Computer networking and communications Books

Book SynopsisThis book has won the CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title award 2014. Since its launch in 2006, Twitter has evolved from a niche service to a mass phenomenon; it has become instrumental for everyday communication as well as for political debates, crisis communication, marketing, and cultural participation. But the basic idea behind it has stayed the same: users may post short messages (tweets) of up to 140 characters and follow the updates posted by other users. Drawing on the experience of leading international Twitter researchers from a variety of disciplines and contexts, this is the first book to document the various notions and concepts of Twitter communication, providing a detailed and comprehensive overview of current research into the uses of Twitter. It also presents methods for analyzing Twitter data and outlines their practical application in different research contexts.Trade Review«[T]his book is a great resource for educators and researchers alike in the growing field of social media communication.» (Patricia Swann, Journalism and Mass Communication Quaterly 91/4 2014)«This collection of important work – featuring both well-known and emerging scholars from diverse disciplines – helps contextualize Twitter as a sociotechnical phenomenon. It will serve as a crucial foundation for new research while also offering useful perspectives for educators helping students to understand social media. By going beyond naïve stereotypes and revealing the complex practices and diverse users that help define Twitter, this book provides rich insights into the importance of social media in contemporary life.» (Danah Boyd, Senior Researcher at Microsoft Research and Research Assistant Professor in Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University) «Talk of Big Data is everywhere, as contributors to this book rightly note. This timely collection, bringing together noted scholars and academics who work in the area, offers important insight into Big Data through a focus on the most important real-time stream message bus today, namely Twitter. Covering key aspects of Twitter social use and practices, Twitter and Society is a key text for providing empirical and methodological reflection on a fast-moving and important area of research.» (David M. Berry, Reader in Media & Communication and Co-Director of the Centre for Material Digital Culture at Sussex University)Table of ContentsContents: Jan-Hinrik Schmidt: Twitter and the Rise of Personal Publics – Axel Bruns/Hallvard Moe: Structural Layers of Communication on Twitter – Alexander Halavais: Structure of Twitter: Social and Technical – Cornelius Puschmann/Jean Burgess: The Politics of Twitter Data – Devin Gaffney/Cornelius Puschmann: Data Collection on Twitter – Axel Bruns/Stefan Stieglitz: Metrics for Understanding Communication on Twitter – Mike Thelwall: Sentiment Analysis and Time Series with Twitter – Jessica Einspänner/Mark Dang-Anh/Caja Thimm: Computer-Assisted Content Analysis of Twitter Data – Alice E. Marwick: Ethnographic and Qualitative Research on Twitter – Michael Beurskens: Legal Questions of Twitter Research – Alex Leavitt: From #FollowFriday to YOLO: Exploring the Cultural Salience of Twitter Memes – Rowan Wilken: Twitter and Geographical Location – Michael Zimmer/Nicholas Proferes: Privacy on Twitter, Twitter on Privacy – Miranda Mowbray: Automated Twitter Accounts – Ke Tao/Claudia Hauff/Fabian Abel/Geert-Jan Houben: Information Retrieval for Twitter Data – Thomas Risse/Wim Peters/Pierre Senellart/Diana Maynard: Documenting Contemporary Society by Preserving Relevant Information from Twitter – Nancy Baym: The Perils and Pleasures of Tweeting with Fans – Stephen Harrington: Tweeting about the Telly: Live TV, Audiences, and Social Media – Tim Highfield: Following the Yellow Jersey: Tweeting the Tour de France – Axel Bruns/Katrin Weller/Stephen Harrington: Twitter and Sports: Football Fandom in Emerging and Established Markets –Stefan Stieglitz/Nina Krüger: Public Enterprise-Related Communication and Its Impact on Social Media Issue Management – Tanya Nitins/Jean Burgess: Twitter, Brands, and User Engagement – Axel Maireder/Julian Ausserhofer: Political Discourses on Twitter: Networking Topics, Objects, and People – Anders Olof Larsson/Hallvard Moe: Twitter in Politics and Elections: Insights from Scandinavia – Johannes Paßmann/Thomas Boeschoten/Mirko Tobias Schäfer: The Gift of the Gab: Retweet Cartels and Gift Economies on Twitter – Christoph Neuberger/Hanna Jo vom Hofe/Christian Nuernbergk: The Use of Twitter by Professional Journalists: Results of a Newsroom Survey in Germany – Alfred Hermida: Twitter as an Ambient News Network – Axel Bruns/Jean Burgess: Crisis Communication in Natural Disasters: The Queensland Floods and Christchurch Earthquakes – Farida Vis/Simon Faulkner/Katy Parry/Yana Manyukhina/Lisa Evans: Twitpic-ing the Riots: Analysing Images Shared on Twitter during the 2011 U.K. Riots – Merja Mahrt/Katrin Weller/Isabella Peters: Twitter in Scholarly Communication – Timo van Treeck/Martin Ebner: How Useful Is Twitter for Learning in Massive Communities? An Analysis of Two MOOCs – Cornelius Puschmann/Axel Bruns/Merja Mahrt/Katrin Weller/Jean Burgess: Epilogue: Why Study Twitter?

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Book SynopsisThis book engages with the mediatized dynamics of political, military and cultural conflicts. In today's global and converging media environment, the interrelationship between media and conflict has been altered and intensified. No longer limited to the realms of journalism and political communication, various forms of new media have allowed other social actors to communicate and act through media networks. Thus, the media not only play an important role by reporting conflicts; they have also become co-constitutive of the ways conflicts develop and spread. The first part of the book, Transnational Networks, addresses the opportunities and challenges posed by transnational media to actors seeking to engage in and manage conflicts through new media platforms. The second part, Mobilising the Personal: Crossing Public and Private Boundaries, concerns the ways in which media framings of conflicts often revolve around personal aspects of public figures. The third part, Military, War, andTrade Review«This exciting new volume shows how conflicts of all types are today mediatized – narrated, constructed, and modified through the media. The chapters enrich and develop our understanding of conflict, going beyond conventional definitions that focus on armed or violent struggles to offer a wealth of cases, ranging from environmental campaigns to political scandals, debates over immigration and the Eurocrisis. It is an indispensible resource for anybody wishing to understand the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of conflict in an age of mediatization.» (Professor Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Cardiff University) «This book is an important addition to mediatization research. It offers a new analytical lens on media in conflicts. The book covers an impressive range of contemporary tensions and conflicts - which scholars, students, and citizens in general have to relate to.» (Professor Knut Lundby, Oslo University)«This exciting new volume shows how conflicts of all types are today mediatized – narrated, constructed, and modified through the media. The chapters enrich and develop our understanding of conflict, going beyond conventional definitions that focus on armed or violent struggles to offer a wealth of cases, ranging from environmental campaigns to political scandals, debates over immigration and the Eurocrisis. It is an indispensible resource for anybody wishing to understand the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of conflict in an age of mediatization.» (Professor Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Cardiff University) «This book is an important addition to mediatization research. It offers a new analytical lens on media in conflicts. The book covers an impressive range of contemporary tensions and conflicts - which scholars, students, and citizens in general have to relate to.» (Professor Knut Lundby, Oslo University)Table of ContentsContents: Stig Hjarvard/Mette Mortensen/Mikkel Fugl Eskjær: Three Dynamics of Mediatized Conflicts – Alison Anderson: The Mediatization of Environmental Conflict in the «Network Society» – Asimina Michailidou/Hans-Jörg Trenz: Mediatized Transnational Conflicts: Online Media and the Politicisation of the European Union in Times of Crisis – Stefanie Averbeck-Lietz/Andreas Hepp/Rebecca Venema: Communicative Figurations of Financial Blogging: Deliberative and Moralising Modes of Crisis Communication During the Eurocrisis – Ester Pollack: Personalised Scandalisation: Sensationalising Trivial Conflicts? – Johanna Sumiala: Ritual Performance in Mediatized Conflict: The Death of a Princess and a Prime Minister – Tine Ustad Figenschou/Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud/Anna Grøndahl Larsen: Mediatized Asylum Conflicts: Human-Interest Framing and Common-Sense Public Morality – Stig A. Nohrstedt/Rune Ottosen: Mediatization and Globalisation: New Challenges for War Journalism – Sarah Maltby: Imagining Influence: Logic(al) Tensions in War and Defence – Lilie Chouliaraki: Mediatized Death in Post-Arab Spring Conflicts – Mette Mortensen/Mikkel Fugl Eskjær/Stig Hjarvard: The Mediatization of Conflicts: Prospects and Challenges – Author Bios: The Dynamics of Mediatized Conflicts.

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Book SynopsisThis book engages with the mediatized dynamics of political, military and cultural conflicts. In today's global and converging media environment, the interrelationship between media and conflict has been altered and intensified. No longer limited to the realms of journalism and political communication, various forms of new media have allowed other social actors to communicate and act through media networks. Thus, the media not only play an important role by reporting conflicts; they have also become co-constitutive of the ways conflicts develop and spread. The first part of the book, Transnational Networks, addresses the opportunities and challenges posed by transnational media to actors seeking to engage in and manage conflicts through new media platforms. The second part, Mobilising the Personal: Crossing Public and Private Boundaries, concerns the ways in which media framings of conflicts often revolve around personal aspects of public figures. The third part, Military, War, andTrade Review«This exciting new volume shows how conflicts of all types are today mediatized – narrated, constructed, and modified through the media. The chapters enrich and develop our understanding of conflict, going beyond conventional definitions that focus on armed or violent struggles to offer a wealth of cases, ranging from environmental campaigns to political scandals, debates over immigration and the Eurocrisis. It is an indispensible resource for anybody wishing to understand the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of conflict in an age of mediatization.» (Professor Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Cardiff University) «This book is an important addition to mediatization research. It offers a new analytical lens on media in conflicts. The book covers an impressive range of contemporary tensions and conflicts - which scholars, students, and citizens in general have to relate to.» (Professor Knut Lundby, Oslo University)«This exciting new volume shows how conflicts of all types are today mediatized – narrated, constructed, and modified through the media. The chapters enrich and develop our understanding of conflict, going beyond conventional definitions that focus on armed or violent struggles to offer a wealth of cases, ranging from environmental campaigns to political scandals, debates over immigration and the Eurocrisis. It is an indispensible resource for anybody wishing to understand the dynamic and rapidly changing nature of conflict in an age of mediatization.» (Professor Karin Wahl-Jorgensen, Cardiff University) «This book is an important addition to mediatization research. It offers a new analytical lens on media in conflicts. The book covers an impressive range of contemporary tensions and conflicts - which scholars, students, and citizens in general have to relate to.» (Professor Knut Lundby, Oslo University)Table of ContentsContents: Stig Hjarvard/Mette Mortensen/Mikkel Fugl Eskjær: Three Dynamics of Mediatized Conflicts – Alison Anderson: The Mediatization of Environmental Conflict in the «Network Society» – Asimina Michailidou/Hans-Jörg Trenz: Mediatized Transnational Conflicts: Online Media and the Politicisation of the European Union in Times of Crisis – Stefanie Averbeck-Lietz/Andreas Hepp/Rebecca Venema: Communicative Figurations of Financial Blogging: Deliberative and Moralising Modes of Crisis Communication During the Eurocrisis – Ester Pollack: Personalised Scandalisation: Sensationalising Trivial Conflicts? – Johanna Sumiala: Ritual Performance in Mediatized Conflict: The Death of a Princess and a Prime Minister – Tine Ustad Figenschou/Kjersti Thorbjørnsrud/Anna Grøndahl Larsen: Mediatized Asylum Conflicts: Human-Interest Framing and Common-Sense Public Morality – Stig A. Nohrstedt/Rune Ottosen: Mediatization and Globalisation: New Challenges for War Journalism – Sarah Maltby: Imagining Influence: Logic(al) Tensions in War and Defence – Lilie Chouliaraki: Mediatized Death in Post-Arab Spring Conflicts – Mette Mortensen/Mikkel Fugl Eskjær/Stig Hjarvard: The Mediatization of Conflicts: Prospects and Challenges – Author Bios: The Dynamics of Mediatized Conflicts.

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Book SynopsisThe best-selling Distributed Sensor Networks became the definitive guide to understanding this far-reaching technology. Preserving the excellence and accessibility of its predecessor, Distributed Sensor Networks, Second Edition once again provides all the fundamentals and applications in one complete, self-contained source. Ideal as a tutorial for students or as research material for engineers, the book gives readers up-to-date, practical insight on all aspects of the field.Revised and expanded, this second edition incorporates contributions from many veterans of the DARPA ISO SENSIT program as well as new material from distinguished researchers in the field. Image and Sensor Signal Processing focuses on software issues and the history and future of sensor networks. The book also covers information fusion and power management.Readers of this book may also be interested in Distributed Sensor Networks, Second Edition: SensorTable of ContentsOverview. Distributed Sensing and Signal Processing. Information Fusion. Power Management. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe best-selling Distributed Sensor Networks became the definitive guide to understanding this far-reaching technology. Preserving the excellence and accessibility of its predecessor, Distributed Sensor Networks, Second Edition once again provides all the fundamentals and applications in one complete, self-contained source. Ideal as a tutorial for students or as research material for engineers, the book gives readers up-to-date, practical insight on all aspects of the field.Revised and expanded, this second edition incorporates contributions from many veterans of the DARPA ISO SENSIT program as well as new material from distinguished researchers in the field. Sensor Networking and Applications focuses on sensor deployment and networking, adaptive tasking, self-configuration, and system control. In the expanded applications section, the book draws on the insight of practitioners in the field. Readers of this Table of ContentsSensor Deployment. Adaptive Tasking. Self-Configuration. System Control. Engineering Examples. Index.

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Book SynopsisIf you've been tasked with the job of maintaining large and complex Hadoop clusters, or are about to be, this book is a must. You'll learn the particulars of Hadoop operations, from planning, installing, and configuring the system to providing ongoing maintenance.

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Book SynopsisExplore the emerging definitions, protocols, and standards for SDN - software-defined, software-driven, programmable networks - with this comprehensive guide. Two senior network engineers show you what's required for building networks that use software for bi-directional communication between applications and the underlying network infrastructure.

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Book SynopsisAs the best-selling book ever written about the Junos operating system, the second edition of Junos Enterprise Routing has been updated to serve as the go-to study guide for Juniper Networks enterprise routing certification exams.

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Book SynopsisThe book presents the current standards of digital multiplexing, called synchronous digital hierarchy, including analog multiplexing technologies. It is aimed at telecommunication professionals who want to develop an understanding of digital multiplexing and synchronous digital hierarchy, in particular, and the functioning of practical telecommunication systems, in general. The text includes all relevant fundamentals and provides a handy reference for problem solving or defining operations and maintenance strategies. The author covers digital conversion and TDM principles, line coding and digital modulation, signal impairments, and synchronization, as well as emerging systems.Trade Review".. one of the best book for practicing engineers in the field of OFC based SDH systems."—S.K. Biswas, Chief Communication Engineer, Western Railway, Mumbai, IndiaTable of ContentsIntroduction. Advent of Digital Technology. Analog to Digital Conversion and TDM Principles. Line Coding and Digital Modulation. Clock. Signal Impairments, Error Detection, and Correction. Synchronization. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH). PDH Maintenance Alarms. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Principles. Operations and Maintenance in SDH. SDH Architecture and Protection Mechanisms. Data over SDH. Emerging Systems and Future of SDH. Transmission media for PDH/SDH and Optical Fiber Technology. Introduction to Optical Transport Networks [OTN].

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Book SynopsisBrings together cases and chapters that examine both the practical and theoretical components of creating an online social community for nonprofit organisations. The technologies discussed in this book provide organisations with the necessary cost-effective tools for fundraising, marketing, and civic engagement.

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Book SynopsisGary R. Bunt is a twenty-year pioneer in the study of cyber-Islamic environments (CIEs). In this new book, he explores the diverse and surprising ways digital technology is shaping how Muslims across vast territories relate to religious authorities in fulfilling spiritual, mystical, and legalistic agendas.

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Book Synopsis In the post-colonial era, tribal peoples are particularly vulnerable to new technologies and industrialization, which threaten their cultures, homelands and ways of living. However, there is a surprising exception to this trend in the form of social media. This book explores how tribal and indigenous peoples across the globe are using social media such as Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp in fresh and inventive ways unique to their values and lifestyles. These platforms help tribal peoples to communicate across boundaries and barriers as never before, and are helping to strengthen communal identity and development in the global age.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents insights, interpretations, concepts, and interdependent viewsin the landscape of mobile connectivity and servicethat emphasize the significance of a harmonious interplay, cooperation, and coalescing of a variety of interdisciplinary domains of science and art.Mobile Evolution: Insights on Connectivity and Service explores the forward-looking and enabling capabilities of mobile connectivity and service in the context of long term evolution (LTE) systems and multimedia services, as viewed through a lens of human experience. It provides information and guidelines pertaining to the strategies and technologies associated with the next-generation mobile ecosystem.The book examines the intersection between the technology and the human dimension in the context of the ever-changing landscape. It arms you with ideas that you can apply to design, innovation, strategy, and business models for the various facets of mobile communication connectivity and sTable of ContentsGenesis of Personal Communications. Elements of Standardization. Connectivity. Service. Interdependence: Renaissance of Multifaceted Convergence

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Book SynopsisSimulation is a widely used mechanism for validating the theoretical models of networking and communication systems. Although the claims made based on simulations are considered to be reliable, how reliable they really are is best determined with real-world implementation trials.Simulation Technologies in Networking and Communications: Selecting the Best Tool for the Test addresses the spectrum of issues regarding the different mechanisms related to simulation technologies in networking and communications fields. Focusing on the practice of simulation testing instead of the theory, it presents the work of more than 50 experts from around the world. Considers superefficient Monte Carlo simulations Describes how to simulate and evaluate multicast routing algorithms Covers simulation tools for cloud computing and broadband passive optical networks Reports on recent developments in simulation tools for WSNs Examines modTable of ContentsSimulation Technologies for Wired Networks. Simulation Technologies for Wireless Networks. Simulation for Communications Technologies. Simulation versus Practical Implementation. Simulation versus Theoretical Modeling.

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Book SynopsisBuilding Wireless Sensor Networks: Theoretical and Practical Perspectives presents the state of the art of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) from fundamental concepts to cutting-edge technologies.Focusing on WSN topics ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate curricula, this book: Provides essential knowledge of the contemporary theory and practice of wireless sensor networking Describes WSN architectures, protocols, and operating systems Details the routing and data aggregation algorithms Addresses WSN security and energy efficiency Includes sample programs for experimentation The book offers overarching coverage of this exciting field, filling a critical gap in the existing literature.Trade Review"… theoretical and practical aspects of WSNs are covered. Several communication standards are explained. Various information gathering techniques are discussed. Energy management in WSNs is treated in detail. Prevalent security mechanisms are described. On the practical side operating system and programming related matters for WSNs are presented."—Dr C Mandal, Affiliation: Dept of CSE, IIT Kharagpur"This book is a handy guide for anyone to learn about the state of the art in wireless sensor networks. The authors are thorough in detail about the ideas and schemes used and also other new ones that have been proposed. The book is divided into chapters as sections of WSNs, and they flow well into each other, culminating in the last chapter where the authors show how the readers can design and test their WSNs in the stimulators practically and implement some of the ideas discussed earlier in the book." —IEE Wireless Communications, April 2016 "… theoretical and practical aspects of WSNs are covered. Several communication standards are explained. Various information gathering techniques are discussed. Energy management in WSNs is treated in detail. Prevalent security mechanisms are described. On the practical side operating system and programming related matters for WSNs are presented."—Dr C Mandal, Affiliation: Dept of CSE, IIT Kharagpur"This book is a handy guide for anyone to learn about the state of the art in wireless sensor networks. The authors are thorough in detail about the ideas and schemes used and also other new ones that have been proposed. The book is divided into chapters as sections of WSNs, and they flow well into each other, culminating in the last chapter where the authors show how the readers can design and test their WSNs in the stimulators practically and implement some of the ideas discussed earlier in the book." —IEE Wireless Communications, April 2016 Table of ContentsIntroduction. Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture. Information Gathering. Energy Management in WSN. Security in WSN. Operating Systems for WSNs. Programming WSNs.

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Book SynopsisIn the simplest terms, event-driven architectures are like onions; they are manageable as a single layer (like a monolith) but when you get into them, they begin to cascade apart and you quickly realize that there are many complex layers (distributed microservices architecture). And that's when the tears begin. This prescriptive guide takes you through the steps of moving a platform with millions of users from a monolith to a microservices event-driven architecture. You will learn about the challenges and complexities that arise in high-throughput environments that often contain upwards of hundreds of microservices. This book is designed to be your single best resource for learning how to apply event-driven architectures in real-world scenarios and offers hundredsof patterns to overcome the common and not so common challenges. While event-driven architectures have been the standard for decoupled, pluggable, evolutionary architectures for years, they have onlyrecently been adopted bTable of ContentsChapter 1. Embracing event-driven architectures 1.1. The truth about monoliths 1.1.1. Anatomy of a typical monolith 1.1.2. It's not all bad 1.1.3. When monoliths become the business constrictor knot 1.1.4. Using event-driven architectures to move away from a monolith 1.2. What are microservices and how do they relate to event-driven 1.3. SOA, microservice, and event-driven architectures 1.4. The promise of event-driven microservices 1.5. When should you use event-driven microservices? 1.6. Overview of the challenges in event-driven architectures 1.7. Summary Chapter 2. Moving from a monolith to an event-driven architecture 2.1. Is migrating to an event-driven architecture your best option? 2.2. How to decide where to start 2.3. Using an event-driven approach to migrate data 2.4. Using change data capture (CDC) 2.4.1. Event-driven and change data capture (CDC), a real-world example 2.5. Event-driven as a source of truth for both systems 2.6. Managing dependencies between the two systems 2.6.1. Dependency from new event-driven services to the monolith 2.6.2. Dependency from the monolith to new event-driven services 2.7. Gradually moving traffic 2.8. Two-way synchronization and living with two sources of truth 2.9. Summary Chapter 3. Defining an event-driven microservice and its boundaries 3.1. Building event-driven microservices 3.1.1. Durable vs. ephemeral message brokers and GDPR 3.1.2. Message types 3.1.3. When to use documents over events 3.1.4. Common event-driven messaging patterns 3.1.5. Event-driven service topologies 3.1.6. Common event-driven pitfalls and anti-patterns 3.2. Organizing event-driven microservice boundaries 3.3. Brief and practical introduction to domain-driven design and bounded contexts 3.4. The impact of aggregate size and common pitfalls 3.5. Request-driven vs. event-driven services 3.6. Adding functionality to an existing microservice vs. creating a new one 3.7. Summary Chapter 4. Event-driven structural patterns and high-level processes 4.1. The challenges of transactional consistency in distributed systems 4.1.1. Why abandon a monolithic database in the first place? 4.1.2. The limitations of distributed transactions 4.1.3. Managing multi-step processes with Sagas 4.2. Event-driven orchestration pattern 4.3. Event-driven choreography pattern 4.4. Orchestration, choreography, or both? 4.5. Data retrieval in event-driven architectures and associated patterns 4.5.1. CQS, CQRS and when to use them 4.5.2. The different flavors of CQRS 4.5.3. When and how to use event sourcing 4.5.4. Using command sourcing and its applicability 4.6. Building multiple read models 4.7. The pitfall of microservice spaghetti architectures and how to avoid it 4.8. Summary Chapter 5. How to manage eventual consistency 5.1. The impacts of eventual consistency and the need for alignment with the business 5.2. Using event schema to leverage eventual consistency 5.3. Applying domain boundaries to leverage eventual consistency 5.4. Event versioning to manage delays 5.5. Saving state to avoid eventual consistency 5.6. End-to-end argument: a real-world use case 5.7. For most use cases, it's not eventual if nobody notices 5.7.1. Autoscaling use case with Prometheus and Kafka 5.8. Tradeoffs of each solution 5.9. Summary Chapter 6. Dealing with event-driven concurrency and out of order messages 6.1. Why is concurrency different in a monolith from an event-driven architecture? 6.2. Pessimistic vs. optimistic concurrency, when and when not to use 6.2.1. Pessimistic vs. optimistic approaches 6.2.2. Solving concurrency by implementation and by architecture 6.3. Using optimistic concurrency 6.4. Using pessimistic concurrency 6.4.1. Distributed locks 6.4.2. Database transactions 6.5. Dealing with out-of-order events 6.5.1. How can events lose their order? 6.5.2. Solving out of order events with versioning 6.6. Using end-to-end message partitioning to handle concurrency and guarantee message ordering 6.6.1. The relevance of message routing and partitioning 6.6.2. Real-world example of message routing using Kafka 6.6.3. Using end-to-end partitioning 6.6.4. Limitations of end-to-end partitioning 6.7. Summary Chapter 7. Achieving resilience and event processing reliability in event-driven microservices 7.1. Common failures in microservice architectures and how they relate to event-driven architectures 7.1.1. Cascading failures and event-driven services 7.1.2. Load balancing and rate limiters in event-driven services 7.2. Understanding message delivery semantics 7.3. Avoiding inconsistencies when saving state and publishing events 7.3.1. Event stream as the only source of truth 7.3.2. Outbox pattern 7.3.3. Transactions and compensating actions 7.4. Applying ACID 2.0 as a resilience strategy 7.5. Avoiding message leak 7.6. Applying common resilience patterns 7.6.1. Retries 7.6.2. Circuit breakers 7.7. Recovering data and repairing state 7.8. Bulkhead pattern 7.9. Summary Chapter 8. Choosing the correct event schema design 8.1. Event storming 8.2. Event headers and envelopes 8.2.1. Headers vs envelopes 8.2.2. Relevant event contextual information 8.3. Town crier events 8.4. Bee events 8.5. The event schema goldilocks principle 8.6. Denormalized event schema 8.7. Schema evolution 8.7.1. Event stream versioning 8.7.2. Using a downscaler/upscaler 8.8. Summary Chapter 9. How to leverage the user interface 9.1. Using an aggregating layer 9.2. Backends for frontends 9.3. UI Decomposition 9.3.1. Application decomposition 9.3.2. Page decomposition 9.3.3. Section decomposition 9.4. The limitations of API composition 9.5. Task-based UIs 9.6. Event-driven APIs 9.7. Summary Chapter 10. Overcoming the challenges in quality assurance 10.1. The only happens in production syndrome 10.2. Component tests vs integration tests 10.3. The correct mix of component validation and production validations 10.4. Monitoring and alarmistic from the ground up 10.5. Summary Chapter 11. Organizational cost of event-driven microservices 11.1. The epic journey to be onboarded 11.2. When implementation overhead impacts time to market 11.3. Dependencies management 11.4. Summary

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive learning journey aimed at helping you master Ansible and efficiently automate a range of enterprise network devices, such as routers, switches, firewalls,Wireless LAN Controller (WLC), and Linux servers. Introduction to Ansible Network Automation combines the fundamentals of three books into one, covering basics of Linux administration, Ansible concepts, and Ansible network automation. Authors Brendan Choi and Erwin Medina have created a structured learning path that starts with the fundamentals and allows you to progressively enhance your skill sets with each chapter. Part I serves as an Ansible primer, guiding you through Linux basics using WSL on Windows 11 and assisting in the setup of your learning environment. Part II covers essential Ansible concepts through practical lab activities involving four Linux servers. In Part III, you will learn how to apply your Linux skills from Part I and the concepts from Part II to real-world scenarios by creaTable of ContentsPart 1: The IntrosChapter 1: Is Ansible good for Network Automation? Chapter 2: Shall We Linux? (Part I) Chapter 3: Shall We Linux? (Part II) Chapter 4: Creating an Ansible Learning Environment Part 2: The Concepts Chapter 5: Data Types and File Formats in Ansible Chapter 6: Ansible Concepts I - SSH and Ad-Hoc Commands Chapter 7: Ansible Concepts II - Practical Application of Ad-Hoc Commands Chapter 8: Ansible Concepts III - Using when, Improving Playbooks, and Targeted Nodes Chapter 9: Ansible Concepts IV - Git Integration, Tags, File, and Service Management Chapter 10: Ansible Concepts V - Users, Roles, Host Variables, Templates, and Password Vault Chapter 11: Building an Ansible Learning Environment for Network and Security Part 3: The Practical Chapter 12: Ansible Practical I - Configuring Cisco Routers and Switches Chapter 13: Ansible Practical II - Backing Up Cisco Network Device Configurations Chapter 14: Ansible Practical III - Developing a Network Configuration Comparison Tool Chapter 15: Ansible Practical IV - Upgrading Cisco IOS-XE Routers Chapter 16: Ansible Practical V - Upgrading Cisco Wireless LAN Controllers (WLC) Chapter 17: Ansible Practical VI - Creating User Accounts on Palo Alto and Fortinet Firewalls Chapter 18: Ansible Practical VII - Creating Security Policies on Palo Alto and Fortinet Firewalls Chapter 19: Ansible Practical VIII - Creating IPsec Tunnels on Palo Alto Firewalls Chapter 20: Ansible Practical IX - Creating Object Addresses on Palo Alto Firewalls Chapter 21: Ansible Practical X - Upgrading Palo Alto Firewalls

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Book SynopsisThe Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos is a thorough analysis of YouTube audiences and creators of online videos that considers how the coexistence of user-generated and professional media content on YouTube makes the site a unique platform in the ever-expanding online video industry. Using a mixed method approach, the authors examine the underexplored business side of YouTube with a focus on product review videos, brand videos, sponsored videos, and online video advertising. This book also addresses recent developments such as YouTube Red subscription, pay TV, and movie services and discusses the future of online video audience research. Recommended for scholars interested in media studies, communication, marketing, and popular culture.Trade Review. . . . Ha has created a research agenda for other researchers to follow, which appears to be the greatest contribution of all from this book. YouTube is hardly static; Ha and her colleagues collected research findings seemingly point the way toward future studies of online video users. * Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media *Once again Dr. Ha is at the vanguard of deciphering the mysteries of Internet media. She and her team of doctoral student researchers establish the intricacies of audience engagement with the world's largest depository and distributor of online video in The Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos. Beware all of you involved in any aspect of the cable, network, affiliate, or film industries. YouTube is the future...today. Prepare yourself. Engage with Dr. Ha's exciting new edited collection. -- Richard Ganahl, Bloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaHa closes this work by posturing what might be next for online video audience research in thinking about YouTube’s global potential and reach. To parallel her efforts, I do not believe that YouTube is going anywhere fast, nor that it will be any less complicated moving forward. This work may provide a useful toolkit and helpful reference to those studying YouTube’s content, audiences, business models, or platform affordances in future media, communications, and marketing studies. * Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly *In an era in which “YouTuber” is now an option at elementary school career days and YouTube itself is a standard app on smart televisions, comes a book providing a helpful and insightful illumination of many of the mysteries behind the ubiquitous video platform’s audience and business development. . . the work also serves as a strong, effective model for transforming group research projects into a detailed and comprehensive multiple-lens narrative exploration of a single topic. Written by Ha and her students, the 12 chapters accomplish meticulous and disparate mixed-methods analyses of the inner workings of YouTube that shed light beyond the platform, to the world of online video in general, through admirably concise research arguments. . . . The Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos’ two greatest strengths for online video users and researchers include its clear breakdowns of the platform’s demographics and audience behaviors, at least as of 2015, and the insights on valuable future areas of exploration in this field. The authors accomplish a satisfying, effective analysis of a daunting number of audience and business factors of YouTube in only 218 pages, while simultaneously creating clear paths for future research. * The International Journal On Media Management *This book offers an insightful look at YouTube from an audience perspective, providing not only valuable background information but also original data that helps us understand the dynamic nature of YouTube users and online video business. A must-have book for both practitioners and scholars who want to understand in-depth the ecosystem of YouTube and audience characteristics beyond simple statistics. -- Sylvia Chan-Olmsted, University of FloridaOnce again Dr. Ha is at the vanguard of deciphering the mysteries of Internet media. She and her team of doctoral student researchers establish the intricacies of audience engagement with the world's largest depository and distributor of online video in The Audience and Business of YouTube and Online Videos. Beware all of you involved in any aspect of the cable, network, affiliate, or film industries. YouTube is the future...today. Prepare yourself. Engage with Dr. Ha's exciting new edited collection. -- Richard Ganahl, Bloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaTable of ContentsList of Tables and FiguresPrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1. YouTube as a Global Online Video Portal and an Alternative to TVLouisa HaChapter 2. Users and Non-users of YouTube and Online Video Services Mohammad AbuljadailChapter 3. What Do Digital Natives Watch on YouTube?Alyssa Fisher and Louisa HaChapter 4. How Digital Natives Watch Online Videos: Digital Divide and Media DevicesLouisa HaChapter 5. YouTube Product Review Videos as eWOMNicky Chang BiChapter 6. Comments on YouTube Product Review VideosXiaoli WenChapter 7. YouTube and Other Social Media Fiouna Ruonan Zhang and Nicky Chang BiChapter 8. Brand Videos on YouTubeAlyssa FisherChapter 9. Sponsored Videos on YouTubeFiouna Ruonan ZhangChapter 10. Online Video Advertising Viewership and Avoidance on YouTubeKisun Kim and Claire Youngnyo JoaChapter 11. Most Popular YouTube ChannelsLouisa HaChapter 12. Is YouTube Red the Ultimate Viewing Experience and the Future of Online Video Audience Research Louisa HaAppendix A. Survey QuestionnaireAppendix B. In-depth Interview ProtocolIndexAbout the EditorAbout the Contributors

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Book SynopsisEmerging Communication Technologies Based on Wireless Sensor Networks: Current Research and Future Applications fills a gap in the existing literature by combining a plethora of WSN-based emerging technologies into a single source so that researchers can form opinions regarding these technologies. It presents different types of emerging communication technologies based on WSNs and describes how wireless sensor networks can be integrated with other communication technologies. It covers many of the new techniques and demonstrates the application of WSNs. The book's 14 chapters are divided into four parts.The first part covers the basics of wireless sensor networks and their principal working methods. The authors then move on to discuss different types of WSNs, characteristics of different types of emerging technologies based on WSNs, renewable energy sources, battery replenishment strategies, and application-specific energy challenges of WSNs. The secondTable of ContentsOVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS. Role of Wireless Sensor Network in Emerging Communication Technologies: A Review. A Review on Renewable Energy Sources, Battery Replenishment Strategies, and Application-Specific Energy Challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks. WIRELESS BODY AREA NETWORKS. Wearable Wireless Sensor Networks: Applications, Standards, and Research Trends. Revisiting Routing in Wireless Body Area Networks. Thermal-Aware Communication Protocols for Body Sensor Networks. WSNs IN EMERGING COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES. Electromagnetic Wireless Nanoscale Sensor Networks. Evolution of Wireless Sensor Networks toward Internet of Things. Wireless Sensor Network Management Using Satellite Communication Technologies. Use of Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart Homes. Realizing Cognitive Radio Technology for Wireless Sensor Networks. WSNs PROTOCOLS AND ALGORITHMS. Energy-Efficient Data Collection Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks. A Pairwise Key Distribution Mechanism and Distributed Trust Evaluation Model for Secure Data Aggregation in Mobile Sensor Networks. Distributed Data Gathering Algorithms for Mobile Sensor Networks. Sensor Proxy Mobile IPv6: A Novel Scheme for Mobility-Supported IP-WSN.

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Book SynopsisThis volume is for network administrators and others who have to set up computer systems to use PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol). It covers all aspects of the protocol, including how to set up dial-in servers, authentication, debugging and PPP options. In addition, it contains overviews of related areas, like serial communications, DNS setup, and routing. Topics include: configuring modems and serial links; how to set up dial-out and dial-in; PPP support in Solaris, Windows NT (client and server), and Windows 95 (client only); and related technologies that users need to understand.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. What Is PPP? Early Remote Access and Networking Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Open Systems Interconnect Model What You Need to Know 2. Serial Interfaces and Modems Serial Interfacing Modems 3. How PPP Works PPP Frame Format PPP Connection States Link Control Protocol Authentication in PPP Network Control Protocol Internet Protocol Control Protocol Compressed Datagram What PPP Doesn't Provide 4. TCP/IP The Internet Protocol Van Jacobson Compression IP Addresses Media Access Control Addresses Routing 5. Selecting Hardware, Software, and Services Selecting Serial Connections PPP Hardware PPP Software. 6. Dial-out PPP Setup PPP Sign-on Procedures General PPP Setup Steps Linux PPP-2.3 Solaris PPP Windows 3.1 Windows 98 (and 95) Windows NT 4.0 Workstation 7. Dial-in PPP Setup Dial-in PPP Architecture for Internet Access Communication Servers Linux PPP-2.3 Solaris PPP Windows NT 4.0 Server. 8. Network Architectures Incorporating PPP Choosing Network Architectures Proxy ARP Split Subnet Unnumbered PPP in a Subnet Multipoint PPP in a Subnet. 9. Routing to PPP Connections Routing Entries Using Default Routes Using Subnet Routes Using Host-Specific Routes Dynamic Routing Protocols. 10. Domain Name System Domain Name System Hierarchy Using DNS DNS Records for PPP Setting up DNS Name Resolution DNS Servers. 11. Customizing and Tuning PPP PPP Startup Options for Dial-in Servers PPP Startup Options for dial-out Servers Adjustable LCP Options Authentication Policy Adjustable IPCP Options Setting IP Addresses Other Adjustable Settings. 12. Authentication Password Authentication Protocol Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Microsoft CHAP Authenticating Outside PPP Call Back Security Tokens. 13. Private Networks Private Network Setup Application Layer Proxies Network Address Translation. 14. Virtual Private Networking and Tunneling Virtual Private Network Architectures Tunneling Protocols Redirecting Serial Input/Output Setting up Outgoing PPP Tunnels Setting up Incoming PPP Tunnels Routing with Tunnels Network Security. 15. Troubleshooting Troubleshooting Approaches Trace and Activity Logs Checking the Serial Connection Checking Modems Chat Script Problems PPP Failures Checking TCP/IP. 16. What's New for PPP? Communication Services Network Layer Protocols PPP Extensions Developments Relating to PPP Product Obsolescence A. PPP Assigned Numbers B. Serial Interface Emulation

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Book SynopsisHistorically, only large companies could afford secure networks, which they created from expensive leased lines. Smaller folks had to make do with the relatively untrusted Internet. Nowadays, even large companies have to go outside their private nets, because so many people telecommute or log in while they're on the road. How do you provide a low-cost, secure electronic network for your organization? The solution is a virtual private network: a collection of technologies that creates secure connections or "tunnels" over regular Internet lines -- connections that can be easily used by anybody logging in from anywhere. A number of products now exist to help you develop that solution. This book tells you how to plan and build a VPN. It starts with general concerns like costs, configuration, and how a VPN fits in with other networking technologies like firewalls. It continues with detailed descriptions of how to install and use VPN technologies that are available for Windows NT and UNIX, such as PPTP and L2TP, Altavista Tunnel, Cisco PIX, and the secure shell (SSH). New features in the second edition include SSH, which is a popular VPN solution for UNIX systems, and an expanded description of the IPSec standard, for which several vendors have announced support. Topics include: How the VPN compares to other available networking technologies Introduction to encryption, firewalls, the IPSec standard, and other technologies that let VPNs work Point to Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) and LT2P The Altavista Tunnel The Cisco PIX Firewall Secure Shell (SSH) Maintenance and troubleshootingTable of ContentsPreface 1. Why Build a Virtual Private Network? What Does a VPN Do? Security Risks of the Internet How VPNs Solve Internet Security Issues VPN Solutions A Note on IP Address and Domain Name Conventions Used in This Book 2. Basic VPN Technologies Firewall Deployment Encryption and Authentication VPN Protocols Methodologies for Compromising VPNs Patents and Legal Ramifications 3. Wide Area, Remote Access, and the VPN General WAN, RAS, and VPN Concepts VPN Versus WAN VPN Versus RAS 4. Implementing Layer 2 Connections Differences Between PPTP, L2F, and L2TP How PPTP Works Features of PPTP 5. Configuring and Testing Layer 2 Connections Installing and Configuring PPTP on a Windows NT RAS Server Configuring PPTP for Dial-up Networking on a Windows NT Client Configuring PPTP for Dial-up Networking on a Windows or 98 Client Enabling PPTP on Remote Access Switches Making the Calls Troubleshooting Problems Using PPTP with Other Security Measures 6. Implementing the AltaVista Tunnel Advantages of the AltaVista Tunnel System AltaVista Tunnel Limitations How the AltaVista Tunnel Works VPNs and AltaVista 7. Configuring and Testing the AltaVista Tunnel Getting Busy Installing the AltaVista Tunnel Configuring the AltaVista Tunnel Extranet and Telecommuter Server Configuring the AltaVista Telecommuter Client Troubleshooting Problems 8. Creating a VPN with the Unix Secure Shell The SSH Software Building and Installing SSH SSH Components Creating a VPN with PPP and SSH Troubleshooting Problems A Performance Evaluation 9. The Cisco PIX Firewall The Cisco PIX Firewall The PIX in Action Configuring the PIX as a Gateway Configuring the Other VPN Capabilities 10. Managing and Maintaining Your VPN Choosing an ISP Solving VPN Problems Delivering Quality of Service Security Suggestions Keeping Yourself Up-to-Date 11. A VPN Scenario The Topology Central Office Large Branch Office Small Branch Offices Remote Access Users A Network Diagram A. Emerging Internet Technologies B. Resources, Online and Otherwise Index

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Book SynopsisDomino is one of the most effective platforms for developing and deploying e-business applications, allowing new communities of developers to enjoy its collaborative capabilities. With over 55 million seats worldwide, Domino already provided a strong foundation for messaging and web applications, and the release of R5 builds on that to make Domino easier to use than ever before. For example, Lotus Domino R5 has been expanded to interact with most browsers and other non-Notes clients, so developers can choose their favorite language to design web applications. With R5, administrators can centrally modify client configurations instead of hopping from one terminal to the next throughout the company. The new Domino interface allows administrators to visually monitor the health and status of the Domino servers in a network from a single screen. All this capability implies complexity, and it's easy to forget which menu to go to. Here's where Lotus Domino Administration in a Nutshell can help. It's a quick reference that will come in handy again and again for finding solutions to administrative problems. This book covers: * Domino architecture and key concepts * R5 administration tools * Domino directory and console commands * Database properties and Access Control * Configuring Domino Enterprise Connection Services (DECS) * Supporting the Notes client * Domino for IIS Whether the task is messaging servers, modifying administration tasks to a simpler and more efficient level, or ensuring the security and flexibility of a web application server, Lotus Domino Administration in a Nutshell is the reference developers need to make the most of this reliable and scalable integrated server platform.Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1. Notes and Domino Overview The Basics Product Background and Version History Domino R5 New Features A Sample Implementation International Versions of Domino. Chapter 2. Domino Directories Domino Directory Directory Catalog Directory Assistance LDAP Support. Chapter 3. Domino Databases Database Templates Database Properties. Chapter 4. Mail Domino Mail Architecture Calendars and Scheduling Internet Mail Clients (POP3, IMAP) WebMail Shared Mail. Chapter 5. Domino as a Web Server Configuration Domino URLs. Chapter 6. Domino Administration Tools Domino Administrator User Registration User Registration from a Text File Web Administrator Using the Administration Process (AdminP Task). Chapter 7. Monitoring Domino Statistics and Events Mail Tracking Log Databases and Files. Chapter 8. Supporting the Notes Client The New R5 Design Basic Notes Configuration Remote Connection Other New Features EasySync: Synchronize Notes with PalmPilots Common Notes Keyboard Shortcuts. Chapter 9. DECS Configuring DECS Using the DECS Administrator Database. Chapter 10. Domino for Microsoft IIS Prerequisites IIS Configuration Authentication. Chapter 11. Internet Cluster Manager (ICM) Clustering Basics ICM Overview Creating a Cluster and Configuring the ICM. Chapter 12. R4/R5 Coexistence and Migration Upgrade Considerations Suggested Upgrade Sequence. Chapter 13. Domino Server Tasks and Console Commands Domino Server Tasks Domino Server Console. Chapter 14. NOTES.INI Appendix A. Domino/ Windows NT Integration Appendix B. Using InstallShield's Silent Installation Option Appendix C. Domino for AS/400 Appendix D. Domino on Linux Appendix E. TCP/IP Ports Appendix F. Web Links Appendix G. Domino Updates: QMRs and QMUs. Glossary. Index

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Book SynopsisThe industry's leading resource for Internet routing solutions and scenarios Explore the functions, attributes, and applications of BGP-4, the de facto interdomain routing protocol, through practical scenarios and configuration examples Learn the contemporary Internet structure and understand how to evaluate a service provider in dealing with routing and connectivity issues Master the addressing techniques--including Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)--that are demanded today to facilitate the Internet's rapid and continuing growth Develop optimal routing policies--redundancy, traffic balancing, symmetry, and stability--for your network Learn how to seamlessly integrate your intradomain and interdomain routing and manage large and growing autonomous systems Internet Routing Architectures, Second Edition, explores the ins and outs of interdomain routing network designs with emphasis on BGP-4 (Border Gateway Protocol Version 4)--the de facto interdomain routing protocol. Using a practical, example-oriented approach, this comprehensive resource provides you with real solutions for ISP connectivity issues. You will learn how to integrate your network on the global Internet and discover how to build large-scale autonomous systems. You will also learn to control expansion of interior routing protocols using BGP-4, design sound and stable networks, configure the required policies using Cisco IOS Software, and explore routing practices and rules on the Internet. 157870233X020206Table of Contents I. THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNET. 1. Evolution of the Internet. 2. ISP Services and Characteristics. 3. IP Addressing and Allocation Techniques. II. ROUTING PROTOCOL BASICS. 4. Interdomain Routing Basics. 5. Border Gateway Protocol Version 4. III. EFFECTIVE INTERNET ROUTING DESIGNS. 6. Tuning BGP Capabilities. 7. Redundancy, Symmetry, and Load Balancing. 8. Controlling Routing Inside the Autonomous System. 9. Controlling Large-Scale Autonomous Systems. 10. Designing Stable Internets. IV. INTERNET ROUTING DEVICE CONFIGURATION. 11. Configuring Basic BGP Functions and Attributes. 12. Configuring Effective Internet Routing Policies. V. APPENDIXES. Appendix A: BGP Command Reference. Appendix B: References for Further Study. Appendix C: BGP Outbound Route Filter (ORF). Appendix D: Multiprotocol BGP (MBGP).

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Book SynopsisTechniques for optimizing large-scale IP routing operation and managing network growth Understand the goals of scalable network design, including tradeoffs between network scaling, convergence speed, and resiliency Learn basic techniques applicable to any network design, including hierarchy, addressing, summarization, and information hiding Examine the deployment and operation of EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS protocols on large-scale networks Understand when and how to use a BGP core in a large-scale network and how to use BGP to connect to external networks Apply high availability and fast convergence to achieve 99.999 percent, or “five 9s” network uptime Secure routing systems with the latest routing protocol security best practices Understand the various techniques used for carrying routing information through a VPN Optimal Routing Design provides the tools and techniques, learned through years of experience with network design and deployment, to build a large-scale or scalable IP-routed network. The book takes an easy-to-read approach that is accessible to novice network designers while presenting invaluable, hard-to-find insight that appeals to more advanced-level professionals as well. Written by experts in the design and deployment of routing protocols, Optimal Routing Design leverages the authors’ extensive experience with thousands of customer cases and network designs. Boiling down years of experience into best practices for building scalable networks, this book presents valuable information on the most common problems network operators face when seeking to turn best effort IP networks into networks that can support Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)-type availability and reliability. Beginning with an overview of design fundamentals, the authors discuss the tradeoffs between various competing points of network design, the concepts of hierarchical network design, redistribution, and addressing and summarization. This first part provides specific techniques, usable in all routing protocols, to work around real-world problems. The next part of the book details specific information on deploying each interior gateway protocol (IGP)—including EIGRP, OSPF, and IS-IS—in real-world network environments. Part III covers advanced topics in network design, including border gateway protocol (BGP), high-availability, routing protocol security, and virtual private networks (VPN). Appendixes cover the fundamentals of each routing protocol discussed in the book; include a checklist of questions and design goals that provides network engineers with a useful tool when evaluating a network design; and compare routing protocols strengths and weaknesses to help you decide when to choose one protocol over another or when to switch between protocols. “The complexity associated with overlaying voice and video onto an IP network involves thinking through latency, jitter, availability, and recovery issues. This text offers keen insights into the fundamentals of network architecture for these converged environments.” —John Cavanaugh, Distinguished Services Engineer, Cisco Systems® This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Press‚ which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers.Table of ContentsContents Foreword Introduction Part I Network Design Overview Chapter 1 Network Design Goals and Techniques Goals for Network Design Reliability Packet Delivery Reliability Packet Delivery Times Delay and Jitter Budgets The Impact of Network Design on Delay and Jitter Budgets Reliability and Resiliency Defining Network Failure Network Recovery Time Manageability Day-to-Day Operational Maintenance Taking a Network Baseline Network Documentation Emergency Management Scalability Redundancy How Redundancy Increases Resiliency Statistical Analysis How Redundancy Can Increase Management Complexity How Redundancy Can Reduce Scalability Layering Hiding Information Hiding Topology Information Hiding Reachability Information Separate Functionality Summary Review Questions Chapter 2 Applying the Fundamentals Hierarchical Design Abstraction Through Layering Horizontal Layers in a Network Layer Functions Forwarding Traffic Aggregation of Routing Information Definition and Implementation of Routing Policies User Attachment Controlling Traffic Admittance into the Network Network Hierarchies Two-Layer Hierarchy Three-Layer Hierarchy Determining How Many Layers to Use in Network Design Hiding Layers Within Layers Creating Layers Creating Choke Points Separating Complexity from Complexity Addressing and Summarization Assigning Addresses in a Network Working Around Addressing Leaking More Specifics Smaller Summary Blocks Change the Logical Layout Summary Issues Summarization Black Holes Summary Suboptimal Routing Summary Metrics Redistribution Alternatives to IGP to IGP Redistribution Single Point of Redistribution Multiple Points of Redistribution Filters Tags Review Questions Part II Interior Gateway Protocols Chapter 3 EIGRP Network Design Deploying EIGRP on a Large-Scale Three-Layer Hierarchical Network Analyzing the Network Core for Summarization Summarizing from the Core to the Distribution Layer Summarizing into the Core at Its Edge Analyzing the Network Distribution Layer for Summarization Summarizing Toward the Network Core Summarizing Toward the Remote Sites Analyzing Routing in the Network Access Layer Single-Homed Sites Dual-Homed Remotes Analyzing Use of the Stub Feature in Access Routers Analyzing Routes to External Connections Analyzing Routes to the Common Services Area Analyzing Routes to Dial-In Clients Host Routes Bandwidth Issues Deploying EIGRP on a Two-Layer Hierarchical Network Summarization in the Core Summarization in the Aggregation Layer Summary of EIGRP Network Design New Features in EIGRP Third-Party Next Hop NBMA Hub-and-Spoke Network Redistributed Next Hop Enhanced Route Map Support Before Enhanced Route Map Support Route Map Enhancements Enhanced EIGRP Active Process Case Study: Summarization Methods IP Summary Addresses Distribute Lists Case Study: Controlling Query Propagation Case Study: A Plethora of Topology Table Entries Case Study: Troubleshooting EIGRP Neighbor Relationships EIGRP Neighbor Relationships: Common Problem 1 EIGRP Neighbor Relationships: Common Problem 2 Case Study: Troubleshooting SIA Routes Case Study: Redistribution Using Distribute Lists to Prevent Redistribution Routing Loops Using Route Maps to Prevent Redistribution Routing Loops Using Prefix Lists to Prevent Redistribution Routing Loops Setting the Administrative Distance to Troubleshoot Redistribution Routing Loops Using External Flags to Prevent Redistribution Routing Loops Case Study: Retransmissions and SIA The Hold Timer SIA Timer Interaction Between the Hold Timer and the SIA Timer Case Study: Multiple EIGRP Autonomous Systems Review Questions Chapter 4 OSPF Network Design Summarization and Aggregation Deploying OSPF on a Three-Layer Hierarchy The Core Routers as ABRs The Distribution Layer Routers as ABRs Mixing ABR Locations Deploying OSPF on a Two-Layer Hierarchy Reducing Flooding Through Stub Areas Stub Areas Totally Stubby Areas Not-So-Stubby Areas Totally NSSA Totally Stubby Not Really Full Areas When to Use Stub Areas Aggregating Routes in OSPF Filtering Routes in OSPF Deploying OSPF on Specific Topologies Redistribution into OSPF External Route Metrics External Route Selection at ABRs Route Selection Between Processes Full Mesh Topologies Hub-and-Spoke Topologies Treating the NBMA Interface as a Broadcast Interface Treating the NBMA Interface as a Set of Point-to-Point Interfaces Treating an NBMA Interface as a Broadcast Point-to-Multipoint Interface Treating an NBMA Interface as a Nonbroadcast Point-to-Multipoint Interface Summary of Interface and OSPF Link-Type Options Reducing Flooding to the Spokes Links Parallel to Area Boundaries Dial Links Point-to-point Broadcast Links Case Study: OSPF Externals and the Next Hop Case Study: Troubleshooting OSPF Neighbor Adjacencies Review Questions Chapter 5 IS-IS Network Design Deploying IS-IS on a Three-Layer Hierarchy The Entire Network as a Single Routing Domain The Core as the L2 Domain Merging the Core and Distribution Layers into Level 2 Mixing and Overlapping the Level 1/Level 2 Border Deploying IS-IS on a Two-Layer Hierarchy Working with IS-IS Routing Areas Leaking Routes into an L1 Routing Domain Aggregating Routes in IS-IS Deploying IS-IS on Specific Topologies Redistribution Full Mesh Topologies Hub-and-Spoke Topologies Point-to-Point Links Broadcast Interfaces Point-to-Point Broadcast Links Links Parallel to Area Boundaries Other Considerations in IS-IS Scaling Metrics Excessive Link-State Flooding LSP Corruption Maximum Number of Pseudonodes Prefix-Driven Routing Table Installation Hello Padding Suppression Case Study: Troubleshooting IS-IS Neighbor Relationships Review Questions Part II Advanced Network Design Chapter 6 BGP Cores and Network Scalability Case Study: Troubleshooting BGP Neighbor Relationships No IP Connectivity eBGP Multihop Other BGP Neighbor Problems Logging Neighbor Changes BGP in the Core Case Study: Sample Migration Scaling Beyond the Core Dividing the Network into Pieces Regional IGPs BGP Network Growing Pains BGP Update Generation Issues Reducing the Number of Updates Generated Case Study: Route Reflectors as Route Servers External Connections Case Study: Dual-Homed Connections to the Internet Load Sharing on the Outbound Side Load Sharing on the Inbound Side Being a Transit AS Case Study: Conditional Advertisement Case Study: Route Dampening Review Questions Chapter 7 High Availability and Fast Convergence Considerations in Fast Convergence Network Meltdowns Solving the Meltdown Designing Routing Protocols Not to Melt Do Not Report Everything You See Non-Stop Forwarding Graceful Restart EIGRP Graceful Restart OSPF Graceful Restart IS-IS Graceful Restart BGP Graceful Restart Fast Down Detection Detecting a Link or Adjacency Failure Using Polling Bidirectional Forwarding Detection Detecting a Link or Adjacency Failure Using Event-Driven Link Failure Notification SONET Frame Relay Ethernet Slowing Down When the Network Speeds Up Link-State Exponential Backoff Configuring OSPF Exponential Backoff for LSA Generation Configuring OSPF Exponential Backoff for Running SPF Configuring IS-IS Exponential Backoff IP Event Dampening Configuring IP Event Dampening Calculating the Route Faster EIGRP Feasible Successors Link-State Partial SPF Link-State Incremental SPF Deploying GR and Fast Convergence Technologies Graceful Restart Versus Fast Down Detection How Fast Can GR Work? Balancing Between GR and Fast Down Detection Deploying Graceful Restart with BGP and an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Deploying Exponential Backoff for Fast Convergence Setting SPF Exponential Backoff Timers Review Questions Chapter 8 Routing Protocol Security Fundamentals of Routing and Security Understanding What a Routing System Is Thoughts on Authorization and Authentication Defining Authentication and Authorization Transiting Authentication and Authorization Transiting Authorization in a Routing System Trust and Security Determining the Reasons for an Attack on the Routing System Types of Attacks Against Routing Systems Disrupting Peering Transport-Level Attacks Against OSPF and IS-IS Transport-Level Attacks Against EIGRP Transport-Level Attacks Against Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Protocol-Layer Attacks Falsifying Routing Information Disrupting Routing Domain Stability Protecting Routing Domain Legitimacy Protecting Routers from Being Compromised Use Passwords Filter Access to Routers Protecting Against Illegitimate Devices Joining the Routing Domain MD5 Authentication Issues with MD5 Peer Authentication IPSec Protecting Routers from Denial-of-Service Attacks Edge Filters The Generalized TTL Security Mechanism Protecting Routing Information Extranet Connections Use an Exterior Gateway Protocol for All Extranet Connections Filter Routes Aggressively at the Extranet Edge Dampen Prefixes Aggressively at the Extranet Edge Limiting Route Count at the Extranet Edge Connections to the Internet Route Filtering Protecting Against Transit Route Dampening Future Directions in Routing Protocol Security Protecting Against Illegitimate Devices Joining the Routing Domain Secure Origin BGP (soBGP) Begin at the Beginning: Who Are You? The First Goal: Are You Authorized? The Second Goal: Do You Really Have a Path? Review Questions References Chapter 9 Virtual Private Networks MPLS MPLS Basics Overlay Routing over MPLS VPNs Peer-to-Peer (Redistributed) Routing over MPLS VPNs BGP/MPLS VPNs EIGRP OSPF IPSec GRE NHRP Case Study: NHRP in an ATM Network Dynamic Multipoint IPSec VPNs Review Questions References Part II Appendixes Appendix A EIGRP for IP Basics of Operation Appendix B OSPF Basics of Operation Appendix C Integrated IS-IS Basics of Operation Appendix D Border Gateway Protocol 4 Basics of Operation Appendix E IP Network Design Checklist Appendix F Answers to Review Questions Appendix G Which Routing Protocol? Index

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Book SynopsisIP Multicast Volume I: Cisco IP Multicast Networking Design, deploy, and operate modern Cisco IP multicast networks IP Multicast, Volume I thoroughly covers basic IP multicast principles and routing techniques for building and operating enterprise and service provider networks to support applications ranging from videoconferencing to data replication. After briefly reviewing data communication in IP networks, the authors thoroughly explain network access, Layer 2 and Layer 3 multicast, and protocol independent multicast (PIM). Building on these essentials, they introduce multicast scoping, explain IPv6 multicast, and offer practical guidance for IP multicast design, operation, and troubleshooting. Key concepts and techniques are illuminated through real-world network examples and detailed diagrams. Reflecting extensive experience working with Cisco customers, the authors offer pragmatic discussions of common features, design approaches, deployment models, and field practices. You’ll find everything from specific commands to start-to-finish methodologies: all you need to deliver and optimize any IP multicast solution. IP Multicast, Volume I is a valuable resource for network engineers, architects, operations technicians, consultants, security professionals, and collaboration specialists. Network managers and administrators will find the implementation case study and feature explanations especially useful. · Review IP multicasting applications and what makes multicast unique · Understand IP multicast at the access layer, from layered encapsulation to switching multicast frames · Work with Layer 2 switching domains, IPv4 group addresses, and MAC address maps · Utilize Layer 3 multicast hosts and understand each PIM mode · Implement basic forwarding trees and rendezvous points · Compare multicast forwarding modes: ASM, SSM, and PIM Bidir · Plan and properly scope basic multicast networks · Choose your best approach to forwarding replication · Apply best practices for security and resiliency · Understand unique IPv6 deployment issues · Efficiently administer and troubleshoot your IP multicast network This book is part of the Networking Technology Series from Cisco Press®, which offers networking professionals valuable information for constructing efficient networks, understanding new technologies, and building successful careers. Category: Networking Covers: IP MulticastTable of ContentsIntroduction xv Chapter 1 Introduction to IP Multicast 1 What Problem Does Multicast Solve? 3 Multicast Applications and Services 5 One-to-Many Multicast Applications 5 Many-to-Many Multicast Applications 6 Many-to-One Multicast Applications 7 Multicast Packet 8 What Is a Source? 9 What Is a Receiver? 10 L3 Multicast Is Built on the TCP/IP Protocol Stack 10 It’s a Group Thing 11 IPv4 Layer 3 Multicast Addressing Defines Groups 13 IPv4 Multicast Group Address Assignments 14 Important Multicast Groups and Group Considerations 16 IPv4 Local Network Control 16 IPv4 Inter-Network Control 18 The History of Multicast 19 The MBone 20 Native Internet Multicast 20 IPv6 Multicast 20 Multicast Development and Standardization 21 Summary 21 Chapter 2 Network Access and Layer 2 Multicast 23 Layered Encapsulation 23 MAC Address Mapping 26 Switching Multicast Frames 28 Group Subscription 29 IGMP on the Gateway Router 30 IGMP Versions 31 IGMPv1 31 IGMPv2 32 IGMPv3 35 Configuring IGMP on a Router 37 Mixed Groups: Interoperability Between IGMPv1, v2, and v3 38 Layer 2 Group Management 38 Cisco Group Management Protocol 38 The CGMP Leave Process 39 Router-Port Group Management Protocol 39 Snooping 40 IGMP Snooping 40 Maintaining Group Membership 44 Configuring IP IGMP Snooping 44 The Process of Packet Replication in a Switch 45 Protecting Layer 2 47 Storm Control 47 Summary 49 References 49 Chapter 3 IP Multicast at Layer 3 51 Multicast Hosts 52 Networked Groups: Client/Server 52 Network Hosts 53 Multicast Routing: An Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast and Multicast Trees 54 Seeing the Forest Through the Trees 55 What Is a Network Tree? 55 Concepts of PIM Group States 57 The (*,G) State Entry 58 The (S,G) State Entry 60 Reverse Path Forwarding 61 Two Types of Trees 63 Source Trees (Shortest Path Trees) 64 Shared Trees 66 Branches on a Tree 68 PIM Neighbors 68 Designated Routers 69 PIM Messages: Join, Leave, Prune, Graft, and Assert 72 Join 75 Leave and Prune 75 Graft 75 Assert 75 PIM Modes 76 PIM Dense-Mode 76 PIM Sparse-Mode 77 PIM Sparse-Dense Mode 80 Multicast Flow at the Leaf 81 Leaving an IGMP Group 85 The Rendezvous Point and Shared Tree Dynamics 87 From a Shared Tree to a Source Tree 94 Building the Multicast Routing Information Base 101 Multicast Routing Information Base and Multicast Forwarding Information Base 102 PIM-BiDir 104 PIM-SSM 110 Summary 119 Chapter 4 Protocol Independent Multicast 121 RP Overview 121 IP Multicast Domains 124 Basic PIM Configuration 128 Static RP 129 PIM Dense Mode 132 Dynamic RP Information Propagation 134 Auto RP 135 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS 137 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS-XR 139 Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for NX-OS 141 BSR 143 Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS 145 Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS-XR 146 Sample Configuration: BSR in NX-OS 148 Anycast RP 149 Multicast Source Discovery Protocol 150 PIM Anycast RP 151 Sample Configuration: Anycast RP with MSDP on IOS 153 Sample Configuration: Anycast with MSDP on IOS-XR 155 Sample Configuration: Anycast on NX-OS 158 Phantom RP 160 Sample Configuration–Phantom RP on IOS 161 PIM SSM Configuration 162 Summary 164 Chapter 5 IP Multicast Design Considerations and Implementation 167 Multicast Group Scoping 167 Organizational and Global Group Assignment Considerations 168 IPv4 Considerations 170 Using Group Scoping for Hybrid Designs and RP Placement 173 Multicast RP Design with MSDP Mesh Group 178 Multicast RP Hybrid Design with Scoped Multicast Domains 181 RP Placement 186 Multicast Traffic Engineering and Forwarding 186 More on mRIB, mFIB, and RPF Checks 188 Traffic Engineering Using IP Multipath Feature 197 Multicast Traffic Engineering: Deterministic Path Selection 201 IP Multicast Best Practices and Security 209 Before Enabling PIM 209 General Best Practices 210 Tuning the Network for Multicast 211 Manually Selecting Designated Routers 212 Basic Multicast Security 216 Protecting Multicast Control-plane and Data-plane Resources 216 Securing Multicast Domains with Boundaries and Borders 218 Protecting Multicast RPs 225 Best Practice and Security Summary 226 Putting It All Together 228 Scenario: Multicaster’s Bank Corp. Media Services 228 Summary 238 Chapter 6 IPv6 Multicast Networks 239 IPv6 Fundamentals: A Quick Overview 239 IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast Group Addressing 242 IPv6 Multicast Group Address Assignments 245 IANA Unicast-Prefix—Based Multicast Address 247 IPv6 Source-Specific Addressing 248 Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 249 IPv6 Address Scoping and Schema Considerations 249 Multicast-IPv6-Address-to-MAC-Address Mapping 250 IPv6 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Multicast 250 Multicast Listener Discovery for IPv6 251 MLDv1 251 MLDv2 253 Configuring MLD and the MLD Message Process 253 Multicast Listener Discovery Joining a Group and Forwarding Traffic 255 Leaving a MLD Group 258 Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping 258 Configuring MLD Snooping 259 IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast and Protocol Independent Multicast 6 (PIM6) 261 PIM6 Static mroute Entries 268 PIM6 Group Modes 269 Summary 282 Chapter 7 Operating and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Networks 283 Multicast Troubleshooting Logic 283 Multicast Troubleshooting Methodology 283 Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 287 State Verification 293 RP Control-Plane Check 294 Hop-by-Hop State Validation 299 Overview of Common Tools for Multicast Troubleshooting 303 Ping Test 303 SLA Test 304 Common Multicast Debug Commands 307 debug ip mpacket Command 307 debug ip pim Command 307 debug ip igmp Command 308 Multicast Troubleshooting 309 Multicast Troubleshooting Case Study 310 Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 312 Important Multicast show Commands 326 show ip igmp group Command 326 show ip igmp interface/show igmp interface Commands 326 show ip mroute/show mrib route Command 328 show ip pim interface/show pim interface Commands 330 show ip pim neighbor/show pim neighbor Commands 330 show ip pim rp Command 331 show ip pim rp mapping/show pim rp mapping Commands 332 Summary 333 9781587144592 TOC 9/8/2016

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Book SynopsisLearn practical guidelines for designing and deploying a scalable BGP routing architecture Up-to-date coverage of BGP features like performance tuning, multiprotocol BGP, MPLS VPN, and multicast BGP In-depth coverage of advanced BGP topics to help design a complex BGP routing architecture Practical design tips that have been proven in the field Extensive configuration examples and case studies BGP Design and Implementation focuses on real-world problems and provides not only design solutions, but also the background on why they are appropriate and a practical overview of how they apply into a top-down design. The BGP protocol is being used in both service provider and enterprise networks. The design goals of these two groups are different, leading to different architectures being used in each environment. The title breaks out the separate goals, and resulting solutions for each group to assist the reader in further understanding different solution strategies. This book starts by identifying key features and functionality in BGP. It then delves into the topics of performance tuning, routing policy development, and architectural scalability. It progresses by examining the challenges for both the service provider and enterprise customers, and provides practical guidelines and a design framework for each. BGP Design and Implementation finishes up by closely looking at the more recent extensions to BGP through Multi-Protocol BGP for MPLS-VPN, IP Multicast, IPv6, and CLNS. Each chapter is generally organized into the following sections: Introduction, Design and Implementation Guidelines, Case Studies, and Summary.Table of Contents Introduction. I. UNDERSTANDING ADVANCED BGP. 1. Advanced BGP Introduction. Understanding BGP Characteristics. Reliability. Stability. Scalability. Flexibility. Comparing BGP and IGP. 2. Understanding BGP Building Blocks. Comparing the Control Plane and Forwarding Plane. BGP Processes and Memory Use. BGP Path Attributes. ORIGIN. AS_PATH. NEXT_HOP. MULTI_EXIT_DISC. LOCAL_PREF. COMMUNITY. ORIGINATOR_ID. CLUSTER_LIST. Understanding Internal BGP. Path Decision Process. BGP Capabilities. BGP-IGP Routing Exchange. Routing Information Base. Switching Paths. Process Switching. Cache-Based Switching. Fast Switching. Optimum Switching. Distributed Optimum Switching. NetFlow Switching. Shortcomings of Cached-Based Switching Methods. Cisco Express Forwarding. FIB. Adjacency Table. Distributed CEF. Load Sharing. Comparison of Switching Mechanisms. Case Study: BGP Memory Use Estimation. Methods. Estimation Formulas. Free Memory Before BGP Is Enabled. Memory Use for BGP Networks. Memory Use for BGP Paths. Memory Use for BGP Path Attributes. Memory Use for IP NDB. Memory Use for IP RDB. Memory Use for IP CEF. Total BGP Memory Use. Analysis. Summary. 3. Tuning BGP Performance. BGP Convergence Tuning. TCP Protocol Considerations. TCP MSS. TCP Window Size. Path MTU Discovery. Queue Optimization. Packet Reception Process. Hold Queue Optimization. SPD. System Buffers. BGP Update Generation. Peer Groups. BGP Dynamic Update Peer Groups. Update Packing Enhancement. BGP Read-Only Mode. Performance Optimization Interdependencies. BGP Network Performance Features. Network Failure Impact Mitigation. BGP Fast External Fallover. IGP/BGP Convergence Time Deltas. BGP Non-Stop Forwarding. Prefix Update Optimization. Route Flap Dampening. BGP Soft Reconfiguration. Route Refresh Feature. Transmit Side Loop Detection. Outbound Route Filtering. Case Study: BGP Convergence Testing. Test Scenario. Baseline Convergence. Peer Group Benefits. Peer Groups and Path MTU Discovery. Peer Groups and Queue Optimization. Pre-Release 12.0(19)S Feature Comparison. Post-Release 12.0(19)S BGP Enhancements. Case Study Summary. Summary. 4. Effective BGP Policy Control. Policy Control Techniques. Regular Expression. Components of a Regular Expression. How to Use Regular Expressions in Cisco IOS Software. Filter Lists for Enforcing BGP Policies. Prefix Lists. AS Path Lists. Community Lists. Route Maps. Policy Lists. Filter Processing Order. Conditional Advertisement. Configurations. Examples. Aggregation and Deaggregation. Local AS. QoS Policy Propagation. Identifying and Tagging BGP Prefixes That Require Preferential Treatment. Setting FIB Policy Entries Based on BGP Tagging. Configuring Traffic Lookup on an Interface and Setting QoS Policies. Enforcing Policing on an Interface as Traffic Is Received and Transmitted. An Example of QPPB. BGP Policy Accounting. Case Study: AS Integration via the Local AS. Summary. II. DESIGNING BGP ENTERPRISE NETWORKS. 5. Enterprise BGP Core Network Design. Using BGP in the Enterprise Core. Defining the Problem. Determining the Solution. BGP Strengths. BGP Weaknesses. BGP Network Core Design Solutions. Internal BGP Core Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery Scenarios. Administrative Control. Routing Policy. External BGP Core Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery Scenarios. Administrative Control. Routing Policy. Internal/External BGP Core Architecture. Path Selection. Failure and Recovery Scenarios. Administrative Control. Routing Policy. Remote Site Aggregation. Case Study: BGP Core Deployment. BGP Core Design Scenario. Design Requirements. Potential Solutions. Requirements Analysis. Solution Description. Core Design. Major Center Attachment. Remote Site Aggregation. Internet Connectivity. Migration Plan. Supporting Infrastructure. Overlay BGP and Inject Prefixes. BGP Core Activation. Final Cleanup. Final Scenario. Summary. 6. Internet Connectivity for Enterprise Networks. Determining What Information to Accept from Upstream Providers. Default Route Only. Default Plus Partial Routes. Full Internet Tables. Multihoming. Stub Network Single-Homed. Stub Network Multihomed. Single Border Router. Multiple Border Routers. Standard Multihomed Network. Single Border Router. Multiple Border Routers. Route Filtering. Inbound Filtering. Outbound Filtering. Load Balancing. Inbound Traffic Load Balancing. Outbound Traffic Load Balancing. Multiple Sessions to the Same Provider. EBGP Multihop Solution. EBGP Multipath Solution. Additional Connectivity Concerns. Provider-Based Summarization. Peering Filters. Case Study: Load Balancing in a Multihoming Environment. Scenario Overview. Traffic Flow Requirements. Failure Scenarios. Initial Configurations. Inbound Traffic Policy. Outbound Traffic Policy. Final Configurations. Summary. III. DESIGNING BGP SERVICE PROVIDER NETWORKS. 7. Scalable iBGP Design and Implementation Guidelines. Issues of iBGP Scalability. Route Reflection. How Route Reflection Works. Rules for Prefix Advertisement. Clustering. Loop-Prevention Mechanisms. ORIGINATOR_ID. CLUSTER_LIST. Hierarchical Route Reflection. Route Reflection Design Examples. Keeping Logical and Physical Topologies Congruent. Using Comparable Inter-AS Metrics in an RR Environment. Setting Proper IGP Metrics in an RR Environment. Clustering Design. Resetting the Next Hop. Route Reflection with Peer Groups. Confederation. How Confederation Works. Special Treatment of AS_PATH. Special Treatment of Communities. Confederation External and Confederation Internal Routes. Private AS Numbers. Confederation Design Examples. Hub-and-Spoke Architecture. Setting Proper IGP Metrics for Confederations. Confederation Versus Route Reflection. Summary. 8. Route Reflection and Confederation Migration Strategies. General Migration Strategies. Preparatory Steps. Identifying the Starting and Final Network Topologies. Identifying the Starting Router. Minimizing Traffic Loss. Case Study 1: iBGP Full Mesh to Route Reflection Migration. Starting Configurations and RIBs. Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select the Starting Core Router. Step 2: Create a New Peer Group for Clients, and Enable Route Reflection. Step 3: Move All Access Routers to the New Peer Group. Step 4: Move the Other Core Router to RR, and Add Access Routers as Clients. Step 5: Remove iBGP Sessions That Are No Longer Needed. Step 6: Repeat Steps 1 Through 5 for the Other POP. Step 7: Verify BGP Reachability for All Prefixes. Final BGP Configurations. Case Study 2: iBGP Full Mesh to Confederation Migration. Starting Configurations and RIBs. Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It out of the Forwarding Paths. Step 2: Replace R4's BGP Process with the Confederation Configuration and Update. All Routers. Step 3: Create iBGP Mesh Sessions and Intraconfederation eBGP Sessions. Step 4: Update the Configurations on R1 and R2 to Peer with R. Step 5: Move R6 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6: Move R7 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 7: Move R5 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R5 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Update the Peering with R5 on R1 and R. Step 9: Move R2 out of the Forwarding Paths, and Migrate R2 from Member AS 100. to Member AS. Step 10: Update the Peerings with R2 and Put R2 Back in the Forwarding Paths. Step 11: Move R3 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 12: Move R1 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 13: Update the Peering with R. Step 14: Verify BGP Reachability for All Prefixes. Case Study 3: Route Reflection to Confederation Migration. Starting Configurations. Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It out of the Forwarding Paths. Step 2: Migrate R4 from AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Update All Other Routers. with Confederation Configurations. Step 3: Create Intramember and Intermember AS Sessions on R. Step 4: Update the Peering on R1 and R. Step 5: Move R6 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6: Move R7 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 7: Move R5 from Member AS 100 to Member AS 65001 and Put R5 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Update the Peering with R. Step 9: Move R2 out of the Forwarding Paths and Migrate R2 from Member AS 100 to. Member AS. Step 10: Update the Peerings with R2, and Put R2 Back in the Forwarding Paths. Step 11: Move R3 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 12: Move R1 from Member AS 100 to Member AS. Step 13: Update the Peerings with R. Step 14: Verify All the Routing Information. Case Study 4: Confederation to Route Reflection Migration. Starting Configurations. Migration Procedures. Step 1: Select R4 as the Starting Router and Move It out of the Forwarding Paths. Step 2: Migrate R4 to a New Member AS 100 and Make It a Route Reflector. Step 3: On R1 and R2, Add Member AS 100 to the Peers and Update the Peer­ings. with R. Step 4: Move R6 from Member AS 65001 to Member AS 100 and Put R4 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 5: Move R7 from Member AS 65001 to Member AS 100 and Move R5 out of the. Forwarding Paths. Step 6: Move R5 from Member AS 65001 to Member AS. Step 7: On R1 and R2, Update the Peerings with R5 and Put R5 Back in the. Forwarding Paths. Step 8: Move R2 out of the Forwarding Paths and Migrate R2 from Member AS 65000. to Member AS. Step 9: Update the Peering on R4 and R5 and Put R2 Back in the Forwarding Paths. Step 10: Move R3 from Member AS 65000 to Member AS. Step 11: Move R1 from Member AS 65000 to Member AS. Step 12: Update the Peering with R. Step 13: Remove the Confederation from the Configurations of All the Routers in. AS. Step 14: Verify BGP Reachability for All Prefixes. Summary. 9. Service Provider Architecture. General ISP Network Architecture. Interior Gateway Protocol Layout. Network Layout. The Network Core Layer. The Aggregation Layer. The Network Edge Layer. General BGP Settings. Network Addressing Methodology. Loopback Addressing. Link Addressing. Customer Addressing. Customer Connectivity. Customer BGP Peering. Static Route Redistribution. Identifying Customer Prefixes. Transit and Peering Overview. Transit Connectivity. Peering. Public Peering. Private Peering. ISP Tiers and Peering. BGP Community Design. Prefix Origin Tracking. Dynamic Customer Policy. Local Preference Manipulation. Controlling Upstream Prefix Advertisement. QoS Policy Propagation with BGP. Static Redistribution and Community Application. BGP Security Features. TCP MD5 Signatures for BGP Sessions. Peer Filtering. Graded Route Flap Dampening. Public Peering Security Concerns. Pointing Default. Third-Party Next Hop. GRE Tunneling. Case Study: Distributed Denial-of-Service Attack Mitigation. Dynamic Black Hole Routing. Final Edge Router Configuration Example. Summary. PART IV. IMPLEMENTING BGP MULTIPROTOCOL EXTENSIONS. 10. Multiprotocol BGP and MPLS VPN. BGP Multiprotocol Extension for MPLS VPN. Route Distinguisher and VPN-IPv4 Address. Extended Community Attribute. Route Target Extended Community. Route Origin Extended Community. Multiprotocol Reachability Attributes. Understanding MPLS Fundamentals. MPLS Labels. Label Exchange and LSP Setup. Forwarding Labeled Packets. Building MPLS VPN Architectures. Components of an MPLS VPN. VPN Routing/Forwarding Instance. VPNv4 Route and Label Propagation. Automatic Route Filtering. AS_PATH Manipulation. AS Override. Allow-AS. VPNs Across AS Borders. Inter-AS VPN. Back-to-Back VRF. Single-Hop Multiprotocol eBGP for VPNv. Multihop Multiprotocol eBGP for VPNv. Non-VPN Transit Provider for VPNv. Comparison of Various Inter-AS VPN Options. Carrier Supporting Carrier VPN. CSC for Full Internet Routes. Hierarchical VPN. BGP Confederations and MPLS VPN. Deployment Considerations. Scalability. Resource Consumption on PE Devices. Route Reflector Designs with MPLS VPN. Design Guidelines for RDs. Route Target Design Examples. Hub-and-Spoke VPN Topologies. Extranet VPN. Management VPN. Convergence. Provider Backbone Convergence. Site-to-Site Convergence. Case Study: Inter-AS VPN Using Multihop eBGP Between RRs and IPv4 Labels. Summary. 11. Multiprotocol BGP and Interdomain Multicast. Multicast Fundamentals. Multicast Distribution Trees. Multicast Group Notation. Shared Tree. Source Tree. Building Multicast Distribution Trees. Dense Mode. Sparse Mode. Interdomain Multicast. Multicast Source Discovery Protocol. Multicast NLRI in MP-BGP. mBGP/MSDP Interaction. Peer-RPF Checking Rule 1: i(m)BGP Session. Peer-RPF Checking Rule 2: e(m)BGP Session. Peer-RPF Checking Rule 3: No (m)BGP Session. Mesh Groups. Route Reflection Issues. Case Study: Service Provider Multicast Deployment. Anycast RP. Customer Configurations. MSDP Default Peer. Multiple Links, Same Upstream Provider. Multiple ISPs, Dedicated Unicast and Multicast. Multiple Upstream ISPs, Redundant Multicast. Interdomain Connections. Summary. 12. Multiprotocol BGP Support for IPv. IPv6 Enhancements. Expanded Addressing Capabilities. Autoconfiguration Capabilities. Header Simplification. Security Enhancements. QoS Capabilities. IPv6 Addressing. Anycast Address Functionality. General Address Format. Aggregatable Global Unicast Addresses. Local Addressing. Interface Identifiers. Special Addresses. MP-BGP Extensions for IPv6 NLRI. Dual-Stack Deployment. MP-BGP for IPv6 Deployment Considerations. Configuring MP-BGP for IPv. BGP Address Family Configuration. Injecting IPv6 Prefixes into BGP. Prefix Filtering for IPv. Case Study: Deploying a Dual-Stack IPv4 and IPv6 Environment. Initial IPv4 Network Topology. Initial Configurations. Planned IPv6 Overlay. IPv6 Network Topology. Final Configurations. Summary. V. APPENDIXES. Appendix A: Multiprotocol BGP Extensions for CLNS Support. Appendix B: Matrix of BGP Features and Cisco IOS Software Releases. Appendix C: Additional Sources of Information. Appendix D: Acronym Glossary. Index.

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