Civil engineering, surveying and building Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics
Book SynopsisStructural dynamics is an area that covers experimental, analytical, and computational methods for determining the response of structures to dynamic environments. It covers the theory of engineering vibration, with an emphasis on how to obtain models of real structures by finite-element-based computational techniques.Table of ContentsPreface to Structural Dynamics—An Introduction to Computer Methods xi Preface to Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics xiii About the Authors xv 1 The Science and Art of Structural Dynamics 1 1.1 Introduction to Structural Dynamics 1 1.2 Modeling of Structural Components and Systems 2 1.3 Prototype Spring–Mass Model 7 1.4 Vibration Testing of Structures 12 1.5 Scope of the Book 12 1.6 Computer Simulations; Supplementary Material on the Website 15 References 16 Problems 16 Part I Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 19 2 Mathematical Models of SDOF Systems 21 2.1 Brief Review of the Dynamics of Particles and Rigid Bodies 21 2.2 Elements of Lumped-Parameter Models 24 2.3 Application of Newton’s Laws to Lumped-Parameter Models 27 2.4 Application of the Principle of Virtual Displacements to Lumped-Parameter Models 34 2.5 Application of the Principle of Virtual Displacements to Continuous Models: Assumed-Modes Method 41 References 50 Problems 51 3 Free Vibration of SDOF Systems 56 3.1 Free Vibration of Undamped SDOF Systems 58 3.2 Free Vibration of Viscous-Damped SDOF Systems 61 3.3 Stability of Motion 66 3.4 Free Vibration of an SDOF System with Coulomb Damping 70 3.5 Experimental Determination of the Natural Frequency and Damping Factor of an SDOF System 72 References 77 Problems 78 4 Response of SDOF Systems to Harmonic Excitation 81 4.1 Response of Undamped SDOF Systems to Harmonic Excitation 82 4.2 Response of Viscous-Damped SDOF Systems to Harmonic Excitation: Frequency-Response Functions 87 4.3 Complex Frequency Response 93 4.4 Vibration Isolation: Force Transmissibility and Base Motion 96 4.5 Vibration Measuring Instruments: Accelerometers and Vibrometers 101 4.6 Use of Frequency-Response Data to Determine the Natural Frequency and Damping Factor of a Lightly Damped SDOF System 104 4.7 Equivalent Viscous Damping 107 4.8 Structural Damping 111 References 112 Problems 113 5 Response of SDOF Systems to Nonperiodic Excitation 117 5.1 Response of a Viscous-Damped SDOF System to an Ideal Step Input 117 5.2 Response of Undamped SDOF Systems to Rectangular Pulse and Ramp Loadings 119 5.3 Response of Undamped SDOF Systems to a Short-Duration Impulse: Unit Impulse Response 123 5.4 Response of SDOF Systems to General Dynamic Excitation: Convolution Integral Method 125 5.5 Response Spectra 128 5.6 System Response by the Laplace Transform Method: System Transfer Function 136 References 142 Problems 143 6 Numerical Evaluation of the Dynamic Response of SDOF Systems 147 6.1 Integration of Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 148 6.2 Integration of First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations 159 6.3 Nonlinear SDOF Systems 171 References 181 Problems 182 7 Response of SDOF Systems to Periodic Excitation: Frequency-Domain Analysis 184 7.1 Response to Periodic Excitation: Real Fourier Series 184 7.2 Response to Periodic Excitation: Complex Fourier Series 189 7.3 Response to Nonperiodic Excitation: Fourier Integral 195 7.4 Relationship Between Complex Frequency Response and Unit Impulse Response 199 7.5 Discrete Fourier Transform and Fast Fourier Transform 200 References 205 Problems 205 Part II Multiple-Degree-of-Freedom Systems—Basic Topics 209 8 Mathematical Models of MDOF Systems 211 8.1 Application of Newton’s Laws to Lumped-Parameter Models 212 8.2 Introduction to Analytical Dynamics: Hamilton’s Principle and Lagrange’s Equations 218 8.3 Application of Lagrange’s Equations to Lumped-Parameter Models 223 8.4 Application of Lagrange’s Equations to Continuous Models: Assumed-Modes Method 228 8.5 Constrained Coordinates and Lagrange Multipliers 238 References 240 Problems 241 9 Vibration of Undamped 2-DOF Systems 248 9.1 Free Vibration of 2-DOF Systems: Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 249 9.2 Beat Phenomenon 254 9.3 Additional Examples of Modes and Frequencies of 2-DOF Systems: Assumed-Modes Models 258 9.4 Free Vibration of Systems with Rigid-Body Modes 266 9.5 Introduction to Mode Superposition: Frequency Response of an Undamped 2-DOF System 268 9.6 Undamped Vibration Absorber 272 Reference 275 Problems 275 10 Vibration Properties of MDOF Systems: Modes, Frequencies, and Damping 281 10.1 Some Properties of Natural Frequencies and Natural Modes of Undamped MDOF Systems 282 10.2 Model Reduction: Rayleigh, Rayleigh–Ritz, and Assumed-Modes Methods 298 10.3 Uncoupled Damping in MDOF Systems 302 10.4 Structures with Arbitrary Viscous Damping: Complex Modes 307 10.5 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes of Damped Structures with Rigid-Body Modes 316 References 322 Problems 322 11 Dynamic Response of MDOF Systems: Mode-Superposition Method 325 11.1 Mode-Superposition Method: Principal Coordinates 325 11.2 Mode-Superposition Solutions for MDOF Systems with Modal Damping: Frequency-Response Analysis 330 11.3 Mode-Displacement Solution for the Response of MDOF Systems 342 11.4 Mode-Acceleration Solution for the Response of Undamped MDOF Systems 349 11.5 Dynamic Stresses by Mode Superposition 351 11.6 Mode Superposition for Undamped Systems with Rigid-Body Modes 353 References 359 Problems 360 Part III Continuous Systems 365 12 Mathematical Models of Continuous Systems 367 12.1 Applications of Newton’s Laws: Axial Deformation and Torsion 367 12.2 Application of Newton’s Laws: Transverse Vibration of Linearly Elastic Beams (Bernoulli–Euler Beam Theory) 374 12.3 Application of Hamilton’s Principle: Torsion of a Rod with Circular Cross Section 379 12.4 Application of the Extended Hamilton’s Principle: Beam Flexure Including Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia (Timoshenko Beam Theory) 382 References 385 Problems 385 13 Free Vibration of Continuous Systems 388 13.1 Free Axial and Torsional Vibration 388 13.2 Free Transverse Vibration of Bernoulli–Euler Beams 392 13.3 Rayleigh’s Method for Approximating the Fundamental Frequency of a Continuous System 398 13.4 Free Transverse Vibration of Beams Including Shear Deformation and Rotatory Inertia 400 13.5 Some Properties of Natural Modes of Continuous Systems 401 13.6 Free Vibration of Thin Flat Plates 405 References 409 Problems 409 Part IV Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics 415 14 Introduction to Finite Element Modeling of Structures 417 14.1 Introduction to the Finite Element Method 418 14.2 Element Stiffness and Mass Matrices and Element Force Vector 419 14.3 Transformation of Element Matrices 430 14.4 Assembly of System Matrices: Direct Stiffness Method 438 14.5 Boundary Conditions 445 14.6 Constraints: Reduction of Degrees of Freedom 447 14.7 Systems with Rigid-Body Modes 451 14.8 Finite Element Solutions for Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 453 References 462 Problems 463 15 Numerical Evaluation of Modes and Frequencies of MDOF Systems 469 15.1 Introduction to Methods for Solving Algebraic Eigenproblems 469 15.2 Vector Iteration Methods 471 15.3 Subspace Iteration 480 15.4 QR Method for Symmetric Eigenproblems 483 15.5 Lanczos Eigensolver 489 15.6 Numerical Case Study 496 References 498 Problems 498 16 Direct Integration Methods for Dynamic Response of MDOF Systems 500 16.1 Damping in MDOF Systems 501 16.2 Numerical Integration: Mathematical Framework 504 16.3 Integration of Second-Order MDOF Systems 510 16.4 Single-Step Methods and Spectral Stability 516 16.5 Numerical Case Study 525 References 527 Problems 528 17 Component-Mode Synthesis 531 17.1 Introduction to Component-Mode Synthesis 532 17.2 Component Modes: Normal, Constraint, and Rigid-Body Modes 534 17.3 Component Modes: Attachment and Inertia-Relief Attachment Modes 539 17.4 Flexibility Matrices and Residual Flexibility 544 17.5 Substructure Coupling Procedures 549 17.6 Component-Mode Synthesis Methods: Fixed-Interface Methods 557 17.7 Component-Mode Synthesis Methods: Free-Interface Methods 559 17.8 Brief Introduction to Multilevel Substructuring 564 References 571 Problems 572 Part V Advanced Topics in Structural Dynamics 577 18 Introduction to Experimental Modal Analysis 579 18.1 Introduction 580 18.2 Frequency-Response Function Representations 584 18.3 Vibration Test Hardware 590 18.4 Fourier Transforms, Digital Signal Processing, and Estimation of FRFs 594 18.5 Modal Parameter Estimation 604 18.6 Mode Shape Estimation and Model Verification 612 References 615 Problems 616 19 Introduction to Active Structures 617 19.1 Introduction to Piezoelectric Materials 617 19.2 Constitutive Laws of Linear Piezoelectricity 620 19.3 Application of Newton’s Laws to Piezostructural Systems 624 19.4 Application of Extended Hamilton’s Principle to Piezoelectricity 627 19.5 Active Truss Models 630 19.6 Active Beam Models 637 19.7 Active Composite Laminates 641 References 646 Problems 647 20 Introduction to Earthquake Response of Structures 650 20.1 Introduction 650 20.2 Response of a SDOF System to Earthquake Excitation: Response Spectra 652 20.3 Response of MDOF Systems to Earthquake Excitation 660 20.4 Further Considerations 664 References 665 Problems 666 A Units 667 B Complex Numbers 671 C Elements of Laplace Transforms 674 D Fundamentals of Linear Algebra 682 E Introduction to the Use of Matlab 697 Index 715
£131.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Urban Hydrology Engineering Applications and
Book SynopsisGives a practical introduction on the challenges of controlling and managing the water resources used by and affected by cities and urbanized communities. This book offers an integrated engineering approach, covering the spectrum of urban watershed management, urban hydraulic systems, and overall storm water management.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Urbanization and Stormwater Runoff. 1.2 Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics, and Stormwater Quality. 1.3 Organization of the Book. Problems. 2 Rainfall for Designing Urban Drainage Systems. 2.1 Hydrologic Description of Rainfall. 2.2 Probabilistic Description of Rainfall. 2.2.1 Return Period and Hydrologic Risk. 2.2.2 Frequency Analysis. 2.2.3 Intensity-Duration-Return Period Curves. 2.2.4 Mathematical Intensity-Duration Relationships. 2.3 Design Rainfall. 2.3.1 Continuous Simulation and Single-Event Methods. 2.3.2 Design Return Period. 2.3.3 Design-Storm Duration and Depth. 2.3.4 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Design Rainfall. 2.4 Construction of Design-Storm Hyetographs. 2.4.1 Soil Conservation Service Method. 2.4.2 Yen and Chow Method. 2.4.3 Huff Method. 2.4.4 Synthetic Block Hyetograph Method. 2.4.5 Chicago Method. Problems. References. 3 Rainfall Excess Calculations. 3.1 Calculation of Rainfall Abstractions. 3.1.1 Interception Storage. 3.1.2 Infiltration. 3.1.3 Depression Storage. 3.2 Combined Loss Models. 3.2.1 Soil Conservation Service Method. 3.2.2 Other Combined Loss Models. Problems. References. 4 Rainfall Excess and Open-Channel Flow in Urban Watersheds. 4.1 Open-Channel Hydraulics. 4.1.1 Basic Definitions. 4.1.2 States of Open-Channel Flow. 4.1.3 Open-Channel Flow Equations. 4.1.4 Steady Gradually Varied Flow. 4.1.5 Normal Flow. 4.1.6 Open-Channel Rating Curve. 4.2 Overland Flow. 4.2.1 Kinematic-Wave Model. 4.2.2 Overland Flow on Impervious Surfaces. 4.2.3 Overland Flow on Pervious Surfaces. 4.3 Channel Flow. 4.3.1 Muskingum Method. 4.3.2 Muskingum-Cunge Method. 4.3.3 Muskingum-Cunge Method for Routing with Lateral Inflow. 4.3.4 Modified Att-Kin Method. Problems. References. 5 Calculation of Runoff Rates From Urban Watersheds. 5.1 Basic Concepts. 5.1.1 Elements of Urban Runoff Hydrographs. 5.1.2 Definition of Time of Concentration. 5.2 Calculation of Time of Concentration. 5.2.1 SCS Time-of-Concentration Method. 5.2.2 Kinematic Time-of-Concentration Formulas. 5.2.3 Kirpich Formula. 5.3 Unit Hydrograph Method. 5.3.1 Unit Hydrograph Development. 5.3.2 Application of the Unit Hydrograph Method. 5.4 Soil Conservation ServiceMethods for Runoff Rate Calculations. 5.4.1 TR-55 Graphical Peak Discharge Method. 5.4.2 TR-55 Tabular Hydrograph Method. 5.5 The Santa Barbara Urban Hydrograph Method. 5.6 USGS Regression Equations. 5.7 The Rational Method. 5.8 The Kinematic-Rational Methods. Problems. References. 6 Stormwater Drainage Structures. 6.1 Drainage of Street Pavements. 6.1.1 General Design Considerations. 6.1.2 Flow in Gutters. 6.1.3 Pavement Drainage Inlets. 6.1.4 Pavement Drainage Inlet Locations. 6.2 Storm Sewer Systems. 6.2.1 Storm Sewer Hydraulics. 6.2.2 Design Discharge for Storm Sewers. 6.2.3 Sizing Storm Sewers. 6.2.4 Hydraulic Grade Line Considerations. 6.2.5 Storm Sewer System Design Calculations. 6.3 Culverts. 6.3.1 Inlet Control Flow. 6.3.2 Outlet Control Flow. 6.3.3 Sizing of Culverts. 6.4 Design of Surface Drainage Channels. 6.4.1 Design of Unlined Channels. 6.4.2 Design of Grass-Lined Channels. Problems. References. Suggested Reading. 7 Stormwater Detention for Quantity Management. 7.1 Detention Basins. 7.1.1 Stage-Storage Relationship. 7.1.2 Stage-Discharge Relationship. 7.1.3 Pond Routing. 7.1.4 Pond-Routing Charts. 7.1.5 Design of Detention Basins. 7.2 Infiltration Practices. 7.2.1 Capture Volume. 7.2.2 Soil Textures. 7.2.3 Infiltration Basins. 7.2.4 Infiltration Trenches. 7.2.5 Dry Wells. 7.2.6 Porous Pavements. Problems. References. Suggested Reading. 8 Urban Stormwater Pollution. 8.1 Modeling Urban Stormwater Quality. 8.1.1 Solids Buildup and Wash-off from Impervious Areas. 8.1.2 Solids Wash-off from Pervious Surfaces. 8.1.3 Wash-off of Pollutants Other than Solids. 8.1.4 Pollutographs and Loadographs. 8.2 Annual Pollutant Load Estimates. 8.2.1 EPA Model for Annual Pollutant Loading Estimation. 8.2.2 U.S. Geological Survey Model for Mean Annual Loads. 8.2.3 Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Method. Problems. References. 9 Best Management Practices for Urban Stormwater Quality Control. 9.1 Extended Detention Basins. 9.1.1 Sizing Extended Detention Basins. 9.1.2 Sizing Water Quality Outlet Devices. 9.1.3 Additional Extended Detention Basin Design Considerations. 9.2 Retention Basins. 9.2.1 Permanent Pool Volume. 9.2.2 Retention Basin Design Considerations. 9.2.3 EPA Methodology for Analysis of Wet Pond Detention Basins. 9.3 Water Quality Trenches. 9.4 Sand Filters. 9.5 Stormwater Wetlands. 9.6 Other Vegetative BMPs. 9.6.1 Grass Swales. 9.6.2 Filter Strips. 9.7 The National Stormwater BMP Database. Problems. References. 10 Urban Stormwater Computer Models: HEC-HMS and EPA-SWMM. 10.1 Hydrologic Modeling Overview and Watershed Delineation. 10.2 Model Structure and Features of HEC-HMS. 10.3 Technical Capabilities of HEC-HMS. 10.4 HEC-HMS Example Problem. 10.5 Structure and Features of EPA-SWMM. 10.6 Technical Capabilities of EPA-SWMM. 10.7 EPA-SWMM Example Problem. 10.8 Model Calibration and Verification. Problems. References. Suggested Reading. Appendix 1: Tabular Hydrograph Unit Discharges for SCS Type II Rainfall Distribution. Index.
£138.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep
Book SynopsisOne-of-a-kind coverage on the fundamentals of foundation analysis and design Analysis and Design of Shallow and Deep Foundations is a significant new resource to the engineering principles used in the analysis and design of both shallow and deep, load-bearing foundations for a variety of building and structural types.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgments xxi Symbols and Notations xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Historical Use of Foundations 1 1.2 Kinds of Foundations and their Uses 1 1.2.1 Spread Footings and Mats 1 1.2.2 Deep Foundations 4 1.2.3 Hybrid Foundations 7 1.3 Concepts in Design 7 1.3.1 Visit the Site 7 1.3.2 Obtain Information on Geology at Site 7 1.3.3 Obtain Information on Magnitude and Nature of Loads on Foundation 8 1.3.4 Obtain Information on Properties of Soil at Site 8 1.3.5 Consider Long-Term Effects 9 1.3.6 Pay Attention to Analysis 9 1.3.7 Provide Recommendations for Tests of Deep Foundations 9 1.3.8 Observe the Behavior of the Foundation of a Completed Structure 10 Problems 10 2 Engineering Geology 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Nature of Soil Affected by Geologic Processes 12 2.2.1 Nature of Transported Soil 12 2.2.2 Weathering and Residual Soil 14 2.2.3 Nature of Soil Affected by Volcanic Processes 14 2.2.4 Nature of Glaciated Soil 15 2.2.5 Karst Geology 16 2.3 Available Data on Regions in the United States 16 2.4 U.S. Geological Survey and State Agencies 17 2.5 Examples of the Application of Engineering Geology 18 2.6 Site Visit 19 Problems 19 3 Fundamentals of Soil Mechanics 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Data Needed for the Design of Foundations 21 3.2.1 Soil and Rock Classification 22 3.2.2 Position of the Water Table 22 3.2.3 Shear Strength and Density 23 3.2.4 Deformability Characteristics 23 3.2.5 Prediction of Changes in Conditions and the Environment 24 3.3 Nature of Soil 24 3.3.1 Grain-Size Distribution 24 3.3.2 Types of Soil and Rock 26 3.3.3 Mineralogy of Common Geologic Materials 26 3.3.4 Water Content and Void Ratio 30 3.3.5 Saturation of Soil 31 3.3.6 Weight–Volume Relationships 31 3.3.7 Atterberg Limits and the Unified Soils Classification System 34 3.4 Concept of Effective Stress 37 3.4.1 Laboratory Tests for Consolidation of Soils 39 3.4.2 Spring and Piston Model of Consolidation 42 3.4.3 Determination of Initial Total Stresses 45 3.4.4 Calculation of Total and Effective Stresses 47 3.4.5 The Role of Effective Stress in Soil Mechanics 49 3.5 Analysis of Consolidation and Settlement 49 3.5.1 Time Rates of Settlement 49 3.5.2 One-Dimensional Consolidation Testing 57 3.5.3 The Consolidation Curve 64 3.5.4 Calculation of Total Settlement 67 3.5.5 Calculation of Settlement Due to Consolidation 68 3.5.6 Reconstruction of the Field Consolidation Curve 69 3.5.7 Effects of Sample Disturbance on Consolidation Properties 73 3.5.8 Correlation of Consolidation Indices with Index Tests 78 3.5.9 Comments on Accuracy of Settlement Computations 80 3.6 Shear Strength of Soils 81 3.6.1 Introduction 81 3.6.2 Friction Between Two Surfaces in Contact 81 3.6.3 Direct Shear Testing 84 3.6.4 Triaxial Shear Testing 84 3.6.5 Drained Triaxial Tests on Sand 89 3.6.6 Triaxial Shear Testing of Saturated Clays 92 3.6.7 The SHANSEP Method 119 3.6.8 Other Types of Shear Testing for Soils 122 3.6.9 Selection of the Appropriate Testing Method 123 Problems 124 4 Investigation of Subsurface Conditions 134 4.1 Introduction 134 4.2 Methods of Advancing Borings 136 4.2.1 Wash-Boring Technique 136 4.2.2 Continuous-Flight Auger with Hollow Core 137 4.3 Methods of Sampling 139 4.3.1 Introduction 139 4.3.2 Sampling with Thin-Walled Tubes 139 4.3.3 Sampling with Thick-Walled Tubes 142 4.3.4 Sampling Rock 142 4.4 In Situ Testing of Soil 144 4.4.1 Cone Penetrometer and Piezometer-Cone Penetrometer 144 4.4.2 Vane Shear Device 146 4.4.3 Pressuremeter 148 4.5 Boring Report 152 4.6 Subsurface Investigations for Offshore Structures 153 Problems 155 5 Principal Types of Foundations 158 5.1 Shallow Foundations 158 5.2 Deep Foundations 160 5.2.1 Introduction 160 5.2.2 Driven Piles with Impact Hammer 160 5.2.3 Drilled Shafts 162 5.2.4 Augercast Piles 168 5.2.5 GeoJet Piles 170 5.2.6 Micropiles 172 5.3 Caissons 172 5.4 Hybrid Foundation 173 Problems 175 6 Designing Stable Foundations 176 6.1 Introduction 176 6.2 Total and Differential Settlement 177 6.3 Allowable Settlement of Structures 178 6.3.1 Tolerance of Buildings to Settlement 178 6.3.2 Exceptional Case of Settlement 178 6.3.3 Problems in Proving Settlement 180 6.4 Soil Investigations Appropriate to Design 180 6.4.1 Planning 180 6.4.2 Favorable Profiles 181 6.4.3 Soils with Special Characteristics 181 6.4.4 Calcareous Soil 182 6.5 Use of Valid Analytical Methods 186 6.5.1 Oil Tank in Norway 187 6.5.2 Transcona Elevator in Canada 187 6.5.3 Bearing Piles in China 188 6.6 Foundations at Unstable Slopes 189 6.6.1 Pendleton Levee 189 6.6.2 Fort Peck Dam 190 6.7 Effects of Installation on the Quality of Deep Foundations 190 6.7.1 Introduction 190 6.8 Effects of Installation of Deep Foundations on Nearby Structures 192 6.8.1 Driving Piles 192 6.9 Effects of Excavations on Nearby Structures 193 6.10 Deleterious Effects of the Environment on Foundations 194 6.11 Scour of Soil at Foundations 194 Problems 194 7 Theories of Bearing Capacity and Settlement 196 7.1 Introduction 196 7.2 Terzaghi’s Equations for Bearing Capacity 198 7.3 Revised Equations for Bearing Capacity 199 7.4 Extended Formulas for Bearing Capacity by J. Brinch Hansen 200 7.4.1 Eccentricity 203 7.4.2 Load Inclination Factors 204 7.4.3 Base and Ground Inclination 205 7.4.4 Shape Factors 205 7.4.5 Depth Effect 206 7.4.6 Depth Factors 206 7.4.7 General Formulas 208 7.4.8 Passive Earth Pressure 208 7.4.9 Soil Parameters 209 7.4.10 Example Computations 209 7.5 Equations for Computing Consolidation Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Clays 213 7.5.1 Introduction 213 7.5.2 Prediction of Total Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table 214 7.5.3 Prediction of Time Rate of Settlement Due to Loading of Clay Below the Water Table 219 Problems 222 8 Principles for the Design of Foundations 223 8.1 Introduction 223 8.2 Standards of Professional Conduct 223 8.2.1 Fundamental Principles 223 8.2.2 Fundamental Canons 224 8.3 Design Team 224 8.4 Codes and Standards 225 8.5 Details of the Project 225 8.6 Factor of Safety 226 8.6.1 Selection of a Global Factor of Safety 228 8.6.2 Selection of Partial Factors of Safety 229 8.7 Design Process 230 8.8 Specifications and Inspection of the Project 231 8.9 Observation of the Completed Structure 232 Problems 233 Appendix 8.1 234 9 Geotechnical Design of Shallow Foundations 235 9.1 Introduction 235 9.2 Problems with Subsidence 235 9.3 Designs to Accommodate Construction 237 9.3.1 Dewatering During Construction 237 9.3.2 Dealing with Nearby Structures 237 9.4 Shallow Foundations on Sand 238 9.4.1 Introduction 238 9.4.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Sand 239 9.4.3 Bearing Capacity of Footings on Sand 244 9.4.4 Design of Rafts on Sand 247 9.5 Shallow Foundations on Clay 247 9.5.1 Settlement from Consolidation 247 9.5.2 Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations on Clay 251 9.5.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Clay 253 9.5.4 Design of Rafts 255 9.6 Shallow Foundations Subjected to Vibratory Loading 255 9.7 Designs in Special Circumstances 257 9.7.1 Freezing Weather 257 9.7.2 Design of Shallow Foundations on Collapsible Soil 260 9.7.3 Design of Shallow Foundations on Expansive Clay 260 9.7.4 Design of Shallow Foundations on Layered Soil 262 9.7.5 Analysis of a Response of a Strip Footing by Finite Element Method 263 Problems 265 10 Geotechnical Design of Driven Piles Under Axial Loads 270 10.1 Comment on the Nature of the Problem 270 10.2 Methods of Computation 273 10.2.1 Behavior of Axially Loaded Piles 273 10.2.2 Geotechnical Capacity of Axially Loaded Piles 275 10.3 Basic Equation for Computing the Ultimate Geotechnical Capacity of a Single Pile 277 10.3.1 API Methods 277 10.3.2 Revised Lambda Method 284 10.3.3 U.S. Army Corps Method 286 10.3.4 FHWA Method 291 10.4 Analyzing the Load–Settlement Relationship of an Axially Loaded Pile 297 10.4.1 Methods of Analysis 297 10.4.2 Interpretation of Load-Settlement Curves 303 10.5 Investigation of Results Based on the Proposed Computation Method 306 10.6 Example Problems 307 10.6.1 Skin Friction 308 10.7 Analysis of Pile Driving 312 10.7.1 Introduction 312 10.7.2 Dynamic Formulas 313 10.7.3 Reasons for the Problems with Dynamic Formulas 314 10.7.4 Dynamic Analysis by the Wave Equation 315 10.7.5 Effects of Pile Driving 317 10.7.6 Effects of Time After Pile Driving with No Load 320 Problems 321 11 Geotechnical Design of Drilled Shafts Under Axial Loading 323 11.1 Introduction 323 11.2 Presentation of the FHWA Design Procedure 323 11.2.1 Introduction 323 11.3 Strength and Serviceability Requirements 324 11.3.1 General Requirements 324 11.3.2 Stability Analysis 324 11.3.3 Strength Requirements 324 11.4 Design Criteria 325 11.4.1 Applicability and Deviations 325 11.4.2 Loading Conditions 325 11.4.3 Allowable Stresses 325 11.5 General Computations for Axial Capacity of Individual Drilled Shafts 325 11.6 Design Equations for Axial Capacity in Compression and in Uplift 326 11.6.1 Description of Soil and Rock for Axial Capacity Computations 326 11.6.2 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Soils 326 11.6.3 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Soils 334 11.6.4 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesive Intermediate Geomaterials and Jointed Rock 345 11.6.5 Design for Axial Capacity in Cohesionless Intermediate Geomaterials 362 11.6.6 Design for Axial Capacity in Massive Rock 365 11.6.7 Addition of Side Resistance and End Bearing in Rock 374 11.6.8 Commentary on Design for Axial Capacity in Karst 375 11.6.9 Comparison of Results from Theory and Experiment 376 Problems 377 12 Fundamental Concepts Regarding Deep Foundations Under Lateral Loading 379 12.1 Introduction 379 12.1.1 Description of the Problem 379 12.1.2 Occurrence of Piles Under Lateral Loading 379 12.1.3 Historical Comment 381 12.2 Derivation of the Differential Equation 382 12.2.1 Solution of the Reduced Form of the Differential Equation 386 12.3 Response of Soil to Lateral Loading 393 12.4 Effect of the Nature of Loading on the Response of Soil 396 12.5 Method of Analysis for Introductory Solutions for a Single Pile 397 12.6 Example Solution Using Nondimensional Charts for Analysis of a Single Pile 401 Problems 411 13 Analysis of Individual Deep Foundations Under Axial Loading Using t-z Model 413 13.1 Short-Term Settlement and Uplift 413 13.1.1 Settlement and Uplift Movements 413 13.1.2 Basic Equations 414 13.1.3 Finite Difference Equations 417 13.1.4 Load-Transfer Curves 417 13.1.5 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesive Soil 418 13.1.6 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesive Soil 419 13.1.7 Load-Transfer Curves for Side Resistance in Cohesionless Soil 421 13.1.8 Load-Transfer Curves for End Bearing in Cohesionless Soil 425 13.1.9 Load-Transfer Curves for Cohesionless Intermediated Geomaterials 426 13.1.10 Example Problem 430 13.1.11 Experimental Techniques for Obtaining Load-Transfer Versus Movement Curves 436 13.2 Design for Vertical Ground Movements Due to Downdrag or Expansive Uplift 437 13.2.1 Downward Movement Due to Downdrag 438 13.2.2 Upward Movement Due to Expansive Uplift 439 Problems 440 14 Analysis and Design By Computer or Piles Subjected to Lateral Loading 441 14.1 Nature of the Comprehensive Problem 441 14.2 Differential Equation for a Comprehensive Solution 442 14.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Soil and Rock 443 14.3.1 Introduction 443 14.3.2 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Clays 447 14.3.3 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Sands 464 14.3.4 Modifications to p-y Curves for Sloping Ground 473 14.3.5 Modifications for Raked (Battered Piles) 477 14.3.6 Recommendations for p-y Curves for Rock 478 14.4 Solution of the Differential Equation by Computer 484 14.4.1 Introduction 484 14.4.2 Formulation of the Equation by Finite Differences 486 14.4.3 Equations for Boundary Conditions for Useful Solutions 487 14.5 Implementation of Computer Code 489 14.5.1 Selection of the Length of the Increment 490 14.5.2 Safe Penetration of Pile with No Axial Load 491 14.5.3 Buckling of a Pipe Extending Above the Groundline 492 14.5.4 Steel Pile Supporting a Retaining Wall 492 14.5.5 Drilled Shaft Supporting an Overhead Structure 496 Problems 499 15 Analysis of Pile Groups 503 15.1 Introduction 503 15.2 Distribution of Load to Piles in a Group: The Two-Dimensional Problem 503 15.2.1 Model of the Problem 504 15.2.2 Detailed Step-by-Step Solution Procedure 510 15.3 Modification of p-y Curves for Battered Piles 510 15.4 Example Solution Showing Distribution of a Load to Piles in a Two-Dimensional Group 511 15.4.1 Solution by Hand Computations 511 15.5 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Lateral Loading 517 15.5.1 Modifying Lateral Resistance of Closely Spaced Piles 517 15.5.2 Customary Methods of Adjusting Lateral Resistance for Close Spacing 518 15.5.3 Adjusting for Close Spacing under Lateral Loading by Modified p-y Curves 521 15.6 Efficiency of Piles in Groups Under Axial Loading 527 15.6.1 Introduction 527 15.6.2 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesionless Soils 529 15.6.3 Efficiency of Piles in a Group in Cohesive Soils 531 15.6.4 Concluding Comments 534 Problems 535 Appendix 537 References 539 Index 559
£133.16
Wiley Unsaturated Soil Mechanics
Book SynopsisUnsaturated Soil Mechanics is the first book to provide a comprehensive introduction to the fundamental principles of unsaturated soil mechanics. Offers extensive sample problems with an accompanying solutions manual. Brings together the rapid advances in research in unsaturated soil mechanics in one focused volume.Table of ContentsFOREWORD xvii PREFACE xix SYMBOLS xxi INTRODUCTION 1 1 STATE OF UNSATURATED SOIL 3 1.1 Unsaturated Soil Phenomena 3 1.1.1 Definition of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 3 1.1.2 Interdisciplinary Nature of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 4 1.1.3 Classification of Unsaturated Soil Phenomena 6 1.2 Scope and Organization of Book 8 1.2.1 Chapter Structure 8 1.2.2 Geomechanics and Geo-environmental Tracks 11 1.3 Unsaturated Soil in Nature and Practice 12 1.3.1 Unsaturated Soil in Hydrologic Cycle 12 1.3.2 Global Extent of Climatic Factors 12 1.3.3 Unsaturated Zone and Soil Formation 13 1.3.4 Unsaturated Soil in Engineering Practice 18 1.4 Moisture, Pore Pressure, and Stress Profiles 20 1.4.1 Stress in the Unsaturated State 20 1.4.2 Saturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration 21 1.4.3 Unsaturated Moisture and Stress Profiles: Conceptual Illustration 22 1.4.4 Illustrative Stress Analysis 23 1.5 State Variables, Material Variables, and Constitutive Laws 26 1.5.1 Phenomena Prediction 26 1.5.2 Head as a State Variable 28 1.5.3 Effective Stress as a State Variable 30 1.5.4 Net Normal Stresses as State Variables 33 1.6 Suction and Potential of Soil Water 34 1.6.1 Total Soil Suction 34 1.6.2 Pore Water Potential 35 1.6.3 Units of Soil Suction 38 1.6.4 Suction Regimes and the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve 39 Problems 43 I FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES 45 2 MATERIAL VARIABLES 47 2.1 Physical Properties of Air and Water 47 2.1.1 Unsaturated Soil as a Multiphase System 47 2.1.2 Density of Dry Air 48 2.1.3 Density of Water 50 2.1.4 Viscosity of Air and Water 53 2.1.5 Flow Regimes 55 2.2 Partial Pressure and Relative Humidity 57 2.2.1 Relative Humidity in Unsaturated Soil Mechanics 57 2.2.2 Composition and Partial Pressure of Air 57 2.2.3 Equilibrium between Free Water and Air 59 2.2.4 Equilibrium between Pore Water and Air 62 2.2.5 Relative Humidity 63 2.2.6 Dew Point 64 2.3 Density of Moist Air 65 2.3.1 Effect of Water Vapor on Density of Air 65 2.3.2 Formulation for Moist Air Density 66 2.4 Surface Tension 73 2.4.1 Origin of Surface Tension 73 2.4.2 Pressure Drop across an Air-Water Interface 76 2.5 Cavitation of Water 80 2.5.1 Cavitation and Boiling 80 2.5.2 Hydrostatic Atmospheric Pressure 82 2.5.3 Cavitation Pressure 84 Problems 86 3 INTERFACIAL EQUILIBRIUM 89 3.1 Solubility of Air in Water 89 3.1.1 Henry’s Law 89 3.1.2 Temperature Dependence 91 3.1.3 Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility 92 3.1.4 Henry’s Law Constant and Volumetric Coefficient of Solubility 93 3.1.5 Vapor Component Correction 94 3.1.6 Mass Coefficient of Solubility 95 3.2 Air-Water-Solid Interface 96 3.2.1 Equilibrium between Two Water Drops 96 3.2.2 Equilibrium at an Air-Water-Solid Interface 97 3.2.3 Contact Angle 99 3.2.4 Air-Water-Solid Interface in Unsaturated Soil 101 3.3 Vapor Pressure Lowering 104 3.3.1 Implications of Kelvin’s Equation 104 3.3.2 Derivation of Kelvin’s Equation 106 3.3.3 Capillary Condensation 111 3.4 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve 114 3.4.1 Soil Suction and Soil Water 114 3.4.2 Capillary Tube Model 115 3.4.3 Contacting Sphere Model 118 3.4.4 Concluding Remarks 124 Problems 124 4 CAPILLARITY 128 4.1 Young-Laplace Equation 128 4.1.1 Three-Dimensional Meniscus 128 4.1.2 Hydrostatic Equilibrium in a Capillary Tube 131 4.2 Height of Capillary Rise 133 4.2.1 Capillary Rise in a Tube 133 4.2.2 Capillary Finger Model 136 4.2.3 Capillary Rise in Idealized Soil 137 4.2.4 Capillary Rise in Soil 139 4.3 Rate of Capillary Rise 140 4.3.1 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation 140 4.3.2 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity Formulation 142 4.3.3 Experimental Verification 145 4.4 Capillary Pore Size Distribution 147 4.4.1 Theoretical Basis 147 4.4.2 Pore Geometry 150 4.4.3 Computational Procedures 153 4.5 Suction Stress 160 4.5.1 Forces between Two Spherical Particles 160 4.5.2 Pressure in the Water Lens 162 4.5.3 Effective Stress due to Capillarity 163 4.5.4 Effective Stress Parameter and Water Content 165 Problems 168 II STRESS PHENOMENA 171 5 STATE OF STRESS 173 5.1 Effective Stress in Unsaturated Soil 173 5.1.1 Macromechanical Conceptualization 173 5.1.2 Micromechanical Conceptualization 174 5.1.3 Stress between Two Spherical Particles with Nonzero Contact Angle 175 5.1.4 Pore Pressure Regimes 181 5.2 Hysteresis 182 5.2.1 Hysteresis Mechanisms 182 5.2.2 Ink-Bottle Hysteresis 184 5.2.3 Contact Angle Hysteresis 186 5.2.4 Hysteresis in the Soil-Water Characteristic Curve 187 5.2.5 Hysteresis in the Effective Stress Parameter 187 5.2.6 Hysteresis in the Suction Stress Characteristic Curve 191 5.3 Stress Tensor Representation 191 5.3.1 Net Normal Stress, Matric Suction, and Suction Stress Tensors 191 5.3.2 Stress Tensors in Unsaturated Soil: Conceptual Illustration 195 5.4 Stress Control by Axis Translation 201 5.4.1 Rationale for Axis Translation 201 5.4.2 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE System 202 5.4.3 Equilibrium for an Air-Water-HAE-Soil System 203 5.4.4 Characteristic Curve for HAE Material 204 5.4.5 Controlled Stress Variable Testing 204 5.5 Graphical Representation of Stress 207 5.5.1 Net Normal Stress and Matric Suction Representation 207 5.5.2 Effective Stress Representation 213 Problems 218 6 SHEAR STRENGTH 220 6.1 Extended Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) Criterion 220 6.1.1 M-C for Saturated Soil 220 6.1.2 Experimental Observations of Unsaturated Shear Strength 221 6.1.3 Extended M-C Criterion 229 6.1.4 Extended M-C Criterion in Terms of Principal Stresses 232 6.2 Shear Strength Parameters for the Extended M-C Criterion 233 6.2.1 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results 233 6.2.2 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results 236 6.3 Effective Stress and the M-C Criterion 238 6.3.1 Nonlinearity in the Extended M-C Envelope 238 6.3.2 Effective Stress Approach 241 6.3.3 Measurements of _ at Failure 242 6.3.4 Reconciliation between _b and _f 244 6.3.5 Validity of Effective Stress as a State Variable for Strength 247 6.4 Shear Strength Parameters for the M-C Criterion 248 6.4.1 Interpretation of Direct Shear Testing Results 248 6.4.2 Interpretation of Triaxial Testing Results 250 6.5 Unified Representation of Failure Envelope 252 6.5.1 Capillary Cohesion as a Characteristic Function for Unsaturated Soil 252 6.5.2 Determining the Magnitude of Capillary Cohesion 256 6.5.3 Concluding Remarks 261 Problems 265 7 SUCTION AND EARTH PRESSURE PROFILES 267 7.1 Steady Suction and Water Content Profiles 267 7.1.1 Suction Regimes in Unsaturated Soil 267 7.1.2 Analytical Solutions for Profiles of Matric Suction 270 7.1.3 Hydrologic Parameters for Representative Soil Types 272 7.1.4 Profiles of Matric Suction for Representative Soil Types 273 7.1.5 Profiles of Water Content for Representative Soil Types 275 7.2 Steady Effective Stress Parameter and Stress Profiles 280 7.2.1 Profiles of the Effective Stress Parameter _ 280 7.2.2 Profiles of Suction Stress and Their Solution Regimes 282 7.2.3 Profiles of Suction Stress for Representative Soil Types 289 7.2.4 Concluding Remarks 292 7.3 Earth Pressure at Rest 294 7.3.1 Extended Hooke’s Law 294 7.3.2 Profiles of Coefficient of Earth Pressure at Rest 296 7.3.3 Depth of Cracking 297 7.4 Active Earth Pressure 301 7.4.1 Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria for Unsaturated Soil 301 7.4.2 Rankine’s Active State of Failure 302 7.4.3 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress 306 7.4.4 Active Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress 308 7.4.5 Active Earth Pressure Profiles with Tension Cracks 310 7.5 Passive Earth Pressure 312 7.5.1 Rankine’s Passive State of Failure 312 7.5.2 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Constant Suction Stress 315 7.5.3 Passive Earth Pressure Profiles for Variable Suction Stress 318 7.5.4 Concluding Remarks 320 Problems 322 III FLOW PHENOMENA 323 8 STEADY FLOWS 325 8.1 Driving Mechanisms for Water and Airflow 325 8.1.1 Potential for Water Flow 325 8.1.2 Mechanisms for Airflow 326 8.1.3 Regimes for Pore Water Flow and Pore Airflow 326 8.1.4 Steady-State Flow Law for Water 328 8.2 Permeability and Hydraulic Conductivity 329 8.2.1 Permeability versus Conductivity 329 8.2.2 Magnitude, Variability, and Scaling Effects 331 8.3 Hydraulic Conductivity Function 333 8.3.1 Conceptual Model for the Hydraulic Conductivity Function 333 8.3.2 Hysteresis in the Hydraulic Conductivity Function 336 8.3.3 Relative Conductivity 336 8.3.4 Effects of Soil Type 338 8.4 Capillary Barriers 341 8.4.1 Natural and Engineered Capillary Barriers 341 8.4.2 Flat Capillary Barriers 342 8.4.3 Dipping Capillary Barriers 345 8.5 Steady Infiltration and Evaporation 349 8.5.1 Horizontal Infiltration 349 8.5.2 Vertical Infiltration and Evaporation 352 8.6 Steady Vapor Flow 359 8.6.1 Fick’s Law for Vapor Flow 359 8.6.2 Temperature and Vapor Pressure Variation 359 8.6.3 Vapor Density Gradient 361 8.7 Steady Air Diffusion in Water 363 8.7.1 Theoretical Basis 363 8.7.2 Air Diffusion in an Axis Translation System 366 Problems 367 9 TRANSIENT FLOWS 369 9.1 Principles for Pore Liquid Flow 369 9.1.1 Principle of Mass Conservation 369 9.1.2 Transient Saturated Flow 371 9.1.3 Transient Unsaturated Flow 372 9.2 Rate of Infiltration 376 9.2.1 Transient Horizontal Infiltration 376 9.2.2 Transient Vertical Infiltration 380 9.2.3 Transient Moisture Profile for Vertical Infiltration 384 9.3 Transient Suction and Moisture Profiles 386 9.3.1 Importance of Transient Soil Suction and Moisture 386 9.3.2 Analytical Solution of Transient Unsaturated Flow 386 9.3.3 Numerical Modeling of Transient Unsaturated Flow 389 9.4 Principles for Pore Gas Flow 396 9.4.1 Principle of Mass Conservation for Compressible Gas 396 9.4.2 Governing Equation for Pore Airflow 397 9.4.3 Linearization of the Airflow Equation 398 9.4.4 Sinusoidal Barometric Pressure Fluctuation 400 9.5 Barometric Pumping Analysis 402 9.5.1 Barometric Pumping 402 9.5.2 Theoretical Framework 403 9.5.3 Time Series Analysis 404 9.5.4 Determining Air Permeability 407 Problems 412 IV MATERIAL VARIABLE MEASUREMENT AND MODELING 415 10 SUCTION MEASUREMENT 417 10.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques 417 10.2 Tensiometers 420 10.2.1 Properties of High-Air-Entry Materials 420 10.2.2 Tensiometer Measurement Principles 421 10.3 Axis Translation Techniques 424 10.3.1 Null Tests and Pore Water Extraction Tests 424 10.3.2 Pressure Plates 425 10.3.3 Tempe Pressure Cells 427 10.4 ElectricalThermal Conductivity Sensors 429 10.5 Humidity Measurement Techniques 431 10.5.1 Total Suction and Relative Humidity 431 10.5.2 Thermocouple Psychrometers 432 10.5.3 Chilled-Mirror Hygrometers 438 10.5.4 Polymer Resistance Capacitance Sensors 441 10.6 Humidity Control Techniques 443 10.6.1 Isopiestic Humidity Control 444 10.6.2 Two-Pressure Humidity Control 445 10.7 Filter Paper Techniques 449 10.7.1 Filter Paper Measurement Principles 449 10.7.2 Calibration and Testing Procedures 451 10.7.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Performance 452 Problems 459 11 HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT 462 11.1 Overview of Measurement Techniques 462 11.2 Steady-State Measurement Techniques 463 11.2.1 Constant-Head Method 463 11.2.2 Constant-Flow Method 466 11.2.3 Centrifuge Method 472 11.3 Transient Measurement Techniques 476 11.3.1 Hydraulic Diffusivity 476 11.3.2 Horizontal Infiltration Method 477 11.3.3 Outflow Methods 480 11.3.4 Instantaneous Profile Methods 484 Problems 493 12 SUCTION AND HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MODELS 494 12.1 Soil-Water Characteristic Curve Models 494 12.1.1 SWCC Modeling Parameters 495 12.1.2 Brooks and Corey (BC) Model 497 12.1.3 van Genuchten (VG) Model 499 12.1.4 Fredlund and Xing (FX) Model 505 12.2 Hydraulic Conductivity Models 506 12.2.1 Empirical and Macroscopic Models 509 12.2.2 Statistical Models 516 Problems 527 REFERENCES 531 INDEX 547
£148.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Using Statistical Methods for Water Quality
Book SynopsisSTATISTICS IN PRACTICE A practical exploration of alternative approaches to analyzing water-related environmental issues Written by an experienced environmentalist and recognized expert in the field, this text is designed to help water resource managers and scientists to formulate, implement, and interpret more effective methods of water quality management. After presenting the basic foundation for using statistical methods in water resource management, including the use of appropriate hypothesis test procedures and some rapid calculation procedures, the author offers a range of practical problems and solutions on environmental topics that often arise, but are not generally covered. These include: * Formulating water quality standards * Determining compliance with standards * MPNs and microbiology * Water-related, human health risk modeling * Trends, impacts, concordance, and detection limits In order to promote awareness of aTrade Review"…illustrates the myriads of ways that statistical methods are needed for research and management related to water." (Journal of the American Statistical Association, September 2007) "...well-written, clearly organized and quite comprehensive...this book should be a welcome addition to every water quality management library." (Ecological Engineering, January 2007) "Managers…should…benefit from the wise advice on interpreting the results of analysis." (Journal of Environmental Quality, March/April 2006) "…any groundwater scientist will certainly get considerable benefit from trying to acquire some of the knowledge put forth in this excellent book." (Technometrics, February 2006)Table of ContentsList of Figures. List of Tables. Preface. PART I: ISSUES. 1. Introduction. 2. Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics. 3. Intervals. 4. Hypothesis Testing. 5. Detection. 6. Mathematics and Calculation Methods. 7. Formulating Water Quality Standards. 8. Percentile Standards (and the Reverend Bayes). 9. Microbial Water Quality and Human Health. 10. MPNs and Microbiology. 11. Trends, Impacts, Concordance, Detection Limits. 12. Answers to Exerciser. References. Author Index. Topic Index. Appendix: Statistical Tables.
£136.76
Wiley FRPStrengthened RC Structures Civil Engineering
Book SynopsisFibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are used to strengthen reinforced concrete (RC) structures; a large amount of research now exists on this. This book brings together all existing research into one volume.Trade Review"...provides the first ever comprehensive, state-of-the-art summary of the existing research on FRP strengthening of RC structures..."(Polymer International, February 2004)Table of ContentsPreface. Notation. FRP Composites for Strengthening RC Structures. Bond Strength of FRP-to-concrete Joints. Flexural Strengthening of Beams. Shear Strengthening of Beams. Flexural Strengthening of Slabs. Strengthening of Axially and Eccentrically Loaded Columns. Seismic Retrofit of Columns. Index.
£121.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Understanding Infrastructure
Book SynopsisUrban Water Infrastructure Planning, Management, and Operations Neil S. Grigg . discusses the factors that lead to effective management of water systems in urban areas. --Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation Unique in its orientation for managers, Urban Water Infrastructure focuses on the productive management of urban water systems by laying out its discussion in terms of the system as a whole, how a system''s component elements work together, how much they cost to build and operate, and the sociopolitical forces that guide the productive operation. This easily accessible reference is aimed at engineers, planners, and managers, teaching both the theoretical and practical aspects of urban water management. 1986 (0 471-82914-5) 328 pp. A Guide to Site and Environmental Planning Third Edition Harvey M. Rubenstein Perhaps the strongest feature of the book is the inclusive, comprehensive, and logical analysis within each of the chapters . All in all, I can highly recommend thiTable of ContentsWater Supply (G. Rainer). Sewers and Storm Drainage (G. Rainer). Solid and Hazardous Wastes (G. Rainer). Energy (G. Rainer). Telecommunications (A. Nuciforo). Streets (E. Schwarz). Bridges (S. Schwartz & J. DePlasco). Waterfront Infrastructure (R. Gordon). Rail/Transit and Aviation (S. Weisberg). Buses (N. Bellizzi). Parks and Recreation (A. Bresnan & J. Bresnan). Fiscal Concerns (G. Rainer). Index.
£118.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction in Cold Regions
Book SynopsisWritten as a reference on effective engineering practice for construction activities in Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions. It is based on many sources around the world including the Soviet Union and China where people live and work in very low temperatures. Provides a broad look at overall problems found by engineers, contractors and builders, including case histories that illustrate actual projects throughout the cold regions of the world.Table of ContentsCase Studies. Introduction to Cold Regions. Preparing Equipment for Work in the Cold. Foundation Construction. Buildings. Road, Airfield, and Island Embankments. Pipelines. Ice. Management of Cold-Regions Construction. History. Epilogue. References. Appendix. Index.
£193.46
John Wiley & Sons Inc Cost Engineering for Effective Project Control
Book SynopsisProvides an integrated overview of methods for controlling the cost, schedule and quality of a construction project. It emphasizes project diagnostics and analysis of the patterns of a project and covers estimating, procurement, construction management, planning, CPM, claims and data collection.Table of ContentsProject Diagnostics. Construction Patterns. The Construction Estimate. Procurement. Decision Making at a Project. Construction Management. Planning. CPM and Other Networks. Construction Claims. The Art of Project Information Collection. Escalation. Project Control. Bibliography. Index.
£124.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Bridge Inspection and Rehabilitation
Book SynopsisMore than a third of America''s bridges are considered substandard--either structurally deficient, functionally obsolete or both. Offers first-rate, practical guidance regarding the inspection and rehabilitation of aging bridge infrastructure including all elements involving structure, various materials and design types. Features seismic retrofit and coverage of environmental issues. Each chapter is written by an authority on the subject. Contains top-quality, detailed line illustrations plus photographs of actual rehab projects.Table of ContentsBridge Inspection (N. Feuer & R. Little). Concrete Superstructures (F. Lackpour). Concrete Box Girders (J. Murillo, et al.). Steel Structures (J. Swindlehurst & F. Parkinson). Suspension Bridges (F. Balsamo). Cable-Stayed Bridges (J. Murillo & J. Englert). Movable Bridges (M. Abrahams). Substructures (F. Lackpour). Bearings (J. Mumber). Deck Reconstruction (D. Gilstad). Deck Joints (F. Guzaltan). Seismic Retrofitting of Highway Bridges (T. Jackson). Maintenance of Traffic During Inspection and Rehabilitation (R.Robison). Environmental Controls Related to Bridge Rehabilitation (E.Sela). List of Abbreviations. Index.
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction Sealants and Adhesives
Book SynopsisThis construction reference work has been revised to include chapters on insulating glass sealants and membrane waterproofing. It describes moisture protection, sealants used in highways and bridges, special compounds used on runway joints and silicones used in high-rise buildings.Table of ContentsSealant Classification. Weatherproofing the Building. Stresses and Strains in Sealants. Properties of Sealant Materials. Accessory Materials. Installation of Sealants. Polysulfide Sealants. Silicone Sealants. Urethane Sealants. Insulating Glass Sealants. Structural Silicone Glazing. Solvent-Based Acrylic Sealants. Latex Sealants. Plasticized Acrylic Latex Sealants. Butyl Sealants. Oil- and Resin-Based Sealants. Specialty Sealants. Sealants in Highway Construction. Seals for Bridge Expansion Joints. Block Copolymer Sealants. Membrane Waterproofing Systems. Preformed Sealing Tapes. Preformed Gasket Seals. An Overview on Sealants. Waterstops. Adhesives. Flooring Adhesives. Roofing Adhesives. Sealants as Adhesives. Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes. Adhesives as Binders for Composite Materials. Adhesives for Concrete, Cement, and Plaster. Appendices. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction Business Management
Book SynopsisProvides a wide insight into the construction business, showing the reader how a contractor organizes a construction company and controls his work. Offers a practical and direct approach and describes how a business starts up, how it's organized and how it's financed.Table of ContentsStarting Out. Your Organization. Assessing Financial Capabilities. Estimating. Types of Contracts. Owner-Architect-Engineer Relations. Accounting and Cost-Keeping Systems. Job Organization. Labor Relations. Equipment. Safety and Insurance. Marketing. Trade Associations. Joint Ventures. How Is Success Measured?. Appendix. Index.
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Avoiding or Minimizing Construction Litigation
Book SynopsisEnables non-attorneys in the construction industry to understand how the construction process and law interact in order to resolve disputes without going to court. Analyzes specific issues concerning contracts, subcontracting, tort claims, insurance and bonds. Recommends strategies for avoiding or terminating litigation if a claim arises.Table of ContentsOutline of the American Legal System. Alternatives to Traditional Litigation. The Construction Process. Contract as a Means of Regulating Duties and Behavior. Subcontracting. Tort Claims. Insurance. Bonds in Construction. Government Entities and Construction Projects. Avoiding or Terminating Construction Litigation. Effective Construction Dispute Resolution: A Summary. Appendices. Tables. Index.
£148.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc Basic Wave Mechanics
Book SynopsisIntended for coastal engineers and marine scientists who desire to develop a fundamental physical understanding of ocean waves and be able to apply this knowledge to ocean and coastal analysis and design. Provides an introduction to the physical processes of ocean wave mechanics, an understanding of the basic techniques for wave analysis, techniques for practical calculation and prediction of waves and applied wave forecasting.Table of ContentsSea Surface Gravity Waves. Small Amplitude Wave Theory and Characteristics. Two-Dimensional Wave Transformation. Finite Amplitude Wave Theory. Three-Dimensional Wave Transformations. Wind-Generated Waves. Design Wave Determination. Wave-Structure Interaction. Long Waves. Laboratory Investigation of Surface Waves. Index.
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Planning and Analysis of Construction Operations
Book SynopsisFocuses on the use of simulation techniques to model and evaluate repetitive construction operations.Table of ContentsConstruction Processes. Line-of-Balance Models. Queueing Systems. Method Productivity Delay Method. Process Modeling Concepts. Building Process Models. System Definition. Extended Modeling Concepts. Modeling Work Task Durations. Simulation. Typical Repetitive Processes. Building Construction Models. Heavy Construction Models. Sensitivity Analysis. Noncyclic Networks. Appendices. Problems. Bibliography. Index.
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John Wiley & Sons Inc Urban Travel Demand Modeling
Book SynopsisA state-of-the-art approach to urban travel demand modeling Currently used travel forecasting methodology was developed almostthree decades ago, primarily to assess the impacts of large-scalecapital improvement projects, and was not designed to deal withcontemporary urban transportation problems. To be effective today,travel demand models must explicitly represent traveler behavior,must be policy-sensitive, and must be operationally reliable. Urban Travel Demand Modeling: From Individual Choices to GeneralEquilibrium presents an integrated system of models which overhaulthe four traditional phases of travel generation, modal split, tripdistribution, and network assignment. This book shows, for thefirst time, how generalized network equilibrium may be rigorouslyforecast from the optimal travel choices of trip consumerswithout the need to resort to heuristic procedures such asfeedbacks. In addition, models for optimal transportation supplydecisions are integrated with tTable of ContentsModeling Travelers' Decisions as Discrete Choices. Route Choice on Uncongested Networks. Combined Travel Demand Modeling Under Uncongested Conditions. Route Choice Modeling Under Congested Conditions. Combined Travel Demand Modeling Under Congested Conditions. Model Parameter Estimation. Joint Equilibrium Modeling of Activity and Travel Systems. Optimal Transportation Supply. Appendices. Bibliography. Indexes.
£124.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Stormwater Management
Book SynopsisDesigned for both students and practicing professionals, it addresses critical issues of water quality, focusing on the illustration and application of both hydrologic and economic water management techniques. Stresses applications using worked examples, case studies and problems.Table of ContentsProbability and Statistical Methods for Hydrologic Events. Hydrographs. Management Models for Flow Rate and Volume Control. Stormwater Quality. Receiving Water Quality. Stormwater Management Alternatives for Water Quality Improvement. Wet-Retention/Detention Ponds. Economic and Fiscal Feasibility. Optimization. Rural Area Stormwater Management. Appendices. Index.
£158.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction Contract Law
Book SynopsisA straightforward description providing readers with a guide to contract law as it relates to construction contracting. Thoroughly explains when a lawyer may or may not be needed and offers guidance for working with one. Prior notice provisions, no damage for delay clauses and conditional payment provisions are among the topics covered.Table of ContentsFormation of Contracts. Construction. Performance or Breach. Breach. Mistake, Duress, Threats, and Undue Influence. Mechanic's Liens. Third-Party Beneficiaries. Illegality. Index.
£134.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction Failure 2e 78 Wiley Series of
Book SynopsisThe text reviews the history of failure analysis as it relates to the evolution of engineering design. The concepts behind failure analysis are reviewed and its root causes discussed. It includes information updated since the first edition.Table of ContentsFailures: Causes, Costs, and Benefits. Natural Hazards and Unusual Loads: Effect on the BuiltEnvironment. Earthworks, Soil, and Foundations Problems. Dams and Bridges. Timber Structures. Steel Structures. Reinforced Concrete Structures (Cast-in-Place). Precast and Prestressed Concrete Structures. Masonry Structures. Nonstructural Failures. Construction Safety and Failures during Construction. Responsibility for Failures: Litigation and ADR Techniques. Learning from Failures. Index.
£158.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Construction of Fills
Book SynopsisThe compaction guide to greater profits, less hassle. Boost yourbottom line with the expert, efficient soil compaction techniquesand technological solutions in this fully updated Second Edition.This revision will provide the contractor, fill inspector, andgeotechnical engineer with greater coverage of environmentaltopics, including. * Septic system site investigation, evaluation, design, andconstruction, plus existing system renovation, repair, maintenance,and management * The latest uses of artificial fills from around the world--foamplastics, Elastizell, Geocell, Solite, and waste materials likeshredded tires and wood chips * New material and helpful case studies on the correlation ofStandard and Modified Proctor densities and a method fordetermining numerical values of bearing capacities for Proctordensities In addition to the current state of the art of fill technology,basic insights into soil behavior are provided. Innovative andpatented methods of design are preseTable of ContentsAvoiding Costly Blunders. Basics of Soil Compaction Curves: Laboratory Procedures. Major Problems in Compacted Fill Technology: ProposedSolutions. Applied Research and Development. Fills and Fill Compaction. Compaction Specifications. Fill Control Procedures--Inspection. Septic Systems. Techonomics. Appendices. References. Index.
£118.76
Wiley Humus Chemistry
Book SynopsisA reference text focusing on basic organic chemistry and reactions of naturally occurring organic substances in soils. Covers pools of organic matter in soils, transformations, methods of extraction and fractionation. Section two deals primarily with the chemistry of known classes of organic compounds in soils including saccharides, lipids and constituents containing nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Section three is concerned with basic organic chemistry of humic substances, followed by the importance of organic matter associations and interactions. Contains new chapters on NMR spectroscopy, analytical pyrolysis and on chemical structures.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Organic Matter in Soils: Pools, Distribution, Transformations, andFunction. Extraction, Fractionation, and General Chemical Composition of SoilOrganic Matter. Organic Forms of Soil Nitrogen. Native Fixed Ammonium and Chemical Reactions of Organic Matter withAmmonia and Nitrite. Organic Phosphorus and Sulfur Compounds. Soil Carbohydrates. Soil Lipids. Biochemistry of the Formation of Humic Substances. Reactive Functional Groups. Structural Components of Humic and Fulvic Acids as Revealed byDegradation Methods. Characterization of Soil Organic Matter by NMR Spectroscopy andAnalytical Pyrolysis. Structural Basis of Humic Substances. Spectroscopic Approaches. Colloidal Properties of Humic Substances. Electrochemical and Ion-Exchange Properties of HumicSubstances. Organic Matter Reactions Involving Pesticides in Soil. Index.
£208.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Frozen Ground Engineering
Book SynopsisThis new edition of Frozen Ground Engineering gives a peerless presentation of soil mechanics for frozen ground conditions and a variety of frozen ground support systems used on construction projects worldwide.Trade Review“…well illustrated…the second edition of this book will be welcomed by those directly concerned with engineering expertise for cold regions…” (Polar Record, Vol. 41, 2005) “This new edition gives the essential information engineers, geologists, and students need in a complete reference…” (CAB Abstracts)Table of ContentsPreface. Preface to the First Edition. 1. Frozen Ground. 2. Physical and Thermal Properties. 3. Heat Flow in Soils. 4. Thaw Behavior of Frozen Ground. 5. Mechanical Properties of Frozen Soils. 6. Construction Ground Freezing. 7. Foundations in Frozen Soils. 8. Stability of Soil Masses in Cold Regions. 9. Earthwork in Cold Regions. 10. Field Investigations. 11. Pavement Structures. Appendix A. Notation. Appendix B. SI Units. Appendix C. Laboratory and Field Tests on Frozen Soils. References. Author Index. Subject Index.
£140.35
John Wiley & Sons Inc Structural Condition Assessment
Book SynopsisA resource on various aspects of structural condition assessment.Trade Review"Through his selection of guest authors, the Editor has comprehensively covered the diverse topics of modern condition assessment such as building structures and engineers, who wish to learn more about this important part of modern engineering practice, will find that it offers a concise introduction and guide for further study." (Structure and Infrastructure Engineering; 12/07) "An increasing proportion of construction involves maintenance, renovation, restoration and adaptive reuse of already-built facilities, rather than new construction. Structural Condition Assessment is a unique and valuable contribution to the engineering literature. It serves as a practical reference for undertaking the evaluations required for successful renovation, restoration and adaptive reuse of existing facilities." — Kenneth Carper, ASCE (Journal of Constructed Facilities, August 2006)Table of ContentsPreface (Robert Ratay). PART I. DEGRADATION, SAFETY AND RELIABILITY OF STRUCTURES. Chapter 1. Defects, Deterioration and Durability (David Nicastro and Andrea Maleck).. Chapter 2. Reliability-based Condition Assessment (Allen Estes and Dan Frangopol).. PART II. BUSINESS, PRACTICE AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL CONDITION ASSESSMENT. Chapter 3. The Business of Condition Assessment (Antranig Ouzoonian). Chapter 4. Past and Current Structural Codes and Standards (Cynthia Chabot). Chapter 5. Legal Aspects of Condition Assessment and Reporting (Howard Ashcraft).. PART III. SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURAL CONDITIONS. Chapter 6. Buildings (David Peraza and Eric Stovner). Chapter 7. Historic Buildings and Monuments (Mark Tamaro and Robert Stocks). Chapter 8. Building Facades (Kim Beasley and Mark Schmidt). Chapter 9. Parking Structures (P. Popovic, J. Donnelly and B. Pulver). Chapter 10. Stadiums and Arenas (Len Joseph, T. Scarangello and G. Thater). Chapter 11. Bridges (Bojidar Yanev). Chapter 12. Tensile/Fabric Structures (Tian-Fang Jing and Wesley Terry). Chapter 13. Broadcast and Transmission Towers (John Windle). Chapter 14. Foundations and Retaining walls (Robert Day). Chapter 15 Vulnerability to Malevolent Explosions (Robert Smilowitz and Paul Mlakar). PART IV. EVALUATION AND TESTING OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND ASSEMBLIES. Chapter 16. Concrete (Scott Wolter). Chapter 17. Steel (Robert Vecchio). Chapter 18. Masonry (David Transue). Chapter 19. Timber (Donald Neal). Chapter 20. Fabric (Wesley Terry and Tian-Fang Jing). Chapter 21. Field Load Ttesting (Donald Dusenberr).
£147.56
John Wiley & Sons Inc Groundwater Treatment Technology 3e
Book SynopsisUnique focus on above-ground treatment technologies. Covers new chemical analysis methods and regulations covering arsenis, radon, 1,4 dioxane, MTBE, Perchlorae and NDMA amongst others. Includes a unique section on design philosophy giving the reader a clear understanding of the design process and the goals to be met.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. LIFE CYCLE DESIGN Defining the Treatment System. Life Cycle Flow Considerations. Influent Concentration. Life Cycle Concentration Considerations. Discharge Requirements. Capital Costs. Operator Expenses. Gathering a Complete Set of Data for the Treatment Design. References. 2. TREATMENT FOR ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS: PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL METHODS. Pure Compound Recovery. Air Stripping. Design of Packed Towers. Column Components. Operation and Maintenance. Alternative Air-Stripping Methods. Evaluation Procedures—Adsorption Isotherms. Evaluation Procedures—Dynamic Column Study. Granular Activated Carbon Replacement Considerations. Operating Results—Case Studies. Application With Other Technologies. References. 3. TREATMENT OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS: BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT. Microorganisms. Biological Reactors for Contaminated Water. Typical Ancillary Processes. Summary. References. 4. ABOVEGROUND EQUIPMENT FOR IN SITU TREATMENT DESIGNS. Demand for Effective Remediation Solutions. Biological Treatment. Chemical Oxidation. Physical Treatment. Summary. References 5. TREATMENT METHODS FOR INORGANIC COMPOUNDS. Chemical Addition. Removal of Suspended Solids. Membrane Processes. Distillation. References 6. AIR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES. Design Criteria. Treatment Technologies. References7. OPERATIONS OF TREATMENT SYSTEMS. Principles of Operation. Principles of Maintenance. Record Keeping and Reporting. System Evaluation and Optimization. Treatment System Roles and Responsibilities. References. 8. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether and Other Fuel Oxygenates. 1,4-Dioxane. Perchlorate. n-Nitrosodimethylamine and Other Nintrosamines. Arsenic. Hexavalent Chromium. 1,2,3-Trichloropropane. References. Index.
£114.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Management Innovation in U.S. Public Water and
Book SynopsisManagement Innovation in U.S. Public Water and Wastewater Systems is the first book to present innovative management principles and operational techniques from a number of different water and wastewater utilities. * Written by practicing managers and utility directors who understand the real--world demands of these organizations.Table of ContentsEditors and Contributors. Part I: Introduction and Overview. 1. Innovation Among Public Sector Water and Wastewater Systems (The Editors). 2. Current Trends in Public Utility Management and Inventive Strategies for Major Challenges (James A. Parrott and Sharma L. Young). Part II: Setting Standards for Success. 3. Standardizing Performance Indicators for Water and Wastewater Utilities (Nora F.C. Freeman and Gregory C. Heitzman). 4. Accreditation and Quality Improvement: What’s the Financial Bottom Line? (Dean Kaplan). Part III: Financial Strategies. 5. Debt Management Ideas: Risks and Returns of Creative Financing in an Infrastructure-Intensive Industry (Michael Nadol). 6. Wall Street Perspectives on Management that Matters (Richard P. Larkin). Part IV: Planning and Infrastructure Issues. 7. Watershed Management Practices (Christopher S. Crockett and Brian G. Marengo). 8. Water Infrastructure Rehabilitation: The Nashville Approach (Cyrus Q. Toosi). 9. Natural Drainage Systems: Leading by Example (Darla Inglis). Part V: Customer Involvement. 10. Incorporating the Voice of the Utility Customer: Effective Use of Utility Customer Survey Research (Linda J. McAleer). 11. Citizen Participation in Wastewater Projects (Robert R. Williams). 12. Competitive Assessment and Change Management: The Complete Solution—Technical and Political (Adam J. Kramer). Part VI: Information Technology. 13. Getting Results from an Enterprise Geographic Information System (Susan Lior). 14. Philadelphia’s Automatic Meter Reading Program: A Retrospective Look (James Bolno). 15. Development of an Integrated Capital Program Management System for the Austin Water Utility (Chris Lippe, Charles Schoening, Daniel P. Baker, and David W. Harris). 16. The Challenge of Merging Water Companies: Combining Data and Converting to an Enterprise ArcGIS/ArcSDE System (Jos Bell and Ronald R. Butcher). Part VII: Best Practices in Management and Leadership. 17. CitiStat: Bringing a New Level of Efficiency and Effectiveness to Baltimore City’s Water Utility (Matthew D. Gallagher). 18. Using Six Sigma to Improve Operations at the Fort Wayne Water Pollution Control Plant (Michele Hill and Cheryl Cronin). 19. From “Command and Control” to a Team-Based Organization: Challenges Associated with the Reorganization of a Large Water Utility (Randall A. Monteith). Index.
£114.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc Groundwater Age
Book SynopsisGroundwater Age is the first book of its kind that incorporates and synthesizes the state-of-the-art knowledge about the business of groundwater dating - including historical development, principles, applications, various methods, and likely future progress in the concept.Trade Review"This book does a good job of introducing the reader to the often-overlooked complexity interpreting the deceptively simple results of age dating." (Journal of Environmental Quality, March/April 2008) "…this book is the first to incorporate and synthesize the entire state of the art of the business of groundwater dating." (CHOICE, January 2007) "Presenting modern knowledge and cutting-edge research simply and clearly, 'Groundwater Age' will satisfy and stimulate both seasonal professionals and student novices alike." (Journal of the American Water Resources Association, August 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 Age and lifetime. 1.2 Age determination in geology (Geochronology) and in other disciplines. 1.2.1 Absolute age and relative age. 1.2.2 Determination of absolute age of rocks. 1.2.3 Geological time table. 1.3 Groundwater age and groundwater residence time. 1.3.1 Young, old and very old groundwaters. 1.3.2 Dead water and active water. 1.3.3 Age gradient. 1.3.4 Age mass. 1.3.5 Mixing, dispersion and transport of groundwater age, mean age and distribution of ages. 1.3.6 Average residence time of water in various compartments of the hydrologic cycle . 1.3.7 Hydrogeochronolgy, interdisciplinary groundwater age science and hydrologic time concept. 1.3.8 Event markers. 1.4 Life expectancy. 1.5 Isochrone and life expectancy maps. 1.6 Some groundwater age related terms. 1.6.1 Isotopic age, radiometric age and decay age. 1.6.2 Hydraulic age. 1.6.3 Piston-flow age, streamtube age and advective age . 1.6.4 Model age and apparent age. 1.6.5 Storage time, mean transit time, turn over time, flushing time and travel time. 1.6.6 Reservoir theory and its relation with groundwater residence time. Chapter 2. History of groundwater age dating research. 2.1 Pioneer of Groundwater Age discipline-sequence of the earliest publications. 2.2 Laboratories worldwide for dating groundwater samples. 2.3 Major contributors to Groundwater Age dating discipline. 2.4 Names familiar in the Groundwater Dating business. 2.5 Important publications. 2.5.1 Book chapters. 2.5.2 PhD and MSc theses. 2.5.3 Journals. 2.5.4 Reports (mainly by the USGS) . 2.6 Aquifers subjected to extensive dating studies. Chapter 3. The applications of groundwater age data. 3.1 Renewability of the groundwater reservoirs. 3.2 An effective communication tool for scientists and managers- and curiosity to laymen as well. 3.3 Age monitoring for the prevention of over exploitation and contamination of aquifers. 3.4 Estimation of the recharge rate. 3.5 Calculation of the groundwater flow velocity. 3.6 Identification of the groundwater flow paths. 3.7 Assessing the rates of groundwater and contaminants transport through aquitards. 3.8 Constraining the parameters of groundwater flow and transports models (estimation of large scale flow and transport properties). 3.9 Identification of the mixing between different end members. 3.10 Study of the pre-Holocene (late Pleistocene) climate. 3.11 Evaluation of the groundwater pollution. 3.12 Calculation of the travel time of the groundwater plume to the points of interest. 3.13 Mapping vulnerability of the shallow aquifers. 3.14 Performance assessments for radioactive waste disposal facilities. 3.15 Site specific applications. 3.15.1 Identification of the seawater level fluctuations. 3.15.2 Calculating the timescale of seawater intrusion. 3.15.3 Disposal of wastes into the deep old saline groundwater systems. 3.15.4 Management of the dryland salinity in Australia. 3.15.5 Hydrograph separation. Chapter 4. Age-dating young groundwaters. 4.1 Important points. 4.2 Tritium. 4.2.1 Production of tritium. 4.2.2 Sampling, analyzing and reporting the results. 4.2.3 Age dating groundwater by tritium. 4.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 4.2.5 Case studies. 4.3 3H/3He. 4.3.1 Sources of 3He. 4.3.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 4.3.3 Dating groundwater by 3H/3He. 4.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 4.3.5 Case studies. 4.4 Helium-4. 4.5 Krypton-85. 4.5.1 Production of 85Kr. 4.5.2 Sampling and analyzing groundwater for 85Kr. 4.5.3 Age dating groundwater with 85Kr. 4.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 4.5.5 Case studies. 4.6 CFCs. 4.6.1 Sampling and analyzing groundwater for CFCs. 4.6.2 Dating groundwater by CFCs. 4.6.3 Limitations and possible sources of error in CFCs dating technique. 4.6.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 4.6.5 Case studies. 4.7 SF6. 4.7.1 Sampling and analyzing groundwater for SF6. 4.7.2 Age dating groundwater with SF6. 4.7.3 Advantages and disadvantages. 4.7.4 Case studies. 4.8 36Cl/Cl. 4.8.1 Dating groundwater by 36Cl/Cl ratio and case studies. 4.9 Indirect methods. 4.9.1 Stable isotopes of water. 4.9.2 Case study. Chapter 5. Age-dating old groundwaters. 5.1 Silicon-32. 5.1.1 Production of 32Si. 5.1.2 Sampling and analyzing groundwater for 32Si. 5.1.3 Dating groundwater with 32Si. 5.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 5.1.5 Case studies. 5.2 Argon-39. 5.2.1 Production and sources of 39Ar. 5.2.2 Sampling and analyzing groundwaters for 39Ar . 5.2.3 Age dating groundwater by 39Ar. 5.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 5.2.5 Case studies. 5.3 Carbon-14. 5.3.1 Production of 14C. 5.3.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 5.3.3 Groundwater dating by 14C. 5.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 5.3.5 Case study. 5.4 Indirect methods. 5.4.1 Deuterium and oxygen-18. 5.4.2 Conservative and reactive ions. Chapter 6. Age-dating very old groundwaters. 6.1 Krypton-81. 6.1.1 Production of 81Kr. 6.1.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.1.3 Age-dating groundwater by 81Kr. 6.1.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 6.1.5 Case studies. 6.2 Chloride-36. 6.2.1 Production of 36Cl. 6.2.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.2.3 Groundwater dating by 36Cl. 6.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 6.2.5 Case studies. 6.3 Helium-4. 6.3.1 Production and sources of 4He. 6.3.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.3.3 Age-dating groundwater by 4He. 6.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 6.3.5 Case studies. 6.4 Argon-40. 6.4.1 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.4.2 Age-dating groundwater by 40Ar and obstacles. 6.4.3 Case studies. 6.5 Iodine-129. 6.5.1 Production of 129I . 6.5.2 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.5.3 Age-dating groundwater by 129I. 6.5.4 Advantages and disadvantages. 6.5.5 Case studies. 6.6 Uranium disequilibrium series. 6.6.1 Sampling, analysis and reporting the results. 6.6.2 Dating groundwater by UDS. 6.6.3 Case studies. Chapter 7. Modeling of groundwater age and residence time distributions. 7.1 Overview and state-of-the-art. 7.2 Basics in groundwater age transport. 7.2.1 The reservoir theory. 7.2.2 Determination of age and residence time distributions. 7.3 Selected typical examples. 7.3.1 Aquifer with uniform and localized recharge. 7.3.2 Hydro-dispersive multilayer aquifer. 7.3.3 The Seeland phreatic aquifer. Chapter 8. Issues and thoughts in groundwater dating. 8.1 The need for more dating methods and the currently proposed potential method. 8.2 Translating simulation of groundwater ages techniques into practice- More applications for age data. 8.3 Worldwide practices of groundwater age-dating. 8.4 Proposal for a groundwater age map - Worldwide groundwater age maps. 8.5 Works which can and need to be done to enhance groundwater age science. 8.5 Major problems facing groundwater dating discipline. 8.7 Some thoughtful questions - Concluding remarks and Future of groundwater dating. References. Appendix 1: Decay Curves of Groundwater Dating Isotopes. That of Tritium Is Shown in Chapter 4. Appendix 2: Some Useful Information for Groundwater Dating Studies and Table of Conversion of Units. Appendix 3: Concentration of Noble Gases (Used in Groundwater Dating) and Some Important Constituents of the Atmosphere. Index.
£125.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Probability Concepts in Engineering Emphasis on
Book SynopsisThe material in the book is intended for a first course on applied probability and statistics for engineering students at the sophomore or junior level, or for self study, stressing probabilistic modeling and the fundamentals of statistical inferences. The primary aim is to provide an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals for the proper application in engineering problems. The second edition of this well-known book (previously titled Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design) by Alfredo Ang and Wilson Tang, two world-renowned educators, has been revised to simplify understanding the fundamentals of probability and statistics for engineering students. The second edition includes many new and expanded topics, including hypothesis testing and confidence intervals in regression analysis. Students using this text will develop the ability to formulate and solve real-world problems in engineering. The authors accomplish this by explaining all the concepts and metTable of ContentsChapter 1 - Role of Probability and Statistics in Engineering Chapter 2 -- Fundamentals of Probability Models Chapter 3 -- Analytical Models of Random Phenomena Chapter 4 -- Functions of Random Variables Chapter 5 - Computer-Based Numerical and Simulation Methods in Probability Chapter 6 -- Statistical Inferences from Observational Data Chapter 7 -- Determination of Probability Distribution Models Chapter 8 -- Regression and Correlation Analyses Chapter 9 -- The Bayesian Approach Chapter 10 - Elements of Quality Assurance and Acceptance Sampling (Available only online at the Wiley web site) Appendices: Table A.1 -- Standard Normal Probabilities Table A.2 - CDF of the Binomial Distribution Table A.3 - Critical Values of t Distribution at Confidence Level (1- a)=p Table A.4 - Critical Values of the c2 Distribution at Confidence Level (1-a)=pTable A.5 - Critical Values of Dna at Significance Level a in the K-S Test Table A.6 - Critical Values of the Anderson-Darling Goodness-of-fit Test (for 4 specific distributions)
£222.26
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Site Calculations Pocket Reference
Book SynopsisThe revised field companion for construction, recreation department, and landscape professionals Put it in your pocket and go! For the busy professional working on-site--this updated, handy pocket reference puts all the formulas and calculations you need at your fingertips. Now with a convenient, lay-flat comb binding, this book is invaluable for all areas of general site construction. It gives you fast access to the information you want--when you want it--complete with real-world examples. This revised Second Edition features a new chapter on sports fields that includes descriptions and schematics for more than forty different fields. It also provides the latest information on: * Earthworks and materials * Drainage, sewers, and irrigation * Grassing, landscaping, and ground covers * Temperature, area, and time measurement * Units of weight and measure * Map and surveyor information * WorldwiTable of ContentsSection 1 Earthworks and Materials. 1.1 Soils—Angles of Repose 2 1.2 Volume of Sand or Gravel in a Stockpile 2 1.3 Approximate Swelling Factors for Various Soil Types 3 1.4 Approximate Shrinkage Factors for Various Soil Types 3 1.5 Soil Permeability 3 1.6 Water Retention for Various Soils 4 1.7 Weights of Materials 4 1.8 Water-Holding Estimates of a Variety of Soils 5 1.9 Triangle of Physical Characteristics of Various Soils 6 1.10 Estimated Runoff Volume from a 24-Hour, 7-Inch Rain Event 6 1.11 Average Soil Infiltration Rates for Various Soils by Percent of Slope 7 1.12 Computation for Volume of Excavated Material (English) 7 1.13 Computation for Volume of Excavated Material (Metric) 8 1.14 Computation of Materials Volume from Trench Excavation (English) 9 1.15 Computation of Materials Volume from Trench Excavation (Metric) 9 1.16 Angles of Slopes 10 1.17 Slope Measurement Plan (Horizontal) to True Measure 10 1.18 Approximate Equivalencies: Slope/Grade/Degree 11 1.19 Safe Limit Restrictions (General Guide) 11 1.20 Soil Coverage 12 1.21 Top Dressing (English) 13 1.22 Top Dressing (Metric) 13 1.23 Practical Examples of Specialized Small Areas of Fill (Sand Trap) 14 1.24 Calculation of Area of an Odd-Shaped Area 15 1.25 Calculation of Fill Materials for an Odd-Shaped Area (Golf Green) 16 1.26 Chart of Volumes by Area 17 Section 2 Drainage 2.1 Manning’s “n” Value for Design 20 2.2 Circular Pipe Flow Capacity (Double Wall—Smooth) 21 2.3 Circular Pipe Flow Capacity (Single Wall—Spiral). 2.4 Pipe Size Conversion (Drainage) English to Metric 23 2.5 Example of Circular Pipe Flow Capacity Calculation 23 2.6 Diagram for Pipe Flow Capacity Calculation 24 2.7 Drainage Calculation: Water Quantity by Area 25 2.8 Pipe Conversion Factors (Natural Gas, Irrigation, Drainage, etc.) 26 Section 3 Irrigation,Water Supply, and Materials. 3.1 Pipe Data Introduction. 3.2 Lake Lining Calculation. 3.3 Pressure Loss from Friction per 100 Ft. of Pipe (Pounds per Square Inch). 3.4 Pressure Conversion Chart PSI-Kg/Cm-BAR. 3.5 Pipe Conversion Factors. 3.6 Velocity of Flow (Feet per Second). 3.7 Surge Pressures and Water Hammer. 3.8 Comparative Flow Capacities for Pipe. 3.9 Uniformity and Efficiency. 3.10 Uniformity Coefficient. 3.11 System Distribution Uniformity. 3.12 Efficiencies. 3.13 Designing Irrigation System Capabilities. 3.14 The Soil Reservoir. 3.15 Natural Water Loss. 3.16 Guides to Determining ET Rate. 3.17 Minimizing System Losses. 3.18 Other Considerations. 3.19 Irrigation Water Requirements. 3.20 Scheduling Procedures. 3.21 Summary. 3.22 Sprinkler Spacing. 3.23 Precipitation Rate Formulas. 3.24 Sprinkler Efficiency and Spacing under Certain Conditions. 3.25 Approximate Number of Sprinklers per Acre. 3.26 Example—How to Determine Pipe Size per Requirement. 3.27 Pump Definitions. 3.28 Practical Suction Lifts at Various Elevations. 3.29 Pump Cost and Efficiency Data. 3.30 Cost of Pumping Water per 1,000 U.S. Gallons Pumped. 3.31 Cost per Hour of Pumping under Continuous Conditions. 3.32 Formula for Figuring Efficiency of Pump. 3.33 Formula for Determining Pump Horsepower. 3.34 Pump Calculation: Size for Duty. 3.35 Miscellaneous Irrigation Data. 3.36 Example— Irrigation System Design for Sports Fields. 3.37 Materials for Sprinkler Systems. 3.38 Maintenance Procedure for Irrigation System. 3.39 Winterization in Southern Climates. 3.40 Winterization in Northern Climates. 3.41 Spring Start-Up. 3.42 Electrical Table for Single-Phase Irrigation Wiring. 3.43 Electrical Table for Basic Three-Phase Irrigation Wiring. 3.44 Voltage Loss for Various Wire Sizes per 100 Ft. of Copper Wire. 3.45 Wire Sizing Calculation Form. 3.46 American to Metric Cable Size Conversion. Section 4 Concrete, Retaining Walls, Streets, and Weir Structures. 4.1 Approximate Weights of Materials Required per Cubic Yard of Concrete. 4.2 Approximate Weights of Materials Required per Cubic Yard of Concrete. 4.3 Approximate Weights of Materials Required per Cubic Yard of Concrete. 4.4 Approximate Weights of Materials Required per Cubic Yard of Concrete. 4.5 Quantities of Portland Cement for Concrete. 4.6 Materials for Concrete per Cubic Yard. 4.7 Quantities: Concrete for Footings. 4.8 Concrete Surface Coverage per Cubic Yard. 4.9 Reinforcing Steel Requirements for Concrete. 4.10 Concrete Mixer—Average Output in Cubic Yards per Hour. 4.11 Properties of Plywood Forming. 4.12 Allowable Stresses for Formwork Lumber. 4.13 Approximate Board Foot Content of Sawed Railroad Ties. 4.14 Calculations for Retaining Walls— Cubic Yards per Area by Depth. 4.15 Recommended Guidelines for Subdivision or City Street Construction. 4.16 Typical Road Section Sketch. 4.17 Discharge from Rectangular Notch Weirs with End Contractions. 4.18 Discharge from Triangular Notch Weirs with End Contractions. Section 5 Grassing, Landscaping, Fertilization, and Ground Covers. 5.1 Turfgrasses Stolonization—What is a Bushel? 5.2 What Does “Certified” Mean? 5.3 Ornamental Grasses. 5.4 Recommended Seeding Rates of Some Grasses. 5.5 Characteristics of Some Turfgrasses. 5.6 Coverage Area per Bale of Bean Straw. 5.7 Grass Stolons: Distribution Rate by Means of Sprigging. 5.8 Grass Stolons: Quantities Required for Broadcast Distribution. 5.9 Coverage Areas for Turf and Other Ground Covers via Plugs. 5.10 Fertilization (Nitrogen Requirements). 5.11 Coverage Area per Flat of Ground Covers Square Feet per Flat. 5.12 Liners and Hedge Plants: Plants Required per 100 Lin. Ft. 5.13 Plants Required per 100 SF: Various Spacings. 5.14 Flats of Plants Required per 100 SF: Various Spacings and Various Quantities per Flat. 5.15 Number of Shrubs or Plants for an Acre at Various Spacings. 5.16 Peat Moss Coverage: Depth in Inches per Square Surface Footage. 5.17 Steer Manure Coverage: Depth in Inches per Square Surface Footage. 5.18 Steer Manure: Rates per Acre Based on Required Rates per 1,000 SF. 5.19 Nursery Container Stock: Approximate Backfill Volume for Various Container Stock: Round Plant Pits, Vertical Sides. 5.20 Nursery Container Stock: Volume of Excavated Soil Resulting from Multiple Plantings: Square Planting Pits. 5.21 Nursery Container Stock: Approximate Backfill Volume for Various Container Stock Square Plant Pits, Vertical Sides. 5.22 Nursery Container Stock. 5.23 Tree Pit Excavation for Nursery Container Stock Square Pits, Vertical Sides. 5.24 Tree Pit Excavation for Nursery Container Stock Round Pits, Vertical Sides. 5.25 Nursery Container Stock: Volume of Excavated Soil Resulting from Multiple Plantings: Round Plant Pits. 5.26 Suggested Planting Distances for Some Fruit Trees. 5.27 Tree Cabling Material Combinations. 5.28 Hydroseeders: Area Coverage per Load. 5.29 Hydroseeder Coverage Using Seed, Fertilizer, and Mulch. 5.30 Hydroseeder Coverage Using Seed and Fertilizer Only. 5.31 Usage Rates for a Combination of Organic and Synthetic Products. 5.32 Usage Rates for Synthetic Fiber Bond. 5.33 Usage Rates for Gum-Based Organic Tackifier. 5.34 Seed Facts for Native Prairie Grasses and Legumes: Cool Season. 5.35 Seed Facts for Native Prairie Grasses and Legumes: Warm Season. 5.36 Seed Facts for Legumes. 5.37 Seed Facts for Cool-Season Turfgrasses. 5.38 Seed Facts for Warm-Season Foragegrasses. 5.39 Plant Hardiness Zones. 5.40 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map. 5.41 Shade and Ornamental Trees. 5.42 Ornamental Shrubs. 5.43 Fruit Trees. 5.44 Nut Trees. 5.45 Conifers. 5.46 Broadleaves. Section 6 Sports Fields. 6.1 Field Spaces. 6.2 Tolerances for Selecting the Best Turfgrass for Your Needs (Cool and Warm Season). 6.3 Types of Field Turf. 6.4 Lighting. 6.5 Drainage. 6.6 Irrigation. 6.7 Sports Field Space Requirements (General). 6.8 Archery. 6.9 Athletics (Track and Field) Field Events. 6.10 Athletics (Track and Field) Track Events. 6.11 Badminton. 6.12 Baseball. 6.13 Basketball. 6.14 Indoor and Lawn Bowls and Boules (Bocce/Petanque). 6.15 Boxing (International). 6.16 Cricket (Outdoor and Indoor). 6.17 Croquet. 6.18 Equestrian. 6.19 Fencing. 6.20 Football (American-Canadian). 6.21 Football (Aussie Rules). 6.22 Football (Gaelic). 6.23 Football (Rugby League). 6.24 Football (Rugby Union). 6.25 Football (Association Soccer). 6.26 Handball. 6.27 Horseshoes. 6.28 Hockey (Field). 6.29 Hockey (Indoor). 6.30 Hurling (Men’s). 6.31 Lacrosse (Men’s). 6.32 Lacrosse (Women’s). 6.33 Netball. 6.34 Polo. 6.35 Shuffleboard. 6.36 Softball. 6.37 Squash Rackets. 6.38 Tennis (Paddle). 6.39 Tennis (Platform). 6.40 Tennis. 6.41 Volleyball. Section 7 General Information. 7.1 Temperature Conversion. 7.2 Angular and Circular Measure. 7.3 Measurement of Time. 7.4 Measurement of Time: Converting Minutes to Decimal Hours. 7.5 Converting Inches and Fractions to Decimal Parts of a Foot. 7.6 Decimal Equivalents Table. 7.7 Circumferences and Areas of Circles. 7.8 Units of Length. 7.9 Units of Area. 7.10 Units of Length (Metric). 7.11 Units of Area (Metric). 7.12 Square Tracts of Land (English). 7.13 Area Conversion: Square Feet to Equivalent Acreage. 7.14 Area Conversion: Acres to Equivalent Square Footage. 7.15 Converting Miles to Kilometers and Kilometers to Miles. 7.16 Converting Feet to Meters and Meters to Feet. 7.17 Converting Inches to Centimeters and Centimeters to Inches. 7.18 Measurement of Area Conversions: English System to Metric System. 7.19 Measurement of Area Conversions: Metric System to English System. 7.20 Measurement of Volume Conversions: English System to Metric System. 7.21 Units of Weight (Metric). 7.22 Units of Volume (English). 7.23 Units of Volume (English): Conversions. 7.24 Units of Cubic Measure (Metric). 7.25 Units of Weight (English). 7.26 Units of Weight Conversions: English System to Metric System. 7.27 Units of Volume (English): Conversions. 7.28 Units of Dry Measure. 7.29 Units of Dry Measure: Conversions. 7.30 Dry Materials: Conversion Use for Small Areas. 7.31 Units of Liquid Measure. 7.32 Units of Liquid Measure: Conversions. 7.33 Units of Liquid Measure (Metric). 7.34 Units of Liquid Measure: Weight Equivalents. 7.35 Units of Water Measurement and Equivalencies. 7.36 Units of Liquid Measure Equivalencies: Gallons/Pounds/Cubic Feet. 7.37 Capacity of Square Pools per Foot of Depth. 7.38 Capacity of Rectangular Pools per Foot of Depth. 7.39 Capacity of Round Pools per Foot of Depth. 7.40 Liquid Materials: Conversions for Use for Small Areas. 7.41 Volumes Based on Areas of Water by Depth (Cu./Yds.). 7.42 Calculation of Volume Based on Area of Water by Depth. 7.43 Conversion Table for U.S. and Metric Systems. 7.44 USGA Sand Specification. 7.45 Equipment Amortization Table. 7.46 Simple Interest Table. 7.47 30 Days Interest Table. 7.48 World Time Zone Map. Section 8 Formulas for Areas and Volumes of Various Geometric Figures. 8.1 Rectangle. 8.2 Parallelogram. 8.3 Trapezoid. 8.4 Rectangular Prism. 8.5 Any Prism. 8.6 Pyramid. 8.7 Right Triangle. 8.8 Any Triangle. 8.9 Regular Polygon. 8.10 Any Cylinder. 8.11 Any Cone and Frustum of Any Cone. 8.12 Ellipse. 8.13 Circle. 8.14 Sector of a Circle. 8.15 Segment of a Circle. Section 9 Map and Surveyor Information. 9.1 Scale Equivalents: Scale 1/16" to 1'. 9.2 Scale Equivalents: Scales 1" to 10'/1" to 80'. 9.3 Scale Equivalents: Scales 1"/100' to 1"/1,000'. 9.4 Scale Equivalents: Scales 1" = 50' to 1" = 10 miles. 9.5 Slope Stake. 9.6 Stadia Correction and Horizontal Distances. 9.7 Chains to Feet and Feet to Chains Conversions. 9.8 Trigonometric Formulas. 9.9 Reduction to Horizontal. 9.10 Natural Trigonometrical Functions. 9.11 Curve Table. 9.12 Tangents and Externals to a 1-Degree Curve. 9.13 Useful Relations. 9.14 Square Measure and Surveyor’s Measure. 9.15 Inches to Decimals of a Foot. 9.16 Minutes in Decimals of a Degree. 9.17 Middle Ordinates of Length of Rail (Feet). 9.18 Short Radius Curves. 9.19 Rods in Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths of Feet. 9.20 Links in Feet, Tenths, and Hundredths of Feet. 9.21 Inches in Decimals of a Foot. 9.22 Curve Formulas. 9.23 Table of Powers and Roots (1–100). 9.24 Square Roots and Cube Roots (1,000–2,000). Section 10 Sanitary Sewers. 10.1 Separation Distances. 10.2 Minimum Separation between Sanitary Facilities and Other Features. 10.3 Expected Hydraulic Loading Rates. 10.4 Intermittent Stream Effluent Limits. 10.5 Minimum Size of Sewer Appurtenances. 10.6 Recommended Hazen-Williams Coefficients for Sewer Pipe. 10.7 System Pressures and Pump Types. 10.8 Septic Tanks. 10.9 Estimating the Size Grease Trap for Restaurants and Hospitals. 10.10 Buried Filters. 10.11 Open Filters—Single Pass. 10.12 Filter Media. 10.13 Recommended Sewage Application Rates. 10.14 Site Criteria for Mounds. 10.15 Allowable Lateral Lengths (Ft.). 10.16 Sidewall Areas of Circular Seepage Pits. 10.17 Cascade Aeration. 10.18 Conversion Factors. 10.19 Mound Design Example. Section 11 Worldwide Weather Conditions. 11.1 Temperature Distribution. 11.2 Distribution of Precipitation. 11.3 North America. 11.4 South America. 11.5 Europe. 11.6 Asia. 11.7 Africa. 11.8 Australia. 11.9 Temperature Data for Representative Worldwide Stations. 11.10 Precipitation Data for Representative Worldwide Stations. 11.11 Worldwide Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation. Appendix Miscellaneous Conversion Factors. Index.
£59.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Water Treatment Made Simple
Book SynopsisCovers various proficiencies of water treatment, including laboratory testing, hydraulics, mathematics, chemistry, water transmission, disinfection, and microbiology. This book features problem solving tools to help operators diagnose and remedy problems throughout the treatment process and a list of references for further study.Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Water Sources 19 3 Water Treatment Laboratory 33 4 Pretreatment 49 5 Coagulation and Flocculation 57 6 Sedimentation 63 7 Softening 73 8 Stabilization 82 9 Filtration 94 10 Disinfection 113 11 Taste and Odor Control 133 12 Fluoridation 142 13 Water Transmission 146 14 Hydraulics 165 15 Mathematics 173 16 Chemistry 188 17 Microbiology 205 Appendix A Information Sources 224 Appendix B CT Values 226 Appendix C Chemicals Used in Water Treatment 241 Appendix D Chemical Reactions in Water Treatment 243 Glossary 245 References 255 Index 257
£64.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Global Engineering and Construction
Book SynopsisThe first book written for the construction and engineering project team member or manager on how to manage international construction projects at the operations level.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xix Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1: Introduction 1 1.1 Global Engineers and Constructors 2 1.2 Engineering and Construction Global Ambassadors 7 1.3 Global Risks to Engineers and Constructors 8 1.4 Organization of This Book 8 1.5 Summary 10 Chapter 2: The Concept of Culture and Global Issues Important to Engineers and Constructors 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Sources of Information 12 2.3 Language and Translation Considerations for Design 15 2.4 Design Criteria for Different Cultures 21 2.5 Cultural Issues That Affect Engineers and Constructors 27 2.6 Suggestions for Adapting to Foreign Cultures 29 2.7 Economics 33 2.8 Politics 34 2.9 Summary 34 Chapter 3: Managing Global Engineering and Construction Projects 36 3.1 Introduction 36 3.2 Management Functions and Project Objectives 37 3.3 Three-Dimensional Project-Objective Model (POM) 39 3.4 Hierarchy of Objectives 44 3.5 Determining Objectives 45 3.6 Managing Projects in Foreign Countries 48 3.7 Characteristics of Global Project Managers 49 3.8 Calendars and Time Considerations 52 3.9 Technology Considerations 54 3.10 Estimating 57 3.11 Scheduling 58 3.12 Permits and Codes 58 3.13 Construction Safety Issues 59 3.14 Construction Failures and Investigation Techniques 68 3.15 Case Study: Indonesia 73 3.16 Summary 73 Chapter 4: Global Competitiveness in the Engineering and Construction Industry 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 Definition of Competitiveness 77 4.3 Competitiveness Issues 78 4.4 Competitive Forces in the 1980s 81 4.5 Changes in the E&C Industry Structure in the 1990s 83 4.6 Forces Driving Competition in the Twenty-First Century 85 4.7 Changes in the E&C Industry in the Twenty-First Century 89 4.8 The Changing Nature of E&C Industry Competition 93 4.9 Summary 99 Chapter 5: Global Engineering and Construction Alliances 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Multinational Contractors 103 5.3 The Global Dimension 106 5.4 Risks in Global Investment 108 5.5 Project Financing 110 5.6 Privatization 110 5.7 Build-Own-Transfer (BOT) 115 5.8 Joint Ventures and Partnerships 117 5.9 Summary 118 Chapter 6: Global Construction Financial Techniques 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Countertrade 122 6.3 Cofinancing with the World Bank 123 6.4 Project Financing 125 6.5 Global Payment Methods 129 6.6 Bills of Lading, Commercial Invoices, and Consular Invoices 132 6.7 The U.S. Export-Import Bank and Private Export Funding Agencies 132 6.8 Summary 133 Chapter 7: Global Legal Issues for Engineers and Constructors 136 7.1 Introduction 136 7.2 International Conventions 136 7.3 Regional Legal Issues 137 7.4 International Contracts 139 7.5 Claims and Change Orders 146 7.6 Dispute-Resolution Techniques 150 7.7 International Arbitration 152 7.8 Anticorruption Legislation 155 7.9 Kidnapping and Ransom Insurance 155 7.10 Changing Governments 156 7.11 Liability Issues 156 7.12 Summary 159 Chapter 8: International Engineering and Construction Standards 163 8.1 Introduction 163 8.2 Definition of Standards 163 8.3 Technical Standards 164 8.4 Consensus Standards 164 8.5 Government Standards 165 8.6 Nongovernment Standards 165 8.7 International Standards 165 8.8 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 167 8.9 The Development Process for Standards 169 8.10 International Technical Standards 171 8.11 ISO 9000 Quality Management System Standards 172 8.12 ISO 14000 Environmental Management Series of Standards 174 8.13 ISO 4217 Global Currency Codes and Names 175 8.14 The ISO 9000 and 14000 Registration Process 175 8.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of International Standards 177 8.16 Summary 179 Chapter 9: Global Environmental Issues of Concern to Engineers and Constructors 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) 183 9.3 Effects of the Kyoto Protocol on the Engineering and Construction Industry 187 9.4 Global Environmental Management 189 9.5 Country-Specific Environmental Issues 190 9.6 Summary 194 Chapter 10: Global Productivity Issues on Construction Projects 197 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 International Comparisons of Labor Productivity 199 10.3 Case Study: Worker Productivity in Nigeria and the United States 200 10.4 Labor Productivity Variations 202 10.5 Labor Productivity Factors 204 10.6 Factors that Affect Productivity on Global Projects 207 10.7 Summary 211 Chapter 11: Global Planning and Construction Delays 214 11.1 Introduction 214 11.2 Accounting for Global Variations in Construction 215 11.3 Bribery Policies 216 11.4 Categories of Global Nontechnical Delays 218 11.5 Global Engineering and Construction Delays 220 11.6 Indicators of Project Delays 226 11.7 Global Project Planning Delays 228 11.8 Summary 233 Chapter 12: Global Terrorism: Kidnapping and Design Considerations 236 12.1 Introduction 236 12.2 Definitions of Terrorism 238 12.3 Terrorist Behavior 239 12.4 Financial Support for Terrorism 240 12.5 Terrorist Strategies and Profiles 241 12.6 Kidnapping Issues 242 12.7 Preventing Terrorism 245 12.8 Building Protection 251 12.9 Web Sites with Additional Information on Terrorism 258 12.10 Summary 259 Chapter 13: Preparing Engineers and Constructors to Work Globally 263 13.1 Introduction 263 13.2 Definition of Culture 263 13.3 Cultural Differences 264 13.4 Language Differences 264 13.5 Technology Transfer 265 13.6 The Importance of Cross-Cultural Training Programs 265 13.7 Developing Cross-Cultural Training Programs 267 13.8 What to Know Before Working Overseas 268 13.9 Language Training 274 13.10 Educational Considerations 275 13.11 Entertainment Issues 275 13.12 Short- and Long-Term Housing 276 13.13 Food and Water Supplies 278 13.14 Transportation Issues 281 13.15 Foreign Work Environments 281 13.16 Prejudice 283 13.17 Culture Shock 284 13.18 Going Native 285 13.19 Avoiding Foreign Jails 285 13.20 Summary 286 Chapter 14: Country-Specific Information 288 14.1 Introduction 288 14.2 Africa 289 14.3 Asia 300 14.4 Eastern Europe 311 14.5 The Near and Middle East 318 14.6 North America 325 14.7 Oceana 330 14.8 South America 331 14.9 Southeast Asia 334 14.10 Western Europe 342 14.11 Summary 346 Appendix A Glossary 347 Appendix B Case Study: Managing Projects in Rural Developing Countries 351 References 361 Appendix C Definitions of Religions 362 Index 364
£98.96
Wiley Mycoremediation Fungal Bioremediation
Book SynopsisMycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation provides comprehensive coverage, history, and the most up-to-date account of this dynamic and emerging field. This book focuses on the current status of role of fungi in biodegradation and bioremediation of various hazardous wastes and wastewaters.Trade Review"Useful for students, newcomers to the field, and teachers." (Mycological Research, July 2009) "If you want to know about the latest in mycoengineering technologies, or what your mycoreactor should look like, this is the reference you've been looking for. Those interested in the theoretical underpinnings of mycoremediation, fungal metabolism or modeling approaches to fungal physiology will also learn much from this monumental work." (Inoculum, May 2008) "The book is unique in its form, since it is the first encyclopedic examination of this topic ... .This book is recommended for scientists, engineers, regulatory experts and students working in the field of bioremediation and should be present in all libraries of universities and offices involved in waste management." (International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, January 2008) "A well written, extremely well referenced, comprehensive treatment of a formerly ... undeveloped topic." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, June 1, 2007) "For the first time, readers have a single, cohesive presentation of the current state of the science that will serve as a springboard for future research and new innovations." (Journal of the American Water Resources Association, April 2007)Table of ContentsPreface xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Fungal Biodegradation and Biodeterioration 2 1.2 How a Fungus Escapes Water to Grow in Air 3 1.3 Fungal Morphology Analysis and Growth Measurement 3 1.3.1 Fungal Morphology 3 1.3.2 Analysis of Fungal Morphology 4 1.3.3 Pellet Formation and Structure 5 1.3.4 Growth Measurement 6 1.4 Mass Transfer Growth Kinetics and Bioreactors 7 1.5 Methods for Detection of Degradative Fungi 10 1.5.1 Immunological Assays 10 1.5.2 Molecular Assays 11 1.6 Fungi as Environmental Indicators 13 1.7 Fungal Attack on Coal 14 1.8 Thermophilic Alpine and Lichen-Forming Fungi 15 1.9 Mycoremediation: Fungal Bioremediation 16 1.9.1 White-Rot Fungi in Bioremediation 16 1.10 Ecology of Mycoremediation 18 1.11 Genetic Engineering of Mycoremediation 19 References 20 2 Fungal Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Alternative Industrial Wastewater Bioreactors 30 2.3 Fungal Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters 31 2.3.1 Starch-Processing Wastewater 32 2.3.1.1 Background 32 2.3.1.2 Composition and Characteristics 33 2.3.1.3 Bioreactors and Fermentation 33 2.3.1.4 Enzyme Treatment 34 2.3.1.5 Production of Fungal Protein 35 2.3.2 Dairy Industry Wastewater 36 2.3.2.1 Background 36 2.3.2.2 Bioreactors and Modeling 37 2.3.2.3 Production of Fungal Biomass 39 2.3.2.4 Lactases 40 2.3.2.5 Genetics of Lactose Utilization 40 2.3.3 Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater 41 2.3.3.1 Background 41 2.3.3.2 Process Development 42 2.3.3.3 Conclusions 42 2.3.4 Protein-Containing Wastewater 42 2.3.4.1 Background 42 2.3.4.2 Bioreactors 43 2.3.5 Oil Manufacturing Plant Wastewater 44 2.3.5.1 Background 44 2.3.5.2 Assay of Oil-Decomposing Ability 45 2.3.5.3 Bioreactors 45 2.3.6 Silage Wastewater 47 2.3.6.1 Background 47 2.3.6.2 Legislation 48 2.3.6.3 Growth of Fungi 48 2.3.6.4 On-Farm Treatment 50 2.3.6.5 Production of Fungal Biomass 50 2.3.7 Acidogenic Wastewater 50 2.3.7.1 Background 50 2.3.7.2 Bioreactors and Modeling 51 2.3.8 Olive Mill Wastewater 53 2.3.8.1 Background 53 2.3.8.2 Composition and Characteristics 54 2.3.8.3 Fermentation 54 2.3.8.4 Modeling 57 2.3.8.5 Immobilization 57 2.3.8.6 Enzyme Treatment 59 2.3.8.7 Toxicity Testing 60 2.3.8.8 Economic Importance 61 2.4 Biotechnology 62 2.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 63 References 63 3 Fungal Treatment of Distillery and Brewery Wastes 76 3.1 Introduction 76 3.2 Composition and Characteristics of Stillage 77 3.3 Alternative Industrial Stillage Treatment Reactors 78 3.4 Fungal Treatment of Distillery and Brewery Wastes 80 3.5 Fungal Fermentation and Decolorization 80 3.5.1 Yeasts 81 3.5.2 Filamentous Fungi 84 3.5.3 White-Rot Fungi 85 3.5.4 Mixed Cultures 86 3.6 Molasses Toxicity to Fungi 87 3.7 Factors Affecting Fungal Fermentation and Decolorization 87 3.7.1 Carbon Source 89 3.7.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Sources 89 3.7.3 Temperature 90 3.7.4 pH 90 3.7.5 Agitation and Aeration 90 3.7.6 Inoculum Size 91 3.7.7 Effluent Dilution Rate 91 3.8 Mechanisms of Melanoidin Degradation 92 3.9 Fungal Bioreactors for Distillery and Brewery Wastes 93 3.9.1 Fed-Batch Bioreactors 95 3.9.2 Bubble Column Bioreactors 95 3.9.3 Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors 95 3.9.4 Immobilized Bioreactors 96 3.10 Modeling 97 3.11 Economic Importance 98 3.11.1 Single-Cell Protein Production 98 3.11.2 Ethanol Production 99 3.11.3 Bioproducts 101 3.11.4 Algal Production 103 3.12 Biotechnology 103 3.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 104 References 106 4 Fungal Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 115 4.1 Introduction 115 4.2 Fate of Oil in the Environment 116 4.3 Composition of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 117 4.4 Methods of Analysis of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 117 4.5 Alternative Treatment Technologies 119 4.6 Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi 119 4.7 Fungal Methods of Assessment 121 4.7.1 Fungal Enumeration 122 4.7.2 Respirometric Tests 123 4.7.3 Soil Microcosm Tests 123 4.7.4 Miscellaneous Tests 124 4.8 Hydrocarbon Metabolism by Yeasts and Fungi 124 4.9 Taxonomic Relationship of Hydrocarbon-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi 129 4.10 Factors Affecting Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 130 4.10.1 Physical Nature 130 4.10.2 Temperature 130 4.10.3 pH 131 4.10.4 Oxygen 131 4.10.5 Nutrients Dispersants and Biosurfactants 131 4.11 Fungal Mechanisms of Metabolism of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 132 4.11.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 133 4.11.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 134 4.11.3 Cooxidation of Hydrocarbons 134 4.11.4 Uptake of Hydrocarbons 134 4.12 Oxidation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Fungal Enzymes 135 4.13 Cytochrome P450 Enzyme Systems 136 4.14 Economic Importance 137 4.14.1 Single-Cell Protein 137 4.14.2 Surfactant Production 137 4.14.3 Metabolite Overproduction 138 4.15 Biotechnology and Bioengineering 139 4.16 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 140 References 140 5 Fungal Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins 149 5.1 Introduction 149 5.2 Nomenclature 150 5.3 Bioaccumulation and Toxicity 150 5.4 Alternative PCB Remediation Technologies 151 5.5 Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 151 5.6 Bioavailability of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 153 5.7 Fungal Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls 154 5.7.1 Filamentous Fungi 154 5.7.2 Yeasts 156 5.7.3 White-Rot Fungi 158 5.7.3.1 White-Rot Fungal Bioreactors 158 5.7.3.2 Degradation and Mineralization 159 5.7.3.3 Effects of Chlorination Grades and Patterns 162 5.7.3.4 Metabolic Products and Pathways 163 5.7.3.5 Role of Manganese in PCB Biodegradation 167 5.7.3.6 PCB Bioremediation in Soils 167 5.7.3.7 Biotransformation of PCBs by Laccases 169 5.7.3.8 Comparison with Bacterial Systems 171 5.8 Fungal Degradation of Dioxins 172 5.9 Genetic Manipulation 173 5.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 173 References 174 6 Fungal Degradation of Pesticides 181 6.1 Introduction 181 6.2 Classification 182 6.3 Biosensors for Detection of Pesticides 182 6.4 Fungal Degradation of Insecticides 184 6.4.1 Chlorinated Compounds 184 6.4.2 Organophosphorus Compounds 189 6.4.3 Miscellaneous Compounds 190 6.5 Fungal Degradation of Herbicides 190 6.5.1 Phenoxyalkanoate Compounds 190 6.5.2 Phenylamide Compounds 194 6.5.2.1 Acylanilides 194 6.5.2.2 Phenylureas 195 6.5.2.3 Phenylcarbamates 197 6.5.3 s-Triazine Compounds 198 6.5.4 Miscellaneous Compounds 199 6.6 Fungal Degradation of Fungicides 199 6.6.1 Organomercurial Compounds 200 6.6.2 Organosulfur Compounds 200 6.6.3 Organophosphorus Compounds 203 6.6.4 Aromatic and Heterocyclic Compounds 203 6.7 Biotransformation of Pesticides by Fungal Enzymes 203 6.8 Genetic Manipulation 205 6.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 207 References 208 7 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols Chlorophenols and Pentachlorophenol 215 7.1 Introduction 215 7.2 Alternative Treatment Technologies 216 7.2.1 Physicochemical Methods 216 7.2.2 Biological Methods 217 7.2.2.1 Metabolism by Bacteria 217 7.2.2.2 Metabolism by Actinomycetes 218 7.2.2.3 Metabolism by Algae and Higher Plants 218 7.3 Fungal Biosensors for Determination of Various Types of Phenols 219 7.3.1 Enzyme-Based Systems 219 7.3.2 Biological Affinity Assays (Immunoassays) 221 7.4 Methods of Analysis of Various Types of Phenols 221 7.5 Fungal Bioreactors for Removal of Various Types of Phenols 221 7.5.1 Rotating Tube Bioreactors 222 7.5.2 Membrane Bioreactors 222 7.5.3 Packed-Bed/Immobilized Bioreactors 222 7.5.4 Upflow Column Bioreactors 225 7.5.5 Miscellaneous Bioreactors 226 7.6 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols Chlorophenols and Pentachlorophenol 226 7.6.1 Fungal Metabolism of Phenols 226 7.6.2 Fungal Metabolism of Chlorophenols 230 7.6.3 Fungal Metabolism of Pentachlorophenol 230 7.7 Factors Affecting Fungal Metabolism of Various Types of Phenols 231 7.7.1 Effect of Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions 231 7.7.2 Effect of Culture Age Type of Inoculum and Carbon and Nitrogen Sources 234 7.8 Physiological Alterations of Fungi by Phenols 235 7.9 Taxonomic Relationship of Phenol-Utilizing Yeasts and Fungi 236 7.10 Mechanisms of Metabolism Metabolic Pathways and Metabolites 237 7.11 Degradation of Phenols by Fungal Enzymes 245 7.11.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Degradation 246 7.11.1.1 Peroxidase Bioreactors 246 7.11.2 Polyphenol Oxidase/Tyrosinase-Catalyzed Degradation 250 7.11.2.1 Polyphenol Oxidase/Tyrosinase Bioreactors 251 7.11.3 Laccase-Catalyzed Degradation 253 7.11.3.1 Influence of Cosubstrates 257 7.11.3.2 Laccase Bioreactors 258 7.11.4 Miscellaneous Enzymes 259 7.12 Fungal Transformation of Pentachlorophenol in Soils 261 7.12.1 Bound Residue Formation 261 7.12.2 Degradation and Mineralization 263 7.12.3 Fungal Augmentation 264 7.13 Cytochrome P450 Systems in Degradation of Phenols 265 7.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 266 References 267 8 Fungal Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 283 8.1 Introduction 283 8.2 Occurrence of PAHs in the Environment 284 8.3 Alternative PAH Metabolism 285 8.3.1 Bacteria 285 8.3.2 Algae Cyanobacteria and Higher Plants 287 8.4 Fungal Metabolism of PAHs 287 8.4.1 Fungal Metabolism of Naphthalene 296 8.4.2 Fungal Metabolism of Acenaphthene 296 8.4.3 Fungal Metabolism of Anthracene 296 8.4.4 Fungal Metabolism of Phenanthrene 297 8.4.5 Fungal Metabolism of Fluorene 298 8.4.6 Fungal Metabolism of Fluoranthene 300 8.4.7 Fungal Metabolism of Chrysene 300 8.4.8 Fungal Metabolism of Pyrene 302 8.4.9 Fungal Metabolism of Benz[a]anthracene 304 8.4.10 Fungal Metabolism of Benzo[a]pyrene 305 8.5 Mutagenicity of Fungal Metabolites of PAHs 306 8.6 Fungal Bioreactors for Removal of PAHs 306 8.6.1 Immobilized Bioreactors 307 8.6.2 Closed-Batch Feed Bioreactors 307 8.6.3 Compost Bioreactors 310 8.6.4 Miscellaneous Bioreactors 311 8.7 PAH Degradation by Fungal Enzymes 311 8.7.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Degradation 312 8.7.1.1 Role of Miscible Solvents 314 8.7.1.2 Influence of Cyclodextrins 315 8.7.2 Laccase-Catalyzed Degradation 316 8.7.2.1 Laccase Bioreactors 319 8.7.2.2 Influence of Mediators 319 8.7.3 Miscellaneous Enzymes 320 8.8 Cytochrome P450 in Degradation of PAHs 322 8.9 Fungal Degradation of PAHs in Soils 323 8.9.1 Influence of Cosubstrates and Surfactants 324 8.9.2 Fate of PAH Disappearance 330 8.9.2.1 PAH Degradation and Mineralization 330 8.9.2.2 Bound Residue Formation 333 8.9.3 Factors Affecting Biodegradation of PAHs 334 8.10 Fungal Metabolism of Complex PAH Mixtures 335 8.11 PAH Degradation by Fungal–Bacterial Co-cultures 336 8.12 Biotechnology and Bioengineering 337 8.13 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 339 References 340 9 Fungal Lignin Degradation and Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 357 9.1 Introduction 357 9.2 Distribution and Structure of Lignin 358 9.3 Lignin-Degrading Microorganisms 360 9.3.1 Bacterial Degradation 360 9.3.2 Fungal Degradation 360 9.4 Fungal Lignin-Degrading Enzymes 362 9.4.1 Lignin Peroxidases 363 9.4.2 Manganese Peroxidases 368 9.4.3 Laccases 372 9.4.4 Hydrogen Peroxide–Producing Enzymes 375 9.4.5 Reactive Oxygen Species 378 9.4.6 Miscellaneous Enzymes 380 9.5 Mechanisms of Fungal Lignin Degradation and Metabolic Products 381 9.6 Fungal Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 382 9.7 Fungal Bioreactors for Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 384 9.7.1 Batch and Continuous Bioreactors 384 9.7.2 Upflow Column Bioreactors 387 9.7.3 Immobilized Bioreactors 388 9.7.4 Miscellaneous Bioreactors 389 9.8 Factors Affecting Decolorization of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents 391 9.8.1 Carbon Cosubstrate 391 9.8.2 Nitrogen Phosphorus Sulfur and Chloride Concentrations 391 9.8.3 Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Temperature 395 9.8.4 Dilution of Effluent 395 9.8.5 Inoculum Dose and Nature 395 9.8.6 Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions 396 9.9 Effect of Fungal Treatment on Chlorophenols and Chloroaldehydes in Effluents 396 9.10 Decolorization of Effluents by Fungal Enzymes 397 9.11 Wetlands Treatment 399 9.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 399 References 400 10 Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 420 10.1 Introduction 420 10.2 Classification Structure and Color Measurements 421 10.3 Legislation and Regulations 422 10.4 Alternative Decolorization Treatment Technologies 423 10.4.1 Physicochemical Methods 423 10.4.2 Biological Methods 425 10.4.2.1 Degradation by Bacteria 425 10.4.2.2 Degradation by Actinomycetes 425 10.4.2.3 Degradation by Algae and Higher Plants 425 10.5 Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 426 10.5.1 Azo Dyes 426 10.5.2 Phthalocyanine Dyes 434 10.5.3 Anthraquinone Dyes 434 10.5.4 Heterocyclic Dyes 435 10.5.5 Indigo Dyes 435 10.5.6 Polymeric Dyes 435 10.5.7 Triphenylmethane Dyes 435 10.6 Yeast Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 436 10.7 White-Rot Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 438 10.8 Mechanisms of Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 438 10.9 Metabolic Products and Pathways 440 10.10 Factors Affecting Fungal Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 442 10.10.1 Media Composition 443 10.10.2 Static Versus Agitated Culture Conditions 447 10.10.3 pH and Temperature 447 10.10.4 C and N Sources TOC/N Ratio and Salts 447 10.10.5 Initial Dye Concentration 448 10.11 Fungal Dye Decolorization and Degradation Bioreactors 448 10.11.1 Rotating Drum Stirred-Tank and Membrane Bioreactors 452 10.11.2 Packed- and Fluidized-Bed Bioreactors 452 10.11.3 Immobilized Bioreactors 453 10.12 Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes by Fungal Enzymes 454 10.12.1 Peroxidase-Catalyzed Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 455 10.12.1.1 Peroxidase Bioreactors 461 10.12.2 Laccase-Catalyzed Decolorization and Degradation of Dyes 462 10.12.2.1 Laccase Bioreactors 466 10.12.2.2 Influence of Mediators 467 10.13 Decolorization of Artificial Textile Effluent 467 10.14 Sequential Dye Decolorization 470 10.15 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 470 References 472 11 Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals 484 11.1 Introduction 484 11.2 Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals 485 11.3 Evaluation of Sorption Performance 486 11.4 Mechanisms of Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals 487 11.5 Fungal Biosorption Reactors for Heavy Metals 491 11.5.1 Types of Reactors 491 11.5.1.1 Batch Stirred-Tank Reactors 491 11.5.1.2 Continuous-Flow Stirred-Tank Reactors 491 11.5.1.3 Fixed Packed-Bed Reactors 491 11.5.1.4 Immobilized Reactors 491 11.5.2 Models of Process Development 496 11.5.3 Desorption and Regeneration 498 11.5.4 Effect of Effluent Composition 499 11.6 Applications of Fungal Biosorption of Heavy Metals 499 11.6.1 Biosorption by Filamentous Fungi 499 11.6.2 Biosorption by White-Rot Fungi 504 11.6.3 Biosorption by Yeasts 505 11.6.4 Biosorption by Aspergillus niger 507 11.6.4.1 Role in Soil Bioremediation 509 11.7 Fungal Biosorption of Herbicides and Phenols 509 11.8 Fungal Biosorption of Dyes 512 11.9 Fungal Binary and Ternary Biosorption Systems 512 11.9.1 Binary Biosorption Systems 512 11.9.2 Ternary Biosorption Systems 515 11.9.3 Effect of Co-cations 516 11.10 Biosorption of Heavy Metal Anions 516 11.11 Metal Ion Resistance 517 11.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 518 References 519 12 Mycorrhizal Fungi in Rhizosphere Remediation 533 12.1 Introduction 533 12.2 Classification of Mycorrhizal Fungi 534 12.3 Functions of Mycorrhizal Mycelium 535 12.4 Methods for Studying Mycorrhizal Fungi 536 12.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 538 12.6 Metabolism of Mycorrhizal Fungi 539 12.6.1 General Metabolism 539 12.6.2 Degradative Metabolism 539 12.7 Uptake of Toxic Metals 541 12.7.1 Metal Tolerance in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 541 12.7.2 Mechanisms of Response to Metals 543 12.7.3 Transport of Radionuclides 545 12.7.4 Genetics of Metal Tolerance 547 12.8 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 547 12.9 Lignin and Phenolic Degradation 549 12.10 PAH and TNT Degradation 552 12.11 PCB Degradation 555 12.12 Herbicide Degradation 555 12.13 Comparison of Mycorrhizal and White-Rot Fungi 556 12.14 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 558 References 559 Index 573
£155.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Security Risk Assessment and Management
Book SynopsisProven set of best practices for security risk assessment and management, explained in plain English This guidebook sets forth a systematic, proven set of best practices for security risk assessment and management of buildings and their supporting infrastructures.Trade Review"Used by government and private corporations, it sets forth a systematic, proven set of best practices for security risk assessment and management of both buildings and their supporting infrastructure." (ENR.com; 11/7/07)Table of ContentsFigures xv Tables xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv Part I 1 1 Security Risk Assessment and Management Process 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Security Risk Equation 6 1.3 Security Risk Assessment and Management Process 8 1.3.1 Facility Characterization 9 1.3.2 Threat Analysis 10 1.3.3 Consequence Analysis 11 1.3.4 System Effectiveness Assessment 13 1.3.5 Risk Estimation 16 1.3.6 Comparison of Estimated Risk Levels 17 1.3.7 Risk Reduction Strategies 17 1.4 Presentation to Management 18 1.5 Risk Management Decisions 18 1.6 Information Protection 19 1.7 Process Summary 19 1.8 References 20 1.9 Exercises 21 2 Screening Analysis 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Screening Analysis Methods 23 2.3 Summary 30 2.4 References 30 2.5 Exercises 30 3 Facility Characterization 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Undesired Events 32 3.3 Facility Description 33 3.3.1 Physical Details 33 3.3.2 Cyber-Information System 34 3.3.3 Facility Operations 34 3.3.4 Security Protection Systems 35 3.3.5 Workforce Description 38 3.3.6 Restrictions, Requirements, Limitations 39 3.4 Critical Assets 40 3.4.1 Generic Fault Tree 40 3.4.2 Identifying Critical Assets 42 3.5 Protection Objectives 44 3.6 Summary 45 3.7 References 46 3.8 Exercises 46 4 Threat Analysis 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.2 Sources of Threat Information 50 4.2.1 Local and State Sources 51 4.2.2 National Sources 52 4.3 Adversary Spectrum 53 4.4 Adversary Capability 56 4.5 Threat Potential for Attack 58 4.5.1 Outsider Threat 62 4.5.2 Insider Threat 69 4.6 Summary 71 4.7 References 71 4.8 Exercises 72 5 Consequence Analysis 75 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Reference Table of Consequences 75 5.3 Consequence Values for Undesired Events 77 5.4 Summary 81 5.5 References 81 5.6 Exercises 81 6 Asset Prioritization 83 6.1 Introduction 83 6.2 Prioritization Matrix 84 6.3 Summary 85 6.4 References 85 6.5 Exercises 86 7 System Effectiveness 87 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 Protection System Effectiveness 88 7.2.1 Adversary Strategies 88 7.2.2 Physical Protection System Effectiveness 90 7.2.3 Cyber-Protection System Effectiveness 106 7.3 Summary 116 7.4 References 117 7.5 Exercises 118 8 Estimating Security Risk 121 8.1 Introduction 121 8.2 Estimating Security Risk 121 8.2.1 Conditional Risk 122 8.2.2 Relative Risk 122 8.3 Summary 125 8.4 References 125 8.5 Exercises 125 9 Risk Reduction Strategies 127 9.1 Introduction 127 9.2 Strategies for Reducing Likelihood of Attack 127 9.3 Strategies for Increasing Protection System Effectiveness 129 9.3.1 Physical Protection System Upgrades 129 9.3.2 Cyber-Protection System Upgrades 129 9.3.3 Protection System Upgrade Package(s) 129 9.4 Strategies for Mitigating Consequences 132 9.4.1 Construction Hardening 133 9.4.2 Redundancy 141 9.4.3 Optimized Recovery Strategies 143 9.4.4 Emergency Planning 145 9.5 Combinations of Reduction Strategies 148 9.6 Summary 149 9.7 References 150 9.8 Exercises 151 10 Evaluating Impacts 153 10.1 Risk Level 153 10.2 Costs 157 10.3 Operations/Schedules 159 10.4 Public Opinion 160 10.5 Other Site-Specific Concerns 160 10.6 Review Threat Analysis 161 10.7 Summary 162 10.8 References 162 10.9 Exercises 163 11 Risk Management Decisions 165 11.1 Introduction 165 11.2 Risk Assessment Results 166 11.2.1 Executive Summary 167 11.2.2 Introduction 167 11.2.3 Threat Analysis 168 11.2.4 Consequence Analysis 168 11.2.5 System Effectiveness Assessment 169 11.2.6 Risk Estimation 169 11.2.7 Risk Reduction Strategies and Packages 170 11.2.8 Impact Analysis 170 11.2.9 Supporting Documentation 171 11.2.10 Report Overview 171 11.3 Risk Management Decisions 171 11.4 Establish Design Threat 173 11.5 Summary 174 11.6 References 174 11.7 Exercises 174 12 Summary 175 12.1 Facility Characterization 177 12.2 Threat Analysis 178 12.3 Consequence Analysis 180 12.4 System Effectiveness Assessment 180 12.5 Risk Estimation 182 12.6 Comparison of Estimated Risk Level to Threshold 183 12.7 Risk Reduction Strategies 183 12.8 Analysis of Impacts Imposed by Risk Reduction Upgrade Packages 184 12.9 Presentation to Management 185 12.10 Risk Management Decisions 185 Part II 187 13 Demonstration of the Security Risk Assessment and Management Process 189 13.1 Introduction 189 13.2 Security Risk Assessment and Management Process 190 13.3 Screening Analysis 192 13.4 Facility Characterization 195 13.5 Operations 196 13.6 General Description 198 13.7 Threat 214 13.8 Consequences 228 13.9 Prioritization Analysis 238 13.10 Protection System Effectiveness 243 13.10.1 Physical Protection System Effectiveness 245 13.10.2 Analysis of Blast Effects 264 13.11 Estimation of Risk 269 13.11.1 Risk Summary 269 13.12 Risk Reduction Strategies 272 13.12.1 Physical Protection System Upgrades 273 13.12.2 Result of Physical Protection System Upgrades 276 13.12.3 Cyber-Protection System Upgrades 280 13.12.4 Results of Cyber-Protection System Upgrades 281 13.12.5 Consequence Mitigation Upgrades 281 13.12.6 Summary 284 13.13 Impact Analysis 285 13.13.1 Impacts of Upgrade Package 285 13.13.2 Impacts of Consequence Mitigation Package 288 13.14 Presentation to Management 288 13.14.1 Threat Description 289 13.14.2 Security Risk Estimates for the Baseline System 289 13.14.3 Risk Reduction Packages 290 13.14.4 Impact Analysis for Risk Reduction Package 294 13.15 Risk Management Decisions 295 Appendix A: Generic Fault Tree for Buildings 297 Appendix B: Adversary Sequence Diagrams 303 Appendix C: Physical System Effectiveness Worksheets 309 Appendix D: Insider Threat 329 Acronyms 345 Glossary 347 Index 353
£83.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals
Book SynopsisThis Fifth Edition maintains the basic Ferguson approach in which design procedures stem from and provide the basis for a clear understanding of the behavior of reinforced concrete. Behavior of reinforced concrete members and assemblages at every load stage is illustrated with illustrations and photos, and calculation models that relate to the physical behaviors are provided to help students and practitioners recognize and assess various design situations. To avoid confusion, many of the examples now use customary or English units, rather than SI units as in the Fourth Edition. This edition conforms to the technical changes in the ''83 and ''86 revisions to the ACI Building Code. In this edition, service load analysis of stresses, computuations of deflection and distribution of reinforcement to control crack widths have been incorporated with the sections that treat analysis and design of flexural members. Material relating to seismic design has been revised and expanded, and more emphTable of ContentsIntroduction. Materials. Flexural Analysis and Serviceability of Beams. Design for Flexure. Shear and Torsion. Axial Load Plus Bending--Short Columns. Slender Columns. Development and Slicing of Reinforcement. Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs. Detailing of Joints. Limit Design. Two-Way Slabs on Stiff Beams. Yield Line Theory for Slabs. Strip Method for Slab Design. Flat Plates and Flat Slabs. Interaction of Two-Way Slab Systems with Beams and Columns. Distribution of Concentrated Loads and Other SpecialProblems. Cantilever Retaining Wall Design. Footings. Prestressed Concrete Analysis. Composite Beams. Shear Walls. Detailing for Seismic Resistance. Appendices. Index.
£244.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Introduction to Rock Mechanics
Book SynopsisIntroduces an approach to rock mechanics called 'block theory', which formalizes procedures for selecting proper shapes and orientations for excavations in hard jointed rock.Table of ContentsSymbols and Notation xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Classification and Index Properties of Rocks 19 Chapter 3 Bock Strength and Failure Criteria 55 Chapter 4 Initial Stresses in Rocks and Their Measurement 101 Chapter 5 Planes of Weakness in Rocks 141 Chapter 6 Deformability of Rocks 179 Chapter 7 Applications of Rock Mechanics in Engineering for Underground Openings 221 Chapter 8 Applications of Rock Mechanics to Rock Slope Engineering 293 Chapter 9 Applications of Rock Mechanics to Foundation Engineering 341 Appendix 1 Stresses 389 Appendix 2 Strains and Strain Rosettes 409 Appendix 3 Identification of Rocks and Minerals 415 Appendix 4 Derivations of Equations 427 Appendix 5 The Use of Stereographic Projection 475 Answers to Problems 495 Index 555
£215.96
John Wiley & Sons Inc Urban Surface Water Management
Book SynopsisThe complete guide to managing the quantity and quality of urban storm water runoff. Focuses on the planning and design of facilities and systems to control flooding, erosion, and non--point source pollution.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Urban Surface Water Management. The Hydrologic Cycle in the Urban Environment. Techniques for Hydrologic Analyses. Floodplain Hydraulics. Stormwater Facility Hydraulics. Computation of Average Annual Monetary Flood Damage. Nonpoint-Source Pollution Load Techniques. Planning and Designing Detention/Retention Facilities. Sedimentation Basin Design. Computer Modeling. Management Measures. Preparation of a Master Plan. Appendices. Index.
£173.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc Fundamentals of EarthquakeResistant Construction
Book SynopsisWritten for engineers without a background in seismic design. Provides design standards and parameters, explaining how to interpret and apply them. Examines and recommends procedures to accommodate the enormous forces and variations in effects common to major earthquakes. Covers practical aspects of soil behavior and structural and foundation design. Gives tips on special construction situations: foundations, dams and retaining walls, strengthening existing structures and construction over active faults.Table of ContentsCAUSES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKES. Basics. Concepts and Definitions. Seismological Evaluation. Geological Evaluation. Forms of Ground Motions. Selecting Design Motions. SELECTION OF THE DESIGN MOTIONS FOR EARTHQUAKES. Maps of Seismic Zones and Seismic Ground Motions. Procedures for Selecting Earthquake Ground Motions. Role of Codes and Empirical Procedures. DESIGNS FOR EARTHQUAKES. Acquisition and Evaluation of Geotechnical Data. Landslides and Slope Stability. Liquefaction. Foundation Design. Structural Design. Retaining Structures. Dams. Construction Over Active Faults. Strengthening Existing Structures. Appendices. Index.
£124.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Simplified Design of Building Foundations
Book SynopsisA fast guide to solving common design problems in building foundations, now in a new edition. Includes new material on settlements, soil modification, pole foundations, braced excavations, waterfront foundations, and slope stabilization.Table of ContentsGeneral Considerations in Foundation Design. Soil Properties and Foundation Behavior. Shallow Bearing Foundations. Deep Foundations. Horizontal Forces in Soils. Special Foundation Problems. Appendix A: Reinforced Concrete Design: Working StressMethod. Appendix B: Excerpts from the 1963 ACI Code. Appendix C: Building Code Requirements for Foundations. Study Aids. Answers to Selected Problems. Index. References. Glossary.
£92.66
John Wiley & Sons Inc The Solid Waste Handbook
Book SynopsisA comprehensive, single-source reference of current issues in solid waste management designed as an aid in decision-making and assessment of future trends. Covers public perceptions, legislation, regulation, planning and financing, and technologies and operation. Reviews the evolution of waste management since the passage of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, amended in 1978, 1980 and 1984. Examines common and divergent public and private concerns, including an in-depth review of public perceptions and their effect on planning and implementation. Also includes a discussion of the inadequacies of most waste quantity and composition estimates, with techniques for adequate evaluation. Looks at the misunderstanding and controversy over source separation and issues in municipal resource recovery from the viewpoint of the private scrap process industry. Also includes an unprecedented examination of the problem of bulky waste logistics and its effect on current disposal practTable of ContentsPart 1 The Public Issues 1 Using The Handbook Who and How 3 William D. Robinson 1.1 Who and How 4 1.2 Issues That Are Controversial Neglected or Ignored 4 1.3 Chapter Abstracts 4 2 Legislation and Involved Agencies 9 William L. Kovacs 2.1 History of Solid Waste Management Laws 9 2.2 Hazardous Waste Aspects of RCRA 10 2.3 Solid Waste Guidelines and Planning Process 13 2.4 Procurement of Products Containing Recovered Materials 15 2.5 Other Federal Statutes Impacting on Solid Waste Management 16 2.5.1 Department of Energy 16 2.5.2 National Energy’ Conservation Policy Act Pub. L. 95-619 18 2.5.3 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and PURPA 18 2.5.4 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 19 2.6 Implementation of RCRA 19 2.6.1 EPA’s Implementation of RCRA 19 2.6.2 The EPA Solid Waste Program 20 2.6.3 The EPA 20 2.6.4 The Procurement of Recovered Materials 21 2.7 DOE’s Impact on Solid Waste Management 21 2.8 Impact of New Federalism 21 2.9 Current and Future Issues in Solid Waste 23 2.9.1 The Liability Issue 23 2.9.2 Cost Competitiveness of New Technology 23 2.9.3 The Need for Solid Waste Flow Control and the Municipal Action Exemption 24 2.9.4 The Absent Parties in EPA Litigation—States and Municipalities 25 2.9.5 Procurement and Recycling 26 2.10 Summary 26 3 Public Perceptions and Community Relations 31 Lawrence Chertoff and Diane Buxbaum 3.1 Introduction 31 3.2 Resource Recovery Project Case Study 31 3.2.1 Facilities Investigated 31 3.2.2 Data-Gathering Technique 32 3.2.3 Summary of Interview Questions Asked 32 3.2.4 Communities Studied 32 3.3 Implications of Case Study 33 3.3.1 Motivating Forces 33 3.3.2 Militating Factors 33 3.3.3 Economic Considerations 33 3.3.4 Community Education 34 3.4 Case Analysis 34 3.4.1 Abandoned Projects 34 3.4.2 Abandoned Sites 36 3.4.3 Successful Projects 38 3.4.4 Projects in Doubt 39 3.5 Summary 40 4 The Feasibility Study Procurement and Construction Management 43 Stuart H. Russell Robert Brickner and Charles Peterson 4.1 The Feasibility Study 43 4.1.1 Introduction 43 4.1.2 Gathering Basic Data 44 4.1.3 Identifying Markets 52 4.1.4 Selecting Alternatives 56 4.1.5 Net System Cost Modeling 58 4.1.6 Comparing Alternatives 63 4.2 Procurement (and Construction Management) 68 4.2.1 Introduction 68 4.2.2 Approaches: A/E Turnkey. Full Service 69 4.2.3 Procurement Methods 73 4.2.4 Construction Management 77 5 Waste Disposal/Resource Recovery Plant Costs 93 W. D. Robinson and Sergio E. Martinez 5.1 Capital Cost 93 5.1.1 Spectrum of Facilities Costs 94 5.1.2 Preproject Expenses 95 5.1.3 Financing a New Plant 95 5.1.4 Foreign Financing 96 5.1.5 Preproject Engineering 96 5.1.6 Selecting a Consulting Engineer 96 5.1.7 Concept and System Choices: Reliability and Redundancy 97 5.1.8 Cost Control 97 5.1.9 Purchasing Procedures 99 5.2 Construction Cost 99 5.2.1 Schedules 100 5.2.2 Labor Cost 104 5.2.3 Cost Containment 105 5.2.4 Cost Controls 106 5.3 Operating Costs 107 5.3.1 Plant Ownership and Operation by Local Government 109 5.3.2 Private Operation and Publicly Owned Plants 109 5.3.3 Facilities Owned and Operated by Private Industry 109 5.3.4 Revenues 109 5.3.5 Expense 113 5.3.6 Profit 114 5.3.7 Cost Control 115 6 Economics and Financing of Resource Recovery Projects 121 Warren T. Gregory Jonathan M. Wooten Michael R Lissack and R. S. Madenburg 6.1 Resource Recovery Financing Structures 121 6.1.1 Public Ownership 121 6.1.2 Private Ownership Financing. 122 6.1.3 Leveraged Lease Financing Structures 124 6.1.4 Builder/Operator Ownership 125 6.1.5 Accounting Considerations 125 6.2 A Case Analysis: Various Financing Alternatives for a Cogeneration Resource Recovery Facility over 20 years 127 6.2.1 Landfill Only No Resource Recovery 127 6.2.2 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower Each Year 127 6.2.3 Publicly Owned Resource Recovery Plant Versus Land Disposal: Bond Debt Service Lower in Early Years (Beginning at Interest Only) and Higher in Later Years 127 6.2.4 Leveraged Lease Financings 131 6.2.5 Leveraged Lease Financings with Stabilization Fund in Early Years 131 6.2.6 Vendor Ownership Financings 131 6.3 Case Analysis Summary 132 Appendix 6.1 Assessing Waste-To-Knergy Project Risks 133 Appendix 6-2 Resource Recovery Ratings (Bonds) Approach 139 7 Legal Issues 151 Barry S. Shanoff and Jane C. Souzon 7.1 Waste Flow Control 151 7.1.1 Competitive Tipping Fees 151 7.1.2 Private Agreements and Contracts 151 7.1.3 Legislative Controls 152 7.2 Interstate Commerce 153 7.3 Finished landfill Site Continuing Liabilities 155 7.3.1 Insurance 156 7.3.2 Surety Bonds 156 7.3.3 Trust Funds 156 Appendix 7.1 Sample Franchise Administration and Rate-Averaging Procedure 156 Appendix 7.2 Sample Intermunicipal Agreement Re: Solid Waste 162 Appendix 7.3 Sample Indemnity Bond 171 Appendix 7.4 Sample Provisions—Landfill Environmental Trust Fund 172 Part 2 Implementation Issues: Systems Hardware Operations 8 Collection of Residential Solid Waste 177 H. Lanier Hickman Jr. 8.1 Introduction and Policy Overview 177 8.2 Managing Change in a Solid Waste Collection System 178 8.2.1 Introduction 178 8.2.2 Game Plan for Change 178 8.3 Cost Accounting Procedures for Solid Waste Collection Systems 179 8.3.1 Introduction 179 8.3.2 Enterprise Fund Accounting 179 8.3.3 System Deficiencies 179 8.3.4 Summary 180 8.4 Unions and Solid Waste Collection 180 8.4.1 Introduction 180 8.4.2 Collective Bargaining in Residential Solid Waste Collection 180 8.4.3 Managing Change 182 8.4.4 Summary 182 8.5 Contracting for Residential Solid Waste Collection 183 8.5.1 Introduction 183 8.5.2 Determining Type and Level of Service 183 8.5.3 Technical Specifications 183 8.5.4 Summary 185 8.6 Collection Equipment Maintenance Programs 185 8.6.1 Introduction 185 8.6.2 Planned Maintenance 185 8.6.3 Components in a Maintenance Program 185 8.6.4 Other Factors to Consider 186 8.6.5 Summary 187 8.7 Optimizing the Performance of Collection Services 187 8.7.1 Introduction 187 8.7.2 Factors Affecting Productivity and Costs 187 8.7.3 Measuring Productivity in Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 189 8.7.4 The Five-Stage Process Jo Improve Residential Solid Waste Collection Systems 190 9 Transfer of Municipal Solid Waste 195 Laurence T. Schaper 9.1 The Transfer Station 195 9.1.1 Potential Advantages 195 9.1.2 Types of Users 196 9.2 Location 196 9.3 Design Choices 197 9.3.1 Station Concepts 197 9.3.2 Sizing Transfer Facilities 197 9.3.3 Site Development and Ancillary Facilities 202 9.4 Process Options 203 9.4.1 Baling 203 9.4.2 Shredding 204 9.5 Transfer Vehicles 204 9.5.1 Compaction Trailers 204 9.5.2 Noncompaction Trailers 204 9.5.3 Number of Vehicles Required 205 9.6 Materials-Handling Equipment 206 9.7 Maintenance 207 9.8 Cost Analysis and Case Studies 208 9.8.1 Cost Analysis 208 9.8.2 Case Studies 211 10 Source Separation and Citizen Recycling 215 Robert Cowles Letcher and Mary T. Sheil 10.1 Perceptions Analysis and Status 215 10.1.1 Recycling Defined 216 10.1.2 Source Separation Programs Defined 216 10.1.3 Recycling and the Waste Disposal Industry 216 10.1.4 Implications for Both Concepts 216 10.1.5 Waste: Perceptions and Perspectives 217 10.1.6 The Institutionalization of Waste Disposal 217 10.1.7 Benefits of Source Separation 219 10.1.8 Benefits of the Recycling System 220 10.1.9 Source Separation Versus Centralized Resource-Recovery Process Systems 221 10.1.10 Summary of Source Separation Program Incentives and Benefits 223 10.1.11 Summary of Materials Markets and Programs 227 10.1.12 Case Studies 229 10.2 Recycling: A Statewide Program for New Jersey 238 10.2.1 Background 240 10.2.2 Implementing the Recycling Plan 246 10.2.3 Meeting the Challenge 246 10.2.4 Collection of Recyclables 247 10.2.5 Recycling—A Cost Avoidance Mechanism 247 10.2.6 Market Expansion and Development 247 10.2.7 Education—The Key to Success 248 10.2.8 A Total Effort 248 Appendix 10.1 Sample Contract to Sell Used Papers 250 Appendix 10.2 State Recycling Associations 251 Appendix 10.3 Trade Associations of Industries Which Process or Use Recycled Materials 252 Appendix 10.4 Slate Resource Recovery Agencies 253 Appendix 10.5 New Jersey Programs 256 Program A: Municipal Curbside Collection with a Drop-Off Center 256 Program B: Municipal Curbside Collection 257 Program C: Drop-Off Centers in Urbanized/Suburban Regional Area Program 258 11 Land Disposal 259 Philip R. O’Leary Larry Canter William D Robinson 11.1 Landfill Disposal: Theory and Practice 259 11.1.1 Definition and Background 259 11.1.2 Principles of Operation 260 11.1.3 Biological and Chemical Processes 263 11.1.4 Environmental Protection Considerations 266 11.1.5 Guidelines: Federal and State 267 11.1.6 Landfill Development 267 11.1.7 Service Area Waste Quantities and Land Requirements 268 11.1.8 Siting Procedures 269 11.1.9 Techniques for Comparing Candidate Sites by Specific Issues 272 11.1.10 Public Involvement 274 11.1.11 Plan Preparation and Regulatory Approval 280 11.1.12 Leachate Formation and Control 286 11.1.13 Methane Gas Formation and Control 313 11.1.14 Landfill Operations 321 11.1.15 Landfill Equipment Selection and Utilization 323 11.1.16 On-Site Processing 326 11.1.17 Operator Safety 327 11.1.18 Site Closure and Long-term Care 329 11.2 Landfill With Bales 338 11.2.1 Background 338 11.2.2 The Baling Process 338 11.2.3 High-Density Balers 338 11.2.4 Medium-Density Balers 341 11.2.5 Transportation of Bales 343 11.2.6 The Balefill 345 11.2.7 Approximate Capita] and Operating Costs 345 11.2.8 Summaries of Balefill Test Results and Testing of Bales as Foundation Material 346 Appendix 11.1 Key Elements of the Criteria for Classification of Solid Waste Disposal Facilities and Practices 347 Appendix 11.2 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Determining Whether Solid Waste Disposal Activities Comply with Groundwater Protection Criteria 349 Appendix 11.3 Sanitary Landfill Inspection Report 351 Appendix 11.4 Sanitary Landfill Design and Operational Guidelines 354 Appendix 11.5 Sample of Technical Site Criteria for Chemical Waste Disposal 360 Appendix 11.6 Items lo Be Included in the Engineering Report for a Sanitary Landfill 364 Appendix 11.7 Landfill Site Rating Method 365 Appendix 11.8 Decision I-actors in Sanitary Landfill Site Selection 369 Appendix 11.9 Evaluation of Solid Waste Baling and Landfilling 370 Ralph Stone and Richard Kahle Appendix 11.10 Engineering Study of Baled Solid Waste as Foundation Material 373 Roger G. Siutter 12 Resource Recovery: Prepared Fuels Energy and Materials 377 David J. Schlouhauer George E. Boyhan William D. Robinson Kenneth L. Woodruff Jay A. Campbell Gordon L. Sutin David G. Robinson E. Joseph Duckett Anthony R. Nollet and Robert H. Greeley 12.1 Energy Recovery Overview Processed Fuels 377 12.1.1 Dedicated Units 380 12.1.2 Modification of Existing Units 380 12.1.3 Energy Recovery Methods and Products 382 12.1.4 Cofiring 383 12.1.5 Codisposal 386 12.1.6 Economics and Case Histories 388 12.2 Processed Refuse Fuel Types 398 12.3 Methods of Combustion or Energy Recovery of Processed Fuels 400 12.3.1 Spreader Stoker Firing 401 12.3.2 Suspension-Fired Units 404 12.3.3 Fluidized Bed Units 405 12.3.4 Cyclone Furnace Firing 409 12.3.5 Pyrolysis 410 12.3.6 Cement Kilns 411 12.3.7 Bioconversion 412 12.4 Fuel Process Systems 415 12.4.1 Dry Process 416 12.4.2 Wet Process 417 12.4.3 Combined Dry/Wet System 417 12.4.4 Energy Output Comparison 419 12.4.5 Characteristics of Dry/Wet Systems 419 12.4.6 Market for RDF Fuel 419 12.4.7 RDF Storage 422 12.4.8 By-Product Recovery 423 12.5 Process and Materials-Handling Systems and Equipment; Shredding and Receiving Systems 423 12.5.1 Background 423 12.5.2 Typical RDF Dry Process Components and Systems 424 12.5.3 Shredding and the Air-Classifier Anomalies 428 12.5.4 Size Reduction: Key Factors 429 12.5.5 Shredders 430 12.5.6 Shredder Operating Characteristics 432 12.5.7 Design/Operating Factors Common to Topfeed Shredders 436 12.5.8 Recent Improvements in Shredder Design 437 12.5.9 Flail Mills 441 12.5.10 Rotary Shear 442 12.5.11 Front-End Raw Material Receiving Systems 444 12.5.12 Front-End Receiving Conveyers and Burden Depth Control 446 12.5.13 Shredder Discharge Conveyers 449 12.5.14 Summary 449 12.6 Process and Materials Handling Equipment; Rotary Shear Shredders Design and Operation 452 12.6.1 Background and Description 452 12.6.2 Operating Experience 453 12.6.3 Operating and Maintenance Costs 454 12.6.4 Applications 454 12.6.5 Shear Shredder Manufacturers 455 12.7 Process and Materials Handling Equipment: Screens for Solid Waste Processing 455 12.7.1 Background 455 12.7.2 Vibrating Screens 455 12.7.3 Trommel Screens 456 12.7.4 Disc Screens 458 12.7.5 Summary 459 12.7.6 Representative Installations 459 12.7.7 Solid Waste Processing Screen Manufacturers 460 12.8 Densified Refuse-Derived Fuel (dRDF) 461 12.8.1 Background 46 12.8.2 Production Technology Status 462 12.8.3 Densification Equipment Performance and Problems 462 12.8.4 dRDF Properties and Characteristics 467 12.8.5 Storage and Handling 469 12.8.6 Densification Costs 469 12.8.7 dRDF Combustion Experience 471 12.9 Refuse Derived Fuel Storage Retrieval and Transport 473 12.9.1 RDF Storage Retrieval and Transport 473 12.9.2 Remote Steam Plant and RDF Transport 474 12.9.3 Processing Facility and Steam Plant Same Site 474 12.9.4 Atlas Storage and Retrieval System 475 12.9.5 Miller Hofft Bin and Retrieval System 477 12.9.6 Concrete Hunker Bulk Storage 477 12.9.7 Floor Bulk Storage 479 12.9.8 Surge Storage 479 12.9.9 Miller Hofft Surge Bins 479 12.9.10 Sprout Waldron Surge Bins 479 12.9.11 Moving By-Pass Surge Storage Systems 479 12.9.12 Hooper Live-Bottom Bin 480 12.9.13 RDF Distribution and Feed 481 12.10 Recovered Materials Specifications and Markets 483 12.10.1 Introduction 483 12.10.2 Ferrous Metals 483 12.10.3 Glass 484 12.10.4 Aluminum 486 12.10.5 Paper and Corrugated 487 12.10.6 Other Miscellaneous Material 491 12.10.7 Conclusion 496 12.11 Recovered Materials-Equipment and Systems 497 12.11.1 Introduction 497 12.11.2 Air Classifiers 497 12.11.3 Ferrous Metal Recovery 498 12.11.4 Nonferrous Metals Recovery 503 12.11.5 Paper Recovery 504 12.11.6 Glass Recovery 505 12.11.7 Plastics Recovery 505 12.11.8 Ash Processing for Metals and Aggregate Recovery 506 12.12 Raw Material Quantity and Composition: A Final Check 507 12.12.1 Quantification Survey 507 12.12.2 Presurvey Planning 508 12.12.3 Survey Scope 509 12.12.4 Quantification Survey Work Tasks 513 12.12.5 Quantification Survey Summary Report 514 12.12.6 Waste Composition Survey 515 12.12.7 The Sorting Program 522 12.12.8 Laboratory Analysts 527 12.13 Health and Safety: Health Aspects 530 12.13.1 Explosion Protection 532 12.13.2 Dusts 536 12.13.3 Microbiological Aspects 537 12.13.4 Noise Control 538 12.13.5 Conclusion 539 12.14 Health and Safety: Implementation 541 12.14.1 Background and Scope 541 12.14.2 Safety Rules and Practice 542 12.14.3 Personnel Safety 544 12.14.4 Raw Material Presort 546 12.14.5 Raw Material Surveillance 548 12.14.6 Explosion Protection 550 12.14.7 Remedial Measures: Explosions in Resource-Recovery Plants 552 12.14.8 Postexplosion Procedures 554 13 Resource Recovery: Mass Burn Energy and Materials 557 Miro Dvirka 13.1 Mass Burn Energy Recovery Overview 557 13.1.1 Dedicated Unit: Boiler Types 557 13.2 Existing Units and Retrofits 560 13.3 Mass Burn Energy Products 561 13.3.1 Constraints. 561 13.3.2 Steam Generation 562 13.3.3 Power Generation 564 13.3.4 Cogeneration 565 13.4 Codisposal Sewage 567 13.4.1 Coburning (in suspension) of Predried Sludge Above Grate-Fired Refuse 567 13.4.2 Coburning Dewatered Sludge layered with Refuse in Furnace Feed 569 13.5 Field-Erected Units: Systems and Sizing 571 13.6 Raw Material Receiving and Storage 572 13.6.1 Pit/Bunker Sizing 572 13.6.2 Oversized Material 572 13.6.3 Fire and Ventilation 573 13.7 Retrieval and Furnace Feed 573 13.7.1 Crane Design Criteria 573 13.7.2 Crane Feed Cycle Design Criteria 574 13.8 Stoker and Furnace Design 575 13.8.1 Combustion Process Equations 575 13.8.2 Stoker Design 577 13.8.3 Furnace Design 581 13.9 Water-Cooled Rotary Combustor 587 13.10 Small-Scale “Modular” Units 590 13.10.1 Combustion Concepts 590 13.10.2 Raw Material Receiving and Storage Modular Units 590 13.10.3 Raw Material Retrieval and Feed Systems 590 13.10.4 Combustion Systems 591 13.10.5 Emissions Control Modular Units 591 13.10.6 Application Constraints 593 14 Resource Recovery: Air Pollutant Emissions and Control 595 Walter R. Niessen 14.1 Regulatory Context—Federal 595 14.1.1 National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 596 14.1.2 Clean Air Act of 1970 and Amendments 596 14.2 Regulatory Context—State and Local 597 14.3 Air Pollutant Uncontrolled Emissions 597 14.3.1 Inorganic Particulate and Comparison of Firing Methods 597 14.3.2 Combustible Particulate 605 14.3.3 Total Particulate 666 14.3.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 607 14.3.5 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 608 14.3.6 Sulfur Oxides 608 14.3.7 Hydrochloric Acid 609 14.3.8 Micropollutants 609 14.4 Control Technology 613 14.4.1 Particulate Matter 614 14.4.2 Carbon Monoxide and Hydrocarbons 617 14.4.3 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)t 617 14.4.4 Acid Gases 618 14.4.5 Micropollutants 618 15 Marketing Resource Recovery Products 621 Rigdon Boykin Bernays Thomas Barclay and Calvin Lieberman 15.1 Energy 621 15.1.1 Energy Marketing Principles 621 15.1.2 Federal Energy Law Affecting Marketing Considerations 625 15.1.3 Energy Values 628 15.1.4 Negotiating a Power Sales Contract 636 15.2 Marketing Recovered Materials; A Viewpoint of the Private Scrap Processor 643 Calvin Lieberman 15.2.1 Choices in Strategic Planning 643 15.2.2 Identifying and Evaluating Markets 644 15.2.3 Evaluating Raw Material Supply and Recovery Technologies 645 15.2.4 Evaluating Risks 648 15.2.5 Recovered Materials Quality/Salability 648 15.2.6 Disincentives in Resource Recovery 648 15.2.7 Engineering with Unpredictable Raw Material 649 15.2.8 Raw Material How Control: A Word of Caution 649 15.2.9 Markets for Recovered Materials: The Hard Facts 650 16 Energy from Refuse in Industrial Plants 653 William D. Robinson and Fred Rohr 16.1 Background 653 16.2 Industrial Wastes as Boiler Fuel 653 16.3 Industrial Incinerators 654 16.3.1 Background 654 16.3.2 The Early Los Angeles Excess Air Refractory Furnace 654 16.3.3 Controlled Air Designs 655 16.4 Energy Recovery Methods 660 16.4.1 Background 660 16.4.2 Utilization Choices: Steam Hot Water Hot Air KW 662 16.4.3 Boiler Types 663 16.5 Operating and Maintenance Factors 664 16.5.1 Waterside Tube Failure 664 16.5.2 Fireside lube Wastage 664 16.5.3 Refractory Linings 664 16.5.4 Stokers 665 16.5.5 Ram Feed 665 16.5.6 Ash Removal 665 16.5.7 Feedwater Treatment 666 16.6 Industrial Solid Waste Incineration 666 16.6.1 Concept Choices 666 16.7 Industry as the Purchaser of Refuse Energy 668 16.8 Industrial Cogeneration 668 16.8.1 Background 668 16.8.2 Technology and Systems 671 16.8.3 Regulatory Factors 672 16.8.4 Economic Factors 672 16.8.5 Operation and Maintenance Cost Factors 673 16.8.6 Operating Cost Summary 673 16.9 Conclusions 675 Appendix 16.1 Two 200 TPD Composite Plant Designs for a Starved Air System and for an Excess Air System 677 Case Histories 680 17 Residential Commercial and Industrial Bulky Wastes 697 William D. Robinson 17.1 Introduction 697 17.2 Nature of the Waste 697 17.2.1 Residential Bulky Waste 697 17.2.2 Commercial Bulky Waste 698 17.2.3 Industrial Bulky Waste 698 17.3 Present Disposal Status 698 17.3.1 Background 698 17.4 Bulky Waste Process Experience 700 17.4.1 Background 700 17.5 Bulky Waste Processing Case Histories 703 17.5.1 City of Harrisburg Pennsylvania 703 17.5.2 City of Chicago Illinois Goose Island 706 17.5.3 Resources Recovery (Dade County) Inc. Miami Florida 707 17.5.4 City of East Chicago Indiana 714 17.5.5 City of Omaha Nebraska Solid Waste Recycling Center 719 17.5.6 City of Glen Cove New York Codisposal/Energy Recovery Facility 721 17.5.7 City of Montreal Quebec Canada 725 17.5.8 City of Kyoto Japan 725 17.5.9 City of Ansonia Connecticut 728 17.5.10 City of Tacoma Washington 728 17.6 Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734 17.6.1 Background 734 17.6.2 Summary of Aborted Projects 734 17.6.3 Analysis of Aborted Bulky Waste Process Projects 734 Appendix 17.1 Omaha Shredder Product Screen Analysis and Noise Level Survey 735 18 Refuse Fuels in the Portland Cement Industry (Including Tires and Shredder Residue) 737 David Watson Heinrich Matthee and William D Robinson 18.1 Experience in England 737 18.1.1 Refuse versus Other Fuels—Technical Factors 737 18.1.2 Development of Blue Circle’s Interest 738 18.1.3 Resumé of Blue Circle’s Experience 741 18.1.4 Current Developments 741 18.1.5 Questions and Answers 742 18.2 Experience in West Germany 743 18.2.1 Background: Tires 743 18.2.2 Miscellaneous Shredder Wastes 744 18.2.3 Auto Shredder Wastes 745 18.2.4 Asphaltic Sludge 746 18.3 Experience in North America 746 18.3.1 Background 746 18.3.2 Factors in a Discouraging Outlook 747 18.3.3 Scrapped Auto Shredding Residues 747 18.3.4 Conclusion 748 19 Biological Processes 749 Donald K. Walter James L. Easterly and Elizabeth C. Saris 19.1 Background 749 19.2 Anaerobic Digestion 750 19.2.1 Introduction 750 19.2.2 Basic Processes 750 19.2.3 Feedstocks 750 19.2.4 Products 751 19.2.5 Reactor Types 751 19.2.6 Design Parameters 753 19.3 Fermentation Processes 753 19.3.1 Background 753 19.3.2 Basic Processes 754 19.3.3 Feedstocks 754 19.3.4 Products 754 19.3.5 Design Parameters 755 19.4 Compost 755 19.4.1 Background 755 19.4.2 Basic Process 755 19.4.3 Process Description 755 19.4.4 Feedstocks 756 19.4.5 Products 756 19.4.6 Design Parameters 756 19.4.7 Reactor Types 757 19.5 Applications and Economics 757 19.5.1 Anaerobic Digestion 757 19.5.2 Fermentation 758 19.5.3 Composting 758 19.6 Case Histories 759 19.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion 759 19.6.2 Compost 761 Appendix 19.1 Biomass as Fuel tor Electric Generation: Planned and Existing Projects in the United States 763 Part 3 Hazardous Solid Wastes 20 Federal Regulatory Issues 773 William L. Kovacs 20.1 Introduction 773 20.2 History of the Federal Hazardous Waste Regulatory Program 773 20.2.1 Past Practices 773 20.2.2 Intent and Development of RCRA Congressional Debate 774 20.3 The Act—Its Organization Scope and Contents 775 20.3.1 Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes 775 20.3.2 Requirements Imposed On Generators of Hazardous Waste 775 20.3.3 Requirements Imposed on Transporters of Hazardous Waste 775 20.3.4 Requirements Regulating Those Who Treat Store or Dispose of Hazardous Waste 776 20.3.5 Permit Authority 776 20.3.6 Authorized State Programs 777 20.3.7 Enforcement of RCRA 777 20.3.8 The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 778 20.4 Hazardous Waste Management Regulations under RCRA 780 20.4.1 40 C.F.R. Part 260 General Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management 780 20.4.2 40 C.F.R. Part 261 Regulations Identifying Hazardous Waste 780 20.4.3 40 C.F.R. Part 262 Requirements upon Generators of Hazardous Waste 782 20.4.4 40 C.F.R. Part 263 Requirements upon Transporters of Hazardous Waste 783 20.4.5 40 C.F.R. Part 264 Requirements upon Owners and Operators of Permitted Hazardous Waste Facilities 783 20.4.6 40 C.F.R. Part 265 Interim Status Standards 789 20.4.7 40 C.F.R. Part 267 Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste I .and Disposal Facilities 789 20.4.8 Interface of RCRA Regulations with State Programs (Part 271 Regulations) 790 20.5 EPA Its Organization and Regional Offices 791 20.6 EPA’s Permitting Procedures 791 20.6.1 The Permit Application 791 20.7 EPA’s Inspection Authority Reporting Requirements and Enforcement 792 20.7.1 Inspections 792 20.7.2 Reporting Requirements 792 20.7.3 Enforcement 793 20.8 The Superfund Program 793 20.8.1 Key Superfund Provisions and the Agencies that Implement It 793 20.8.2 The Relationship of Superfund to RCRA 794 20.9 Current Changes and Future Federal Role 795 20.9.1 Changes by the Reagan Administration 795 20.9.2 Future RCRA Regulatory Program 796 20.9.3 Future Superfund Program 796 20.10 Summary 796 21 State and Local Regulatory Issues 799 James Reynolds and H. Lanier Hickman Jr. 21.1 Introduction 799 21.2 State Program Development 799 21.2.1 Life before the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 799 21.2.2 Standardization 800 21.2.3 Effects of RCRA 800 21.3 Policy Issues of Concern to Local Government 801 21.3.1 Introduction 801 21.3.2 Facility Siting 801 21.3.3 Economic Impact on Industry 801 21.3.4 The Exempted (Small) Generator 802 21.3.5 Closed and Abandoned Hazardous Waste Disposal Sites and Orphaned Hazardous Wastes 802 21.3.6 Emergency Response and Contingency Plans 802 21.3.7 Summary 803 Index 805
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