Civil engineering, surveying and building Books

Book SynopsisThere is a great deal of innovation in the use of wood in construction, from impressive modern buildings to new construction products that reduce build times and improve building performance. This title explains how and why wood may be grown sustainably, and how this versatile material can be specified for use in the construction industry.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgements xix 1 Some Things You Should Know About Wood, Trees and Forests 1 1.1 Some basic information on how trees grow 1 1.2 Basic tree types – softwoods and hardwoods 3 1.3 The properties of timbers 5 1.4 Different forests and tree types 6 1.5 Rate of growth 7 1.6 Natural forests 8 1.7 Managed forests: Conifers 12 1.8 Managed forests – broadleaves 16 2 The Concept of Being ‘Sustainable’ 25 2.1 Being sustainable: A definition and a target 25 2.2 What can we do to help? 28 2.3 Using the forest resource: The economic argument 33 2.4 Legal harvesting 35 2.5 The Timber Trade Federation: Introducing its responsible purchasing policy 37 3 Voluntary Timber Certification Schemes 41 3.1 Some further details on the RPP 42 3.2 Checking legality – I: The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) 44 3.3 Checking legality – II: FLEGT 50 3.4 Going beyond FLEGT: MYTLAS 51 3.5 Checking legality – III: Other ‘legality’ certification schemes 52 3.6 Checking sustainability: Chain of Custody Certification 54 3.7 FSC and PEFC as Chain of Custody Certifiers 57 3.8 Other Chain of Custody Certification bodies 61 3.9 UKWAS 62 3.10 Third-party assurance 62 3.11 How Chain of Custody schemes operate 63 4 The UK Government and European Regulations: Legally Trading in World Timbers 65 4.1 Checking up on the checkers: The role of CPET 65 4.2 CPET’s help with legality and sustainability requirements 66 4.3 Legality and sustainability: The UK government’s definitions 67 4.4 Legal timber sources – the UK government’s definition 67 4.5 Sustainable timber sources – the UK government’s definition 68 4.6 Category A and Category B – ‘Proof of Compliance’ 68 4.7 Current and future supplies of certified timber 70 4.8 The EUTR: Europe’s new and compulsory ‘timber legality scheme’ 71 4.9 The meaning of ‘due diligence’ 73 4.10 Satisfying the EUTR 74 4.11 Who actually needs to obey the EUTR? 81 4.12 The ‘first placer on the market’ 81 4.13 CE marking and the CPR 82 4.14 CITES: What exactly is it? 83 5 Specifying Sustainable Timber for any Project: Some Important Dos and Don’ts; With a Bit More About Wood 89 5.1 Using wood in a sustainable way 90 5.2 The government’s Timber Procurement Policy (TPP): A brief reminder 91 5.3 Certificates 91 5.4 What if I can’t get the timber I want? 94 5.5 The use of recycled timber 96 5.6 Insisting on a particular Chain of Custody ‘brand’ for your certified timber 97 5.7 Deciding which wood to use 99 5.8 Some of wood’s other characteristics 105 6 Some Principal Softwoods Used in Construction in the UK: With Their Main Properties and Sustainability Credentials 109 7 A Selection of Hardwoods Used in the UK: With Their Main Properties and Sustainability Credentials 125 8 Re-use of Timber and Wood Products: The Carbon Cycle, End of Life Disposal and Biomass 155 8.1 The true ‘carbon cycle’ 156 8.2 End of life disposal of timber and wood-based products 158 8.3 Recycled timber 158 8.4 Disposal of timber in landfill 159 8.5 Burning wood: Fossil fuels versus biomass 160 8.6 Biomass 162 9 Energy Considerations and Construction Materials 167 9.1 Embodied energy 168 9.2 Cradle to grave analysis 171 9.3 Cradle to cradle 172 9.4 BREEAM 173 Appendix 1 Terms, Abbreviations and Acronyms Used in this Book 179 Appendix 2 Timber and Wood Products: Some Helpful Organisations 185 Index 187

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Book SynopsisDisaster Risk Reduction for the Built Environment provides a multi-facetted introduction to how a wide range of risk reduction options can be mainstreamed into formal and informal construction decision making processes, so that Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) can become part of the developmental DNA .Table of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xix Note on the Authors xxi Foreword xxiii Acknowledgements xxv List of Acronyms xxvii List of Case Studies xxxi List of Thinking Points xxxiii Section I Introduction to Book and Concepts 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 So what is a Disaster? 4 1.2 What are the Hazards and Threats? 4 1.3 Climate Change and Disasters 5 1.4 Impacts of Disasters Globally 9 1.5 Trends in the Occurrence of Disasters 11 1.6 Economic Losses 13 1.7 The Potential Roles of the Construction Sector in DRR 16 1.8 Scope of the Book 16 1.9 Structure of the Book 17 References and Suggested Reading 17 2 Disaster Risk Reduction 21 2.1 Learning Objectives 21 2.2 Key DRR Concepts and Terms 21 2.3 International Approaches to DRR 26 2.3.1 Milestones in History of DRR 26 2.3.2 Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 29 2.3.3 ‘Making Cities Resilient’ Campaign 31 2.4 Community Resilience 32 2.5 Risk Management 34 2.5.1 Phases of Disaster Risk Management 34 2.5.2 Risk Management Elements 37 2.5.3 Existing Guidance 40 2.6 Summary 43 Further Reading 43 Section II Hydro-Meteorological Hazards 45 3 Flooding 47 3.1 Learning Objectives 47 3.2 Living with Water 47 3.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Floods 49 3.4 Causes of Flooding 50 3.5 Riverine Floods 51 3.6 Coastal Floods 52 3.7 Flash Floods 55 3.8 Urban (Pluvial) Floods 56 3.9 Risk Management 56 3.9.1 Historical Approaches 56 3.10 Hazard Identification 59 3.11 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 61 3.11.1 Appropriate Uses 62 3.12 Determination of the Risk 63 3.12.1 Flood Damage Estimation 63 3.13 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 66 3.13.1 Prevention of Hazard 70 3.13.2 Detection of Hazard 70 3.13.3 Control of Hazard 74 3.13.4 Mitigation of Hazard 76 3.13.5 Emergency Response 80 3.14 Summary 85 Further Reading 86 4 Windstorms 89 4.1 Learning Objectives 90 4.2 Living with Windstorms 90 4.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Windstorms 91 4.4 Causes of Windstorms 92 4.5 Tropical Windstorms 93 4.6 Tornadoes 98 4.7 Risk Management 101 4.7.1 Historical Approaches 101 4.8 Hazard Identification 104 4.9 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 106 4.10 Determination of the Risk 111 4.10.1 Windstorm Damage Estimation 111 4.11 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 112 4.11.1 Detection of Hazard 112 4.11.2 Control of Hazard 114 4.11.3 Mitigation of the Hazard 114 4.11.3.1 Cyclones/Hurricanes/Typhoons 114 4.11.3.2 Tornadoes (many of these options will also be useful for mitigating other windstorm hazards) 114 4.11.4 Emergency Response 114 4.12 Summary 116 Further Reading 120 Section III Geological Hazards 123 5 Earthquakes 125 Learning Objectives 126 5.1 Living with Earthquakes 126 5.1.1 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Earthquakes 126 5.2 Causes of Earthquakes 127 5.2.1 The Natural Hazard 130 5.2.1.1 Types of Fault Boundaries 130 5.3 Seismic Activity 133 5.4 Risk Management 135 5.4.1 Historical Approaches 135 5.5 Hazard Identification 135 5.6 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 136 5.7 Determination of the Risk 142 5.7.1 Earthquake Damage Estimation 142 5.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 144 5.8.1 Inherent Safety 146 5.8.2 Detection of Hazard 146 5.8.3 Mitigation of Hazard 146 5.8.4 Earthquake‐Resistant Construction 146 5.8.5 Mitigation of Tsunamis 147 5.8.6 Emergency Response 150 5.9 Summary 152 Further Reading 154 6 Volcanoes 155 6.1 Learning Objectives 155 6.2 Living with Volcanoes 155 6.3 Overview of the Typical Impacts of Volcanoes 157 6.4 Causes of Volcanoes 159 6.4.1 The Natural Hazard 160 6.4.2 Types of Volcanoes 160 6.5 Volcanic Activity 161 6.6 Risk Management 169 6.6.1 Historical Approaches 169 6.7 Risk Management 172 6.7.1 Hazard Identification 172 6.7.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 172 6.7.3 Determination of the Risk 173 6.7.3.1 Primary Volcanic Hazards 173 6.7.3.2 Secondary Volcanic Hazards 174 6.8 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 175 6.8.1 Inherent Safety and Prevention 176 6.8.2 Detection of Hazard 177 6.8.3 Control of the Hazard 178 6.8.4 Mitigation of Hazard 178 6.8.5 Emergency Response 178 6.9 Summary 182 Further Reading 183 7 Landslides 185 Alister Smith 7.1 Learning Objectives 185 7.2 What are Landslides? 185 7.3 Statistics on Landslides 187 7.4 Causes and Impacts of Landslides 189 7.5 Risk Management 193 7.5.1 Hazard Identification 193 7.5.2 Assessment of the Vulnerabilities 196 7.5.3 Determination of the Risk 196 7.5.4 Identification and Prioritisation of Risk Reduction Options 196 7.6 Summary 201 Further Reading 204 Section IV Key Considerations and Ways Forward 207 8 Key Principles 209 8.1 Learning Objectives 209 8.2 Integrating DRR Measures into Construction Practice 209 8.2.1 Resilient Built Environment 210 8.2.2 Structural and Non‐Structural Approaches 213 8.3 Seven Key Principles 216 8.3.1 Principle 1: Adopt a Holistic Perspective 216 8.3.2 Principle 2: Develop and Appropriately Apply Resilient Technologies 217 8.3.3 Principle 3: Engage a Wide Range of Stakeholders (Including Local Communities) in Resilience Efforts 218 8.3.4 Principle 4: Utilise Existing Guidance and Frameworks When Appropriate 222 8.3.5 Principle 5: Exploit Opportunities to Build‐In Resiliency Measures Post‐Disaster 225 8.3.6 Principle 6: Integrate Built Environment and Emergency Management Practitioners Into the DRR Process 226 8.3.7 Principle 7: Mainstream Resilience into the Built Environment Curricula 227 8.4 Summary 230 Further Reading 231 9 DRR and Sustainability: An Integrated Approach 233 9.1 Learning Objectives 233 9.2 Integrating Resilience and Sustainability: Why is it Important? 233 9.3 What is Sustainability? 236 9.3.1 Understanding the Concept: Three Dimensions of Sustainability 236 9.3.2 Global Challenges and Sustainability Index 237 9.3.3 Sustainable Built Environment 240 9.4 Can the Built Environment Be Sustainable and Resilient? 241 9.4.1 Opportunities 244 9.5 Summary 247 Further Reading 250 10 Conclusions and Recommendations 251 10.1 Dynamic Factors (and Root Causes) 252 10.2 Moving away from Disaster Risk Creation 252 10.3 Moving towards a New Developmental DNA 257 10.4 Future Research and Educational Challenges 258 10.5 Final Thoughts for Construction Practitioners 258 10.5.1 Towards DRR as a Core Professional Competency 261 Further Reading 261 Index 263

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