Condensed matter physics Books

Book SynopsisThis fully updated second edition of The Physics of Phonons remains the most comprehensive theoretical discussion devoted to the study of phonons, a major area of condensed matter physics.It contains exciting new sections on phonon-related properties of solid surfaces, atomically thin materials (such as graphene and monolayer transition metal chalcogenides), in addition to nano- structures and nanocomposites, thermoelectric nanomaterials, and topological nanomaterials, with an entirely new chapter dedicated to topological nanophononics and chiralphononics. Although primarily theoretical in approach, the author refers to experimental results wherever possible, ensuring an ideal book for both experimental and theoretical researchers.The author begins with an introduction to crystal symmetry and continues with a discussion of lattice dynamics in the harmonic approximation, including the traditional phenomenological approach and the more recent ab initio approach, detailed for the first time in this book. A discussion of anharmonicity is followed by the theory of lattice thermal conductivity, presented at a level far beyond that available in any other book. The chapter on phonon interactions is likewise more comprehensive than any similar discussion elsewhere. The sections on phonons in superlattices, impure and mixed crystals, quasicrystals, phonon spectroscopy, Kapitza resistance, and quantum evaporation also contain material appearing in book form for the first time. The book is complemented by numerous diagrams that aid understanding and is comprehensively referenced for further study. With its unprecedented wide coverage of the field, The Physics of Phonons is an indispensable guide for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates, and researchers working in condensed matter physics and materials science.Features Fully updated throughout, with exciting new coverage on graphene, nanostructures and nanocomposites, thermoelectric nanomaterials, and topological nanomaterials. Authored by an authority on phonons. Interdisciplinary, with broad applications through condensed matter physics, nanoscience, and materials science. --

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Book SynopsisThe Carbon Nanomaterials Sourcebook contains extensive, interdisciplinary coverage of carbon nanomaterials, encompassing the full scope of the fieldâfrom physics, chemistry, and materials science to molecular biology, engineering, and medicineâin two comprehensive volumes.Written in a tutorial style, this second volume of the sourcebook: Focuses on nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanofibers, nanoporous structures, and nanocomposites Describes the fundamental properties, growth mechanisms, and processing of each nanomaterial discussed Explores functionalization for electronic, energy, biomedical, and environmental applications Showcases materials with exceptional properties, synthesis methods, large-scale production techniques, and application prospects Provides the tools necessary for understanding current and future technology developments, including imTable of ContentsCarbyne: A One-Dimensional Carbon Allotrope. Linear Carbon Chains. Carbon Nanocoils. Carbon Nanohorns. Geodesic Arenes. Cubic Carbon Polymorphs. High-Energy-Synthesized Carbon-Related Nanomaterials. Activated Carbon Nanogels. Activated Carbon Nanoadsorbents. Heteroatom-Doped Nanostructured Carbon Materials. Fluorinated 0D, 1D, and 2D Nanocarbons. Activated Carbon Nanofibers. Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers. Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Nanozymes. Hollow Carbon Nanocapsules. Hollow Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles. Metal-Filled Carbon Nanocapsules. Carbon-Coated Nanoparticles. Conjugated Carbon Nanocapsules. Nanoporous Carbon Membranes. Gas-Adsorbing Nanoporous Carbons. Nanoporous Carbon Fibrous Materials. Mesoporous Carbon Nanomaterials. Silicon Nanocrystal/Nanocarbon Hybrids. Graphene/Carbon Nanotube Aerogels. Nanotube–Cement Composites. Transition Metal/Carbon Nanocomposites. Nanocarbon Hybrid Materials. Nanographite–Polymer Composites. Graphite- and Graphene-Based Nanocomposites.

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Book SynopsisCovers the State of the Art in Superfluidity and SuperconductivitySuperfluid States of Matter addresses the phenomenon of superfluidity/superconductivity through an emergent, topologically protected constant of motion and covers topics developed over the past 20 years. The approach is based on the idea of separating universal classical-field superfluid properties of matter from the underlying system's quanta. The text begins by deriving the general physical principles behind superfluidity/superconductivity within the classical-field framework and provides a deep understanding of all key aspects in terms of the dynamics and statistics of a classical-field system.It proceeds by explaining how this framework emerges in realistic quantum systems, with examples that include liquid helium, high-temperature superconductors, ultra-cold atomic bosons and fermions, and nuclear matter. The book also offers seTrade Review"This book offers a modern treatment of the subject that provides conceptual insight as well as technical details. … The book reviews the variety of superfluid and superconducting systems available today in nature and the laboratory, as well as the states that experimental realization is currently actively pursuing. … a valuable resource on the subject for a wide range of readers from beginning graduate students to established scholars."—Zentralblatt MATH 1317"This book presents this field in an attractive way, emphasizing deep unifying concepts of symmetry and topology while maintaining firm connection to concrete physical realities."—Frank Wilczek, Nobel Laureate in Physics (2004) and Herbert Feshbach Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"This fascinating book contains a lucid, useful, and up-to-date guide to understanding the burgeoning field of superfluid states of quantum matter. It instantly becomes the ultimate resource on the subject for a wide range of readers from beginning graduate students to established scholars."—Professor Victor Galitski, Joint Quantum Institute, University of Maryland"The authors develop the concepts of superfluidity in a well-organized modern view and include some of its most fascinating applications at the forefronts of interdisciplinary research, from novel electronic superconductors to cold atomic gases and quark matter. I expect this will become a celebrated book that students and researchers in our field have been waiting for."—W. Vincent Liu, Professor of Physics, University of Pittsburgh"This book is a timely and valuable addition to the study of superfluidity since it emphasizes the classical-field aspects and relies on Feynman path integrals. The authors are well-recognized authorities in this area."—Professor Alexander Fetter, Stanford University"This book on superfluidity and superconductivity is unique and comprehensive. It reflects the broad expertise of the authors who have made important contributions to our understanding of many different physical systems. I found it refreshing that the material is presented from a modern perspective in a unifying way."—Wolfgang Ketterle, Nobel Laureate in Physics 2001 and John D. MacArthur Professor of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"… a modern treatment of the subject that provides conceptual insight as well as technical details. … It is rare that a textbook can cover such a wide range of topics without losing too much technical detail. The textbook promises to be a must-read for graduate students in strongly correlated quantum fluids."—Dr. Derek Lee, Department of Physics, Imperial College London"This book fills a real gap by placing all the ‘folklore’ describing superfluid systems in terms of classical fields within a coherent theoretical framework and using this as the conceptual foundation upon which subsequent (particularly quantum) developments are developed. The authors’ scholarship and enthusiasm for the subject are evident throughout, and to their credit, they take time to develop and explain important concepts as they arise."—Simon A. Gardiner, Professor and Head of Section in the Centre for Atomic and Molecular Physics, Durham University"This is a very timely and welcome addition to the literature on superfluidity. Its starting point in hydrodynamics makes this book unique. The authors manage to lead the reader from the basics to the state of the art."—Carsten Timm, Professor of Condensed Matter Theory, Technische Universität Dresden"This is an excellent book in the field of strongly interacting systems written by authors who have made exceptional contributions to practically every topic. It combines an innovative approach with rigorous self-contained analytics and a powerful numerical scheme … The coverage of topics—from the foundations exposed in a new light to novel composite superfluids and supersolids—is exhaustive and creative."—Anatoly Kuklov, Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Physics, College of Staten Island, The City University of New York"The authors are scientists of international distinction, and their book is written with impressive assurance and authority…. a tour de force on theories of superfluidity" –Contemporary Physics (May 2016)Table of ContentsI Superfluidity from a Classical-Field Perspective. Neutral Matter Field. Superfluidity at Finite Temperatures and Hydrodynamics. Superfluid Phase Transition. Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless Phase Transition. II Superconducting and Multicomponent Systems. Charged Matter Fields. Multicomponent Superconductors and Superfluids, and Superconducting and Metallic Superfluids. III Quantum-Mechanical Aspects: Macrodynamics. Quantum-Field Perspective. Path Integral Representation. Supersolids and Insulators. Dynamics of Vortices and Phonons: Turbulence. IV Green’s Functions and Feynman’s Diagrams. Thermodynamics of Weakly Interacting Bose Gas. BCS Theory. Kinetics of Bose–Einstein Condensation. V Historical Overview. Superfluid States in Nature and the Laboratory. Index

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Book SynopsisScanning electr on microscopy (SEM) and x-ray microanalysis can produce magnified images and in situ chemical information from virtually any type of specimen. The two instruments generally operate in a high vacuum and a very dry environment in order to produce the high energy beam of electrons needed for imaging and analysis. With a few notable exceptions, most specimens destined for study in the SEM are poor conductors and composed of beam sensitive light elements containing variable amounts of water. In the SEM, the imaging system depends on the specimen being sufficiently electrically conductive to ensure that the bulk of the incoming electrons go to ground. The formation of the image depends on collecting the different signals that are scattered as a consequence of the high energy beam interacting with the sample. Backscattered electrons and secondary electrons are generated Trade ReviewThis handbook should find its way to the reference bookshelf of all imaging laboratories. It should also become required reading for anyone being trained for SEM work, or anyone who might need to have their samples examined by using such techniques. In that way, it will be less likely that deficient results will be published and that the full potential of the SEM be realized. -- Iolo ap Gwynn, Microscopy and Microanalysis (2010)Table of ContentsSample Collection and Selection.- Sample Preparation Tools.- Sample Support.- Sample Embedding ?and Mounting.- Sample Exposure.- Sample Dehydration.- Sample Stabilization for Imaging in the SEM.- Sample Stabilization to Preserve Chemical Identity.- Sample Cleaning.- Sample Surface Charge Elimination.- Sample Artifacts and Damage.- Additional Sources of Information.

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Book SynopsisResearch in the field of high-entropy materials is advancing rapidly. High-Entropy Materials: Advances and Applications focuses on materials discovered using the high-entropy alloys (HEA) strategy. It discusses various types of high-entropy materials, such as face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) HEAs, films and coatings, fibers, and powders and hard-cemented carbides, along with current research status and applications:â Describes, compositions and processing of high-entropy materials.â Summarizes industrially valuable alloys found in high-entropy materials that hold promise for promotion and application.â Explains how high-entropy materials can be used in many fields and can outperform traditional materials.This book is aimed at researchers, advanced students, and academics in materials science and engineering and related disciplines.

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Book SynopsisModern Condensed Matter Physics brings together the most important advances in the field of recent decades. It provides instructors teaching graduate-level condensed matter courses with a comprehensive and in-depth textbook that will prepare graduate students for research or further study as well as reading more advanced and specialized books and research literature in the field. This textbook covers the basics of crystalline solids as well as analogous optical lattices and photonic crystals, while discussing cutting-edge topics such as disordered systems, mesoscopic systems, many-body systems, quantum magnetism, BoseEinstein condensates, quantum entanglement, and superconducting quantum bits. Students are provided with the appropriate mathematical background to understand the topological concepts that have been permeating the field, together with numerous physical examples ranging from the fractional quantum Hall effect to topological insulators, the toric code, and majorana fermions. Exercises, commentary boxes, and appendices afford guidance and feedback for beginners and experts alike.Trade Review'Finally, an excellent introductory graduate text for the modern era of quantum condensed matter physics! Girvin and Yang deftly describe the transformative advances in the field, highlighting the close connection between theory and experiment. Highly recommended to all, from physics students to researchers seeking to reset their foundations.' Subir Sachdev, Harvard University, Massachusetts'This book is a milestone for condensed matter physics that covers the field from Bragg scattering to superconductivity and topology of the electronic band structure with clarity and depth. It is an inspiring text and a reference for anyone in the field.' Richard Martin, University of IllinoisTable of ContentsPreface; Acknowledgements; 1. Overview of condensed matter physics; 2. Spatial structure; 3 Lattices and symmetries; 4. Neutron scattering; 5. Dynamics of lattice vibrations; 6. Quantum theory of harmonic crystals; 7. Electronic structure of crystals; 8. Semiclassical transport theory; 9. Semiconductors; 10. Non-local transport in mesoscopic systems; 11. Anderson localization; 12. Integer quantum Hall effect; 13. Topology and Berry phase; 14. Topological insulators and semimetals; 15. Interacting electrons; 16. Fractional quantum Hall effect; 17. Magnetism; 18. Bose–Einstein condensation and superuidity; 19. Superconductivity: basic phenomena and phenomenological theories; 20. Microscopic theory of superconductivity; Appendix A. Linear response theory; Appendix B. The Poisson summation formula; Appendix C. Tunneling and scanning tunneling microscopy; Appendix D. Brief primer on topology; Appendix E. Scattering matrices, unitarity and reciprocity; Appendix F. Quantum entanglement in condensed matter physics; Appendix G. Linear reponse and noise in electrical circuits; Appendix H. Functional differentiation; Appendix I. Low-energy effective hamiltonians; Appendix J. Introduction to second quantization; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe field of ultracold atomic physics has developed rapidly during the last two decades, and currently encompasses a broad range of topics in physics, with a variety of important applications in topics ranging from quantum computing and simulation to quantum metrology, and can be used to probe fundamental many-body effects such as superconductivity and superfluidity. Beginning with the underlying and including the most cutting-edge experimental developments, this textbook covers essential topics such as Bose-Einstein condensation of alkali atoms, studies of BEC-BCS crossover in degenerate Fermi gas, synthetic gauge fields and Hubbard models, and many-body localization and dynamical gauge fields. Key physical concepts, such as symmetry and universality highlight the connections between different systems, and theory is developed with plain derivations supported by experimental results. This self-contained and modern text will be invaluable for researchers, graduate students and advanced Trade Review'… this book is accessible to most readers, especially for experimentalists, for junior researchers including senior undergraduate students, and for readers outside the field of ultracold atomic physics.' A. M. Saperstein, Association of American PublishersTable of ContentsPreface. Part I. Atomic and Few-Body Physics: 1. A Single Atom; 2. Two-Body Interaction; Part II. Interacting Bose Gas: 3. Interaction Effects; 4. Topology and Symmetry; Part III. Degenerate Fermi Gases: 5. The Fermi Liquid; 6. The Fermi Superfluid; Part IV. Optical Lattices: 7. Non-Interacting Bands; 8. The Hubbard Model; References.

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Book SynopsisWhat is a plasmon? Is it a particle, like a photon or a wave? Plasmonics stands at the frontier of condensed matter physics, which is the world of electrons, optics and of photons. Plasmonics is one of the most active fields in nanophotonics. This book begins by exploring the concepts behind waves, and the electromagnetic description of light when it interacts with metals; it dedicates every chapter thereafter to all aspects of plasmonics. In particular, the surface plasmon polariton wave is explained in full detail, as well as the localized surface plasmon resonance of metallic nanoparticles. The active research area opened by plasmonics, as well as its applications, are also briefly explained, such as advanced biosensing, subwavelength waveguiding, quantum plasmonics, nanoparticle-based cancer therapies, optical nano-antenna and high-efficiency photovoltaic cells.The book is adapted for graduate students and places a special emphasis on providing complete explanations of the fundamental concepts of plasmonics. Further, each of these concepts is illustrated with examples drawn from the most recent scientific literature. Each chapter ends with a set of exercises that will help the reader revise the concepts and go deeper into the world of plasmonics. More than 70 exercises are included.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is an introduction to the Brownian motion of colloids and nano-particles, and the diffusion of molecules. One very appealing aspect of Brownian motion, as this book illustrates, is that the subject connects a broad variety of topics, including thermal physics, hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics, fluctuation phenomena, statistical thermodynamics, osmosis and colloid science. The book is based on a set of lecture notes that the authors used for an undergraduate course at the University of Utrecht, Netherland. It aims to provide more than a simplified qualitative description of the subject, without getting bogged down in difficult mathematics. Each chapter contains exercises, ranging from straightforward ones to more involved problems, addressing instances from (thermal motion in) chemistry, physics and life sciences. Exercises also deal with derivations or calculations that are skipped in the main text. The book offers a treatment of Brownian motion on a level appropriate for bachelor/undergraduate students of physics, chemistry, soft matter and the life sciences. PhD students attending courses and doing research in colloid science or soft matter will also benefit from this book.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book offers an original view of the color confinement/deconfinement transition that occurs in non-abelian gauge theories at high temperature and/or densities. It is grounded on the fact that the standard Faddeev-Popov gauge-fixing procedure in the Landau gauge is incomplete. The proper analysis of the low energy properties of non-abelian theories in this gauge requires, therefore, the extension of the gauge-fixing procedure, beyond the Faddeev-Popov recipe. The author reviews various applications of one such extension, based on the Curci-Ferrari model, with a special focus on the confinement/deconfinement transition, first in the case of pure Yang-Mills theory, and then, in a formal regime of Quantum Chromodynamics where all quarks are considered heavy. He shows that most qualitative aspects and also many quantitative features of the deconfinement transition can be accounted for within the model, with only one additional parameter. Moreover, these features emerge in a systematic and controlled perturbative expansion, as opposed to what would happen in a perturbative expansion within the Faddeev-Popov model. The book is also intended as a thorough and pedagogical introduction to background field gauge techniques at finite temperature and/or density. In particular, it offers a new and promising view on the way these techniques might be applied at finite temperature. The material aims at graduate students or researchers who wish to deepen their understanding of the confinement/deconfinement transition from an analytical perspective. Basic knowledge of gauge theories at finite temperature is required, although the text is designed in a self-contained manner, with most concepts and tools introduced when needed. At the end of each chapter, a series of exercises is proposed to master the subject.Table of ContentsGeneral introduction Chapter 1: Faddeev-Popov gauge fixing and the Curci-Ferrari model 1.1 Standard gauge fixing 1.2 Infrared completion of the gauge fixing 1.3 Review of results within the Curci-Ferrari model Appendix: BRST transformations under the functional integral Chapter 2: Deconfinement transition and center symmetry 2.1 The Polyakov loop 2.2 Center symmetry 2.3 Center symmetry and gauge fixing Chapter 3: Background Field Gauges: States and Symmetries 3.1 The role of the background field with regard to center symmetry 3.2 Self-consistent backgrounds 3.3 Other symmetries 3.4 Additional remarks Chapter 4: Background Field Gauges: Weyl chambers 4.1 Constant temporal backgrounds 4.2 Winding and Weyl transformations 4.3 Weyl chambers and symmetries Appendix: Euclidean space-time symmetries Chapter 5: Yang-Mills deconfinement transition from the Curci-Ferrari model at leading order 5.1 Landau-deWitt gauge 5.2 Background field effective potential 5.3 SU(2) and SU(3) gauge groups 5.4 Thermodynamics Chapter 6: Yang-Mills deconfinement transition from the Curci-Ferrari model at next-to-leading order 6.1 Feynman rules and color conservation 6.2 Two-loop effective potential 6.3 Next-to-leading order Polyakov loop 6.4 Results Chapter 7: More on the relation between the center symmetry group and the deconfinement transition 7.1 Polyakov loops in other representations 7.2 SU(4) Weyl chambers 7.3 One-loop results7.4 Casimir scaling Chapter 8: Background field gauges: adding quarks and density 8.1 General considerations 8.2 Continuum sign problems 8.3 Background field gauges Chapter 9: QCD decofinement transition in the heavy quark regime9.1 Background effective potential9.2 Phase structure at vanishing chemical potential9.3 Phase structure at imaginary chemical potential9.4 Phase structure at real chemical potentialChapter 10: A novel look at background field methods at finite temperature 10.1 Limitations of the standard approach 10.2 Center-symmetric Landau gauge 10.3 Implementation within the Curci-Ferrari model 10.4 Results 10.5 Connection to the self-consistent backgroundsConclusions and outlookAppendix A: The SU(N) Lie algebra Appendix B: Evaluating Matsubara sums

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction to Defects.- Chapter 2. Introduction to Solitons.- Chapter 3. Free Energy.- Chapter 4. Dynamics and Statistical Mechanics.- Chapter 5. Prequel to Defects: Variable Magnitude of Order.- Chapter 6. Further Issues: Defect Phase/Orientation, Charge Density, Curvature.- Chapter 7. 2D Nematic Order, Active Liquid Crystals.- Chapter 8. 3D Polar or Nematic Order.- Chapter 9. Defects in Crystals.- Chapter 10. 2D Measuring Surface: Hedgehogs, Skyrmions.- Chapter 11. 3D Measuring Surface: Hopfions.- Chapter 12. Phases With Regular Arrays of Defects or Solitons.

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Book SynopsisThis book emphasises both experimental and theoretical aspects of surface, interface and thin-film physics. As in previous editions the preparation of surfaces and thin films, their atomic and morphological structure, their vibronic and electronic properties as well as fundamentals of adsorption are treated. Because of their importance in modern information technology and nanostructure research, particular emphasis is paid to electronic surface and interface states, semiconductor space charge layers and heterostructures. A special chapter of the book is devoted to collective phenomena at interfaces and in thin films such as superconductivity and magnetism. The latter topic includes the meanwhile important issues giant magnetoresistance and spin-transfer torque mechanism, both effects being of high interest in information technology. In this new edition, for the first time, the effect of spin-orbit coupling on surface states is treated. In this context the class of the recently detected topological insulators, materials of significant importance for spin electronics, are discussed. Particular emphasis, hereby, is laid on the new type of topologically protected surface states with well-defined spin orientation. Furthermore, some important well established experimental techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS), which were missing so far in earlier editions, were added in this new 6th edition of the book.Table of ContentsSurface and Interface Physics: Its Definition and Importance.- Preparation of Well-Defined Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films.- Morphology and Structure of Surfaces, Interfaces and Thin Films.- Scattering from Surfaces and Thin Films.- Surface Phonons.- Electronic Surface States.- Space-Charge Layers at Semiconductor Inferfaces.- Metal–Semiconductor Junctions and Semiconductor Heterostructures.- Collective Phenomena at Interfaces:Superconductivity and Ferromagnetism.- Adsorption on Solid Surfaces.

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Book SynopsisA concise, accessible, and up-to-date introduction to solid state physics Solid state physics is the foundation of many of today's technologies including LEDs, MOSFET transistors, solar cells, lasers, digital cameras, data storage and processing. Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers offers a guide to basic concepts and provides an accessible framework for understanding this highly application-relevant branch of science for materials engineers. The text links the fundamentals of solid state physics to modern materials, such as graphene, photonic and metamaterials, superconducting magnets, high-temperature superconductors and topological insulators. Written by a noted expert and experienced instructor, the book contains numerous worked examples throughout to help the reader gain a thorough understanding of the concepts and information presented. The text covers a wide range of relevant topics, including propagation of electron and acoustic waves in crystals, electrical conductivity in metals and semiconductors, light interaction with metals, semiconductors and dielectrics, thermoelectricity, cooperative phenomena in electron systems, ferroelectricity as a cooperative phenomenon, and more. This important book: Provides a big picture view of solid state physics Contains examples of basic concepts and applications Offers a highly accessible text that fosters real understanding Presents a wealth of helpful worked examples Written for students of materials science, engineering, chemistry and physics, Introduction to Solid State Physics for Materials Engineers is an important guide to help foster an understanding of solid state physics.Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii 1 General Impact of Translational Symmetry in Crystals on Solid State Physics 1 1.1 Crystal Symmetry in Real Space 3 1.2 Symmetry and Physical Properties in Crystals 9 1.3 Wave Propagation in Periodic Media and Construction of Reciprocal Lattice 13 1.A Symmetry Constraints on Rotation Axes 18 1.B Twinning in Crystals 20 2 Electron Waves in Crystals 23 2.1 Electron Behavior in a Periodic Potential and Energy Gap Formation 23 2.2 The Brillouin Zone 28 2.3 Band Structure 31 2.4 Graphene 35 2.5 Fermi Surface 40 2.A Cyclotron Resonance and Related Phenomena 43 3 Elastic Wave Propagation in Periodic Media, Phonons, and Thermal Properties of Crystals 51 3.1 Linear Chain of the Periodically Positioned Atoms 51 3.2 Phonons and Heat Capacity 56 3.3 Thermal Vibrations of Atoms in Crystals 59 3.4 Crystal Melting 60 3.5 X-ray and Neutron Interaction with Phonons 61 3.5.1 Debye–Waller Factor 65 3.6 Lattice Anharmonicity 67 3.7 Velocities of Bulk AcousticWaves 69 3.8 Surface AcousticWaves 72 3.A Bose’s Derivation of the Planck Distribution Function 73 4 Electrical Conductivity in Metals 75 4.1 Classical Drude Theory 76 4.2 Quantum–Mechanical Approach 77 4.3 Phonon Contribution to Electrical Resistivity 80 4.4 Defects’ Contributions to Metal Resistivity 82 4.A Derivation of the Fermi-Dirac Distribution Function 84 5 Electron Contribution to Thermal Properties of Crystals 87 5.1 Electronic Specific Heat 87 5.2 Electronic Heat Conductivity and theWiedemann–Franz Law 92 5.3 Thermoelectric Phenomena 94 5.4 Thermoelectric Materials 98 6 Electrical Conductivity in Semiconductors 105 6.1 Intrinsic (Undoped) Semiconductors 105 6.2 Extrinsic (Doped) Semiconductors 110 6.3 p–n Junction 111 6.4 Semiconductor Transistors 117 6.A Estimation of Exciton’s Radius and Binding Energy 120 7 Work Function and Related Phenomena 123 7.1 Work Function of Metals 123 7.2 Photoelectric Effect 126 7.2.1 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (APRES) 126 7.3 Thermionic Emission 128 7.4 Metal-Semiconductor Junction 131 7.A Image Charge Method 133 7.B A Free Electron Cannot Absorb a Photon 134 8 Light Interaction with Metals and Dielectrics 135 8.1 Skin Effect in Metals 137 8.2 Light Reflection from a Metal 138 8.3 Plasma Frequency 140 8.4 Introduction to Metamaterials 141 8.5 Structural Colors 148 8.A Acoustic Metamaterials 150 9 Light Interaction with Semiconductors 155 9.1 Solar Cells 155 9.1.1 The Grätzel Cell 159 9.1.2 Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 161 9.2 Solid State Radiation Detectors 162 9.2.1 Infrared Detectors 164 9.3 Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) 167 9.4 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 168 9.5 Semiconductor Lasers 170 9.6 Photonic Materials 173 10 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Superconductivity 177 10.1 Phonon-Mediated Cooper Pairing Mechanism 178 10.2 Direct Measurements of the Superconductor Energy Gap 182 10.3 Josephson Effect 184 10.4 Meissner Effect 185 10.5 SQUID 188 10.6 High-Temperature Superconductivity 189 10.A Fourier Transform of the Coulomb Potential 192 10.B The Josephson Effect Theory 193 10.C Derivation of the CriticalMagnetic Field in Type I Superconductors 195 11 Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems: Ferromagnetism 197 11.1 Paramagnetism and Ferromagnetism 198 11.2 The Ising Model 204 11.3 Magnetic Structures 205 11.4 Magnetic Domains 207 11.5 Magnetic Materials 210 11.6 Giant Magnetoresistance 211 11.A The Elementary Magnetic Moment of an Electron Produced by its Orbital Movement 214 11.B Pauli Paramagnetism 214 11.C Magnetic DomainWalls 216 12 Ferroelectricity as a Cooperative Phenomenon 219 12.1 The Theory of Ferroelectric Phase Transition 223 12.2 Ferroelectric Domains 227 12.3 The Piezoelectric Effect and Its Application in Ferroelectric Devices 230 12.4 Other Application Fields of Ferroelectrics 233 13 Other Examples of Cooperative Phenomena in Electron Systems 237 13.1 The Mott Metal–Insulator Transition 237 13.2 Classical and Quantum Hall Effects 241 13.3 Topological Insulators 247 13.A Electron Energies and Orbit Radii in the Simplified Bohr Model of a Hydrogen-like Atom 250 Further Reading 253 List of Prominent Scientists Mentioned in the Book 255 Index 265

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Book SynopsisDerived from lectures at the University of Freiburg, this textbook introduces solid-state physics as well as the physics of liquids, liquid crystals and polymers. The five chapters deal with the key characteristics of condensed matter: structures, susceptibilities, molecular fields, currents, and dynamics. The author strives to present and explain coherently the terms and concepts associated with the main properties and characteristics of condensed matter, while minimizing attention to extraneous details. As a result, this text provides the firm and broad basis of understanding that readers require for further study and research.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: From "Applied Rheology", Vol. 14/2, 2004, p. 81: " 'Condensed Matter Physics' is one of few books covering both hard and soft condensed matter on a graduate studies level. ... Strobl's book provides an excellent, well organized introduction to the fundamentals of condensed matter physics. Although the topic is approached from a physicist's point of view and ca. one half is devoted to crystals, the book will not only be of high value for physics students. Other scientists and engineers who need to learn about hard or soft condensed matter will find it very helpful as well." "This is a translation of the original German edition. It is a textbook covering the lectures given by the author at the University of Freiburg. … The presentation is very concise with due insistence on the interrelations between the various phenomena and concepts. As such it provides a good introduction to the physics of condensed matter which will be of value to a broad audience of scientists." (Marc Baus, Physicalia, Vol. 57 (3), 2005) "The underlying aim of the book is to cover the whole of condensed matter … in a form which is concise enough to be the basis of an undergraduate course. … As someone who has worked in solid state physics … I found the book quite stimulating. … an admirable book which fully succeeds in its basic aim and would be of interest to many already working in the field … . would integrate well into the course structure of many Physics Departments." (Dr. M. Blamire, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 46 (2), 2005)"Even though exciting new fields open up in bio- and polymer physics, few textbooks so far cover soft matter adequately. In this sense, Strobl follows a very modern approach for undergraduate teaching by trying a unified treatment of "condensed matter" properties. This is a tribute to the increasing importance of life sciences and modern materials sciences, which do no more focus on simple structures such as perfect crystals, but handle a continious spectrum of pure liquids, solutions, liquid crystals, amorphous rubbers and glasses, nanocrystals, and finally perfect solids.... As is intended by the author, the book distinguishes from similar volumes by putting emphasis on polymers and liquid crystals, and especially by combining elementary physics with modern and ambitious thematic...."Condensed Matter Physics" is a clearly structured and well-written textbook which may certainly be recommended for undergraduate students not only in experimental physics but also in materials and engineering sciences. … Like many other good textbooks, it benefits from the great experience of the lecturer in presentation and, last but not least, from valuable exercises at the end of the parts with corresponding solutions in the appendix." (Walter Langel, Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry, 2006)Table of Contents1 Structures.- 2 Moduli, Viscosities and Susceptibilities.- 3 Molecular Fields and Critical Phase Transitions.- 4 Charges and Currents.- 5 Microscopic Dynamics.- A Thermodynamic Potentials.- B Solutions to the Exercises.- C A Small Selection of Further Reading.- D Nomenclature.- References.

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the well-received introduction to solid-state physics provides a comprehensive overview of the basic theoretical and experimental concepts of materials science. Experimental aspects and laboratory details are highlighted in separate panels that enrich text and emphasize recent developments. Notably, new material in the third edition includes sections on important new devices, aspects of non- periodic structures of matter, phase transitions, defects, superconductors and nanostructures. Students will benefit significantly from solving the exercises given at the end of each chapter. This book is intended for university students in physics, materials science and electrical engineering. It has been thoroughly updated to maintain its relevance and usefulness to students and professionals.Trade ReviewFrom a review of the original edition: "... An excellent mix of concepts, theoretical arguments, and discussion of modern experiments - all at an introductory level ... Full of illustrations, photographs, schematic diagrams of experimental techniques, and graphs of results..." - American Journal of PhysicsTable of ContentsChemical Bonding in Solids.- Structure of Solid Matter.- Diffraction from Periodic Structures.- Dynamics of Atoms in Crystals.- Thermal Properties.- #x201C;Free#x201D; Electrons in Solids.- The Electronic Bandstructure of Solids.- Magnetism.- Motion of Electrons and Transport Phenomena.- Superconductivity.- Dielectric Properties of Materials.- Semiconductors.

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Book SynopsisThe most important aspects of modern surface science are covered. All topics are presented in a concise and clear form accessible to a beginner. At the same time, the coverage is comprehensive and at a high technical level, with emphasis on the fundamental physical principles. Numerous examples, references, practice exercises, and problems complement this remarkably complete treatment, which will also serve as an excellent reference for researchers and practitioners. The textbook is idea for students in engineering and physical sciences. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: PHYSICS TODAY, OCTOBER 2004 Review by John T. Yates Jr., University of Pittsburgh "Surface Science: An Introduction is an excellent book that reviews many of the centrally important features of this interdisciplinary field. … The text is smoothly written and interesting. Readers will be immediately impressed by the quality and number of figures (372 in all) used to tell the story. Surface Science is designed for advanced undergraduate or graduate students in the engineering and physical sciences. It also serves as an introduction for researchers entering the field. Many earlier surface-science textbooks have concentrated on the experimental techniques used for measurements in the field. Surface Science also describes numerous experimental methods, but its main focus is on the concepts central to the field. After the introduction, the book presents an excellent chapter on two-dimensional crystallography; a chapter on experimental background follows, and the book then progresses through four chapters on surface analysis--from diffraction to electron spectroscopy, ion probes, and microscopy. The book proceeds to atomic and electronic structure of surfaces. The final four chapters discuss surfaces containing adsorbed atoms or molecules; topics include adsorption, desorption, surface diffusion, thin film behavior, and nanostructures on surfaces. … I like the book because of its clarity and compactness. Each chapter presents a few exercises that will serve well in the classroom. … Surface Science is a good resource for the student who is introduced to the field for the first time." "The book is designed as textbook for students in engineering and physical sciences. … All topics are presented in a concise and clear form accessible to a beginner. At the same time, the coverage is comprehensive and at a high technical level, with emphasis on the fundamental physical principles. Numerous examples, references, practice exercises, and problems complement this remarkably complete treatment, which will also serve as an excellent reference for researchers and practitioners." (Aluminium, Vol. 81 (4), 2005) "Surface Science: An Introduction is an excellent book that reviews many of the centrally important features of this interdisciplinary field. … Readers will be immediately impressed by the quality and number of figures (372 in all) used to tell the story. … I like the book because of its clarity and compactness. … Surface Science is a good resource for the student who is introduced to the field for the first time." (John T. Yates Jr, Physics Today, October, 2004) "The whole book is easy to read and well-structured. The explanations and descriptions are clear and logical. Many examples taken from literature illustrate the content. … the book is a successful attempt to provide a comprehensive introduction into various aspects of surface science. It can be recommended to all readers wishing to get an insight into the experimental background as well as its scientific scope ranging from basic concepts to current research." (Marcus Bäumer, ChemPhysChem, Vol. 5 (3), 2004)Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 2. Basics of Two-Dimensional Crystallography.- 3. Experimental Background.- 4. Surface Analysis I. Diffraction Methods.- 5. Surface Analysis II. Electron Spectroscopy Methods.- 6. Surface Analysis III. Probing Surfaces with Ions.- 7. Surface Analysis IV. Microscopy.- 8. Atomic Structure of Clean Surfaces.- 9. Atomic Structure of Surfaces with Adsorbates.- 10. Structural Defects at Surfaces.- 11. Electronic Structure of Surfaces.- 12. Elementary Processes at Surfaces I. Adsorption and Desorption.- 13. Elementary Processes at Surfaces II. Surface Diffusion.- 14. Growth of Thin Films.- 15. Atomic Manipulations and Nanostructure Formation.- References.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisKinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations still represent a quite new area of research, with a rapidly growing number of publications. Broadly speaking, kMC can be applied to any system describable as a set of minima of a potential-energy surface, the evolution of which will then be regarded as hops from one minimum to a neighboring one. The hops in kMC are modeled as stochastic processes and the algorithms use random numbers to determine at which times the hops occur and to which neighboring minimum they go. Sometimes this approach is also called dynamic MC or Stochastic Simulation Algorithm, in particular when it is applied to solving macroscopic rate equations. This book has two objectives. First, it is a primer on the kMC method (predominantly using the lattice-gas model) and thus much of the book will also be useful for applications other than to surface reactions. Second, it is intended to teach the reader what can be learned from kMC simulations of surface reaction kinetics. With these goals in mind, the present text is conceived as a self-contained introduction for students and non-specialist researchers alike who are interested in entering the field and learning about the topic from scratch.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This book is a good introduction to the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation of surface reactions. … the basic ideas of the kMC method are presented very clearly and understandably for non-specialists. Using simple models and many practical examples makes the book useful not only for specialists but also for those just getting started with the kinetic Monte Carlo method.” (Stefan K. Stefanov, Mathematical Reviews, February, 2013)“The author uses the kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) method to examine surface reactions. … The author formulates two goals of this book. The first one is to show that the kMC method can also be applied to phenomena other than surface reactions. Secondly, the reader is informed of what kind of surface-reaction kinetics could be examined with the help of kMC simulations. The book will be of interest to students and newcomers in the field of surface reactions.” (A. V. Fedorov, zbMATH, Vol. 1272, 2013)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Stochastic Model for the Description of Surface Reaction Systems.- Kinetic Monte Carlo Algorithms.- How to Get Kinetic Parameters.- Modeling Surface Reactions I.- Modeling Surface Reactions II.- Examples.- New Developments.- Glossary.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThe fractional quantum Hall effect has been one of the most active areas of research in quantum condensed matter physics for nearly four decades, serving as a paradigm for unexpected and exotic emergent behavior arising from interactions. This book, featuring a collection of articles written by experts and a Foreword by Klaus von Klitzing, the discoverer of quantum Hall effect and winner of 1985 Nobel Prize in physics, aims to provide a coherent account of the exciting new developments and the current status of the field.

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Book SynopsisHow does a solar cell work? How efficient can it be? Why do intricate patterns of metal lines decorate the surface of a solar module? How are the modules arranged in a solar farm? How can sunlight be stored during the day so that it can be used at night? And, how can a lifetime of more than 25 years be ensured in solar modules, despite the exposure to extreme patterns of weather? How do emerging machine-learning techniques assess the health of a solar farm? This practical book will answer all these questions and much more.Written in a conversational style and with over one-hundred homework problems, this book offers an end-to-end perspective, connecting the multi-disciplinary and multi-scale physical phenomena of electron-photon interaction at the molecular level to the design of kilometers-long solar farms. A new conceptual framework explains each concept in a simple, crystal-clear form. The novel use of thermodynamics not only determines the ultimate conversion efficiencies of the various solar cells proposed over the years, but also identifies the measurement artifacts and establishes practical limits by correlating the degradation modes. Extensive coverage of conceptual techniques already developed in other fields further inspire innovative designs of solar farms.This book will not only help you to make a solar cell, but it will help you make a solar cell better, to trace and reclaim the photons that would have been lost otherwise. Collaborations across multiple disciplines make photovoltaics real and given the concern about reducing the overall cost of solar energy, this interdisciplinary book is essential reading for anyone interested in photovoltaic technology.

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Book SynopsisA core principle of physics is knowledge gained from data. Thus, deep learning has instantly entered physics and may become a new paradigm in basic and applied research.This textbook addresses physics students and physicists who want to understand what deep learning actually means, and what is the potential for their own scientific projects. Being familiar with linear algebra and parameter optimization is sufficient to jump-start deep learning. Adopting a pragmatic approach, basic and advanced applications in physics research are described. Also offered are simple hands-on exercises for implementing deep networks for which python code and training data can be downloaded.

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Book SynopsisProfessor Freeman Dyson, a great physicist, thinker and futurist, has been very active in scientific, literary and public policy activities throughout his career. As a tribute to him on the occasion of his 90th birthday and to celebrate his lifelong contributions in physics, mathematics, astronomy, nuclear engineering and global warming, a conference covering a wide range of topics was held in Singapore from 26 to 29 August 2013. Distinguished scientists from around the world, including Nobel Laureate Professor David Gross, joined Professor Dyson in the celebration with a festival of lectures.This memorable volume collects an interesting lecture by Professor Dyson, Is a Graviton Detectable?, contributions by speakers at the conference, as well as guest contributions by colleagues who celebrated Dyson's birthday at Rutgers University and Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.About Freeman DysonFreeman John Dyson FRS, born December 15, 1923, is an eminent English-born American physicist, mathematician, and futurist. He is famous for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, mathematics, astronomy and nuclear engineering, as well as a renowned and best-selling author. He has spent most of his life as a professor of physics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, taking time off to advise the US government and write books for the public. He has won numerous notable awards including the Enrico Fermi Award, Templeton Prize, Wolf Prize, Pomeranchuk Prize, and Henri Poincaré Prize.Table of ContentsIs a Graviton Detectable? (F Dyson); Dark Energy and Dark Matter in a Superfluid Universe (K Huang); Tenth-order QED contribution to the electron g-2 and high precision test of Quantum Electrodynamics (T Kinoshita); The Relativity of Space-Time-Property (R Delbourgo); Overview of the study of complex shapes of fluid membranes, the Helfrich model and new applications (O Zhong-can); Freeman in 1948 (C DeWitt); "Dear Professor Dyson": Twenty Years of Correspondence Between Freeman Dyson and Undergraduate Students (D Neuenschwander); Freeman Dyson: Some Early Recollections (M Longuet-Higgins); Carbon Humanism: Freeman Dyson and the looming battle between environmentalists and humanists (P Schewe).

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Book SynopsisUnraveling the mystery of the negative thermal expansion of liquid water has been a challenge for scientists for centuries. Various theories have been proposed so far, but none has been able to solve this mystery. Since the thermodynamic properties of matter are determined by the interaction between particles, the mystery can be solved fundamentally if the thermodynamic physical quantities using the laws of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are determined, the experimental results are reproduced, and the phenomena in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles are elucidated. In this sense, this book has fundamentally unraveled this mystery. In addition, it discusses the mysteries of isothermal compressibility, structural diversity, as well as liquefaction and boiling points of water in relation to the shape of the interaction between particles. It carefully explains the analysis and calculation methods so that they can be easily understood by the readers. Table of Contents1. Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Fluids 2. Strange Temperature Change of Water Density 3. Fundamental Clarification of Thermodynamic Phenomena in Water 4. Variety of Shapes of Water-Molecule Interactions 5. Ornstein-Zernike Equation 6. Calculation Procedure of SCOZA 7. Pressure and Chemical Potential 8. Thermodynamic Properties of Subcritical Fluids

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Book SynopsisThe Ising model provides a detailed mathematical description of ferromagnetism and is widely used in statistical physics and condensed matter physics. In this Student''s Guide, the author demystifies the mathematical framework of the Ising model and provides students with a clear understanding of both its physical significance, and how to apply it successfully in their calculations. Key topics related to the Ising model are covered, including exact solutions of both finite and infinite systems, series expansions about high and low temperatures, mean-field approximation methods, and renormalization-group calculations. The book also incorporates plots, figures, and tables to highlight the significance of the results. Designed as a supplementary resource for undergraduate and graduate students, each chapter includes a selection of exercises intended to reinforce and extend important concepts, and solutions are also available for all exercises.Table of Contents1. The Ising model; 2. Finite Ising systems; 3. Partial summations and effective interactions; 4. Infinite Ising systems in one dimension; 5. The Onsager solution and exact series expansions; 6. The mean-field approach; 7. Position-space renormalization-group techniques; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. It is effectively two books in one: A textbook on cryostat design techniques and an appendix data handbook that provides materials-property data for carrying out that design. The main text encompasses a wide range of information, written for specialists, without leaving beginning students behind. After summarizing cooling methods, Part I provides core information in an accessible style on techniques for cryostat design and fabrication - including heat-transfer design, selection of materials, construction, wiring, and thermometry, accompanied by many graphs, data, and clear examples. Part II gives a practical user''s perspective of sample mounting techniques and contact technology. Part III applies the information from Parts I and II to the measurement and analysis of superconductor critical currents, including in-depth measurement techniques and the latest developments in data analysis and scaling theory. The appendix is a ready reference handbook for cryostat design, encompassing seventy tables compiled from the contributions of experts and over fifty years of literature.Trade ReviewThis book presents a highly integrated, step-by-step approach to the design and construction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. * Bulletin of the Institute of Refrigeration *Overall, I highly recommend Ekin's book. It is informative and well written, for beginners who are starting research at low temperatures and for veterans who will benefit from the author's experience. George O. Zimmerman, Physics Today, May 2007, page 67This extensively illustrated book presents a step-by-step approach to the design and constuction of low-temperature measurement apparatus. Many recent developments in the field not previously published are covered in this volume. * CERN Courier *I could not wait for this book to appear in print. I will make it required reading for anyone designing cryogenic probes for use in our laboratory. * Bruce Brandt, U.S.National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida *I am very impressed with the mixture of rigour and practicality that the book offers.[...] The charts are a treasure trove of practical information. * Mark Colclough, University of Birmingham *Beginners as well as [specialists] should have such a text, including the copious data on cryogenics ... * Hisayasu Kobayashi, University of Tokyo *I really liked the example calculations [...] If you don't find the information in the text, one can be sure that it's in the Appendix. This makes the text a 'stand-alone' book on cryostat design. * Karsten Guth, Universität Göttingen *Table of ContentsPART I ; PART II ; PART III

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Ceramics presents readers with an exceptionally clear and comprehensive introduction to ceramic science. This Second Edition updates problems and adds more worked examples, as well as adding new chapter sections on Computational Materials Science and Case Studies. The Computational Materials Science sections describe how today density functional theory and molecular dynamics calculations can shed valuable light on properties, especially ones that are not easy to measure or visualize otherwise such as surface energies, elastic constants, point defect energies, phonon modes, etc. The Case Studies sections focus more on applications, such as solid oxide fuel cells, optical fibers, alumina forming materials, ultra-strong and thin glasses, glass-ceramics, strong and tough ceramics, fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites, thermal barrier coatings, the space shuttle tiles, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, two-dimensional solids, field-assisted and microwavTable of ContentsCONTENTSSeries Preface xiPreface to the Second Edition xiiiPreface to First Edition xvAuthor xix1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Definition of Ceramics 21.3 Elementary Crystallography 31.4 Ceramic Microstructures 61.5 Traditional versus Advanced Ceramics 61.6 General Characteristics of Ceramics 71.7 Applications 71.8 The Future 9Additional Reading 112 Bonding in Ceramics 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Structure of Atoms 142.3 Ionic versus Covalent Bonding 232.4 Ionic Bonding 232.5 Ionically Bonded Solids 282.6 Covalent Bond Formation 342.7 Covalently Bonded Solids 372.8 Band Theory of Solids 372.9 Summary 49Appendix 2A: Kinetic Energy of Free Electrons 50Additional Reading 52Other References 533 Structure of Ceramics 553.1 Introduction 553.2 Ceramic Structures 573.3 Binary Ionic Compounds 623.4 Composite Crystal Structures 673.5 Structure of Covalent Ceramics 703.6 Structure of Layered Ceramics 703.7 Structure of Silicates 713.8 Lattice Parameters and Density 773.9 Summary 85Appendix 3A 86Additional Reading 92Other References 924 Effect of Chemical Forces on PhysicalProperties 934.1 Introduction 934.2 Melting Points 944.3 Thermal Expansion 994.4 Young’s Modulus and the Strength ofPerfect Solids 1004.5 Surface Energy 1064.6 Frequencies of Atomic Vibrations 1084.7 Summary 113Additional Reading 116Multimedia References and Databases 1165 Thermodynamic and KineticConsiderations 1175.1 Introduction 1175.2 Free Energy 1185.3 Chemical Equilibrium and the Mass ActionExpression 1295.4 Chemical Stability Domains 1305.5 Electrochemical Potentials 1335.6 Charged Interfaces, Double Layers andDebye Lengths 1345.7 Gibbs–Duhem Relation for Binary Oxides 1355.8 Kinetic Considerations 1385.9 Summary 142Appendix 5A: Derivation of Eq. (5.27) 142Additional Reading 145Thermodynamic Data 1456 Defects in Ceramics 1476.1 Introduction 1476.2 Point Defects 1486.3 Linear Defects 1766.4 Planar Defects 1786.5 Summary 184Additional Reading 1877 Diffusion and Electrical Conductivity 1897.1 Introduction 1897.2 Diffusion 1907.3 Electrical Conductivity 2067.4 Ambipolar Diffusion 2247.5 Relationships between Self-, Tracer,Chemical, Ambipolar and Defect DiffusionCoefficients 2367.6 Summary 243Appendix 7A: Relationship between Fick’s FirstLaw and Eq. (7.30) 245Appendix 7B: Effective Mass and Density of States 246Appendix 7C: Derivation of Eq. (7.79) 248Appendix 7D: Derivation of Eq. (7.92) 248Additional Reading 255Other References 2558 Phase Equilibria 2578.1 Introduction 2578.2 Phase Rule 2588.3 One-Component Systems 2598.4 Binary Systems 2628.5 Ternary Systems 2708.6 Free-Energy Composition and TemperatureDiagrams 2718.7 Summary 276Additional Reading 277Phase Diagram Information 2789 Formation, Structure and Properties ofGlasses 2799.1 Introduction 2799.2 Glass Formation 2809.3 Glass Structure 2939.4 Glass Properties 2959.5 Summary 309Appendix 9A: Derivation of Eq. (9.7) 310Additional Reading 313Other References 31410 Sintering and Grain Growth 31510.1 Introduction 31510.2 Solid-State Sintering 31710.3 Solid-State Sintering Kinetics 32710.4 Liquid-Phase Sintering 34910.5 Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing 35510.6 Summary 359Appendix 10A: Derivation of the Gibbs–Thompson Equation 360Appendix 10B: Radii of Curvature 361Appendix 10C: Derivation of Eq. (10.20) 362Appendix 10D: Derivation of Eq. (10.22) 363Additional Reading 367Other References 36811 Mechanical Properties: Fast Fracture 36911.1 Introduction 36911.2 Fracture Toughness 37311.3 Atomistic Aspects of Fracture 38311.4 Strength of Ceramics 38511.5 Toughening Mechanisms 39211.6 Designing with Ceramics 39911.7 Summary 408Additional Reading 41312 Creep, Subcritical Crack Growth andFatigue 41512.1 Introduction 41512.2 Creep 41612.3 Subcritical Crack Growth 43012.4 Fatigue of Ceramics 43612.5 Lifetime Predictions 43912.6 Summary 450Appendix 12A: Derivation of Eq. (12.24) 451Additional Reading 45613 Thermal Properties 45913.1 Introduction 45913.2 Thermal Stresses 46013.3 Thermal Shock 46413.4 Spontaneous Microcracking of Ceramics 46913.5 Thermal Tempering of Glass 47213.6 Thermal Conductivity 47313.7 Summary 479Additional Reading 482Other Resources 48214 Linear Dielectric Properties 48314.1 Introduction 48314.2 Basic Theory 48414.3 Equivalent Circuit Description of LinearDielectrics 48914.4 Polarization Mechanisms 49414.5 Dielectric Loss 51314.6 Dielectric Breakdown 51414.7 Capacitors and Insulators 51514.8 Summary 520Appendix 14A: Local Electric Field 521Additional Reading 52715 Magnetic and Nonlinear DielectricProperties 52915.1 Introduction 52915.2 Basic Theory 53015.3 Microscopic Theory 53615.4 Para-, Ferro-, Antiferro-, andFerrimagnetism 54015.5 Magnetic Domains and Hysteresis Curves 54815.6 Magnetic Ceramics and Their Applications 55215.7 Piezo- and Ferroelectric Ceramics 55915.8 Summary 572Appendix 15A: Orbital Magnetic QuantumNumber 573Additional Reading 57616 Optical Properties 57716.1 Introduction 57716.2 Basic Principles 57916.3 Absorption and Transmission 59016.4 Scattering and Opacity 59616.6 Summary 605Appendix 16A: Coherence 606Appendix 16B: Assumptions Made in DerivingEq. (16.24) 606Additional Reading 610Index 611

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Book SynopsisAn introduction to the area of condensed matter in a nutshell. This textbook covers the standard topics, including crystal structures, energy bands, phonons, optical properties, ferroelectricity, superconductivity, and magnetism.Trade Review"Don't skip the introduction. It will not only re-energize those synapses which remember the history of chemistry, geology, and crystal growth, but it also poses some apparently simple questions which reveal the thrust of modern material research--all in eight pages."--Bruce L. Dietrich, PlanetarianTable of ContentsPreface xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 1900-1910 1 1.2 Crystal Growth 2 1.3 Materials by Design 4 1.4 Artificial Structures 5 Chapter 2: Crystal Structures 9 2.1 Lattice Vectors 9 2.2 Reciprocal Lattice Vectors 11 2.3 Two Dimensions 13 2.4 Three Dimensions 15 2.5 Compounds 19 2.6 Measuring Crystal Structures 21 2.6.1 X-ray Scattering 22 2.6.2 Electron Scattering 23 2.6.3 Neutron Scattering 23 2.7 Structure Factor 25 2.8 EXAFS 26 2.9 Optical Lattices 28 Chapter 3: Emergy Bands 31 3.1 Bloch's Theorem 31 3.1.1 Floquet's Theorem 32 3.2 Nearly Free Electron Bands 36 3.2.1 Periodic Potentials 36 3.3 Tight-binding Bands 38 3.3.1 s-State Bands 38 3.3.2 p-State Bands 41 3.3.3 Wannier Functions 43 3.4 Semiconductor Energy Bands 44 3.4.1 What Is a Semiconductor? 44 3.4.2 Si, Ge, GaAs 47 3.4.3 HgTe and CdTe 50 3.4.4 k * p Theory 51 3.4.5 Electron Velocity 55 3.5 Density of States 55 3.5.1 Dynamical Mean Field Theory 58 3.6 Pseudopotentials 60 3.7 Measurement of Energy Bands 62 3.7.1 Cyclotron Resonance 62 3.7.2 Synchrotron Band Mapping 63 Chapter 4: Insulators 68 4.1 Rare Gas Solids 68 4.2 Ionic Crystals 69 4.2.1 Madelung energy 71 4.2.2 Polarization Interactions 72 4.2.3 Van der Waals Interaction 75 4.2.4 Ionic Radii 75 4.2.5 Repulsive Energy 76 4.2.6 Phonons 77 4.3 Dielectric Screening 78 4.3.1 Dielectric Function 78 4.3.2 Polarizabilities 80 4.4 Ferroelectrics 82 4.4.1 Microscopic Theory 83 4.4.2 Thermodynamics 87 4.4.3 SrTiO3 89 4.4.4 BaTiO3 91 Chapter 5: Free Electron Metals 94 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Free Electrons 96 5.2.1 Electron Density 96 5.2.2 Density of States 97 5.2.3 Nonzero Temperatures 98 5.2.4 Two Dimensions 101 5.2.5 Fermi Surfaces 102 5.2.6 Thermionic Emission 104 5.3 Magnetic Fields 105 5.3.1 Integer Quantum Hall Effect 107 5.3.2 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect 110 5.3.3 Composite Fermions 113 5.3.4 deHaas-van Alphen Effect 113 5.4 Quantization of Orbits 117 5.4.1 Cyclotron Resonance 119 Chapter 6: Electron-Electron Interactions 127 6.1 Second Quantization 128 6.1.1 Tight-binding Models 131 6.1.2 Nearly Free Electrons 131 6.1.3 Hartree Energy: Wigner-Seitz 134 6.1.4 Exchange Energy 136 6.1.5 Compressibility 138 6.2 Density Operator 141 6.2.1 Two Theorems 142 6.2.2 Equations of Motion 143 6.2.3 Plasma Oscillations 144 6.2.4 Exchange Hole 146 6.3 Density Functional Theory 148 6.3.1 Functional Derivatives 149 6.3.2 Kinetic Energy 150 6.3.3 Kohn-Sham Equations 151 6.3.4 Exchange and Correlation 152 6.3.5 Application to Atoms 154 6.3.6 Time-dependent Local Density Approximation 155 6.3.7 TDLDA in Solids 157 6.4 Dielectric Function 158 6.4.1 Random Phase Approximation 159 6.4.2 Properties of P (q, w) 161 6.4.3 Hubbard-Singwi Dielectric Functions 164 6.5 Impurities in Metals 165 6.5.1 Friedel Analysis 166 6.5.2 RKKY Interaction 170 Chapter 7: Phonons 176 7.1 Phonon Dispersion 176 7.1.1 Spring Constants 177 7.1.2 Example: Square Lattice 179 7.1.3 Polar Crystals 181 7.1.4 Phonons 181 7.1.5 Dielectric Function 185 7.2 Phonon Operators 187 7.2.1 Simple Harmonic Oscillator 187 7.2.2 Phonons in One Dimension 189 7.2.3 Binary Chain 192 7.3 Phonon Density of States 195 7.3.1 Phonon Heat Capacity 197 7.3.2 Isotopes 199 7.4 Local Modes 203 7.5 Elasticity 205 7.5.1 Stress and Strain 205 7.5.2 Isotropic Materials 208 7.5.3 Boundary Conditions 210 7.5.4 Defect Interactions 211 7.5.5 Piezoelectricity 214 7.5.6 Phonon Focusing 215 7.6 Thermal Expansion 216 7.7 Debye-Waller Factor 217 7.8 Solitons 220 7.8.1 Solitary Waves 220 7.8.2 Cnoidal Functions 222 7.8.3 Periodic Solutions 223 Chapter 8: Boson Systems 230 8.1 Second Quantization 230 8.2 Superfluidity 232 8.2.1 Bose-Einstein Condensation 232 8.2.2 Bogoliubov Theory of Superfluidity 234 8.2.3 Off-diagonal Long-range Order 240 8.3 Spin Waves 244 8.3.1 Jordan-Wigner Transformation 245 8.3.2 Holstein-Primakoff Transformation 247 8.3.3 Heisenberg Model 248 Chapter 9: Electron-Phonon Interactions 254 9.1 Semiconductors and Insulators 254 9.1.1 Deformation Potentials 255 9.1.2 Frohlich Interaction 257 9.1.3 Piezoelectric Interaction 258 9.1.4 Tight-binding Models 259 9.1.5 Electron Self-energies 260 9.2 Electron-Phonon Interaction in Metals 263 9.2.1 ? 264 9.2.2 Phonon Frequencies 267 9.2.3 Electron-Phonon Mass Enhancement 268 9.3 Peierls Transition 272 9.4 Phonon-mediated Interactions 276 9.4.1 Fixed Electrons 276 9.4.2 Dynamical Phonon Exchange 278 9.5 Electron-Phonon Effects at Defects 281 9.5.1 F-Centers 281 9.5.2 Jahn-Teller Effect 284 Chapter 10: Extrinsic Semiconductors 287 10.1 Introduction 287 10.1.1 Impurities and Defects in Silicon 288 10.1.2 Donors 289 10.1.3 Statistical Mechanics of Defects 292 10.1.4 n-p Product 294 10.1.5 Chemical Potential 295 10.1.6 Schottky Barriers 297 10.2 Localization 301 10.2.1 Mott Localization 301 10.2.2 Anderson Localization 304 10.2.3 Weak Localization 304 10.2.4 Percolation 306 10.3 Variable Range Hopping 310 10.4 Mobility Edge 311 10.5 Band Gap Narrowing 312 Chapter 11: Transport Phenomena 320 11.1 Introduction 320 11.2 Drude Theory 321 11.3 Bloch Oscillations 322 11.4 Boltzmann Equation 324 11.5 Currents 327 11.5.1 Transport Coefficients 327 11.5.2 Metals 329 11.5.3 Semiconductors and Insulators 333 11.6 Impurity Scattering 335 11.6.1 Screened Impurity Scattering 336 11.6.2 T-matrix Description 337 11.6.3 Mooij Correlation 338 11.7 Electron-Phonon Interaction 340 11.7.1 Lifetime 341 11.7.2 Semiconductors 343 11.7.3 Saturation Velocity 344 11.7.4 Metals 347 11.7.5 Temperature Relaxation 348 11.8 Ballistic Transport 350 11.9 Carrier Drag 353 11.10 Electron Tunneling 355 11.10.1 Giaever Tunneling 356 11.10.2 Esaki Diode 358 11.10.3 Schottky Barrier Tunneling 361 11.10.4 Effective Mass Matching 362 11.11 Phonon Transport 364 11.11.1 Transport in Three Dimensions 364 11.11.2 Minimum Thermal Conductivity 365 11.11.3 Kapitza Resistance 366 11.11.4 Measuring Thermal Conductivity 368 11.12 Thermoelectric Devices 370 11.12.1 Maximum Cooling 371 11.12.2 Refrigerator 373 11.12.3 Power Generation 374 Chapter 12: Optical Properties 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.1.1 Optical Functions 379 12.1.2 Kramers-Kronig Analysis 381 12.2 Simple Metals 383 12.2.1 Drude 383 12.3 Force-Force Correlations 385 12.3.1 Impurity Scattering 386 12.3.2 Interband Scattering 388 12.4 Optical Absorption 389 12.4.1 Interband Transitions in Insulators 389 12.4.2 Wannier Excitons 392 12.4.3 Frenkel Excitons 395 12.5 X-Ray Edge Singularity 396 12.6 Photoemission 399 12.7 Conducting Polymers 401 12.8 Polaritons 404 12.8.1 Phonon Polaritons 404 12.8.2 Plasmon Polaritons 405 12.9 Surface Polaritons 406 12.9.1 Surface Plasmons 408 12.9.2 Surface Optical Phonons 410 12.9.3 Surface Charge Density 413 Chapter 13: Magnetism 418 13.1 Introduction 418 13.2 Simple Magnets 418 13.2.1 Atomic Magnets 418 13.2.2 Hund's Rules 418 13.2.3 Curie's Law 420 13.2.4 Ferromagnetism 422 13.2.5 Antiferromagnetism 423 13.3 3d Metals 424 13.4 Theories of Magnetism 425 13.4.1 Ising and Heisenberg Models 425 13.4.2 Mean Field Theory 427 13.4.3 Landau Theory 431 13.4.4 Critical Phenomena 433 13.5 Magnetic Susceptibility 434 13.6 Ising Model 436 13.6.1 One Dimension 436 13.6.2 Two and Three Dimensions 437 13.6.3 Bethe Lattice 439 13.6.4 Order-Disorder Transitions 443 13.6.5 Lattice Gas 445 13.7 Topological Phase Transitions 446 13.7.1 Vortices 447 13.7.2 XY-Model 448 13.8 Kondo Effect 452 13.8.1 sd-Interaction 453 13.8.2 Spin-flip Scattering 454 13.8.3 Kondo Resonance 456 13.9 Hubbard Model 458 13.9.1 U = 0 Solution 459 13.9.2 Atomic Limit 460 13.9.3 U > 0 460 13.9.4 Half-filling 462 Chapter 14: Superconductivity 467 14.1 Discovery of Superconductivity 467 14.1.1 Zero resistance 467 14.1.2 Meissner Effect 468 14.1.3 Three Eras of Superconductivity 469 14.2 Theories of Superconductivity 473 14.2.1 London Equation 473 14.2.2 Ginzburg-Landau Theory 475 14.2.3 Type II 478 14.3 BCS Theory 479 14.3.1 History of Theory 479 14.3.2 Effective Hamiltonian 480 14.3.3 Pairing States 481 14.3.4 Gap Equation 483 14.3.5 d-Wave Energy Gaps 486 14.3.6 Density of States 487 14.3.7 Ultrasonic Attenuation 489 14.3.8 Meissner Effect 490 14.4 Electron Tunneling 492 14.4.1 Normal-Superconductor 494 14.4.2 Superconductor-Superconductor 497 14.4.3 Josephson Tunneling 498 14.4.4 Andreev Tunneling 501 14.4.5 Corner Junctions 502 14.5 Cuprate Superconductors 503 14.5.1 Muon Rotation 503 14.5.2 Magnetic Oscillations 506 14.6 Flux Quantization 507 Chapter 15: Nanometer Physics 511 15.1 Quantum Wells 512 15.1.1 Lattice Matching 512 15.1.2 Electron States 513 15.1.3 Excitons and Donors in Quantum Wells 515 15.1.4 Modulation Doping 518 15.1.5 Electron Mobility 520 15.2 Graphene 520 15.2.1 Structure 521 15.2.2 Electron Energy Bands 522 15.2.3 Eigenvectors 525 15.2.4 Landau Levels 525 15.2.5 Electron-Phonon Interaction 526 15.2.6 Phonons 528 15.3 Carbon Nanotubes 530 15.3.1 Chirality 530 15.3.2 Electronic States 531 15.3.3 Phonons in Carbon Nanotubes 536 15.3.4 Electrical Resistivity 537 Appendix 541 Index 553

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