisms. 10. The Developing Brain. Carla J. Shatz. 11. Development of Species Identification in Ducklings: VI Specific Embryonic Experience Required to Maintain Species-Typical Perception in Peking Ducklings. Gilbert Gottlieb. 12. The Companion to the Bird's World (excerpt). Konrad Lorenz. 13. Development of Perceptual Mechanisms in Birds: Predispositions and Imprinting. Johan J. Bolhuis. 14. Sensory Templates in Species Specific Behaviour. Peter Marler. 15. Aspects of Learning in the Ontogeny of Bird Song: Where, From Whom, When, How Many, Which and How Accurately. Donald E. Kroodsma. 16. Motor Patterns in Development (excerpt). John C. Fentress and Peter J. McLeod. Part IV Empirical Paradigms: Development of Behavior Systems. 17. Suckling isn't feeding, or is it? William G. Hall and Christina L. Williams. 18. Ontogeny of Social Behaviour in Burmese Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) (excerpt). Jaap P. Kruijit. 19. Social Deprivation in Monkeys. Harry F. Harlow and Margaret K. Harlow. 20. Mother-Infant Separation and the Nature of Inter-Individual Relationships: Experiments with Rhesus Monkeys. Robert A. Hinde. 21. Structure and Development of Behaviour Systems. Jerry A. Hogan. Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book represents a test to the hypothesis that vocal rhythm coordination at four months of age predicts attachment and cognition at age 12 months. The findings show that high coordination can index more or less optimal outcomes, as a function of outcome measure, partner, and site.Table of ContentsAbstract. Introduction. Literature Review. Method. Results: The Timing of Sound and Silence. Results: Coordinated Interpersonal Timing (CIT) at Age 4 Months. Results: CIT Rhythms at Age 4 Months Predicts Outcomes at Age 12 Months. Discussion. References. Acknowledgments. Commentaries. Dialogical Nature of Cognition (Philippe Rochat). Face-to-Face Play: Its Temporal Structure as Predictor of Socioaffective Development (Daniel N. Stern). Contributors. Statement of Editorial Policy.

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Book SynopsisWhat does this extended period of dependency have to do with human brain growth and social interactions? And why is play a sign of cognitive complexity, and a spur for cultural evolution? This title explores these questions, and topics ranging from bipedal walking to incest taboos.Trade ReviewIt's been a long time coming but it was worth the wait. Mel Konner's wonderful new book shows that you simply must think about our biological past to understand our psychological present. The Evolution of Childhood offers an extraordinary new foundation for all knowledge of human development. -- Michael Ruse, co-editor of Evolution: The First Four Billion YearsEver since his pioneering studies of infancy among Kalahari hunter-gatherers, anthropologist and physician Mel Konner has illuminated anthropology with knowledge from ethnography, sociobiology, neuroscience, and social psychology, in a search for a deep understanding of what it means to be human. This monumental book contains the best description of what play is all about that I have ever read, as well as the most comprehensive guide anywhere taking a reader through different phases of infancy, middle childhood, and adolescence. The book is the culmination of Konner's lifelong quest. It will transform the way that human development is understood and taught. -- Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, author of Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual UnderstandingThis monumental book--more than 900 pages long, 30 years in the making, at once grand and intricate, breathtakingly inclusive and painstakingly particular--exhaustively explores the biological evolution of human behavior and specifically the behavior of children. Melvin Konner, an anthropologist and neuroscientist at Emory, weaves a compelling web of theories and studies across a remarkable array of disciplines, from experimental genetics to ethnology...To read this book is to be in the company of a helpful and hopeful teacher who is eager to share what he's found. -- Benjamin Schwarz * The Atlantic *[Konner] covers almost every topic imaginable in anthropology, biology, and psychology that involves child development. Moreover, since the book is on evolution, there's a lot about other animals, from the platypus to the great ape...If you want to know the latest scholarly information on child development, you can buy this book for $40 or get a new scholarly encyclopedia of child development for $1500. Odds are that this one will be more thought-provoking and better written--and probably almost as extensive. -- Mary Ann Hughes * Library Journal *Why do we love watching [babies]? Perhaps because we recognize parts of ourselves in them but still find something mysterious about the behavior of those tiny human beings. The Evolution of Childhood, Melvin Konner's massive and massively researched new book, goes a long way in dispelling a lot of that mystery. Konner gives a detailed and expansive overview of what the fields of anthropology, evolutionary biology, psychology and genetics have taught us about human childhood. The book, in fairly accessible language, explains the evolutionary purpose of everything from babies' expressions (humans, apparently, are the only animal who can pull off the "relaxed friendly smile") to crying, early childhood outbursts and juvenile delinquency. -- Thomas Rogers * Salon *Magisterial. -- Rebecca Mead * New Yorker *Anthropologist-physician Melvin Konner's The Evolution of Childhood is a masterwork of scholarship. Even at over 900 pages, it should entice anyone keen for knowledge about human infancy, childhood, and adolescence and the evolution of these life stages...Konner marries biology and psychology, adds a firm grasp of our primate past, and guides our understanding of children's lives in various social contexts. -- Barbara King * Bookslut *This book is not a weekend read...If you plan to read this book through, take a little each day and savor the delights it bestows. Well worth the read. -- D. Wayne Dworsky * San Francisco Book Review *This book is undeniably a tour de force. Indeed, Konner is perhaps the only scholar who is as comfortable describing cultural change, or evolution in its broad quasi-philosophical outlines, as he is defining the complex biochemical and statistical correlates of behavior. One of his writerly charms is that he is ever seer and scientist. He marvels as he describes. He also renders the boundaries among disciplines porous. He scurries from one to another, insisting on their enmeshment, whether it be ethology, cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary or developmental psychology, endocrinology, or cultural anthropology. He draws on all these fields to address the story of our inordinately long, and, compared to those of other species, "strangely-shaped" childhoods, and to discover how our childhood evolved to make us what we are. -- Michele Pridmore-Brown * Times Literary Supplement *Konner places childhood firmly within an evolutionary framework in his magisterial book...Konner is an excellent tour guide to the sacred lands of childhood. He has produced a scholarly, detailed and beautifully written study...The Evolution of Childhood shows that the pleasures of life are linked to the evolutionary imperatives of reproduction and survival, and that we are starting to understand their underlying neural mechanisms. -- Morten Kringelbach * Nature *The Evolution of Childhood is one of the most remarkable books I have read. Melvin Konner is a neuroscientist and anthropologist who shows how human childhood evolved over the last 200,000 years to make us what we are...Konner re-enchants child's play, for instance, by explaining its molecular and evolutionary backstory. That he is able to do this in a lively, accessible manner is no mean feat. Along the way, he makes a compelling case for how humans came to acquire complex culture. -- Michele Pridmore-Brown * Times Literary Supplement *[Konner's] goal is...ambitious: to synthesize all the literature bearing on the evolutionary emergence of our species, and especially on the ways in which humans came to raise their children. The breadth of vision he displays is extraordinary. Konner summarizes a considerable body of research on human evolution, beginning with paleontological and archaeological work on the emergence of life-forms and continuing through evidence regarding the emergence of mammals, primates, hominids and early humans, until finally Homo sapiens enters the scene. The volume is a singular achievement, not least because it encompasses, and describes accessibly and eloquently, many fields of endeavor and scholarship, ranging from molecular biology and interpretation of the geological record, to the interpretation of bone fragments found in archaeological sites, to observational research on the behavior of contemporary humans in a wide variety of ecological niches. Furthermore, Konner does not limit himself to secondary sources, as many might do when attempting to place their own research in broader context. Instead, he lucidly discusses a vast range of primary sources. The book's 753 pages of text are accompanied by 159 pages of references. The goal may be extraordinarily ambitious, but the exercise must be deemed a remarkable success. Konner achieves a readable and persuasive synthesis more inclusive than anything ever before attempted. His account of human evolution, and especially of the evolution of childhood, is coherent and compelling...This magisterial book is assuredly the most important analysis of the evolution of childhood yet attempted. It summarizes 40 years of observation, analysis and synthesis by one of the most profound thinkers of our generation. Whoever follows intellectually will necessarily build on this magnificently eloquent and integrative edifice. -- Michael E. Lamb * American Scientist *

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Book SynopsisFemale and male brains are different, thanks to hormones coursing through the brain before birth. This title argues passionately that the analysis of gender differences deserves far more rigorous, biologically sophisticated science.Trade ReviewI'm the ideal test reader for Brain Storm. I've always had reservations about the sweeping claims that there are fundamental differences in the organization of male and female brains, caused by prenatal hormones. But the sheer number of published studies that seemed to give incontrovertible evidence led me to assume that the theory was sound. This elegantly written and fascinating book has changed my mind. Jordan-Young's comprehensive analysis of the array of conflicting results and methodological weaknesses shows that we have closed the book on this topic far too soon. Her warning is one that all scientists can agree with: Careful! -- Lisa Diamond, author of Sexual FluidityThis important and intellectually powerful book shows that a dominant paradigm in human sex differences is held together by chewing gum. By painstakingly examining a large and contradictory literature, Jordan-Young shows the weakness of the brain organization hypothesis. She has so much respect for the scientific method that she can hope that reason and integrity will help create a better, more empirically sound theory of sex differences, and she reaches out to scientists to offer a glimpse of a new psychobiology. -- Anne Fausto-Sterling, author of Myths of GenderThis is a book of remarkable depth that sets a new standard for clear scientific thinking about complex behavioral traits, as well as for interdisciplinary scholarship. Rebecca Jordan-Young charts a fresh new course through the morass of questions about gender and sexuality with enviable humor, fairness, and intellectual power. -- Evan Balaban, McGill UniversityBrain Storm poses the most comprehensive challenge yet to the claim that prenatal hormone exposure permanently structures the brain to be either masculine or feminine, and does so in a highly engaging, fair-minded narrative that is a delight to read. -- Stephen J. Ceci and Wendy M. Williams, Cornell UniversityJordan-Young has written a stunning book that demolishes most of the science associated with the dominant paradigm of the development of sex and gender identity, behavior, and orientation. The current paradigm, brain organization theory, proposes: "Because of early exposure to different sex hormones, males and females have different brains"; and these hormones also create "gay" and "straight" brains. Jordan-Young interviewed virtually every major researcher in the field and reviewed hundreds of published scientific papers. Her conclusion: "Brain organization theory is little more than an elaboration of longstanding folk tales about antagonistic male and female essences and how they connect to antagonistic male and female natures." She explains, in exquisite detail, the flaws in the underlying science, from experimental designs that make no statistical sense to "conceptually sloppy" definitions of male and female sexuality, contradictory results, and the social construction of normality. Her conclusion that the patterns we see are far more complicated than previously believed and due to a wider range of variables will shake up the research community and alter public perception. * Publishers Weekly (starred review) *A carefully researched volume that exposes the problems with the widely accepted idea that gender differences are created by certain hormones in the womb. -- Alex Spanko * Boston Globe *What Jordan-Young's analysis uncovered is by turns fascinating and appalling...This book is not only a tonic, it's also full of scientific insights presented in plain, intelligent prose--an absorbing read, if you've ever wondered what was going on in the secret parts of your attic. -- Sara Lippincott * Los Angeles Times *It was with appreciation verging on glee that I read Barnard professor Rebecca Jordan-Young's devastatingly smart and definitive critique: Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences. Jordan-Young argues that the science of prenatal hormones, gender, and the mind "better resembles a hodgepodge pile than a solid structure." And she knows of what she speaks. An expert on measures and study designs, Jordan-Young has spent the last 13 years combing the literature on brain organization, unpacking assumptions, questioning methods and statistical practices, holding one paper up against another. She stresses that fetal hormones must matter to the brain--somehow. But after picking apart more than 400 studies that try to understand the genesis of particular psychological sex differences (real or supposed), she concludes that fetal T looks like an awfully anemic explanation...After decades of determined research, if robust links between prenatal hormones and "male" or "female" minds really exist, shouldn't we see those links across lots of different kinds of studies? This matters because the obsession with prenatal T can easily become a distraction. It can make us forget how much gender norms have changed--think of all those female accountants, lawyers, and doctors who weren't around 50 or even 30 years ago--and how remarkably similar men's and women's brains and minds actually are. All this unwarranted hammering away at difference (and its putative explanations) causes real trouble, too. As a growing body of research shows, cues that foreground gender and bring stereotypes to mind can dampen men's performance on tests of social sensitivity, women's scores on math tests, and women's stated interest in quantitative pursuits. Jordan-Young has done an enormous amount of work to untangle the gender claims. We ought to read her, cite her, thank her. And then, let's move on. -- Amanda Schaffer * Slate *Jordan-Young ferret[s] out exaggerated, unreplicated claims and other silliness regarding research on sex differences. The book [is] strongest in exposing research conclusions that are closer to fiction than science. -- Diane F. Halpern * Science *Exhaustively analyses every relevant study on hormonal sex differentiation of the human brain, and argues that they are riddled with weaknesses, inconsistencies and ambiguity. It's a clarion call for better science on the subject. -- Madeleine Bunting * The Guardian *In her exhaustive survey of the literature, Jordan-Young discovers a hodge-podge of tiny samples, inadequate controls, conflicting data and extravagant conclusions...By meticulously revealing the flawed research behind brain organization theory, she opens the way to a non-hierarchical study of sex difference that will be both more fruitful for science and less damaging for society. -- Hilary Rose and Steven Rose * London Review of Books *Jordan-Young's detailed and exhaustive critique of brain organization research is quite welcome. -- Vernon Rosario * Gay and Lesbian Review *

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Book SynopsisThough we have other distinguishing characteristics (bipedalism, relative hairlessness, etc.), the brain and the behavior it produces are what truly set us apart from the other apes and primates. How this three-pound organ composed of water, fat, and protein turned a mammal species into the dominant animal on earth is the story Allen tells.Trade ReviewAn extremely valuable addition to a topic which has attracted such attention and passionate debate. As both an anthropologist and a neuroanatomist, when Allen writes about the human brain he knows what he is writing about. -- Antonio Damasio, author of Descartes' Error, Looking for Spinoza, and The Feeling of What HappensLet me be short and sweet: this is a terrific book. There wasn't a chapter I didn't enjoy reading, or from which I did not learn something new. John Allen provides a fine, wide, and comprehensive sweep of all of the areas that concern a more thorough understanding of human brain evolution. -- Ralph L. Holloway, Professor of Anthropology, Columbia UniversityAn indispensable overview of the study of human brain evolution. -- Katerina Semendeferi, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of California-San DiegoAllen pieces together the puzzle of brain evolution. No stone is left unturned as Allen mines such fields as paleontology, anthropology, comparative anatomy and physiology, and the cognitive sciences. Allen's contribution is his interdisciplinary melding of theories, disclosing their strengths and weaknesses while squeezing them for evidence on brain evolution...His material on brain evolution is fascinating. -- Scott Vieira * Library Journal *A very good introduction to recent research on cognition, especially cognition and language. An antidote to many things you have read in Pinker. -- Tyler Cowen * marginalrevolution.com *The scope and scholarship of this book is impressive...There is much to learn, even by the experienced investigator, from reading this book, which is also a treat for any science-loving reader. -- Jon H. Kaas * Journal of Clinical Investigation *Allen's book is comprised of ten chapters that collectively fulfill the promise of the introductory chapter to provide the reader with an in-depth exploration of the current knowledge of the brain...Anyone who wanted to philosophize about mind should first spend a year studying the brain in a hands-on laboratory setting. If doing so is not possible then reading Allen's book is a good substitute...The Lives of the Brain provides the reader with a comprehensive picture of the state of the knowledge of brain evolution at the beginning of the twenty-first century. -- Bob Lane * Metapsychology *Allen, a neuroanatomist and anthropologist, has provided a lucidly comprehensive intellectual account of the human brain's developmental processes. -- J. N. Muzio * Choice *In The Lives of the Brain, John S. Allen explores the many influences that anatomy, molecular biology, aging, development and culture have on the evolution and functional organization of the human brain. He provides the perspective and foundation to start thinking about brain evolution in a more sophisticated, multidimensional fashion. -- Asif A. Ghazanfar * Times Literary Supplement *The Lives of the Brain is a wonderfully engaging book. Because of its wide scope, even experts in the field are certain to make new discoveries in its pages. Because it is written in a style that is accessible and does not presuppose a specialized background in neuroscience, it will also serve as an excellent entry point for the uninitiated reader who is interested in knowing more about the human brain and its evolutionary history. -- Chet C. Sherwood * American Journal of Physical Anthropology *Allen does a remarkable job in providing an insightful and a timely synthesis of current knowledge about brain evolution...He successfully highlights the controversies that surround the "big" issue of human brain evolution and manages to integrate findings across different levels and from various fields. The style of writing is clear and the book makes a comprehensible reading for anyone with an interest in brain evolution. -- Lambros Malafouris * American Journal of Human Biology *Table of Contents* Introduction * The Human Brain in Brief * Brain Size * The Functional Evolution of the Brain * The Plastic Brain * The Molecular Evolution of the Brain * The Evolution of Feeding Behavior * The Aging Brain * Language and Brain Evolution * Optimism and the Evolution of the Brain * References * Acknowledgments * Index

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Book SynopsisArgues that future research into complex animal societies and intelligence will change the perception of animals as gene machines, programmed to act in particular ways and perhaps elevate them to a status much closer to our own.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces undergraduate students to quantitative models and methods in ecology, behavioral ecology, evolutionary biology, and conservation. This title explores the core concepts shared by these related fields using tools and practical skills such as experimental design, generating phylogenies, basic statistical inference, and grant writing.Trade Review"Braude and Low provide a survey of a wide variety of extended exercises in evolutionary biology, population ecology, population genetics, and statistical analysis. Individual chapters can also serve as useful supplement assignments in many introductory biology courses."--Choice "[This book] is for people like me--faculty members who will buy it and then tinker with, modify, adapt, or steal outright the exercises it contains for use in their own relatively narrowly focused courses. And that is actually a valuable contribution to American biological education!"--Arthur M. Shapiro, Quarterly Review of Biology "I liked An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology, and think it would be a very good text in the classroom. This book is intended to function as a lab book, teaching students topics conceptually, encouraging users to work out expectations by hand and by sketching out expected outcomes."--J. Michael Reed, Ecology "I liked An Introduction to Methods and Models in Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology and think it would be a very good text in the classroom. [The book] presents a nice selection of problems across the broad topics covered."--J. Michael Reed, Ecological Society of America "[A]n excellent source of tools and inspiration and well suited to prepare the undergraduate student for the methodological and numerical approaches used in ecology and evolution."--Yann Clough, Basic and Applied Ecology "The most enjoyable aspect of this book is that it is a true teaching guide. The authors expose students to quantitative methods using a very hands-on approach. This approach ensures students feel more comfortable with data analysis and quantitative methods, while also aiding them to develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills. A wealth of personal experience as a student and teacher has obviously gone into the creation of this book, and I would highly recommend it to educators dealing with components of this text"--.Brad J. Farmilo, Austral EcologyTable of ContentsFigures vii Tables xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Introduction xix Section I: E volutionary Biology Chapter 1: Evolution and Pesticide Resistance: Examining Quantitative Trends Visually by Stanton Braude and John Gaskin 3 Chapter 2: Lizard Ecomorphology: Generating and Testing Hypotheses of Adaptation by Kenneth H. Kozak 12 Chapter 3: Phylogenetic Inference: Examining Morphological and Molecular Datasets by James Beck 22 Chapter 4: Life History Tradeoffs in Avian Clutch Size: Interpreting Life History Data and Evaluating Alternative Hypotheses by Jon Hess 36 Chapter 5: Mimicry: Experimental Design and Scientific Logic by James Robertson 51 Section II: D emography and Population Ecology Chapter 6: Life Table Analysis by Stanton Braude 63 Chapter 7: Lotka-Volterra Competition Modeling by Stanton Braude, Tara Scherer, and Rebecca McGaha 69 Chapter 8: Explosive Population Growth and Invasive Exotic Species by Jon Hess and James Robertson 79 Chapter 9: Island Biogeography: Evaluating Correlational Data and Testing Alternative Hypotheses by James Robertson 91 Section III: Population Genetics Chapter 10: Hardy-Weinberg: Evaluating Disequilibrium Forces by Jason J. Kolbe 107 Chapter 11: Drift, Demographic Stochasticity, and Extinction in Woggles by James Robertson, Anton Weisstein, and Stanton Braude 117 Chapter 12: Conservation of Small Populations: Effective Population Sizes, Inbreeding, and the 50/500 Rule by Luke J. Harmon and Stanton Braude 125 Chapter 13: Dispersal and Metapopulation Structure by James Robertson 139 Section IV: Quantitative Ecological Tools Chapter 14: Understanding Descriptive Statistics by Beth Sparks-Jackson and Emily Silverman 155 Chapter 15: Understanding Statistical Inference by Emily Silverman and Beth Sparks-Jackson 179 Chapter 16: Sampling Wild Populations by Stanton Braude and James Robertson 189 Chapter 17: Quantifying Biodiversity by Cawas Behram Engineer and Stanton Braude 198 Chapter 18: Environmental Predictability and Life History by Bobbi S. Low and Stanton Braude 214 Chapter 19: Modeling Optimal Foraging by Stanton Braude and James Robertson 226 Section V: S ynthetic Exercises and Writing Assignments Chapter 20: Evaluating Competing Hypotheses of Regional Biodiversity by Stanton Braude 235 Chapter 21: Preparing and Evaluating Competitive Grant Proposals for Conservation Funding by Stanton Braude 239 Chapter 22: Tracing the History of Scientific Ideas: From Darwin, Connell, or Soule to the Present by Bobbi S. Low 245 Glossary 251 Contributors 263 Index 265

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Book SynopsisOffers an individual-based theory of the effects of the plastic ontogenetic development on the dynamics of populations and communities. This title shows how the effects of ontogenetic development on ecological dynamics critically depend on the efficiency with which differently sized individuals convert food into biomass.Trade Review"[T]horough and in-depth analysis of a stage-structured model... The results ... have important implications for anyone doing empirical work on juvenile-adult systems. And the authors make a compelling case that population models should explore juvenile-adult structure because it can result in qualitatively different outcomes."--Chad E. Brassil, Quarterly Review of BiologyTable of ContentsPreface ix Part I - SUMMARY AND INTRODUCTION 1. Summary: A Bird's-Eye View of Community and Population Effects of Ontogenetic Development 3 * Historical Background 3 * Biomass Overcompensation 7 * Ontogenetic (A)Symmetry in Energetics 8 * Emergent Community Effects of Biomass Overcompensation 11 * Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Consumer Life History 14 * Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Predator Life History 15 * Competition between Consumers with and without Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 17 * Ontogenetic (A)Symmetry in Energetics and Population Dynamics 19 * Generalization 22 2. Life History Processes, Ontogenetic Development, and Density Dependence 24 * Back to Darwin 24 * Individual- versus Population-Level Assumptions 28 * The Population Dynamical Triad 32 * Growth Patterns and the Ecology of Ontogenetic Development 34 * Body-Size Scaling and Magnitude of Body-Size Changes 40 * Changes in Ecological Roles over Ontogeny 44 * Stepping Back--Some Perspectives 45 Part II - ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE 3. Biomass Overcompensation 49 * A Stage-Structured, Bioenergetics Model 50 * Equal Ingestion Rates 64 * Unequal Ingestion Rates 69 * Empirical Evidence 86 * Asymmetry and Life History Effects 90 * More Complicated Life Histories 93 * Ontogenetic Symmetry and Biomass Overcompensation 107 4. Emergent Allee Effects through Biomass Overcompensation 115 * Emergent Allee Effects in Stage-Structured Biomass Models 116 * Emergent Allee Effects in the Kooijman-Metz Model 136 * Size-Structured Predators Foraging on Size-Structured Prey 145 * Empirical Evidence for Emergent Allee Effects 159 5. Emergent Facilitation among Predators on Size-Structured Prey 165 * Generalists Facilitating Specialist Predators 169 * Facilitation between Specialist Predators 175 * Multiple Predators and a Single Prey 186 * Experimental Evidence 188 6. Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 196 * Consumer-Resource Systems 198 * Consequences for Higher Trophic Levels 209 * Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Predator Life History 226 7. Mixed Interactions 253 * Niche Overlap between Stage-Structured Prey and Predators 256 * Niche Overlap between Size-Structured Prey and Predators 281 * Empirical Studies 292 8. Ontogenetic Niche Shifts, Predators, and Coexistence among Consumer Species 296 * Ontogenetic Niche Shifts and Interspecific Competition 297 * Ontogenetic Niche Shifts in Both Consumers 311 * Effects of Predators on Coexistence of Consumers 317 Part III - ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS 9. Dynamics of Consumer-Resource Systems 329 * A Size-Structured Population Model 330 * Other Size-Dependent Consumer-Resource Dynamics 354 *Daphnia-Algae as a Model System for the Study of Stage-Structured Dynamics 357 10. Dynamics of Consumer-Resource Systems with Discrete Reproduction: Multiple Resources and Confronting Model Predictions with Empirical Data 361 * Overall Model Characteristics 362 * Derivation of Individual-Level Model 363 * The Model at the Population Level 369 * Critical Resource Density and Cohort Dynamics 373 * Multiple Resources and Ontogenetic Niche Shifts 378 * Model Predictions and Empirical Data 384 11. Cannibalism in Size-Structured Systems 391 * Background Overview 392 * A Discrete-Continuous Model for Cannibalism 396 * Effects of Harvesting Cannibalistic Populations 412 * Giant Individuals: Theory and Observation 416 Part IV - EXTENSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 12. Demand-Driven Systems, Model Hierarchies, and Ontogenetic Asymmetry 425 * Demand-Driven Systems 426 * Unicellular Organisms 437 * Model Hierarchies, Model Simplifications, and Model Testing 439 * Development versus Reproduction Control: Ontogenetic Asymmetry 448 Technical Appendices *1 Basic Size-Structured Population Model 451 *2 Derivation of the Yodzis and Innes Model 454 *3 Derivation of the Stage-Structured Biomass Model 456< *4 Equilibrium Computations for Physiologically Structured Models 462 * 5 Computing Parameter Bounds to Overcompensation in the Stage-Structured Bioenergetics Model 472 *6 Ontogenetic Symmetry and Asymmetry in Energetics 475 *7 Mechanisms Leading to Biomass Overcompensation 483 *8 Discrete-Continuous Consumer-Resource Models 491 *9 A Demand-Driven Energy Budget Model 496 References 505 Index 525

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Book SynopsisDescribes the five major strategies of growth for terrestrial plants, and details how plants succeed when resources are scarce. This book explains how plants attain available nutrients, withstand the immense stresses of drying soils, and flourish in the race for light.Trade Review"This work would be excellent for a seminar/discussion-style course for undergraduate and especially graduate students."--Choice "Joseph Craine provides an excellent synthesis of current work and a detailed historical perspective... [T]his is a ... very useful resource for anyone interested in the topic... One of the strengths of this book is that ... it also suggests the next crucial steps for fully understanding resource strategies of plants."--Marko Spasojevic, Journal of Vegetation ScienceTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii CHAPTER 1: The Basis for Plant Strategies 1 Assessing Natural Selection 1 From Single Traits to Multitrait Strategies 5 Quantifying Plant Traits and Strategies 8 Ranking Strategies 9 Synthesis 13 CHAPTER 2: The History of Plant Strategies 15 Nutrients and the History of Plant Strategies 15 Grime 19 Chapin 26 Tilman 33 Laying the Foundation of Plant Strategies 41 CHAPTER 3: Stress and Disturbance 45 Defining Stress and Disturbance 45 Major Causes of Stress and Disturbance 48 How Herbivory Works 50 Growth in the Face of Stress and Disturbance 55 Responding after Stress and Disturbance 61 The Links to Resource Availability 62 Summary 62 CHAPTER 4: Resource Limitation 64 The Concept of Single-Resource limitation 65 History of the Nitrogen Cycle Concept 68 Pulses or Slow Bleeds? 75 Primer on the Phosphorus Cycle 79 Co-limitation in a Post-Liebigian World 80 Evaluating Costs in a Co-limited World 84 Trade-offs in Use Efficiency in a Co-limited World 87 Summary 89 CHAPTER 5: Competition for Nutrients and Light 91 Definitions and Types of Competition 92 Competition for Nutrients under Uniform Supplies 94 How Much Root Length? 104 Interference Competition 106 Competition for Nutrients under Heterogeneous Supplies 107 Competition for Light 109 Synthesis 114 CHAPTER 6: Comparing Negative Effects 119 Comparing Negative Effects 120 How to Measure the Importance of Stress and Disturbance in Environments 122 How to Measure the Importance of Stress and Disturbance in the Natural Selection of a Species 130 Importance of Factors at Low Nutrient Supply 132 Importance of Factors at High Nutrient Supply 139 The Relative Importance of Factors 145 Synthesis 146 CHAPTER 7: The Low-Nutrient Strategy 149 Physiological Traits 151 Whole-Plant Traits 169 Effects on Nitrogen Cycling 171 Revising the Low-Nutrient Strategy 173 Significance of Traits in Strategy 187 Synthesis 199 CHAPTER 8: The High-Resource Strategy 202 The Scope of This Chapter 204 Physiological Traits 205 Whole-Plant Traits 212 Effects on Nutrient Cycling 213 Revising the High-Resource Strategy 213 Significance of Traits in Strategy 217 Why the Race Ends 223 Synthesis 224 CHAPTER 9: The Low-Light Strategy 227 Physiological Traits 229 Whole-Plant Traits 233 Effects on Nutrient Cycling 236 Traits under High Light 236 Why These Patterns 239 The End of the Second Stage of Competition 246 Synthesis 248 CHAPTER 10: The Low-Water and Low-CO2 Strategies 251 Water 251 Carbon Dioxide 268 Summary 279 CHAPTER 11: A Synthesis of Plant Strategies 282 Application and the Way Forward 285 Genetics, Pleiotropy, and Plasticity 286 Limitation 287 Competition 289 Defense and Herbivory 290 Mechanisms of Coexistence 292 Biogeographic Patterns and Invasions 293 Global Change 295 Tree of Life 298 Bibliography 301 Index 327

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Book SynopsisOffers an account of how life transforms itself - from the production of bacteria to the emergence of complex civilizations. This title tells a story with genes, embryos, neurons, and fascinating discoveries. It explores how dogs make predictions, how weeds tell the time of day, and how our brains distinguish a Modigliani from a Rembrandt.Trade ReviewShortlisted for the 2013 Royal Society Winton Prize for Science Books "This attempt at a grand theoretical synthesis within biology explores the transformative powers and creative forces that have brought about the living world from the first cells to the latest developments in cultural and technological evolution... [Coen's] eloquently written book offers a programmatic synthesis and an empirically grounded proposal for a theory of biology... Cells to Civilizations will stimulate many productive discussions about the origins and development of life in all its complexities."--Manfred D. Laubichler, Science "In Cells to Civilization, [Coen] couples his knowledge of genetics with metaphor and art, likening the unfurling of mutant snapdragon flowers to an artist's brushstrokes on an expanding canvas... The book is packed with fascinating facts... [H]uman cultures and minds are among the most complex information systems in nature, and Coen does a good job of reminding us of their roots in evolution."--John Hawks, New Scientist "The ideas [in Cells to Civilizations] are subtle, possibly significant, and slightly unsettling. What more could a reader wish for?"--Robert Schaefer, New York Journal of Books "[Coen's] prose is every bit as good as Richard Dawkins' or Steve Jones', and his rich illustrations, particularly the way he uses classical and modern art to make his points, refreshes the text and keeps one's focus on the arguments. His clever ideas and engaging and creative writing style suggest that he would make a fascinating dinner companion. I loved this book and will put it on the general reading list for our biology undergraduates. I suspect it will also find resonance with the interested layman."--Charalambos P. Kyriacou, Times Higher Education "Cells to Civilizations is a very approachable and thought-provoking reading for everyone involved in education and science."--Monika Biro, American Biology Teacher "Cells to Civilizations is an intelligent and entertaining book by a distinguished biologist."--Robert C. Richardson, BioScience "[Cells to Civilizations] was thought provoking, informative, and fun to read."--Choice "Clearly written ... intriguing, thought-provoking."--Library Journal "What are the connections between evolving microbes, an egg that develops into an infant, a child who learns to walk, and the rise of Ancient Rome? For many years, scientists have generally thought these great transformations--evolution, development, learning, and cultural change--occurred through different mechanisms. But geneticist Enrico Coen, in his pioneering new book Cells to Civilization, reveals that these transformations revolve around shared core principles and manifest the same fundamental recipe. Coen blends provocative discussion, the latest scientific research, and colourful examples to demonstrate the links between these critical stages in the history of life."--Chemicals & Chemistry "Coen's book is ambitious and stimulating... Cells to Civilizations is good material for conversation and a worthwhile read."--Deniz Erezyilmaz, truthdig.com "Do not be daunted by the scope of the book, which is written for a wide audience, although it contains enough science for biologists and anthropologists to ponder and argue with Coen. For the rest, it is an easy read, particularly as the biology it contains is peppered with vignettes drawn from painting and art history, which act as a guide for the more dry science that forms the meat of the argument."--Alfonso Martinez Arias, Development JournalTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION: A RECIPE FOR CHANGE 1 History and Form 3 Life's Creative Recipe 8 CHAPTER ONE: LOOPS AND LOTTERIES 13 Principle of Population Variation 16 Principle of Persistence 20 Principle of Reinforcement 23 Principle of Competition 24 Combining Principles 29 CHAPTER TWO: FROM GENES TO ECOSYSTEMS 34 Principle of Cooperation 36 Principle of Combinatorial Richness 40 Wandering Clouds 44 Principle of Recurrence 48 The Origin of Species 52 Species and Ecosystems 57 A Recipe for Evolution 58 CHAPTER THREE: CONVERSATIONS OF AN EMBRYO 61 Turing's Principles 63 Patterning a Cell 68 Switching Genes On and Off 70 A Molecular Fight 73 Looking into Gradients 76 A Common Form 80 CHAPTER FOUR: COMPLETING THE PICTURE 84 An Embryonic Cocktail Party 85 A Cooperative Eff ort 87 Regulatory Riches 88 Building on the Past 90 The Expanding Canvas 93 Deformation 97 The Three-Dimensional Canvas 105 A Common Recipe 108 CHAPTER FIVE: HISTORY IN THE MAKING 111 Unicellular Beginnings 114 Moving up a Scale 115 Zooming and Growing 118 A Recipe within a Recipe 120 CHAPTER SIX: HUMBLE RESPONSES 122 Making Adjustments 124 Flora's Story 127 The Bite of Venus 132 The Sensible Sea Slug 135 Patterns in Time 140 Human Responses 143 Carving up the World 147 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE NEURAL SIBYL 150 The Prophetic Dog 152 Predictive Neurons 155 Learning from Discrepancies 157 Pavlov and Punishments 163 Core Principles 164 A Neural Journey 168 Staying on the Move 169 A Recipe for Learning 173 CHAPTER EIGHT: LEARNING THROUGH ACTION 175 Calibration 176 Jumping Eyes 178 Visual Shifts 181 Learning to Calibrate 184 Action-Learning Loops 187 Smooth Movements 188 An Active Journey 193 Learning with Others 197 CHAPTER NINE: SEEING AS 200 The Neural Eye 204 Multiple Eyes 208 Seeing through Models 211 Learning at Many Levels 213 Top-down and Bottom-up 216 Competing Interpretations 217 A Question of Style 220 Creative Acts 228 CHAPTER TEN: FRAMING RECIPES 232 Development of Learning 233 Basic Instincts 237 Flexibility versus Directness 242 CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE CRUCIBLE OF CULTURE 244 The Apprentice 245 Fruitful Populations 248 Lasting Change 250 Cultural Reinforcement 252 The Force of Competition 254 Cooperative Eff orts 255 A Cultural Mix 257 Propelled by the Past 260 A Cultural Recipe 263 CHAPTER TWELVE: THE GRAND CYCLE 266 Cultural Origins 267 Possible Worlds 270 Nature's Self-Portrait 275 Acknowledgments 281 Notes 283 References 299 Illustration Credits 307 Index 313

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Book SynopsisOffers an introduction to the field of developmental neuroscience, a discipline concerned with the mechanisms by which complex nervous systems emerge during embryonic growth. Beginning with a presentation of methods for studying neural development, this book provides an overview of human development, followed by an introduction to animal models.Trade Review"Written with a rare lucidity and grace, Susan Fahrbach's Developmental Neuroscience offers a systematic and logical account of the development of nerve cells and nervous systems, human and otherwise. The book is lecture friendly and the supplementary reading questions are ideal for college courses. It will be of surpassing interest to professors seeking a current treatment of developmental neuroscience."—Donald Pfaff, Rockefeller University and editor of Neuroscience in the 21st Century"The words 'delightful textbook' do not often occur together but they describe Developmental Neuroscience to a tee. Susan Fahrbach has an exceptional voice and, coupled with a deep scholarly bent, a keen ability for explaining the importance of developmental phenomena and how we come to understand them. There is much that is new here even for longtime instructors of the subject. This is a truly valuable addition to the field."—Darcy Kelley, Columbia University"Developmental Neuroscience is an elegantly written take on a subject rooted in classical embryology but now yielding to the contemporary tools of molecular genetics and neuroimaging. Fahrbach's approach is patient and steady, surveying the current state of understanding through humans and different model organisms, with a sensitive ear to the cultural issues and contexts that will inform and motivate students."—David Clayton, Queen Mary, University of London"This is the ideal textbook for students who want to think about particular big-picture topics and engage with the primary literature. With simple language, good points, interesting anecdotes, big ideas, and nice tie-in questions, the book provides broad brushstrokes on important issues, which then allows students, through guided discussion, to delve into specific developmental processes or signaling pathways."—Christopher Korey, College of CharlestonTable of ContentsList of Illustrations xi Preface xv Acknowledgments xix What Are Investigative Reading Questions? xxi Teaching Using the Primary Literature and Investigative Reading Questions to Complement the Text xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction* What Do We Mean When We Say "Neural Development"? 1 * What Is in This Book and How to Use It 1 * Methods for Studying Development of the Nervous System 3 * Human Brain Imaging 17 * The Future 19 * Notes 20 * Investigative Reading 20 Chapter 2 Overview of Nervous System Development in Humans* How Do We Know What We Know? 23 * Start by Working Backward 24 * The Carnegie Stages of Embryonic Development 26 * Development of the Fetal Brain 31 * Neural Tube Defects 33 * Notes 34 * Investigative Reading 35 Chapter 3 Animal Models* Model Organisms 37 * Some Helpful Concepts for Thinking about Animal Models 38 * Practical Considerations 40 * The Mouse, Mus musculus 41 * The Zebrafi sh, Danio rerio 44 * The Fruit Fly, Drosophila melanogaster 48 * The Nematode Worm, Caenorhabditis elegans 52 * Typical Neurons 55 * Gray Matter and White Matter 57 * Phylogenetic Relationships 57 * Notes 60 * Investigative Reading 61 Chapter 4 Early Events* Axis Determination and Neural Induction 63 * Defining Anterior and Making a Head 63 * Neural Induction 74 * Notes 77 * Investigative Reading 79 Chapter 5 Neurogenesis* Production of Neurons by Neural Progenitors 81 * Neurogenesis in C. elegans 83 * Neurogenesis in Drosophila 88 * Neurogenesis in Zebrafi sh 97 * Neurogenesis in the Mouse 99 * Neurogenesis in Humans 106 * Adult Neurogenesis 110 * Notes 116 * Investigative Reading 118 Chapter 6 Later Events* Not All Animals Are Segmented 121 * Regionalization in the Drosophila Nervous System 121 * Regionalization in the Vertebrate Nervous System 128 * Histogenesis of the Mammalian Cortex 135 * Notes 140 * Investigative Reading 141 Chapter 7 Becoming a Neuron* Axons, Dendrites, and the Formation of Synapses 143 * The Decision to Grow a Process 145 * Microtubules, Actin, and Growth Cones 147 * Axon Path Finding 152 * Synaptogenesis 160 * Notes 164 * Investigative Reading 166 Chapter 8 Glia* Glia and Neurons 169 * Glia in C. elegans 170 * Glia in Drosophila 171 * Glia in Zebrafish 176 * Glia in Mice 179 * Glia in Humans 189"li>Fruit Flies and Glioblastoma 192 * Notes 194 * Investigative Reading 195 Chapter 9 Maturation* Growing Up 197 * Metamorphosis 197 * Adolescence 206 * Summary 209 * Notes 210 * Investigative Reading 211 Chapter 10 Thinking about Intellectual Disability in the Context of Development* Neuroscience and Intellectual Disability 213 * Perturbations of Neuronal Migration 215 * Dendritic Abnormalities 219 * Neonatal Hypothyroidism 221 * Rett Syndrome 222 * Fragile X Syndrome 225 * Down Syndrome 228 * Fetal Alcohol Syndrome 231 * Nonmammalian Models 234 * Reality Check 237 * Notes 238 * Investigative Reading 239 Abbreviations 241 References 251 Online Resources 271 Full Citations for Investigative Reading Exercises 277 Index 281

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"An Economist Book of the Year""A thought-provoking read."---Jerry Coyne, Washington Post"The ultimate claim of The Genetic Lottery is an extraordinarily ambitious act of moral entrepreneurialism. Harden argues that an appreciation of the role of simple genetic luck—alongside all the other arbitrary lotteries of birth—will make us, as a society, more inclined to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to enjoy lives of dignity and comfort."---Gideon Lewis-Kraus, The New Yorker"A book that is closely argued and packed with compelling scientific and statistical evidence. . . . This is a fascinating and detailed discussion of how genetic and environmental factors are braided together in all of us, shaping our destinies for good or ill. Harden’s ideas challenge existing orthodoxies, and she is also aware that complex research such as this is often misused. But her passionate commitment to tackling inequality and changing society is not to be doubted."---P. D. Smith, The Guardian"The Genetic Lottery is one of the most thought-provoking books I've read this year."---Dan Falk, CBC Radio"The Genetic Lottery is a good read, peppered with relatable stories and examples. Harden pulls off the trick of simultaneously introducing a technical field to newcomers; addressing deep, specialist debates; and taking seriously the intersection of scientific and philosophical analyses of inequality."---Aaron Panofsky, Science"Harden diligently fights a desperate battle to enlist science to serve progressive social reform." * Kirkus Reviews *"[An] outstanding new book. . . . It’s scientifically spot on, historically adroit, and excellently written. Required reading."---Adam Rutherford"While acknowledging the roles our environment and experiences play in shaping our lives, Harden makes the case that social scientists who want to address the roots of inequality must reckon with genetics. . . . The more researchers understand about the myriad factors that influence how our lives turn out, the more they can help improve outcomes for everyone. Genetics is one of those factors, Harden argues: when we ignore it, the most vulnerable suffer."---Jennifer Latson, Texas Monthly"A welcome resource for scholars and policy makers who want to advocate for and initiate equitable social changes with the help of reliable, expert knowledge."---J. F. Heberle, Choice"An engagingly written and highly accessible account of how genes shape our lives. . . . [The Genetic Lottery] richly merits the widespread attention it has received."---Robert H. Frank, Administrative Science Quarterly"[Harden] is a beautiful writer, weaving together personal narrative and complex technical concepts skillfully. Her writing is accessible to nonexperts, and the argument she makes—that it is both valuable and politically progressive for researchers of social outcomes to study DNA—is provocative. With this argument, The Genetic Lottery invites a necessary debate."---Daphne Oluwaseun Martschenko, Hastings Center Report"One of the most impressive things about [The Genetic Lottery] is Harden’s crystal-clear exposition of complex scientific research and methods. This alone is a gift to the public and every scientist should be grateful to her for helping the public understand genomic research and causal inference."---Jonathan T. Rothwell, Rothwell's Newsletter"Kathryn Paige Harden's The Genetic Lottery is both a novel contribution to this set and a novel kind of contribution, in that she does something much of the rest of this work does not: take a definite position on the political and social implications of behavioral genetics. . . . The book is a masterly tour of the state of the art of behavioral genetics and its relevance for pressing social questions."---Bryan Cwik, Bioethics"In creating a new synthesis that neither ignores the role of genetics nor misappropriates it, Harden acknowledges the importance the genetic lottery plays in shaping our life outcomes, while cautioning against misinterpreting the genetically laden differences among people as implying inborn, societal superiority. Harden examines the nascent field of behavioral genetics in an intellectually humble way, by detailing in lay terms the science of genetics and its applicability to differential life outcomes among people, and by incorporating this knowledge to advance social policies and social considerations that limit inequities."---Mark Rapala, International Social Science Review"Harden has illuminated a path forward free of racial bias and 'superior-inferior' dichotomies to build on seeking applications for greater social equality."---E. B. Boatner, Lavender Magazine"Kathryn Paige Harden has been waging a noble battle to liberate genetic science from its reactionary connotations, and especially the foul practice of eugenics. Her point, pithily made in this important book, is that knowledge of genetics is essential to any progressive politics and can be harnessed to advance the cause of equality."---Matt d’Ancona, Tortoise ​​​​​​​

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Hands down the most beautiful book I’ve ever read. . . . The intersection of biology and physics might be the most underappreciated cross-over in the sciences."---Nicole Barbaro, Bookmarked"The author's style is mostly captivating, and the illustrations provide unique support . . . Parthasarathy's commitment regarding the importance of education about scientific discovery and its place in today's world is evident throughout."---F. W. Yow, Choice

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The Process of Animal Domestication is a fascinating book that comes highly recommended. Its synthesis of a large body of research makes it incredibly valuable to evolutionary and developmental biologists, geneticists, anthropologists, and (zoo)archaeologists. However, the writing is accessible enough that (under)graduate students wanting to read up on animal domestication can safely turn to this book as well."---Leon Vlieger, Inquisitive Biologist"This well-referenced, scholarly publication will be valuable primarily for those geneticists, embryologists, comparative anatomists, and evolutionary biologists chiefly interested in the multifaceted issues and history associated with animal domestication."---D.A. Brass, CHOICE"[This book] covers all of the major topics in domestication and really does give an excellent overview of the subject . . . . I would absolutely recommend this book to those with a passing interest in the field, as well as a more specialised readership."---Dominic Wright, Trends in Ecology & Evolution"[The Process of Animal Domestication] will be the go-to publication on animal domestication for years to come. I salute what I believe is a superb job—highly recommended!"---Frank E. Zachos, Mammalian Biology

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"The Process of Animal Domestication is a fascinating book that comes highly recommended. Its synthesis of a large body of research makes it incredibly valuable to evolutionary and developmental biologists, geneticists, anthropologists, and (zoo)archaeologists. However, the writing is accessible enough that (under)graduate students wanting to read up on animal domestication can safely turn to this book as well."---Leon Vlieger, Inquisitive Biologist"This well-referenced, scholarly publication will be valuable primarily for those geneticists, embryologists, comparative anatomists, and evolutionary biologists chiefly interested in the multifaceted issues and history associated with animal domestication."---D.A. Brass, CHOICE

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"An Economist Book of the Year""A thought-provoking read."---Jerry Coyne, Washington Post"The ultimate claim of The Genetic Lottery is an extraordinarily ambitious act of moral entrepreneurialism. Harden argues that an appreciation of the role of simple genetic luck—alongside all the other arbitrary lotteries of birth—will make us, as a society, more inclined to ensure that everyone has the opportunity to enjoy lives of dignity and comfort."---Gideon Lewis-Kraus, The New Yorker"A book that is closely argued and packed with compelling scientific and statistical evidence. . . . This is a fascinating and detailed discussion of how genetic and environmental factors are braided together in all of us, shaping our destinies for good or ill. Harden’s ideas challenge existing orthodoxies, and she is also aware that complex research such as this is often misused. But her passionate commitment to tackling inequality and changing society is not to be doubted."---P. D. Smith, The Guardian"The Genetic Lottery is one of the most thought-provoking books I've read this year."---Dan Falk, CBC Radio"The Genetic Lottery is a good read, peppered with relatable stories and examples. Harden pulls off the trick of simultaneously introducing a technical field to newcomers; addressing deep, specialist debates; and taking seriously the intersection of scientific and philosophical analyses of inequality."---Aaron Panofsky, Science"Harden diligently fights a desperate battle to enlist science to serve progressive social reform." * Kirkus Reviews *"[An] outstanding new book. . . . It’s scientifically spot on, historically adroit, and excellently written. Required reading."---Adam Rutherford"While acknowledging the roles our environment and experiences play in shaping our lives, Harden makes the case that social scientists who want to address the roots of inequality must reckon with genetics. . . . The more researchers understand about the myriad factors that influence how our lives turn out, the more they can help improve outcomes for everyone. Genetics is one of those factors, Harden argues: when we ignore it, the most vulnerable suffer."---Jennifer Latson, Texas Monthly"A welcome resource for scholars and policy makers who want to advocate for and initiate equitable social changes with the help of reliable, expert knowledge."---J. F. Heberle, Choice"An engagingly written and highly accessible account of how genes shape our lives. . . . [The Genetic Lottery] richly merits the widespread attention it has received."---Robert H. Frank, Administrative Science Quarterly"[Harden] is a beautiful writer, weaving together personal narrative and complex technical concepts skillfully. Her writing is accessible to nonexperts, and the argument she makes—that it is both valuable and politically progressive for researchers of social outcomes to study DNA—is provocative. With this argument, The Genetic Lottery invites a necessary debate."---Daphne Oluwaseun Martschenko, Hastings Center Report"One of the most impressive things about [The Genetic Lottery] is Harden’s crystal-clear exposition of complex scientific research and methods. This alone is a gift to the public and every scientist should be grateful to her for helping the public understand genomic research and causal inference."---Jonathan T. Rothwell, Rothwell's Newsletter"Kathryn Paige Harden's The Genetic Lottery is both a novel contribution to this set and a novel kind of contribution, in that she does something much of the rest of this work does not: take a definite position on the political and social implications of behavioral genetics. . . . The book is a masterly tour of the state of the art of behavioral genetics and its relevance for pressing social questions."---Bryan Cwik, Bioethics"In creating a new synthesis that neither ignores the role of genetics nor misappropriates it, Harden acknowledges the importance the genetic lottery plays in shaping our life outcomes, while cautioning against misinterpreting the genetically laden differences among people as implying inborn, societal superiority. Harden examines the nascent field of behavioral genetics in an intellectually humble way, by detailing in lay terms the science of genetics and its applicability to differential life outcomes among people, and by incorporating this knowledge to advance social policies and social considerations that limit inequities."---Mark Rapala, International Social Science Review"Harden has illuminated a path forward free of racial bias and 'superior-inferior' dichotomies to build on seeking applications for greater social equality."---E. B. Boatner, Lavender Magazine"Kathryn Paige Harden has been waging a noble battle to liberate genetic science from its reactionary connotations, and especially the foul practice of eugenics. Her point, pithily made in this important book, is that knowledge of genetics is essential to any progressive politics and can be harnessed to advance the cause of equality."---Matt d’Ancona, Tortoise ​​​​​​​

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"[A] thought-provoking study. . . . [Vermeij's] framework offers intriguing new insights, as when he contends that ecosystems operate like self-regulating economies in their exchanges of power and energy as part of a competition for resources. This provides plenty to ponder." * Publishers Weekly *"Vermeij has provided a literate, straightforward account of a challenging, thought-provoking topic, that is accessible to everyone, yet replete with logic, conviction and unassailable science. It may be a tad hyperbolic to describe a work such as this as 'entertaining,' but, in fact, I found it so. Brilliant and entertaining at the same time - and very readable."---David Gascoigne, Travels with Birds"Absorbing."---Kenneth Silber, Splice Today

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to provide a unifying view of the role of pH in plant growth, taking into account molecular, biochemical, functional, structural, and developmental factors in such growth, as well as environmental processes involved in plant interaction with the biotic and abiotic environment.Table of Contents1. H+-ATPases in the Plasma Membrane: Physiology and Molecular Biology 2. H+-ATPase and H+-PPase in the Vacuolar Membrane: Physiology and Molecular Biology 3. The Cytoplasmic pH Stat 4. Confocal pH Topography in Plant Cells: Shifts of Proton Distribution Involved in Plant Signaling 5. pH as a Signal and Regulator of Membrane Transport 6. The Role of the Apoplastic pH in Cell Wall Extension and Cell Enlargement 7. Mechanisms and Physiological Roles of Proton Movements in Plant Thylakoid Membranes 8. Dynamics of H+ Fluxes in Mitochondrial Membrane 9. H+ Fluxes in Nitrogen Assimilation by Plants 10. Crassulacean Acid Metabolism: A Special Case of pH Regulation and H+ Fluxes 11. Dynamics of H+ Fluxes in the Plant Apoplast 12. H+ Currents around Plant Roots 13. Role of pH in Availability of Ions in Soil 14. Regulation of Microbial Processes by Soil pH 15. The Role of Acid pH in Symbiosis between Plants and Soil Organisms 16. Distribution of Plant Species in Relation to pH of Soil and Water

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Book SynopsisThis monograph provides a comprehensive basis for understanding the complex interactions that take place between synaptic input, cellular properties, and the oscillatory output of a neural network, especially in the maturing or developing nervous system. Emphasis is placed on drawing a parallel betwTable of Contents"Clinical Observations of Respiratory Control: Challenges for Basic Research General Neurobiological Approaches to Central Control of Respiration Cellular, Molecular, and Developmental Aspects of Chemical Synaptic Transmission Neuronal Signaling: Pathways and Protein Kinases Comparative Neurobiology of Invertebrate Motor Networks: Implications for the Control of Breathing in Mammals Cellular and Membrane Properties of Brainstem Neurons in Early Life The Development of Descending Spinal Pathways in the North American Opossum Neurophysiological Organization of Respiratory Neurons in Early Life Input to the CNS: Cellular Neurobiology and Integrated Behavior Morphological and Neurophysiological Aspects of Airway and Pulmonary Receptors Development of Pulmonary and Chest Wall Reflexes Influencing Breathing Laryngeal Reflexes: Integrated and Cellular Aspects How Do Arterial Chemoreceptors Work? Studies of Cells from the Carotid Body of the Rabbit Discharge Properties of Carotid Bodies: Developmental Aspects Central Respiratory Chemoreceptors: Cellular Mechanisms and Developmental Aspects Respiratory Motor Output: Cellular Function and Integrated Behavior Developmental Aspects of Diaphragm Muscle Cells: Structural and Functional Organization Functional Aspects of Human Muscles and Their Central Nervous System Interactions: Implications for Muscle Failure Integrated Response of the Respiratory Muscles to Load Neural Control of Airway Smooth Muscle in the Newborn Neurophysiological Basis for State-Dependent Respiratory Behavior State-Dependent Electrophysiological Changes in Central Nervous System Activity Respiratory Motor Output: Effect of State and Maturation in Early Life Hypoxia and Asphyxia: Cellular, Integrated, and Pathophysiological Aspects Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia: Integrated, Cellular, and Molecular Aspects Energy Metabolism and Ionic Homeostasis During Hypoxic Stress in the Developing Mammalian Brain Ionic Environment in the Central Nervous System and Effects of Hypoxia in Early Life Hypoxia and Neuropharmacology of Breathing Control of Breathing During Asphyxia and Autoresuscitation "

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Book SynopsisThis is the Second Volume of a five-volume set of atlases on the developing human central nervous system. With no other atlases available on the development of the human spinal cord and the brain during the third trimester, the first two volumes in the series fill a large void in current knowledge. Easy to use, the second volume contains high and low magnification photographs of brain sections arranged in two parts: a high resolution black and white image on the left and a ...ghost... image on the right page with unabbreviated labels. This volume provides a user-friendly survey of the complex structural changes that occur during late prenatal human brain development.Table of ContentsThis is the second volume of a five-volume set of atlases on the developing human central nervous system. With no other atlases available on the development of the human spinal cord and the brain during the third trimester, the first two volumes of the series fill a large void in current knowledge. Easy to use, the second volume provides low and high magnification photographs of brain sections arranged in two parts: a high resolution black and white image on the left and a ...ghost... image on the right page with unabbreviated labels. This volume provides a user-friendly survey of the complex structural changes that occur during late prenatal human brain development.

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Book SynopsisDuring the past decade, the continued interest in insulin-related growth factors has been documented by a plethora of research programs and publications focused on these growth factors. Both molecular and cellular biological techniques have improved and enabled investigators to study the properties of the growth factors in depth.This volume covers the molecular (genetic) aspects of the growth factors, their binding proteins and receptors, as well as those factors affecting their gene transcription and translation. In addition, aspects of the cellular action of these growth factors through their receptors and how this impacts normal cellular function are discussed. The book will provide valuable information for researchers in physiology, biology, endocrinology, and metabolism.Table of ContentsThe IGF-I Gene: Structure, Expression, and Gene Products. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Receptor: Molecular Biology, Heterogeneity and Regulation. Biological Actions of the Insulin-Like Growth Factors. Insulin-Like Growth Factor II: Gene Structure and Expression into Messenger RNA and Protein. The Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor. Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins. Insulin. Structure and Function of the Insulin Receptor. Is Insulin a Growth Factor? Regulation of Insulin, IGF-I and IGF-II Gene Expression.Molecular (genetic) aspects of growth factorsBinding proteins and receptorsFactors affecting gene transcription and translation

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Book SynopsisClearly explaining the logical analysis of biological control phenomena, Biological Feedback answers questions concerning everything from regulation to logic. This rare monograph presents a formal methodology for analyzing the dynamic behavior of complex systems. The easy-to-read text describes a simple logical formalization called kinetic logic. The reader discovers how this method is used to predict all possible patterns of behavior of which a system is capable. It includes specific conditions required for each pattern. It also explains how to modify an incorrect model in order to account for the observed behavior. The authors give special attention to the two basic types of simple feedback loops: positive and negative. This volume is filled with easy-to-use tables, providing quick reference throughout the book. The subject matter is of great interest to everyone working in molecular genetics and developmental biology. Researchers, immunologists, physical chemists, physicists, electrTable of ContentsPART I: TOOLS. Introduction to Part I. Elements of Combinatorial Logic. Kinetic Logic I: From Logical Structure to Behavior. Kinetic Logic II: The Conditions Determining the Choices Among Pathways. Inductive Use of Kinetic Logic. Elements of the Differential Description. Generalized Kinetic Logic. Generalized Logical vs. Differential Description. PART II: FEEDBACK LOOPS. Introduction to Part II. Simple Negative Feedback Loops Generate Homeostasis: Differential Description. Simple Negative Feedback Loops Generate Homeostasis: Logical Description. Simple Positive Feedback Loops Generate Differentiation: Differential Description. Simple Positive Feedback Loops Generate Multistationarity: Logical Description. How Can a Transient Signal Switch a Function on Permanently? Many Steady States. Systems with Positive and Negative Feedback Loops. PART III: APPLICATIONS. Epigenetic Differences and Multiple Steady States. The Logical Treatment of Diffusion. The SOS Response. Bacteriophage l. Logical Modelization of Neuronal Networks. A Model Analysis of the Immune Response. On Determination and Differentiation. Appendix 1: How to Find a Steady State Value by Iteration. Appendix 2: Trajectories and Evolution. Appendix 3: A Little More About Linear Stability Analysis. Appendix 4: Asynchronous vs. Synchronous Description. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses possible analogies between cancer and developmental biology. An international group of experts provides a multidisciplinary approach, allowing biological or clinical scientists involved with cancer research to integrate specific information from diverse areas.Five concepts of cancer are presented, and developmental biology is reviewed at five levels. These are integrated in discussions of failure in organisation as a basis of cancer and its control. The book will be a valuable reference for both newcomers as well as experienced biological and clinical scientists. FeaturesTable of ContentsThe Concept of Cancer and Operational Conditions for Carcinogenesis: Pathology of Neoplasia: Morphological and Functional Attributes (H.G. Augustin-Voss and B.U. Pauli). Relative Malignancy and Ontogeny (C. Rowlatt). Epigenetic Nature of Neoplastic Transformation (H. Rubin). Linkages in the Control of Differentiation, Proliferation, and Anticancer/Cancer-Suppressor Activitiy: Defects in Carcinogenesis (R.E. Scott, S.P. Blatti, R. Parker, L.R. Solomon, C.-Y. Tzen, H. Wang, and M.M. Witte). Age-related Factors in Carcinogenesis (V.M. Dilman). Relevant Organizational Processes Revealed by Developmental Biology: Patterning and Morphogenesis and the Development of Organized Tissues (C. Tickle). Biology and Mechanisms of Tissue Interactions in Developing Systems (B.K. Hall). Cell Lineages, Fate Determination, and Differentiation Pathways (P.P.L. Tam). The Role of the Cytoskeleton in the Relationship Between Cell Shape, Gene Expression, and Morphogenesis (A. Ben Ze'ev). Mediators of Cell Growth and Differentiation (C.L. Mummery and P.T. van der Saag). Failure of Organizational Processes as a Basis of Neoplastic Behavior and Its Control: Genetics of Cancer Predisposition (M.F. Hansen). Physiological Roles of Oncogenes in Development and Neoplasia (M. Donovan, S. Demczuk, G. Franklin, and R. Ohlsson). Invasiveness in Development and Neoplasia (M. Mareel, F. Van Roy, P. De Baetselier, and L. Vakaet). Dysfunction of Regulatory Tissue Interactions (G.M. Hodges). Differentiation Therapy of Cancer (S.T.A. Malik). Genetic Intervention in the Control of Neoplasia (I. Magrath, K. Bhatia, and B. Huber).

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Book SynopsisIntended for undergraduate and graduate courses in plant development, this book explains how the cells of a plant acquire and maintain their specific fates.Trade Review'In this new book, Leyser and Day provide a comprehensive overview of plant developmental biology that presents a diversity of developmental strategies whilst carefully distilling the basic principles and mechanisms involved. Its strengths are its breadth, clarity and up to date discussion of developmental studies and concepts. ...Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling plant development has exploded in the last decade, and this book provides an outstanding and much needed review and synthesis. Whilst primarily directed at higher-level undergraduates, it should be accessible and informative to scientists at all levels. Though the field of plant development is rapidly advancing, this book's strength in highlighting fundamental developmental concepts and principles make it a must have for any student of developmental biology.' David Jackson, Cold Spring Harbor, BSDB Newsletter "....worth a library or scientist's investment. It is easy to read, thorough and offers additional points of access to the scientific literature that a student will find useful. It would serve as an excellent supplementary text for a library collection, or as a refresher text for a graduate student in botany." E-Streams, Vol 6, No 1, January 2003 "In each instance the authors employ a number of specific 'case studies' that trace resesarch in the area from the basic anatomy and physiology to more recent molecular investigations. ...The text is clearly written and well referenced. It should be useful to students who are getting started in this dynamic field." Choice, Vol 40, No 8, April 2003 "... a very timely and authoritative documentation of modern plant developmental biology and highly recommend it for advanced graduate and postgraduate students and also scientists interested in this topic." Martin Huelskamp, Universitat Koln, BioEssays, April 2004 "This is a 'must-have' volume for any scientist with even a peripheral interest in plant development. Leyser and Day have provided a welcome addition for anyone looking for an up-to-date book for an upper-level undergraduate or graduate course in plant development." Clive Edwards, Ohio State University for the Quaterly Review of Biology, March-May 2003Table of ContentsPreface, viii Introduction, IX Sources for Figures, xi Chapter 1: An introduction to flowering plants, 1 Alternation of generations, 1 Gametophyte development, 1 Development of the sporophyte, 3 Further reading, 18 Chapter 2: Characteristics of plant development, 19 Plant cells, 19 Larger patterns, 24 Theoretical framework for the study of developmental mechanisms, 26 Conclusions, 27 Further reading, 27 Chapter 3: Cell-intrinsic information, 29 Lineage, 29 Case study 3.1: Laser ablation of cells in the Arabidopsis root tip, 34 Case study 3.2: Green–white–green periclinal chimeras, 36 Case study 3.3: Mutations affecting division patterns, 39 Relationship between age and position, 43 Case study 3.4: Mutations affecting the rate of leaf initiation in Arabidopsis, 44 Conclusions, 46 Further reading, 46 Chapter 4: Primary axis development, 48 Embryonic axes, 48 Case study 4.1: Longitudinal axis of the Fucus embryo, 49 Case study 4.2: Longitudinal axis of the Arabidopsis embryo, 54 Case study 4.3: Radial axis of the Arabidopsis embryo, 64 Conclusions, 71 Further reading, 71 Chapter 5: Axis development in the leaf and flower, 74 Leaves, 74 Case study 5.1: Adaxial–abaxial axis of the leaf, 75 Case study 5.2: Proximodistal axis of the leaf, 84 Case study 5.3: Determinate nature of leaf development, 87 Flowers, 91 Case study 5.4: Radial axis of the flower, 92 Case study 5.5: Adaxial–abaxial axis of the Antirrhinum flower, 100 Conclusions, 104 Further reading, 105 Chapter 6: Position relative to a particular cell, tissue or organ, 110 Case study 6.1: The pattern of trichomes on the Arabidopsis leaf, 111 Case study 6.2: The pattern of root hairs in Arabidopsis, 116 Case study 6.3: Phyllotaxy, 123 Case study 6.4: Coordination of leaf and vascular development, 131 Conclusions, 134 Further reading, 134 Chapter 7: Light, 138 Light perception, 138 Developmental responses to light, 143 Case study 7.1: Light-induced germination, 143 Case study 7.2: Seedling etiolation and photomorphogenesis, 146 Case study 7.3: Shade escape, 151 Case study 7.4: Phototropism, 154 Case study 7.5: Photoperiodic control of flowering, 156 Conclusions, 161 Further reading, 161 Chapter 8: Environmental information other than light, 165 Case study 8.1: Gravitropism, 165 Case study 8.2: Thigmomorphogenesis, 172 Case study 8.3: Effects of uneven nutrient supply on root development, 177 Case study 8.4: Vernalization, 180 Conclusions, 186 Further reading, 186 Chapter 9: The coordination of development, 190 Case study 9.1: Initiation and maintenance of the shoot apical meristem, 191 Case study 9.2: Transition from embryonic to post-embryonic development, 200 Case study 9.3: Phase transitions in post-germination development, 203 Case study 9.4: Shoot branching, 213 Conclusions, 219 Further reading, 220 Chapter 10: A comparison of plant and animal development, 224 Control of cell fate, 225 Development of pattern, 226 Consequences of autotrophy versus heterotrophy, 229 Conclusions, 230 Further reading, 230 Index, 233

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Book SynopsisThis Element develops a novel account of structuralism and functionalism in terms of explanatory strategies. This reveals the possibility of integrating the two strategies; the explanatory successes of evolutionary-developmental biology essentially depend on such integration.Table of Contents1. Structure and Function; 2. Explanatory Strategies; 3. Understanding Evo-devo; 4. Integration without Subordination; 5. Gentle Polemics; References.

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Book SynopsisThis fifth of 15 short atlases reimagines the classic 5-volume Atlas of Human Central Nervous System Development. Serial sections from specimens between 31 mm and 33 mm are illustrated and annotated in great detail, together with 3D reconstructions. Table of ContentsPART I. INTRODUCTION; Organization of the Atlas; Plate Preparation; Development in Specimens (CR 31 to 33 mm); References; PART II. 32 mm Crown Rump Length, C609; Plates 1-10 A/B; High-Magnification Plates 11-16 A/B; PART III. 31 mm Crown Rump Length, C9226; Plates 17-36 A/B; High-Magnification Plates 37-38 A/B; PART IV. 33 mm Crown Rump Length, C145; Plates 39-48 A/D;High-Magnification Plates 49-63 A/B

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Book SynopsisThere is a major demand for people with scientific training in a wide range of professions based on and maintaining relations with science. However, there is a lack of good first-hand information about alternative career paths to research. From entrepreneurship, industry and the media to government, public relations, activism and teaching, this is a readable guide to science based skills, lifestyles and career paths. The ever-narrowing pyramid of opportunities within an academic career structure, or the prospect of a life in the laboratory losing its attraction, mean that many who trained in science and engineering now look for alternative careers. Thirty role models who began by studying many different disciplines give personal guidance for graduates, postgraduates and early-career scientists in the life sciences, physical sciences and engineering. This book is an entertaining resource for ideas about, and directions into, the many fields which they may not be aware of or may not haveTrade Review'This excellent book is directed at those for whom a conventional academic and research career is not necessarily their cup of tea. In it, you can learn how many other opportunities there are for scientists outside the usual academic route. The book is full of first-rate practical advice, emphasising the value of a self-assessment of your skills and interests, and illustrating that there is a major demand for people with training in science in many areas ranging from entrepreneurship and policy to PR and politics. Above all, do something you enjoy and believe is worthwhile, and do not consider yourself a failure because you have not continued in academic research.' Sir Walter Bodmer, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine'The enthusiastic and positive accounts in this book provide ample evidence that there is life beyond the lab, and that it can be a good life: rewarding, fulfilling and richly varied. To take that decision to go where the grass might be greener requires careful thought and the application of your best research skills - to research your own future. This book provides one major source of information, advice and a great range of personal words of guidance to help inform your next step.' Gordon Chesterman, University of Cambridge Careers Service'… offers students and early career scientists the indispensable personal experience of more than thirty skilled professionals who started out as academics and ended up in the most varied array of successful professions. Reading about the many routes that a scientist can choose, from becoming an EU-level regulatory expert and lobbyist, to a company founder and multi-millionaire, this book is not only insightful but also inspirational for those eager to branch out from the confines of their science. I wish I had had the opportunity of feasting my eyes on this a quarter of a century ago as I scratched my head as to which way to turn once I left the lab.' Nathalie Moll, European Association for Bioindustries, Belgium'If there's one valuable message here it's 'know thyself - but don't dismiss serendipity'. While the advice of careers professionals to analyse skills and preferences is important, the personal stories show just how important it is to keep an open mind and that even the most successful career isn't really planned but relies on a willingness to grasp opportunities. For women, as a minority in the UK STEM workforce, these personal case studies offer reassurance that it's good to take risks and great careers await us all.' Averil Macdonald, OBE, University of ReadingTable of ContentsForeword Sir Tom Blundell; Part I. Career Services', Recruiters' and Students' Viewpoints: 1. What type of scientist are you? Nalayini Thambar and Clare Jones; 2. Researching my career: from science to career education Lori Conlan; 3. Career enlightenment for the twenty-first century Stephen Isherwood; 4. Doctoral graduates in policy and advocacy Adam Wright; Part II. Industry and Related Occupations: 5. Opportunities for entrepreneurial scientists and engineers in the post-genomic era Darrin M. Disley; 6. From monkeys to medicines and beyond - navigating careers in industry and academia Jackie Hunter; 7. Lessons from evolution on how to build a business Jonathan Milner; 8. Entrepreneurship, management, public relations and consulting Nick Scott-Ram; 9. From science to engineering and business: the converging stories of three friends Ermeena Malik; 10. From lab bench to board room: the patent attorney's tale Robert Stephen; 11. From molecular biology to GMO regulation and policy Delphine Carron; 12. Rebel with a cause? From physics to activism Philip Webber; 13. Science public relations - it needs to be in your genes Richard Hayhurst; Part III. The Public Sector: 14. From rock pools to Whitehall Miles Parker; 15. Science for global good - a polymath's approach Jasdeep Sandhu; 16. Skills, networks and luck David Cleevely; 17. Politics and policy Julian Huppert; Part IV. Journalism and the Media: 18. The wonderful world of reporting, or the marsupial mole revisited Tim Radford; 19. Reflections of a thinking pinball: the surprises, challenges and rewards of a career in radio Peter Evans; 20. From science to storytelling Madhumita Murgia; 21. Propelled by science: a life on camera Vivienne Parry OBE; 22. A career in science radio and podcasting Chris Smith and Kat Arney; Part V. Science Communication, Teaching and Ethics: 23. What to do when you don't know what you're doing; or, my first twenty-five years in science communication John Durant; 24. A butterfly career in science and beyond to public engagement Nicola Buckley; 25. A lifetime's fun and interest with teaching and allied matters Ian Harvey; 26. In search of the ethical path Stuart Parkinson; 27. Environmental policy, politics and science - not always an easy ride Julie Hill; Further sources of information.

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Book SynopsisProceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Aquatic Oligochaeta, held in Bilbao, Spain, 18-22 July 2000Table of ContentsPreface. List of participants. Some memories of Dr Gilberto Righi (1937-1999); M.L. Christoffersen. In memoriam, Professor Perry C. Holt, Ph.D. (1910-2000); S.R. Gelder. Part One: Taxonomy. Descriptions of three Pristina species (Naididae, Clitellata) from Amazonian forest soils, including P. marcusi sp. nov.; R. Collado, R.M. Schmelz. A new lumbriculid genus and species from North America (Clitellata, Lumbriculidae); S.V. Fend, D.L. Gustafson. Taxonomical survey of some stygobiont oligochaetes from the eastern part of France, including description of a new species; J. Juget, M. des Châteliers. A preliminary study of oligochaetes in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of China, and its vicinity, with description of a new species of Limnodrilus; H. Wang, Y. Liang. New alluroids (Annelida, Clitellata) from Guyana; P. Omodeo, K.A. Coates. Part Two: Diversity and Distribution. Notes on the diversity and distribution of Australian Naididae and Phreodrilidae (Oligochaeta: Annelida); A. Pinder. Oligochaetes in southern European groundwater: new records and an overview; N. Giani, et al. Oligochaete communities in the hyporheic zone of a glacial river, the Roseg River, Switzerland; M. Lafont, F. Malard. Oligochaetes in Lake Towada, Japan, an oligotrophic caldera; A. Ohtaka. Distribution and dispersal capacity of the Ponto-Caspian tubificid oligochaete Pothamothrix. moldaviensis Vejdovsky et Mrázek, 1903 in the Baltic Sea Region; G. Milbrink, T. Timm. Part Three: Morphology and Embriology. Temporal pattern of the double sperm line production in Tubifex tubifex (Annelida, Oligochaeta); S. Boi, M. Ferraguti. External structures used during attachment and sperm transfer in tubificids(Annelida, Oligochaeta); S. Cuadrado, E. Martínez-Ansemil. Mysterious `crystals': found on the epidermal peritoneum of marine tubificid (Clitellata: Annelida) species; K.A. Coates, et al. Pattern formation in embryos of the oligochaete annelid Tubifex: cellular basis for segmentation and specification of segmental identity; T. Shimizu, et al. Part Four: Feeding Biology and Reproduction. Selective feeding by the aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex (Tubificidae, Clitellata); P. Rodriguez, et al. Cocoon deposition of Rhyacodrilus hiemalis Ohtaka (Tubificidae) in Lake Biwa, Japan; T. Narita. Part Five: Ecotoxicology and Bioaccumulation. Utility and relevance of aquatic oligochaetes in Ecological Risk Assessment; P. Chapman. Tubifex tubifex as a link in food chain transfer of hexachlorobenzene from contaminated sediment to fish; P. Egeler, et al. Bioaccumulation of lindane and hexachlorobenzene by the oligochaetes Enchytraeus Luxuriosus and Enchytraeus albidus (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta, Annelida); E. Bruns, et al. Part Six: Ecology. Spatial and temporal variations of oligochaetes of the Ivinhema River and Patos Lake on the Upper Paraná River Basin, Brazil; M.C. Montanholi-Martins, A.M. Takeda. The distribution and ecology of littoral Oligochaeta and Aphanoneura (Annelida) of the Natural and Historical Reserve of Isla Martín García, Río de la Plata River, Argentina; L.C. Armendáriz, I.I. César. Effects of Nais elinguis on the performance of an activated sludge plant; C.H. Ratsak. Half a century of oligochaete research in Estonian running waters; T. Timm, et al. Oligochaeta of the Morava and Odra Riv

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisBuilding from the perspective of reproductive and developmental biology, Computational Methods for Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology provides a timely and comprehensive overview of approaches in reproductive and developmental toxicology.The book, which is part of the QSAR in Environmental and Health Sciences series, is divided into three broad sections. The first provides a review of methods and approaches to meet the need for safety assessments in product development and regulatory approaches for environmental chemicals. The next one reviews the biological processes and endpoints involved in reproduction and development. The final and largest section summarizes protocols for evaluating biological processes and endpoints within reproduction and development. It also discusses informatics resources and computational methods. The book takes a cross-disciplinary approach bringing together developmental, reproductive and systems biology, chemistTable of ContentsINTRODUCTION. Introduction. Visions and Advancements for Meeting the Needs of Safety Assessment of Pharmaceutical and Industrial Chemicals. REACH and Environmental Chemicals.REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND ENDPOINTS. Female Reproductive Physiology. Maternal Recognition of Pregnancy. Early Embryo Development and Bipotential Gonad Formation. Assessing the Reproductive Health of Men with Occupational Exposures. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: BIOLOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL METHODS. Animal Study Protocols and Alternative Assays for the Assessment of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity. US National Library of Medicine Resources for Computational Toxicology. Modeling Endocrine Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle Using Delay Differential Equations. Molecular Structural Characteristics That Influence Partitioning of Xenobiotics into Human Breast Milk. Approaches for Pediatric Developmental Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Adverse Outcome Pathways for Developmental Toxicity.

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Book SynopsisNanotechnology offers a revolutionary and definitive approach for the efficient delivery of drug molecules to non-healthy tissues and cells. This first volume of a series of two volumes analyzes the basics in the development of drug-loaded nanoplatforms, the so-called nanomedicines. Special attention is given to physicochemical engineering, pharmacokinetics, biocompatibility and biodegradability, representative nanoplatforms (based on lipids, polymers, cyclodextrins, metals, carbon, silica, iron oxides, etc.), and advanced nano-engineering strategies for passive, ligand-mediated, and/or stimuli-sensitive drug delivery and release.Table of ContentsPart I: Gamete Quality. Introduction. Gamete physiology, fertilization and egg activation. Part II: It Is Traits That Rule, Genes Only Follow in Their Wake. Life history. Part III. Behavior. Part IV. Genetics and conservation. Part V. Molecular techniques. Evolution and speciation. Conclusions and future perspectives. Glossary. References.

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