Chemistry Books

Book SynopsisIf you use rheological measurements to characterize new materials, analyze non-Newtonian flow problems, or design plastic parts, or if you would like to use rheology to overcome a particular problem, this pragmatic volume will prove invaluable to your research.Table of ContentsPart I. Constitutive Relations 1 1 Elastic Solid 5 Christopher W. Macosko 1.1 Introduction 5 1.2 The Stress Tensor 8 1.2.1 Notation 11 1.2.2 Symmetry 16 1.2.3 Pressure 18 1.3 Principal Stresses and Invariants 20 1.4 Finite Deformation Tensors 24 1.4.1 Finger Tensor 29 1.4.2 Strain Tensor 32 1.4.3 Inverse Deformation Tensors 32 1.4.4 Principal Strains 34 1.5 Neo-Hookean Solid 37 1.5.1 Uniaxial Extension 38 1.5.2 Simple Shear 40 1.6 General Elastic Solid 40 1.6.1 Strain‒Energy Function 42 1.6.2 Anisotropy 44 1.6.3 Rubber-like Liquids 45 1.7 Equations of Motion 45 1.7.1 Mass Balance 45 1.7.2 Momentum Balance 47 1.8 Boundary Conditions 52 1.9 Summary 58 1.10 Exercises 59 References 62 2 Viscous Liquid 65 Christopher W. Macosko 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Velocity Gradient 68 2.2.1 Rate of Deformation Tensor 72 2.3 Newtonian Fluid 77 2.3.1 Uniaxial Extension 79 2.4 General Viscous Fluid 83 2.4.1 Power Law 84 2.4.2 Cross Model 86 2.4.3 Other Viscous Models 86 2.4.4 The Importance of II2D 89 2.4.5 Extensional Thickening Models 91 2.5 Plastic Behavior 92 2.5.1 Other Viscoplastic Models 95 2.6 Balance Equations 98 2.6.1 Equations of Motion 99 2.6.2 Boundary Conditions 99 2.6.3 Energy Equation 100 2.6.4 Temperature and Pressure Dependence Viscosity 100 2.7 Summary 104 2.8 Exercises 105 References 106 3 Linear Viscoelasticity 109 Christopher W. Macosko 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 General Linear Viscoelastic Model 111 3.2.1 Relaxation Spectrum 115 3.2.2 Linear Viscoelasticity in Three Dimensions 115 3.2.3 Differential Form 115 3.3 Small Strain Material Functions 117 3.3.1 Stress Relaxation 118 3.3.2 Creep 119 3.3.3 Sinusoidal Oscillations 121 3.4 Exctciscs 126 Appendix 3A 127 Robert B. Secor Curve Fitting of Relaxation Modulus 127 Approximating Form 127 Error Measure 128 Search Procedures 129 References 133 4 Nonlinear Viscoelasticity 135 Ronald G. Larson 4.1 Introduction 135 4.2 Nonlinear Phenomena 138 4.2.1 Normal Stress Difference in Shear 138 4.2.2 Shear Thinning 139 4.2.3 Interrelations Between Shear Functions 140 4.2.4 Extensional Thickening 142 4.3 Simple Nonlinear Constitutive Equations 146 4.3.1 Second-Order Fluid 146 4.3.2 Upper-Converted Maxwell Equation 149 4.3.3 Lodge Integral Equation 153 4.4 More Accurate Constitutive Equations 158 4.4.1 Integral Constitutive Equations 158 4.4.2 Maxwell-Type Differential Constitutive Equations 166 4.5 Summary 170 4.6 Exercises 171 References 172 Part II Measurements: Rheometry 175 5 Shear Rheometry: Drag Flows 181 Christopher W. Macosko 5.1 Introduction 181 5.2 Sliding Plates, Falling Ball 184 5.2.1 Falling Cylinder 185 5.2.1 Falling Ball 187 5.2.3 Rolling Ball 187 5.3 Concentric Cylinder Rheometer 188 5.3.1 Shear Stress 190 5.3.2 Shear Strain and Rate 191 5.3.3 Normal Stresses in Couette Flow 195 5.3.4 Rod Climbing 198 5.3.5 End Effects 200 5.3.6 Secondary Flows 202 5.3.7 Shear Healing in Couette Flow 203 5.4 Cone and Plate Rheometer 205 5.4.1 Shear Stress 206 5.4.2 Shear Strain Rate 207 5.4.3 Normal Stresses 208 5.4.4 Inertia and Secondary Flow 209 5.4.5 Edge Effects with Cone and Plate 213 5 4.6 Shear Heating 216 5.4.7 Summary 216 5.5 Parallel Disks 217 5.5.1 Normal Stresses 221 5.6 Drag Flow Indexers 222 5.6.1 Rotating Disk in a Sea of Fluid 223 5.6.2 Rotating Vane 224 5.6.3 Helical Screw Rheometer 224 5.6.4 Instrumented Mixers 225 5.7 Eccentric Rotating Geometries 226 5.7.1 Rotating Cantiliver Rod 227 5.7.2 Eccentric Rotating Disks 227 5.7.3 Other Eccentric Geometries 231 References 231 6 Shear Rheometry: Pressure‒Driven Flows 237 Christopher W. Macosko 6.1 Introduction 237 6.2 Capillary Rheometer 238 6.2.1 Shear Rate 240 6.2.2 Wall Slip. Melt Fracture 244 6.2.3 True Shear Stress 247 6.2.4 Shear Heating 252 6.2.5 Extrudate Swell 254 6.2.6 Melt Index 256 6.3 Slit Rheometry 257 6.3.1 Normal Stresses 260 6.3.2 Exit Pressure 261 6.3.3 Pressure Hole 262 6.4 Other Pressure Rheometers 266 6.4.1 Axial Annular Flow 266 6.4.2 Tangential Annular Flow 267 6.4.3 Tilted Open Channel 268 6.4.4 Squeezing Flow 270 6.5 Comparison of Shear Methods 275 6.6 Summary 277 References 280 7 Extensional Rheometry 285 Christopher W. Macosko 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 Simple Extension 288 7.2.1 End Chimps 291 7.2.2 Rotating Clamps 292 7.2.3 Buoyancy Baths 294 7.2.4 Spinning Drop 296 7.3 Lubricated Compression 297 7.3.1 Planar Squeezing 303 7.4 Sheet Stretching, Multiaxial Extension 303 7.4.1 Rotating Clamps 304 7.4.2 Inflation Methods 306 7.5 Fiber Spinning 308 7.5.7 Tubeless Siphon 315 7.6 Bubble Collapse 317 7.7 Stagnation Flows 320 7.7.1 Lubricated Dies 322 7.7.2 Unlubricated Dies 322 7.7.3 Opposed Nozzles 323 7.8 Entrance Flows 326 7.9 Summary 332 References 333 8 Rheometer Design 337 Christopher W. Macosko 8.1 Introduction 337 8.2 Drag Flow Rheometers 338 8.2.1 Controlled Strain 339 8.2.2 Torque Measurement 342 8.2.3 Normal Stresses 345 8.2.4 Alignment 347 8.2.5 Controlled Stress 349 8.2.6 Environmental Control 352 8.3 Data Analysis 357 8.3.1 Sinusoidal Oscillations 359 8.3.2 Transient 363 8.4 Pressure-Driven Rheometers 364 8.5 Extensional Rheometers 368 8.6 Process Line Rheometers 370 8.7 Summary 373 References 374 9 Rheo-Optics: Flow Birefringence 379 Timothy P. Lodge 9.1 Introduction 379 9.2 Review of Optical Phenomena 381 9.2.1 Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies 382 9.2.2 Scattering Techniques 382 9.2.3 Birefringence and Dichroism 384 9.3 Polarized Light 386 9.3.1 Transmission Through a Series of Optical Elements 390 9.4 Flow Birefringence: Principles and Practice 393 9.4.1 The Stress–Optical Relation 393 9.4.2 Range of Applicability of the Stress–Optical Relation 397 9.4.3 Geometries for Measuring Flow Birefringence 400 9.4.4 Birefringence in Steady and Transient Couette Flow 403 9.4.5 Birefringence in Oscillatory Shear Flow 405 9.4.6 Experimental Considerations 407 9.5 Flow Birefringence: Applications 408 9.5.1 Stress Field Visualization 408 9.5.2 Extensional Flow 409 9.5.3 Dynamics of Isolated, Flexible Homopolymers 409 9.5.4 Dynamics of Isolated Block Copolymers 412 9.5.5 Dynamics of Block Copolymer Melts 415 9.5.6 Dynamics of a Binary Blend 415 9.5.7 Birefringence in Transient Flows 416 9.5.8 Rheo-Optics of Suspensions 416 9.5.9 Rotational Dynamics of Rigid Rods 417 9.6 Summary 419 References 419 Part III. Applications 423 10 Suspension Rheology 425 Jan Mewis and Christopher W. Macosko 10.1 Introduction 425 10.2 Dilute Suspensions of Spheres 428 10.2.1 Hard Spheres 428 10.2.2 Particle Migration 430 10.2.3 Emulsions 434 10.2.4 Deformable Spheres 437 10.3 Particle–Fluid Interactions: Dilute Spheroids 439 10.3.1 Orientation Distribution 440 10.3.2 Constitutive Relations for Spheroids 443 10.4 Particle‒Particle Interactions 449 10.4.1 Dispersion Forces 450 10.4.2 Electrostatic Forces 451 10.4.3 Polymeric (Steric) Forces 452 10.4.4 Scaling 454 10.5 Brownian Hard Particles 455 10.5.1 Monodisperse Hard Spheres 455 10.5.2 Particle Size Distribution 458 10.5.3 Nonspherical Particles 459 10.5.4 Non-Newtonian Media 460 10.5.5 Extensional Flow of Ellipsoids 460 10.6 Stable Colloidal Suspensions 461 10.6.1 Electrostatic Stabilization 462 10 6.2 Polymeric (Steric) Stabilization 464 10.7 Flocculated Systems 465 10.7.1 Structure in Flocculated Dispersions 465 10.7.2 Static Properties 467 10.7.3 Flow Behavior 468 10.8 Summary 470 References 471 11 Rheology of Polymeric Liquids 475 Matthew Tirrell 11.1 Introduction 475 11.2 Polymer Chain Conformation 476 11.3 Zero Shear Viscosity 479 11.3.1 Dilute Solution 479 11.3.2 Nondilute Polymeric Liquids 489 11.3.3 Coil Overlap 482 11.4 Rheology of Dilute Polymer Solutions 487 11.4.1 Elastic Dumbbell 487 11 4.2 Rouse and Other Multihead Models 495 11.5 Concentrated Solutions and Melts 497 11.5.1 Entanglements 497 11.5.2 Reptation Model 502 11.5.3 Effects of Long Chain Branching 505 11.5.4 Effect of Molecular Weight Distribution 506 11.6 Temperature Dependence 510 11.7 Summary 512 References 512 Appendix Solutions to Exercises Chapter 1 515 Chapter 2 521 Chapter 3 527 Chapter 4 531 Index 535 Measurements: Rheometry

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Book SynopsisThis volume provides a non-mathematical introduction to electronic excitation in organic molecules and their spectroscopy, photophysics, and photochemistry. Simple qualitative models, such as the perimeter model, are used to describe the nature of electronic states, and this book reveals how these states are probed by spectroscopy with ordinary and polarized light, including natural and magnetic circular dichroism. The concept of potential energy surfaces is emphasized in discussing the photophysical processes and photochemical reactions that follow excitation. Particular attention is paid to the behavior of molecules at biradicaloid geometries and spin-orbit coupling in biradicals. Simple intuitive models for electronic structure and reactivity are emphasized, and practical application of theory is illustrated through numerous worked examples.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Spectroscopy in the Visible and UV Region/ Absorption Spectra of Organic Molecules/ Optical Activity/ Principles of the Quantum Chemical Description of Photophysical and Photochemical Processes/ Photophysical Processes/ Photochemical Reaction Models/ Organic Photochemistry

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Book SynopsisDetermination and prediction of seafood quality is a hot topic because of the increase in international markets for fresh fish products and the growing aquaculture industry. More fish is being transported long distances than ever before, and means of evaluating freshness are required to help predict end-user quality.Table of ContentsChemical Methods of Evaluating Freshness Quality. Physical Methods of Evaluating Freshness Quality. Sensory Evaluation: Freshness Quality Grading. Sensory Evaluation: Attribute Assessment. Conclusion. Glossary. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisElectrochemistry no longer is a specialist discipline, but has become a technique of major importance for most inorganic and organometallic chemists. Similarly, electron-transfer activation has led to great progress in transition-metal mediated organic and inorganic syntheses. This book provides a unique introduction and overview of the structure and reactions of transition-metal radicals, of transition-metal electrochemistry, and of electron-transfer activation, with emphasis on catalytic processes. Each chapter of this book includes numerous citations of the chemical literature, lots of examples and illustrations and the book is written in an extremely readable style. It will serve as a useful tutorial for a wide spectrum of students, chemists, and chemical engineers involved in organic, inorganic, and organometallic chemistry.Table of ContentsTHEORY, TECHNIQUES, STRUCTURES, AND MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS. Concepts and Theories of Electron Transfer. Electrochemistry. Structure of Transition-Metal Radicals and Paramagnetic Complexes. Molecular Electronics. MECHANISMS, CATALYSIS, AND APPLICATIONS TO ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. Stoichiometric Reactions of Transition-Metal Radicals. Chain Reactions. Redox Catalysis and its Applications to Synthesis. Epilogue. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe complete 4-volume reference set ''Analysis and Control Methods for Food and Agricultural Products'', edited by J.-L. Multon, offers researchers in the food and pharmaceutical industries a complete source of technical information for answering important questions on when and how to conduct an analysis of a specific product, how to interpret the resulting data how to define the risks associated with the introduction of a new product. Each volume includes a biobliograghy for further reading. The first volume ''Microbiological Control for Foods and Agricultural Products'', edited by Bourgeois and Leveau, contains a wealth of practical information on applied food microbiology and food safety. It covers basic methods and procedures on specific microbes important to food industry, including new technology like PCR, DNA and RNA probes. This volume should be a useful reference and handy manual for food and applied microbiologists.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Part I:General and Basic Techniques/ Sample Removal/ Rapid Methods of Enumerating Microorganisms/ Evaluation of Microflora by Non-Microbiological Techniques/ Micribiological Applications of Immunology/ Mechanization and Automation of Techniques/ Prediction of Product Life Span/ Part II: Methods of Evaluation of Various Technologically Significant Microflora Total Aerobic Mesophilic Microflora/ Psychotrophic Microflora/ The Latic Microflora/ Bacteriophages of Lactic Starters/ The Yeasts/ The Molds/ Part III: Evalution Methods for Microflora of Sanitary Incidence/ Indicators of Local Contamination/ The Genus Salmonella/ The Genus Campylobacter/ The Genus Yorsinia/ The Genus Clostridium and the Sulfite-Reducing Anaerobes/ Coagulase-Positive Staphylococci/ The Genus Listeria/ Part IV: Microbiological Testing of Starting Materials and Finished Products/ Water/ Milk and Dairy Products/ Beer and Soft Beverages/ Meat Products/ Egg Products/ Fishenes Products/ Vegetable Products/ Prepared Meals/ Preserves and Semi-Preserves/ Testing of Intermediate Moisture Foods/ Part V: Miscellaneous Applications of Microbiological Testing/ Testing of Starter Cultures for Purity/ Microbiological Monitoring Factory Equipment, Atmosphere and Personnel

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Book SynopsisThe author provides a summary of the most important aspects of the descriptive inorganic chemistry of the main group elements, namely all of the elements except for the d-block transition metals. Organized by element, this source of general information includes many structural diagrams and chemical equations.Table of ContentsIntroduction and General Organization. Hydrogen. Carbon. Silicon, Germanium, Tin, and Lead. Nitrogen. Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, and Bismuth. The Chalcogens. Halogen and the Noble Gases. Boron. Aluminum, Gallium, Indium and Thallium. The Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals. Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury. Lanthanides and Actinides. Index.

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Book SynopsisNitrocarbons are good nitrating agents, oxidants, and electron acceptors, and each known nitrocarbon has its own unique and interesting chemistry. Interest in synthesizing both known and new ('unknown') nitrocarbons stems from their value as potential explosive and propellant ingredients. In addition, the new chemistry developed in efforts to synthesize nitrocarbons has led to applications to many other synthetic problems.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Tetranitromethane: Preparation/ Reactions/ Physical Properties/ Structure and Spectra/ Analytical Chemistry/ Toxicity/ Thermolysis/ Applications/ Hexanitroethane: Preparation/ Reactions and Physical Properties/ Applications/ Tetranitroethylene: Preparation/ Reactions/ Physical Properties/ Hexanitrobenzene: Preparation/ Reaction/ Physical Properties/ Decanitrobiphenyl/ Unknown Nitrocarbons: Dinitroacetylene/ Octanitropropane/ Octanitrocubane/ Octanitrotoluene/ Octanitronaphthalene/ Summary

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Book SynopsisLarge numbers of chemical engineers work with polymerization reactions and the problems and the challenges particular to the production of polymers. These problems have no counterparts in small-molecule reactions, and thus usually are neglected in standard reactor courses. This book provides a clearly written, comprehensive textbook on polymerization reactor engineering, appropriate for senior-level undergraduate and 1st- and 2nd-year graduate students. It focuses on polymer structure and structure-property relationships conditions that can play a role in dictating stucture.Table of ContentsNomenclature. Distinctive Features of Polymers and Polymerization. Step Growth Polymerization. Chain Growth Polymerization. Copolymerization. Non-Linear Polymerization. Reactor Configuration. Heterogenous Polymerization. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will serve as an introduction to the potential of the laser in atomic spectroscopy. The book focuses primarily on the use of lasers in analytical atomic spectroscopy with optical detection, and also includes a chapter describing the use of lasers in inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).Table of ContentsAnalytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Historical/ General Characteristics of Atomic Spectra/ Atomic Absorption Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in AAS/ Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Recent Advances in Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry/ The Practice of Atomic Spectroscopy/ Techniques Similar to Atomic Spectroscopy/ Lasers/ Fundamentals of Lasers/ Practical Lasers/ Laser Excited Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry: Principles, Instrumentation and Applications/ Laser Ablation for Sample Introduction: Principles and Applications/ Laser Types Suitable for Ablation of Solid Samples/ Interactions and Transactions in Laser Ablation/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Emission Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry/ Laser Ablation-Atomic Mass Spectrometry and Laser Ablation/ Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Mass Spectrometry/ Laser Induced Plasmas for Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy/ Laser Induced Plasma/ Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS)/ Applications/ Laser-Enhanced ionization Spectroscopy

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Book SynopsisPhthalocyanines Properties and Applications Edited by C.C. Leznoff A.B.P. Lever This volume, which includes 13 critical reviews of the fundamental, synthetic, biological, and applied chemistry of the phthalocyanine derivatives, completes the Phthalocyanine series. Together, Volumes 1 through 4 cover a broad spectrum of the physical and chemical aspects of the phthalocyanines and related compounds. From the Reviews of the Series We are very favorably impressed with this book, and will not hesitate to add it to our libraries as an extremely valuable source book. -Photochemistry and Photobiology . a valuable resource on the current state of phthalocyanine science and technology. -Journal of the American Chemical Society . strongly recommended for chemists. it provides highly readable descriptions in basic areas of research. -Physics in Canada . stimulating for industrial, medical, and academic researchers. -Chemical Engineering World . a must for those who are in the field of pure or applTable of ContentsSynthesis and Chromatographic Separation of Tetrasubstituted and Unsymmetrically Substituted Phthalocyanines/ Azaporphyrins: Acid-base and Coordination Properties/ Nonlinear Optical Properties of Phthalocyanines/ Phthalocyanines in Hydrocarbon Activation/ Chemical Fixation and Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Metal Phthalocyanine Derivatives/ Phthalocyanines and Related Macrocycles in Organic Photovoltaic Junctions/ Zeolite Encapsulated Metallophthalocyanines/ Epitaxial Phthalocyanine Ultrathin Films Grown by Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE)/ Molecular Orbitals and Electronic Spectra of Phthalocyanine Analogues/ Metal Phthalocyanine Single-atom Bridged Dimers. Part 2. Recent Results/ Radiolabelled Phthalocyanine for Imaging and Therapy/ Hemoproteins Reconstituted with Phthalocyanines/ Developments in Photobiology of Phthalocyanines/ Index

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Book Synopsis* Physical chemists will find this book comprehensive. Topical reviews on all aspects of colloidal ordering and related phase transitions will be covered. It provides a good blend of experimental and theoretical investigations. * Useful to materials scientists and chemical engineers, the book includes a discussion of stability, important from the point of view of applications of colloidal crystals. * Physicists will be interested in the book, because it highlights the controversy over effective interparticle interaction in charged colloids.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Interaction, Ordering and Phase Transitions in Charged Colloids: An Introduction/ Video-Microscopic and X-Ray Scattering Studies of Colloidal Dispersions/ Direct Imaging of the Local Dynamics of Colloidal Phase Transitions/ Kinetics of Colloidal Crystallization/ Kossel-Line Analysis for Colloidal Crystal Growth/ Photothermal Stability of Colloidal Crystals/ Order-Disorder Transition in Charged Polydisperse Colloids/ Vapor-Liquid Condensation and Reentrant Transition in Charged Colloids/ Theory of Interactions in Charged Colloids/ Liquid-Solid Transition in Colloidal Suspensions with and without External Emodulations: Density Functional Theory/ Dynamics of Charged Colloidal Suspensions Across the Freezing and Glass Transition/ Determination of Interaction Forces in Colloids: Direct and Indirect Methods.

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Book SynopsisWritten both for the novice and for the experienced scientist, this miniature encyclopedia concisely describes over one hundred materials methodologies, including evaluation, chemical analysis, and physical testing techniques. Each technique is presented in terms of its use, sample requirements, and the engineering principles behind its methodology. Real life industrial and academic applications are also described to give the reader an understanding of the significance and utilization of technique. There is also a discussion of the limitations of each technique.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Introduction/ Molecular Spectroscopy/ Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/ Mass Spectrometry/ Separation Techniques/ Elemental and Chemical Analysis/ X-Ray Analysis/ Microscopy/ Image Analysis/ Surface Analysis/ Thermal Analysis/ Rheology and Molecular Weight of Polymers/ Physical Properties of Particles and Polymers/ Physical Testing/ Scientific Computation.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a practical guide to producing slurries more efficiently, intelligently, and economically.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Iron Oxides. Crystal Structure. Cation Substitution. Crystal Morphology and Size. Surface Area and Porosity. Electronic, Electrical and Magnetic Properties. Characterization. Thermodynamics. Solubility. Surface Chemistry and Colloidal Stability. Adsorption of Ions and Molecules. Dissolution. Formation. Transformations. Rocks and Ores. Soils. Organisms. Products of Ion Metal Corrosion. Applications. Synthesis.

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Book SynopsisThe food packing arena is continually changing, with innovations in new materials an packaging techniques offering constant new possibilities for manufacturing, packaging, and marketing a wide variety of foods. This book offers a comprehensive background on the development of packages and packaging systems for food, and includes new developments related to the ''harmonization'' of products within E.E.C. countries. It examines all aspects of packing technology that are relevant to the processing, preservation, and distribution of virtually all types of food. The book gives a good overview of areas of science and technology that influence the packaging process, and of regulatory and legislative requirements in France and the European Communities.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: PART 1: FUNCTIONS OF PACKAGING. The Role of Packaging in Preserving Foodstuffs. Packaging and Microbiology. PART II: RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH POTENTIAL FOOD CONTAMINATION CAUSED BY PACKAGING. Transfers Between the Food Product and the Packaging: Migration. PART III: CONSUMER NORMS AND REGULATIONS. Packaging Regulations. The Cosumer's Point of View. PART IV: THE CONTAINER AND ITS CLOSURE: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PACKAGING MATERIALS - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS. Metallic Containers for Sterilization. Stamped, Restamped, and Stamped Drawn Cans. Films and Edible Coatings. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction to Theoretical Organic Chemistry provides an introduction for chemists with a limited mathematical background, yet need a working understanding of quantum chemistry as applied to problems in organic chemistry. This book is unique in that it is written at the level of the advanced undergraduate or beginning graduate student in organic chemistry, whose exposure to theoretical chemistry is relatively recent. It fills a niche in that most books on theoretical organic chemistry are written by theoretical or computational chemists, whereas this book is written by an organic chemist. The book covers molecular modeling computer software, and offers a useful guide to the scope and limitations of each program, along with specific examples of input and output for several of the most popular software. Numerous examples and exercises are provided.Table of ContentsThe Hydrogen Atom and the Hydrogen Molecule. Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory. The PMO Method. Aromaticity, Antiaromaticity and Resonance. Chemical Reactivity via Hückel Theory. Pericyclic Reactions, Orbital Symmetry, PMO and Frontier MO Theories. Improvements on the Hückel Theory. Molecular Modelling-Molecular Mechanics. Molecular Modeling-Semiemprirical Methods. Molecular Modelling-AB initio Methods and Density Functional Theory. Molecular Modelling-NMR Spectroscopy and Moelcular Structure.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of Interfacial Engineering provides chemical, electronic, mechanical, and biomedical engineers with a coherent, integrated introduction to the fundamental concepts that relate to interfacial phenomena with applications to different processes and product situations.Table of ContentsDefining Interfacial Engineering. Interaction Forces in Interfacial Systems. General Properties of Systems Containing Fluid Interfaces. Colloids. Amphiphilic Systems--Liquid-Liquid Interfaces. Polymers. Polymer Composites. Liquid Coating Processes. General Properties of Crystalline Solid Surfaces. Thin Films--Solid-Solid Interfaces Processed from the Vapor Phase. Grain Boundary Surfaces and Interfaces in Crystalline Solids. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe discipline of modern inorganic chemistry has been systematized according to a plan constructed by a council of editorial advisors and consultants, among them three Nobel laureates (E.O. Fischer, H. Taube and G. Wilkinson).Table of ContentsHow to Use this Book Preface to the Series Editorial Consultants to the Series Contributors to Volume 3 2. Formation of Bonds to Halogens (Part 1) 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Formation of Halogen-Halogen Bonds 2.3. Formation of Bonds between Halogens and Group-VB (O, S, Se, Te, Po) Elements 2.4. Formation of Bonds between Halogens and Group-VB (N, P, As, Sb, Bi) Elements 2.5. The Formation of the Halogen-Group-IVB (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) Element Bond List of Abbreviations Author index Compound Index Subject Index

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Book SynopsisPacked with reviews plus new results from the author''s laboratories, the first-of-its-kind work offers a timely and authoritative treatise on the use of mass spectral techniques in organic stereochemistry. Featuring 22 chapters contributed by eminent and active researchers in the field, this unique sourcebook offers comparative information on the use of a variety of mass-spectral techniques to characterize stereoisomers and conformers of both large and small biologically important organic molecules. It also discusses techniques for studying gas-phase conformational equilibria in conformationally mobil systems. Applications of Mass Spectrometry to Organic Stereochemistry will dramatically aid the lab applications of organic, biological, pharmaceutical, and analytical chemists in university and industrial laboratories.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Mass Spectrometric Techniques/ Mass-Spectral Intermediate-Ion Structures/ Stereochemical Effects in the Fragmentation Processes of Saturated and Unsaturated Acyclic Molecular Ions/ Hidden Stereochemistry in the Fragmentation/ Processes of Saturated Cyclic Molecular Ions with One or Two Atoms Between the Functional Group and the Ring/ Stereochemical Effectsin the Fragmentation Processes/ Stereochemical Effects in the Retro-Diels-Alder Fragmentation/ Stereochemical Effects in Mass Spectra and Thermochemistry/ Stereochemical Effects in the Positive- and Negative-Ion Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectra of Stereoisomeric Molecules/ Stereochemical Effects in Ion-Molecule Reactions Studied by Ion-Cyclotron-Resonance Spectroscopy/ Stereochemical Effects in the Mass Spectra of Terpenes and Terpenoids/ Stereochemical Effects Observed for Steroid Compounds

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Book SynopsisThis is the first unified treatment of the properties of thermodynamically open and closed systems. It provides the theory and methodology that are necessary to understand nonlinear processes. The section on Classical Systems covers topics ranging from the evolution of probability to open and closed systems and non-Hamiltonian systems.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of twenty-six articles by leading experts is the first truly comprehensive account of the gas-phase electron diffraction technique. It is written for the non-specialist users of structural information. Part A discusses the development and present capabilities of gas electron diffraction.

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Book SynopsisIn this title, new applications of a very important method are described; practical aspects are stressed; and chapters include photochemical reaction detection.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Photophysical and Photochemical Principles John W. Birks Chapter 2. Chemiluminescence Detection in Gas Chromatography Andrew A. Turnipseed and John W. Birks Chapter 3. Detectors Based on the NO + O_3 Chemiluminescent Reaction Randall L. Shearer and Robert E. Sievers Chapter 4. Detection Based on Solution-Phase Chemiluminescence Systems Timothy A. Nieman Chapter 5. The Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Reaction Richard S. Givens and Richard L. Schowen Chapter 6. Photochemical Reaction Detection in HLPC James R. Poulsen and John W. Birks Chapter 7. Photochemical Reaction Detection Based on Singlet Oxygen Sensitization Curtis L. Shellum and John W. Birks Index

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Book SynopsisThis guide to two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy helps the novice who want e the technique, but needs a path through the bewildering array of metho acronyms and the mathematical rigor found in most books. The authors provide a clear explanation of experiment performance, param lection, data processing and presentation as well as a description of wh rmation is provided by each experiment and how it is extracted and inter They group presentations of two-dimensional NMR experiments according t zation, e.g. COSY, LRCOSY, ZQCOSY, DQCOSY ... for establishing proton-pr nnectivities. The book also presents spectra of the same model compound using various ues to enable the reader to make direct comparisons and facilitate his e nt selection. Examples of the concerted utilization of various two-dimen NMR experiments to solve complex structural problems are also given.Table of ContentsIntroduction and Practical Considerations of Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. Heteronuclear Chemical shift Correlation. Relayed Coherence Transfer and Related 2D-NMR Experiments. 13_C-13_C Double Coherence 2D-NMR. The Inadequate Experiments. Applications Problems. Solutions to Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisUp-to-date and written by leading experts, this book is unique in a rapidly expanding field. It provides in-depth discussions and descriptions of the materials, electronic properties and applications of phthalocyanines. Aspects of phthalocyanines covered include * synthesis * polymer aspects * electronic spectroscopy * excited state chemistry and physics * chemical sensors * biological aspects (e.g. photodynamic therapy of cancer) The numerous tables, chemical structures, and references are particularly handy source materials for both the novice and experienced researcher and industrial practitioner interested in phthalocyanines.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: Synthesis and Chromatographic Separation of Tetrasubstituted and Unsymmetrically Substituted Phthalocyaniens. Nonlinear Optical Properties and Applications of Phthalocyanines. Chemical Fixation and Photoreduction of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Metal Phthalocyanine Derivatives. Zeolite Encapsulated Metallophthalocyanines. Molecular Orbituals and Electronic Spectra of Phthalocyanine Analogues. Radiolabelled Phthalocyanines for Imaging and Therapy. Recent Developments in Photobiology of Phthalocyanines.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book to present a topical overview of the research and development of microbial polyesters. Comprehensive and amply illustrated, it covers the * biosynthesis * structure * properties * applications of these biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics. The book provides the reader with the necessary background to understand the nature and mechanism of biological polymerization. It unites aspects from both the biological and polymer sciences and is a typical modern example of the analysis of biological macromolecules.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Microbial Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 1.2 Microbial Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 1.3 Environmentally Degradable Polyesters References Chapter 2 Fermentation and Analysis of Microbial Polyesters 2.1 Fermentation Production 2.1.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 2.1.2 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) 2.2 Polymer Isolation 2.2.1 Solvent Extraction 2.2.2 Alkaline Hypochlorite Treatment 2.2.3 Enzyme Treatment 2.3 Analysis 2.3.1 Polyester Content of Cells 2.3.2 Composition of Copolymers 2.3.3 Molecular Weight References Chapter 3 Microorganisms and Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Microorganisms 3.1.1 Functions of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 3.1.2 Structure of Native P(3HB) Granules 3.2 Biosynthesis of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.2.1 Alcaligenes eutrophus 3.2.2 Pseudomonas oleovorans 3.2.3 Other Bacterial Strains 3.3 Molecular Structures of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) 3.3.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyalerate) 3.3.2 Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy--chloroalkanoates) References Chapter 4 Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism 4.1 Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Synthesis 4.2 Pathways of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis 4.3 Enzymology of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Synthesis 4.3.1 3-Ketothiolase 4.3.2 Acetoacetyl-CoA Reductase 4.3.3 P(3HB) Synthase 4.4 Pathways of P(3-hydroxybutyrate) Degradation 4.5 Cyclic Nature of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) Metabolism 4.5.1 Replacement of P(3HB) by P(3HB-co-3HV) 4.5.2 Replacement of P(3HB-co-3HV) by P(3HB) 4.5.3 Application to PHA Fermentation References Chapter 5 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) 5.1 Alcaligenes eutrophus and Carbon Substrates 5.2 Molecular Structure 5.3 Biosynthetic Pathway References Chapter 6 Structure and Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 6.1 Crystal Structure and Properties 6.1.1 Crystal Structure 6.1.2 Solid-State Properties 6.2 Solution Properties References Chapter 7 Solid-State Properties of Copolyesters 7.1 Composition and Physical Properties 7.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis 7.1.2 Solid-State CP/MAS 13C-NMR Analysis 7.1.3 Mechanical Properties 7.2 Thermal Properties 7.2.1 Melting Temperatures 7.2.2 Glass-Transition Temperatures 7.2.3 Thermal Stability 7.3 Kinetics of Crystallization References Chapter 8 Biodegradation of Microbial Polyesters 8.1 Extracellular P(3HB) Depolymerase 8.1.1 Pseudomonas lemoignei 8.1.2 Alcaligenes faecalis 8.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Copolyesters 8.3 Simple Hydrolysis of Polyesters 8.4 Applications and Prospects 8.4.1 Environmentally Degradable Plastics 8.4.2 Medical Applications References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is a welcome response to the general concerns for the generation and conservation of energy in the future. It gives a comprehensive overview of both the fundamental and applied aspects of solid polymer electrolytes. Topics discussed include: * Polymer Electrolyte-based Devices * Homopolymer Hosts * The Interaction between Polymer and Salt * Conductivity in Polymer Electrolytes * Polymer Electrolyte Architecture * Transport Properties Effects of Dynamic Disorder * The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface Newcomers and experts alike will greatly benefit from the lucid and objective analysis this book provides.Table of Contents2.2 Poly(ethylene imine). 2.3 Thia-alkanes. References. Chapter 3. The Interaction Between Polymer and Salt. 3.1 Ion Solvation by the Polymer. 3.2. Hard-Soft Acid-Base Principle. 3.3. Artions. 3.4. Complex Formation. References. Chapter 4. Structure and Morphology. 4.1 Crystalline Phases in Polymers. 4.2 Preparation of Polymer Electrolyte Films. 4.3 Solvent Deposited and Melt Recrystallized Films. 4.4 Solvent Effects on Morphology. 4.5 Trace Impurities. 4.6 Intercrystalline Amorphous Phases. 4.7 Polymer Electrolyte Structural Determination by EXAFS. 4.8 Phase Diagrams. 4.8.1 Thiocyanates of Monovalent Cations. 4.8.2 Halide Systems. 4.8.3 Tetraphenyl Borate Systems. 4.8.4 Halogen-Containing Complex Anionic Systems. 4.8.5 Perchlorate Systems. 4.8.6 Trifluoromethanesulfonate Systems. 4.9 Mesogenic PEO-Salt Systems. References. Chapter 5. Aspects of Conductivity in Polymer Electrolytes. 5.1 Total Direct-Current Conductivity. 5.1.1 Crystallinity in Polymer Electrolytes. 5.1.2 Salt Concentration. 5.2 Pressure Dependence of the Conductivity. 5.3 Mixed Salt Systems. 5.4 Mixed Conductors. References. Chapter 6. Polymer Electrolyte Architecture. 6.1 Non-Ether-Based Polymer Electrolytes. 6.2 Amorphous Polyether-Based Polymer Architecture. 6.3 Enhanced Chain Flexibility. 6.4 Mechanical Stability. 6.4.1 Networks. 6.4.2 Comb-Branched Copolymers. 6.4.3 Block Copolymers. 6.4.4 Random Polyethers. 6.5 Blends. 6.6 Single-Ion Conductors. 6.7 Salts. References. Chapter 7. Further Developments in Polymer Electrolyte Materials. 7.1 Proton Conductors. 7.1.1 Polyethers. 7.1.2 Polyamides. 7.1.3 Poly(acrylic acid). 7.1.4 Polyamines. 7.1.5 Poly(vinyl alcohol). 7.2 Ormocers. 7.2.1 The Sol-Gel Process. 7.2.2 Ormolytes. 7.3 Multivalent Cation-Based Polymer Electrolytes. 7.3.1 Preparation of Materials. 7.3.2 Physical Properties. 7.3.2.1 Alkaline Earth Metal Cations. 7.3.2.2 Zinc(II). 7.3.2.3 Cadmium(II). 7.3.2.4 Lead(II). 7.3.2.5 Cobalt(II), Nickel(II), and Manganese(II). 7.3.2.6 Mercury(II). 7.3.2.7 Copper(II). 7.3.2.8 Trivalent Cation-Containing Electrolytes. References. Chapter 8. Transport Properties: Effects of Dynamic Disorder. 8.1 Macroscopic Models. 8.2 Microscopic Approach. 8.3 Experimental Techniques Relating to Microscopic Dynamic Properties. 8.3.1 Brillouin Scattering. 8.3.2 Dielectric Relaxation. 8.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 8.3.4 Quasi-elastic Neutron Scattering. References. Chapter 9. Transport Properties: Ionic Species and Mobility. 9.1 Ion-Ion Interactions. 9.2 Spectroscopic Studies. 9.2.1 General Interpretation of Spectral Data. 9.3 Transference Numbers. 9.3.1 Transport Numbers from Diffusion Coefficient Determinations. 9.3.1.1 Radiotracer Studies. 9.3.1.2 Pulsed Field Gradient NMR. 9.3.1.3 Electrochemical Determination of Diffusion Coefficients. 9.3.2 Measurement of the Transport of Charged Species Only. 9.3.2.1 Hittorf/Tubandt Method. 9.3.2.2 Concentration Cell Techniques. 9.3.2.3 Cells in Force Fields. 9.3.3 Transport under a Chemical Potential and Electrical Gradient. 9.3.3.1 Alternating-Current Impedance. 9.3.3.2 Direct-Current Polarization Methods. Fully Dissociated Electrolytes. Systems Containing Mobile Ion Pairs. Systems Containing Triple Ions. References. Chapter 10. The Electrode-Electrolyte Interface. 10.1 The Lithium-Polymer Electrolyte Interface. 10.2 Electrochemical Stability. 10.3 Intercalation. 10.4 Electrochromism of Intercalation Compounds. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisHere is an in-depth presentation of current research and theory on the chemistry of three-dimensional polycyclic molecules, or ''cage molecules,'' synthesized compounds with closed structures. Internationally known scientists introduce their areas of expertise, ranging from general principles to highly specialized perspectives on this fascinating branch of pure chemistry.Table of ContentsPolycyclic Cage Molecules: Useful Intermediates in Organic Synthesis and an Emerging Class of Substrates for Mechanistic Studies (A. Marchand). High-Symmetry Chiral Cage-Shaped Molecules (K. Naemura). Postfullerene Organic Chemistry (H. Kroto & D. Walton). A New Look at Natural Products Chemistry in Three Dimensions (F. Matsuda & H. Shirahama). Propellanes (Y. Tobe). Cyclophanes from Vinylarenes (J. Nishimura). Syntheses of Prismanes (G. Mehta & S. Padma). Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Cubane (H. Higuchi & I. Ueda). Recent Advances in Selected Aspects of Bishomocubane Chemistry (W. Dilling). A New Approach to the Adamantane Rearrangements (C. Ganter). Reflex and Anti Reflex Effects: Discovery and Developments (J. Fournier & B. Waegell). Cage Molecules in Photochemistry (T. Miyashi, et al.). Recent Studies on Valence Isomerization between Norbornadiene and Quadricyclane (K. Hirao, et al.). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe various techniques used to analyze the microstructures of polymers are presented in this book. High resolution and solid state techniques are described, and applications to both synthetic and biological polymers are discussed in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on the determination of polymer microstructure by NMR spectroscopy. Here attention is drawn to the connection between the microstructures and NMR spectra of polymers, and it is demonstrated that the local polymer conformation provides this link. The numerous examples illustrating this connection are a special feature of the book.Table of ContentsPreface 1. The Microstructure of Polymer Chains 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Polymers Are Macromolecules 1.3 Polymer Microstructures from Polymerization of Monomers 1.3.1 Directional Isomerism 1.3.2 Stereochemical Isomerism 1.3.3 Geometrical Isomerism 1.3.4 Truly Asymmetric Polymers 1.3.5 Copolymer Sequences 1.4 Organization of Polymer Chains 1.5 Polymer Properties and Their Relation to Microstructure 2. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The NMR Phenomenon 2.2.1 Resonance 2.2.2 Interactions and Relaxations of Nuclear Spins 2.2.3 Chemical Shift 2.2.4 Spin-Spin Coupling 2.3 Experimental Observation of NMR 3. High-Resolution NMR of Polymers 3.1 Introduction 3.2 ¯1H NMR 3.3 ¯13C NMR 3.4 High-Resolution ¯13C NMR in the Solid State 3.4.1 Dipolar Broadening 3.4.2 Chemical-Shift Anisotropy 3.4.3 Cross-Polarization 3.5 Two-Dimensional NMR 3.6 Other Nuclei-¯15N, ¯19F, ¯29Si, and ¯31p 4. ¯13C NMR of Polymers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 ¯13C Chemical Shifts and Their Dependence on Microstructure 4.2.1 ¯13C Nuclear Shielding 4.2.2 Substituent Effects on ¯13C Chemical Shifts 4.2.3 The -Substituent Effect in ¯13C NMR 4.2.4 -gauche Effects in ¯13C NMR 5. -gauche Effect Method of Predicting ¯13C NMR Chemical Shifts 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Polymer Conformations 5.2.1 Rotational Isomeric-State Model of Polymers 5.2.2 Average Bond Conformations 5.3 -gauche Effect Calculation of ¯13C NMR Chemical Shifts 5.3.1 Small-Molecule Example 5.3.2 Macromolecular Example 6. Determination of Stereosequences in Vinyl Polymers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Traditional Methods 6.2.1 Stereoregular Polymers 6.2.2 Epimerization of Stereoregular Polymers 6.2.3 Model Compounds 6.2.4 Assumed Polymerization Mechanism 6.3 2D NMR Determination of Vinyl Polymer Stereosequence 6.4 Application of -gauche Effect Method 6.5 Establishing Vinyl Polymerization Mechanisms from Stereosequence Analysis 7. Microstructural Defects in Polymers 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Determining the Regiosequence of PVF_2 7.2.1 ¯13C NMR 7.2.2 ¯19F NMR 7.2.3 2D ¯19F NMR 7.3 Regiosequence Defects in PPO 8. Copolymer Microstructure 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Comonomer Sequences 8.3 Copolymer Stereosequences 8.4 Copolymer Conformations 8.5 Copolymerization Mechanisms 9. Chemically Modified Polymers 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Transformation of PVC to Ethylene-Vinyl Chloride Copolymers 9.2.1 Tri-n-butyltin Hydride Reduction of PVC 9.2.2 Microstructures of E-V Copolymers 9.2.3 (n-Bu)_3SnH Reduction of PVC Model Compounds 9.2.4 Computer Simulation of TCH and PVC Reduction 9.3 Modification of 1,4-Poly(butadienes) with Dihalocarbenes 9.3.1 Possible Microstructures in the Dihalocarbene Adducts of PBD 9.3.2 NMR of Dihalocarbene Adducts of PBD 10. Biopolymers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Polypeptides 10.2.1 2D NMR Assignment of ¯1H Resonances 10.2.2 Determination of Polypeptide Conformation by 2D NMR 10.3 Polynucleotides 10.4 Polysaccharides 11. Solid Polymers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Solid-State Polymer Conformation 11.3 Interchain Packing in Solid Polymers 11.4 Molecular Motion in Solid Polymers 11.5 Application of CPMAS/DD ¯13C NMR to Solid Polymers 11.5.1 Morphology and Motion in Polymer Crystals 11.5.2 Solid-Solid Polymer Phase Transitions 11.6 Other Nuclei Observed In Solid-State Polymer Spectra 11.6.1 CPMAS/DD ¯29Si NMR 11.6.2 MAS/DD ¯31p NMR 11.6.3 CPMAS/DD ¯15N NMR 11.7 Concluding Remarks

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Book SynopsisInternationally renowned authors review recent advances in the understanding of the structure and reactivity of transition metal hydrides. This up-to-date analysis of transition metal hydrides examines the recent upsurge of experimental studies devoted to transition metal hydrides in both gas phase and solution.

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Book SynopsisThe third volume of ''Frontiers of Electrochemistry'' concentrates on materials science. It provides a review of recent progress in the study of the electrochemical properties of novel materials and describes advances in the development of electrode materials for photoelectrochemistry, polymeric materials and insertion compounds for Lithium batteries. The book provides a careful description of electrochemistry of carbon, thin polymer film coated electrodes, electrocatalytic metal-oxide electrodes, electrochemistry of nuclear fuels and electrochemistry of clays and zeolites. The selection of excellent review articles was written by the best experts in their field of research. The book will interest electrochemists, materials scientists, electrochemical engineers, and other scientists in academic and industrial settings. In the preface, the editors point out that each chapter provides sufficient background material so that it can be read and appreciate by specialists and non specialists Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Electrode Materials and Strategies for Photoelectrochemistry/ Polymeric Materials for Li Batteries/ Insertion Compounds for Lithium Rocking Chair Batteries/ Thin Polymer Films on Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of Carbon/ Electrocatalytic Metal-Oxide Electrodes/ Electrochemistry of VO2, Nuclear Fuel/ Electrochemistry of Clays and Zeolites

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Book SynopsisGas Chromatograpic Environmental Analysis is the first, truly complete, up-to-date, homogeneous coverage in book form, of the analytical techniques applied to the chemical study of environment. The book describes the use of gas chromatograpy in environmental analysis. After an introduction in the fundamentals of gas chromatograpy and a critical review of the different column types, the author describes the necessary instrumentation, with particular attention on the sample injection, detection and calibration systems. Special attention is paid to trace analysis which is important, e.g., in the recognation of specific fluorocarbons in the atmosphere. In addition, the author looks briefly at other techniques such as HPLC and mass spectrometry to give a complete picture of environmental analysis of today and tomorrow. Because it is written for chemists, analytical chemists in both industrial and academic contexts, chemical engineers, industrial hygienists, environmental biologists and Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: General Concepts of Gas Chromatographic Analysis/ Instrumentation for Gas Chromatographic Environmental Analysis/ The Mass Spectrometer and Its Use in Environmental Analysis/ The Chromatographic Analysis of Volatile Air and Water Pollutants/ Sample Preparation and Analysis of Organic Micro-Pollutants from Complex Matrices

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Book SynopsisFormulation chemists and engineers, along with their research managers, have long known the difficult nature of formulation problems. This book is a manual to help them to identify key issues, design efficient experiments, and develop math models to resolve conflicting objectives. Specific solved examples, co-authored by chemists, show how well these methods work on industrial-strength problems and document the power and efficiency of computer aided formulation. This book is the first one to combine techniques of operations researching decision science, and statistics to solve formulation problems. Readers will appreciate its chapters on experimental design, which are easy to read and enjoyable.Table of ContentsAuthor’s Note on Text Contributors Chapter 1 The Formulation Problem Introduction Basic Principles of Formulating Many Ingredients Measuring Product Quality Conflicting Goals Additional Challenges Identifying Experimental Variables Implicit Formula and Process Constraints Alternate Forms of Independent Variables Controlling the Effects of Background Noise Approaches to Formulation The Artsy Approach The Modeling-Graphical Approach The Math-Programming Approach Interactive Goal Programming Prioritizing Goals Math-Programming Format Computer Aided Formulation Expert Systems Other Expertise Needed Implementation Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 2 The Experimental Process Introduction Defining the Experimental System Independent Variables System Parameters Uncontrolled Variables System Constraints Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 3 Experimental Design Introduction—Experimental Models One-Factor-at-a-Time (OFAT) Designs Search Approaches to Experimental Design Two-Factor-at-a-Time (TFAT) Designs Factorial Designs Partial Factorial Designs Practical Considerations Box-Wilson Designs Simplex Centroid Designs Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 4 Fundamentals of Math Programming Introduction Math Programming Linear Programming Product Mix Blending Transportation Multiperiod Scheduling Portfolio Selection Covering Linear Programming Modeling Linear Programming Formulation The Graphical Solution Sensitivity Analysis Economic Impact of Changes to Right-Hand-Side Values Computation of Dual Prices Computation of Right-Hand-Side Ranges Reduced Costs Nonlinear Programming Multiple Objectives Models—Goal Programming Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 5 Multiple Goal Decision Methods Introduction Multiple Objective Scenarios Multiobjective Optimality Finding Efficient Solutions Decision Space versus Objective Space Utility Analysis Problems in Comparing Alternatives What Is Utility? Assessing Single Objective Utility Using Utility to Compare Alternatives Preference Structure Ranking and Weighting Utility Curves Multiobjective Decision Approaches The Weighting Method The Goal Approach Multiattribute Utility Analysis Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 6 Expert System Design Principles and Solved Example Developing Effective Regression Models Solved Example Background Experimental Objective Working Hypothesis Experimental System Testing Regression Modeling Measured Moistness versus Variables Listed Interactive Nonlinear Goal Programming Objective Function Constraints Goal Constraints Interactive Process Conclusion The Integrated Expert System Summary Definitions Bibliography Appendix 6.1 Appendix 6.2 Chapter 7 An Analytic Hierarchy Approach for Evaluating Product Formulations Introduction The Analytic Hierarchy Process An Example of the Process Extensions to the Analytic Hierarchy Process An Alternative Approach to Evaluate Product Formulations Summary Definitions Bibliography Appendix 7.1 Chapter 8 Plastics Compounding and Formulation Introduction Getting Started Overview of the Formulation Problem Selection of the Polymer A General Overview of Polymers Polymer Properties and Screening Tests Additives Used in Compounding Plastics Some Tips to Speed the Work Solved Example Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 9 Formulating Laundry Detergents Detergent Performance Bleaching and Brightening Freshening Fabric Softening Soils Fabrics Product Safety Product Stability Processing Formulating Fundamentals Particulate Soils Oily Soils Starchy Soils Fatty Soils Proteinaceous Soils Fabrics Cleaning Considerations Surfactants Water Hardness Alkalinity Application Method Solved Example Background Procedure Laboratory Confirmation Summary Definitions Bibliography Chapter 10 Case Study: Silica-Based Defoamers Introduction Definitions Foam Problems in Industry Mechanisms of Defoamers Side Effects Silica in Defoamers Forms of Silica Making Silica Hydrophobic Prior State of the Art Objectives Properties of the Perfect Antifoam Optimizing In-Situ Silica Formulations Experimental Design Dependent Variables Independent Variables Uncontrolled Variables System Parameters System Constraints Results Development of a Performance Index Choosing the Silicone Choosing the Silica Optimizing the Promoter Level Optimizing the Silicone Level Optimizing the Cost-Effectiveness Optimizing the Mineral Oil Level Optimizing the Dose Rate Optimizing the Performance to Cost Ratio Summary Definitions Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a detailed survey of the more powerful and less conventional HPLC detection methods available today. Addressing both theory and application, experts give their assessment of some of the most promising detection methods being developed. Long lived luminescence, near-infrared semiconductor laser fluorescence, and HPLC-mass spectrometry are among the methods discussed. In addition, an entire chapter is devoted to showing how the ultimate power of NMR may be combined with HPLC. This book serves the needs of chromatographers who find their work restricted by the limits of conventional HPLC detection methods, and whose practical needs dictate the use of newer, more powerful methods.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Measurement Concepts and Laser-Based Detection in High Performance Micro Separations/ Long-Lived Luminescence Detection in Liquid Chromatography/ Chemiluminescent Detection in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/ HPLC Detection in the Near-Infrared Electrochemical Detection for Liquid Chromatography/ Photothermal Detectors for High Performance Liquid Chromatography/ HPLC Detection Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry/ HPLC Detection by Mass Spectrometry/ High Performance Liquid Chromatography Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance On-Line Coupling

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Book SynopsisThis second volume of the series ''Reviews in Computational Chemistry'' explores new applications, new methodologies, and new perspectives. The topics covered include conformational analysis, protein folding, force field parameterizations, hydrogen bonding, charge distributions, electrostatic potentials, electronic spectroscopy, molecular property correlations, and the computational chemistry literature. Methodologies described include conformational search strategies, distance geometry, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, ab initio and semiempirical molecular orbital calculations, and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) using topological and electronic descriptors. A compendium of molecular modeling software will help users select the computational tools they need. Each chapter in ''Reviews in Computational Chemistry'' serves as a brief tutorial for organic, physical, pharmaceutical, and biological chemists new to the field. Practitioners will be intereTable of ContentsA Survey of Methods for Searching thr Conformational Space of Small and Medium-Sized Molecules (A. Leach). Simplified Models for Understanding and Predicting Protein Structure (J. Troyer and F. Cohen). Moleculaar Mechanics: The Art and Science of Parameterization (J. Bowen and N. Allinger). New Approaches to Empirical Force Fields (U. Dinur and A. Hagler). Calculating the Properties of Hydrogen Bonds by ab Initio Methods (S. Scheiner). Net Atomic Charge and Multiple Models for the ab Initio Molecular Electric Potential (D. Williams). Molecular Electrostatic Potentials and Chemical Reactivity (P. Politzer and J. Murray). Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Methods (M. Zerner). The Molecular Connectivity Chi Indexes and Kappa Shape Indexes in Structure-Property Modeling (L. Hall and L. Kier). The Electron-Topological Approach to the QSAR Problem (I. Bersuker and A. Dimoglo). The Computational Chemistry Literature (D. Boyd). Appendix: Compendium of Software for Molecular Modeling (D. Boyd). Author Index. Subject Index.

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Book SynopsisThis work offers a comprehensive, up-to-date account of 30 years of thermochemical investigations and findings from around the world.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Bomb Calorimeters/ Temperature Measurements in Calorimetry/ Calorimetric Part of Thermochemical Experiments/ Chemical Part of Thermochemical Experiment/ Calorimetry of Combustion 1/m Dissolution/ Calculations for Thermochemical Experiments/ Purification and Determination of Studied Substance Purity/ Experimental Data on Evaporation Enthalpy and Organic Substance Vapour Pressures/ Geometry, Classification and Enumeration of Isomers/ Relation Between Structures and Properties of Organic Compounds/ Statistical Regularities in Thermodynamic Properties of Isomers and Their Equilibrium Relations/ Complex Chemical Equilibria and Calculation of Equilibrium Compostition of Multicomponent Isomeric Mixtures

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Book SynopsisThis book summarizes the results of studies on charge transfer photochemistry of metal complexes of the past few years.Table of ContentsPhotochemical Laws/ Photochemistry and Photophysics/ Spectra and Photochemistry of Coordination Compounds/ Photoredox Properties of Metal Complexes: Copper, Silver, and Gold - Magnesium, Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury - Aluminum, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, Yttrium, Lanthanides, and Actinides - Silicon, Germanium, Tin, Lead, and Titanium - Antimony, Bismuth, Vanadium, Niobium, and Tantalum - Tellurium, Chromium, Molybdenum, and Tungsten - Manganese, Technetium, and Rhenium, Iron Ruthenium and Osmium - Nickel, Palladium, and Platinum, Cobalt, Rhodium and Iridium

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Book SynopsisThe world's leading experts contribute their expertise to this forthcoming book which presents the most current and comprehensive research on spheroidal carbon clusters (fullerenes) as well as discussing current problems and possible directions in future research.Table of ContentsMass Spectrometric Studies of the Fullerences/ Fullerene Structures/ Ab Initio Theoretical Predictions of Fullerenes/ Predicting Properties/ Electronic Structure of the Fullerenes/ Theory of Electronic and Superconducting Properties/ Electronic Structure of the Alkali-Intercalated Fullerides, Endohedral Fullerenes, and Metal-Adsorbed Fullerenes/ Exo- and Endohedral Fullerene Complexes in the Gas Phase/ Fullerene Electrochemistry/ Improved Preparation, Chemical Reactivity/ Fulleroids and Fulleroid Polymers

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Book SynopsisThis volume in the series brings together reknowned experts in the field to present the reader with an account of the latest developments in quantum mechanics, molecular dynamics, and the teaching of computational chemistry. There are so many developments in the field of computational chemistry that it is difficult to keep track of them.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: A Survey of Methods for Searching the Conformational Space of small and Medium-Sized Molecules/ Simplified Models for Understanding and Predicting Protein Stucture/ Molecular Mechanics: The Art and Science of Parameterization/ Approaches to Empirical Force Fields/ Calcualating the Properties of Hydrogen Bonds by Ab Initio Methods/ Net Atomic Charge and Multipole Models for the Ab Initio Molecular Electric Potential/ Molecular Electrostatic Potentials and Chemical Reactivity/ Semiempirical Molecular Orbital Methods/ The Molecular Connectivity Chi Indexes and Kappa Shape Indexes in Structure-Property Modeling/ The Electron-Topological Approach to the QSAR Problem/ The Computational Chemistry Literature/ Appendix: Compendium of Software for Molecular Modeling

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Book SynopsisThis reference source for identifying and locating products in the international chemical marketplace has been written for the chemists, materials scientists, end-product formulators, industrial application specialists and scientists working in associated fields.

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Book SynopsisThe unique properties of phthalocyanines have generated worldwide interest in their use in chemical sensors, fuel cells, molecular metals, molecular computers, pollution control, and information technology. Volume 3 of this series continues the detailed coverage of the fundamental and applied chemistry of the phthalocyanine derivatives. Eight distinguished experts discuss different aspects of the field. This book also contains a considerable collection of tables, chemical structures, and graphic representations, along with an extensive, up to date array of references.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: The Redox Chemistry of Metallophthalocyanines in Solution/ Electrochromism and Display Devices/ Phthalocyanine-Based Molecular Electronic Devices/ Raman Spectra of Phthalocyanines/ Absorption and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectral Properties of Phthalocyanines. Part 2: Ring-Oxidized and Ring-Reduced Complexes

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Book SynopsisVolume 5 presents tutorial on post-Hartree-Fock methods, electron population analysis, Brownian dynamics, lipid simulations, distance geometry in molecular modeling, and computer-aided drug design. A history traces the field's growth and relationship to funding agencies.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: The Development of Computational Chemistry in the United States/ Applications of Post-Hartree-Fock Methods: A Tutorial/ Population Analysis and Electron Densities from Quantum Mechanics/ Biological Applications of Electrostatic Calculations and Brownian Dynamics Simulations/ Computer Simulation of Lipids Systems/ Distance Geometry in Molecular Modeling/ A Perspective of Modern Methods in Computer-Aided Drug Design/ Appendix: Compendium of Software for Molecular Modeling

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Book SynopsisThe past two decades have seen an explosion in research on the synthesis of sesquiterpenes, an important class of hydrocarbons commonly found in oils, resins, and balsams. Volume Eleven in The Total Synthesis of Natural Products series continues to review this dynamic area of chemistry. It features systematic, A-to-Z coverage of sesquiterpenes synthesized between 1979-1994-a sesquidecade. Focusing on bicyclic and tricyclic compounds in sesquiterpene synthesis, this authoritative work complements Volume Ten''s coverage of acyclic and monocyclic sesquiterpenes. The authors comb through the hundreds of sesquiterpene syntheses already developed, consolidating the multitude of research papers, and providing extensive references as well as author and subject indexes. To keep the presentation manageable, they emphasize literature where natural products were prepared, leaving out natural ring systems or compounds whose structures were misassigned. This vTable of ContentsBICYCLIC SESQUITERPENES. Eudesmanes. Cadinanes. Drimanes. Eremophilanes. Miscellaneous Hydronaphthalenes. Fused Ring Compounds: 6,3. Fused Ring Compounds: 6,5. Fused Ring Compounds: 6,7. Fused Ring Compounds: 6,8. Fused Ring Compounds: 5,7. Fused Ring Compounds: 5,8. Fused Ring Compounds: 4,9. Fused Ring Compounds: 5,5. Isolated Rings. Spirocyclic Systems. Bridged Systems. TRICYCLIC SESQUITERPENES. Angular Triquinanes. Propellanes. Linear Triquinanes. Miscellaneous Fused Tricyclic Sesquiterpenes. Bridged Tricyclic Sesquiterpenes. Epilogue. References. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe text will provide a set of problems covering mechanistic, structural and spectroscopic issues in inorganic chemistry. Specific areas to be covered include coordination chemistry, physiochemical aspects of solution chemistry, inorganic chemistry of biological systems (both natural biomolecules and bioinorganic models). Illustrative worked examples will be included. The problems will be categorized by topic chapters for ease of reference and use in courses. They will provide a valuable resource for instructors, providing a means of testing and developing the many principles covered in texts and advanced courses. Often students find it difficult to find practical problems to test the principles they have learned in class. This text will provide a series of questions to test understanding and worked examples as a pedagogical aid.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Inorganic Biochemistry. Experimental Methods. Transport and Storage. Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes: (I) Oxygen Carriers and Hydrolases. Metalloproteins and Metalloenzymes: (II) Redox Chemistry. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals. Metals in the Regulation of Biochemical Events. Cell Toxicity and Chemotherapeutics. Metal Complexes as Probes of Structure and Reactivity. Case Studies. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis title provides detailed coverage of classic inorganic reaction mechanisms and organometallic reaction mechanisms. The coverage of the mechanisms expected for reactions of transitions metal complex includes the kinetic studies used to differentiate possible mechanisms. This combination of coordination complexes and organometallic complexes is unique to this title. Describing how transition metal complexes react and the type of data used to determine how complexes react, this work provides excellent introductions, extensive problems, and thought-provoking summaries in every chapter. Complete with excellent references, this second edition has been updated with new problems and increased information on NMR techniques, dissociative reactions of square-planar complexes, seventeen-electron complexes, organometallic transfer, and oxidative-addition and reductive-elimination reactions. The only current text on inorganic mechanisms, this book is ideal for students and chemists who deal withTable of ContentsRate Laws/ Activation Parameters/ Microscopic Reversibility/ Linear Free Energy Relationships/ Kinetic Techniques/ Classification of Mechanisms/ Substitution Reactions/ Trans Effect/ Other Effects/ Activation Parameters/ Dissociative Processes/ Other Metal Centers/ Kinetics/ Mechanisms/ Leaving Group, Chelate and Ligand Effects/ Effect of Metal/ Stereochemistry/ Ligand Bonding/ Metal Carbonyl Substitution Reactions/ Dissociation of Other Ligands/ Ligand Effects/ Complexes with Seventeen Electrons/ Substitution on Metal Carbonyl Complexes Containing Metal-Metal Bonds/ Ligand Substitution Reactions on Alkyl Complexes/ Hydride Complexes/ Nitrosyl, Allyl and Other Complexes/ Oxidative Addition/ Reductive Elimination /Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Alkenes/ Asymmetric Hydrogenation/ Hydroformylation/ Wacker Acetaldehyde Synthesis/ Hydrocyanation of 1,3-Butadiene/ Olefin Metathesis/ Polymerization of Alkenes/ Methanol Carboylation/ Coordination Number Isomerization/ Metal Migration in an Unsaturated Ring - Ring Whizzers/ Metal-Metal Bonded Systems/ Outer Sphere Electron Transfer/ Long-Range Electron Transfer/ Multielectron Transfer/ Organometallic Electron Transfer.

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Book SynopsisIn this fourth and last volume of the series the presentation of methods and techniques for the analysis of foods, nutrients, antinutritional factors and contaminants in foods, is concisely described and referenced. This book will be a convenient source of information on the chemical analysis of food components for the manufacture, marketing and labelling of food products. It will help facilitate a better understanding for marketing goods globally. Food manufacturers, scientists, and technicians now have a valuable reference on the analytical procedures for foods used in Europe.Table of ContentsFrom the Contents: Measurement of water in foods/ Measurement of the functional properties of water in foods/ Mineral elements/ Non-enzymatic titration of glucides/ Enzymatic titration of glucides/ Titration of lipids/ Titration of proteins/ Titration of enzymatic activities/ Titration of vitamins/ Titration of flavors/ Titration of pesticide residues/ Titration of antibiotics/ Titration of antinutritional factors/ Titration of synthetic monomers and additives/ Titration of pthalic esters/ Measurement of radioactive contamination of foods/ Detection methods of ionized foods.

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Book SynopsisPraise for the First Edition: Very useful for researchers in solid-state chemistry and as a textbook of advanced inorganic chemistry for PhD students. -Advanced Materials. This book provides unified coverage of the structure, properties, and synthesis of transition metal oxides. Written by two world-class scientists, it offers both an excellent window on modern solid-state chemistry and a gateway to understanding the behavior of inorganic solids. Scientists and advanced students in inorganic and solid-state chemistry, materials science, ceramics, and condensed matter science will welcome this updated Second Edition, which features new or expanded material on: * Oxyanion derivatives of cuprates, mercury cuprates, ladder compounds, and new oxide systems * Giant magnetoresistance, superconductivity, and nonlinear materials * Recently developed synthetic strategies and examples, including soft chemistry routes Plus: * Hundreds of illustraTable of ContentsSTRUCTURE. Basic Background Material. Mother Structures of Some Binary Transition Metal Oxides. Perovskites and Relatives. Octahedral Tunnel Structures: Bronzes and Bronzoids. Octahedral Intersecting Tunnel Structures: Pyrochlores and Relatives. Octahedral Lamellar Oxides. Close-Packed Oxides: Spinels, Hexagonal Ferrites, and Relatives. Three-Dimensional Mixed Frameworks Involving Tetrahedra and Octahedra. Examples of Unusual Coordination: The Vanadium Oxides. Sheer Structures. The Highly Complex Structural Behavior of Transition Metal Oxides. PROPERTIES AND PHENOMENA. Electrons in Transition Metal Oxides. Properties of Oxide Materials. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Oxides in Relation to Structure. Mixed Valence. Metal-Nonmetal Transitions. Low-Dimensional Oxides. Superconducting Oxides. Ferroics. Results from Empirical Theory. Understanding Electronic Structures from Electron Spectroscopy Combined with Empirical Theory. Giant Magnetoresistance and Related Aspects. Nanomaterials. Catalysts and Gas Sensors. PREPARATION OF MATERIALS. Typical Reactions. Ceramic Preparations. Use of Precursors. Topochemical and Intercalation Reactions. Ion Exchange Method. Alkali Flux and Electrochemical Methods. Sol-Gel Method. Reactions at High Pressures. Superconducting Cuprates. Arc and Skull Techniques. Soft Chemical Routes. Crystal Growth. Concluding Remarks. References. Index.

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