Chemistry Books

Book Synopsis* A comprehensive overview of the origin, regulation, analysis, chemistry, fate and management of trace metals in soils. * Presents the latest advances in the field, bringing together subject matter currently dispersed across a large variety of journals.Trade Review"This book is very suitable for soil scientists involved in soil contamination, but also for research chemists, geochemists, agronomists, environmental scientists, ecotoxicologists, and professionals who deal with contaminated soils." (Anal Bioanal Chem, February 2011) Table of Contents1. Introduction Peter S. Hooda 2.Trace Elements: General Soil Chemistry, Principles and Processes Filip M.G. Tack 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Distribution of trace elements in the soil 2.3 Chemical species 2.4 Sorption and desorption 2.5 Precipitation and dissolution 2.6 Mobilisation of trace elements 2.7 Transport 2.8 Plant uptake 2.9 Concluding remarks References 3. Soil Sampling and Sample Preparation Anthony C. Edwards 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Soil sampling 3.3 Errors associated with soil sampling and preparation 3.4. Overview of the current situation 3.5 Scale and variability 3.6 Conclusions References 4. Analysis and Fractionation of Trace Elements in Soils Gijis Du Laing 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Total Analysis 4.3. Fractionation of Trace Elements 4.4. Species-retaining and Species-selective Leaching Techniques 4.5. Equipment for Direct Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil 4.6. Conclusions References 5. Fractionation and Speciation of Trace Elements in Soil Solution Gijis Du Laing 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Soil Solution Sampling, Storage and Filtration 5.3. Particle Size Fractionation 5.4. Liquid-liquid Extraction 5.5. Ion Exchange Resins and Solid Phase Extraction 5.6. Derivatisation Techniques to Create Volatile Species 5.7. Chromatographic Separation of Trace Element Species 5.8. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) 5.9. Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films (DGT) 5.10. Ion-selective Electrodes 5.11. Donnan Membrane Technique 5.12. Voltammetric Techniques 5.13. Microelectrodes and Microsensors 5.14. Models for Predicting Metal Speciation in Soil Solution 5.15. Conclusions References 6. Long-Term Issues, Impacts And Predictive Modelling Weiping Chen, Andrew C. Chang, Laosheng Wu, Albert L. Page and Bonjun Koo 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Biosolids-borne Trace Elements in Soils 6.3 Assessing Availability of Trace Elements in Biosolids-amended Soils 6.4 Long-Term Availability Pool Assessment through a Root Exudates-based Model 6.5 Conclusions References 7. Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants in Soils Samuel P. Stacey, Mike J. McLaughlin and Ganga Hettiarachchi 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Phosphatic Fertilisers 7.3. Micronutrient Fertilisers 7. 4. Long-term Accumulation of Fertilizer-borne Trace Element Contaminants 7.5. Trace Elemental Contaminant Transfer to Crops and Grazing Animals 7.6. Conclusions References 8. Trace Metal Exposure and Effects on Soil Dwelling Species and their Communities David J. Spurgeon 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hazards and Consequences of Trace Metal Exposure 8.3. Routes of Exposure, Uptake and Detoxification 8.4. Conclusions References 9. Trace Element Deficient Soils Rainer Schulin, Annette Johnson, and Emmanuel Frossard 9.1 Introduction 9.2. The concept of trace element deficient soils 9.3. Methods to identify and map soil trace element deficiencies 9.4. Soil factors associated with trace element deficiencies 9.5. Treatment of soils deficient in trace elements References 10. Application of Chemical Speciation Modelling to Studies on Toxic Element Behaviour in Soils Les J. Evans, Sarah J. Barabash, David G. Lumsdon and Xueyuan Gu 10.1. Introduction 10.2. The structure of chemical speciation models 10.3. The species/component matrix 10.4. Aqueous Speciation Modeling 10.5. Surface Complexation Modeling to Mineral Surfaces 10.6. Surface Complexation Modelling to Soil Organic Matter 10.7. Discussion References Bioavailability, Risk Assessment and Remediation 11. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Peter S. Hooda 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Speciation, Bioavailability and Bioaccumulation – Definitions and Concepts 11.3. Bioavailability Assessment Approaches 11.4.Discussion and Conclusions References Bioavailability: Exposure, Dose and Risk Assessment 12. Assessing Bioavailability of Soil Trace Elements Rupert L. Hough 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hazard Identification 12.3. Exposure Assessment 12.4. Dose-Response 12.5. Risk Characterisation 12.6 Assessment of mixtures and disparate risks 12.7 Conclusions References 13. Regulatory Limits for Trace Elements in Soils Graham Merrington, Sohel Saikat and Albania Grosso 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Derivation of regulatory limits for trace elements 13.3. National and international initiatives in setting limit values 13.4. Forward look 13.5. Conclusions 14 Phytoremediation of Soil Trace ElementsRufus L. Chaney, C. Leigh Broadhurst and Tiziana Centofanti 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Nature of soil contamination where phytoextraction may be applied 14.3. Need for metal tolerant hyperaccumulators for practical phytoextraction 14.4. Phytoremediation strategies – applications and limitations 14.5. Phytostabilization of Zn-Pb, Cu, or Ni mine waste or smelter contaminated soils 14.6. Recovery of elements from phytoextraction biomass 14.7. Risks to wildlife during phytoextraction operations? 14.8 Conclusions References 15. Trace Element Immobilization in Soil Using Amendments Jurate Kumpiene 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Soil Amendments for Trace Element Immobilization 15.3 Method Acceptance 15.4 Concluding remarks References Characteristics and Behaviour of Individual Elements 16. Arsenic and Antimony Yuji Arai 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Geogenic Occurrence 16.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 16.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 16.5 Arsenic retention in soils 16.6 Risks from As and Sb in Soils 16.7 Conclusions and Future Research Needs References 17. Cadmium and Zinc Rufus L. Chaney 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Geogenic occurrence and sources of soil contamination 17.3. Chemical behavior in soils 17.4. Plant accumulation of soil Cd and Zn 17.5. Risk implications for Cd in soil amendments 17.6. Plant uptake of Cd and Zn in relation to food-chain Cd risk 17.7. Food-chain Zn issues References 18. Copper and Lead Rupert L. Hough 18.1 Introduction 18.2. Copper 18.3. Lead 18.4. Risks from copper and lead 18.5 Concluding remarks References 19. Chromium, Cobalt and Nickel Yibing Ma and Peter S. Hooda 19.1. Introduction 19.2. Geogenic Occurrences 19.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 19.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 19.5. Environmental and Human Heath Risks 19.6. Concluding Remarks References 20. Manganese and Selenium Zhenli L. He, Jiali Shentu, and Xiao E. Yang 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Concentrations and Sources of Mn and Se in soils 20.3. Chemical Behavior of Mn and Se in soils 20.4. Effects on Plant, Animal and human Health References 21. Tin and Mercury Martin J. Clifford, Gavin M. Hilson and Mark E. Hodson 20.1. Introduction 21.2. Geogenic Occurrence 21.3. Sources of Soil Contamination 21.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 21.5. Risks from Tin and Mercury in Soils References 22. Molybdenum, Silver, Thallium,and Vanadium Les J. Evans and Sarah J. Barabash 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Molybdenum 22.3. Silver 22.4. Thallium 22.5. Vanadium 22.6. Environmental and Human Health Risks References 23. Gold and Uranium Ian D. Pulford 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Geogenic Occurrence 23.3. Soil Contamination 23.4. Chemical Behaviour in Soils 23.5. Risks from Gold and Uranium in Soils 23.6. Concluding Comments References 24. Platinum Group Elements in Soil F. Zereini and C.L.S. Wiseman 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Sources of PGE in soils 24.3. Emissions, Depositional Behavior and Concentrations in Soils 24.4. Geochemical Behaviour in Soils 24.5. Bioavailability 24.6. Conclusions References

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Book SynopsisThe extraordinary potential of fluorine-containing biologically relevant molecules in biology, medicinal chemistry, and medical applications has been recognized by researchers who are not in the traditional fluorine chemistry field, and thus a new wave of fluorine chemistry is expanding its biomedical frontiers.Table of ContentsIntroduction Chapter 1 “Unique Properties of Fluorine and Their Relevance to Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology” by Takashi Yamazaki, Takeo Taguchi and Iwao Ojima Medicinal Chemistry Chapter 2 “Fluorinated Prostanoids: Development of Tafluprost, a New Anti-glaucoma Agent” by Yasushi Matsumura Chapter 3 “Fluorinated conformationally restricted glutamate analogs for CNS drug discovery and development” by Atsuro Nakazato Chapter 4 “Fluorinated Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases” by Roberta Sinisi, Monika Jagodzinska, Gabriele Candiani, Florent Huguenot, Monica Sani, Alessandro Volonterio, Raffaella Maffezzoni and Matteo Zanda Chapter 5 “Fluoro-Taxoid Anticancer Agents” by Antonella Pepe, Larisa Kuznetsova, Liang Sun and Iwao Ojima Chapter 6 “Antimalarial Fluoroartemisinins: Increased Metabolic and Chemical Stability”by Jean-Pierre Bégué, Danièle Bonnet-Delpon Chapter 7 “Synthesis and Biological Activity of Fluorinated Nucleosides” by Tokumi Maruyama, Masahiro Ikejiri, Kunisuke Izawa and Tomoyuki Onishi Synthetic methods for medicinal chemistry and chemical biology Chapter 8 “Synthesis of gem-Difluoromethylenated Nucleosides via gem-Difluoromethylene-Containing Building Blocks” by Wei-Dong Meng and Feng-Ling Qing Chapter 9 “Recent Advances in the Syntheses of Fluorinated Amino Acids” by Kenji Uneyama Chapter 10 “Fluorinated Moieties for Replacement of Amide and Peptide Bonds” by Takeo Taguchi and Hikaru Yanai Chapter 11 “Perfluorinated Heteroaromatic Systems as Scaffolds for Drug Discovery” by David Armstrong, Matthew W. Cartwright, Emma L. Parks, Graham Pattison, Graham Sandford, Rachel Slater, John A. Christopher, David D. Miller, Paul W. Smith and Antonio Vong Chapter 12 “gem-Difluorocyclopropanes as key building blocks for novel biologically active molecules” by Toshiyuki Itoh Chapter 13 “Fluorous Mixture Synthesis (FMS) of Drug-Like Molecules and Enantiomers, Stereoisomers, and Analogs of Natural Products” by Wei Zhang Chapter 14 “Fluorine-18 Radiopharmaceuticals” by Michael R. Kilbourn and Xia Shao Applications of fluorinated amino acids and peptides to chemical biology and pharmacology Chapter 15 “Application of Artificial Model Systems to Study the Interactions of Fluorinated Amino Acids within the Native Environment of Coiled Coil Proteins” by Mario Salwiczek, Toni Vagt and Beate Koksch Chapter 16 “Fluorinated Amino Acids and Biomolecules in Protein Design and Chemical Biology” by He Meng, Ginevra A. Clark, and Krishna Kumar Chapter 17 “Effects of Fluorination on the Bioorganic Properties of Methionine” by John F. Honek Chapter 18 “Structure analysis of membrane-active peptides using 19F-labeled amino acids and solid state NMR” by Parvesh Wadhwani and Erik Strandberg Chapter 19 “Metabolism of Fluorine-containing Drugs using in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy” by Erika Schneider Appendix “FDA-Approved Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Containing Fluorine” by Elizabeth Pollina-Cormier, Manisha Das, and Iwao Ojima

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Book SynopsisMetal ions and metal complexes have long been recognized as critically important components of nucleic acid chemistry, both in regulation of gene expression and as promising therapeutic agents. Understanding how metal complexes interact with DNA has become an active research area at the interface between chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. Metal Complex - DNA Interactions provides a comprehensive overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research with particular emphasis on metal-based drugs and metal ion toxicity. The text is divided into four parts: Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects: includes chapters on sequence-selective metal binding to DNA and thermodynamic models. Medical Applications: focuses on anticancer platinum drugs, including discussions on DNA repair in antitumor effects of platinum drugs and photo-dynamic therapy. DNA-RecoTrade Review"An impressive overview of the great diversity of current research." (Angewandte Chemie International Edition, February 2010) "An essential part of the library for laboratories involved in bioinorganic and medicinal inorganic chemistry." (Chemistry World, September 2009) Table of ContentsA Basic Structural and Kinetic Aspects 1. Sequence-Selective Binding of Transition Metal Complexes to DNA 2. Thermodynamic Models of Metal Ion -DNA.Interactions 3. Metal Ion Coordination in G-quadruplexes 4. Supramolecular Chemistry of Metal-Nucleobase Complexes B Medical Applications 5. Platinum Drugs, Nucleotides, and DNA: the Role of Interligand Interactions, nucleotides and DNA 6. Role of DNA Repair in Antitumor Effects of Platinum Drugs 7. Telomeres and Telomerase: Potential Targets for Platinum Complexes 8. Toward Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer with Platinum Group Metal Polyazine Complexes 9. Platinated Oligonucleotides: Synthesis and Applications for the Control of Gene Expression 10. New Titanium and Ruthenium Anticancer Drugs and their Interaction with DNA C DNA-Recognition - Nucleases and Sensors 11. Groove-Binding Ruthenium(II) Complexes as Probes of DNA Recognition 12. DNA Recognition and Binding by Peptide-Metal Complex conjugate 13. Artificial Restriction Agents - Hydrolytic Agents for DNA Cleavage 14. New Metallo-DNAzymes: Fundamental Studies of Metal-DNA Interactions and Metal Sensing Applications 15. Two-metal Ion Dependent Catalysis in Nucleic Acid Enzymes D Toxicological aspects 16. Mercury- DNA Interactions. Structural Studies on MercuryII -Mediated T-T Base-Pair with NMR Spectroscopy 17. Chromium-Induced DNA Damage and Repair 18. Arsenic and nickel: Mechanisms Affecting DNA Integrity

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Book SynopsisForeword by Nan Roman, President and CEO of the National Alliance to End Homelessness This book explains how to end the U.S. homelessness crisis by bringing together the best scholarship on the subject and sharing solutions that both local communities and national policy-makers can apply now. In the Midst of Plenty shifts understanding of homelessness away from individual disability to larger contexts of poverty, income inequality, housing affordability, and social exclusion. Homelessness experts Shinn and Khadduri provide guidance on how to end homelessness for people who experience it and how to prevent so many people from reaching the point where they have no alternative to sleeping on the street or in emergency shelters. The authors show that we know how to end homelessnessif we devote the necessary resources to doing so. In the Midst of Plenty: Homelessness and What to Do About It is an excellent resource for policy-makers, profeTable of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Who Becomes Homeless? 5 2 What Causes Homelessness? 33 3 Ending Homelessness for People Who Experience It 71 4 Comprehensive Efforts to End Homelessness 91 5 Preventing Homelessness for People at Risk 121 6 Changing Societal Conditions that Generate Homelessness 149 References 179 Index 213

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Book SynopsisAsymmetric synthesis has become a major aspect of modern organic chemistry. The stereochemical properties of an organic compound are often essential to its bioactivity, and the need for stereochemically pure pharmaceutical products is a key example of the importance of stereochemical control in organic synthesis. However, achieving high levels of stereoselectivity in the synthesis of complex natural products represents a considerable intellectual and practical challenge for chemists. Written from a synthetic organic chemistry perspective, this text provides a practical overview of the field, illustrating a wide range of transformations that can be achieved. The book captures the latest advances in asymmetric catalysis with emphasis placed on non-enzymatic methods. Topics covered include: Reduction of alkenes, ketones and imines Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds Catalytic carbon-carbon bond forming reactions Catalytic reactionTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Reactions Amenable to Asymmetric Catalysis. 1.2 Assignment of (R) and (S) Stereochemical Descriptors. Futher Reading. References. 2 Reduction of Alkenes. 2.1 Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Rhodium Complexes. 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation with Ruthenium Catalysts. 2.3 Alkene Hydrogenation with Titanium and Zirconium Catalysts. 2.4 Alkene Hydrogenation with Iridium Catalysts. 2.5 Alkene Hydrogenation with Organocatalysts. 2.6 Alkene Hydrosilylation. 2.7 Alkene Hydroboration. 2.8 Hydroamination. 2.9 Hydroformylation. 2.10 Hydroacylation of Alkenes. 2.11 Hydrocyanation of Alkenes. References. 3 Reduction of Ketones and Imines. 3.1 Hydrogenation of Ketones. 3.2 Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines and Related Compounds. 3.3 Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones. 3.4 Heterogeneous Hydrogenation. 3.5 Reduction of Ketones Using Enantioselective Borohydride Reagents. 3.6 Hydrosilylation of Ketones. 3.7 Hydrosilylation of Imines and Nitrones. References. 4 Epoxidation. 4.1 Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols. 4.2 Epoxidation with Metal(salen) Complexes. 4.3 Epoxidation Using Metal–Porphyrin-Based Catalysts. 4.4 OtherMetal-Catalysed Epoxidations of Unfunctionalised Olefins. 4.5 Epoxidation of Electron-Deficient Alkenes. 4.6 Epoxidation with Iminium Salts. 4.7 Epoxidation with Ketone Catalysts. 4.8 Epoxidation of Aldehydes. 4.9 Aziridination of Alkenes. 4.10 Aziridination of Imines. References. 5 Further Oxidation Reactions. 5.1 Dihydroxylation. 5.2 Aminohydroxylation. 5.3 α-Heterofunctionalisation of Aldehydes and Ketones. 5.4 Oxidation of C–H. 5.5 Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation. 5.6 Oxidation of Sulfides. References. 6 Nucleophilic Addition to Carbonyl Compounds. 6.1 Addition of Organozincs to Carbonyl Compounds. 6.2 Addition of Cyanide to Aldehydes and Ketones. 6.3 Allylation of Aldehydes. 6.4 Hydrophosphonylation of Aldehydes. 6.5 Nucleophilic Additions to Imines. References. 7 The Aldol and Related Reactions. 7.1 The Aldol Reaction. 7.2 Isocyanide and Related Aldol Reactions. 7.3 The Nitroaldol Reaction. 7.4 Addition of Enolates to Imines. 7.5 Darzens Condensation. 7.6 Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction. 7.7 Carbonyl-Ene Reactions. References. 8 Cycloadditions. 8.1 Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.2 Inverse Electron Demand Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.3 Hetero-Diels–Alder Reactions. 8.4 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions. 8.5 [2+2] Cycloadditions. 8.6 Pauson–Khand-Type Reactions. References. 9 Catalytic Reactions Involving Carbenes and Ylides. 9.1 Cyclopropanation. 9.2 Insertion Reactions. 9.3 Asymmetric Ylide Reactions. References. 10 Catalytic Carbon–Carbon Bond-Forming Reactions. 10.1 Cross-Coupling Reactions. 10.2 Metal-Catalysed Allylic Substitution. 10.3 Heck Reactions. 10.4 Alkylmetalation of Alkenes. References. 11 Conjugate Addition Reactions. 11.1 Conjugate Addition of Enolates. 11.2 Conjugate Addition of Sulfur Nucleophiles. 11.3 Conjugate Addition of Nonstabilised Nucleophiles. 11.4 Conjugate Addition with Nitrogen-Based Nucleophiles and Electrophiles. References. 12 Further Catalytic Reactions. 12.1 Isomerisations and Rearrangements. 12.2 Deprotonation Reactions. 12.3 Protonation Reactions. 12.4 Alkylation and Allylation of Enolates. 12.5 Formation of Alkenes. 12.6 Oxyselenylation-Elimination Reactions. 12.7 The Benzoin Condensation. 12.8 Ester Formation and Hydrolysis. 12.9 Ring-Opening of Epoxides. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe use of additives in food is a dynamic one, as consumers demand fewer additives in foods and as governments review the list of additives approved and their permitted levels. Scientists also refine the knowledge of the risk assessment process as well as improve analytical methods and the use of alternative additives, processes or ingredients. Since the first edition of the Food Additives Databook was published, there have been numerous changes due to these developments and some additives are no longer permitted, some have new permitted levels of use and new additives have been assessed and approved. The revised second edition of this major reference work covers all the must-have technical data on food additives. Compiled by food industry experts with a proven track record of producing high quality reference work, this volume is the definitive resource for technologists in small, medium and large companies, and for workers in research, government and academic institutions.<Trade Review"This reference provides practicing and student food technologists information about a wide range of food additives with articles arranged by function, such as antioxidants, flavor enhancers, preservatives, and sweeteners . . . The index is very detailed." (Book News, 1 August 2011) Table of ContentsList of Contributors. How to Use This Book. Part 1 Acidulants. Acetic acid. Adipic acid. Caprylic acid. Citric acid. Dehydroacetic acid. Fumaric acid. Glucono-delta-lactone. Lactic acid. Malic acid. Phosphoric acid. Propionic acid. Sodium diacetate. Succinic acid. Tartaric acid. Part 2 Antioxidants. Ascorbic acid and isomers (L-ascorbic acid and erythorbic acid). Ascorbyl palmitate. Beta-carotene. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Calcium ascorbate. Citric acid and its salts. Ethoxyquin. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Propyl gallate (PG). Rosemary extract; natural spice extract. Sodium ascorbate. L-Tartaric acid. Tea extract. Tocopherols, mixed a (DL), g and d (synthetic). Tocopherol, mixed natural concentrate. Part 3 Colourings. Alkanet. Allura Red AC. Aluminium. Amaranth. Ammonia caramel. Annatto. Anthocyanin. Beetroot Red. Beta-apo-80-carotenal (C30). Black iron oxide. Brilliant Black BN. Brilliant Blue FCF. Brown FK. Brown HT. Calcium carbonate. Canthaxanthin. Carmine. Carminic acid. Carmoisine. Beta-carotene. Caustic sulphite caramel. Chlorophyll. Chlorophyllins. Copper chlorophylls. Copper chlorophyllins. Curcumin. Erythrosine. Ethyl ester of beta-apo-80-carotenoic acid (C30). Fast Green FCF. Gardenia Yellow. Gold. Green S. Indigotine. Litholrubine BK. Lutein. Lycopene. Mixed carotenes. Paprika extract. Patent Blue V. Plain caramel. Ponceau R. Ponceau SX. Quinoline Yellow. Red iron oxide. Riboflavin. Riboflavin-50-phosphate. Safflower. Santalin. Silver. Sulphite ammonia caramel. Sunset Yellow. Tartrazine. Titanium dioxide. Vegetable carbon. Yellow iron oxide. Part 4 Emulsifiers. Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Ammonium phosphatides. Calcium stearoyl lactylate. Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate. Ethoxylated mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Lecithins. Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – saturated. Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids – unsaturated. Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate. Polysorbates. Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids. Sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids. Sodium stearoyl lactylate. Sorbitan esters of fatty acids. Stearyl tartrate. Succinic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Sucrose esters of fatty acids. Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids. Part 5 Enzymes. Alpha-amylase. Alpha-galactosidase. Amyloglucosidase . Anthocyanase. Asparaginase. Beta-amylase . Beta-galactosidase. Beta-glucanase. Beta-glucosidase. Bromelain. Catalase. Cellobiase (Aspergillus niger). Cellulase. Chymosin A . Chymotrypsin (pancreatic). Dextranase (Penicillium spp.). Diacetyl reductase (Aerobacter aerogenes). Ficin (Ficus spp.). Glucoamylase. Glucose isomerase. Glucose oxidase. Hemicellulase (Aspergillus spp.). Hexose oxidase. Inulinase. Invertase. Isoamylase. Laccase. Lipase. Lysozyme hydrochloride. Malt carbohydrase. Metallo-neutral proteases. Microbial rennet. Naringinase (Penicillium spp.). Papain (papaya species). Pectinase . Penicillin amidase. Pepsin (porcine mucosa). Peroxidase (horseradish). Protease. Pullulanase. Rennet (bovine abomasum). Subtilisin. Tannase . Trypsin (pancreatic). Xylanase . Part 6 Flavour Enhancers. Acetic acid. Algae, brown. Algae, red. Ammonium chloride. Ammonium glutamate . Ammonium glycyrrhizate. Aspartame. Calcium chloride. Disodium guanylate. Disodium inosinate. Disodium -ribonucleotides. Esterase-lipase. Ethyl maltol. L-Glutamic acid. Glycine. Lactic acid. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) extract. Licorice root extract. Magnesium sulphate anhydrous. Magnesium sulphate heptahydrate. Malic acid/N-Hydroxysuccinic acid. Monosodium glutamate. Potassium chloride. Potassium glutamate. Potassium lactate. Sodium alginate/Algin. Sodium lactate. Succinic acid. Sucralose. Tannic acid . L-Tartaric acid. Thaumatin. Part 7 Flour Additives. Acetone peroxide. Alpha-amylase. Ammonium chloride. Ammonium persulphate. Ammonium phosphate, monobasic. Ascorbic acid. Azodicarbonamide. Benzoyl peroxide. Calcium carbonate. Calcium phosphate, monobasic. Chlorine. Chlorine dioxide. L-Cysteine hydrochloride. Glucoamylase. Glucose oxidase. Lipase. Lipoxidase. Pentosanase. Potassium bromate. Protease. Pullulanase. Sodium acid pyrophosphate. Xylanase. Part 8 Gases. Argon. Carbon dioxide. Hydrogen. Nitrogen. Nitrous oxide. Ozone. Part 9 Nutritive Additives. L-Ascorbic acid. Ascorbyl palmitate. Beta-carotene. Biotin. Calcium ascorbate. Calcium carbonate. Calcium glycerophosphate. Calcium lactate pentahydrate. Calcium-D-pantothenate. Calcium phosphate dibasic. Calcium phosphate tribasic. Cholecalciferol. Cupric gluconate. Cyanocobalamin. Ergocalciferol. Ferric orthophosphate. Ferrous fumarate. Ferrous sulphate, anhydrous. Folic acid. Magnesium carbonate hydroxide. Magnesium oxide, heavy. Natural tocopherols (mixture of d-a, d-b, d-g, d-d tocopherol forms). Niacinamide. Nicotinic acid. Pantothenic acid. Phytonadione. Pyridoxine. Pyridoxine hydrochloride. Reduced elemental iron. Retinol . Retinyl acetate. Retinyl palmitate. Riboflavin. Riboflavin-50-phosphate sodium salt. Sodium ascorbate. Thiamin. Thiamin hydrochloride. Thiamin mononitrate. DL-a-Tocopherol. DL-a-Tocopheryl acetate. Zinc sulphate monohydrate. Part 10 Polysaccharides. Agar. Alginic acid. Ammonium alginate. Calcium alginate. Carboxymethylcellulose. Carrageenan. Iota-carrageenan. Kappa-carrageenan. Lambda-carrageenan. Cellulose. Chitosan. Dextran. Furcellaran. Gellan. Guar gum. Gum arabic. Gum ghatti. Hydroxy ethyl cellulose. Hydroxy propyl cellulose. Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose. Karaya gum. Locust bean gum. Methyl cellulose . Methyl ethyl cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose. Pectin. Potassium alginate. Propyleneglycol alginate Tragacanth gum. Xanthan. Part 11 Preservatives. Acetic acid, glacial. Benzoic acid. Biphenyl. Calcium acetate. Calcium benzoate. Calcium bisulphite. Calcium propionate. Calcium sorbate. Calcium sulphite. Dimethyl dicarbonate. Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. Ethyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Formic acid. Heptyl paraben. Hexamethylenetetramine. 2-Hydroxybiphenyl. Lactic acid. Methyl para-hydroxybenzoate. Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Natamycin. Nisin . Potassium acetate. Potassium benzoate. Potassium metabisulphite. Potassium nitrate. Potassium nitrite. Potassium propionate. Potassium sorbate. Propionic acid. Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate. Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, sodium salt. Sodium acetate. Sodium benzoate. Sodium bisulphite. Sodium diacetate. Sodium metabisulphite. Sodium nitrate. Sodium nitrite. Sodium o-phenylphenate. Sodium propionate. Sodium sorbate. Sodium sulphite. Sorbic acid. Sulphur dioxide. Thiabendazole. Part 12 Sequestrants. Calcium acetate. Calcium chloride. Calcium citrate. Calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate. Calcium gluconate. Calcium phosphate monobasic. Calcium phosphate tribasic. Calcium phytate. Calcium sulphate. Citric acid. Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (disodium EDTA). Disodium pyrophosphate. Glucono-delta-lactone. Glycine. Isopropyl citrate. Manganese citrate. Oxystearin. Phosphoric acid. Potassium dihydrogen citrate. Potassium phosphate dibasic. Potassium phosphate monobasic Potassium sodium tartrate. Sodium monohydrogen phosphate. Sodium polyphosphate. Sodium tartrate. Tartaric acid. Part 13 Solvents Acetic acid. Acetone. Acetylated monoglycerides. Amyl acetate. Benzyl alcohol. 1,3-Butanediol. Carbon dioxide. Castor oil. Diethyl tartrate. Ethanol . Ethyl acetate. Glycerin. Glyceryl diacetate . Glyceryl tributyrate. Hexane. Isopropanol. Lactic acid (D, DL or L). Methanol. Methyl ethyl ketone. Methylene chloride. Mono- and diglycerides. Monoglyceride citrate. 2-Nitropropane. Octyl alcohol. 1,2-Propanediol. Triacetyl glycerin. Triethyl citrate. Part 14 Sweeteners. Acesulfame-K. N-Acetylglucosamine. Alitame. Arabinose. Aspartame . Corn syrup. Cyclamate. Fructose. Glycine. Glycyrrhizin/glycyrrhizic acid. High fructose corn syrup. Isomalt. Lactitol. Lactose. Maltitol. Mannitol. Monellin. Saccharin. Sorbitol. Stevioside. Sucralose. Sucrose. Tagatose. Thaumatin. Trehalose. Xylitol . Xylose, D(+). Index.

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Book SynopsisConsidered Mother Nature's medicine cabinet in many areas of the world, marine organisms have been known from time immemorial to possess curative powers. But until recently, their bioactive compounds, nutraceutical properties, and commercial potential remained undiscovered. Bringing together widely scattered literature, Marine Products for Healthcare: Functional and Bioactive Nutraceutical Compounds from the Ocean discusses the importance of marine products as a source of nutraceuticals, food additives, and other useful ingredients in health protection and product formulationThe book begins with a discussion of the general characteristics of functional foods and an overview of the functionality of marine fishery products. It includes detailed discussions on nutraceutical and other functional properties of their seafood components including proteins, bioactive peptides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, chondroitin, carotenoids, minerals, anTable of ContentsFunctional Foods and Nutraceuticals: An Overview. Marine Resources: Availability and Quantity. Seafood: Global Consumption Pattern and Role in Nutrition. Nutritional and Functional Value of Marine Proteins. Lipids and Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Chitin and Chitosan. Carotenoids. Vitamins, Minerals, and Trace Elemtns. Seaweed: Sources as Food Hydrocolloids. Marine Bio-active Compounds. Aquaculture for Production of Nutraceuticals and Bio-active Compounds. Food Fortification with Marine Nutraceuticals. Edible Films from Marine Macromolecules. Processing Aspects of Marine Resources.

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Book SynopsisOptimize Your Chemical DatabaseDesign and Use of Relational Databases in Chemistry helps programmers and users improve their ability to search and manipulate chemical structures and information, especially when using chemical database cartridges. It illustrates how the organizational, data integrity, and extensibility properties of relational databases are best utilized when working with chemical information.The author facilitates an understanding of existing relational database schemas and shows how to design new schemas that contain tables of data and chemical structures. By using database extension cartridges, he provides methods to properly store and search chemical structures. He explains how to download and install a fully functioning database using free, open-source chemical extension cartridges within PostgreSQL. The author also discusses how to access a database on a computer network using both new and existingTable of ContentsIntroduction. Relational Database Fundamentals. Structured Query Language (SQL). Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS). Client and Web Applications. Data Storage, Searching, and Manipulation. Computer Representations of Molecular Structures. Molecular Fragments and Fingerprints. Reactions and Transformations. PostgreSQL Extensions. Three-Dimensional Molecular Structure Tables. More on Client and Web Interfaces to RDBMS. Applications. Appendix. Index.

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Book SynopsisWidely used in medical research, pharmaceutical and fine chemicals industries, biological and physical sciences, and security and environmental agencies, mass spectrometry techniques are continually under development. In Practical Aspects of Trapped Ion Mass Spectrometry: Volume V, Applications of Ion Trapping Devices, an international panel of authors presents a world-wide view of the practical aspects of recent progress using trapped ion devices.In contrast to previous texts, which have concentrated generally on a single or limited range of ion trapping techniques, a key feature of this compilation of contributions is its coverage of all the ion trapping techniques currently in use. Spanning sixteen chapters, the text examines: Ion/neutral and ion/ion reactions Structural characterization of proteins and peptides using quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectromTable of ContentsIon Reactions. Ion/Ion Reactions in Electrodynamic Ion Traps. Gas-Phase Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange in Quadrupole Ion Traps. Methods for Multi-Stage Ion Processing Involving Ion/Ion Chemistry in a Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap. Ion Conformation and Structure. Chemical Derivatization and Multistage Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Protein Structural Characterization. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Peptides and Proteins. MS/MS Analysis of Peptide-Polyphenols Supramolecular Assemblies: Wine Astringency Approached by ESI-IT-MS. Structure and Dynamics of Trapped Ions. Applications of Traveling Wave Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry. Ion Spectroscopy. The Spectroscopy of Ions Stored in Trapping Mass Spectrometers. Sympathetically-Cooled Single Ion Mass Spectrometry. Ion Trap: A Versatile Tool for the Atomic Clocks of the Future! Practical Applications. Boundary-Activated Dissociations (BAD) in a Digital Ion Trap (DIT). The Study of Ion/Molecule Reactions at Ambient Pressure with Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Ion Mobility/Mass Spectrometry.The Role of Trapped Ion Mass Spectrometry for Imaging.Technology Progress and Application in GC/MS and GC/MS/MS. Remote Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometry. Index.

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Book SynopsisOver the years, researchers have reported solubility data in the chemical, pharmaceutical, engineering, and environmental literature for several thousand organic compounds. Until the first publication of the Handbook of Aqueous Solubility Data, this information had been scattered throughout numerous sources. Now newly revised, the second edition of this landmark volume continues the tradition of providing an extensive compilation of published aqueous solubility data for a wide variety of organic nonelectrolytes and unionized weak electrolytes. Adds data on 500 more organic compoundsThis latest edition adds 2000 new solubility values, bringing the total count to over 18,000 data points. Almost 500 organic compounds have been added, increasing the total number to 4661. This volume includes data for pharmaceuticals, pollutants, nutrients, herbicides, and pesticides as well as agricultural, indTrade ReviewThe alphabetization of chemical names and plenty of entries offer completely extensive information of aqueous solubility data expediently... suitable for the researchers in the fields of chemistry and related areas. -Carbohydrate Polymers an indispensable reference for workers in many scientific fields -Chromatographia The authors have done an excellent job of compiling this information. ... This is a valuable handbook for any scientific laboratory that has to dissolve organic compounds into aqueous solutions. This type of information is often difficult to find so it is nice to have so many compounds listed in a single source. -Thomas L. Pazdernik, Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical CenterTable of ContentsSolubility Data. References.Index1: Molecular Formula. Index2: Names and Synonyms. Index3: Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number (RN)

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Book SynopsisWith the invention of scanning probe techniques in the early 1980s, scientists can now play with single atoms, single molecules, and even single bonds. Force, dynamics, and function can now be probed at the single-molecule level. Molecular Manipulation with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) presents a series of topics that discuss concepts and methodologies used to manipulate and study single (bio)molecules with AFM. The first part is dedicated to the pulling of single molecules with force spectroscopy to investigate molecular interactions, mechanics, and mechanochemical processes, and the second part to the manipulation, repositioning, and targeted delivery of single molecules on substrates.Single molecule manipulation is an exciting area of research which made important breakthroughs in nanoscience and which could find potential applications in a diverse range of disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics, material and polymer science, and engineering. Trade ReviewSingle molecule manipulation is an exciting area of research which made important breakthroughs in nanoscience and which could find potential applications in a diverse range of disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics, material and polymer science, and engineering. New and experienced AFM researchers looking for applications beyond imaging will find a wealth of information in this informative volume.—Anticancer Research, 32: 715-720 (2012)Table of ContentsPulling on Single Molecules with Force Spectroscopy:Molecular Recognition Force Spectroscopy. Mechanics of Proteins and Tailored Mechanics of Engineered Proteins. Mechanics of Polysaccharides. Mechanics and Interactions in DNA and RNA.Mechanics of Synthetic Polymers. Interplays between Chemistry and Mechanics in Single Molecules. Manipulation, Repositioning, and Targeted Delivery of Single Molecules on Substrates: Molecular Construction: Pushing, Moving, Stretching, and Connecting Individual Molecules. Extracting Molecules from Surfaces. Single Molecule Delivery by Mechanochemistry. Single-Molecule Cut and Paste. Index

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Book SynopsisMolecular modeling (MM) tools offer significant benefits in the design of industrial chemical plants and material processing operations. While the role of MM in biological fields is well established, in most cases MM works as an accessory in novel products/materials development rather than a tool for direct innovation. As a result, MM engineers and practitioners are often seized with the question: How do I leverage these tools to develop novel materials or chemicals in my industry?Molecular Modeling for the Design of Novel Performance Chemicals and Materials answers this important question via a simple and practical approach to the MM paradigm. Using case studies, it highlights the importance and usability of MM tools and techniques in various industrial applications. The book presents detailed case studies demonstrating diverse applications such as mineral processing, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, energy storage, electronic materials,Trade ReviewIllustrated with a wealth of color images and process diagrams, the book will be of interest to practicing engineers and chemists. —SciTech News, Vol. 66, September 2012Table of ContentsBasic Concepts in Molecular Modeling. Rational Design of Selective Industrial Performance Chemicals Based on Molecular Modeling Computations. Molecular Modeling of Mineral Surface Reactions in Flotation. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of Solutions and Surfaces in Nonsulfide Flotation Systems. Application of Molecular Modeling in Pharmaceutical Crystallization and Formulation. Studies on the Microstructure in Water–Surfactant Systems Using Atomistic and Mesoscale Simulations. Molecular Simulation of Wetting Transitions on Novel Materials. Molecular Modeling of Capillary Condensation in Porous Materials. Solid–Liquid Phase Transition Under Confinement. Computing Transport in Materials. Simulation of Crystals with Chemical Disorder at Lattice Sites. Design of Compound Semiconductor Alloys Using Molecular Simulations. Structural Properties of Cement Clinker Compound by First- Principles Calculations. First Principles Modeling of the Atomic and Electronic Properties of Palladium Clusters Adsorbed on TiO2 Rutile (110) Surface. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe second edition of a bestseller, this book discusses the common structural and stereochemical features of naturally occurring organic compounds. It includes a variety of examples to illustrate varied aspects so that the range of structure and behavior exhibited by these compounds is retained within the set framework. The author explores the increasing application of physical (spectroscopic) methods like IR, NMR, CD, ORD, MS, and High Resolution Mass Spectroscopy without undermining the importance of classical chemical methods. The section on problem solving helps to develop an analytical and critical evaluation of the data. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Structure. Stereochemistry. Reactions and Rearrangements. Synthesis. Biosynthesis. Biological Significance of Secondary Metabolites. Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisAllowing many chemical reactions to be completed within minutes, microwave heating has revolutionized preparative chemistry. As a result, this technology has been widely adopted in both academic and industrial laboratories. Integrating microwave-assisted chemistry into undergraduate laboratory courses enables students to perform a broader range of reactions in the allotted lab period. As a result, they can be introduced to chemistry that would otherwise have been inaccessible due to time constraints (for example, the need for an overnight reflux). Laboratory Experiments Using Microwave Heating provides 22 experiments encompassing organic, inorganic, and analytical chemistry performed using microwave heating as a tool, making them fast and easy to accomplish in a laboratory period. Utilizing the time-saving experiments described in this book also permits students to repeat experiments if necessary or attempt additional self-designed experiments during the lab course.Trade Review"The book starts with a short and easy-to-understand introduction to the basics of microwave heating, which in my opinion every microwave user should know. … Designed as a textbook for the undergraduate laboratory, Laboratory Experiments Using Microwave Heating is a valuable addition to the range of microwave books available. It is the first to include inorganic and analytical chemistry experiments, and will help students to become acquainted with microwave technology at an early stage."—Chemistry World, 2014Table of ContentsIntroduction: Using Microwave Heating in Chemistry: The Basics. Diels–Alder Cycloaddition Reaction. Second-Order Elimination Reaction: Preparation of Heptene from 2-Bromoheptane. An Addition–Elimination Sequence: Preparation of a Bromoalkene. Fischer Esterification: Preparation of Ethyl-4-Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine). Transesterification Reaction: Preparation of Biodiesel. Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction: Preparation of 3-Acetylcoumarin. The Perkin Reaction: Condensation of an Aromatic Aldehyde with Rhodanine. Williamson Ether Synthesis: Preparation of Allyl Phenyl Ether. Claisen Rearrangement: Preparation of 2-Allyl Phenol from Allyl Phenyl Ether. Hydration of an Alkyne: Preparation of Acetophenone from Phenylacetylene. Oxidation of a Secondary Alcohol: Preparation of a Ketone. Suzuki Coupling Reaction: Preparation of a Biaryl. Heck Reaction: Preparation of Substituted Cinnamic Acids. Preparation of an Aryl Nitrile: Application of a Copper-Catalyzed Cyanation Reaction. Alkene Metathesis: Preparation of a Substituted Cyclopentene. Click Reaction: Preparation of a Triazole. Coordination Chemistry: Preparation of Cisplatin. Preparation of a Palladium Complex: Bis(triphenylphosphine)Palladium(II) Dichloride. Coordination of an Aromatic Ring to a Metal: Preparation of an Arene Chromium Tricarbonyl Complex. Determination of an Empirical Formula: Zinc Bromide. Microwave-Assisted Extraction: Identification of the Major Flavor Components of Citrus Oil. Microwave-Assisted Digestion of Dietary Supplements: Metal Analysis by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Index.

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Book SynopsisWith a focus on actual industrial processes, e.g. the production of light alkenes, synthesis gas, fine chemicals, polyethene, it encourages the reader to think out of the box and invent and develop novel unit operations and processes. Reflecting today's emphasis on sustainability, this edition contains new coverage of biomass as an alternative to fossil fuels, and process intensification. The second edition includes: New chapters on Process Intensification and Processes for the Conversion of Biomass Updated and expanded chapters throughout with 35% new material overall Text boxes containing case studies and examples from various different industries, e.g. synthesis loop designs, Sasol I Plant, Kaminsky catalysts, production of Ibuprofen, click chemistry, ammonia synthesis, fluid catalytic cracking Questions throughout to stimulate debate and keep students awake! Richly illustrated chapters with improved figures and flow Trade Review“In conclusion, this excellent textbook is highly recommended to those readers wishing to have up-to-date knowledge of the chemical industry and its processes. Organic chemists, in particular, will learn the chemical engineer’s approach to process design and process development and will appreciate the differences and hopefully understand how the methods used for bulk chemicals can be used for more complex molecules book.” (Organic Process Research & Development, 1 September 2014) “The book could serve as a valuable text for lower-level chemical engineering students, but it could also be useful to professionals in biotechnology and industrial chemistry. Summing Up: Recommended. All academic, two-year technical program, and professional engineering collections.” (Choice, 1 December 2013) Table of ContentsPreface xiii 1 Introduction 1 References 6 General Literature 6 2 The Chemical Industry 7 2.1 A Brief History 7 2.1.1 Inorganic Chemicals 7 2.1.2 Organic Chemicals 10 2.1.3 The Oil Era 11 2.1.4 The Age of Sustainability 12 2.2 Structure of the Chemical Industry 13 2.3 Raw Materials and Energy 16 2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Consumption and Reserves 16 2.3.2 Biomass as an Alternative for Fossil Fuels 19 2.3.3 Energy and the Chemical Industry 21 2.3.4 Composition of Fossil Fuels and Biomass 23 2.4 Base Chemicals 35 2.5 Global Trends in the Chemical Industry 37 References 39 General Literature 40 3 Processes in the Oil Refinery 41 3.1 The Oil Refinery − An Overview 41 3.2 Physical Processes 42 3.2.1 Desalting and Dehydration 42 3.2.2 Crude Distillation 43 3.2.3 Propane Deasphalting 45 3.3 Thermal Processes 46 3.3.1 Visbreaking 46 3.3.2 Delayed Coking 47 3.3.3 Flexicoking 48 3.4 Catalytic Processes 49 3.4.1 Octane and Cetane Numbers 49 3.4.2 Catalytic Cracking 51 3.4.3 Catalytic Reforming 63 3.4.4 Alkylation 69 3.4.5 Hydroprocessing 76 3.5 Current and Future Trends in Oil Refining 91 3.5.1 Stricter Environmental Regulations 92 3.5.2 Refinery Configurations 94 References 96 4 Production of Light Alkenes 99 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Cracking Reactions 100 4.2.1 Thermodynamics 100 4.2.2 Mechanism 101 4.2.3 Kinetics 102 4.3 The Industrial Process 103 4.3.1 Influence of Feedstock on Steam Cracker Operation and Products 103 4.3.2 Cracking Furnace 106 4.3.3 Heat Exchanger 109 4.3.4 Coke Formation 110 4.4 Product Processing 111 4.5 Novel Developments 113 4.5.1 Selective Dehydrogenation of Light Alkanes 114 4.5.2 Metathesis of Alkenes 116 4.5.3 Production of Light Alkenes from Synthesis Gas 118 4.5.4 Dehydration of Bioethanol 121 4.5.5 Direct Conversion of Methane 122 References 123 5 Production of Synthesis Gas 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Synthesis Gas from Natural Gas 129 5.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 129 5.2.2 Steam Reforming Process 131 5.2.3 Autothermal Reforming Process 137 5.2.4 Novel Developments 139 5.3 Coal Gasification 142 5.3.1 Gasification Reactions 142 5.3.2 Thermodynamics 143 5.3.3 Gasification Technologies 146 5.3.4 Recent Developments in Gasification Technology 151 5.3.5 Applications of Coal Gasification 154 5.3.6 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 156 5.3.7 Why Gasify, Not Burn for Electricity Generation? 158 5.3.8 Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) 159 5.4 Cleaning and Conditioning of Synthesis Gas 161 5.4.1 Acid Gas Removal 161 5.4.2 Water–Gas Shift Reaction 163 5.4.3 Methanation 166 References 168 6 Bulk Chemicals and Synthetic Fuels Derived from Synthesis Gas 171 6.1 Ammonia 171 6.1.1 Background Information 171 6.1.2 Thermodynamics 173 6.1.3 Commercial Ammonia Synthesis Reactors 175 6.1.4 Ammonia Synthesis Loop 178 6.1.5 Integrated Ammonia Plant 180 6.1.6 Hydrogen Recovery 182 6.1.7 Production of Urea 185 6.2 Methanol 191 6.2.1 Background Information 191 6.2.2 Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysts 192 6.2.3 Synthesis Gas for Methanol Production 195 6.2.4 Methanol Synthesis 196 6.2.5 Production of Formaldehyde 199 6.3 Synthetic Fuels and Fuel Additives 201 6.3.1 Fischer–Tropsch Process 202 6.3.2 Methanol-to-Gasoline (MTG) Process 212 6.3.3 Recent Developments in the Production of Synthetic Fuels 214 6.3.4 Fuel Additives − Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether 215 References 218 7 Processes for the Conversion of Biomass 221 7.1 Introduction 221 7.2 Production of Biofuels 223 7.2.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 224 7.2.2 Diesel-Type Biofuels 226 7.3 Production of Bio-based Chemicals 231 7.3.1 Ethanol 232 7.3.2 Glycerol 233 7.3.3 Succinic Acid 234 7.3.4 Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) 236 7.4 The Biorefinery 236 7.4.1 Biorefinery Design Criteria and Products 236 7.4.2 Biorefinery Concepts 238 7.4.3 Core Technologies of a Thermochemical Biorefinery 239 7.4.4 Existing and Projected Biorefineries 243 7.4.5 Possibility of Integrating a Biorefinery with Existing Plants 243 7.4.6 Biorefinery versus Oil Refinery 245 7.5 Conclusions 246 References 246 8 Inorganic Bulk Chemicals 249 8.1 The Inorganic Chemicals Industry 249 8.2 Sulfuric Acid 250 8.2.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 252 8.2.2 SO2 Conversion Reactor 252 8.2.3 Modern Sulfuric Acid Production Process 254 8.2.4 Catalyst Deactivation 256 8.3 Sulfur Production 256 8.4 Nitric Acid 260 8.4.1 Reactions and Thermodynamics 260 8.4.2 Processes 262 8.4.3 NOx Abatement 266 8.5 Chlorine 268 8.5.1 Reactions for the Electrolysis of NaCl 269 8.5.2 Technologies for the Electrolysis of NaCl 270 References 274 9 Homogeneous Transition Metal Catalysis in the Production of Bulk Chemicals 275 9.1 Introduction 275 9.2 Acetic Acid Production 278 9.2.1 Background Information 278 9.2.2 Methanol Carbonylation – Reactions, Thermodynamics, and Catalysis 281 9.2.3 Methanol Carbonylation – Processes 284 9.3 Hydroformylation 286 9.3.1 Background Information 286 9.3.2 Thermodynamics 288 9.3.3 Catalyst Development 289 9.3.4 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Propene 292 9.3.5 Processes for the Hydroformylation of Higher Alkenes 294 9.3.6 Comparison of Hydroformylation Processes 296 9.4 Ethene Oligomerization and More 297 9.4.1 Background Information 297 9.4.2 Reactions of the SHOP Process 298 9.4.3 The SHOP Process 299 9.5 Oxidation of p-Xylene: Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid Production 301 9.5.1 Background Information 301 9.5.2 Conversion of p-Toluic Acid Intermediate 302 9.5.3 Processes 303 9.5.4 Process Comparison 305 9.6 Review of Reactors Used in Homogeneous Catalysis 305 9.6.1 Choice of Reactor 306 9.6.2 Exchanging Heat 308 9.7 Approaches for Catalyst/Product Separation 308 9.7.1 Biphasic Catalyst Systems 309 9.7.2 Immobilized Catalyst Systems 309 References 311 10 Heterogeneous Catalysis – Concepts and Examples 313 10.1 Introduction 313 10.2 Catalyst Design 314 10.2.1 Catalyst Size and Shape 314 10.2.2 Mechanical Properties of Catalyst Particles 316 10.3 Reactor Types and Their Characteristics 316 10.3.1 Reactor Types 316 10.3.2 Exchanging Heat 319 10.3.3 Role of Catalyst Deactivation 321 10.3.4 Other Issues 322 10.4 Shape Selectivity − Zeolites 323 10.4.1 Production of Isobutene 325 10.4.2 Isomerization of Pentanes and Hexanes 328 10.4.3 Production of Ethylbenzene 330 10.5 Some Challenges and (Unconventional) Solutions 334 10.5.1 Adiabatic Reactor with Periodic Flow Reversal 334 10.5.2 Highly Exothermic Reactions with a Selectivity Challenge − Selective Oxidations 338 10.6 Monolith Reactors − Automotive Emission Control 344 10.6.1 Exhaust Gas Composition 346 10.6.2 Reduction of Exhaust Gas Emissions 347 References 354 General Literature 355 11 Production of Polymers − Polyethene 357 11.1 Introduction 357 11.2 Polymerization Reactions 357 11.2.1 Step growth Polymerization 358 11.2.2 Chain growth Polymerization − Radical and Coordination Pathways 360 11.3 Polyethenes – Background Information 363 11.3.1 Catalyst Development 363 11.3.2 Classification and Properties 364 11.3.3 Applications 365 11.4 Processes for the Production of Polyethenes 366 11.4.1 Monomer Production and Purification 366 11.4.2 Polymerization – Exothermicity 367 11.4.3 Production of Polyethenes 367 References 375 12 Production of Fine Chemicals 377 12.1 Introduction 377 12.2 Role of Catalysis 380 12.2.1 Atom Economy 380 12.2.2 Alternative Reagents and Catalysts 381 12.2.3 Novel Reaction Routes 384 12.2.4 Selectivity 384 12.2.5 Biocatalysis 392 12.3 Solvents 394 12.3.1 Conventional Solvents 394 12.3.2 Alternative Solvents 395 12.4 Production Plants 398 12.4.1 Multiproduct and Multipurpose Plants (MMPs) 398 12.4.2 Dedicated Continuous Plants 406 12.5 Batch Reactor Selection 407 12.5.1 Reactors for Liquid and Gas–Liquid Systems 408 12.5.2 Reactors for Gas–Liquid–Solid Systems 409 12.6 Batch Reactor Scale-up Effects 411 12.6.1 Temperature Control 411 12.6.2 Heat Transfer 411 12.6.3 Example of the Scale-up of a Batch and Semi-Batch Reactor 412 12.6.4 Summary of the Scale-up of Batch Reactors 416 12.7 Safety Aspects of Fine Chemicals 416 12.7.1 Thermal Risks 416 12.7.2 Safety and Process Development 417 References 419 13 Biotechnology 423 13.1 Introduction 423 13.2 Principles of Fermentation Technology 424 13.2.1 Mode of Operation 425 13.2.2 Reactor Types 426 13.2.3 Sterilization 432 13.3 Cell Biomass − Bakers’ Yeast Production 433 13.3.1 Process Layout 433 13.3.2 Cultivation Equipment 434 13.3.3 Downstream Processing 434 13.4 Metabolic Products − Biomass as Source of Renewable Energy 435 13.4.1 Bioethanol and Biobutanol 435 13.4.2 Biogas 438 13.5 Environmental Application – Wastewater Treatment 438 13.5.1 Introduction 438 13.5.2 Process Layout 438 13.5.3 Aerobic Treatment Processes 440 13.5.4 Anaerobic Treatment Processes 443 13.6 Enzyme Technology – Biocatalysts for Transformations 445 13.6.1 General Aspects 445 13.6.2 Immobilization of Enzymes 446 13.6.3 Production of L-Amino Acids 447 13.6.4 Production of Artificial Sweeteners 448 References 452 General Literature 453 14 Process Intensification 455 14.1 Introduction 455 14.1.1 What is Process Intensification 455 14.1.2 How to Intensify Processes 457 14.2 Structured Catalytic Reactors 459 14.2.1 Types of Structured Catalysts and Reactors 460 14.2.2 Monoliths 462 14.2.3 Microreactors 468 14.3 Multifunctional Reactors/Reactive Separation 472 14.3.1 Reactive Distillation 473 14.3.2 Coupling Reaction and Membrane Separation 477 14.3.3 Coupling Reaction and Adsorption 481 References 482 15 Process Development 485 15.1 Dependence of Strategy on Product Type and Raw Materials 485 15.2 The Course of Process Development 487 15.3 Development of Individual Steps 489 15.3.1 Exploratory Phase 489 15.3.2 From Process Concept to Preliminary Flow Sheet 489 15.3.3 Pilot Plants/Miniplants 494 15.4 Scale-up 499 15.4.1 Reactors with a Single Fluid Phase 499 15.4.2 Fixed Bed Catalytic Reactors with One or More Fluid Phases 501 15.5 Safety and Loss Prevention 505 15.5.1 Safety Issues 505 15.5.2 Reactivity Hazards 511 15.5.3 Design Approaches to Safety 513 15.6 Process Evaluation 514 15.6.1 Capital Cost Estimation 515 15.6.2 Operating Costs and Earnings 523 15.6.3 Profitability Measures 524 15.7 Current and Future Trends 526 References 528 General Literature 529 Magazines 529 Appendix A Chemical Industry − Figures 531 Appendix B Main Symbols Used in Flow Schemes 535 Index 539

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Book Synopsis The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book, making it unique Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at this critical time in waste management, including an extensive and up-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversion and related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, draws comparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments, and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste field can be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes Trade Review"The author's renowned expertise in immobilisation technology for wastes is clearly reflected in this book, which provides an exhaustive review of the subject. It would benefit readers involved in waste management of both nuclear and nonradioactive industries." (Materials World, 1 January 2012) "I am recommending to everyone interested to read the book of Prof Donald on glass and ceramic hosts: you will find a wealth of factual data on glasses and ceramics as well as bright ideas and hints for your activities." (Materials Views, 27 April 2011)Table of ContentsPreface page xi Acknowledgements xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World 1 1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations 2 1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 7 1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material 9 1.2 General Disposal Options 11 1.3 Radiation Issues 19 1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors 21 1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt 25 References 31 2. Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects 37 2.1 Metals 38 2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium 38 2.1.2 Vanadium 39 2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten 40 2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium 40 2.1.5 Platinum-Group Metals 41 2.1.6 Nickel 42 2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold 42 2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury 43 2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium 45 2.1.10 Tin and Lead 46 2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth 48 2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium 49 2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium 50 2.2 Compounds 51 2.3 Asbestos 51 References 55 3. Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods 57 3.1 Glass Formation 58 3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability 58 3.1.2 Thermal Stability 61 3.2 Types of Glass 61 3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses 61 3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses 61 3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 62 3.2.4 Alternative Glasses 62 3.3 Ceramics 62 3.4 Glass-Ceramics 63 3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite Systems 68 3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials 68 3.6.1 Melting and Vitrifi cation 69 3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering 69 3.6.3 Hot Pressing 69 3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing 70 3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis 70 3.6.6 Microwave Processing 70 References 71 4. Materials Characterization 75 4.1 Chemical Analysis 75 4.2 Thermal Analysis 76 4.3 Structural Analysis 78 4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy 78 4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 79 4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction 79 4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy 80 4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 80 4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 80 4.4 Mechanical Properties 81 4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics 81 4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials 83 4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour 83 4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests 87 4.6 Radiation Stability 92 4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms 94 4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates 94 References 96 5. Radioactive Wastes 101 5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions 101 5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes 102 5.1.2 Defence Wastes 107 5.1.3 Surplus Materials 108 5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste 109 5.2 General Immobilization Options 111 References 115 6. Immobilization by Vitrification 121 6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design 121 6.1.1 Pot Processes 122 6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace 124 6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters 128 6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters 131 6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters 135 6.1.6 Microwave Processing 138 6.1.7 In situ Melting 138 6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification 138 6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques 138 6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that have been Learnt 140 6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents 144 6.2.1 Molybdenum and Caesium 144 6.2.2 Platinum Group Metals 147 6.2.3 Technetium 149 6.2.4 Chromium, Nickel and Iron 150 6.2.5 Halides 150 6.2.6 Sulphates 150 6.2.7 Phosphates 151 6.3 Effect of Specific Batch Additives on Melting Performance 151 6.4 Types of Glass and Candidate Glass Requirements 151 6.4.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glass 151 6.4.2 Phosphate Glasses 163 6.4.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses 165 6.4.4 Alternative Glasses 166 6.5 Glass-Forming Ability 168 6.6 Alternative Methods for Producing Glassy Wasteforms 169 6.6.1 Sintered and Porous Glass 169 6.6.2 Hot-Pressed Glass 171 6.6.3 Microwave Sintering 175 6.6.4 Self-Sustaining Vitrification 176 6.6.5 Plasma Torch Incineration and Vitrification 177 References 177 7. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Ceramic Wasteform 185 7.1 Titanate and Zirconate Ceramics 185 7.2 Phosphate Ceramics 203 7.3 Aluminosilicate Ceramics 207 7.4 Alternative Ceramics 209 7.5 Cement Based Systems 211 References 212 8. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Glass-Ceramic Wasteform 221 8.1 Barium Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.2 Barium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.3 Calcium Magnesium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 222 8.4 Calcium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics 227 8.5 Basaltic Glass-Ceramics 228 8.6 Zirconolite Based Glass-Ceramics 230 8.7 Alternative Silicate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 8.8 Phosphate Based Glass-Ceramics 234 References 237 9. Novel Hosts for the Immobilization of Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Wastes 241 9.1 Silicate Glasses 241 9.2 Phosphate Glasses 246 9.3 Alternative Vitrification Routes 249 9.4 Ceramic-Based Hosts 251 9.5 Glass-Encapsulated Composite and Hybrid Systems 253 9.6 Oxynitride Glasses 259 9.7 Plutonium Disposition 260 References 266 10. Properties of Radioactive Wasteforms 275 10.1 Thermal Stability 275 10.2 Chemical Durability 276 10.2.1 General Principles of Glass Durability 277 10.2.2 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Water 282 10.2.3 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Groundwaters and Repository Environments 291 10.2.4 Durability of Phosphate Based Glasses 296 10.2.5 Lessons to be Learnt from Archaeological Glasses 297 10.2.6 Ceramic Durability 301 10.2.7 Glass-Ceramic Durability 308 10.2.8 Durability of Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Wasteforms 309 10.2.9 Influence of Colloids 310 10.3 Radiation Stability 311 10.3.1 Glass Stability 311 10.3.2 Ceramic Stability 316 10.3.3 Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Stability 323 10.4 Natural Analogues 324 10.5 Mechanical Properties 328 10.6 Alternative Properties 333 References 334 11. Structural and Modelling Studies 343 11.1 Structural Studies 343 11.1.1 Vitreous Wasteforms 343 11.1.2 Ceramic Wasteforms 349 11.2 Modelling Studies 350 11.2.1 Modelling Techniques 350 11.2.2 Vitreous Wasteforms 350 11.2.3 Ceramic Wasteforms 356 References 357 12. Sources and Compositions of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes, and Common Disposal Routes 361 12.1 Incinerator Wastes 365 12.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 368 12.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 370 12.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 370 12.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 370 12.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 371 12.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 374 12.8 Cement Dust and Clay-Refining Wastes 379 12.9 Tannery Industry Wastes 379 12.10 Asbestos 380 12.11 Medical Wastes 380 12.12 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 383 12.13 Alternative Wastes 384 References 385 13. Vitrification of Nonradioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 389 13.1 Incinerator Wastes 392 13.2 Sewage and Dredging Sludges 397 13.3 Zinc Hydrometallurgical and Red Mud Wastes 398 13.4 Blast Furnace Slags and Electric Arc Furnace Dusts 399 13.5 Alternative Metallurgical Wastes and Slags 401 13.6 Metal Finishing and Plating Wastes 403 13.7 Coal Ash and Fly Ash from Thermal Power Stations 404 13.8 Cement Dust, Clay-Refining and Tannery Industry Wastes 406 13.9 Asbestos 406 13.10 Medical Waste 407 13.11 Electrical and Electronic Wastes 408 13.12 Alternative Wastes 408 13.13 Mixed Nonradioactive Hazardous Wastes 409 13.14 Glass-Ceramics for Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization 410 13.15 Commercial Hazardous Waste Vitrification Facilities 418 References 420 14. Alternative Treatment Processes, and Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 429 14.1 Alternatives to Vitrification 429 14.2 Use of Alternative Waste Sources to Prepare New Materials 435 14.3 Use of Waste Glass to Prepare New Materials 435 14.4 Characterization, Properties and Applications of Nonradioactive Wasteforms 436 14.4.1 Mechanical Properties 436 14.4.2 Chemical Durability 440 14.4.3 Structural and Modelling Studies 441 14.4.4 Use of Less Hazardous or Nontoxic Surrogates 442 14.5 Applications 444 References 445 15. Influence of Organic, Micro-Organism and Microbial Activity on Wasteform Integrity 451 15.1 Micro-Organism Activity and Transport Mechanisms 452 15.2 Repository Environments 454 15.3 Repository Analogues 457 15.4 Wasteforms 458 References 462 16. Concluding Remarks, Comparisons between Radioactive and Nonradioactive Waste Immobilization, and Outlook for the Future 465 16.1 Mixed Radioactive and Nonradioactive Wastes 465 16.2 System and Wasteform Comparisons 467 16.2.1 Treatment Facilities 467 16.2.2 Wasteforms 469 16.3 Immediate and Short-Term Future Outlook 473 16.4 Medium and Longer Term Future Outlook 474 16.4.1 Generation IV Nuclear Energy Systems 474 16.4.2 Element Partitioning and Transmutation 478 16.5 Choosing a Wasteform 479 16.5.1 Wasteforms Studied in the Past and Short-Term Future Direction 479 16.5.2 Alternative Wasteforms and Longer Term Future Direction 484 16.6 Wasteform Characterization 486 16.7 Standards, Regulatory Requirements, and Performance Assessments 487 16.8 Overall Conclusions 489 References 490 Index 493

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Book SynopsisThis book analyzes the impact of choice on welfare states in Europe and asks whether the shift towards more choice will ultimately benefit the users and providers of the welfare state, and have a positive impact on society as a whole. Explores the recent focus on choice in many welfare states, which has created a more market-orientated approach, changed users to consumers, and increased emphasis on private providers Examines the impact of these recent reforms on equality, not only from an economic perspective, but also in relation to gender, education, age, and access to services Draws on examples from different European countries and sectors of the welfare state, including the UK, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and the Czech Republic Informed by theoretical and empirical approaches, and uses a variety of methodologies Table of ContentsEditorial Introduction (Bent Greve, University of Roskilde, Denmark). 1. Can Choice in Welfare States Be Equitable? (Bent Greve, University of Roskilde, Denmark). 2. The Other Le Grand? Evaluating the ‘Other Invisible Hand’in Welfare Services in England (Ian Greener, University of Durham, UK and Martin Powell, University of Birmingham, UK). 3. Exit, Voice and Quality in the English Education Sector (Deborah Wilson, University of Bristol, UK). 4. When ‘Choice’ and ‘Choice’ Are not the Same: Institutional Frameworks of Choice in the German Welfare System (Florian Blank, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany). 5. Choosing Welfare or Losing Social Citizenship? Citizens’ Free Choice in Recent Italian Welfare State Reforms (Paolo R. Graziano, Bocconi University, Milan, Italy). 6. The ‘Consumer Principle’ in the Care of Elderly People: Free Choice and Actual Choice in the German Welfare State (Melanie Eichler, University of Hamburg, Germany and Birgit Pfau-Effinger, University of Hamburg, Germany). 7. A Comparative Discussion of the Gendered Implications of Cash-for-Care Schemes: Markets, Independence and Social Citizenship in Crisis? (Kirstein Rummery, University of Stirling, Scotland). 8. Challenging Solidarity? An Analysis of Exit Options in Social Policies (Menno Fenger, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands). 9. Freedom of Choice through the Promotion of Gender Equality (Steven Saxonberg, Masaryk University in Brno, Czech Republic). Index.

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Book SynopsisNow in its fifth edition, Food Science remains the most popular and reliable text for introductory courses in food science and technology. This new edition retains the basic format and pedagogical features of previous editions and provides an up-to-date foundation upon which more advanced and specialized knowledge can be built. This essential volume introduces and surveys the broad and complex interrelationships among food ingredients, processing, packaging, distribution and storage, and explores how these factors influence food quality and safety. Reflecting recent advances and emerging technologies in the area, this new edition includes updated commodity and ingredient chapters to emphasize the growing importance of analogs, macro-substitutions, fat fiber and sugar substitutes and replacement products, especially as they affect new product development and iTable of ContentsIntroduction. Food Science as a Discipline. Characteristics of the Food Industry. Constituents of Foods. Properties and Significance. Nutritive Aspects of Food Constituents. Unit Operations in Food Processing. Quality Factors in Foods. Food Deterioration and Its Control. Heat Preservation and Processing. Cold Preservation and Processing. Food Dehydration and Concentration. Irradiation Microwave, and Ohmic Processing of Foods. Fermentation and Other Uses of Microorganisms. Milk and Milk Products. Meat, Poultry, and Eggs. Seafoods. Fats, Oils and Related Products. Cereal, Grains Legumes, and Oil Seeds. Vegetables and Fruits. Beverages. Confectionery and Chocolate Products. Principles of Food Packaging. Food Safety, Risks and Hazards. Governmental Regulation of Food and Nutrition Labeling. Hunger, Technology, and World Food Needs.

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Book SynopsisExam Board: AQALevel: AS/A-levelSubject: ChemistryFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016Ensure your students get to grips with the core practicals and develop the skills needed to succeed with an in-depth assessment-driven approach that builds and reinforces understanding; clear summaries of practical work with sample questions and answers help to improve exam technique in order to achieve higher grades.Written by experienced author Nora Henry, this Student Guide for practical Chemistry:- Help students easily identify what they need to know with a concise summary of required practical work examined in the A-level specifications.- Consolidate understanding of practical work, methodology, mathematical and other skills out of the laboratory with exam tips and knowledge check questions, with answers in the back of the book.- Provide plenty of opportunities for students to improve exam techniqu

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Book SynopsisMarco Beretta is Professor of History of Science at the University of Bologna, Italy.Trade ReviewA unique, comprehensive and rich treatise. -- Mary Virginia Orna * Bulletin for the History of Chemistry *Table of ContentsSeries Preface List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Introduction, Marco Beretta 1.Theory and Concepts: The Mythological Foundation of Chemical Theories in Ancient Civilizations, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 2.Practice and Experiment: The Conquest of Matter, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 3.Laboratories and Technology: From Temples to Workshops: Sites of Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 4.Culture and Science: Gods, Myths and Religions, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 5.Society and Environment: The Alteration of the Ancient Landscape, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 6.Trade and Industry: The Circulation of Trade in the Mediterranean, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 7.Learning and Institutions: The Invention of Chemical Recipes, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta 8.Art and Representation: The Iconographic Imprinting of Ancient Chemical Arts, Sydney H. Aufrère, Cale Johnson, Matteo Martelli, Marco Beretta Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisPeter J. Ramberg is Professor of the History of Science at Truman State University, USA.Trade ReviewA welcome addition to the literature on chemistry in the nineteenth century. -- Ann E Robinson * Bulletin for the History of Chemistry *Table of ContentsList of Illustrations Series Preface Introduction: Creating Modern Chemistry, Peter J. Ramberg 1. Theory and Concepts: Atomism, Structure and Affinity, Trevor Levere 2. Practice and Experiment: Analysis, Synthesis and Paper Tools, Yoshiyuki Kikuchi 3. Laboratories and Technology: Continuity and Ingenuity in the Workplace, Amy A. Fisher 4. Science and Culture: Chemistry Spreads its Influence, Agustí Nieto Galan and Peter J. Ramberg 5. Society and Environment: Increased access for women, growing consumerism and emerging regulation, Peter Reed 6. Trade and Industry: New Demands, New Processes, and the Emergence of Science-Based Chemical Industry, Anthony S. Travis 7. Institutions and Learning: Emergence of Laboratory-Based Learning, Research Schools and Professionalization, Peter Reed 8. Art and Representation: The Rise of the “Mad Scientist,” Joachim Schummer Endnotes Bibliography Contributors List Index

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Book SynopsisPeter J. T. Morris is Honorary Research Associate at the Science Museum, London, and at University College London, UKTrade ReviewEducational, and fun to read. -- Roald Hoffmann * Bulletin for the History of Chemistry *Table of ContentsSeries Preface List of Illustrations List of Tables Introduction, Peter J.T. Morris 1.Theory and Concepts: Stability and Transformation in Chemical Problems and Explanation 1914 to the Present, Mary Jo Nye 2.Practice and Experiment: From Laboratory Research to Teaching and Policy Making, José Ramón Bertomeu-Sánchez and Antonio García-Belmar 3.Laboratories and Technology: An Era of Transformations, Peter J.T. Morris 4.Culture and Science: Materials and Methods in Society, Carsten Reinhardt 5.Society and Environment: The Advance of Women and the International Regulation of Pollution, Peter Reed 6.Trade and Industry: The Growth, Diversification, and Dissolution of a Global Industry, Peter J.T. Morris and Anthony S. Travis 7.Learning and Institutions: Global Developments since 1914, Jeffrey Allan Johnson, Yasu Furukawa, and Lijing Jiang 8.Art and Representation: From the ‘Mad Scientist’ to Poison Gas and Chemical Pollution, Joachim Schummer Notes Bibliography Contributor’s List Index

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Book SynopsisDiagnostic Lymph Node Pathology presents a logical and systematic approach to lymph node biopsies and guides general pathologists and haematopathologists alike through the maze of differential diagnoses, enabling them to reach an accurate diagnosis.The book is presented in an easy-to-read format and contains boxes for quick reference detailing the clinical, morphological, immunohistochemical, and genetic features of each entity. Thoroughly revised, the third edition also includes more than 300 high-quality histological colour photographs along with updated references.This edition covers both classical and less well-known features of individual disease processes. It is a valuable guide for both professionals and trainees. Trade ReviewPraise for the First Edition"... The chapters are well proportioned with succinct, lucid and reader-friendly text. The lesions are generously illustrated and all the photographs (H&E, immunostains and electron micrographs) are of superb quality."—HistopathologyTable of ContentsHandling of Lymph Node Biopsies, Diagnostic Procedures and Recognition of Lymph Node Patterns. Normal/Reactive Lymph Nodes: Structure and Cells. Reactive and Infective Lymphadenopathy. Precursor B- and T-Cell Lymphomas. Mature B-Cell Lymphomas. T-Cell Lymphomas. Immunodeficiency-Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Hodgkin Lymphoma. Histiocytic and Dendritic Cell Neoplasms, Mastocytosis and Myeloid Sarcoma. Non-Haematolymphoid Tumours of Lymph Nodes. Needle (Trephine) Core Biopsies of Lymph Nodes. Appendix: Immunohistochemical Markers Used in Diagnosis of Lymphoproliferative Conditions.

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Book SynopsisAdhesive bonding plays an increasing role in the forest product industry and is a key factor for efficiently utilizing timber and other lignocellulosic resources. As synthetic wood adhesives are mostly derived from depleting petrochemical resources and have caused increasing environmental concern, natural product and byproduct-derived adhesives have attracted much attention in the last decades. Although adhesives made from plant and animal sources have been in existence since ancient times, increased knowledge of their chemistry and improved technical formulation of their preparation are still needed to promote their broader industrial applications. The primary goals of this book are to (1) synthesize the fundamental knowledge and latest research on bio-based adhesives from a remarkable range of natural products and byproducts, (2) identify need areas and provide directions of future bio-based adhesive research, and (3) help integrating research findings in practical adhesive applicTable of ContentsPreface. About the editor. Protein-based Wood Adhesives: Current Trends of Preparation and Application. Adhesion properties of soy protein subunits and protein adhesive modification. Modification of soy-based adhesives to enhance the bonding performance. Canola protein and oil-based wood adhesives. Wood adhesives containing proteins and carbohydrates. Preparation and utilization of water washed cottonseed meal as wood adhesives. Comparative evaluation of rice bran- and corn starch-modified urea formaldehyde adhesives on improvements of environmental performance of agro-based composites. Tannins for wood adhesives, foams and composites. Utilization of citric acid in wood bonding. Synthesis of polymers from liquefied biomass and their utilization in wood bonding. Preparation, properties, and bonding utilization of pyrolysis bio-oil. Application of the rosin from White Pitch (Protium heptaphyllum) for use as wood adhesive. Effects of rheology and viscosity of biobased adhesives on bonding performance. Effects of nano-materials on different properties of wood-composite materials. Bio-based wood adhesives research: advances and outlooks. Index.

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Book SynopsisNeed quick review and practice to help you excel in Chemistry?Barron’s Chemistry Practice Plus features more than 400 online practice questions and a concise review guide that covers the basics of Chemistry. Inside you’ll find: Concise review on the basics of Chemistry—an excellent resource for students who want a quick review of the most important topics Access to 400+ online questions arranged by topic for customized practice Online practice includes answer explanations with expert advice for all questions plus scoring to track your progress This essential guide is the perfect practice supplement for students and teachers!

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Book SynopsisAdvocated (and attacked) by commentators across the political spectrum, paying every citizen a basic income regardless of their circumstances sounds utopian. However, as our economies are transformed and welfare states feel the strain, it has become a hotly debated issue. In this compelling book, Louise Haagh, one of the world’s leading experts on basic income, argues that Universal Basic Income is essential to freedom, human development and democracy in the twenty-first century. She shows that, far from being a silver bullet that will transform or replace capitalism, or a sticking plaster that will extend it, it is a crucial element in a much broader task of constructing a democratic society that will promote social equality and humanist justice. She uses her unrivalled knowledge of the existing research to unearth key issues in design and implementation in a range of different contexts across the globe, highlighting the potential and pitfalls at a time of crisis in governing and public austerity. This book will be essential reading for anyone who wants to get beyond the hype and properly understand one of the most important issues facing politics, economics and social policy today.Trade Review‘An outstanding book which makes a major contribution to the debate on basic income, highlighting its potential to supplement rather than replace the welfare state and to make economic life more democratic.’Andrew Gamble, University of SheffieldTable of ContentsChapter 1 Basic Income in TimeChapter 2 Human Development FreedomChapter 3 Democratic DevelopmentConclusionFor full extended appendices, please click here: http://politybooks.com/haagh-ubi-appendices/

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Book SynopsisWelfare states face profound challenges. Widening economic and social inequalities have been intensified by austerity politics, sharpened by the rise in ethno-nationalism and exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. At the same time, recent decades have seen a resurgence of social justice activism at both the local and the transnational level. Yet the transformative power of feminist, anti-racist and postcolonial/decolonial thinking has become relatively marginal to core social policy theory, while other critical approaches – around disability, sexuality, migration, age and the environment – have found recognition only selectively. This book provides a much needed new analysis of this complex landscape, drawing together critical approaches in social policy with intersectionality and political economy. Fiona Williams contextualizes contemporary social policies not only in the global crisis of finance capitalism but also in the interconnected global crises of care, ecology and racialized borders. These shape and are shaped at national scale by the intersecting dynamics of family, nation, work and nature. Through critical assessment of these realities, the book probes the ethical, prefigurative and transformative possibilities for a future welfare commons. This significant intervention will animate social policy thinking, teaching and research. It will be essential reading for anyone wanting to understand the complexities of social policy for the years ahead.Trade ReviewJoint Winner of the 2023 Peter Townsend Prize of the British Academy‘Fiona Williams has been a vital force in developing critical approaches to social policy. This book brilliantly consolidates and advances our thinking about welfare and welfare states – and does so in a typically subtle and stimulating way. A must-read!’John Clarke, Emeritus Professor, The Open University ‘Breathtaking in its scope, Social Policy sets a challenging analytical and ethical agenda for social policy as a discipline and a praxis. And it contains important messages for all who seek to “build back better” from COVID-19.’Ruth Lister, Member of the House of Lords and Emeritus Professor of Social Policy, Loughborough University‘Social Policy successfully marries critical and intersectional approaches to reveal the multiplicity of socio-economic inequalities and the ways in which they interlock... The book is strongly committed to humanity, social justice and welfare and is driven by a call for a radical paradigm change in welfare principles, praxis and governance, leading to transformational improvements in people’s lives.’Judging Panel of the British Academy’s 2023 Peter Townsend PrizeTable of Contents1. Introduction PART I ORIENTATION 2. A Critical and Intersectional Approach to Social Policy 3. Intersecting Global Crises and Dynamics of Family, Nation, Work, and Nature: a framework for analysis PART II ANALYSIS 4. Un/Settling Family-Nation-Work-Nature: from austerity to pandemic 5. The Social Relations of Welfare: subjects, agents, activists 6. Intersections in the Transnational, Social and Political Economy of Care PART III PRAXIS 7. Towards an Eco-Welfare Commons: intersections of political ethics and prefigurative practices 8. Conclusion: multi-dimensional thinking for social policy Appendix I Elaborating Family-Nation-Work-Nature and Welfare Appendix II Situating the Author within Social Policy

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Book SynopsisColonial Trauma is a path-breaking account of the psychosocial effects of colonial domination. Following the work of Frantz Fanon, Lazali draws on historical materials as well as her own clinical experience as a psychoanalyst to shed new light on the ways in which the history of colonization leaves its traces on contemporary postcolonial selves. Lazali found that many of her patients experienced difficulties that can only be explained as the effects of “colonial trauma” dating from the French colonization of Algeria and the postcolonial period. Many French feel weighed down by a colonial history that they are aware of but which they have not experienced directly. Many Algerians are traumatized by the way that the French colonial state imposed new names on people and the land, thereby severing the links with community, history, and genealogy and contributing to feelings of loss, abandonment, and injustice. Only by reconstructing this history and uncovering its consequences can we understand the impact of colonization and give individuals the tools to come to terms with their past. By demonstrating the power of psychoanalysis to illuminate the subjective dimension of colonial domination, this book will be of great interest to anyone concerned with the long-term consequences of colonization and its aftermath.Trade Review"This book adds an important layer to the psychoanalytic understanding of colonial trauma and its afterlife. Beginning with her bilingual clinical practice in France and Algeria, Lazali addresses how patients differ in their response to the technologies of a 'whiting out' of an erased past. She takes up the mantle of Fanon to study intergenerational trauma and how it manifests itself in her patients, in Francophone literary texts, in the bellicose and violent struggles around religion, language, and politics, in concepts of the social, and in the relationship between individuated subjects and the group."—Ranjana Khanna, Professor of Literature at Duke University "With Colonial Trauma, there is no going back to how we thought about colonialism before, just as it is now unclear how we go forward from here—theoretically, clinically, or politically."—European Journal of PsychoanalysisTable of ContentsForeword – Mariana WikinskiIntroduction: The Trouble of Acknowledging Colonial TraumaThe History of French Colonization in Algeria: A Blank Space in Memory and PoliticsA Much-Needed Interdisciplinary Approach 1. Psychoanalysis and Algerian ParadoxesDisarray of the Private and Public SpheresGod’s Reinforcement of Failing Institutions The Power of Religion and the Religion of Power The Literary Text and the Invisible Staging of PowerThe Power of the “Language, Religion and Politics”(LRP) Bloc as Revealed by Clinical PsychoanalysisThe Duplicity of Subjects Confronting Censorship from the LRPAbandoned Citizenship and Speech Acts 2. Colonial RuptureThe Colony: The Rogue Child of the Enlightenment Colonialism’s Destruction of Social Cohesion A Colonial Republic Divided, or the “Duty to Civilize [the] Barbarians”1945: A Literature of Refusal is BornNedjma: An Esthetic of Colonial Destruction?Disrupting Genealogical Ties: The Effect of “Renaming” Algerians in the 1880sSubjective Catastrophes and the Disappearance of the Father as Symbolic ReferenceWriting against Anonymous FiliationJean El Mouhoub Amrouche: A Broken Voice 3. Colonialism Consumed by War1945-1954: The Necessity of WarThe Impossibility of Forgetting and Madness, a “Remedy” for DisappearanceSilencing the Unforgettable Mutilation of Bodies Toulouse, 2012: The Return of MurderConstructing the “Nation”The Writer’s Pressing Need: Transform Disappearance into Absence 4. Colonialism’s Devastating Effects on Post-Independence Algeria The Mutilated Body of the Colonized and the Hunger for ReparationColonial Hogra and a Frantic Quest for LegitimacyThe “Orphaning” Effect of Colonialism and its Impact Further Distortion of Patronyms Divested of a Name: A Form of Colonial MurderManufacturing Erasure and Denial under ColonialismFrom Colonial Trauma to Social Trauma 5. Fratricide: The Dark Side of the Political OrderThe Emergence of Algerian Nationalist Movements in the 1930sThe War of Liberation and an Impossible FraternityFrom Parricide to FratricideWhen the Murders between Brothers is Dismissed…Calling on the Father A Gap in Memory Sets Off an Endless Deadly Battle 6. The Internal War of the 90sReconsidering the LRP Bloc (language, religion and politics)The Tyranny and Pleasure of PowerThe Shift of 1988 and the Experience of Political PluralityAn Internal War of Unprecedented Violence The Curse of FratricideThe War Comes Home A Strange Reversal in NamingDo Freedom and Terror Go Hand in Hand? 7. State of Terror and State TerrorA Clinical Understanding of TerrorThe Terrified Subject’s Self-EliminationPsychological Terror is always Political Reconciliation: State Terror?When the State Tries to Make its Practice of Disappearance Disappear 8. Legitimacy, Fratricide and PowerJugurtha: A Fratricidal HeroUnpunished Crimes within the RepublicThe Legitimacy the French Conquest Claimed for ItselfThe Passion-filled Scene of ColonialityThe Specter of Discord: el Fitna 9. Getting Out of the Colonial PactAfter Liberation, the Indefatigable Reenactment of Coloniality within Subjectivities and the Political OrderTrauma as Shelter and AlibiThe Brutalization of the Living: the Disappearance of ChildrenThe “Bone Seekers”: from the Child to the Fathers Conclusion: Ending the Colonial Curse: Lessons from FanonThe “Colonial Pact”: Erasure of Memory, Disappearance of Bodies, Dispossession of ExistenceThe Mystical Quality of the Colonized For a Future Liberation Notes Index

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Book SynopsisPeople in poverty suffer daily under misconceptions about economic hardship and its causes. Providing the most comprehensive consideration to date of poverty in the United States, Elizabeth Seale tackles how we think about issues of culture, behavior, and poverty, cutting straight to the heart of debates about social class. The book addresses tough questions, including how being poor affects individual behavior, and how we can make sense of that in a larger social and political context. The central premise is that to understand the behavior and lives of people in poverty, one must consider their relational context, especially relations of vulnerability and the human need for dignity. Poverty is a social problem we should address as a society by changing social relations that, as a matter of course, cause unnecessary and immense suffering. To do so, we must directly confront our lack of regard for people in poverty by recognizing that they are in fact worthy of an effort to induce major social change. This critical introduction to poverty will be an important read for undergraduate students and above in sociology wanting to learn more about the growing social problems of poverty, inequality, and stratification.Table of Contents1. On Understanding Poverty in the U.S. My Research Experience How We Think and Talk about Poverty A Relational Approach What a Relational Approach Contributes Relations of Vulnerability and the Desire for Dignity Aims and Overview of the Book 2. Who Are the Poor? Defining and Measuring Poverty Mobility Diversity Similarity to and Difference from the Nonpoor Conclusion 3. Family and Parenting Single Mother Households Young Moms Child Maltreatment Conclusion 4. Culture Historical Context Culture of Poverty and Policy Problems with the Culture of Poverty Arguments Contemporary Research on Culture and Poverty A Culture of Dependency or a Culture of Blame? Conclusion 5. Structure and Social Relations How Structure Creates Poverty Social Policy: Punishing the Poor The Limits of Structuralism A Relational Approach 6. Opportunity and Personal Autonomy Going to College Finding (Better) Employment General Autonomy Conclusion 7. Vulnerability and Dignity The Relations of Poverty Changing Our Thinking about Poverty The Significance of a Relational Approach Conclusion

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Book SynopsisExam Board: AQA, Edexcel, CCEA, OCR, WJEC Eduqas Level: A-level Subject: Chemistry First teaching: September 2015 First exams: Summer 2017 Master the skills you need to set yourself apart and hit the highest grades; this year-round course companion develops the higher-order thinking skills that top-achieving students possess, providing step-by-step guidance, examples and tips for getting an A grade.Written by experienced author and teacher Sarah Longshaw, Aiming for an A in A-level Chemistry:- Helps you develop the 'A grade skills' of analysis, evaluation, creation and application- Takes you step by step through specific skills you need to master in A-level Chemistry, including scientific reading, quantitative and practical skills, so you can apply these skills and approach each exam question as an A/A* candidate- Clearly shows how to move up the grades with sample responses annotated to highlight the key features of A/A* answers- Helps you practise to achieve the levels expected of top-performing students, using in-class or homework activities and further reading tasks that stretch towards university-level study- Perfects exam technique through practical tips and examples of common pitfalls to avoid - Cultivates effective revision habits for success, with tips and strategies for producing and using revision resources- Supports all exam boards, outlining the Assessment Objectives for reaching the higher levels under the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC/Eduqas and CCEA specifications.

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Book SynopsisExam board: International BaccalaureateLevel: IB DiplomaSubject: ChemistryFirst teaching: September 2014First exams: Summer 2016Aim for the best Internal Assessment grade with this year-round companion, full of advice and guidance from an experienced IB Diploma Chemistry teacher.- Build your skills for the Individual Investigation with prescribed practicals supported by detailed examiner advice, expert tips and common mistakes to avoid.- Improve your confidence by analysing and practicing the practical skills required, with comprehension checks throughout.- Prepare for the Internal Assessment report through exemplars, worked answers and commentary. - Navigate the IB requirements with clear, concise explanations including advice on assessment objectives and rules on academic honesty.- Develop fully rounded and responsible learning with explicit reference to the IB learner profile and ATLs.

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Book SynopsisExam board: SQALevel: HigherSubject: ChemistryFirst teaching: September 2018 First exams: Summer 2019What do you really need to know for the SQA Higher Chemistry exam?This revision guide covers the essentials in less than 100 pages, so it's perfect for early exam preparation or last-minute revision.- Find key content at your fingertips with quick summaries of the concepts, processes and terminology that you need to understand- Get a better grade in your exam with tips on exam technique, mistakes to avoid and important things to remember- Revise and practise using end-of-topic questions and in-depth questions at the end of each section - with answers provided online - Benefit from the knowledge of experienced teacher, author and examiner John Anderson

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Book SynopsisHow computer animation technologies became vital visualization tools in the life sciences Who would have thought that computer animation technologies developed in the second half of the twentieth century would become essential visualization tools in today’s biosciences? This book is the first to examine this phenomenon. Molecular Capture reveals how popular media consumption and biological knowledge production have converged in molecular animations—computer simulations of molecular and cellular processes that immerse viewers in the temporal unfolding of molecular worlds—to produce new regimes of seeing and knowing.Situating the development of this technology within an evolving field of historical, epistemological, and political negotiations, Adam Nocek argues that molecular animations not only represent a key transformation in the visual knowledge practices of life scientists but also bring into sharp focus fundamental mutations in power within neoliberal capitalism. In particular, he reveals how the convergence of the visual economies of science and entertainment in molecular animations extends neoliberal modes of governance to the perceptual practices of scientific subjects. Drawing on Alfred North Whitehead’s speculative metaphysics and Michel Foucault’s genealogy of governmentality, Nocek builds a media philosophy well equipped to examine the unique coordination of media cultures in this undertheorized form of scientific media. More specifically, he demonstrates how governmentality operates across visual practices in the biosciences and the popular mediasphere to shape a molecular animation apparatus that unites scientific knowledge and entertainment culture.Ultimately, Molecular Capture proposes that molecular animation is an achievement of governmental design. It weaves together speculative media philosophy, science and technology studies, and design theory to investigate how scientific knowledge practices are designed through media apparatuses.Trade Review"Thoughtful and deeply researched, Molecular Capture brings together history of science, media theory, and philosophy of representation, power, and governmentality to present a provocative argument about the relation of entertainment and science as crystallized in the form of molecular animation."—Kirsten Ostherr, director of the Medical Futures Lab and the Medical Humanities Program, Rice University"Putting aside traditional film history models, Molecular Capture theorizes the time-based molecular model’s emergence across the science-entertainment divide. Part history of animation and part speculative visual theory of science imaging, Molecular Capture shows us the extent to which our fascination with the molecular, and molecules themselves, move fluidly across the science-entertainment divide."—Lisa Cartwright, University of California, San DiegoTable of ContentsContentsIntroduction: On Speculative Media PhilosophyPart I1. Molecular Entertainment2. Visuality and Experimental Knowledge Practices3. A Feeling for Theoretical BiologyPart II4. Eco-social Media5. Governing the SocialPart III6. The Animation Apparatus7. Epistemic CapturePostscript: A Prolegomenon to Governmental DesignAcknowledgmentsNotesVideography BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisHow computer animation technologies became vital visualization tools in the life sciences Who would have thought that computer animation technologies developed in the second half of the twentieth century would become essential visualization tools in today’s biosciences? This book is the first to examine this phenomenon. Molecular Capture reveals how popular media consumption and biological knowledge production have converged in molecular animations—computer simulations of molecular and cellular processes that immerse viewers in the temporal unfolding of molecular worlds—to produce new regimes of seeing and knowing.Situating the development of this technology within an evolving field of historical, epistemological, and political negotiations, Adam Nocek argues that molecular animations not only represent a key transformation in the visual knowledge practices of life scientists but also bring into sharp focus fundamental mutations in power within neoliberal capitalism. In particular, he reveals how the convergence of the visual economies of science and entertainment in molecular animations extends neoliberal modes of governance to the perceptual practices of scientific subjects. Drawing on Alfred North Whitehead’s speculative metaphysics and Michel Foucault’s genealogy of governmentality, Nocek builds a media philosophy well equipped to examine the unique coordination of media cultures in this undertheorized form of scientific media. More specifically, he demonstrates how governmentality operates across visual practices in the biosciences and the popular mediasphere to shape a molecular animation apparatus that unites scientific knowledge and entertainment culture.Ultimately, Molecular Capture proposes that molecular animation is an achievement of governmental design. It weaves together speculative media philosophy, science and technology studies, and design theory to investigate how scientific knowledge practices are designed through media apparatuses.Trade Review"Thoughtful and deeply researched, Molecular Capture brings together history of science, media theory, and philosophy of representation, power, and governmentality to present a provocative argument about the relation of entertainment and science as crystallized in the form of molecular animation."—Kirsten Ostherr, director of the Medical Futures Lab and the Medical Humanities Program, Rice University"Putting aside traditional film history models, Molecular Capture theorizes the time-based molecular model’s emergence across the science-entertainment divide. Part history of animation and part speculative visual theory of science imaging, Molecular Capture shows us the extent to which our fascination with the molecular, and molecules themselves, move fluidly across the science-entertainment divide."—Lisa Cartwright, University of California, San DiegoTable of ContentsContentsIntroduction: On Speculative Media PhilosophyPart I1. Molecular Entertainment2. Visuality and Experimental Knowledge Practices3. A Feeling for Theoretical BiologyPart II4. Eco-social Media5. Governing the SocialPart III6. The Animation Apparatus7. Epistemic CapturePostscript: A Prolegomenon to Governmental DesignAcknowledgmentsNotesVideography BibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisWelcome to Vegenaise, a game changer in the plant-based kitchen. This healthier, vegan alternative to mayonnaise is a cult favourite—even carnivores love the stuff. In addition to being a delicious spread, this versatile ingredient can be used to make salads, dips, sandwiches, breads, cakes and more. Gwyneth Paltrow “basically can’t live without Vegenaise”. Wait until she tries these recipes! The Vegenaise Cookbook features nostalgic, tuck-in food that is mouth wateringly delicious. The recipes are carefully curated and tested and they use readily available ingredients. Many are inspired by the offerings at Follow Your Heart, the natural foods restaurant that author Bob Goldberg and friends opened in 1970. This is a cookbook without pretence or judgment.

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Book SynopsisThis new book focuses on nanomaterial development as well as investigations of combustion and explosion processes. It presents valuable information on the modeling of processes and on quantum chemical calculations and leading-edge research from around the world in this dynamic field, focusing on concepts above formal experimental techniques and theoretical methods of chemical physics for micro- and nanotechnologies. Also presented are non-linear kinetic appearances and their possible applications.Table of ContentsNanotechnology. Self-Organization of Nanoscale Structures by Epitaxial Deposition. Theoretical Bases of Non-Contact Measurements of Electromagnetic Parameters of Nanomaterials. Structure, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Magnerot Nanoscale Drug. X-Ray Photoelectron Study of the Mechanism of the Functionalization of the Carbon Copper-Containing Nanostructure Surface with sp-Elements. Comparative Analysis of Elemental and Structural Composition of Nanocrystalline Tantalum Powders. Phase Transformations in Nanostructed Steel 08H15N5D2T at Heat. Formation of the Material Structure from the Nano-Sized TiO2 Powder during Sintering Process. The Development of a New Nanoscale Kit on Alumina Nanopowder-Based for Generator of Technetium-99M and the Study on Its Functional Suitability for Diagnosis in Oncology. Nano Structures by Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Processes. Controlling Electrospun Polymer Nanofibers Structure Using Microscopic Model for Ideal Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Polymers. Assessment of Structural Condition of Amorphous Alloys Thin Surface Layers. Synthesis of Ultrafine Metal Oxide Particles in the Polymer Matrix of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene. Polyanilines: Two Cases Studies and Updates. Study of Heat Protection Polymer Materials Containing Silicon Carbide and Perlite. Method of the Increase of Thermostability of Filled Polymers. Insights in Modeling and Chemical Physics. The Particles’ Dynamic Motion Modeling on a Centrifugal Shock Mill Blades. Condensation-Lingual Captivity Associated Oil Gas in Thin-Walled Pipes on Multiple Speeds. Study of Laminar Diffusion Combustion Models. Mathematical Modeling of Flow with Homogeneous Condensation. Simulation of Phase Transformations in the Fe-Cr Alloys at High Temperatures. The Mobility of Technogenic Arsenic in the Soils of Udmurtia under the Influence of Atmospheric Precipitation. Synthesis of Diamond Precursor MW CVD Method for Forming Diamond Films on Tungsten Carbide Material. The Influence of Non-Specific Binding of Antibodies on Forming of Analytical Response of Amperometric Immunosensor. Molecular Modeling of the 2-(Pyridin-2-yl)-1H-Benzimidazole Intramolecular Dynamics. NMR 13C Spectra of the 1,1,3-Trimethyl-3-(4-Methylphenyl) Butyl Hydroperoxide in Various Solvents: Molecular Modeling.

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Book SynopsisThe use of atomic energy for military purposes has given rise to a variety of nuclear accidents from the outset. This applies to all levels of use: from the manufacture of weapons to their commissioning. This book provides an overview of the potential impact of such accidents. The prospective consequences of local and global nuclear war are detailed. Similarly, for each accident, the environmental, ecological, health and socio-economic consequences are reviewed. The contamination of the environment and its fauna and flora is detailed and the effects of ionizing radiation are reported. The same is provided for human populations and the adverse effects on the health and physical and mental states of the populations concerned. The economic cost of accidents is also evaluated. The research presented in this book is based on scientifically recognized publications, and reports from the military forces of the various countries concerned and from the national and international organizations competent in this field (IAEA, WHO, UNSCEAR, IRSN, ICPR, etc.). Table of ContentsAcknowledgments xi Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii Preface xix Chapter 1. Classification of Nuclear Accidents 1 1.1. Classification of nuclear events: incident or accident? 1 1.2. Military classification 3 1.3. Acknowledged, unknown and secret accidents 6 1.4. Origin and frequency of accidents 8 1.4.1. Origin of accidents 8 1.4.2. Frequency of accidents 8 Chapter 2. Birth of Atomic Weapons and Their First Atrocious Applications 11 2.1. Introduction 11 2.1.1. Discoveries of natural and artificial radioactivity 12 2.1.2. The discovery of fission and the first nuclear reactor 13 2.1.3. The A-bomb 14 2.1.4. French research work before and after World War II 15 2.2. The explosions in Hiroshima and Nagasaki: the first appalling applications of fission 16 2.2.1. The facts 17 2.2.2. The immediate effects (destruction of buildings) 18 2.2.3. The environmental consequences 20 2.2.4. Health consequences 23 2.2.5. The sociological costs 32 2.2.6. The economic costs 33 2.3. Conclusion 35 Chapter 3. Atomic Bomb Tests 37 3.1. Introduction 37 3.1.1. Test sites 39 3.1.2. Various types of atomic tests 42 3.1.3. Safety of atmospheric tests 43 3.1.4. Various phases of a nuclear explosion 43 3.2. Atmospheric atomic tests: massive voluntary releases 44 3.2.1. A-bombs 45 3.2.2. H-bombs 45 3.2.3. Production of radionuclides from an explosion 46 3.2.4. Production of particles and aerosols 47 3.2.5. Surface deposits 48 3.2.6. Accidents during atmospheric atomic tests 48 3.3. Accidents during underground atomic tests 52 3.3.1. Radioactive releases during underground tests. 52 3.3.2. Soviet accidents 52 3.3.3. American accidents 53 3.3.4. French accidents 53 3.3.5. British and Chinese accidents 54 3.4. Environmental consequences 54 3.4.1. Geomechanical consequences 54 3.4.2. Environmental contaminations 55 3.5. Worldwide spatial consequences of atomic tests 67 3.6. Health consequences 71 3.6.1. Health consequences to military personnel 72 3.6.2. Health consequences on workers 73 3.6.3. Health consequences on local populations 74 3.6.4. Health consequences on the world population 90 3.7. Sociological consequences 91 3.7.1. Taking into account the harm suffered from French tests 91 3.7.2. The case of American military personnel and civilians 94 3.7.3. Psychological illnesses related to nuclear explosions 94 3.8. Economic impact 95 3.8.1. Compensation for military personnel and local populations 95 3.8.2. The cost of French tests at Mururoa and Fangataufa 99 3.9. Conclusion 99 Chapter 4. Accidents Involving Deterrence 101 4.1. Introduction 101 4.1.1. The principle of nuclear deterrence 101 4.1.2. Acquisition of the bomb 103 4.1.3. From massive retaliation to flexible response 104 4.1.4. The second path to nuclear arms 104 4.1.5. The situation in the 21st Century 105 4.1.6. The main non-proliferation treaties 106 4.2. Accidents involving weapons in service 107 4.2.1. Accidents involving bombers carrying nuclear weapons 107 4.2.2. Accidents involving submarines carrying nuclear weapons 110 4.2.3. Missile and rocket accidents 116 4.2.4. Accidents during armed missile tests 117 4.2.5. Accidents involving power generators and satellites 119 4.2.6. Various accidents 120 4.3. Consequences for the environment 121 4.3.1. Consequences of bomber aircraft accidents 121 4.3.2. Consequences of submarine wrecks 124 4.3.3. Consequences of submerged military waste 127 4.4. Consequences for flora and fauna 130 4.5. Consequences on human health 131 4.6. Economic consequences: the cost of nuclear deterrence 134 4.6.1. The American costs of nuclear deterrence 134 4.6.2. French costs of nuclear deterrence 139 4.6.3. British costs of nuclear deterrence 140 4.6.4. The costs of nuclear deterrence for other nations 140 4.7. Strike force in the future 141 4.8. Conclusion 144 Chapter 5. Accidents Involving the Production of Atomic Weapons 145 5.1. Introduction 145 5.2. Accidents involving plutonium production units 151 5.2.1. The Windscale accident 151 5.2.2. The Kyshtym accident at Mayak 152 5.2.3. The accident at Tomsk 154 5.2.4. The Gore accident 155 5.3. Criticality accidents 155 5.4. The consequences of an accident on atomic bomb storage sites 159 5.5. Environmental impact 160 5.5.1. Windscale 160 5.5.2. Kyshtym and its surroundings 161 5.5.3. Tomsk 169 5.5.4. Hanford and Los Alamos 169 5.6. Health consequences 170 5.6.1. Windscale 170 5.6.2. Kyshtym 172 5.6.3. Tomsk 179 5.6.4. Gore 179 5.7. Costs of weapons production plants 180 5.8. Conclusion 182 Chapter 6. Nuclear Warfare 185 6.1. Introduction 185 6.2. Humanity and the legitimacy of a nuclear war 186 6.3. The risks of a nuclear war 187 6.3.1. Nuclear war has not taken place… but it is possible 187 6.3.2. International crises and moments of senseless escalation 188 6.3.3. Accidents that may trigger nuclear war 190 6.3.4. False alarms that may trigger nuclear war 191 6.3.5. Geopolitics and nuclear war 192 6.4. How to avoid nuclear war 194 6.4.1. Increased awareness and establishment of peace movements 194 6.4.2. The Stockholm Appeal 195 6.4.3. Limiting those that possess the bomb 196 6.4.4. Towards a new treaty for outlawing nuclear weapons? 196 6.4.5. Peace movements 197 6.5. Scenarios of nuclear war 198 6.6. The environmental impact of nuclear war 199 6.6.1. Large-scale fires and smoke 200 6.6.2. Dust 201 6.6.3. Radioactive fallout 201 6.6.4. Depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer and increase in UV rays 201 6.6.5. Oxygen losses and increases in carbon dioxide 202 6.6.6. Reductions in light and temperatures 202 6.6.7. Nuclear winter 203 6.6.8. Radioactive contamination 204 6.7. Ecological impact of nuclear war 205 6.8. Impact of nuclear war on health 206 6.9. Expenditure on dismantling and destroying nuclear weapons in the United States 207 6.10. Conclusion 211 Conclusion 213 References 215 Index 247

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Book SynopsisThe peaceful use of atomic energy has given rise to a variety of nuclear accidents from the start. This concerns all forms of use, industrial and medical. For each accident, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents details the contamination of the environment, flora and fauna, and quantifies the effects of ionizing radiation. The book also examines the adverse effects on the health, both physical and mental, of the human populations concerned. The monetary cost is also evaluated. The research presented in this book is based on scientifically recognized publications and on the reports of national and international organizations competent in this field (IAEA, WHO, UNSCEAR, IRSN, etc.). The book contains chapters devoted to the most recent accidents (Chernobyl and Fukushima), with a large body of institutional and academic literature. Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv List of Acronyms. xvii Chapter 1. Classification of Civil, Industrial and Medical Nuclear Accidents 1 1.1. Nuclear accident or radiological accident? 2 1.2. Classification of nuclear accidents. Incident or accident? 3 1.2.1. Application of the INES in France 5 1.2.2. Application of the INES at the international level 6 1.2.3. Other classifications of nuclear accidents 6 1.2.4. The NAMS classification 6 1.3. Classification of radiological accidents 7 1.4. The typology of accidents 9 1.4.1. Criticality accidents 10 1.4.2. Accidents in nuclear power reactors 11 1.4.3. Losses of radioactive sources 11 1.4.4. Radiotherapy accidents 12 1.4.5. Terrorist attacks 12 1.5. What are the main nuclear accidents? 12 1.6. Information on nuclear energy. 17 Chapter 2. Accidents Related to Nuclear Power Production 19 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Accidents in the nuclear fuel cycle 19 2.2.1. Uranium mines 20 2.2.2. Milling, conversion, enrichment and fuel manufacturing plants 22 2.2.3. Nuclear reactors 22 2.2.4. Spent fuel reprocessing plants 29 2.3. Accidents in laboratories 33 2.3.1. Chalk River laboratories 33 2.3.2. French study centers 34 2.4. Other accidents 35 2.4.1. Accidents in civil engineering 35 2.4.2. Accidents in nuclear propulsion 36 2.5. Waste management incidents 36 2.6. Incidents in the transport of radioactive packages 37 2.7. Environmental consequences 38 2.7.1. Uranium mines 38 2.7.2. Tokai-Mura 39 2.7.3. Saint-Laurent-des-Eaux 39 2.7.4. Three Mile Island 40 2.7.5. Church Rock 41 2.7.6. La Hague 41 2.7.7. Chalk River 41 2.7.8. Simi Valley 42 2.8. Health consequences 42 2.8.1. Uranium miners 42 2.8.2. Workers in the nuclear industry 44 2.8.3. Simi Valley 47 2.8.4. Tokai-Mura 48 2.8.5. Lucens 49 2.8.6. Three Mile Island 49 2.8.7. Church Rock 50 2.8.8. La Hague 50 2.8.9. Chalk River 51 2.8.10. Ruthenium 106 releases in Russia in September 2017 51 2.9. The cost of accidents 52 2.11. Conclusions 54 Chapter 3. The Extremely Serious Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl 57 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. The facts 58 3.2.1. The Chernobyl site and the nuclear power plant 58 3.2.2. The accident 58 3.2.3. The core and the sarcophage 59 3.2.4. Atmospheric emissions 59 3.2.5. The dispersion of radionuclides 60 3.2.6. Radioactive fallout 61 3.2.7. Accident management 64 3.2.8. Countermeasures carried out at Chernobyl 67 3.3. Spatial and environmental consequences 68 3.3.1. Atmospheric contamination 68 3.3.2. Soil contamination 69 3.3.3. Surface water contamination 69 3.3.4. Groundwater contamination 70 3.3.5. Forest contamination 71 3.3.6. Contamination of the aquatic environment 74 3.3.7. Contamination of the marine environment 76 3.4. Ecological consequences of the Chernobyl accident 76 3.4.1. The three phases 76 3.4.2. Effects at molecular level 78 3.4.3. Genetic effects 80 3.4.4. Morphological and physiological effects on individuals 86 3.4.5. Effects on individual reproduction (sex, sex-ratio, fertility) 88 3.4.6. Effects on populations (age, abundance, longevity) 89 3.4.7. Effects on ecosystem structure and functioning 92 3.4.8. Partial conclusion 93 3.5. Health consequences 94 3.5.1. Implications for large organisms 94 3.5.2. The main contributions to exposure 97 3.5.3. Population exposure 97 3.5.4. Cancer pathologies 100 3.5.5. Non-cancerous pathologies 106 3.5.6. Mortalities resulting from the Chernobyl accident 112 3.6. Social consequences 115 3.6.1. Psychological disorders among liquidators 115 3.6.2. Psychological disorders in evacuated populations 116 3.7. Consequences in Europe and France 119 3.7.1. The impact of Chernobyl in Europe 119 3.7.2. The impact of Chernobyl in France 123 3.7.3. Cases of thyroid cancer in France 128 3.8. Economic consequences 130 3.9. Long-term management of the Chernobyl accident 131 3.10. Conclusion 132 Chapter 4. Fukushima’s Serious Nuclear Accidents 135 4.1. Introduction 135 4.2. The course of the Fukushima accidents 136 4.2.1. The facts 136 4.2.2. Atmospheric emissions 139 4.2.3. Marine discharges 140 4.3. Actions taken by the Japanese authorities 141 4.3.1. Evacuation of the populations 141 4.3.2. Distribution of iodine tablets to children 144 4.3.3. Exposure limits for nuclear workers and the public 144 4.3.4. Regulatory values and food monitoring 145 4.3.5. Decontamination tests of crop production 147 4.3.6. Decontamination and waste management 147 4.3.7. The restructuring of the Japanese nuclear industry 149 4.3.8. Compensation of victims 149 4.4. Environmental contamination 150 4.4.1. Contamination of the atmosphere 150 4.4.2. Contamination of the terrestrial environment 152 4.4.3. Forest contamination 155 4.4.4. Bird contamination 158 4.4.5. Contamination of freshwater environments 158 4.4.6. Contamination of the marine environment 159 4.4.7. Contamination of agricultural products and foodstuffs 165 4.5. Exposure and effects on flora and fauna 170 4.5.1. Exposure and effects on forests 171 4.5.2. Exposure and effects on birds 172 4.5.3. Exposure and effects on other terrestrial organisms 174 4.5.4. Exposure and effects on freshwater organisms 175 4.5.5. Exposure and effects on marine organisms 175 4.6. Health consequences 177 4.6.1. Consequences for the local human population 177 4.6.2. The consequences for nuclear workers 184 4.6.3. Consequences on the world population (excluding Japan) 187 4.7. Economic consequences 188 4.8. The situation in 2016 and 2017 189 4.8.1. The current situation of the Fukushima nuclear facilities 189 4.8.2. The time course of freshwater contamination 190 4.8.3. The first returns and return intentions of the evacuated populations following the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant 192 4.9. Conclusions 192 Chapter 5. Industrial and Medical Radiology Accidents 195 5.1 Introduction 195 5.2. Industrial and medical applications 196 5.2.1. Non-destructive industrial testing 196 5.2.2. Industrial synthesis reactions and mechanical and chemical transformations 197 5.2.3. Environmental remediation and waste treatment by irradiation 198 5.2.4. Agri-food applications 199 5.2.5. Medical applications 200 5.3. Radiological criticality accidents 202 5.4. Radiological accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources 203 5.4.1. Loss of radioactive sources and public exposure 205 5.4.2. The main causes of loss of radioactive sources 211 5.4.3. Nuclear accidents related to the loss of radioactive sources 212 5.5. Radiological accidents with radioactive sources and industrial accelerators 215 5.6. Medical radiological accidents 219 5.6.1. Historical accidents involving the use of radiotherapy 219 5.6.2. Radiological accidents with medicinal radioactive sources 220 5.6.3. Brachytherapy and brachytherapy accidents 225 5.6.4. Interventional radiology by fluoroscopy 226 5.6.5. Secondary cancers 227 5.7. Conclusions 227 Conclusion 229 Glossary 239 References 249 Index 309

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Book SynopsisThe introduction of digital manufacturing techniques, such as 3D printing applied to concrete material, opens up new perspectives on the way in which buildings are designed. Research on this theme is thriving and there is a high rate of innovation related to concrete. At the same time, the first life-size constructions made from printed concrete are emerging from the ground. This book presents state-of-the-art knowledge on the different printing processes as well as on the concrete material that must adapt to these new manufacturing techniques, such as new hardware and new printers for concrete. The possibilities in terms of architectural design are discussed as well as the pathways that remain to be uncovered. The book also explores the challenges that researchers and companies expect to overcome as they get closer to democratizing this potential revolution that is the digital manufacturing of concrete. Table of ContentsIntroduction ixArnaud PERROT Chapter 1. 3D Printing in Concrete: General Considerations and Technologies 1Arnaud PERROT and Sofiane AMZIANE 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. General considerations for 3D printing and additive fabrication 2 1.2.1. What is 3D printing? 2 1.2.2. Towards the 3D printing of cement-based materials 7 1.3. The digital and additive fabrication of cement materials 7 1.3.1. Introduction 7 1.3.2. Printed methods using extrusion and deposition 9 1.3.3. Methods of printing by injection into a particle bed 22 1.3.4. Alternative printing methods 25 1.4. A classification of 3D printing methods for concrete 29 1.4.1. Philosophy 29 1.4.2. Classification parameters 30 1.4.3. Example of classification 33 1.5. References 35 Chapter 2. 3D Printing in Concrete: Techniques for Extrusion/Casting 41Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD 2.1. Introduction 41 2.2. Breakdown of the process into stages 43 2.3. Behavior during the fresh state and the printing stage 46 2.3.1. Rheology of cement-based materials 46 2.3.2. Pumping 52 2.3.3. Extrusion 54 2.3.4. Stability of an elemental layer during deposition 56 2.3.5. Overall stability of the printed structure in a wet state 58 2.4. Other problems occurring during concrete extrusion printing 62 2.4.1. Elastic deformation and accuracy of the deposition 62 2.4.2. Shrinkage and cracking during drying 63 2.4.3. Bonding between layers – weakness at the interface between layers 65 2.4.4. Concept of time windows 66 2.5. Conclusion 67 2.6. References 68 Chapter 3. 3D Printing by Selective Binding in a Particle Bed: Principles and Challenges 73Alexandre PIERRE and Arnaud PERROT 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Classification of selective printing processes and strategies 75 3.2.1. Selective cement activation 77 3.2.2. Selective paste intrusion 80 3.2.3. Injection of the binder 82 3.3. State of the art of selective printing and major achievements 82 3.4. Scientific challenges 84 3.4.1. Selective cement activation and the effect of water penetration 84 3.4.2. Selective intrusion and penetration by cement paste 89 3.4.3. Towards modeling in 3D 94 3.5. Conclusion 96 3.6. References 96 Chapter 4. Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Cement Materials 101Mohammed SONEBI, Sofiane AMZIANE and Arnaud PERROT 4.1. Introduction 101 4.2. Mechanical performance of the cement materials printed using the extrusion/deposition method 102 4.2.1. Effect of extrusion on the mechanical characteristics of cement-based composites 103 4.2.2. Mechanical behavior of 3D printed cement materials 105 4.3 Effects of the additive fabrication method on the mechanical behavior of cement-based materials 116 4.3.1. Printed concrete = anisotropic stratified materials: possible causes 116 4.3.2. Effects of the printing process parameters on the mechanical properties 116 4.4. Mechanical behavior obtained with other methods of 3D printing of cement-based materials 119 4.4.1. Production using robotic sliding castings (“Smart Dynamic Casting”) 119 4.4.2. Printing using the method of injection into a particle bed 119 4.5. Conclusion 120 4.6. References 121 Chapter 5. 3D Printing with Concrete: Impact and Designs of Structures 125Arnaud PERROT and Damien RANGEARD 5.1. Introduction 125 5.2. Freedom of forms: architectural liberation and topological optimization 126 5.2.1. 3D printing with concrete: a boon for architects? 126 5.2.2. Towards the creation of structures with optimized shapes? 128 5.2.3. Could 3D concrete printers go through a transition similar to the transition from black and white to color? 130 5.3. Design of structures: reinforcement strategies and design codes 131 5.3.1. The use of fibers 132 5.3.2. External reinforcements 133 5.3.3. Steel wire placed within the extruded material 133 5.3.4. Dedicated spaces acting as lost formworks 134 5.3.5. Wrapping of reinforcement elements set in place beforehand 135 5.3.6. Towards a specific design code? 136 5.4. Impacts of 3D printing 136 5.4.1. Environmental impact 136 5.4.2. Societal impact 138 5.4.3. Economic impact 139 5.5. Conclusion 140 5.6. References 141 List of Authors 145 Index 147

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Book SynopsisInnovations of agri-food systems during the last 50 years have been guided by a globalized agro-industrial paradigm, which has contributed to climate change, degradation of natural resources, soil depletion, social inequalities, loss of biodiversity and various food-related health problems. Despite the increasing emphasis of food policies and research to address these issues with ecologically sustainable innovations, there are still no studies that explain how to utilize and integrate ecodesign practices in food products development in a world of finite resources. This book explains how to employ ecodesign in business models to address the economic, social, environmental, and nutritional problems that face the world�s food systems. The lessons of the ÉcoTrophélia project ? a unique program implemented by a group of European agricultural higher education institutions to involve students in designing and developing food ecoinnovation projects ? are explored. Through an analysis of these projects, the authors describe the tools, methods and standards that were developed to institute ecodesign into the business models of 11 ecologically-friendly food products. This book provides operational good practices that can be implemented in educational programs and agri-food industries, to orient learning and practices towards greater sustainability.Table of ContentsForeword ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv Part 1. Food and Sustainable Development Challenges 1 Chapter 1. Food: Issues and Challenges 3 1.1. History and roles of food 3 1.2. Environmental impacts related to food 7 1.3. Food systems 8 1.3.1. The emergence of food systems 9 1.3.2. Characterization of food systems 11 1.3.3. Historical evolution of food systems: models and functions 12 1.4. Evolution of food: disruptions in the practices and symbolism of foodstuffs 19 1.4.1. Disruptions in agricultural production modes 20 1.4.2. Disruptions in the way companies are organized 22 1.4.3. Disruptions in the ways in which space is occupied and developed 24 1.4.4. Disruptions in distribution systems 25 1.4.5. Disruptions in consumption patterns 27 1.4.6. Disruption in food values 28 1.5. Contribution of food systems to food supply 31 1.5.1. An intensive, specialized and concentrated agro-industrial system 31 1.5.2. A globalized agro-industrial food system 32 1.6. Trends, challenges and scenarios for a sustainable global food system 34 1.6.1. Three trends and challenges 34 1.6.2. Three scenarios or tools to explore the possible future of the global food system 35 1.7 Conclusion 38 Chapter 2. The Ecological Transition for Sustainable Food 41 2.1. Food and ecological transition 41 2.2. Ecological transition and corporate social responsibility 45 2.2.1. The different strategies observed 47 2.2.2. The origin of stakeholders and corporate social responsibility 47 2.3. Taking environmental issues into account 57 2.3.1. Taking environmental performance into account in product design 60 2.3.2. Qualitative or semi-qualitative environmental assessment tools and methods 62 2.3.3. Quantitative and monocriteria environmental assessment tools and methods 65 2.3.4. Quantitative and multi-criteria environmental assessment tools and methods: lifecycle assessment (LCA) 66 2.4. Taking nutritional issues into account 70 2.4.1. The framework for action 70 2.4.2. Tools and indicators for nutritional profiling of foodstuffs 72 2.5. Consideration of economic and social issues 74 2.5.1. Principle 74 2.5.2. Illustration of a Canadian dairy industry 75 2.6. Implementation of an ecodesign approach 76 2.7. Ecodesign practices for food chains 79 2.7.1. The principles of transforming business practices through standards 80 2.7.2. Management system standards: tools for managing sustainable development 82 2.7.3. The role of standards in fostering innovations related to sustainable development 89 2.7.4. Consumer behavior 91 2.7.5. Agricultural practices 93 2.7.6. More sustainable agri-food business practices 94 2.8. Conclusion 98 Part 2. Implementation of Ecodesign Practices in Food Innovation Projects 101 Chapter 3. Ecodesign of Food: The Cases of ÉcoTrophélia Projects 103 3.1. The ecological transition, a driver of innovation 103 3.2. Ecoinnovating by taking into account ecodesign practices 104 3.3. Know-how resulting from the ÉcoTrophélia competition 107 3.4. Framework for the analysis of ÉcoTrophélia projects 108 3.5. ÉcoTrophélia projects 113 3.5.1. VitaPlus: a range of dishes for pleasure, health and vitality for the elderly 115 3.5.2. Mixi’Mousse: rice-based mixes and mousses for hospitalized people suffering from dysphagia 122 3.5.3. Minigloo: a nutritious frozen dessert for children aged 1 to 3 129 3.5.4. Vertu: biscuits with plant extracts and essential oils to support quitting smoking 137 3.5.5. Lardons de la mer: high-quality fish offcuts used as bacon meat 145 3.5.6. PannIno: ecodesigned gnocchi with bakery by-products in three flavors 154 3.5.7. Prêt Par Moi: traditional creamy mixes, culinary aids for the preparation of hot dishes 163 3.5.8. Devatâ: a Cambodian lemongrass liqueur 172 3.5.9. Kokinéo des Incrépides: the balanced, tasty and complete crispy seafood, accessible to all budgets 180 3.5.10. So Sea’S: a vegetarian sausage available in snack form 189 3.5.11. Ici&Là: a vegetable burger made from lentils and other vegetables 196 3.6. Analysis of ÉcoTrophélia projects 202 3.6.1. Food ecodesign: an innovative design process that goes beyond new products 202 3.6.2. Detection of opportunities 204 3.6.3. Selection of the business model and product architecture 205 3.6.4. Determination of the innovation frontier 206 3.6.5. Learning and arbitration of ecodesign practices 207 3.6.6. Creating sustainable value 209 3.7. Conclusion 213 Chapter 4. Feedback for Ecodesign and Ecoinnovation 217 4.1. Feedback on the ÉcoTrophélia cases: definition of the ecodesign project phases 217 4.1.1. Entry point: a strong individual commitment 218 4.1.2. Creativity: ideation and conceptualization 218 4.1.3. Market analysis: definition of strategic positioning 219 4.1.4. Knowledge creation: the use of experimentation, experts and partners 221 4.1.5. Product development: taking sustainability into account 222 4.1.6. Communicating sustainability: towards new distribution systems 222 4.1.7. Towards the construction of sustainable business models 223 4.1.8. Overview 224 4.2. Resilience in the development of ecoinnovation within the framework of student projects 224 4.2.1. The importance of the starting point for innovation 227 4.2.2. New knowledge, new tools, complex decision-making and consistent choices 227 4.2.3. Overview 228 4.3. Transfer of experience to training and the company 229 4.3.1. Educational contributions 229 4.3.2. Managerial contributions 233 4.3.3. Overview 240 4.4. Conclusion 241 Conclusion 243 Appendix 247 References 271 Index 285

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Book SynopsisWhile very useful for studying syntheses of molecular diversity, multi-component reactions also offer rapid access to a variety of complex molecules that are relevant for biological applications. Multi-component Reactions in Molecular Diversity analyzes these reactions, whether they are realized by organometallic, ionic or even radical processes. It highlights popular methods based on monotype reactions (cascade, tandem, domino) and their efficiency and academic industrial domain are illustrated. This book also investigates the most efficient ways to prepare complex molecules. Multi-component reactions are in tune with the concepts of atom and steps economy, which are of prior importance in all the reported processes ? from the laboratory to the pilot scale. The essential criteria for green chemistry are also examined in the book in detail.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Organometallic Multicomponent Reactions 1Nuno MONTEIRO 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Multicomponent reactions: concept and applications 2 1.2.1. Concept and correlation with the principles of green chemistry 2 1.2.2. Origins and areas of application 5 1.3. Merging multicomponent and organometallic transformations 9 1.3.1. History: the predominant role of palladium 9 1.3.2. Contribution of catalysis in multicomponent reactions 12 1.3.3. Multicomponent catalytic reactions: design and applications 24 1.4. Conclusion 48 1.5. References 49 Chapter 2. Use of 1,3-Dicarbonyl Derivatives in Stereoselective Domino and Multicomponent Reactions 59Damien BONNE, Thierry CONSTANTIEUX, Yoann COQUEREL and Jean RODRIGUEZ 2.1. Introduction 59 2.2. Domino reactions 61 2.2.1. Diastereoselective domino reactions 61 2.2.2. Enantioselective domino-domino reactions 69 2.3. Multicomponent reactions 81 2.3.1. Diastereoselective multicomponent reactions 81 2.3.2. Enantioselective multicomponent reactions 92 2.4. Conclusion 104 2.5. References 105 Chapter 3. Multicomponent Radical Processes: Recent Developments 121Yannick LANDAIS 3.1. Polar effects: electrophilic and nucleophilic radical scales 122 3.2. Multicomponent radical reactions 123 3.2.1. Three-component radical reactions: radical additions to olefins 123 3.2.2. Three-component radical reactions: radical additions on imines 135 3.2.3. Four- and five-component radical reactions: carbonylation reactions 140 3.3. Multi-component radical-ionic reactions 145 3.3.1. Multi-component radical-anionic reactions 145 3.3.2. Multi-component radical-cationic reactions 157 3.4. Sequential multicomponent radical reactions 160 3.4.1. Organometallic-radical sequential reactions 160 3.4.2. Ugi reactions: radical reactions 161 3.4.3. Passerini reaction using radicals 163 3.5. Multicomponent reactions by photoredox catalysis 166 3.6. Conclusion 172 3.7. References 172 List of Authors 183 Index 185

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Book SynopsisProcess engineering emerged at the beginning of the 20th Century and has become an essential scientific discipline for the matter and energy processing industries. Its success is incontrovertible, with the exponential increase in techniques and innovations. Rapid advances in new technologies such as artificial intelligence, as well as current societal needs – sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, the environment – are developments that must be taken into account in industrial renewal. Process Engineering Renewal 2 focuses on research in process engineering, which is partly overshadowed by the sciences that contribute to its development. The external constraints of this interface science must be seen in relation to conservation, sustainable development, global warming, etc., which are linked to current success and the difficulty of taking risks in research.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Introduction xxix Chapter 1. From “Autonomous” Research to Societal Solutions 1 1.1. Positioning of process engineering 3 1.2. A forced transition 9 Chapter 2. Highly “Autonomous” Research 21 2.1. Intensification 23 2.1.1. Reminders on microfluidics 24 2.1.2. Applications 28 2.2. Additive manufacturing 31 2.3. Nanotechnologies 39 Chapter 3. Externally Stimulated Research 43 3.1. Chemistry and process engineering 45 3.2. Biotechnologies – bioprocess engineering 46 3.3. Impacts of digital technology 48 3.4. Product engineering 54 3.5. Materials and process engineering 57 3.6. Biomimicry and process engineering 60 3.6.1. Emergence of biomimetic concepts in PE 63 3.6.2. Applicability of biomimicry 64 3.7. Complexity and process engineering 64 3.7.1. Between complication and complexity 65 3.7.2. Complexity “quite simply” 66 3.7.3. To start the debate 67 Chapter 4. Research in Response to Societal Questions 73 4.1. General framework 76 4.2. Some additional elements 86 4.2.1. Some additions and considerations 87 4.3. Energies 91 4.3.1. Biomass 96 4.3.2. Electrochemistry, photochemistry 99 4.3.3. Storage of electrical energy 100 4.3.4. Processes related to negative greenhouse gas emissions 104 4.3.5. Energy and raw materials 106 4.3.6. Consequences in terms of a low-carbon industry 106 4.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 108 4.4.1. Life Cycle Assessment limitations 109 4.4.2. Life Cycle Assessment methodology 109 4.4.3. Environmental mechanism: cause-and-effect chain (Becaert 2010) 111 Chapter 5. Non-Exhaustive List of Possible Actions in Process Engineering 115 5.1. Process engineering under constraints stimulating upstream research 117 5.2. Methodological development and paradigms 125 5.3. Challenges and innovations 126 5.4. Possible science behind the application 128 Chapter 6. Consequences and Attempting to Reach an Operative Conclusion 131 6.1. A provisional assessment 133 6.1.1. Consolidating knowledge 136 6.1.2. Developing a sense of belonging, creativity and innovation 137 6.2. A possible operational conclusion 140 6.2.1. A little reflection on PE research 144 Appendix 1. Process Engineering in the French National Strategy and in “Horizon Europe” 151 Appendix 2. Reminders on Artificial Intelligence 181 Appendix 3. Between Process and Environmental Engineering 205 References 223 Index 283

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Book SynopsisThis book analyzes stochastic evolutionary models under the impulse of diffusion, as well as Markov and semi-Markov switches. Models are investigated under the conditions of classical and non-classical (Levy and Poisson) approximations in addition to jumping stochastic approximations and continuous optimization procedures. Among other asymptotic properties, particular attention is given to weak convergence, dissipativity, stability and the control of processes and their generators. Weak convergence of stochastic processes is usually proved by verifying two conditions: the tightness of the distributions of the converging processes, which ensures the existence of a converging subsequence, and the uniqueness of the weak limit. Achieving the limit can be done on the semigroups that correspond to the converging process as well as on appropriate generators. While this provides the convergence of generators, a natural question arises concerning the uniqueness of a limit semigroup.Table of ContentsAcronyms vii Introduction ix Chapter 1. Average Scheme and Diffusion Approximation Scheme 1 1.1. Stability of stochastic systems in the average scheme 1 1.2. Stability of stochastic systems in the diffusion approximation scheme 13 Chapter 2. Levy Approximation Scheme 23 2.1. Differential equations with small stochastic additions in the Levy approximation scheme 23 2.2. Asymptotic dissipativity of stochastic processes with impulse perturbations in the Levy approximation scheme 31 2.3. Double merging of phase space for differential equations with small stochastic supplements under Levy approximation conditions 38 Chapter 3. Asymptotical Analysis of Random Evolutionary Systems Under Poisson Approximation Conditions 51 3.1. Differential equations with small stochastic additions under Poisson approximation conditions 51 3.2. Asymptotic dissipativity of stochastic processes with impulse perturbation in the Poisson approximation scheme 58 3.3. Double merging of the phase space for differential equations with small stochastic supplements under Poisson approximation conditions 65 Chapter 4. Stochastic Approximation Procedure 73 4.1. Markovenvironment 73 4.1.1. Jumping SAP in averaging scheme 73 4.1.2. Jumping SAP under diffusion approximating scheme 82 4.2. Semi-Markov environment 95 4.2.1. SAP under the averaging scheme 95 4.2.2. Jumping SAP in the diffusion approximation scheme 104 4.3. Asymptotic normality of fluctuations of the procedure of stochastic approximation with diffusive perturbation in a Markov environment 117 4.4. Asymptotic normality of SAP in a semi-Markov environment 124 Chapter 5. Stochastic Optimization Procedure 135 5.1. SOP in the average scheme 135 5.1.1. Convergence SOP 135 5.1.2. Asymptotical normality of Stochastic optimization procedure 141 5.1.3. SOP with impulse perturbation 147 5.2. SOP under the diffusion approximation scheme 155 5.2.1. Convergence SOP 155 5.2.2. Fluctuations of the stochastic optimization procedure with diffusion perturbations 162 5.2.3. Fluctuation of the SOP 172 Chapter 6. Combination of Approximations of Different Types 183 6.1. Asymptotic properties of a stochastic diffusion process with an equilibrium point of a quality criterion 183 6.2. Asymptotic properties of the impulse perturbation process with a control function under Levy approximation conditions 200 References 211 Index 217

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Book SynopsisProcess engineering emerged at the beginning of the 20th Century and has become an essential scientific discipline for the matter and energy processing industries. Its success is incontrovertible, with the exponential increase in techniques and innovations. Rapid advances in new technologies such as artificial intelligence, as well as current societal needs – sustainable development, climate change, renewable energy, the environment – are developments that must be taken into account in industrial renewal. Process Engineering Renewal 3 presents a prospective analysis that demonstrates the significant disruptions linked to sustainable development, global warming, etc. These constraints may trigger changes in the social regulation system, which in turn applies pressure on actors of process engineering to evolve and adapt to these developments.Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface xi Introduction xxxi Chapter 1. Between Innovation in Process Engineering and Creativity 1 1.1. Innovations and process engineering 5 1.2. Creativity 9 1.2.1. Creativity and pedagogy 18 1.3. Innovation and boundary objects 20 1.4. Teleological approach, convergence, and interdisciplinarity 29 1.5. A look back at the notion of convergence 39 1.6. A look back at interdisciplinarity 47 1.7. The models 51 1.8. A little complexity 53 1.8.1. Hyperobjects 59 1.9. Reaching a decision 60 1.10. Findings and proposals 61 1.10.1. Technology: serve and/or partner 64 1.10.2. How to do or not to do? 72 1.11. Activities initiated from the “base” 76 1.11.1. Framing elements 76 1.11.2. Main results 78 1.11.3. “Scientific excellence” 89 1.11.4. Funding and research orientation 90 1.11.5. Foresight, opportunities for the PE research unit. 91 1.11.6. Collective projects? Risky projects? 93 1.11.7. Difficulties in the functioning of research 97 1.11.8. Concluding elements 101 1.12. Conclusion 107 1.13. References 118 Chapter 2. Prospective Elements Applied to the Transformation of Matter and Energy 149 2.1. From a local to a more global approach 162 2.2. Some reminders 170 2.2.1. General framework 170 2.2.2. In reality… 175 2.3. Influential trends 177 2.3.1. Socio-economic context 178 2.3.2. Innovation and means/ways/needs to support it 192 2.3.3. Exhaustion of reserves 198 2.4. Scenarios for tomorrow 212 2.4.1. Background information 217 2.4.2. Introduction 218 2.4.3. The four scenarios 219 2.4.4. Blocking factors; probable scenario(s) 235 2.4.5. Potential effects on the development of process engineering 238 2.5. Conclusion 244 2.6. References 254 Conclusion 279 Index 317

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Book SynopsisThis book, Volume 4 in the series, is dedicated to the relationship between laboratory spectroscopy, recording ever-more-complex spectra using increasingly powerful instruments benefiting from the latest technology, and the development of observation using instruments that are embedded in mobile probes or nanosatellites.The theoretical models described in Volumes 1, 2 and 3 are used in this volume, applying the cumulant theorem in the mean-field theory framework to interpret the near and mid-infrared spectra of symmetric top molecules, such as ammonia (NH3) and spherical molecules, such as methane (CH4). These molecules can be isolated in their gaseous form or subjected to the environmental constraints of a nano-cage (a substitution site, clathrate, fullerene or zeolite) or surfaces.These methods are not only valuable in the fields of environmental sciences, planetology and astrophysics, but also fit into the framework of data processing and the concept of Big Data.Table of ContentsForeword ixPierre DROSSART Preface xi Chapter 1. IR Spectra in Space Observation 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Fourier transform spectroscopy 7 1.2.1. Principle of IR spectrum acquisition by interferometry 9 1.2.2. Design and operation of a long path difference interferometer 11 1.2.3. FTIR absorption spectroscopy in matrices 14 1.2.4. LIF and DR IR–IR spectroscopies in matrices 21 1.3. Resonant cavity laser absorption spectroscopy 26 1.3.1. Intracavity laser absorption spectroscopy (ICLAS) 30 1.3.2. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) 33 1.3.3. Frequency comb spectroscopy (FCS) 38 1.4. Spectroscopy for space observation 43 1.4.1. Spectroscopic ellipsometry for space observation 43 1.4.2. Space-borne spectroscopy 56 1.4.3. LIDAR spectroscopy for space observation 60 1.5. Conclusion 64 1.6. Appendices 64 1.6.1. Appendix 1: Measurement distortion and data processing 64 Chapter 2. Interactions Between a Molecule and Its Solid Environment 71 2.1. Introduction 72 2.2. Active molecule – solid environment system 74 2.2.1. Binary interaction energy 74 2.2.2. Dispersion–repulsion contribution 76 2.2.3. Electrostatic contribution 76 2.2.4. Induction contribution 78 2.3. Two-center expansion of the term 79 2.4. Conclusion 81 2.5. Appendices 82 2.5.1. Appendix 1: Multipole moments and dipole polarizability of a molecule with respect to its fixed reference frame 82 2.5.2. Appendix 2: Elements of the rotational matrix 82 2.5.3. Appendix 3: Clebsch–Gordan coefficients 84 Chapter 3. Nanocage of Rare Gas Matrix 87 3.1. Introduction 87 3.2. Rare gases in solid state 88 3.3. Molecule inclusion and deformation of the doped crystal 90 3.3.1. Molecule inclusion 90 3.3.2. Deformation of the doped crystal 92 3.3.3. NH3 in an argon matrix 95 3.3.4. Renormalization of the system’s Hamiltonian 96 3.4. Motions of NH3 trapped in an argon matrix 97 3.4.1. Vibration–inversion mode ν2 98 3.4.2. Orientational motion 100 3.4.3. Translational motion 106 3.4.4. Orientational motion–heat bath coupling 107 3.5. Infrared spectra 108 3.5.1. Infrared absorption coefficient 108 3.5.2. Bar spectrum 109 3.5.3. Spectral profile 112 3.6. Appendices 116 3.6.1. Appendix 1: Normal modes of vibrations of a Bravais lattice with face centered cubic (fcc) symmetry 116 3.6.2. Appendix 2: Adjustment of the weakly perturbed rotational potential energy on the basis of the rotation matrix elements 120 3.6.3. Appendix 3: Expansion coefficients of the coupling between the orientation of the molecule and lattice vibrations (phonons) 121 Chapter 4. Nanocages of Hydrate Clathrates 123 4.1. Introduction 123 4.2. The extended substitution model 124 4.3. Clathrate structures 129 4.4. Inclusion of a CH4 or NH3 molecule in a clathrate nanocage 131 4.4.1. Inclusion model 131 4.4.2. Interaction potential energy – equilibrium configuration 133 4.5. System Hamiltonian and separation of movements 136 4.6. Translational motion 139 4.6.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 140 4.6.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 141 4.7. Vibrational motions 142 4.7.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 143 4.7.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 144 4.8. Orientational motion 145 4.8.1. CH4 – nanocages of the sI structure 145 4.8.2. NH3 – nanocages of the sI structure 149 4.9. Bar spectra 157 4.9.1. Far infrared 157 4.9.2. Near infrared 159 4.10. Appendices 162 4.10.1. Appendix 1: Expressions of the orientational transition elements in the harmonic librators approximation 162 4.10.2. Appendix 2: Dipole moment as a function of dimensionless normal coordinates 164 Chapter 5. Fullerene Nanocage 169 5.1. Introduction 170 5.2. Ammonia molecule trapped in a fullerene C60 nanocage 171 5.2.1. Structure of the fullerene C60 nanocage 171 5.2.2. Inclusion of NH3 in a fullerene C60 nanocage 172 5.2.3. Interaction potential energy – equilibrium configuration 174 5.3. Potential energy surfaces – inertial model 176 5.3.1. Orientation–translational motion 176 5.3.2. Translational motion 178 5.3.3. Vibration–inversion–translational motion 179 5.3.4. Kinetic Lagrangian 179 5.4. Quantum treatment 182 5.4.1. Vibrational modes – frequency shifts 182 5.4.2. Vibration–inversion mode 183 5.4.3. Orientational motions 185 5.5. Bar spectra 187 5.5.1. Far infrared and microwaves 188 5.5.2. Near infrared 188 5.6. Appendices 190 5.6.1. Appendix 1: FORTRAN program 190 5.6.2. Appendix 2: Expressions of the components of the dipole moment vector and its derivatives with respect to the normal vibrational coordinates 211 Chapter 6. Adsorption on a Graphite Substrate 213 6.1. Introduction 213 6.2. “NH3 molecule–substrate” system interaction energy 214 6.2.1. Description of the system 214 6.2.2. “NH3 molecule–graphite substrate” interaction energy 216 6.3. Equilibrium configuration and potential energy surfaces 218 6.3.1. Adsorption energy 221 6.4. Hamiltonian of the system 221 6.4.1. Separation of movements 223 6.4.2. Renormalized Hamiltonians 224 6.4.3. Translational motions 224 6.4.4. Vibrational motions 225 6.4.5. Orientational motion 230 6.4.6. Orientational motion – heat bath dynamic coupling 235 6.5. Infrared spectra of the NH3 molecule adsorbed on the graphite substrate 235 6.5.1. Far-infrared spectrum 237 6.5.2. Near-infrared spectrum 240 6.6. Conclusion 246 6.7. Appendices 246 6.7.1. Appendix 1: FORTRAN program 246 6.7.2. Appendix 2: Expressions of the molecule orientation – heat bath phonons coupling terms 259 6.7.3. Appendix 3: Expressions of the components of the dipole moment vector and its derivatives with respect to the normal vibration coordinates 259 References 261 Index 293

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