Cartography, map-making and projections Books

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Book SynopsisThe new field of spatial history has been driven by digital mapping tools, which can readily show change over time in space. But long before this software was developed, mapmakers around the world represented time in sophisticated and nuanced ways in static maps that offer lessons for us today. In this collection, historians Karen Wigen and Caroline Winterer bring together leading scholars to consider how mapmakers depicted time. The essays show that time has often been a major component of what we usually consider to be a spatial medium. Focusing on 500 years of mapmaking in Europe, the United States, and Asia, these essays take us from the Aztecs documenting the founding of Tenochtitlan, to early modern Japanese reconstructing nostalgic landscapes before Western encroachments, to nineteenth-century Americans grappling with the new concept of deep time. The book also features a defense of traditional paper maps by digital mapmaker William Rankin. With more than one hundred color mapsTrade Review"Thought-provoking. . . . This scholarly work provides an intriguing, unique way to consider maps. Recommended for those who like cartography and history." * Library Journal *"Maps not only help us to organize ourselves in space and time, but also to deal with the past, present, and future, both human and cosmic. Geographic information systems (GIS) provided a new approach to mapping when they emerged in the mid-20th century. Today, digital technologies that began with GIS now provide online access to source material via high-resolution images, accompanied by ever-increasing numbers of tools facilitating a larger cartographic presence. This collection from Wigen and Winterer explores how the practice of mapping has developed over time and the many innovative ways maps have depicted spaces and political imaginaries. . . . Recommended." * Choice *"Leading scholars consider the sophisticated ways in which the movement of time was depicted in maps, examining centuries of cartography from around the world, and providing more than 100 colour maps and illustrations." * The Bookseller *"Time in Maps is a first-rate collection. . . . It provides an important work for cartographic scholars, and, more generally, offers those interested in historiography much to consider. The volume is a pleasure to read, with many well-selected maps and a high standard of reproduction." * The Critic *"Time in Maps delves into some little-explored areas of the history of cartography and expands the purview of map history. The essays are engaging and draw the reader into often unfamiliar subject matter. The volume is well edited and produced, with many excellent, full-color re-productions of maps and illustrations. The collection as a whole supports the editors’ propositions regarding time in maps, particularly the proposals that historical maps developed globally in the early modern age and that static maps are surprisingly diverse in their strategies for representing time. Time in Maps will be of particular interest to scholars of historical mapping, and to readers in general who want to learn about how history is portrayed in maps." * The Portolan *"In addition to its innovative theme and astute analyses, Time in Maps is a welcome invitation to mapmakers, historians, and geographers to situate GIS and other computer driven ways of visualizing time within the much wider history of spatio-temporal cartography. Both the text and the lavish illustrations successfully show how physical maps have situated readers in moments of both space and time, expressed historical process, communicated both sacred and profane chronologies, and revealed ways in which mapmakers in different contexts have perceived time and incorporated it into their work." * The Journal of Interdisciplinary History *"This sumptuously-illustrated large-sized book serves, effectively, as a celebration of the development of GIS. . . . The eight contributors are all of equal scholarly standing, and their individual contributions both reflect this and, by interacting with each other, playing off each other, create a greater whole. Histories of cartography have an in-built advantage: their historical illustrations are works-of-art; their contemporary examples are technological marvels. But the analytical scholarship on display in this collection raises it all to a different and altogether satisfying level." * Geography Realm *"As an appreciation of maps and open-ended time across cultures and eras, Time in Maps is a fine collection of scholarly essays and a thoughtfully organized book." * Journal of World History *"Time in Maps is a fascinating look at some of the many ways in which humans have tried to depict the passage of time in cartographic form. The handsome hardback is illustrated throughout with color images of historical maps... for those fascinated by the history and modern implications of map-making, it’s rewarding reading." * Fortean Times *"Rather than taking an approach that would present an unfolding of innovation over time, [Time in Maps] offers a varied reach historically and geographically from chapter to chapter. It is the philosophical, political, and cultural dimensions that are the primary focus here for appreciating the importance of time in cartography." * Historical Geography *“As wide-ranging, imaginative, and revealing as the maps they discuss, these essays follow the trace laid down by the editors and William Rankin’s magisterial opening essay. They track how maps—interpreted broadly—convey time as well as space. GIS, they contend, has not rendered old paper maps obsolete as much as revealed their wonders—their dynamism, their depth, their metaphors, their techniques, and their connections to not only a physical world but to other intellectual endeavors. They convey the magic not only of maps but of scholarship.” * Richard White, Stanford University *“What a relief to move beyond the worn dichotomy between maps and timelines, geography and history! Time in Maps shows definitively that maps brim with temporal references, both overt and subtle. They represent moments that range from one protest march to centuries of slavery, or a year’s erosion along Cape Cod to the deep time of geological eons. Cartographers’ visual strategies include encodings of time as much as symbolic representations of objects in space. Contrary to popular opinion, printed maps are anything but ‘static’ once one learns to recognize how they in fact hold time in the embrace of space. Time in Maps is a wonderful book, and one that is long overdue.” * Anne Kelly Knowles, University of Maine *"Drawing on carefully curated images from Asia, the Americas, and Europe, Time in Maps offers a grand tour of cartographic cultures across epochs and continents, examining how human beings have used static maps to give palpable physicality to the seemingly ungraspable passing of time. Working in fields that remain deeply wedded to texts, the historians featured in this volume examine past attempts to visualize events, processes, distributions, and relations and to provide rich temporal stories in the form of two-dimensional graphics." * Isis *"The volume is a pleasure to read, with many well-selected maps and a high standard of reproduction." * New York Military Affairs Symposium *Table of ContentsForeword by Abby Smith Rumsey Introduction: Maps Tell Time Caroline Winterer and Kären Wigen Chapter 1: Mapping Time in the Twentieth (and Twenty-First) Century William Rankin Part I: Pacific Asia Chapter 2: Orienting the Past in Early Modern Japan Kären Wigen Chapter 3: Jesuit Maps in China and Korea: Connecting the Past to the Present Richard A. Pegg Part II: The Atlantic World Chapter 4: History in Maps from the Aztec Empire Barbara E. Mundy Chapter 5: Lifting the Veil of Time: Maps, Metaphor, and Antiquarianism in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Veronica Della Dora Chapter 6: A Map of Language Daniel Rosenberg Part III: The United States Chapter 7: The First American Maps of Deep Time Caroline Winterer Chapter 8: How Place Became Process: The Origins of Time Mapping in the United States Susan Schulten Chapter 9: Time, Travel, and Mapping the Landscapes of War James R. Akerman Acknowledgments List of Contributors Index

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Book SynopsisSusan Schulten tells a story of Americans beginning to see the world around them, tracing U.S. attitudes towards world geography from the end of 19th century exploration to the dawn of the Cold War. The work discusses the study of geography and its place in culture and politicsTrade Review"Schulten steps up to the challenge of producing a full-length work about the political economy of mapmaking.... An ambitious history of the rise of popular cartography in the United States." - Nicholas Lemann, The New Yorker "A well-documented account of how politics, history and culture influenced the study and presentation of geography.... Theory is wisely balanced by a hodgepodge of odd and interesting facts about maps, politics and American cultural trends." - Publishers Weekly "An important new work.... Schulten's original synthesis ranges widely and insightfully from the effects of war on map design to map projection as a reflection of how Americans saw themselves as an emergent world power." - Mark Monmonier, author of How to Lie with Maps and Air Apparent

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Book SynopsisA single, monumental mappa mundi (world map), made around 1300 for Hereford Cathedral, survives intact from the Middle Ages. As Marcia Kupfer reveals in her arresting new study, this celebrated testament to medieval learning has long been profoundly misunderstood. Features of the colored and gilded map that baffle modern expectations are typically dismissed as the product of careless execution. Kupfer argues that they should rightly be seen as part of the map's encoded commentary on the nature of vision itself. Optical conceits and perspectival games formed part of the map's language of vision, were central to its commission, and shaped its display, formal design, and allegorical fabric. These discoveries compel a sweeping revision of the artwork's intellectual and art-historical genealogy, as well as its function and aesthetic significance, shedding new light on the impact of scientific discourses in late medieval art.Published for the Paul Mellon Centre for Studies in British Art

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Book Synopsis"Randel is endlessly fascinating, and Holloway’s biography tells his life with great skill." —Steve Weinberg, USA TodayTrade Review"Marguerite Holloway has uncovered [in the life of John Randel Jr.] a quite marvelous tale, and has told it just magnificently." -- Simon Winchester, author of The Perfectionists and The Map That Changed the World"The Measure of Manhattan allows us to appreciate, for the first time, the extent to which the rationality of the grid plan can be attributed to the irrationally obsessive man who ‘affixe[d] the city to the island,’ in Holloway’s words." -- Richard Kreiner - Slate"A far more intimate experience than going to the museum…Holloway’s relationship to the city is personal, and she is aware that the city itself was made by people, for them to live in." -- Village Voice"This outstanding history of the Manhattan grid offers us a strange archaeology: part spatial adventure, part technical expedition into the heart of measurement itself, starring teams of nineteenth-century gentlemen striding across the island’s eroded mountains and wild streams, implementing a grid that would soon enough sprout skyscrapers and flatirons, Central Park and Fifth Avenue." -- Geoff Manaugh - BLDGBLOG"Marguerite Holloway brings to life the man who in a very real way made New York what it is today." -- Elizabeth Kolbert, author of The Sixth Extinction"Marguerite Holloway’s portrait of the surveyor’s surveyor in his cartography-obsessed time shows us how much the physical city has changed and, most crucially, how much it hasn’t." -- Robert Sullivan, author of My American Revolution and Rats"As elegant as the maps it celebrates, Marguerite Holloway’s lively biography tells the story of the man who pinned a grid to Manhattan." -- Edward Dolnick, author of The Clockwork Universe"An enchanting web of biography and science, as magical as the grid that John Randel devised to give birth to modern Manhattan." -- Andro Linklater, author of Measuring America

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Book Synopsis* This new edition includes more applications in environmental, transportation, geotechnical and construction engineering. * Increased coverage of Geomatics, including setting up data to do analysis and make decisions. * New examples and an increased number of homework problems have been added.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 1.1 Surveying 1.2 Geomatics 1.3 Famous Surveyors 1.4 Early History of Surveying 1.5 Plane Surveys 1.6 Geodetic Surveys 1.7 Types of Surveys 1.8 Modern Surveying Equipment 1.9 Use of Old Surveying Equipment 1.10 Maintenance of Equipment 1.11 Importance of Surveying 1.12 Safety 1.13 Liability Insurance 1.14 Opportunities in Surveying 2 Introduction to Measurements 2.1 Measurement 2.2 Necessity for Accurate Surveys 2.3 Accuracy and Precision 2.4 Errors and Mistakes 2.5 Sources of Errors 2.6 Systematic and Accidental or Random Errors 2.7 Discussion of Accidental or Random Errors 2.8 Occurrence of Accidental or Random Errors 2.9 Probability Curve 2.10 Propagation of Accidental or Random Errors 2.11 Significant Figures 2.12 Field Notes 2.13 Electronically Recorded Notes 2.14 Office Work and Digital Computers 2.15 Planning Problems 3 Distance Measurement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pacing 3.3 Odometers and Measuring Wheels 3.4 Tachymetry 3.5 Taping or Chaining 3.6 Electronic Distance Measurements 3.7 Global Positioning System 3.8 Summary of Measurement Methods 3.9 Equipment Required for Taping 3.10 Taping Over Level Ground 3.11 Taping Along Sloping Ground or Over Underbrush 3.12 Review of Some Trigonometry Problems 4 Distance Corrections 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Corrections 4.3 Incorrect Tape Length or Standardization Error 4.4 Temperature Variations 4.5 Slope Corrections 4.6 Sag and Tension Corrections 4.7 Combined Taping Corrections 4.8 Common Mistakes Made In Taping 4.9 Errors In Taping 4.10 Magnitude of Errors 4.11 Suggestions for Good Taping 4.12 Taping Precision 5 Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Basic Terms 5.3 Types of EDMs 5.4 Phase Shift EDMs 5.5 Timed Pulse EDMs 5.6 Setting Up, Leveling, and Centering EDMs 5.7 Necessary Steps for Measuring Distances with EDMs 5.8 Errors in EDM Measurements 5.9 Calibration of EDM Equipment 5.10 Accuracies of EDMs 5.11 Computation of Horizontal Distances from Slope Distances 5.12 Training of Personnel 5.13 Summary of Comments on EDMs Problems 6 Introduction to Leveling 6.1 Importance of Leveling 6.2 Basic Definitions 6.3 Reference Elevations or Datums 6.4 First-, Second-, and Third-Order Surveys 6.5 Methods of Leveling 6.6 The Level 6.7 Types of Levels 6.8 Level Rods 6.9 Setting up the Level 6.10 Sensitivity of Bubble Tubes 6.11 Care of Equipment Problems 7 Differential Leveling 7.1 Theory of Spirit Leveling 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Differential Leveling Described 7.4 Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction 7.5 Verniers 7.6 Level Rod Targets 7.7 Common Leveling Mistakes 7.8 Leveling Errors 7.9 Suggestions for Good Leveling 7.10 Comments On Telescope Readings 7.11 Precision of Differential Leveling 7.12 Hand Signals 8 Leveling, Continued 8.1 Adjustments of Level Circuits 8.2 Precise Leveling 8.3 Profile Leveling 8.4 Profiles 8.5 Cross Sections 8.6 Nonclosed Leveling Routes Problems 9 Angles and Directions 9.1 Meridians 9.2 Units for Measuring Angles 9.3 Azimuths 9.4 Bearings 9.5 The Compass 9.6 Variations In Magnetic Declination 9.7 Direction Arrow Convention 9.8 Local Attraction 9.9 Reading Bearings With a Compass 9.10 Detecting Local Attraction 9.11 Traverse Angle Definitions 9.12 Traverse Computations 9.13 Magnetic Declination Problems Problems 10 Measuring Angle and Directions With Total Stations 10.1 Transits and Theodolites (Obsolete) 10.2 Introduction to Total Stations 10.3 Types of Total Stations 10.4 Disadvantages of Total Stations 10.5 Advantages of Total Stations 10.6 Parts of Total Stations 10.7 Surveying With Total Stations 10.8 Setting Up the Total Station 10.9 Sighting the Instrument 10.10 Measuring Horizontal Angles 10.11 Closing the Horizon 10.12 Measuring Angles By Repetition 10.13 Direction Method for Measuring Horizontal Angles 10.14 Measuring Zenith Angles 10.15 Use of Data Collectors With Total Stations 10.16 Care of Instruments Problems 11 Miscellaneous Angle Discussion 11.1 Common Errors In Angle Measurement 11.2 Common Mistakes In Measuring Angles 11.3 Angle-Distance Relationships 11.4 Traversing 11.5 Older Methods of Traversing 11.6 Modern Traversing With Total Stations 11.7 Intersection of Two Lines 11.8 Measuring An Angle Where The Instrument Cannot Be Set Up 11.9 Prolonging a Straight Line By Double Centering 11.10 Establishing Points On a Straight Line Between Two Given Points 11.11 Cleaning Surveying Equipment Problems 12 Traverse Adjustment and Area Computation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Computations 12.3 Methods of Calculating Areas 12.4 Traverse Adjustment Overview 12.5 Balancing Angles 12.6 Latitudes and Departures 12.7 Error of Closure 12.8 Balancing Latitudes and Departures 12.9 Double Meridian Distances 12.10 Double Parallel Distances 12.11 Rectangular Coordinates 12.12 Areas Computed By Coordinates 12.13 Alternative Coordinate Method 12.14 Areas Within Irregular Boundaries Problems 13 Computer Calculations and Omitted Measurements 13.1 Computers 13.2 Programs 13.3 Application of the Computer Program SURVEY 13.4 Computer Example 13.5 A Potential Warning: Danger In Computer Use 13.6 Omitted Measurements 13.7 Length and Bearing Of One Side Missing 13.8 Using Survey to Determine the Length and Bearing of a Missing Side 13.9 Example Radiation Problem 13.10 Computer Solution for Radiation Problem 13.11 Resection Problems 14 Topographic Surveying 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Contours 14.3 Plotting of Topographic Maps 14.4 Summary of Contour Characteristics 14.5 Map Symbols 14.6 Completing the Map 14.7 Specifications for Topographic Maps 14.8 Methods of Obtaining Topography 14.9 Transit-Stadia Method of Mapping 14.10 Plane Table Surveys 14.11 Topographic Details Obtained With Total Stations 14.12 Selection of Points for Topographic Mapping 14.13 Profiles From Contour Maps 14.14 Checklist of Items to Be Included On a Topographic Map Problems 15 The Global Positioning System (GPS) 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Monitoring Stations 15.3 Global Navigation Satellite System 15.4 Uses of GPS 15.5 Basic Theory 15.6 How Can the Travel Time of a Satellite Signal Be Measured? 15.7 Clock Bias 15.8 GPS Errors 15.9 Minimizing Errors Through Differential Correction 15.10 Receivers 15.11 HARN 15.12 CORS 15.13 OPUS 15.14 WAAS 15.15 GPS Signals Problems 16 GPS Field Applications 16.1 Geoid and Ellipsoid 16.2 Field Applications 16.3 Static GPS Surveys 16.4 Kinematic GPS 16.5 Real-Time Kinematic Surveying 16.6 Virtual Reference Station 16.7 Dilution of Precision (DOP) 16.8 Planning 16.9 Example Problem 16.10 Network Adjustment 16.11 Carrier Phase GPS Problems 17 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 17.1 Introduction 17.2 What? A Definition of Geographic Information Systems 17.3 Who and Where? 17.4 Why GIS? 17.5 When? The Evolution of GIS 17.6 Thematic Layering 17.7 Levels of Use of a GIS 17.8 Uses of Geographic Information Systems 17.9 Objectives of a GIS 17.10 Applications of a GIS 17.11 GIS on the World Wide Web 17.12 Accuracy in a GIS 17.13 Control Surveying 17.14 Legal Concerns With GIS Problems 18 GIS, Continued 18.1 Essential Elements of a GIS 18.2 Selected Data About Geographic Locations 18.3 GIS Software 18.4 GIS Hardware 18.5 Sources of GIS Data 18.6 Putting Data into the Computer 18.7 Preprocessing Existing Data 18.8 Data Management and Retrieval 18.9 Manipulation and Analysis 18.10 Product Generation 18.11 Coordinates and Map Projections 18.12 Raster GIS 18.13 Conclusion to GIS Discussion Problems 19 Construction Surveying 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Work of the Construction Surveyor 19.3 Trade Unions 19.4 Property Survey from the Contractor's Viewpoint 19.5 Preliminary Surveys 19.6 Grade Stakes 19.7 Referencing Points for Construction 19.8 Building Layout 19.9 Base Lines (Layout Performed By Surveyors) 19.10 Radial Staking Methods 19.11 Batter Boards 19.12 Building Layout: Contractor Method 19.13 As-Built Surveys Problems 20 Volumes 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Slopes and Slope Stakes 20.3 Borrow Pits 20.4 Cross Sections 20.5 Areas of Cross Sections 20.6 Computation of Earthwork Volumes 20.7 Mass Diagram 20.8 Accounting for Shrinkage and Swell 20.9 Volumes from Contour Maps 20.10 Volume Formulas for Geometric Shapes Problems 21 Land Surveying or Property Surveying 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Title Transfer and Land Records 21.3 Common Law 21.4 Monuments 21.5 Blazing Trees 21.6 The Land Surveyor: A Specialist 21.7 Monuments, Bearings, Distances, and Areas 21.8 Miscellaneous Terms Relating to Land Surveying 21.9 Resurveys 21.10 Metes and Bounds 21.11 The U.S. Public Lands Survey System 21.12 Early Days of the System 21.13 Outline of the System 21.14 Meander Lines 21.15 Witness Corners 21.16 Deed Descriptions of Land Problems 22 Horizontal Curves 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Degree of Curvature and Radius of Curvature 22.3 Curve Equations 22.4 Deflection Angles 22.5 Selection and Staking Out of Curves 22.6 Computer Example 22.7 Field Procedure for Staking Out Curves 22.8 Circular Curves Using the SI System 22.9 Horizontal Curves Passing Through Certain Points 22.10 Spiral Curves Problems 23 Vertical Curves 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Vertical Curve Calculations 23.3 Miscellaneous Items Relating to Vertical Curves 23.4 Unequal-Tangent Vertical Curves 23.5 Vertical Curve Passing Through a Specified Point 23.6 Parabolic Curve Equation 23.7 Computer Example 23.8 Roadway Crowns 23.9 Roadway Superelevation Problems 24 Surveying-the Profession 24.1 Surveying Licenses 24.2 Registration Requirements 24.3 Penalties for Practicing Surveying Without a License 24.4 Reasons for Becoming Registered 24.5 A Profession 24.6 Code of Ethics 24.7 To Be Classed as a Professional 24.8 Conclusion Problems APPENDIX A: Some Useful Addresses APPENDIX B: Baccalaureate Degree Programs in Surveying APPENDIX C: Some Useful Formulas Glossary Index

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Book SynopsisThis new edition of the well-established Kearey and Brooks text is fully updated to reflect the important developments in geophysical methods since the production of the previous edition. The broad scope of previous editions is maintained, with even greater clarity of explanations from the revised text and extensively revised figures.Trade Review"The book is popular with geophysics students, a result of its clear and concise style, the presentation of information a the level required for the earlier years of an undergraduate degree, and figures which are also clear and concise." Geophysical Journal International on the second edition "No doubt that this volume will once again prove to be a classic textbook for undergraduate and graduate students in geology, geophysics, and for anyone interested in Earth Science." The EGGS, February 2003 "Overall...this is an excellent book and no doubt will continue to be recommended for many undergraduate courses." Geological Magazine, August 2003Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 The principles and limitations of geophysical exploration methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The survey methods 1 1.3 The problem of ambiguity in geophysical interpretation 6 1.4 The structure of the book 7 2 Geophysical data processing 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 Digitization of geophysical data 8 2.3 Spectral analysis 10 2.4 Waveform processing 13 2.4.1 Convolution 13 2.4.2 Deconvolution 16 2.4.3 Correlation 16 2.5 Digital filtering 17 2.5.1 Frequency filters 18 2.5.2 Inverse (deconvolution) filters 19 2.6 Imaging and modelling 19 Problems 20 Further reading 20 3 Elements of seismic surveying 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Stress and strain 21 3.3 Seismic waves 22 3.3.1 Body waves 23 3.3.2 Surface waves 24 3.3.3 Waves and rays 25 3.4 Seismic wave velocities of rocks 26 3.5 Attenuation of seismic energy along ray paths 27 3.6 Ray paths in layered media 28 3.6.1 Reflection and transmission of normally incident seismic rays 28 3.6.2 Reflection and refraction of obliquely incident rays 30 3.6.3 Critical refraction 31 3.6.4 Diffraction 31 3.7 Reflection and refraction surveying 32 3.8 Seismic data acquisition systems 33 3.8.1 Seismic sources and the seismic/acoustic spectrum 34 3.8.2 Seismic transducers 39 3.8.3 Seismic recording systems 41 Problems 42 Further reading 42 4 Seismic reflection surveying 43 4.1 Introduction 43 4.2 Geometry of reflected ray paths 43 4.2.1 Single horizontal reflector 43 4.2.2 Sequence of horizontal reflectors 45 4.2.3 Dipping reflector 46 4.2.4 Ray paths of multiple reflections 47 4.3 The reflection seismogram 48 4.3.1 The seismic trace 48 4.3.2 The shot gather 49 4.3.3 The CMP gather 50 4.4 Multichannel reflection survey design 51 4.4.1 Vertical and horizontal resolution 52 4.4.2 Design of detector arrays 53 4.4.3 Common mid-point (CMP) surveying 54 4.4.4 Display of seismic reflection data 57 4.5 Time corrections applied to seismic traces 57 4.6 Static correction 57 4.7 Velocity analysis 59 4.8 Filtering of seismic data 61 4.8.1 Frequency filtering 62 4.8.2 Inverse filtering (deconvolution) 62 4.8.3 Velocity filtering 65 4.9 Migration of reflection data 67 4.10 3D seismic reflection surveys 72 4.11 Three component (3C) seismic reflection surveys 76 4.12 4D seismic reflection surveys 77 4.13 Vertical seismic profiling 79 4.14 Interpretation of seismic reflection data 80 4.14.1 Structural analysis 81 4.14.2 Stratigraphical analysis (seismic stratigraphy) 82 4.14.3 Seismic modelling 84 4.14.4 Seismic attribute analysis 85 4.15 Single-channel marine reflection profiling 86 4.15.1 Shallow marine seismic sources 89 4.15.2 Sidescan sonar systems 90 4.16 Applications of seismic reflection surveying 92 Problems 97 Further reading 98 5 Seismic refraction surveying 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Geometry of refracted ray paths: planar interfaces 99 5.2.1 Two-layer case with horizontal interface 100 5.2.2 Three-layer case with horizontal interface 101 5.2.3 Multilayer case with horizontal interfaces 102 5.2.4 Dipping-layer case with planar interfaces 102 5.2.5 Faulted planar interfaces 104 5.3 Profile geometries for studying planar layer problems 105 5.4 Geometry of refracted ray paths: irregular (non-planar) interfaces 106 5.4.1 Delay time 106 5.4.2 The plus–minus interpretation method 108 5.4.3 The generalized reciprocal method 109 5.5 Construction of wavefronts and ray-tracing 110 5.6 The hidden and blind layer problems 110 5.7 Refraction in layers of continuous velocity change 112 5.8 Methodology of refraction profiling 112 5.8.1 Field survey arrangements 112 5.8.2 Recording scheme 113 5.8.3 Weathering and elevation corrections 114 5.8.4 Display of refraction seismograms 115 5.9 Other methods of refraction surveying 115 5.10 Seismic tomography 117 5.11 Applications of seismic refraction surveying 119 5.11.1 Engineering and environmental surveys 119 5.11.2 Hydrological surveys 120 5.11.3 Crustal seismology 120 5.11.4 Two-ship seismic surveying: combined refraction and reflection surveying 122 Problems 123 Further reading 124 6 Gravity surveying 125 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Basic theory 125 6.3 Units of gravity 126 6.4 Measurement of gravity 126 6.5 Gravity anomalies 129 6.6 Gravity anomalies of simple-shaped bodies 130 6.7 Gravity surveying 132 6.8 Gravity reduction 133 6.8.1 Drift correction 133 6.8.2 Latitude correction 133 6.8.3 Elevation corrections 134 6.8.4 Tidal correction 136 6.8.5 Eötvös correction 136 6.8.6 Free-air and Bouguer anomalies 136 6.9 Rock densities 137 6.10 Interpretation of gravity anomalies 139 6.10.1 The inverse problem 139 6.10.2 Regional fields and residual anomalies 139 6.10.3 Direct interpretation 140 6.10.4 Indirect interpretation 142 6.11 Elementary potential theory and potential field manipulation 144 6.12 Applications of gravity surveying 147 Problems 150 Further reading 153 7 Magnetic surveying 155 7.1 Introduction 155 7.2 Basic concepts 155 7.3 Rock magnetism 158 7.4 The geomagnetic field 159 7.5 Magnetic anomalies 160 7.6 Magnetic surveying instruments 162 7.6.1 Introduction 162 7.6.2 Fluxgate magnetometer 162 7.6.3 Proton magnetometer 163 7.6.4 Optically pumped magnetometer 164 7.6.5 Magnetic gradiometers 164 7.7 Ground magnetic surveys 164 7.8 Aeromagnetic and marine surveys 164 7.9 Reduction of magnetic observations 165 7.9.1 Diurnal variation correction 165 7.9.2 Geomagnetic correction 166 7.9.3 Elevation and terrain corrections 166 7.10 Interpretation of magnetic anomalies 166 7.10.1 Introduction 166 7.10.2 Direct interpretation 168 7.10.3 Indirect interpretation 170 7.11 Potential field transformations 172 7.12 Applications of magnetic surveying 173 Problems 180 Further reading 181 8 Electrical surveying 183 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Resistivity method 183 8.2.1 Introduction 183 8.2.2 Resistivities of rocks and minerals 183 8.2.3 Current flow in the ground 184 8.2.4 Electrode spreads 186 8.2.5 Resistivity surveying equipment 186 8.2.6 Interpretation of resistivity data 187 8.2.7 Vertical electrical sounding interpretation 188 8.2.8 Constant separation traversing interpretation 193 8.2.9 Limitations of the resistivity method 196 8.2.10 Applications of resistivity surveying 196 8.3 Induced polarization (IP) method 199 8.3.1 Principles 199 8.3.2 Mechanisms of induced polarization 199 8.3.3 Induced polarization measurements 200 8.3.4 Field operations 201 8.3.5 Interpretation of induced polarization data 201 8.3.6 Applications of induced polarization surveying 202 8.4 Self-potential (SP) method 203 8.4.1 Introduction 203 8.4.2 Mechanism of self-potential 203 8.4.3 Self-potential equipment and survey procedure 203 8.4.4 Interpretation of self-potential anomalies 204 Problems 205 Further reading 207 9 Electromagnetic surveying 208 9.1 Introduction 208 9.2 Depth of penetration of electromagnetic fields 208 9.3 Detection of electromagnetic fields 209 9.4 Tilt-angle methods 209 9.4.1 Tilt-angle methods employing local transmitters 210 9.4.2 The VLF method 210 9.4.3 The AFMAG method 212 9.5 Phase measuring systems 212 9.6 Time-domain electromagnetic surveying 214 9.7 Non-contacting conductivity measurement 216 9.8 Airborne electromagnetic surveying 218 9.8.1 Fixed separation systems 218 9.8.2 Quadrature systems 220 9.9 Interpretation of electromagnetic data 221 9.10 Limitations of the electromagnetic method 221 9.11 Telluric and magnetotelluric field methods 221 9.11.1 Introduction 221 9.11.2 Surveying with telluric currents 222 9.11.3 Magnetotelluric surveying 224 9.12 Ground-penetrating radar 225 9.13 Applications of electromagnetic surveying 227 Problems 228 Further reading 230 10 Radiometric surveying 231 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Radioactive decay 231 10.3 Radioactive minerals 232 10.4 Instruments for measuring radioactivity 233 10.4.1 Geiger counter 233 10.4.2 Scintillation counter 233 10.4.3 Gamma-ray spectrometer 233 10.4.4 Radon emanometer 234 10.5 Field surveys 235 10.6 Example of radiometric surveying 235 Further reading 235 11 Geophysical borehole logging 236 11.1 Introduction to drilling 236 11.2 Principles of well logging 236 11.3 Formation evaluation 237 11.4 Resistivity logging 237 11.4.1 Normal log 238 11.4.2 Lateral log 239 11.4.3 Laterolog 240 11.4.4 Microlog 241 11.4.5 Porosity estimation 241 11.4.6 Water and hydrocarbon saturation estimation 241 11.4.7 Permeability estimation 242 11.4.8 Resistivity dipmeter log 242 11.5 Induction logging 243 11.6 Self-potential logging 243 11.7 Radiometric logging 244 11.7.1 Natural gamma radiation log 244 11.7.2 Gamma-ray density log 244 11.7.3 Neutron–gamma-ray log 245 11.8 Sonic logging 246 11.9 Temperature logging 247 11.10 Magnetic logging 247 11.10.1 Magnetic log 247 11.10.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance log 247 11.11 Gravity logging 247 Problems 248 Further reading 249 Appendix: SI c.g.s. and Imperial (customary USA) units and conversion factors 250 References 251 Index 257

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Book SynopsisMore than a physical space, a hypercity is a real city overlaid with information networks that document the past, catalyze the present, and project future possibilities. Hypercities are always under construction. HyperCities puts digital humanities theory into practice to chart the proliferating cultural records of places around the world.Trade ReviewA provocative overview and theoretical explication of ‘thick mapping’ projects that show enormous potential for complex, multilayered, multidimensional explorations of urban areas. HyperCities is an important book that makes signal contributions to the digital humanities. -- Matthew K. Gold, Associate Professor of English and Digital Humanities, Graduate Center, City University of New York

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Book SynopsisOn October 23, 1852, Professor Augustus De Morgan wrote a letter to a colleague, unaware that he was launching one of the most famous mathematical conundrums in history - one that would confound thousands of puzzlers for more than a century. This book tells the amazing story of how the "map problem" was solved.Trade Review"The simplicity of the four-color conjecture is deceptive. Just how deceptive is made clear by Robin Wilson's delightful history of the quest to resolve it... Four Colors Suffice is strewn with good anecdotes, and the author ... proves himself skillful at making the mathematics accessible."--Jim Holt, New York Review of Books "Wilson's lucid history weaves together lively anecdotes, biographical sketches, and a non-technical account of the mathematics."--Science "Earlier books ... relate some of the relevant history in their introductions, but they are primarily technical. In contrast, Four Colors Suffice is a blend of history anecdotes and mathematics. Mathematical arguments are presented in a clear, colloquial style, which flows gracefully."--Daniel S. Silver, American Scientist "Robin Wilson appeals to the mathematical novice with an unassuming lucidity. It's thrilling to see great mathematicians fall for seductively simple proofs, then stumble on equally simple counter-examples. Or swallow their pride."--Jascha Hoffman, The Boston Globe "A thoroughly accessible history of attempts to prove the four-color theorem. Wilson defines the problem and explains some of the methods used by those trying to solve it. His descriptions of the contributions made by dozens of dedicated, and often eccentric, mathematicians give a fascinating insight into how mathematics moves forward, and how approaches have changed over the past 50 years... It's comforting to know that however indispensable computers become, there will always be a place for the delightfully eccentric mathematical mind. Let's hope that Robin Wilson continues to write about them."--Elizabeth Sourbut, New Scientist "An attractive and well-written account of the solution of the Four Color Problem... It tells in simple terms an exciting story. It ... give[s] the reader a view into the world of mathematicians, their ideas and methods, discussions, competitions, and ways of collaboration. As such it is warmly recommended."--Bjarne Toft, Notices of the American Mathematical Society "Recreational mathematicians will find Wilson's history of the conjecture an approachable mix of its technical and human aspects... Wilson explains all with exemplary clarity and an accent on the eccentricities of the characters."--Booklist "Wilson gives a clear account of the proof ... enlivened by historical tales."--Alastair Rae, Physics World "Wilson provides a lively narrative and good, easy-to-read arguments showing not only some of the victories but the defeats as well... Even those with only a mild interest in coloring problems or graphs or topology will have fun reading this book... [It is] entertaining, erudite and loaded with anecdotes."--G.L. Alexanderson, MAA OnlineTable of ContentsForeword by Ian Stewart xi Preface to the Revised Color Edition xiii Preface to the Original Edition xv 1The Four-Color Problem 1 What Is the Four-Color Problem? | Why Is It Interesting? | Is It Important? | What Is Meant by "Solving" It? | Who Posed It, and How Was It Solved? | Painting by Numbers | Two Examples 2The Problem Is Posed 12 De Morgan Writes a Letter | Hotspur and the Athenaeum | Mobius and the Five Princes | Confusion Reigns 3Euler's Famous Formula 28 Euler Writes a Letter | From Polyhedra to Maps | Only Five Neighbors | A Counting Formula 4Cayley Revives the Problem ... 45 Cayley's Query | Knocking Down Dominoes | Minimal Criminals | The Six-Color Theorem 5... and Kempe Solves It 55 Sylvester's New Journal | Kempe's Paper | Kempe Chains | Some Variations | Back to Baltimore 6A Chapter of Accidents 71 A Challenge for the Bishop | A Visit to Scotland | Cycling around Polyhedra | A Voyage around the World | Wee Planetoids 7A Bombshell from Durham 86 Heawood's Map | A Salvage Operation | Coloring Empires | Maps on Bagels | Picking Up the Pieces 8Crossing the Atlantic 105 Two Fundamental Ideas | Finding Unavoidable Sets | Finding Reducible Configurations | Coloring Diamonds | How Many Ways? 9A New Dawn Breaks 124 Bagels and Traffic Cops | Heinrich Heesch | Wolfgang Haken | Enter the Computer | Coloring Horseshoes 10Success! 139 A Heesch-Haken Partnership? | Kenneth Appel | Getting Down to Business | The Final Onslaught | A Race against Time | Aftermath 11Is It a Proof? 157 Cool Reaction | What Is a Proof Today? | Meanwhile ... | A New Proof | Into the Next Millennium | The Future Chronology of Events 171 Notes and References 175 Glossary 187 Picture Credits 193 Index 195

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Book SynopsisToward the end of the sixteenth century, and throughout the seventeenth, thinking in spatial terms assumed extraordinary urgency among Russia's ruling elites. The two great developments of this era in Russian history-the enserfment of the peasantry...Trade Review"Cartographies of Tsardom is a fascinating interdisciplinary book that breaks new ground in assessing the roles of history, geography, social structure, and religion in Early Modern Russia. Valerie Kivelson provides a compelling argument for using visual material as evidence of a consultative rather than dictatorial autocracy in Early Modern Russia. New territorial maps and seemingly mundane maps of land disputes turn out to reflect a center-periphery dynamic of nuanced interaction rather than one-sided dominance, a relationship reiterated in contemporary court cases and government policy. In the charting of physical space, provincial Russians appear determined to mark the value of their own sociopolitical status, all the while conceiving their place in the world within an articulated model of paradise." -- Michael Flier, Harvard University"In this beautifully written and richly illustrated book Valerie Kivelson uses hundreds of original maps and drawings to reconstruct the world of Muscovite society and politics. Focusing on ideas about place and space in seventeenth century Russia, she presents a bold new interpretation of the relationship between Russians and their tsar and lays bare the workings of the early modern Russian imperial system." -- Francine Hirsch, author of Empire of Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union"In this imaginative and provocative book, Valerie Kivelson explores early Russian maps as a source for understanding the mind of early Russia and offers intriguing hypotheses about conceptions of empire, space, law, and society in Muscovy." -- Richard Wortman, Columbia University"Like a good map, Valerie Kivelson's fascinating book poses new questions about how Muscovites understood their own territory and their place within it and the wider world, arguing convincingly that spatial thinking colored Muscovite politics, religion and culture. The fruit of many years' research, generously illustrated and based on archival materials, this book will change the way that we think about Muscovite Russia." -- Lindsey Hughes, SSEES, University College London"Students of Russian history will find in this book a balanced and very careful re-evaluation of some aspects of the Muscovy worldview. How did people think of Nature, the power structure they were living in, and the rights of colonized and colonizers' They will also get access to full-color reproductions of some of the most extraordinary maps made in that period. For the lay reader, with little or no background in either cartography or Russian history, this is simply a delightful treasure of novel ideas and eye-openers. From now on, forget about Mercator, and remember Semen Remezov!" -- Stefaan Van Ryssen, Leonardo, February 2007"This is a wondrous book that, figuratively and literally, adds another dimension to Russian history and introduces the reader to a little-known language, cartography in early modern Russia. With its novel approach, broad comparative context, and graceful prose, Valerie Kivelson's book is a landmark achievement." -- Michael Khodarkovsky, author of Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1600–1800"Valerie Kivelson has produced an extraordinarily impressive book, a pioneering and penetrating study of maps produced by Russians in the seventeenth century.... Her research casts fresh light on such major themes of seventeenth-century Russian history as the development of serfdom and the tsardom's phenomenal easteward expansion." -- Samuel H. Baron, Russian Review, July 2007"Valerie Kivelson's analysis of mapping and legal disputes in the pre-Petrine Muscovite empire makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the organization of property and territory and so of the nature of serfdom and the Muscovite empire itself. This is exactly the kind of book that demonstrates that maps cannot be relegated to mere illustration; rather, in their production and use, they have been crucial components of all sorts of spatial practice in the early modern and modern worlds. Solidly rooted in empirical research, Cartographies of Tsardom blends the social with the cultural in a truly innovative manner." -- Matthew Edney, Director, History of Cartography Project, University of Wisconsin–MadisonTable of ContentsIntroduction 1. Nesting Narratives: The History and Historiography of Muscovite Cartography 2. Engaging with the Law: Cartography, Autocracy, and Muscovite Legality 3. Signs in Space: Landscape and Property in a Serf-Owning Society 4. "The Souls of the Righteous in a Bright Place": Landscape and Orthodoxy in Seventeenth-Century Russian Maps 5. Messages in the Land: Siberian Maps and Providential Narratives 6. "Exalted and Glorified to the Ends of the Earth": Christianity and Colonialism 7. "Myriad, Countless Foreigners: Siberia's Human Geography and Muscovite Conceptions of Empire 8. Under the Sovereign's Mighty Hand: Colonial Subjects and Muscovite Imperial Policies Conclusion

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Book SynopsisConsidered a wonder of the ancient world, the Newark Earthworks have been a focal point for archaeologists and surveyors, researchers and scholars for almost two centuries. The first book-length volume devoted to the site, this text reveals the magnitude and the geometric precision of what remains of the earthworks and the site’s undeniable importance to history.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"With rapidly shifting digital technologies, geo-surveillance, everyday cartography, privatized georeferenced data, and neoliberalization, New Lines offers a reflexive reassessment of the scholarly praxis of critical GIS, an increasingly anachronistic term. Attentive also to contemporary philosophical debates, Matthew W. Wilson’s lively and ambitious manifesto pushes the reader to re-examine everything they thought they knew about the topic."—Eric Sheppard, author of Limits to Globalization: The Disruptive Geographies of Capitalist Development"This elegantly argued book offers a brilliantly original perspective on the many ‘troubles’—technical, epistemological, cultural, and political—associated with the contemporary proliferation of digital mapping systems. For anyone interested in understanding the rapidly changing sociohistorical, technological and institutional contexts in which cartographic practice occurs, Matthew W. Wilson’s New Lines will provide a foundational source of insight, wisdom, inspiration, and provocation."—Neil Brenner, Harvard University"The book is an important provocation for any mapmaker, cartographer, and spatial thinker. Ultimately, the book is a required read – even if only for the history alone – for any map user."—Rhizomes "New Lines reinvigorates some of the discussions that GIScience scholars have debated for decades by presenting material that is substantial without being impenetrable." —Cartographic PerspectivesTable of ContentsContentsPrefaceIntroduction: But Do You Actually Do GIS? 1. Criticality: The Urgency of Drawing and Tracing2. Digitality: Origins, or the Stories We Tell Ourselves3. Movement: Strange Concepts and the Essentially Subjective4. Attention: Memory Support and the Care of Community5. Quantification: Counting on Location-Aware Futures6. A Single Point Does Not Form a LineAcknowledgmentsNotesIndex

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Book SynopsisAddressing the use of geoinformatics in Caribbean archaeology, this volume is based on case studies drawn from specific island territories, namely, Barbados, St John, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Nevis, St Eustatius, and Trinidad and Tobago, as well as inter-island interaction and landscape conceptualization in the Caribbean region.Trade ReviewA great contribution to Caribbean and island archaeology since it covers most of the Caribbean and includes a variety of topics, from purely academic studies on migration and slavery, to more applied approaches where geoinformatics is used for CRM purposes. - L. Antonio Curet, The Field Museum ""This work is a very useful overview of the current state of the use of GIS and remote sensing technology in the Caribbean that will serve as a benchmark for future studies in the region."" - Jay K. Johnson, University of Mississippi

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Book SynopsisBernardo de Miera y Pacheco (1713-1785) is remembered today as the cartographer who drew some of the most important early maps of the American West. His ""Plano Geographico"" of the Colorado Plateau and Great Basin influenced other mapmakers for almost a century. This book places the man and the map in historical context, reminding readers of the enduring significance of Miera y Pacheco.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive overview of high precision surveying, including recent developments in geomatics and their applications This book covers advanced precision surveying techniques, their proper use in engineering and geoscience projects, and their importance in the detailed analysis and evaluation of surveying projects. The early chapters review the fundamentals of precision surveying: the types of surveys; survey observations; standards and specifications; and accuracy assessments for angle, distance and position difference measurement systems. The book also covers network design and 3-D coordinating systems before discussing specialized topics such as structural and ground deformation monitoring techniques and analysis, mining surveys, tunneling surveys, and alignment surveys. Precision Surveying: The Principles and Geomatics Practice: Covers structural and ground deformation monitoring analysis, advanced techniques in mining and tunneling surTable of ContentsAbout the Author xvii Foreword xix Preface xxi Acknowledgments xxv 1 Precision Survey Properties and Techniques 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Classification of Precision Surveys 3 1.3 Precision Geodetic Survey Techniques 8 1.4 Review of Some Safety Issues 12 2 Observables, Measuring Instruments, and Theory of Observation Errors 15 2.1 Observables, Measurements and Measuring Instruments 15 2.2 Angle and Direction Measuring Instruments 16 2.3 Elevation Difference Measuring Instrument 20 2.4 Distance Measuring Instrument 24 2.5 Accuracy Limitations of Modern Survey Instruments 25 2.6 Error Properties of Measurements 28 2.7 Precision and Accuracy Indicators 29 2.8 Systematic Error and Random Error Propagation Laws 30 2.9 Statistical Test of Hypotheses: The Tools for Data Analysis 38 2.10 Need for Equipment Calibration and Testing 44 3 Standards and Specifications for Precision Surveys 47 3.1 Introduction 48 3.2 Standards and the Concept of Confidence Regions 51 3.3 Standards for Traditional Vertical Control Surveys 52 3.4 Standards for Horizontal Control Surveys 66 3.5 Unified Standards for Positional Accuracy 72 3.6 Map and Geospatial Data Accuracy Standards 77 3.7 Quality and Standards 82 4 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Angle Measurement System 87 4.1 Sources of Errors in Angle Measurements 87 4.2 Systematic Errors Eliminated by Measurement Process 88 4.3 Systematic Errors Eliminated by Adjustment Process 98 4.4 Summary of Systematic Error Elimination 106 4.5 Random Error Estimation 106 4.6 Testing Procedure for Precision Theodolites 123 5 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Distance Measurement System 133 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 General Properties of Waves 134 5.3 Application of EM Waves to EDM 138 5.4 EDM Instrumental Errors 153 5.5 EDM External Errors 154 5.6 Random Error Propagation of EDM Distance Measurement 155 5.7 Calibration and Testing Procedures for EDM Instruments 165 6 Accuracy Analysis and Evaluation of Elevation and Coordinate Difference Measurement Systems 189 6.1 Introduction 189 6.2 Pointing Error 190 6.3 Reading/Rod Plumbing Error 191 6.4 Leveling Error 191 6.5 Collimation, Rod Scale, and Rod Index Errors 192 6.6 Effects of Vertical Atmospheric Refraction and Earth Curvature 193 6.7 Random Error Propagation for Elevation Difference Measurements 194 6.8 Testing Procedures for Leveling Equipment 197 6.9 Calibration of Coordinate Difference Measurement System (GNSS Equipment) 203 7 Survey Design and Analysis 209 7.1 Introduction 209 7.2 Network Design 211 7.3 Solution Approaches to Design Problems 218 7.4 Network Adjustment and Analysis 223 7.5 Angular Measurement Design Example 223 7.6 Distance Measurement Design Example 226 7.7 Traverse Measurement Design Examples 227 7.8 Elevation Difference Measurement Design Example 235 8 Three-Dimensional Coordinating Systems 237 8.1 Introduction 238 8.2 Coordinate System for Three-Dimensional Coordinating Systems 243 8.3 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Global Navigation Satellite System 244 8.4 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Electronic Theodolites 244 8.5 Three-Dimensional Coordination with Laser Systems 258 9 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: Geodetic Techniques 267 9.1 Introduction 268 9.2 Geodetic Deformation Monitoring Schemes and the Design Approach 273 9.3 Monumentation and Targeting 278 9.4 Horizontal Deformation Monitoring and Analysis 284 9.5 Vertical Deformation Monitoring and Analysis 322 10 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: High-Definition Survey and Remote Sensing Techniques 329 10.1 Introduction 330 10.2 Laser Systems 330 10.3 Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar Technologies 350 10.4 Comparison of Laser (LiDAR) and Radar (InSAR) Technologies 376 11 Deformation Monitoring and Analysis: Geotechnical and Structural Techniques 377 11.1 Introduction 378 11.2 Overview of Geotechnical and Structural Instrumentation 380 11.3 Design of Geotechnical and Structural Monitoring Schemes 419 11.4 Analysis of Geotechnical Measurements 422 11.5 Integrated Deformation Monitoring System 437 12 Mining Surveying 441 12.1 Introduction 442 12.2 Mining Terminology 445 12.3 Horizontal Mine Orientation Surveys 446 12.4 Transferring Levels or Heights Underground 483 12.5 Volume Determination in Mines 491 13 Tunneling Surveys 495 13.1 Introduction 495 13.2 Basic Elements and Methods of Tunneling Surveys 496 13.3 Main Sources of Error in Tunneling Surveys 500 13.4 Horizontal Design and Simulation of Tunneling Surveys 503 13.5 Vertical Design and Simulation of Tunneling Surveys 508 13.6 Numerical Example: Horizontal Breakthrough Analysis 512 13.7 Examples of Tunneling Surveys 516 13.8 Analysis of Underground Traverse Surveys 520 14 Precision Alignment Surveys 527 14.1 Introduction 527 14.2 Direct Laser Alignment Technique 530 14.3 Conventional Surveying Techniques of Alignment 530 14.4 Optical-Tooling Techniques 538 14.5 Metrology by Laser Interferometer Systems 559 14.6 Alignment by Polar Measurement Systems 565 14.7 Main Sources of Error in Alignment Surveys 573 Appendix I: Extracts From Baarda’s Nomogram 575 Appendix II: Commonly used Statistical Tables 577 Appendix III: Tau Distribution Table for Significance Level α 581 Appendix IV: Important Units 587 References 589 Index 607

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Book SynopsisMapping: A Critical Introduction to Cartography and GIS is an introduction to the critical issues surrounding mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) across a wide range of disciplines for the non-specialist reader. Examines the key influences Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and cartography have on the study of geography and other related disciplines Represents the first in-depth summary of the new cartography that has appeared since the early 1990s Provides an explanation of what this new critical cartography is, why it is important, and how it is relevant to a broad, interdisciplinary set of readers Presents theoretical discussion supplemented with real-world case studies Brings together both a technical understanding of GIS and mapping as well as sensitivity to the importance of theory Table of ContentsAcknowledgments vi List of Figures viii List of Tables xi About the Cover: Size Matters xii 1 Maps – A Perverse Sense of the Unseemly 1 2 What Is Critique? 13 3 Maps 2.0: Map Mashups and New Spatial Media 25 4 What Is Critical Cartography and GIS? 39 5 How Mapping Became Scientific 49 6 Governing with Maps: Cartographic Political Economy 62 7 The Political History of Cartography Deconstructed: Harley, Gall, and Peters 81 8 GIS After Critique: What Next? 98 9 Geosurveillance and Spying with Maps 112 10 Cyberspace and Virtual Worlds 128 11 The Cartographic Construction of Race and Identity 144 12 The Poetics of Space: Art, Beauty, and Imagination 160 13 Epilogue: Beyond the Cartographic Anxiety? 177 References 185 Index 203

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Book SynopsisScotland's Pariah is the first book to examine the remarkable life of John Pinkerton: antiquarian, poet, forger, cartographer, historian, serial adulterer, bigamist, and religious skeptic.Table of Contents1. Youth, 1758-1781 2. Finding His Way, 1782-1789 3. The Great Work, 1790-1797 4. Reviewer and Geographer, 1798-1802 5. Paris Interlude, 1802-1805 6. The Dishonoured Veteran, 1806-1814 7. A Banished Man, 1815-1826

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Book SynopsisThe nineteenth century was an era of breathtakingly ambitious geographic expeditions across the Americas. The seminal Chorographic Commission of Colombia, was one of Latin America's most extensive. In this history of the commission, Nancy Appelbaum focuses on the geographers' fieldwork practices and visual production as the men delineated the country's territorial and racial composition.

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Book SynopsisAn exploration of Colombian maps in New Granada. During the late Spanish colonial period, the Pacific Lowlands, also called the Greater Chocó, was famed for its rich placer deposits. Gold mined here was central to New Granada’s economy yet this Pacific frontier in today’s Colombia was considered the “periphery of the periphery.” Infamous for its fierce, unconquered Indigenous inhabitants and its brutal tropical climate, it was rarely visited by Spanish administrators, engineers, or topographers and seldom appeared in detail on printed maps of the period. In this lavishly illustrated and meticulously researched volume, Juliet Wiersema uncovers little-known manuscript cartography and makes visible an unexamined corner of the Spanish empire. In concert with thousands of archival documents from Colombia, Spain, and the United States, she reveals how a 'periphery' was imagined and projected, largely for political or economic reasoTable of Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations Glossary Introduction 1. New Granada: A Categorically Different Viceroyalty 2. Coming into View: The Pacific Lowlands in Manuscript Maps 3. The Map of the Atrato River and Pueblos of Cuna Indians: The Atrato Vigía and the Short-Lived Cuna Reducción of Murindo, 1759–1778 4. The Map of the Chocó, Panama, and Cupica: The Unrealized Potential of a Pacific Port, 1777–1808 5. The Map of the Dagua River Region: Las Juntas, Sombrerillo, and African Agency in the Pacific Lowlands, 1739–1786 6. The Map of the Yurumanguí Indians: The “Discovery” and Decimation of the Pacific Lowlands’ Indigenous Inhabitants, 1742–1780 Conclusions: What Manuscript Maps Contribute to the Study of Colonial Latin America Appendix A: Transcribed Text from Manuscript Map Legends Appendix B: Technical Study of the Manuscript Map of Dagua River Region, Colombia Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisMap Worlds plots a journey of discovery through the world of women map-makers from the golden age of cartography in the sixteenth-century Low Countries to tactile maps in contemporary Brazil. Author Will C. van den Hoonaard examines the history of women in the profession, sets out the situation of women in technical fields and cartography-related organizations, and outlines the challenges they face in their careers. Map Worlds explores women as colourists in early times, describes the major houses of cartographic production, and delves into the economic function of intermarriages among cartographic houses and families. It relates how in later centuries, working from the margins, women produced maps to record painful tribal memories or sought to remedy social injustices. Much later, one woman so changed the way we think about continents that the shift has been likened to the Copernican revolution. Other women created order and wonder about the lunar landscape, and still others turned the art and science of making maps inside out, exposing the hidden, unconscious, and subliminal "text" of maps. Shared by all these map-makers are themes of social justice and making maps work for the betterment of humanity.Trade Review"...an inspiring book that is fascinating and highly-researched. A take away message is thatwhilst women were always a minority, they have made major contributions to cartography. Theircommon ground is their love of maps and map making and their belief in the value of their work inteaching others to open their eyes to the world." - Jennifer Carter,School of Social Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast,Journal of The Australian and New Zealand Map Society, The Globe, Number 74, 2014.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction: The Strands through Map Worlds; Who Is a Cartographer?; The Thirteenth to Seventeenth Centuries; The Eighteenth & Early Nineteenth Centuries (1666 to 1850); Cartography from the Margins: From the Early Twentieth Century to World War II; Mid- to Late-Twentieth-Century Pioneers & Advancers in North America; Late-Twentieth-Century Pioneers & Advancers in Europe, Asia, & Latin America; "Getting There without Aiming at It": Womens Experiences in Becoming Cartographers; "We Are Good Ghosts!": Orientations & Expectations of Women Cartographers; Educational Opportunities & Obstacles; The Gendered Social Organization; Female Pathways Through the Present-Day Map World; Gender Shifts; Index.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisMap Worlds plots a journey of discovery through the world of women map-makers from the golden age of cartography in the sixteenth-century Low Countries to tactile maps in contemporary Brazil. Author Will C. van den Hoonaard examines the history of women in the profession, sets out the situation of women in technical fields and cartography-related organizations, and outlines the challenges they face in their careers. Map Worlds explores women as colourists in early times, describes the major houses of cartographic production, and delves into the economic function of intermarriages among cartographic houses and families. It relates how in later centuries, working from the margins, women produced maps to record painful tribal memories or sought to remedy social injustices. Much later, one woman so changed the way we think about continents that the shift has been likened to the Copernican revolution. Other women created order and wonder about the lunar landscape, and still others turned the art and science of making maps inside out, exposing the hidden, unconscious, and subliminal ""text"" of maps. Shared by all these map-makers are themes of social justice and making maps work for the betterment of humanity.Trade Review``The vignettes draw together perhaps the only source for personal biographies of female pioneers in heavily male-dominated professions.'' -- Julie Sweetkind-Singer -- The Portolan, Spring 2014`Map Worlds provides a social and cultural analysis of the intersections between gender and cartographic practice. By focussing on maps themselves, Map Worlds fits within the new materialist turn within the social sciences, rejecting binaries between matter and discourse and attributing agency to things. There is also a focus on the epistemic uniqueness of women-made maps which is a real point of interest for readers (like myself) broadly concerned with gender and technology. The major strength of the book is built on interviews with 25 women occupied in cartography.... Attention to the structural and normative environment of cartography is a proper area of focus for a sociologist but one that has until now remained understudied.... The author is particularly interested in how the contours of this map world have circumscribed the lives of female cartographers.... Map Worlds seeks some redress for the exclusion and exploitation of female cartographers, both by providing detailed visibilty on the role of women in the production of cartographic knowledge from the 13th C on (29168) and by telling the in-depth stories of particular women map-makers (169204).... Van den Hoonaard makes the claim that theoretical shifts within cartography away from realist approaches has made some wiggle room for the simultaneous recognition of women cartographers because women make maps differently, more subjectively. This is a tricky argument to make without sliding toward essentialism. There is of course a wealth of good research demonstrating that female scientists set different sorts of research questions and may even bring a unique epistemological perspective on the same sets of questions or data (eg. Fox-Keller 1985). Map Worlds engages with such empirical researchspecifically that coming out of feminist geography and cartography (269284)which helps to provide nuance to the claim about gendered cartographic practice.'' - Kelly Bronson, Canadian Journal of Sociology, 39 (3), 2014Table of Contents Map Worlds: A History of Women in Cartography by Will C. van den Hoonaard List of Figures, Tables, and Charts Preface Acknowledgements 1 Introduction: The Strands through Map Worlds 2 Who Is a Cartographer? 3 The Thirteenth to Seventeenth Centuries 4 The Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries (1666 to 1850) 5 Cartography from the Margins: From the Early Twentieth Century to World War II 6 Mid- to Late-Twentieth-Century Pioneers and Advancers in North America 7 Late-Twentieth-Century Pioneers and Advancers in Europe, Asia, and Latin America 8 ""Getting There without Aiming at It"": Women's Experiences in Becoming Cartographers 9 ""We Are Good Ghosts!"": Orientations and Expectations of Women Cartographers 10 Educational Opportunities and Obstacles 11 The Gendered Social Organization 12 Female Pathways through the Present-Day Map World 13 Gender Shifts Appendices A Methodology B Topics Covered in an In-Depth Interview C Overview of Twenty-Eight Women Pioneers in Cartography Notes References Copyright Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisThrough official maps, this book looks at how government presentations of Paris and environs change over the course of the Third Republic (1889-1934). Governmental policies, such as the creation of a mandatory national uniform educational system that will eventually include geography, combined with technological advances in the printing industry, to alter the look, exposure, reception, and distribution of government maps. The government initially seemed to privilege an exclusively positive view of the capital city and limited its presentation of it to land inside the walled fortifications. However, as the Republic progressed and Paris grew, technology altered how Parisians used and understood their urban space. Rail and automobiles made moving about the city and environs easier while increased industrialization moved factories and their workers further out into the Seine Department. During this time, maps transitioned from reflecting the past to documenting the present. With the advent of French urbanism after World War I, official mapped views of greater Paris abandoned privileging past achievements and began to mirror actual residential and industrial development as it pushed further out from the city centre. Finally, the government needed to plan for the future of greater Paris and official maps begin to show how the government viewed the direction of its capital city. Trade ReviewReviews 'A meticulous study of the mapping of Paris from the Third Republic to the eve of the Second World War, The Cartographic Capital brings force and coherence to the history of cartography, urbanism and to cultural and visual studies in general.'Tom Conley, Harvard University‘Olson’s book is…a useful study, starting from historical maps to propose relevant developments in the fields of urban history, history of cartography, history of ideas and town planning practices, and even French political and social history. The book is particularly welcome as the trope of ʻle Grand Parisʼ re-emerged in the national planning perspective of 2008, creating a new interest for the history and representation of the concept.’Gilles Palsky, Imago Mundi'Olson’s book makes a unique and worthy contribution to the history of cartography and the history of modern Paris. It is a useful and readable text for anyone interested in Third Republic Paris who wishes to orient themselves geographically and spatially in the city’s shifting physiognomy. Through Olson’s careful analysis, we see how the map archive has much to teach us about the history of core/periphery relationships, boundary-making, and infrastructure development in modern Paris.' Catherine Dunlop, H-France ReviewTable of ContentsIntroduction: Creating Republican ParisChapter 1: Working with MapsChapter 2: Creating Map Readers: The Rise of Geography and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century FranceChapter 3: The Triumphant Republic: ‘Paris en 1889, [Les] Opérations de Voirie exécutées entre 1871 et 1889’Chapter 4: A New Way of Seeing Paris: La Carte de FranceChapter 5: The Beginning of French Urbanism: Léon Jausseuly’s 1919 Plan d’extensionChapter 6: The Rise of Suburban Paris: Henri Prost’s Carte généraleConclusion

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Book SynopsisThrough official maps, this book looks at how government presentations of Paris and environs change over the course of the Third Republic (1889-1934). Governmental policies, such as the creation of a mandatory national uniform educational system that will eventually include geography, combined with technological advances in the printing industry, to alter the look, exposure, reception, and distribution of government maps. The government initially seemed to privilege an exclusively positive view of the capital city and limited its presentation of it to land inside the walled fortifications. However, as the Republic progressed and Paris grew, technology altered how Parisians used and understood their urban space. Rail and automobiles made moving about the city and environs easier while increased industrialization moved factories and their workers further out into the Seine Department. During this time, maps transitioned from reflecting the past to documenting the present. With the advent of French urbanism after World War I, official mapped views of greater Paris abandoned privileging past achievements and began to mirror actual residential and industrial development as it pushed further out from the city centre. Finally, the government needed to plan for the future of greater Paris and official maps begin to show how the government viewed the direction of its capital city. Trade ReviewReviews 'A meticulous study of the mapping of Paris from the Third Republic to the eve of the Second World War, The Cartographic Capital brings force and coherence to the history of cartography, urbanism and to cultural and visual studies in general.'Tom Conley, Harvard University‘Olson’s book is…a useful study, starting from historical maps to propose relevant developments in the fields of urban history, history of cartography, history of ideas and town planning practices, and even French political and social history. The book is particularly welcome as the trope of ʻle Grand Parisʼ re-emerged in the national planning perspective of 2008, creating a new interest for the history and representation of the concept.’Gilles Palsky, Imago Mundi'Olson’s book makes a unique and worthy contribution to the history of cartography and the history of modern Paris. It is a useful and readable text for anyone interested in Third Republic Paris who wishes to orient themselves geographically and spatially in the city’s shifting physiognomy. Through Olson’s careful analysis, we see how the map archive has much to teach us about the history of core/periphery relationships, boundary-making, and infrastructure development in modern Paris.' Catherine Dunlop, H-France ReviewTable of ContentsIntroduction: Creating Republican ParisChapter 1: Working with MapsChapter 2: Creating Map Readers: The Rise of Geography and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century FranceChapter 3: The Triumphant Republic: ‘Paris en 1889, [Les] Opérations de Voirie exécutées entre 1871 et 1889’Chapter 4: A New Way of Seeing Paris: La Carte de FranceChapter 5: The Beginning of French Urbanism: Léon Jausseuly’s 1919 Plan d’extensionChapter 6: The Rise of Suburban Paris: Henri Prost’s Carte généraleConclusion

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Book SynopsisThis book is intended for applications of online digital mapping, called mashups (or composite application), and to analyze the mapping practices in online socio-technical controversies. The hypothesis put forward is that the ability to create an online map accompanies the formation of online audience and provides support for a position in a debate on the Web.The first part provides a study of the map: - a combination of map and statistical reason- crosses between map theories and CIS theories- recent developments in scanning the map, from Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to Web map.The second part is based on a corpus of twenty "mashup" maps, and offers a techno-semiotic analysis highlighting the "thickness of the mediation" they are in a process of communication on the Web. Map as a device to "make do" is thus replaced through these stages of creation, ranging from digital data in their viewing, before describing the construction of the map as a tool for visual evidence in public debates, and ending with an analysis of the delegation action against Internet users.The third section provides an analysis of these mapping practices in the case study of the controversy over nuclear radiation following the accident at the Fukushima plant on March 11, 2011. Techno-semiotic method applied to this corpus of radiation map is supplemented by an analysis of web graphs, derived from "digital methods" and graph theory, accompanying the analysis of the previous steps maps (creating Geiger data or retrieving files online), but also their movement, once maps are made.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1 Origins and Properties of Online Maps 1 Chapter 1 Tooling Up for Complexity 3 Chapter 2 From GIS to Web Maps 19 Chapter 3 A Participant in the Web of Platform 37 Chapter 4 Maps and Web-Based Data 49 Part 2 Mapping Practices in Emergency Situations 75 Chapter 5 The State of Information After the Fukushima 77 Chapter 6 Production Radiation Maps 87 Chapter 7 Circulation and Use of Maps 109 Chapter 8 The Shape of Public Engagement 125 Conclusion 145 Bibliography 149 Index 159

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Book SynopsisAbout a millennium ago, in Cairo, someone completed a large and richly illustrated book. In the course of thirty-five chapters, our unknown author guided the reader on a journey from the outermost cosmos and planets to Earth and its lands, islands, features and inhabitants. This treatise, known as The Book of Curiosities, was unknown to modern scholars until a remarkable manuscript copy surfaced in 2000. Lost Maps of the Caliphs provides the first general overview of The Book of Curiosities and the unique insight it offers into medieval Islamic thought. Opening with an account of the remarkable discovery of the manuscript and its purchase by the Bodleian Library, the authors use The Book of Curiosities to re-evaluate the development of astrology, geography and cartography in the first four centuries of Islam. Early astronomical ‘maps’ and drawings demonstrate the medieval understanding of the structure of the cosmos and illustrate the pervasive assumption that almost any visible celestial event had an effect upon life on Earth. Lost Maps of the Caliphs also reconsiders the history of global communication networks at the turn of the previous millennium. Not only is The Book of Curiosities one of the greatest achievements of medieval map-making, it is also a remarkable contribution to the story of Islamic civilization.Trade Review'This study is the first overview of a masterpiece of medieval mapmaking and Islamic civilisation.' * Apollo *“With its focus on eleventh-century Fatimid Cairo, 'Lost Maps of the Caliphs' reinterprets early Islamic apprehensions of the earth and the heavens, while reorienting our modern understanding of medieval Arabic mapmaking and its part in the transmission of Late Antique cartographic knowledge. A remarkable and important book of dazzling scholarship.” -- Jerry Brotton * author of A History of the World in Twelve Maps *“The two authors, Savage-Smith on the heavens and Rapoport on the earth, explain 'The Book of Curiosities' with exemplary scholarship and lucidity. Like the manuscript itself, this companion volume vastly enhances our understanding of the classical Arabic worldview in all its rich complexity." -- Hugh N. Kennedy * SOAS, University of London *“'Lost Maps of the Caliphs' is organized along the lines of the original manuscript, and exceptionally well documented, using a dazzling range of sources in an equally dazzling range of languages. The result is totally fascinating, with untold potential to illuminate any treatment of the medieval world on any continent in the Eastern Hemisphere.” -- Ingrid Rowland * University of Notre Dame *

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Book SynopsisEvery map tells a story. Some provide a narrative for travellers, explorers and surveyors or offer a visual account of changes to people’s lives, places and spaces, while others tell imaginary tales, transporting us to fictional worlds created by writers and artists. In turn, maps generate more stories, taking users on new journeys in search of knowledge and adventure. Drawing on the Bodleian Library’s outstanding map collection and covering almost a thousand years, 'Talking Maps' takes a new approach to map-making by showing how maps and stories have always been intimately entwined. Including such rare treasures as a unique map of the Mediterranean from the eleventh-century Arabic 'Book of Curiosities', al-Sharīf al-Idrīsī’s twelfth-century world map, C.S. Lewis’s map of Narnia, J.R.R. Tolkien’s cosmology of Middle-earth and Grayson Perry’s twenty-first-century tapestry map, this fascinating book analyses maps as objects that enable us to cross sea and land; as windows into alternative and imaginary worlds; as guides to reaching the afterlife; as tools to manage cities, nations, even empires; as images of environmental change; and as digitized visions of the global future. By telling the stories behind the artefacts and those generated by them, 'Talking Maps' reveals how each map is not just a tool for navigation but also a worldly proposal that helps us to understand who we are by describing where we are.Trade Review'A book dedicated to the romantic, the beautiful, the mysterious, the intriguing and the fascinating … beautifully produced, copiously illustrated in full-colour, excellent value and a joy to behold.' * Sheetlines (The Journal of The Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey Maps) *'The weight and size of the book promised a plethora of detail, images and various carthographic representations, and unsurprisingly I was not disappointed. … incredibly interesting and informative … an exceptional piece of literature that does well to selectively choose a range of maps and cartographies from a collection of over one and a half million. ... Brotton and Millea have done a fantastic job and have achieved their aim to celebrate the creation, function and purpose of maps, using specific examples that cover nearly two millenia.' * The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers *'While there is something for everyone in Talking Maps, it is not just a breezy coffee-table tome.' * IMCOS (International Map Collectors Society) *'This is a well-designed and presented book. There are many maps spread throughout the pages and theses are discussed and analysed in a very easy to digest manner. … A very good read.’ * The Globe *

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Book SynopsisDating from the seventeenth century at the height of the Ming Dynasty, the Selden Map of China reveals a country very different from popular conceptions of the time, looking not inward to the Asian landmass but outward to the sea. Painted in multiple colours on three pieces of Mitsumata paper, this beautifully decorative map of China was discovered to be a seafaring chart showing Ming Dynasty trade routes. It is the earliest surviving example of Chinese merchant cartography and is evidence that Ming China was outward-looking, capitalistic and vibrant. Exploring the commercial aims of the Ming Dynasty, the port city of Quanzhou and its connections with the voyages of the early traveller Zheng He, this book describes the historical background of the era in which the map was used. It also includes an analysis of the skills and techniques involved in Chinese map-making and the significance of the compass bearings, scale and ratios found on the map, all of which combine to represent a breakthrough in cartographic techniques. The enthralling story revealed by this extraordinary artefact is central to an understanding of the long history of China’s relationship with the sea and with the wider world.Trade Review'…Nie's discussion of the Selden Map [is] a fascinating reminder of the inherently political nature of maps - both ancient and modern - and the importance of maintaining a critical reading of geopolitcs in approaching any cartographic treasures.' * The Globe *'Not only is the text both informative and easy to read, but the numerous images and elegant graphics make this attractive volume the perfect introduction to a highly-important map...a worthy and desirable addition to the library of any serious sinologist or enthusiastic cartophile.' * IMCOS (International Map Collectors' Society) Journal *'A friendly and approachable insight to the Ming Dynasty. … Nie has opened the door to a plethora of conversations regarding the preservation and conservation of artefacts and documents, so that today's society can also reflect on centuries of development and contribute towards more accurate understandings of history.' * The Bulletin of the Society of Cartographers *'This book uncovers the history behind the map, from its groundbreaking cartographic techniques to the wider context of Chinese map-making.' * The Arts Society.org *'If the sign of a good book is its ability to draw in the reader … then 'The Selden Map of China' is indeed a winner. When he opened it, your reviewer had given little thought to ancient Chinese cartography. By the time he had finished it, he was gripped.' * Sheetlines *

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Book SynopsisThis title is presented with essays by Jerry Brotton, Paul Carter, Michael Charlesworth, James Corner, Wystan Curnow, Christian Jacob, Luciana de Lima Martins, David Matless, Armand Mattelart, Lucia Nuti and Alessandro Scafi. "Mappings" explores what mapping has meant in the past and how its meanings have altered. How have maps and mapping served to order and represent physical, social and imaginative worlds? How has the practice of mapping shaped modern seeing and knowing? In what ways do contemporary changes in our experience of the world alter the meanings and practice of mapping, and vice versa? In their diverse expressions, maps and the representational processes of mapping have constructed the spaces of modernity since the early Renaissance. The map's spatial fixity, its capacity to frame, control and communicate knowledge through combining image and text, and cartography's increasing claims to scientific authority, make mapping at once an instrument and a metaphor for rational understanding of the world. Among the topics the authors investigate are projective and imaginative mappings; mappings of terraqueous spaces; mapping and localism at the 'chorographic' scale; and, mapping as personal exploration.Table of ContentsNotes on the Editor and Contributors Introduction: Mapping Meaning by Denis Cosgrove 1. Mapping in the Mind: The Earth from Ancient Alexandria Christian Jacob 2. Mapping Eden: Cartographies of the Earthly Paradise Allessandro Scafi 3. Terrestrial Globalism: Mapping the Globe in Early Modern Europe Jerry Brotton 4. Mapping Places: Chorography and Vision in the Renaissance Lucia Nuti 5. Mapping, the Body and Desire: Christopher Packe's Chorography of Kent Michael Charlesworth 6. Dark with Excess of Bright: Mapping the Coastlines of Knowledge Paul Carter 7. Mapping the Tropical Waters: British Views and Visions of Rio de Janeiro Luciana de Lima Martins 8. Mapping Modernity: Utopia and Communications Networks Armand Mattelart 9. The Uses of Cartographic Literacy: Mapping, Survey and Citizenship in Twentieth-Century Britain David Matless 10. The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention James Corner 11. Mapping and the Expanded Field of Contemporary Art Wystan Curnow References Bibliography Photographic Acknowledgements Index

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Book SynopsisItaly’s northern border follows the watershed that separates the drainage basins of Northern and Southern Europe. Running mostly at high altitudes, it crosses snowfields and perennial glaciers—all of which are now melting as a result of anthropogenic climate change. As the watershed shifts so does the border, contradicting its representations on official maps. Italy, Austria, and Switzerland have consequently introduced the novel legal concept of a “moving border,” one that acknowledges the volatility of geographical features once thought to be stable.A Moving Border: Alpine Cartographies of Climate Change builds upon the Italian Limes project by Studio Folder, which was devised in 2014 to survey the fluctuations of the boundary line across the Alps in real time. The book charts the effects of climate change on geopolitical understandings of border and the cartographic methods used to represent them. Locating the Italian condition alongside a longer political history of boundary making, the book brings together critical essays, visualizations, and unpublished documents from state archives. By examining the nexus of nationalism and cartography, A Moving Border details how borders are both material and imagined, and the ways global warming challenges Western conceptions of territory. Even more, it provides a blueprint for spatial intervention in a world where ecological processes are bound to dominate geopolitical affairs.A Moving Border features a foreword by Bruno Latour and texts by Stuart Elden, Mia Fuller, Francesca Hughes, and Wu Ming 1, and is co-published with ZKM Center for Art and Media, Karlsruhe.Trade ReviewFine edited volume . . . A Moving Border offers well-illustrated material on an interesting case, in an attractive artistic-scientific format. [It] is a well-documented analysis of a particular case of mobile borders. -- Ian Florin * Mountain Research and Development *

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Book SynopsisThe Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945 by 51 countries representing all continents, paving the way for the creation of the United Nations on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice forms part of the Charter. The aim of the Charter is to save humanity from war; to reaffirm human rights and the dignity and worth of the human person; to proclaim the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small; and to promote the prosperity of all humankind. The Charter is the foundation of international peace and security.

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Book SynopsisThe Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945 by 51 countries representing all continents, paving the way for the creation of the United Nations on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice forms part of the Charter. The aim of the Charter is to save humanity from war; to reaffirm human rights and the dignity and worth of the human person; to proclaim the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small; and to promote the prosperity of all humankind. The Charter is the foundation of international peace and security.

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Book SynopsisThe Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945 by 51 countries representing all continents, paving the way for the creation of the United Nations on 24 October 1945. The Statute of the International Court of Justice forms part of the Charter. The aim of the Charter is to save humanity from war; to reaffirm human rights and the dignity and worth of the human person; to proclaim the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small; and to promote the prosperity of all humankind. The Charter is the foundation of international peace and security.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis Element reconsiders what the focus of digital literary mapping should be for a subject like English Literature, what digital tools should be employed and to what interpretative ends. How we can harness the digital to find new ways of understanding spatial meaning in the Humanities? Section 1 provides a brief overview of the relationship between literature, geography and cartography and the emergence of literary mapping, providing a critique of current digital methods and making the case for new approaches. The second section turns to Russian theorist Mikhail Bakhtin and explores the potential of the ''chronotope'' for literature as a way of structuring digital literary maps that provides a solution to the complexities of mapping time as well as space. Sections 3 and 4 then exemplify the method by applying it first to realist novels by Dickens and Hardy then the multiple states of J. M. Barrie''s Peter Pan. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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Book SynopsisHyunhee Park's book documents the relationship between the Islamic and Chinese worlds before the Europeans arrived. Through close analysis, Park explores varied interactions between these two regions. This rich, engaging study offers glimpses into the worlds of Asian geographers and mapmakers, whose accumulated wisdom underpinned the celebrated voyages of European explorers.Trade Review'In this valuable book, Professor Hyunhee Park confirms the significance of Sino-Islamic contacts and knowledge of each other's societies through the unique means of detailed studies of traditional as well as recently discovered Chinese and Islamic maps. A large number of maps and illustrations are a splendid bonus for the reader.' Morris Rossabi, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York'A number of studies focus on the interactions between Western and Eastern Asia before European imperial and colonial enterprises (re-)discovered these regions. However, none of them provides the broad, in-depth view of the whole period that this book provides, from the venture of Islam to the emergence of European powers in the region. It is indispensable for any student or scholar who wants to understand the interdependencies of Asian history during this period.' Ralph Kauz, University of Bonn'… it is a courageous account and may serve as an excellent introduction to this field of study.' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia is a book well worth reading and pondering. It offers valuable insights into the historical exchanges, through the aegis of geography, between the Chinese and Muslim worlds. It is a refreshing reminder of the forgotten fact that the study of geography is the theatre of history, and that history is understood within the limits of a certain geography.' Tarek Ladjal, ArabicaTable of Contents1. From imperial encounter to maritime trade: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 750–1260; 2. The representation of China and the world: Islamic knowledge about China, 750–1260; 3. Interpreting the Mongol world: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 1260–1368; 4. Beyond Marco Polo: Islamic knowledge about China, 1260–1368; 5. Legacy from half the globe before 1492: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world and Islamic knowledge about China, 1368–1500; Conclusion: lessons from pre-modern Sino-Islamic contact.

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Book SynopsisLong before Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope en route to India, the peoples of Africa, the Middle East, and Asia engaged in vigorous cross-cultural exchanges across the Indian Ocean. This book focuses on the years 700 to 1500, a period when powerful dynasties governed both regions, to document the relationship between the Islamic and Chinese worlds before the arrival of the Europeans. Through a close analysis of the maps, geographic accounts, and travelogues compiled by both Chinese and Islamic writers, the book traces the development of major contacts between people in China and the Islamic world and explores their interactions on matters as varied as diplomacy, commerce, mutual understanding, world geography, navigation, shipbuilding, and scientific exploration. When the Mongols ruled both China and Iran in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, their geographic understanding of each other's society increased markedly. This rich, engaging, and pioneering study offers gliTrade Review'In this valuable book, Professor Hyunhee Park confirms the significance of Sino-Islamic contacts and knowledge of each other's societies through the unique means of detailed studies of traditional as well as recently discovered Chinese and Islamic maps. A large number of maps and illustrations are a splendid bonus for the reader.' Morris Rossabi, Distinguished Professor of History, City University of New York'A number of studies focus on the interactions between Western and Eastern Asia before European imperial and colonial enterprises (re-)discovered these regions. However, none of them provides the broad, in-depth view of the whole period that this book provides, from the venture of Islam to the emergence of European powers in the region. It is indispensable for any student or scholar who wants to understand the interdependencies of Asian history during this period.' Ralph Kauz, University of Bonn'… it is a courageous account and may serve as an excellent introduction to this field of study.' Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'Mapping the Chinese and Islamic Worlds: Cross-Cultural Exchange in Pre-Modern Asia is a book well worth reading and pondering. It offers valuable insights into the historical exchanges, through the aegis of geography, between the Chinese and Muslim worlds. It is a refreshing reminder of the forgotten fact that the study of geography is the theatre of history, and that history is understood within the limits of a certain geography.' Tarek Ladjal, ArabicaTable of Contents1. From imperial encounter to maritime trade: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 750–1260; 2. The representation of China and the world: Islamic knowledge about China, 750–1260; 3. Interpreting the Mongol world: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world, 1260–1368; 4. Beyond Marco Polo: Islamic knowledge about China, 1260–1368; 5. Legacy from half the globe before 1492: Chinese understanding of the Islamic world and Islamic knowledge about China, 1368–1500; Conclusion: lessons from pre-modern Sino-Islamic contact.

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Book SynopsisSurekha Davies examines how Renaissance illustrated maps shaped ideas about peoples of the Americas, revealing how mapmakers devised detailed images and descriptions that placed peoples within a hierarchy of civility and savagery. Davies shows how ideas about monstrosity were crucial for early modern ethnology and, consequently, for colonial expansion.Trade Review'Surekha Davies brings an astounding arsenal of historiographic tools to her interpretation of the ethnographic images on maps and draws on a vast visual and textual archive to provide a compelling account of their evolution, meaning and spread. It is hard to imagine that anyone else would be better placed to interpret this material.' Rebecca Earle, University of Warwick'Surekha Davies presents a powerful case for the pivotal role that maps - artifacts conceived as dynamic relations between images and words - played in shaping the attitudes towards the peoples Europeans imagined, or knew to exist, or actually encountered beyond their borders during the age of exploration. Thoroughly researched and richly illustrated, this book will stand as an important reference for readers interested in the shared origins of cultural anthropology, geography, racial ideologies, and imperialism in the West.' Nicolás Wey Gómez, California Institute of Technology'By helping us understand the monster in the map, Surekha Davies helps us understand the monster in the mirror - how, exploring and defining the frontier between the human and the monstrous, early modern ethnography and cartography contributed to our notions of what our humanity means.' Felipe Fernández-Armesto, University of Notre Dame'Europeans during the Renaissance believed that monsters trolled the distant edges of the world. In this fascinating and beautifully illustrated study, Surekha Davies reveals the crucial role that illustrated maps played in simultaneously maintaining and challenging this ancient wisdom, showing how Europeans struggled to understand the peoples they met during the age of discovery and exploration.' Peter C. Mancall, University of Southern California'Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human is a powerful, erudite, and elegant contribution to our knowledge of the interweaving of cartography, colonialism, and cultural encounter in the century and a half after Columbus set sail. Placing maps at the core of debates about the nature of humankind, this book is essential reading for Renaissance historians and cartographic historians alike.' Robert J. Mayhew, Journal of Historical Geography'Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human …will appeal to scholars interested in Renaissance history in general, and to any individual who studies the complex interactions of cultures and those who interpret them, both in writing and graphically in print.' J. W. Dauben, CHOICE'Fluently written and elegantly produced, this is an original, perceptive and finely researched addition to the literature on the European discovery of mankind.' David Abulafia, The Times Literary Supplement'Renaissance Ethnography and the Invention of the Human is a true gem in the history of ideas which opens up new avenues to think about the intricate relationship among ethnography, cartography, history of science, and medicine in a time when the world became globalized for the first time … The book will prove crucial for students and advanced scholars of the early modern period, not only historians, historians of science, ethnologists, and historians of cartography, but also scholars of the Atlantic world, art historians, literary scholars, global historians, and environmental historians.' Katharina N. Piechocki, Global Intellectual History'Sometimes a reviewer comes across a book and devoutly wishes that s/he had written it first. This is such a book. Whether the reader engages in cultural history, history of cartography, history of art, or the new wave of early modern global history, this book will hold fresh ideas, synthetic mastery of rapidly expanding literature, and fundamental topicality, even about what defines humanity itself. This book ultimately locates sixteenth-century stereotypes within cultural systems of social hierarchy, which partly shaped colonial policy.' Larry Silver, Sixteenth Century Journal'Based on a comprehensive sample of over 2,000 manuscript and printed maps housed in collections across Europe and the United States, Renaissance Ethnography presents the most authoritative analysis of the iconography of Amerindian peoples on Renaissance maps to date. Covering ethnographic imagery related to seven New World regions produced in six European centers of mapmaking between 1492 and 1650, Surekha Davies's wide-ranging account offers a fine demonstration of the merits of a comparative and interdisciplinary approach. Its original arguments about the role of mapmakers as knowledgemakers within the context of colonial expansion and shifting ideas about the human ensure that this book will be of interest not just to historians of cartography, but also to cultural historians, historians of art, and historians of science.' Guido van Meersbergen, Renaissance Quarterly'Based on extensive research conducted in a plethora of archives, replete with more than a thousand footnotes sustaining the 300 pages of text, this magnificently documented study builds on the work of Anthony Pagden, Lorraine Daston and Katherine Park, Mary Baines Campbell, Frank Lestringant and a host other scholars. Sorting through maps in which fantasy and veracity are two sides of the same coin, it informs us, too, about how attraction and repulsion bear on the psyche. No less, with remarkable precision, Davies shows how the beginnings of ethnography are directly related to the growth of early modern cartography.' Tom Conley, Imago Mundi'[An] extraordinary and indispensible contribution to the history of how early modern Europeans confronted the challenge of defining what it meant to be human in a rapidly expanding world.' Ricardo Padrón, The AAG Review of Books'Moreover, at a time of concerted interest in matters of humanism and post-humanism in early modern studies, and the emergence of the Anthropocene as a critical (in all senses of the word) category of analysis that challenges both epistemology and ontology, Davies' considerable achievement anticipates future projects that reconsider the processes of mapping and codifying natural phenomena 'within a longer chronology of attempts to come to terms with the concept of the human … and the implications of understanding 'human' as a fluid, subjective category that is inseparable from its environment'.' Gavin Hollis, Journal for Early Modern Cultural StudiesTable of ContentsIntroduction: Renaissance maps and the concept of the human; 1. Climate, culture or kinship? Explaining human diversity c.1500; 2. Atlantic empires, map workshops and Renaissance geographical culture; 3. Spit-roasts, barbecues and the invention of the Brazilian cannibal; 4. Trade, empires and propaganda: Brazilians on French maps in the age of François I and Henri II; 5. Monstrous ontology and environmental thinking: Patagonia's giants; 6. The epistemology of wonder: Amazons, headless men and mapping Guiana; 7. Civility, idolatry and cities in Mexico and Peru; 8. New sources, new genres and America's place in the world, 1590–1645; Epilogue; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisFinding one's way with a map is a relatively recent phenomenon. In premodern times, maps were used, if at all, mainly for planning journeys in advance, not for guiding travelers on the road. With the exception of navigational sea charts, the use of maps by travelers only became common in the modern era; indeed, in the last two hundred years, maps have become the most ubiquitous and familiar genre of modern cartography. Examining the historical relationship between travelers, navigation, and maps, Cartographies of Travel and Navigation considers the cartographic response to the new modalities of modern travel brought about by technological and institutional developments in the twentieth century. Highlighting the ways in which the travelers, operators, and planners of modern transportation systems value maps as both navigation tools and as representatives of a radical new mobility, this collection brings the cartography of travelby road, sea, rail, and airto the forefront, placing maps a

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Book SynopsisWhile Marco Polo's writings would go on to inspire the likes of Christopher Columbus, scholars have long debated their veracity. Now, there's new evidence: a collection of fourteen little-known maps and related documents said to have belonged to the family of Marco Polo himself. The author offers an analysis of these artifacts.

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Book SynopsisIn focusing on the power of "bottom-up" maps to transform modern European identities, the author argues that the history of cartography must expand beyond the study of elite maps and shift its emphasis to the democratization of cartography in the modern world.

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Book SynopsisPadrón reveals the evolution of Spain's imagining of the New World as a space in continuity with Asia. Narratives of Europe's westward expansion often tell of how the Americas came to be known as a distinct landmass, separate from Asia and uniquely positioned as new ground ripe for transatlantic colonialism. But this geographic vision of the Americas was not shared by all Europeans. While some imperialists imagined North and Central America as undiscovered land, the Spanish pushed to define the New World as part of a larger and eminently flexible geography that they called las Indias, and that by right, belonged to the Crown of Castile and León. Las Indias included all of the New World as well as East and Southeast Asia, although Spain's understanding of the relationship between the two areas changed as the realities of the Pacific Rim came into sharper focus. At first, the Spanish insisted that North and Central America were an extension of the continent of Asia. Eventually, they came to understand East and Southeast Asia as a transpacific extension of their empire in America called las Indias del poniente, or the Indies of the Setting Sun. The Indies of the Setting Sun charts the Spanish vision of a transpacific imperial expanse, beginning with Balboa's discovery of the South Sea and ending almost a hundred years later with Spain's final push for control of the Pacific. Padrón traces a series of attemptsboth cartographic and discursiveto map the space from Mexico to Malacca, revealing the geopolitical imaginations at play in the quest for control of the New World and Asia.Trade Review"It should be essential reading for anyone seeking a fresh approach to understanding Spain’s imperial ambitions during the Age of Discovery." * The Portolan *"Columbus thought that Cuba was an appendage of Asia, and, though it may surprise readers, it would be more than a century before more accurate accounts of the Pacific Ocean and the distinctions between the landforms of Asia and North America emerged. Padrón relays this story with comprehensive knowledge and a skillful interpretation of cartographic and narrative sources, which often rationalized Spanish imperial aims to show that the Spanish Empire had Asian components thanks to the world-encompassing meridian line that divided Spanish and Portuguese zones for exploitation. . . . This highly recommended book clarifies the history of seemingly naïve but at times politically useful sets of flawed assumptions." * CHOICE *"This is a salutary book. . . . it is immensely valuable in making us see how sixteenth-century Spaniards conceptually framed the Americas, the Pacific and beyond; it literally takes us into another world." * The Globe: Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Map Society *"Historian Ricardo Padrón’s The Indies of the Setting Sun: How Early Modern Spain Mapped the Far East as the Transpacific West attempts to understand how, in discursive and visual terms, the Spanish crown sought to project its geopolitical and historical influence in the world from the sixteenth century forward. . . . The book is a valuable contribution not only because of its rigorous and intelligent interpretations, but also because it invites us to think about two major issues. First, it shows that territories such as the Americas were not 'invented' once and for all but were revised and reinvented over time and from different places and communities. Second, the book reminds us that we must decenter our gaze from the battles of conquest and pay attention instead to the voyages and ways of understanding vast spaces such as the oceans that were key in politically configuring our modern experience of the globe." * Terrae Incognitae *"In The Indies of the Setting Sun, Ricardo Padrón explores the spatial imaginaries of elite Spaniards in the period bookended by Balboa’s “discovery” of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 in present- day Panama and the 1606 Spanish conquest of the Moluccas. " * Early American Literature *"With this work, Padrón demonstrates that the Pacific has been a fundamental issue in the invention of America, a process that, as he firmly asserts, 'has been repeatedly revised and reinvented over the course of the years, and has meant different things at different times in different discursive communities.' Padrón encourages readers to view the geopolitical imagination of Habsburg Spain in a different light and to rethink the possibilities offered by new approaches to consider the Pacific not as marginal, but as a central location of the Spanish empire." * Bulletin of the Comediantes *"The Indies of the Setting Sun is an original and thoughtful study of the ‘invention’ and subsequent reinventions of the Pacific Ocean as part of the Spanish empire. Padrón brings to this project the same lucid, elegant prose and methodology that characterized his earlier monograph, and again he provides an argument supported by a careful study of sources employing the best historical approaches, closely contextualized reading, and an expansive definition of cartography. This is a much needed intervention, highlighting the importance of Spanish Asia in the history of Spanish imperial expansion." -- María M. Portuondo, author of The Spanish Disquiet: The Biblical Natural Philosophy of Benito Arias Montano"The Indies of the Setting Sun examines the way that Spanish knowledge about the South Sea—now known as the Pacific Ocean—was developed. Challenging the historical idea that Magellan's circumnavigation had established Europeans' understanding of the Americas as divided from Asia by the vast Pacific, Padrón reveals an 'alternative European cartography' that persisted across the sixteenth century. In this odd parallel universe, America was merely the forecourt to Asia, and the South Sea was a small basin within the larger Indies, then Spain's overseas empire. This is the first book I've ever read that colors the larger 'Indies' so vividly." -- Barbara Mundy, author of The Death of Aztec Tenochtitlan, the Life of Mexico City"The author’s aim. . . is ambitious but the reader will not be disappointed. Padrón, in fact, leads his audience on a real journey through time, dismantling many commonplaces and prejudices about the modern perception of the way the world has been thought of and represented on maps at the dawn of modernity. The author breaks the patterns in the way we think about historical cartography between rigid categories of ‘right and wrong’, ‘precise and approximate’. Instead, Padrón highlights a complex historical process in which different cultural and political theories competed with each other in a dialectic that shaped our way of understanding geography. . . . Ricardo Padrón’s book: The Indies of the Setting Sun should be welcomed as a useful and much needed book. . . . I believe that today, in an era of redefinition of the balance between global powers with enormous interests in the Pacific area, this book is of great usefulness and relevance." * Rutter Project *"A nuanced reading of Spanish cartographic literature about the Pacific region in the sixteenth century. . . . The book’s central strength is in its analytical acuity, which dredges up tensions, contradictions, ironies and ambivalence from multivalent cartographic and written texts." * Imago Mundi *Table of ContentsList of Figures Introduction 1 The Map behind the Curtain 2 South Sea Dreams 3 Pacific Nightmares 4 Shipwrecked Ambitions 5 Pacific Conquests 6 The Location of China 7 The Kingdom of the Setting Sun 8 The Anxieties of a Paper Empire Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Works Cited Index

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