Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisForeseeing and planning for all of the possibilities and pitfalls involved in bringing a biotechnology innovation from inception to widespread therapeutic use takes strong managerial skills and a solid grounding in biopharmaceutical research and development procedures. Unfortunately there has been a dearth of resources for this aspect of the field. Until now. Focusing on the management of healthcare-related biotech, from conception through the product's regulatory approval and entire life cycle, Healthcare Biotechnology: A Practical Guide provides a practical, applicable resource to assist all health-care related biotech professionals in their day-to-day activities from the lab to the boardroom.Divided into six sections, the book begins with current systems and recent progress and controversy, major players and products, and a comparison with the pharmaceutical industry. It covers intellectual property protection and management, the innovation cycle,Trade Review"... The section on marketing is also particularly strong and well thought through. ... provides insight into the biotechnology business sector." -British Journal of Biomedical ScienceTable of ContentsThe Healthcare Biotechnology Industry: Bioeconomy. Intellectual Property: Intellectual Property Management. Biolicensing. Funding: Biofinance. Biopartnering. New Product Development: Biodrug Research. Biomanufacturing. Marketing: Biomarketing planning. Biopromotion. Biopricing. Biosupply Chain. Product Life Cycle Management. Running the Business: Biobusiness models. Biosimilars Model. Biocompany Life Cycle.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMany varieties of new, complex diseases are constantly being discovered, which leaves scientists with little choice but to embrace innovative methods for controlling the invasion of life-threatening problems. The use of nanotechnology has given scientists an opportunity to create nanomaterials that could help medical professionals in diagnosing and treating problems quickly and effectively. Bioengineered Nanomaterials presents in-depth information on bioengineered nanomaterials currently being developed in leading research laboratories around the world. In particular, the book focuses on nanomaterials for biomedical applications.This collection brings together novel methodologies and strategies adopted in the research and development of bioengineered nanomaterials and technology. Renowned international researchers discuss topics including: Nanoemulsions as a vaccine adjuvant Bioceramic nanomaterials in medical applications NaturaTable of ContentsEmerging Potential of Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Solid Tumors and Metastasis. Aptamer–Nanomaterial Conjugates for Medical Applications. Recent Advances in Immobilization Strategies in Biomaterial Nanotechnology for Biosensors. Nanofibers and Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications. Nanoemulsions as a Vaccine Adjuvant. Inorganic Nanomaterials of Carbonate Apatite as Intracellular Nucleic Acid/Drug Transporters. Bioceramic Nanomaterials in Medical Applications. Imaging and Triggered Release through Design of Ultrastable Core–Shell Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. Natural and Synthetic Nanoporous Membranes for Cell Encapsulation Therapy. Lipid and Cyclodextrin Nanocarriers Loading Bioactive Agents: Stabilization on Polymeric Supports. Silver Nanoparticles: Nanotoxicity Testing and Bioapplications. Nanoparticle Production for Biomedical Applications via Laser Ablation Synthesis in Solution. Nanomedicine in Brain Tumors. Inorganic Nanoparticle Materials for Controlled Drug Delivery Systems. Gold Nanoshells and Carbon Nanotubes as a Therapeutic Tool for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment. Bioinspired Nanomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIncreased world population, decreased water supply, and climate change all put stresses on the global food supply. An exploration of the challenges and possible solutions to improve yields of the main crops, such as cereals, roots, tubers, and grasses, Omics Technologies and Crop Improvement reviews data on food sciences and omics. The book covers modern omic technologies such as nutrigenomics and metagenomics. It provides a detailed examination of how omics can help crop science and horticulture and introduces the benefits of using these technologies to increase crop yields and other features such as resistance and nutritional values.The book highlights crop improvements such as increased yield, drought resistance, disease resistance, and value-added performance through a non-transgenic format. It explores how the different omics technologies, especially the most recent ones (proteomics, metabolomics, nutrigenomics, ionomics, and metagenomics) would be used Table of ContentsOmics Databases and Gene Expression Networks in Plant Sciences. Foodomics Strategies for the Analysis of Genetically Modified Crops. Genomics in Hardwood Tree Improvement: Applications of a Growing Resource. MicroRNA Omics Approaches to Investigate Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses in Plants. Genome-Wide View of the Expression Profiles of NAC-Domain Genes in Response to Infection by Rice Viruses. Plant Molecular Breeding: Perspectives from Plant Biotechnology and Marker-Assisted Selection. A Comprehensive Forage Development Model for Advancing the Agricultural and Rural Economy of Pakistan through Integration of Agronomic and Omics Approaches. New Approaches for Detection of Unique Qualities of Small Fruits. Marker-Assisted Selection in Coffee. Advances in Papaya Genomics. Advances in Omics for Improved Onion and Potato Quality. Omics-Based Approaches for Improvement of the Common Bean. Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Molecular Breeding for Improving Cereals. Next-Generation Sequencing: Principle and Applications to Crops. Linking Plant Amino Acids with Energy and Stress: A Systems Biology Perspective.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe field of encapsulation, especially microencapsulation, is a rapidly growing area of research and product development. The Handbook of Encapsulation and Controlled Release covers the entire field, presenting the fundamental processes involved and exploring how to use those processes for different applications in industry. Written at a level comprehensible to non-experts, it is a rich source of technical information and current practices in research and industry.This book is particularly designed for scientists and engineers working in various industries, including food, consumer products, pharmaceuticals, medicine, agriculture, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, cosmetics, flavors, and fragrances. It offers a broad perspective on a variety of applications and processes, providing research information, figures, tables, illustrations, and references.The book also lays the groundwork for further advancements in encapsulation technology and controlled release aTable of ContentsFUNDAMENTALS. Overview of Encapsulation and Controlled Release. PROCESSES. Process-Selection Criteria. Microencapsulation by Spray Drying. Spray Drying and Its Application in Food Processing. Encapsulation via Spray Chilling/Cooling/Congealing. Encapsulation via Spinning Disk Technology. Encapsulation via Fluidized Bed Coating Technology. Encapsulation via Pan-Coating. Microencapsulation by Dripping and Jet Break-Up. Microencapsulation by Annular Jet Process. Encapsulation via Hot-Melt Extrusion. Microencapsulation with Coacervation. Encapsulation via Microemulsion. Ionotropic Gelation and Polyelectrolyte Complexation Technique: Novel Approach to Drug Encapsulation. Microencapsulation via Interfacial Polymerization. Microencapsulation via In Situ Polymerization. Microencapsulation with Miniemulsion Technology. Silica-Based Sol-Gel Microencapsulation and Applications. Microencapsulation by Phase Inversion Precipitation. Microfluidic Encapsulation Process. Encapsulation Process in Granulation Technology. Encapsulation via Electrohydrodynamic Atomization Spray Technology (Electrospray). Encapsulation Process: Pulsed Combustion Spray Drying. Supercritical Fluid Technology for Encapsulation. Melt-Dispersion Technique for Encapsulation. INGREDIENTS. Materials of Natural Origin for Encapsulation. Cellulose Ethers: Applications. Cellulose-Based Biopolymers: Formulation and Delivery Applications. Starch-Based Polymeric Biomaterial: Drug Delivery. Biodegradable Polymers: Drug Delivery Applications. CHARACTERIZATION. Encapsulation Field Polymers: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). APPLICATIONS. Encapsulation Technologies for Modifying Food Performance. Microencapsulation: Probiotics. Organogels as Food Delivery Systems. β-Lactoglobulin: Bioactive Nutrients Delivery. Encapsulation of Polyphenolics. Encapsulation of Bioactive Compounds. Encapsulation of Flavors, Nutraceuticals, and Antibacterials. Encapsulation of Aroma. Molecular (Cyclodextrin) Encapsulation of Volatiles and Essential Oils. Microencapsulation: Artificial Cells. Cell Encapsulation. Cell Immobilization Technologies for Applications in Alcoholic Beverages. Enzyme Immobilization in Biodegradable Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Emulsion-Solvent Removal System for Drug Delivery. Organogels in Controlled Drug Delivery. Microparticulate Drug Delivery Systems. Colloid Drug Delivery Systems. Melt Extrusion: Pharmaceutical Applications. Nanoparticles: Biomaterials for Drug Delivery. Polymer Systems for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. Drug Delivery Systems: Oral Mucosal. Polymeric Biomaterials for Controlled Drug Delivery. Nanogels: Chemical Approaches to Preparation. Electrospinning Technology: Polymeric Nanofiber Drug Delivery. Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Drug Delivery Technology. Polymeric Nano/Microparticles for Oral Delivery of Proteins and Peptides. Vegetable Oil-Based Formulations for Controlled Drug Delivery. Introduction to Commercial Microencapsulation. Stable Core-Shell Microcapsules for Industrial Applications. Microencapsulation Applications in Food Packaging. Microencapsulation of Phase Change Materials.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book addresses how proteins and RNA interact to carry out biological functions such as protein synthesis, regulation of gene expression, genome defense, liquid phase separation and more.The topics addressed in this volume will appeal to researchers in biophysics, biochemistry and structural biology.Table of ContentsPart 1: RNA Binding Proteins.- Chapter 1: How proteins recognize RNA.- Chapter 2: The interaction between L7Ae family of proteins and RNA kink turns.- Chapter 3: Evolving methods in defining the role of RNA in RNP assembly.- Chapter 4: Single-molecule studies of exonuclease: Following cleavage actions one step at a time.- Chapter 5: Fitting in the age of single-molecule experiments: A guide to maximum-likelihood estimation and its advantages.- Part II: Transcription and Translation.- Chapter 6: A single-molecule view on cellular and viral RNA synthesis.- Chapter 7: Single-Molecule Optical Tweezers Studies of Translation.- Part III: RNA-Guided Protein Machineries.- Chapter 8: Biophysical and biochemical approaches in the analysis of Argonaute-miRNA complexes.- Chapter 9: Biophysics of RNA-guided CRISPR immunity.- Chapter 10: Dynamics of MicroRNA Biogenesis.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMarine glycobiology is an emerging and exciting area in the field of science and medicine. Glycobiology, the study of the structure and function of carbohydrates and carbohydrate-containing molecules, is fundamental to all biological systems and represents a developing field of science that has made huge advances in the last half-century. This book revolutionizes the concept of marine glycobiology, focusing on the latest principles and applications of marine glycobiology and their relationships.Trade Review"The book describes carbohydrates conjugated with additional molecules – an area that could be called terra incognita, because it has been unexploited until now. An important part of the book constitutes analytical techniques, which are a challenge. Another important aspect is the practical application of those unique compounds: in biomedicine, bio-based technologies. The book contains 6 sections and 38 chapters which thoroughly discuss different aspects of glycoconjugates. The book would be useful for academic research, students, but also for industry, as the inspiration for development of innovative and bioactive products."— Katarzyna Chojnacka, Wroclaw University of Technology, PolandTable of ContentsIntroduction to Marine Glycobiology. Marine Glycoconjugates of Reproduction and Chemical Communications. Marine Glycans. Marine Glycosylation. Marine Glycoproteins. Marine Proteoglycans. Marine Glycolipids. Marine Glycomics. Marine Glycoenzymes. Marine Carbohydrates. Bioinformatics of Glycobiology. Biological Role of Glycoconjugates. Glycoconjugates in Biomedicine and Biotechnology.

Read more less

Book SynopsisMiniaturization in the fields of chemistry and molecular biology has resulted in the lab-on-a-chip. Such systems are micro-fabricated devices capable of handling extremely small fluid volumes facilitating the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to a microchip-sized format. The convergence of lab-on-a-chip technology with the field of cell biology facilitated the development of organ-on-a-chip systems. Such systems simulate the function of tissues and organs, having the potential to bypass some cell and animal testing methods. These technologies have generated high interest as applications for disease modeling and drug discovery. This book, edited by Drs. Sean Murphy and Anthony Atala, provides a comprehensive coverage of the technologies that have been used to develop organ-on-a-chip systems. Known leaders cover the basics to the most relevant and novel topics in the field, including micro-fabrication, 3D bio-printing, 3D cell culture techniques, biosensor designTable of ContentsIntroduction. Microfabrication and 3D Bioprinting. 3D Cell Culture/Tissue Spheroids. Biosensors and Microelectronics. Microfluidics. Big Data/Predictive Analysis. Lab-on-a-Chip. Lung-on-a-Chip. Liver-on-a-Chip. Heart-on-a-Chip. Skin-on-a-Chip. Kidney-on-a-Chip. Body-on-a-Chip. Liver Cancer-on-a-Chip. Lung Cancer-on-a-Chip. Breast Cancer-on-a-Chip. Cancer Metastasis-on-a-Chip. Cancer Microenvironment-on-a-Chip. Disease Modeling. Toxicology Testing. Detection of Bioweapon Pathogens. Personalized Medicine.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBioreactors: Animal Cell Culture Control for Bioprocess Engineering presents the design, fabrication, and control of a new type of bioreactor meant especially for animal cell line culture. The new bioreactor, called the see-saw bioreactor, is ideal for the growth of cells with a sensitive membrane. The see-saw bioreactor derives its name from its principle of operation in which liquid columns in either limb of the reactor alternately go up and down. The working volume of the reactor is small, to within 15 L. However, it can easily be scaled up for large production in volume of cell mass in the drug and pharmaceutical industries. The authors describe the principle of operation of the see-saw bioreactor and how to automatically control the bioprocess. They discuss different control strategies as well as the thorough experimental research they conducted on this prototype bioreactor in which they applied a time delay control for yield maximization. To give you a complete understanding

Read more less

Book SynopsisAdenoviruses are double stranded DNA viruses that have been used to study the process of DNA replication. Studies of the mode of action of adenovirally produced tumors in rodents led to the discovery of tumour supressor genes. The adenoviral vector is now the most used vector in clinical gene therapy especially for some kinds of cancers. The chapters in this book focus on the most up-to-date developments in the therapeutic applications of adenoviruses. The intended audience is individuals in the Life Sciences interested in therapeutic applications of adenoviruses. This book reviews the life history and immune responses to adenoviruses and summarizes various therapies implemented with the use of adenoviruses.Table of ContentsAdenovirus Biology: Virus structure and life cycle. Immune responses to adenovirus. Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene and cell therapy. Genetic and capsid modified Adenovirus. Adenovirus for vaccination. FGAd and HDAd. Adenovirus vectors for cancer therapy. Adenovirus-based hybrid vectors. FDA expectations and requirements of adenoviral products.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis title includes a number of Open Access chapters. The information contained in this compendium volume sets the stage for the future's large-scale production of biofuels. Biomass is an abundant carbon-neutral renewable feedstock for producing fuel. First-generation biofuels gained attention for their problems, but the authors of this book demonstrate that they are well on their way to creating practical and sustainable second-generation biofuels.The book begins with an introduction to synthetic biology. Next, it covers pretreatment technologies, advanced microbial technologies, genetic engineering as it relates to biofuel technologies, and nanotechnology and chemical engineering in relation to biofuels.Well-respected in his field, the editor's firsthand experience gives him the perspective to create a thorough review of the relevant literature. Each chapter is written by experts in biotechnologies, offering graduate and post-doctorate students, as well as other scientific researchers, a wide-angle look at biofuel technologies. At the same time, this volume points to promising directions for new research.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Introduction. Part II: Pretreatment Technologies. Part III: Advanced Microbial Technologies. Part IV: Genetic Engineering. Part V: Nanotechnology and Chemical Engineering. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis immensely valuable book provides a comprehensive, easy-to-understand, and up-to-date glossary of technical and scientific terms used in the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology, including terms used in agricultural sciences. The volume also includes terms for plants, animals, and humans, making it a unique, complete, and easily accessible reference. Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering opens with an introduction to bioengineering and biotechnology and presents an informative timeline covering the important developments and events in the fields, dating from 7000 AD to the present, and it even makes predictions for developments up the year 2050. From ab initio gene prediction to zymogen and from agrobacterium to zoonosis, this volume provides concise definitions for over 5400 specialized terms peculiar to the fields of bioengineering and biotechnology, including agricultural sciences.The use of consistent terminology is critical in presenting clear and meaningful information, and this helpful reference manual will be essential for graduate and undergraduate students of biomedical engineering, biotechnology, nanotechnology, nursing, and medicine and health sciences as well as for professionals who work with medicine and health sciences. Trade Review“This book fills the urgent need of a concise but comprehensive source for critically important terminology in the field of biomedical engineering. I expect it to become an indispensable table reference for all biotechnology and bioengineering researchers, educators, and students.”—Anthony J McGoron, PhD, Professor at Florida International University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Miami, Florida“This reference book is a ‘must have’ for all users in bioengineering and biotechnology. Simple to complex definitions and meanings are included in this book. The definitions of the terms are clear, concise, and understandable. Sometimes I felt I knew the definition of a certain word, but reading the term gave a clearer and more definite understanding to me. The author, Dr. Goyal, has done a phenomenal job making the definitions understandable.”—Professor Raj Bansal, Piscataway School, New Jersey; Private Consultant in English Language“This reference book is definitely appealing to the health sciences and engineering communities. It alleviates the drudgery to know the meaning of technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology. I recommend it for every library and for educational institutes and government/private agencies who work in this area.”—Jesus M Roman-Velez, MD, Practicing Physician, Specialist in Internal Medicine and Pulmonary Mechanics, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico“The authors have diligently described the technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology and have included a chapter on the timeline for these focus areas. They have also included selected illustrations to describe specific terms. The authors have done an extraordinary job of compiling the technical terms.”—Taranjit Singh, MD, DHMS., Private Practicing Family Physician, Near Telephone ExchangeDhuri, Punjab, India“Informative, user-friendly, and easy to read. The book introduces technical terms in bioengineering and biotechnology in nontechnical language.”—Miguel A Muñoz, PhD, Ex-President of University of Puerto Rico, USATable of ContentsForeword by Jesús Manuel Román Vélez, MD. Foreword by Taranjit Singh, MD, DHMS. Bioengineering and Biotechnology: An Overview. Timelines of Important Discoveries and Developments in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. Glossary of Technical Terms: Bioengineering and Biotechnology

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new volume presents a plethora of new research on the use of nanoconjugate nanocarriers in drug delivery. Nanotechnology as drug carriers has been observed to increase the level of sophistication through a variety of ways. It helps to alleviate some of the pitfalls of conventional dosage forms, such as few pitfalls such as non-specific drug delivery, dose dumping, poor patient compliance, toxicities linked with higher doses, etc.With chapters from highly skilled, experienced, and renowned scientists and researchers, Nanoconjugate Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery is divided into four sections, providing an introduction to nanocarriers for drug delivery, physicochemical features of nanocarriers, and specific applications dealing with drug delivery in particular. The materials used as well as formulation and characterization have been discussed in detail. The nanocarriers covered in the book include nanoparticles, vesicular carriers, carriers having carbon as the core constituent, dispersed systems, etc. The book also delves into the interaction and associations between drug delivery research and its therapeutic applications in practice.The book integrates a wide variety of case studies, research, and theories in an attempt to reveal the diversity and capture the novel approaches of nanoconjugate nanocarriers for drug delivery employed by developers and content experts in the field. This timely publication will be an essential reference and current awareness source, building on the available literature in the field of pharmacy and biomedical science, while also providing ideas for further research opportunities in this dynamic field.Table of ContentsNanobiomaterials for Drug Delivery. Role of Surfactants in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery. Smart Polymeric Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery. Gold Nanoconjugates for Smart Drug Delivery and Targeting. Vesicular Drug Carriers as Delivery Systems. siRNA Delivery with Liposomes as Platform Technology. Theranostic Application of Indocyanine Green Liposomes. Aquasomes: A Nanocarrier System. Quantum Dots for Drug Delivery. Graphene and Graphene-Based Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, Toxicity, and Biomedical Applications. Graphene for Drug Delivery: Focus on Antimicrobial Activity. Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery. Nanoemulsion for Drug Delivery. Nanoconjugate Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery in Tropical Medicine. Nanocarrier-Assisted Drug Delivery for Neglected Tropical Diseases. Self-Assembly of Sucrose and Trehalose Alkyl Ethers into Nanoparticles and Nanorods under Aqueous Conditions.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new volume explores the latest research on the use of alginate as a biopolymer in various biomedical applications and therapeutics. The uses of alginates and modified alginates discussed in this book include tissue regeneration, encapsulation and delivery of drugs, nucleic acid materials, proteins and peptides, genes, herbal therapeutic agents, nutraceuticals, and more. This book also describes the synthesis and characterizations of various alginate and modified alginate systems, such as hydrogels, gels, composites, nanoparticles, scaffolds, etc., used for the biomedical applications and therapeutics. Alginate, a biopolymer of natural origin, is of immense interest for its variety of applications in pharmaceuticals (as medical diagnostic aids) and in materials science. It is the one of the most abundant natural biopolymers and is considered an excellent excipient because of its non-toxic, stable, and biodegradable properties. Several research innovations have been made on applications of alginate in drug delivery and biomedicines. There needs to be a thorough understanding of the synthesis, purification, and characterization of alginates and its derivatives for their utility in healthcare fields, and this volume offers an abundance of information toward that end.Table of Contents1. Alginates: Source, Chemistry, and Properties 2. Recent Advances of Alginates as Material for Biomedical Applications 3. Alginates: Hydrogels, their Chemistry, and Applications 4. Alginate-Based Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application 5. Chemically Modified Alginates for Advanced Biomedical Applications 6. Bionanocomposites of Alginates, their Chemistry, and Applications 7. Alginate and its Applications in Tissue Engineering 8. Alginate-Based Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering Applications 9. Alginate Properties, Pharmaceutical and Tissue Engineering Applications 10. Alginate: Drug Delivery and Application 11. Chemical and Physical Modifications of Alginate to Improve their use as Carriers in Delivery Systems 12. Updates on Alginate-Based Interpenetrating Polymer Networks for Sustained Drug Release 13. Alginate Nanoparticles 14. Alginate-Based Nanocarriers in Modern Therapeutics 15. Alginate-Based Composites in Drug Delivery Applications 16. Hydroxyapatite-Alginate Composites in Drug Delivery 17. Alginate-Based Gastrointestinal Tract Drug Delivery Systems 18. Alginate Hydrogels as a Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery System 19. Alginate Carriers for Treatment of Ocular Diseases 20. Alginate Carriers for Bioactive Substances: Herbal Natural Compounds and Nucleic Acid Materials

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis new volume, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, Volume 1: Plant-Derived Polymers, presents some of the latest research on the applications of natural polymers in drug delivery and therapeutics for healthcare benefits. Polymers and their applications from several plants are discussed in depth, including tamarind gum, gum Arabic, natural carbohydrate polymer gum tragacanth, pectin, guar gum and its derivatives, locust bean gum, sterculia gum, okra gum, and others. The use of the polymers derived from plants as potential pharmaceutical excipients is expanding day by day because of their stability in the biological system, drug-releasing capability, drug-targeting abilities, as well as their bioavailability. Trade Review“A well-engrossed concept on application of natural plant derivatives as pharmaceutical additives. . . . The superlative collection on the application of plant derivatives in design of novel drug delivery systems, such as micro and nanoparticles, throws an insight on the useful applications of plant-derived products. I would say with a definite certitude that the book will prove to be an exemplary reference for academicians and scientist working in the field of plant-derived products for pharmaceutical applications.” - Dr. Tahir Ansari, Assistant Professor, University of Kualalumpur, MalaysiaTable of ContentsVolume 1: Plant-Derived Polymers 1. Pharmaceutical Applications of Tamarind Gum 2. Pharmaceutical Applications of Gum Arabic 3. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Applications of Natural Carbohydrate Polymer Gum Tragacanth 4. Application Potential of Pectin in Drug Delivery 5. Guar Gum and Its Derivatives: Pharmaceutical Applications 6. Pharmaceutical Applications of Locust Bean Gum 7. Pharmaceutical Applications of Sterculia Gum 8. Pharmaceutical Applications of Okra Gum 9. Pharmaceutical Applications of Fenugreek Seed Gum

Read more less

Book SynopsisMany polymers derived from various marine sources and microorganisms possess some important biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioadhesivity that make them attractive as pharmaceutical excipients in various pharmaceutical dosage forms. Moreover, these polymers can be modified physically and/or chemically to improve their biomaterial properties.In this volume, Natural Polymers for Pharmaceutical Applications, Volume 2: Marine- and Microbiologically Derived Polymers, looks at how these polymers have been explored and exploited for pharmaceutical uses, such as in tablets, microparticles, nanoparticles, ophthalmic preparations, gels, emulsions, suspensions, etc. Some commonly used marine- and microbiologically derived polymers used as pharmaceutical excipients include alginates, agar-agar, gellan gum, carrageenan; chitosan, xanthan gum, and others. The book focuses on important recent advances from experts around the world on marine-derived polysaccharides and pharmaceutical applications of alginates, agar-agar, gellan gum, carrageenan, chitosan derivatives, xanthan gum. Table of ContentsVolume 2: Marine- and Microbiologically Derived Polymers 1. Marine-Derived Polysaccharides: Pharmaceutical Applications 2. Pharmaceutical Applications of Alginates 3. Pharmaceutical Applications of Agar-Agar 4. Pharmaceutical Applications of Gellan Gum 5. Pharmaceutical Applications of Carrageenan 6. Pharmaceutical Application of Chitosan Derivatives 7. Pharmaceutical Applications of

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn Animals as Biotechnology sociologist Richard Twine places the question of human/animal relations at the heart of sustainability and climate change debates. The book is shaped by the emergence of two contradictory trends within our approach to nonhuman animals: the biotechnological turn in animal sciences, which aims to increase the efficiency and profitability of meat and dairy production; and the emerging field of critical animal studies - mostly in the humanities and social sciences - which works to question the nature of our relations with other animals. The first part of the book focuses on ethics, examining critically the dominant paradigms of bioethics and power relations between human and non-human. The second part considers animal biotechnology and political economy, examining commercialisation and regulation. The final part of the book centres on discussions of sustainability, limits and an examination of the prospects for animal ethics if biotechnology becomes part of the dominant agricultural paradigm. Twine concludes by considering whether growing calls to reduce our consumption of meat/dairy products in the face of climate change threats are in fact complicit with an anthropocentric understanding of sustainability and that what is needed is a more fundamental ethical and political questioning of relations and distinctions between humans, animals and nature.Trade Review'Twine's Animals as Biotechnology adds a much needed perspective to debates surrounding animal life, ethics, capitalism, and emerging animal biotechnologies. Combining cutting-edge interdisciplinary frameworks from critical animal studies with in-depth analyses of the economics and science behind the increasing commodification and production of animals for human consumption, Twine makes a compelling case for the development of a more generous, less anthropocentric approach in our myriad relations with the other-than-human world.' – Dr. Matthew Calarco, Associate Professor of Philosophy, California State University at Fullerton, USA - Author of 'Zoographies: The Question of the Animal from Heidegger to Derrida''Richard Twine weaves deftly between 'molecularisation' of animals in biotechnology and growing sensibilities about human-animal relationships. Tensions between these opposing strands raise many questions about what animal science can promise, and - importantly - about implications for sustainability and how we treat other animals who share this earth. Rethinking relationships with other animals is critical for all our futures.' – Professor Lynda Birke, University of Chester, UK and author of 'Feminism, Animals and Science: The Naming of the Shrew' and 'Feminism and the Biological Body''Twine's book is an excellent addition to both bioethics and animal studies. He is able effectively to synthesize and constructively critique two complex disciplines, while at the same time keeping an emphasis on the living animals themselves. This book is essential for anyone working in the fields of animal studies, bioethics, and science and technology studies, as well as for graduate-level courses in these areas' – Dr. Julie Urbanik, Society & Animals'Its combination of breadth and proficiency with technical developments makes it a valuable resource for those seeking to stay abreast with developments in the field, both ethical and technological. (It) offers a sophisticated analysis of a range of complex technical issues and would be valuable to those teaching and studying bioethics, animal studies or environmental studies, as well as those interested in the intersection of agriculture and political economy' – Jay (Koby) Oppenheim, Food, Culture & Society'Impressively erudite and impeccably researched, the book marks a major contribution to debates on animal biotechnology, climate change, and critical animal studies. The book triumphantly addresses the critique of the humanities as irrelevant and isolated from practical matters by attending to the hard scientific issues so many scholars in the humanities lack the training to properly engage. Its success is double, then, because more than offering a critique of scientific practices from a posthumanist perspective, for scientists in these fields the book lucidly presents the full scope of the ethical issues that surround their work - and, perhaps more importantly, offers an ethical framework for the future' – Chris Washington, Miami University (Ohio), Journal for Critical Animal Studies 'Undoubtedly, Animals as Biotechnology is an impressive piece of research, the winner of the Institute for Critical Animal Studies 2011 book of the year and a stinging critique of meat production practices' – John Miller, Green LettersTable of ContentsIntroduction: From the Sciences of Meat to Critical Animal Studies Part I: The Animal and the Ethical 1. Undomesticating the Ethical 2. Toward a Critical Bioethics 3. Thinking across Species in the Ethics of 'Enhancement' Part II: Capitalizing on Animals 4. Animal Biotechnology and Regulation 5. Biopower and the Biotechnological Framing of the Animal Body 6. Capitalizing on the Molecular Animal: Beyond Limits? Part III: Capturing Sustainability in the Genome 7. Mobilizing the Promise of Sustainability 8. Searching for the 'Win-Win'? Animal Genomics and 'Welfare' Conclusion: From the 'Livestock' 'Revolution' to a Revolution in Human/Animal Relations

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book explores the significance of soil microbial diversity to understand its utility in soil functions, ecosystem services, environmental sustainability, and achieving the sustainable development goals. With a focus on agriculture and environment, the book highlights the importance of the microbial world by providing state-of-the-art technologies for examining the structural and functional attributes of soil microbial diversity for applications in healthcare, industrial biotechnology, and bioremediation studies. In seven chapters, the book will act as a primer for students, environmental biotechnologists, microbial ecologists, plant scientists, and agricultural microbiologists. Chapter 1 introduces readers to the soil microbiome, and chapter 2 discusses the below ground microbial world. Chapter 3 addresses various methods for exploring microbial diversity, chapter 4 discusses the genomics methods, chapter 5 provides the metaproteomics and metatranscriptomics approaches and chapter 6 details the bioinformatics tools for soil microbial community analysis, and chapter 7 concludes the text with future perspectives on further soil microbial uses and applications. Table of ContentsChapter1: Introduction.- Chapter2: Belowground microbial communities: A key players for soil and environmental Sustainability.- Chapter3: Methods for exploring soil microbial diversity.- Chapter4: Genomics based methods for microbial diversity analysis from soils.-Chapter5: Metaproteomics and metatranscriptomics for microbial communities profiling.- Chapter6: Bioinformatics tools for soil microbial community analysis.- Chapter7: Conclusion and future perspectives

Read more less

Book SynopsisDieses Buch befasst sich mit den Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten von Open-Source- und kollaborativen Designansätzen und -strategien im biomedizinischen Bereich. Es bietet eine umfassende Reihe von bewährten Verfahren und Methoden, damit diese sicheren, innovativen und zertifizierbaren biomedizinischen Geräte die Patienten erreichen und erfolgreiche Lösungen für Probleme im Gesundheitswesen bieten. Die Kapitel sind so gegliedert, dass sie den gesamten Lebenszyklus von Open-Source-Medizintechnologien verfolgen. Die bereitgestellten Informationen sind äußerst praxisorientiert, da sie sich auf reale Studienfälle stützen, bei denen sich die Zusammenarbeit zwischen medizinischen Fachkräften, Ingenieuren und Technikern, Patienten und Patientenverbänden, politischen Entscheidungsträgern, Regulierungsbehörden und Bürgern als vorteilhaft erwiesen hat. Das Buch wird auch durch eine Online-Infrastruktur, UBORA, unterstützt, über die Open-Source-Medizinprodukte gemeinsam entwickelt und geteilt werden können, um die Medizintechnik zu demokratisieren und eine zugängliche biomedizintechnische Ausbildung zu fördern. Table of ContentsVorwort: Das UBORA-Projekt I. GRUNDLAGEN 1. Die medizinische Industrie: Gegenwärtige Situation, globale Gesundheitsprobleme und Ausblick 2. Allgemeine Überlegungen zur Entwicklung von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 3. Systematische Bewertung des Bedarfs und Tragfähigkeitsanalysen II. ENTWURFSMETHODEN FÜR OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTE 4. Kreativitätsförderung: Kollaborative Designumgebungen und offene Innovation 5. Sicherheitsgerichtete Entwurfsmethoden für Open-Source-Medizinprodukte 6. Entwurf und Simulation von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten III. HERSTELLUNGSMETHODEN FÜR OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTE 7. Prototyping von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 8. Herstellung von personalisierten Open-Source-Medizinprodukten 9. Massenproduktion von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten IV. MIT OPEN-SOURCE-MEDIZINPRODUKTEN WIRKLICH ETWAS BEWIRKEN 10. Open-Source-Zulassung und -Zertifizierung von Medizinprodukten 11. Vermarktung von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten: Management von Qualität und Lieferkette 12. Fragen im Zusammenhang mit der langfristigen Nachhaltigkeit von Open-Source-Medizinprodukten REFERENZEN ANHÄNGE

Read more less

Book SynopsisPart I: Introduction to Biotechnology.- Historical Overview.- Part II: Biocatalyst Features.- Cell Morphology.- Cell Genetics.- Cell Metabolism.- Cell Operation.- Cell Stoichiometry.- Cell Engineering.- Cell Interaction. 

Read more less

Book SynopsisBioinformatik Der Marktführer bei den Bioinformatiklehrbüchern in neuer Auflage und mit dem neuen Thema Molekulardynamik Bioinformatik ist eine Kerndisziplin in den modernen Biowssenschaften, von der Biotechnologie über die Biochemie und Molekularbiologie bis zur Molekulargenetik und Molekularmedizin. Sie ist eine essenzielle Grundlage für alle “omics”-Technologien, für die Strukturbiologie, die Systembiologie sowie die synthetische Biologie. Bioinformatik. Grundlagen, Algorithmen, Anwendungen bietet eine umfassende Einführung in die wichtigsten Methoden der Bioinformatik. Der Autor erklärt dabei sowohl die mathematischen und biologischen Grundlagen als auch die wichtigsten Software-Tools und deren Anwendungsbereiche. Schwerpunkte sind Methoden zum Sequenzvergleich, Verfahren zur Charakterisierung von Proteinfamilien, Algorithmen zur Vorhersage von Protein- und RNA-Strukturen, Methoden des maschinellen Lernens und das Proteindesign. Für die 4. Auflage wurde der Text durchgehend aktualisiert und um ein Kapitel zur Molekulardynamik erweitert. Neu aufgenommene Exkurse zu Meilensteinen der Bioinformatik und aktuellen Anwendungsgebieten lockern den Text auf. Auf der ebenfalls komplett überarbeiteten Begleit-Webseite werden interaktive Lernmodule bereitgestellt, einschließlich mehr als 120 Übungsaufgaben, zum Teil mit Lösungen. Eine perfekte Einführung für alle Studenten der Lebenswissenschaften oder Informatik, die einen Einblick in die gängigen Methoden der Bioinformatik benötigen, sowie ein wertvoller Begleiter für alle, die bereits bioinformatische Werkzeuge nutzen und die zugrundeliegenden Konzepte verstehen möchten.Table of Contentsvorwort V Teil I Grundlagen – Biologie und Datenbanken 1 1 Biologische Grundlagen 5 1.1 DNA 6 1.2 Genetischer Code und Genomkomposition 8 1.3 Transkription 12 1.4 RNA 13 1.5 Proteine 14 1.6 Peptidbindung 16 1.7 Konformation von Aminosäureseitenketten 16 1.8 Ramachandran-Plot 17 1.9 Hierarchische Beschreibung von Proteinstrukturen 18 1.10 Sekundärstrukturelemente 19 1.11 α-Helix 20 1.12 β-Faltblätter 20 1.13 Supersekundärstrukturelemente 21 1.14 Proteindomänen 22 1.15 Proteinfamilien 23 1.16 Enzyme 26 1.17 Proteinkomplexe 27 1.18 Evolutionäre Prozesse 28 1.19 Fachbegriffe 30 Literatur 33 2 Sequenzen und ihre Funktion 37 2.1 Definitionen und Operatoren 38 2.2 DNA-Sequenzen 39 2.3 Proteinsequenzen 39 2.4 Vergleich der Sequenzkomposition 41 2.5 Ontologien 45 2.6 Analyse der Anreicherung von GO-Termen 48 2.7 Semantische Ähnlichkeit von GO-Termen 48 2.7.1 Bewertung mit informationstheoretischen Ansätzen 48 2.7.2 Vergleich mit einer graphentheoretischen Methode 50 Literatur 54 3 Datenbanken 57 3.1 Nukleotidsequenzdatenbanken 58 3.2 RNA-Sequenz-Datenbanken 59 3.3 Proteinsequenzdatenbanken 60 3.4 3-D-Struktur-Datenbanken 60 3.5 SMART: Analyse der Domänenarchitektur 62 3.6 STRING: Proteine und ihre Interaktionen 62 3.7 SCOP: Strukturelle Klassifikation von Proteinen 63 3.8 Pfam: Kompilation von Proteinfamilien 66 3.9 COG und eggNOG: Gruppen orthologer Gene 68 3.10 KEGG: Gene, Genome und Krankheiten 68 3.11 NCBI-Datenbanken: Literatur und biologisches Wissen 69 3.12 Weitere Datenbanken 70 Literatur 74 Teil II Lernen, Optimieren und Entscheiden 77 4 Grundbegriffe der Stochastik 81 4.1 Grundbegriffe der beschreibenden Statistik 82 4.2 Zufallsvariable, Wahrscheinlichkeitsmaß 84 4.3 Urnenexperimente und diskrete Verteilungen 86 4.4 Die kolmogoroffschen Axiome 89 4.5 Bedingte Wahrscheinlichkeit, Unabhängigkeit, Satz von Bayes 89 4.6 Markov-Ketten 91 4.7 Erwartungswert, Varianz 91 4.8 Wichtige Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen 92 4.8.1 Diskrete Verteilungen 92 4.8.2 Totalstetige Verteilungen 93 4.9 Schätzer 96 4.10 Grundlagen statistischer Tests 98 4.11 Eine optimale Entscheidungstheorie: die Neyman-Pearson-Methode 100 Literatur 101 5 Bayessche Entscheidungstheorie und Klassifikatoren 103 5.1 Bayessche Entscheidungstheorie 103 5.1.1 Ein Beispiel: Klassifikation der Proteinoberfläche 104 5.1.2 Übergang zu bedingten Wahrscheinlichkeiten 105 5.1.3 Erweitern auf m Eigenschaften 107 5.2 Marginalisieren 109 5.3 Boosting 110 5.4 ROC-Kurven 112 5.4.1 Bewerten von Fehlklassifikationen 112 5.4.2 Aufnehmen einer ROC-Kurve 112 5.5 Testmethoden für kleine Trainingsmengen 115 Literatur 117 6 Klassische Cluster- und Klassifikationsverfahren 119 6.1 Metriken und Clusteranalyse 120 6.2 Das mittlere Fehlerquadrat als Gütemaß 120 6.3 Ein einfaches iteratives Clusterverfahren 121 6.4 k-Means-Clusterverfahren 123 6.5 Hierarchische Clusterverfahren 126 6.6 Affinity propagation 127 6.7 Bewertung der Clusterverfahren 129 6.8 Überlappende Cluster 130 6.9 Nächster-Nachbar-Klassifikation 130 6.10 k-nächste-Nachbarn-Klassifikation 132 Literatur 133 7 Neuronale Netze 135 7.1 Architektur von neuronalen Netzen 136 7.2 Das Perzeptron 136 7.3 Modellieren boolscher Funktionen 138 7.4 Lösbarkeit von Klassifikationsaufgaben 139 7.5 Universelle Approximation 141 7.6 Lernen in neuronalen Netzen 143 7.7 Der Backpropagation-Algorithmus 144 7.8 Codieren der Eingabe 147 7.9 Selbstorganisierende Karten 148 7.10 Tiefe Architekturen 150 7.11 Ein einfaches Neuron, die rectified linear unit 151 7.12 Das Neocognitron als alternatives Modellierparadigma 152 7.13 Faltung mithilfe von CNNs 153 7.14 Längerfristiges Speichern von Eingabedaten 157 7.15 Attention-basierte Netze 161 Literatur 168 8 Genetische Algorithmen 171 8.1 Objekte und Funktionen 173 8.2 Ablauf des Verfahrens 174 8.3 Codieren der Problemstellung 176 8.4 Der Begriff des Schemas 176 8.5 Dynamik der Anzahl von Schemata 177 8.6 Limitationen genetischer Algorithmen 179 8.7 Genetisches Programmieren 180 Literatur 183 Teil III Algorithmen und Modelle der Bioinformatik 185 9 Paarweiser Sequenzvergleich 189 9.1 Dotplots 191 9.1.1 Definition 191 9.1.2 Beispiel 192 9.1.3 Implementierung 193 9.1.4 Abschätzen der Laufzeit 194 9.1.5 Anwendungen 195 9.1.6 Einschränkungen und Ausblick 196 9.2 Entwickeln eines optimalen Alignment-Verfahrens 198 9.2.1 Paarweise und multiple Sequenzalignments 200 9.2.2 Dynamisches Programmieren 200 9.2.3 Distanzen und Metriken 202 9.2.4 Die Minkowski-Metrik 203 9.2.5 Die Hamming-Distanz 203 9.3 Levenshtein-Distanz 204 9.3.1 Berechnungsverfahren 206 9.3.2 Ableiten des Alignments 210 9.4 Bestimmen der Ähnlichkeit von Sequenzen 210 9.4.1 Globales Alignment 210 9.4.2 Lokales Sequenzalignment 211 9.5 Optimales Bewerten von Lücken 212 9.5.1 Eigenschaften affiner Kostenfunktionen 213 9.5.2 Integration in Algorithmen 213 9.6 Einordnung der Algorithmen 215 Literatur 216 10 Sequenzmotive 219 10.1 Signaturen 220 10.2 Die PROSITE-Datenbank 221 10.3 Die BLOCKS-Datenbank 221 10.4 Sequenzprofile 222 10.5 Scores für Promotorsequenzen 224 10.6 Möglichkeiten und Grenzen profilbasierter Klassifikation 224 10.7 Sequenzlogos 225 10.8 Konsensussequenzen 226 10.9 Sequenzen niedriger Komplexität 227 10.10 Der SEG-Algorithmus 228 Literatur 231 11 Scoring-Schemata 233 11.1 Theorie von Scoring-Matrizen 234 11.2 Algorithmenbedingte Anforderungen 237 11.3 Identitätsmatrizen 237 11.4 PAM-Einheit 238 11.5 PAM-Matrizen 238 11.6 Ein moderner PAM-Ersatz: die JTT-Matrix 240 11.7 BLOSUM-Matrizen 241 11.8 Matrixentropie 243 11.9 Scoring-Schemata und Anwendungen 244 11.10 Flexible Erweiterung: Scoring-Funktionen 245 Literatur 247 12 FASTA und die BLAST-Suite 249 12.1 FASTA 250 12.1.1 Programmablauf 250 12.1.2 Statistische Bewertung der Treffer 252 12.2 BLAST 255 12.2.1 Konzepte und Umsetzung 256 12.2.2 Statistik von Alignments 259 12.2.3 Ausgabe der Treffer 264 12.3 Vergleich der Empfindlichkeit von FASTA und BLAST 264 12.4 Ansätze zur Performanzsteigerung 265 12.5 Profilbasierter Sequenzvergleich 266 12.6 PSI-BLAST 267 12.7 Sensitivität verschiedener Sequenzvergleichsmethoden 269 12.8 Vergleich von Profilen und Konsensussequenzen 270 12.9 DELTA-BLAST 271 12.10 Alternative Ansätze 275 Literatur 276 13 Multiple Sequenzalignments und Anwendungen 279 13.1 Berechnen von Scores für multiple Sequenzalignments 281 13.2 Iteratives Berechnen eines Alignments 282 13.3 ClustalW: Ein klassischer Algorithmus 283 13.3.1 Grundlegende Konzepte 283 13.3.2 Algorithmus 283 13.3.3 Ein Beispiel: MSA für Trypsininhibitoren 284 13.4 T-Coffee 286 13.5 M-Coffee und 3D-Coffee 289 13.6 Alternative Ansätze 291 13.7 Alignieren großer Datensätze mit Clustal Omega 292 13.8 Alignieren großer Proteinsequenzdatensätze mit DECIPHER 293 13.9 Charakterisierung von Residuen mithilfe von Alignments 296 13.9.1 Entwickeln der Scoring-Funktion 297 13.9.2 FRpred: Vorhersage funktionell wichtiger Residuen 297 13.9.3 SDPpred: Vergleich homologer Proteine mit unterschiedlicher Spezifität 298 13.10 Alignment von DNA- und RNA-Sequenzen 300 Literatur 301 14 Grundlagen phylogenetischer Analysen 303 14.1 Einteilung phylogenetischer Ansätze 307 14.2 Distanzbasierte Verfahren 307 14.2.1 Ultrametrische Matrizen 308 14.2.2 Additive Matrizen 309 14.3 Linkage-Algorithmen 311 14.4 Der Neighbour-Joining-Algorithmus 313 14.5 Parsimony-Methoden 314 14.6 Maximum-Likelihood-Ansätze 317 14.6.1 Übergangswahrscheinlichkeiten für DNA-Sequenzen 318 14.6.2 Empirische Modelle der Proteinevolution 319 14.6.3 Berechnen der Likelihood eines Baumes 321 14.6.4 Quartett-Puzzle: Heuristik zum Finden einer Topologie 323 14.7 Grundannahmen phylogenetischer Algorithmen 325 14.8 Statistische Bewertung phylogenetischer Bäume 326 14.8.1 Validierung durch Outgroups 327 14.8.2 Bootstrap-Verfahren und A-posteriori-Wahrscheinlichkeiten 327 14.8.3 Alternativen und Ergebnisse 329 Literatur 332 15 Markov-Ketten und Hidden-Markov-Modelle 335 15.1 Ein epigenetisches Signal: CpG-Inseln 335 15.2 Finite Markov-Ketten 336 15.3 Kombination zweier Ketten zu einem Klassifikator 337 15.4 Genvorhersage mithilfe inhomogener Ketten 340 15.5 Hidden-Markov-Modelle 343 15.6 Der Viterbi-Pfad 346 15.7 Ein HMM zur Erkennung von CpG-Inseln 348 15.8 Der Vorwärts- und der Rückwärtsalgorithmus 349 15.9 Schätzen von Parametern 351 15.10 Der Baum-Welch-Algorithmus 352 15.11 Entwurf von HMMs 354 15.12 Verwendung und Grenzen von HMMs 356 15.13 Wichtige Eigenschaften von Markov-Ketten 357 15.14 Markov-Ketten-Monte-Carlo-Verfahren 359 15.14.1 Monte-Carlo-Integration 359 15.14.2 Metropolis-Hastings-Algorithmus 360 15.14.3 Simulated annealing 361 15.14.4 Gibbs-Sampler 362 15.15 Weitere Anwendungen von Markov-Ketten 362 Literatur 366 16 Profil-HMMs 369 16.1 HMM-Struktur zur Beschreibung von Proteinfamilien 370 16.2 Suche nach homologen Sequenzen 373 16.3 Modellbau für Profil-HMMs 376 16.4 Approximieren von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichten 380 16.5 HHsearch: Vergleich zweier Profil-HMMs 386 16.5.1 Grundlagen des Alignments von zwei Hidden-Markov-Ketten 387 16.5.2 Paarweises Alignment von HMMs 390 16.5.3 Performanz von HHsearch 391 16.5.4 Strukturvorhersage mit HHsearch 393 Literatur 395 17 Support-Vektor-Maschinen 397 17.1 Beschreibung des Klassifikationsproblems 398 17.2 Lineare Klassifikatoren 399 17.3 Klassifizieren mit großer Margin 403 17.4 Kernel-Funktionen und Merkmalsräume 405 17.5 Implizite Abbildung in den Merkmalsraum 407 17.6 Eigenschaften von Kernel-Funktionen 408 17.7 Häufig verwendete Kernel-Funktionen 409 17.8 Aus Merkmalen abgeleitete Kernel-Funktionen 410 17.9 Support-Vektor-Maschinen in der Anwendung 416 17.10 Multiklassen-SVM 419 17.11 Theoretischer Hintergrund 420 Literatur 424 18 Vorhersage der Sekundärstruktur 427 18.1 Vorhersage der Proteinsekundärstruktur 427 18.1.1 Ein früher Ansatz: Chou-Fasman-Verfahren 428 18.1.2 PHD: profilbasierte Vorhersage 429 18.2 Vorhersage der RNA-Sekundärstruktur 436 18.2.1 RNA-Sequenzen und -Strukturen 438 18.2.2 Freie Energie und Strukturen 439 18.2.3 Sekundärstrukturvorhersage durch Energieminimierung 440 18.2.4 Strukturen mit Schleifen 442 18.2.5 MEA-Verfahren zur Vorhersage von Strukturen mit Pseudoknoten 444 18.2.6 Strukturvorhersage mithilfe von multiplen Sequenzalignments 447 Literatur 449 19 Vergleich von Protein-3-D-Strukturen 451 19.1 Grundlagen des Strukturvergleichs 453 19.2 Simulated annealing 455 19.3 DALI: fragmentbasierte Superposition 458 19.3.1 Scores für Substrukturen 459 19.3.2 Alignieren von Substrukturen 459 19.4 Fr-TM-align: Alignieren von Fragmenten 461 19.5 SPalignNS: optimales Kombinieren von Residuenpaaren 462 19.6 FAST: Vergleich der lokalen Geometrie 463 19.7 DeepAlign: Verwenden eines Strukturalphabets 466 19.8 Multiple Superpositionen 471 Literatur 474 20 Vorhersage der Protein-3-D-Struktur, Proteindesign und Moleküldynamik 477 20.1 Threading-Verfahren 482 20.2 3D-1D-Profile: profilbasiertes Threading 484 20.2.1 Bestimmen der lokalen Umgebung 484 20.2.2 Erzeugen eines 3-D-1-D-Profils 486 20.3 Wissensbasierte Kraftfelder 489 20.3.1 Theoretische Grundlagen 490 20.3.2 Ableiten der Potenziale 493 20.4 Rotamerbibliotheken 494 20.5 MODELLER 499 20.6 Bewerten der Modellqualität 504 20.7 Alternative Modellieransätze 504 20.8 ROSETTA/ROBETTA 505 20.8.1 De-novo-Strukturvorhersage mit ROSETTA 506 20.8.2 Verfeinerung der Fragmentinsertion 508 20.8.3 Modellieren strukturell variabler Regionen 508 20.8.4 Proteindesign mithilfe von ROSETTA 510 20.9 Moleküldynamiksimulationen 517 20.9.1 Physikalische Grundlagen von MD-Simulationen 518 20.9.2 Berechnungsverfahren 519 20.9.3 Berechnen der Interaktionen mithilfe von Kraftfeldern 521 20.9.4 Spezielle Hardware beschleunigt die Simulationen 522 Literatur 523 21 Analyse integraler Membranproteine 527 21.1 Architektur integraler Membranproteine 528 21.2 Spezifische Probleme beim Sequenzvergleich 530 21.3 Vorhersage der Topologie von α-helikalen IMPs 530 21.3.1 HMMTOP 531 21.3.2 MEMSAT-SVM 532 21.3.3 Ein Metaansatz: TOPCONS 2 534 21.4 Vorhersage der Struktur von β-Fässern 535 21.4.1 TMBpro 535 21.4.2 PRED-TMBB 2 537 21.4.3 BOCTOPUS 2 539 21.4.4 Alternative Ansätze und Homologiemodellierung 541 Literatur 541 22 Entschlüsselung von Genomen 545 22.1 Shotgun-Sequenzierung 549 22.2 Erwartete Anzahl von Contigs beim Shotgun-Ansatz 550 22.3 Basecalling und Sequenzqualität 551 22.4 Der klassische Assemblieransatz 553 22.4.1 Phase eins: Bestimmen überlappender Präfix-Suffix-Regionen 554 22.4.2 Phase zwei: Erzeugen von Contigs 556 22.4.3 Phase drei: Generieren der Konsensussequenz 556 22.5 Assemblieren kurzer Fragmente 558 22.6 Assemblieren langer und fehlerbehafteter Reads 561 22.7 Annotation kompletter Genome 565 22.8 Metagenomik 570 22.8.1 Spezielle Anforderungen an die Bioinformatik 571 22.8.2 Minimalanforderungen für die Metagenomannotation 573 Literatur 574 23 Auswertung von Transkriptomdaten 579 23.1 DNA-Chip-Technologie 579 23.1.1 Datenbanken für Transkriptomdaten 581 23.1.2 Grenzen der Technologie 582 23.2 Analyse von DNA-Chip-Signalen 583 23.2.1 Quantifizierung von Expressionswerten 583 23.2.2 Normalisieren und Datenreduktion 584 23.3 Identifizieren differenziell exprimierter Gene 586 23.4 RNA-Sequenzierung 587 23.5 Analyse der RNA-Sequenzen 588 23.6 Einzelzell-RNA-Sequenzierung 591 23.7 Metriken zum Vergleich von Expressionsdaten 591 23.8 Analyse kompletter Expressionsdatensätze 593 23.8.1 Anwenden von Clusterverfahren 593 23.8.2 Validierung und Alternativen 593 23.9 Hauptkomponentenanalyse 594 23.10 Biclusterverfahren 597 23.10.1 ISA: ein performantes Biclusterverfahren 597 23.10.2 Der Signaturalgorithmus 598 23.10.3 Iterative Optimierung 601 23.10.4 QUBIC2: Ein graphenbasiertes Biclusterverfahren 602 23.11 Grenzen und Alternativen bei der Expressionsanalyse 604 23.12 Genexpressions-Profiling 605 23.13 Visualisieren mithilfe von Wärmekarten 606 23.13.1 Der klassische Ansatz 607 23.14 Datenaufbereitung für systembiologische Fragestellungen 607 23.14.1 Bündelung von Datenbankinformation 608 23.14.2 Statistische Analyse der Termverteilung 609 23.14.3 Verwendbarkeit der Verfahren 610 Literatur 612 24 Analyse von Protein-Protein-Interaktionen 615 24.1 Biologische Bedeutung des Interaktoms 615 24.2 Methoden zum Bestimmen des Interaktoms 616 24.3 Vergleich von Codonhäufigkeiten 618 24.4 Analyse des Genominhaltes 619 24.4.1 Genfusion 619 24.4.2 Phyletische Profile 620 24.4.3 Analyse von Genfolgen 622 24.4.4 Performanz sequenzbasierter Methoden 623 24.5 Suche nach korrelierten Mutationen 624 24.5.1 Erzeugen sortierter MSA-Paare 624 24.5.2 Identifizieren korrelierter Mutationen 625 24.6 Vergleich phylogenetischer Bäume 627 24.6.1 Die Mirror-Tree-Methode 627 24.6.2 Korrektur des Hintergrundsignals 629 24.6.3 Ein alternativer Ansatz, der auf einem Nullmodell basiert 630 24.7 Vorhersage des Interaktoms der Hefe 631 24.8 Strukturbasierte Protein-Protein-Interaktionsvorhersagen 634 24.8.1 Vorhersagen basierend auf Strukturinformation 635 24.8.2 PrePPI: Integration zusätzlicher Merkmale 637 24.9 Netzwerkbasierte Protein-Protein-Interaktionsvorhersagen 640 Literatur 642 25 Big Data und Deep Learning: neue Herausforderungen und Möglichkeiten 645 25.1 Klassifikation mit Random Forests 647 25.1.1 Entscheidungsbäume 647 25.1.2 Berechnen der Topologie 649 25.1.3 RF-Algorithmus 652 25.1.4 Theoretische Klassifikationsleistung eines RFs 653 25.1.5 Problemlösungen für konkrete Anwendungen 654 25.1.6 Auswahl informativer Eigenschaften 655 25.1.7 Bioinformatische Anwendungen 657 25.2 Sequenzbasierte Vorhersage der Protein-3-D-Struktur 658 25.2.1 Experimentelle Proteinstrukturaufklärung 659 25.2.2 Berechnen von Co-Variationssignalen 660 25.2.3 PSICOV: Vorhersage räumlich benachbarter Residuenpaare 663 25.2.4 Vorhersage der 3-D-Struktur mithilfe von Kontaktinformation 665 25.2.5 Alternative Nutzung von Kopplungssignalen 665 25.3 Berechnen einer Feinstruktur großer Proteinfamilien 666 25.3.1 MCL: Clustern mithilfe stochastischer Matrizen 667 25.3.2 Cytoscape: Visualisierung von Netzwerkclustern 669 25.4 Positionierung von Nukleosomen 670 25.4.1 Chromatin und Nukleosomen 671 25.4.2 NucleoFinder: ein statistischer Ansatz zur Vorhersage von Nukleosomenpositionen 672 25.5 Auswertung großer Datensätze mit tiefen Lernverfahren 676 25.5.1 DL-basierte Vorhersage der Proteinstruktur 677 25.5.2 AlphaFold2 und RoseTTAFold 680 25.5.3 Erkennen von Translationsinitiationsstellen 683 25.5.4 DeepCpG bestimmt den Methylierungsstatus in einzelnen Zellen 684 25.6 Analyse des menschlichen Genoms mithilfe von ENCODE-Daten 686 25.6.1 Datentypen 687 25.6.2 Genome Browser 689 Literatur 692 26 Zum Schluss 699 26.1 Informatik in schwierigem Umfeld 699 26.2 Ungelöste Probleme und Herausforderungen 701 Literatur 704 Stichwortverzeichnis 705

Read more less

Book SynopsisSensors and Probes for Bioimaging A fulsome exploration of the history, design, and application of bioimaging probes and sensors In Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging, distinguished researcher Professor Young-Tae Chang and Professor Nam-Young Kang deliver a comprehensive discussion of bioimaging achieved with sensors and probes. In the book, readers will find a complete discussion of the history of colorful sensors and probes, probe design and the mechanisms of staining, as well as cell and tissue application and whole-body imaging. You’ll learn how probes can be used, how to choose and use a variety of probes, and new directions in research and application in the area of sensors and probes for bioimaging. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to bioimaging, as well as discussions of chemical sensors and probes used in bioimaging Comprehensive explorations of organelle and cell selective probes, as well as discussions of a model for organelle selectivity Practical discussions of tissue selective probes and whole-body imaging Fulsome treatments of imaging for biological function and for the diagnosis of disease, including cancer and Alzheimer’s imaging Perfect for chemical biologists, analytical chemists, biochemists, and materials scientists, Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging will also earn a place in the libraries of clinical chemists and advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals working in the bioimaging and sensor industry.Table of Contents1 Introduction to Bioimaging 1 1.1 Color 1 1.2 Colorful Material 4 1.3 Light Source of Bioimaging 6 1.4 Subcellular Imaging 12 1.5 Cell-Selective Imaging 14 1.6 Tissue and Organ Imaging 14 1.7 Whole-Body Imaging 15 1.8 Probes in Bioimaging 15 References 16 2 Chemical Sensors and Probes for Bioimaging 17 2.1 History of Dyes in Biological Stains 17 2.2 Blood Cell Staining 22 2.3 Bacteria Staining Using Gram Method 24 2.4 Fluorescent Sensors and Probes 25 2.5 Representative Fluorescent Compounds for Bioimaging 29 References 33 3 Organelle-Selective Probes 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Cell Plasma Membrane 40 3.3 Endosome and Lysosome 47 3.4 Nucleus and DNA 50 3.5 Nucleolus and RNA 56 3.6 ER and Golgi Body 58 3.7 Mitochondria 62 3.8 Lipid Droplet 66 3.9 Peroxisome 67 3.10 Cytosol 68 3.11 Extracellular Vesicle 69 3.12 Non-membrane-Bound Condensate 72 3.13 Organelle Probes in Live Cells and Fixed Cells 74 3.14 Modeling for the Organelle-Selective Probes 75 References 80 4 Live-Cell-Selective Probes 85 4.1 Protein-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (POLD) 88 4.1.1 Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy 1 93 4.1.2 Neural Stem Cell Probes 99 4.1.2.1 CDr 3 99 4.1.2.2 CDy5 for Neural Stem Cell Division Monitoring 103 4.1.3 Tumor-Initiating Cell Probes 105 4.1.3.1 TiY 105 4.1.3.2 TiNIR 108 4.1.4 Muscle Cell Probes 110 4.1.5 Pancreatic Cell Probes 113 4.1.5.1 Pancreatic α-Cell Probes 114 4.1.5.2 Pancreatic β-Cell Probes 114 4.1.6 Amyloid Probe: CDy 11 116 4.2 Carbohydrate-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (COLD) 118 4.2.1 Lectins 121 4.2.2 Embryonic Stem Cell Probes: CDg4 and CDb 8 122 4.2.3 Gram-Positive Bacteria Probe 122 4.2.4 Biofilm Probe: CDy14 and CDr 15 124 4.3 Lipid-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (LOLD) 128 4.3.1 Filipin as a Cholesterol Probe 129 4.3.2 Lipid Droplet Probes 129 4.3.3 Neuron Probes 130 4.3.3.1 Nissl Stains as Neuron Body Probe 131 4.3.3.2 Plasma Membrane Dyes as Neuronal Network Probe 131 4.3.3.3 NeuO as a Universal Neuron Probe 132 4.3.4 B Lymphocyte Probe: CDgB 134 4.3.5 Activated CD8 + Lymphocyte Probe: Probe 41 138 4.3.6 Apoptotic Cell Probe: Apo- 15 139 4.4 Gating-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (GOLD) 139 4.4.1 Cell Imaging Probes through Phagocytosis 140 4.4.2 Probes Through SLC Transporters 143 4.4.3 Probes Through Glucose Transporters 144 4.4.4 Naïve Embryonic Stem Cell Probe: CDy 9 146 4.4.5 Neurotransmitter Mimetic Probes 147 4.4.6 Astrocyte Probe: SR 101 149 4.4.7 Subtype-Specific Macrophage Probes: CDg16, CDr17, CDg 18 150 4.4.7.1 CDg16 for Activated Macrophage 150 4.4.7.2 CDr17 for M1 Macrophage 152 4.4.7.3 CDg18 for M2 Macrophage 153 4.4.8 B-Cell-Selective Probe Through GOLD Mechanism 153 4.4.9 Bacteria Probes Through Transporters 154 4.4.10 Probes Through ABC Transporters 155 4.4.11 Background-Free Tame Dye 157 4.5 Metabolism-Oriented Live-Cell Distinction (MOLD) 160 4.5.1 Substrate for Proteases in Extracellular Matrix 160 4.5.1.1 MMP12 Substrate for Activated Macrophage Probe 162 4.5.1.2 Cathepsin S Substrate for Tumor-Associated Macrophage Probe 162 4.5.1.3 Elastase Substrate for Neutrophil Probe 163 4.5.1.4 Granzyme Substrate for Natural Killer and Cytotoxic T Cell Probe 163 4.5.2 Microglia Probe: CDr10 and CDr20 165 4.5.2.1 CDr10a and b for Microglia Imaging among Brain Cells 165 4.5.2.2 Microglia Probe CDr20 through Ugt1a7c 169 4.5.3 Neutrophil Probe: NeutropG 170 References 172 5 Ex Vivo Tissue Imaging Probes 179 5.1 Immunohistochemistry 181 5.2 Tissue Imaging with Nucleic Acid Probes 186 5.3 Tissue Imaging with Small-Molecule Probes 186 5.3.1 Pancreatic Islet Imaging 188 5.3.2 Neuronal Tissue Imaging 191 5.4 Organoid as Model of Tissue and Organ 194 5.4.1 Blood Vessel 3D Model 195 5.4.2 Tumor Organoid for Drug Screening 196 References 196 6 In Vivo Whole-Body Imaging Probes 199 6.1 ElaNIR for Elastin Imaging in Mouse 200 6.2 Probes for Exposed Neuron in Zebrafish Embryo 201 6.3 NeuO for Whole-Body Neuron Imaging in Zebrafish 202 6.4 LipidGreen for Fatty Tissue Imaging in Zebrafish 203 6.5 Blood Vessel Imaging in Zebrafish 204 6.6 Probes for Bone Imaging 205 6.7 Probes for Pancreatic Islet Imaging 206 6.8 Probes for Eye Imaging 208 6.8.1 Optical Coherence Tomography for Retina 209 6.8.2 Fundus Photography for Blood Vessel Imaging in Retina 210 6.8.3 Neuron Imaging on Retina 210 6.8.4 Bacterial Infection on Cornea 211 6.9 Macrophage Imaging in Ischemia and Inflammation 213 References 214 7 Imaging for Biological Environment and Function 217 7.1 pH 218 7.2 Metal Ions 221 7.2.1 Na + and K + 222 7.2.2 Ca 2+ 225 7.2.3 Mg 2+ 227 7.2.4 Metal Ion Selectivity of Fluorescent Sensors 228 7.2.5 Iron Ion 230 7.2.6 Zn 2+ 230 7.2.7 Copper Ion 231 7.3 Metabolites 232 7.3.1 Atp 232 7.3.2 Nadh 233 7.3.3 Histamine 234 7.4 Viscosity 234 7.5 Temperature 238 7.5.1 ER Thermometer 238 7.5.2 Mitochondrial Thermometer 240 7.5.3 Organelle-Specific Fluorescent Thermometers 241 7.6 Reactive Oxygen Species and Reactive Nitrogen Species 241 7.6.1 Superoxide 243 7.6.2 H 2 O 2 245 7.6.3 Onoo − 247 7.6.4 HOCl and Hypochlorite 249 7.6.5 Hydroxyl Radical 251 References 252 8 Imaging for Disease 259 8.1 Introduction 259 8.2 Cancer Imaging 260 8.2.1 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Biomarker Binding 261 8.2.2 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Metabolism 263 8.2.3 Imaging by Cancer-Specific Transporter 267 8.2.4 Imaging by the Changed Environment of Cancer 268 8.2.5 Circulating Tumor Cell (CTC) 269 8.2.6 Cancer Cell Line for Imaging 269 8.2.7 Animal Models of Tumor Imaging 271 8.2.8 Ex Vivo 3D Tumor Culture Model 275 8.2.9 Clinical Imaging of Tumor for Diagnosis and Prognosis 277 8.2.10 Intraoperative Imaging of Tumor 278 8.3 Neurodegenerative Disease Imaging 278 8.3.1 AD Imaging Through Aβ Amyloid Aggregates 278 8.3.2 AD Imaging Through Tau 281 8.3.3 Animal Model for AD 283 8.4 Inflammation Imaging 284 8.4.1 Inflammation Imaging by Environmental Changes 284 8.4.2 Inflammation Imaging Through Immune Cells 285 8.4.3 Inflammation Animal Model 286 8.5 Diabetes Imaging 286 8.6 Liver Disease Imaging 288 8.7 Aging 289 8.8 Theranostics 289 References 290 9 Non-optical Imaging Probes 297 9.1 Ultrasound Imaging Probes 297 9.2 X-Ray Contrast Agents 298 9.3 MRI Contrast Agents 301 9.4 SPECT Probes 303 9.5 PET Probes 306 9.5.1 PET Probes for Tumor 307 9.5.2 PET Probes for Brain Function 309 9.6 Multimodality 310 References 311 10 Fluorescence Imaging Techniques and Analysis Methods 313 10.1 Multicolor Imaging 313 10.2 Ratiometric Measurement 315 10.3 Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy 316 10.4 Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy 316 10.5 Two-Photon Excitation Fluorescence Imaging and Harmonic Generation 317 10.6 Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy 318 10.7 Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy 319 10.8 Super-Resolution Imaging 320 10.9 Single-Molecule Imaging 322 10.10 Photoactivation of Caged Molecule 323 10.11 Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching 324 10.12 Flow Cytometry Technique 325 References 327 11 Perspectives for Future Probe Development 329 11.1 Design of Selective Probes 329 11.2 Discovery of Selective Probes by Screening 331 11.3 Future Probe Development 336 References 337 Appendix 339 Index 341

Read more less

Book SynopsisSelbst 150 Jahre nach Beginn seiner Fertigung im industriellen Maßstab ist das Mikroskop immer noch ein unverzichtbares Werkzeug in Medizin, Biologie und Materialwissenschaft. In diesem Buch werden zunächst die wichtigsten Aspekte der Funktionsweise und des Aufbaus der unterschiedlichen Typen von Lichtmikroskopen erklärt. Es wird dargelegt, welche Funktion die unterschiedlichen Bedienelemente haben und wie sie sich auf das Bildergebnis auswirken. In den weiterführenden Kapiteln finden sich Beschreibungen der wichtigsten Kontrastierverfahren und auch der modernsten Hochauflösungsverfahren, mit denen eine neue Ära der optischen Mikroskopie begonnen hat. Der Text ist leicht verständlich geschrieben mit praktischen Anwendungsbeispielen und vielen mikroskopischen Aufnahmen.Table of ContentsEinleitung ix Eine kurze Geschichte der Mikroskopie xiii Referenzen xviii Teil I Das Lichtmikroskop als optisches Instrument 1 1 Optische Vergrößerungen: Von der Lupe zum Mikroskop 3 1.1 Die Lupe 3 1.2 Höhere Vergrößerungen: Das zusammengesetzte Mikroskop 5 1.2.1 Strahlengang im zusammengesetzten Mikroskop 6 1.2.2 Numerische Apertur und laterales Auflösungsvermögen 8 1.2.3 Axiales Auflösungsvermögen: Schärfentiefe 13 1.2.4 Vergrößerung und numerische Apertur – was ist möglich? 14 1.2.5 Die Beleuchtung des Mikroskops: Von kritisch zu Köhler 17 1.2.6 Die Aperturblende und ihre Funktion 21 1.2.7 Die Pupillen 23 1.3 Wichtige mechanische Abmessungen des Mikroskops 25 1.3.1 Optik nach DIN: Endliche Tubuslänge 25 1.3.2 Unendlichoptik 27 Referenzen 30 2 Das aufrechte Durchlichtmikroskop: Aufbau und Funktionsweise 31 2.1 Das Mikroskopstativ 31 2.2 Die Beleuchtung 33 2.2.1 Halogenlampen 34 2.2.2 Linienstrahler: Quecksilber-Hochdrucklampen 36 2.2.3 Leuchtdioden 38 2.3 Kondensoren 40 2.3.1 Prinzipieller Aufbau 41 2.3.2 Besondere Bauformen 42 2.4 Fokussierung und Mikroskoptisch 43 2.4.1 Fokussierung 44 2.4.2 Mikroskoptisch 45 2.4.3 Ergonomie 47 2.5 Objektive 48 2.5.1 Kennzeichnungen von Objektiven 48 2.5.2 Farbkorrektion: Achromate und Apochromate 51 2.5.3 Ebene Bilder: Planobjektive 54 2.5.4 Ergänzung: Bestimmung der numerischen Apertur 58 2.6 Okulare 60 2.6.1 Kennzeichnungen von Okularen, Vergrößerung und Sehfeldzahl 60 2.6.2 Bauformen von Okularen 62 2.6.3 Exkurs: Messen mit dem Mikroskop 64 2.7 Beobachtungstuben 66 2.7.1 Beobachtungstuben: Von monokular bis trinokular 66 2.7.2 Optische Mitbeobachtung: Diskussionsbrücken 70 2.8 Bilddokumentation 71 2.8.1 Bildsensoren für Kameras – ein kurzer Überblick 72 2.8.2 Kompaktkameras 75 2.8.3 Systemkameras 76 2.8.4 C-Mount-Kameras 78 2.8.5 Softwarepakete, Tipps zum Kauf 81 Referenzen 81 3 Das aufrechte Auflichtmikroskop 83 3.1 Aufbau und Funktionsweise 83 3.2 Die Beleuchtung 84 3.3 Objektive für die Auflichtmikroskopie 86 3.4 Fokussierung und Mikroskoptisch 87 Referenzen 89 4 Das inverse Mikroskop: Aufbau und Funktionsweise 91 4.1 Das Mikroskopstativ 91 4.2 Beleuchtung und Optik 92 4.3 Mikroskoptisch und Fokussierung 94 Referenzen 96 5 Das Stereomikroskop: Aufbau und Funktionsweise 97 5.1 Stereomikroskop – optischer Aufbau 97 5.2 Stative und Beleuchtung 101 Referenzen 105 Teil II Unsichtbares sichtbar machen 107 6 Kontrastierverfahren in der Mikroskopie 109 6.1 Hellfeldmikroskopie 109 6.1.1 Durchlicht-Hellfeldmikroskopie 110 6.1.2 Auflicht-Hellfeldmikroskopie 114 6.2 Schiefe Beleuchtung 117 6.2.1 Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 117 6.2.2 Weiterentwicklung: Der Hoffman-Modulationskontrast 118 6.2.3 Schiefe Beleuchtung im Durchlicht 120 6.2.4 Schiefe Beleuchtung im Auflicht 121 6.3 Dunkelfeldmikroskopie 122 6.3.1 Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 122 6.3.2 Durchlicht-Dunkelfeldmikroskopie 122 6.3.3 Auflicht-Dunkelfeldmikroskopie 127 6.4 Phasenkontrastmikroskopie 128 6.4.1 Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 128 6.4.2 Anwendungsbeispiel: Zählung von Asbestfasern 136 6.4.3 Anwendungsbeispiel: Untersuchung von Belebtschlamm 137 6.5 Polarisationsmikroskopie 139 6.5.1 Orthoskopie: Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 140 6.5.2 Orthoskopie: Anwendungsbeispiele 146 6.5.3 Konoskopie: Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 148 6.6 Differenzieller Interferenzkontrast 153 6.6.1 Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 153 6.6.2 Differenzieller Interferenzkontrast im Durchlicht 159 6.6.3 Differenzieller Interferenzkontrast im Auflicht 161 6.7 Fluoreszenzmikroskopie 163 6.7.1 Funktionsprinzip und Komponenten 163 6.7.2 Auflicht-Fluoreszenzmikroskopie: Beispiele 169 6.8 Kontrastierverfahren in der Stereomikroskopie 174 Referenzen 177 Teil III Weiterentwicklungen – Über Die Weitfeldmikroskopie Hinaus 181 7 Moderne mikroskopische Verfahren 183 7.1 Modellierung der Punktbildverwaschungsfunktion 183 7.1.1 Dekonvolution: Bildverbesserung durch Software 183 7.1.2 Konfokalmikroskopie 184 7.1.3 Das 4Pi-Mikroskop 187 7.1.4 Das STED-Mikroskop 189 7.2 Höchstauflösung durch Eingriffe in die Beleuchtungsgeometrie 191 7.2.1 Strukturierte Beleuchtung 192 7.2.2 Lichtblattmikroskopie 194 7.2.3 Lokalisationsmikroskopie durch Photoaktivierung 195 7.3 Nahfeldverfahren 196 7.3.1 Nahfeldmikroskopie 197 7.3.2 Interne Totalreflexionsmikroskopie 198 7.4 Quantitative mikroskopische Verfahren 200 7.4.1 Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP) 200 7.4.2 Zeitaufgelöste Messungen 201 7.5 Nichtlineare Effekte: Raman- und Zwei-Photonen-Mikroskopie 204 7.5.1 Raman-Mikroskopie 204 7.5.2 Zwei-Photonen-Mikroskopie 206 Referenzen 207 Danksagung 211 Nachweis der mikroskopischen Aufnahmen 213 Stichwortverzeichnis 215

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent advances in the field of recombinant antibodies have permitted the manipulation of genes encoding specific antibodies, thus allowing their ectopic expression in a wide variety of non-lymphoid cells. This volume describes how the ectopic expression of antibodies, as secreted or as intracellularly retargeted molecules, can be exploited to block biological functions or to confer new phenotypic traits (e.g. resistance to a virus). This is the first book describing this emerging technology, which is receiving increasing attention for application in many different fields and biological systems - from human gene therapy to plant biotechnology.Table of Contents1. Intracellular and Intercellular Immunization.- 2. Current Methods for Genotypic and Phenotypic Knock-Outs in Mammalian Cells.- 3. Recombinant Antibodies for Ectopic Expression.- 4. Assembly and Folding of Antibodies in Natural and Artificial Environments.- 5. Protein Sequence Motifs Involved in Intracellular Trafficking.- 6. Intercellular Immunization.- 7. Intracellular Immunization.- 8. Gene Therapy and Research Applications of Intrabodies for Human Infectious Diseases.- 9. Plantibodies: Immunomodulation and Immunotherapeutic Potential.- 10. From Phage Libraries to Intracellular Immunization.- 11. Perspectives and Conclusions.

Read more less

Table of ContentsGas phase biosensors.- Chromatography in the downstream processing of biotechnological products.- Extractive bioconversion of lactic acid.- Production of rhamnolipid biosurfactants.- Microbial carotenoids.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe first part of this monograph presents theoretical analysis of the thermophysical properties of strongly coupled coulomb systems. A new model is then developed, making it possible to calculate the full set of low temperature, multicomponent, nonideal plasma transport coefficients, based on the kinetic coefficients of strongly coupled coulomb systems and experimental data for the transport coefficients of Dense, Low temperature plasmas. This model can easily be implemented in the form of a set of computer algorithms, and the third part of the book shows how it can be used to solve important problems of high temperature gas dynamics, for example, heat and mass transfer in the shock layer of a space probe, stability of temperature and concentration fields in gas phase nuclear reactors, and critical phenomena in low temperature plasma dynamics.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiotechnology has not stood still since 1991 when the first edition of Biotechnology - The Science and the Business was published. It was the first book to treat the science and business of technology as an integrated subject and was well received by both students and business professionals. All chapters in this second edition have been updated and revised and some new chapters have been introduced, including one on the use of molecular genetic techniques in forensic science. Experts in the field discuss a range of biotechnologies, including pesticides, the flavor and fragrance industry, oil production, fermentation and protein engineering. On the business side, subjects include managing, financing, and regulation of biotechnology. Some knowledge of the science behind the technologies is assumed, as well as a layperson's view of buying and selling. As with the first edition, it is expected that this book will be of interest to biotechnology undergraduates, postgraduates and those working in the industry, along with students of business, economics, intellectual property law and communications.Table of ContentsSection I: Matters of Business: Managing a Biotechnology Business. Financing Biotechnology Companies. Biotechnology Startups. Patents: Paradigms in Collision. Intellectual Property and Technical Know-How Public Perceptions of Biotechnology. The Regulation of Biotechnology in the United States. The Regulation of Biotechnology in Europe. Communication. Section II: Underlying Technologies and Economics: Polymerase Chain Reaction Development of a Novel Technology in a Corporate Environment. Protein Engineering. Fermentation Technology, Bioprocessing, Scale-up and Manufacture. Feedstocks. Process Economics. Section III: Biotechnology and Industry: The Established Industries. Industrial Chemicals: Fermentation and Immobilized Cells. Industrial Enzymes. New Materials. Biosensors.

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiological molecular motors provide most cells with the dynamic systems required for their day-to-day existence. Examples occur in even the simplest organism (e.g. a bacteria virus), and the range of tasks that they carry out is vast. Over the last few years, there has been a large increase in the study of these motors, and it is becoming apparent that many motors will find uses in either bionanotechnology or synthetic biology.Molecular Motors in Bionanotechnology describes a wide range of molecular motors, ranging from chemical motors to biological motors, in a manner that updates, or reviews, both classification of the type of motor and the grouping into families. Many techniques have evolved to study and characterise molecular motors at the single-molecule level (e.g. use of molecular tweezer devices for single-molecule studies). The text introduces the reader to the concepts and benefits of these techniques. In addition, it looks at the structural information and how this helps understand function and, finally, how some of these motors are being used or may be used in the future as part of a synthetic biology approach to building devices and sensors.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents an overview of the current state of research in both synchrotron radiation and structural proteomics from different laboratories worldwide. The book presents recent research results in the most advanced methods of synchrotron radiation analysis, protein micro- and nano crystallography, X-ray scattering and X-ray optics, coherent X-Ray diffraction, and laser cutting and contactless sample manipulation are described in details. The book focuses on biological applications and highlights important aspects such as radiation damage and molecular modeling.Trade Review"This book provides valuable insight into the growing field of structural proteomics."—Prof. Gary Stein, University of Massachusetts Medical School, USATable of ContentsProtein Micro- and Nanocrystallography Using Synchrotron Radiation. Single-Bounce Monocapillary X-Ray Optics: Design and Biological Applications. Thermophilic Enzymes of Potential Industrial Use: Structure and Function. Model Lysozyme Crystal Versus Aggregate, Un Confined Formation as Viewed by Recent Theory Aided by Computer Experiment. Molecular Modeling to Facilitate Protein Crystallization. Structural Analysis of the β-Subunit of the Translation Initiation Factor Aif2 from Different Species: Role of Zn Ions. Towards the Understanding of Molecular Aspects of Helicobacter pylori cag-PAI. Using X-Ray Scattering to Study the Structures of Membrane-Associated Proteins. An Overview of Langmuir Blodgett Protein Crystals via GISAXS, LASER , Raman and AFM. Radiation Damage in Protein Structural Characterization by Synchrotron Radiation: State of the Art and Nanotechnology-Based Perspective. Contactless Sample Manipulation for Synchrotron Radiation Experiments. Gold on Glass—The Annealing Process Investigated with GISAXS and Ellipsometry. Three-Dimensional Visualization of a Human Chromosome Using Coherent X-Ray Diffraction.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book introduces various fields of metal biotechnology, emphasizing applications for the fields of environment conservation and resource recycling. The topics discussed include wastewater treatment and bioremediation technologies for hazardous metals making use of metal metabolism by microorganisms and other organisms; recovery and recycling of metals from drainage and waste sources; the biological synthesis and processing of new metallic materials and monitoring of metals for industrial uses; and bio-informatics in metal biotechnology. These topics are expected to be of great help for new developments in these new technologies.Trade Review"This book represents a broad sampling of the great diversity of biochemical interactions possible between living biota (microorganisms and plants) with metals and metalloids. A majority of the topics covered are devoted to sequestration mechanisms for toxic metals, but there are also a number of unusual topics addressed, including practical means of capture of precious metals and the use of microorganisms in the formation of nano-size materials with potential industrial applications. The book serves as not only an excellent departure point for students and scientists entering into this realm of research but also a handy reference for those already engaged in the area, as well as a rich primary reference source for educators seeking to expand their course curriculum lectures."—Dr. Ronald S. Oremland - U.S. Geological Survey, USATable of ContentsMicrobial Manganese(II) Oxidation: A Potential Tool for Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Waters. Biological Treatment for Removal of Iron, Manganese, and Arsenic from Groundwater. Removal of Selenium from Wastewater Using a Selenium-Reducing Bacterium. Microbial Reduction and Mobilization of Arsenic for Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil. Phytoremediation of Boron-Polluted Soil and Water. Phytoremediation of Cadmium-Contaminated Soil: Acceleration of Phytoremediation by Combination Use of Chelating Agents. Phytoremediation for Soils Contaminated with Heavy Metals Using the Symbiosis Between Astragalus sinicus with Rhizobia. Construction of Yeast Bioadsorbent by Cell Surface Engineering. Bioleaching of Metals from Solid Waste Incineration Ash. Dissolution of Precious Metals from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Using Bacteria. Biosorption of Uranium and/or Thorium Using Microorganism. Characteristics of Biogenous Iron Oxide Microtubes Formed by Iron-Oxidizing Bacteria, Leptothrix ochracea. Microbial Formation of Semiconductor Nano-Particles Contained Selenium or Tellurium and Metals. Biomachining–Micromachining of Metals by Bacteria. Biosensors for Toxic Heavy Metals. Cell Surface Design for Selective Recovery of Rare Metal Ions. Bioinformatics Tools for the Next Generation of Metal Biotechnology.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe design and synthesis of molecularly or supramolecularly defined interfacial architectures have seen in recent years a remarkable growth of interest and scientific research activities for various reasons. On the one hand, it is generally believed that the construction of an interactive interface between the living world of cells, tissue, or whole organisms and the (inorganic or organic) materials world of technical devices such as implants or medical parts requires proper construction and structural (and functional) control of this organism–machine interface. It is still the very beginning of generating a better understanding of what is needed to make an organism tolerate implants, to guarantee bidirectional communication between microelectronic devices and living tissue, or to simply construct interactive biocompatibility of surfaces in general.This exhaustive book lucidly describes the design, synthesis, assembly and characterization, and bio-(medical) applications of interfacial layers on solid substrates with molecularly or supramolecularly controlled architectures. Experts in the field share their contributions that have been developed in recent years.Table of ContentsSelf-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs). Multi-Valent Chelator SAMs. Gemini SAMs. PEG SAMs. Electrochemically Designed SAMs. Polymer Brushes. Ultra-Sensitive Biosensing with Polymer Brushes. Noncovalent Anchoring of Proteins to Surfaces. S-Layer Proteins. Heparan Sulfate Surfaces to Probe the Functions of the Master Regulator of the Extracellular Space. Hemocompatible Surfaces. Peptide Nanotube Coatings for Bioapplications. Proteoglycanylated Surfaces. Surface-Attached Polymeric Hydrogel Films. Evanescent Wave Biosensors with Hydrogels Binding Matrix. IPNs. Biofunctional Grafted Dendrons. Glucase Biosensors: Transduction Method, Redox Materials, and Bio-Interface. Modification of Glass Surfaces by Phosphorus Dendrimer Layers for Biosensors. Tethering Lipid Bilayers to Solid Supports. In vitro Synthesis of Membrane Proteins. Integrin-Functionalized Artificial Membranes as Test Platforms for Monitoring Small Integrin Ligand Binding by Surface Plasmon-Enhanced Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Wetting of Surfaces by Lipid Bilayers. Patterned Lipid Bilayers on Solid Substrate as a Model System of the Biological Membrane. Electrically Addressable, Biologically Relevant Surface Supported Bilayers. Nanopatterning of Biomolecules by Dip Pen Lithography. Surfaces for Stem Cell Propagation. Mechanical Cues for Cell Culture. Constructing Defined Networks of Neurons. Mineralization on a Biomimetic Surface.MO-CVD on patterned SAMs. Application of Biofunctional Surfaces in Medical Diagnostics. Nanopatterning for Bioapplications.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book illustrates a variety of challenges that bug hunters try to solve. It is an outstanding collection of the insights and expertise of an interdisciplinary group of researchers from all walks of life: virologists, physicians, immunologists, electrochemists, physicists, computer scientists, biotechnologists, epidemiologists, and molecular biologists, all working at the forefront of diagnostics in fields that cross scientific boundaries. Notwithstanding a dire moment as that of the recent Ebola outbreak in West Africa that saddens us all, we must more than ever peregrinate across oceans, and take the fight to them, as these invisible and exotic but deadly enemies know no barriers and constantly invade our lives. The coming epidemics and killer pandemics require us to continuously innovate in areas of prevention, detection, and therapy. The present volume focuses on creating virus alerts or hand-held detectors to bring to the field during an epidemic, when possible, or tools for the healthcare worker to rapidly diagnose the patient’s ailment. The authors describe the conventional cell cultures and molecular biology methodologies, while introducing state-of-the-art multidisciplinary biosensors. This book is not a manual, set of protocols, or a textbook; it is a glimpse into the advances of virus diagnostic research. Included are a variety of topics that encompass world health issues, local folklore such as associating outbreaks with witchcraft, problems in getting healthcare workers to the outbreak areas, and insights in viral diagnostic pitfalls.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of essays by scientists, historians, philosophers of science, and students. The essays meld biotechnology into science fiction stories and thereby open a conversation about the morality of what we may be one day, and what it may mean to be human as our biotechnological endeavors continue to evolve. The biotechnology "revolution," launched on a global scale many decades ago, has taken a direct course toward re-creating life. Yet there are still many choices to be made in shaping the future that it may one day make possible. The book motivates readers toward deep reflection and continual discourse, which are essential if biotechnology is to evolve in ethical, meaningful, and sustainable ways.Table of ContentsIntroduction and History. Science-Story Dialectic as a Discourse of Change. History of the Biotechnology Revolution. Understanding Problems & Approaching Cures. The "Vicious Cycle" of Obesity. Madeline. Prion Diseases. Carnivore’s Game. Climate Change and the Future of Freshwater. Negotiations. Adult Stem Cells to Cure Diabetes-induced Vision Loss. Shadows, and Sugars, and Shades of Grey (Madeline, Part. 2). New Knowledge & New Capabilities. Neogenesis. Madness Enough to Break the World. Who Do They Think They Are? Emmanuel. Keys to Bioproducts from Agriculture. Soon They’ll Know our Secrets. Dr. Hyde. The Promise and Pitfalls of Cognitive Enhancement. Build Me a Memory. On We Go. To Where, Who Knows? The Uncertain Consequences of the Biotechnology Revolution. Rōnin. Closing Reflection on the Word "Revolution".

Read more less

Book SynopsisBiocatalysis has become an essential tool in the chemical industry and is the core of industrial biotechnology, also known as white biotechnology, making use of biocatalysts in terms of enzymes or whole cells in chemical processes as an alternative to chemical catalysts. This shift can be seen in the many areas of daily life where biocatalysts—with their environmentally friendly properties—are currently employed. Drivers are the big societal challenges resulting from concerns about the global climate change and the need for an assured energy supply. Modern biocatalysis relies to a large extent on the tremendous advances in the so-called omics techniques and the structural elucidation of biomolecules, which have led to synthetic biology and metabolic engineering as new research fields with high application potential for the rational design of enzymes and microbial production strains. In this book, renowned scientists discuss the actual developments in these research fields together with a variety of application-oriented topics.Trade Review"This book provides an actual and comprehensive overview of industrial biocatalysis, written by top scientists from academia and industry. It highlights by means of many examples how biocatalysis increasingly contributes to making the different areas of the chemical industry more sustainable through fostering an ongoing development towards a more bio-based economy. The book is highly recommended to all scientists active in this field as an excellent source for further inspirations and in addition should greatly assist academic lectures in this field."—Prof. Yasuhisa Asano, Toyama Prefectural University, JapanTable of ContentsBiocatalysts: global market, industrial applications, aspects of biotransformation design and societal challenges. Making use of newly discovered enzymes and pathways: reaction and process development strategies for synthetic applications with recombinant whole-cell biocatalysts and metabolically engineered production strains. Directed evolution of enzymes for industrial biocatalysis. Strategies to overcome constraints in enzyme evolution and facilitate effective enzyme engineering. Production of functional isoprenoids through pathway engineering. Metabolic engineering for the bio-based conversion of CO2 to biofuels. Mixed microbial cultures for industrial biotechnology: success, chance, and challenges. Extremophiles and their use in biofuel synthesis. Industrial applications of halophilic microorganisms. Non-pathogenic Pseudomonas strains as a platform for industrial biocatalysis. Use of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of high-value chemicals from new carbon sources. Applications of enzymes in industrial biodiesel production. Promiscuous biocatalysts: Applications for synthesis from the laboratory to industrial scale. Micro-magnetic porous and non-porous biocatalyst carriers. Robust enzyme preparations for industrial applications. Hydrolases in non-conventional media: Implications for industrial biocatalysis. Enreductases from cyanobacteria for industrial biocatalysis. Cytochrome P450 biocatalysts: current applications and future prospects. Laccases: green biocatalysts for greener applications. Lipase-catalyzed epoxidation of fatty compounds and alkenes. Synthetic potential of dihydroxyacetone uilizing aldolases. The hydantoinase process: recent developments for the production of non-canonical amino acids. Biotechnological approaches to dipeptide production. Synthetic enzyme cascades for valuable diols and amino alcohols: smart composition and optimization strategies. Metabolic engineering for the biosynthesis of longevity molecules rapamycin and resveratrol. Detergent proteases. Industrial starch processing. Algae: a rich source of energy and high-value products. Enzyme-catalyzed processes in a potential algal biorefinery. Biocatalytic synthesis of polymers: a contribution to green chemistry. Bio-based chemicals and materials.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book is for readers with some background in science, concerning the search for drugs, starting from molecular diversity in nature or molecular wilderness. Drug molecules may be used as such, or as starting points for improved drugs obtained from the interface of chemistry and biology. In some cases, the essential molecular features for drug properties from natural molecules may be identified and modified to more effective ones. In other cases, nature provides the targets, such as essential enzymes from infectious microorganisms, from which synthetic drugs can be designed. The mechanisms of action of drugs can be discerned by studying target–drug interactions. Nature may fight back, as in cases when microorganisms become resistant to drugs, but we can again use the chemistry–biology interface to obtain drugs which overcome the resistance. The battle goes on, hopefully with victory for both humans and balance of nature. This book differs from those available on the subject of natural products and drugs derived therefrom in that it looks at the broad picture on how materials and organisms from nature affect our health and how we have combined our knowledge in chemistry, biology, and biodiversity to promote our wellness from resources in the "molecular wilderness," with caveats on sustainable utilization of these resources. It is therefore suitable, not only for readers interested in science and medicine, but also for those with interest in policy issues concerning sustainable development, environment, and issues concerning interaction of science and society in general.Trade Review"Writing a popular science book is more challenging than writing a professional one for the technical audience. One needs to be scientifically rigorous, yet speak in the language of the school student and the ‘lay’ public. There can be no threatening equations or complex chemical pathways, yet one should convey the message in a lucid manner. Professor Yuthavong carries it off with ease and elan. He has chosen the word "wilderness" deliberately, to evoke both excitement and awe in the reader. He shows how human creativity is able to chisel molecules from wilderness into useful products, how nature itself has been doing such molecular architecture over evolution, and how we may learn from it. The underlying message, expressed with time honored wisdom, is Gandhian in spirit. Recall what Mahatma Gandhi said: ‘Nature provides for man’s need, but not his greed’, and ‘Be the change you want the world to be’. This is a book that needs to be distributed across both the developing and developed worlds." — D. Balasubramanian, Professor and Director of Research, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India, and UNESCO Kalinga Prize Laureate in Science Popularization"I very much like the idea of writing something that's technically correct but intended for a general audience. The topics would correct an impression that all drug discovery these days comes from high throughput screening of synthetic molecules. I’m very impressed with the variety of topics the writer has managed to touch upon and with how technically accurate the handling of these topics has been."— Jon Clardy, Professor, Harvard Medical School and Broad Institute, USA"This pioneering book is a powerful source of enlightenment on the vital connections between the diversity world's biological splendour and advancement of scientific knowledge. It offers a convincing case as to why the conservation of biological diversity is imperative for human wellbeing. I recommend it to anyone who has an interest in sustainable development in general and environmental protection in particular."— Calestous Juma, Professor, Harvard Kennedy School, USA, and Former Executive Secretary, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity"This is an excellent reading not only for researchers and students but also for general readers. The whole book is woven around the key term ‘wilderness’. It covers a wide area of subjects, from ancient myth to modern molecular biology and drug design. The book is not only educational but also highly entertaining. I hope in the future it will be available to those people who do not understand English."— Hisao Masai, Professor, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Science and University of Tokyo, Japan"The need to bring together new knowledge in basic sciences, agriculture, anecdotes and cultural norms on a single platform for efforts in prospecting for drugs from natural products cannot be overemphasized. Many have attempted to do this but only a few have the background necessary to succeed in the efforts. Professor Yongyuth brings with him a wealth of knowledge accumulated over thirty years and is probably the best to produce a much needed balanced view in the field."— Ayoade Oduola, Former Deputy Director, UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, Switzerland"Professor Yongyuth Yuthavong has worked for decades at the highest levels of science and government and successfully cross pollinated these worlds. So it’s no surprise that his new book, Tapping Molecular Wilderness: Drugs from Chemistry–Biology–Biodiversity Interface, bridges the worlds of science and nature. Coming at the moment when the world is embarking on a new set of Sustainable Development Goals which also must embrace both science and nature, this book can be widely recommended for anyone who wishes to think more deeply about these goals—and the future of our world."— Peter Singer, Professor, University of Toronto, and Chief Executive Officer, Grand Challenges Canada"One thing that typifies the writer is his clarity in thinking and presentation: This quality is apparent in this highly readable book. Through hands-on drug research and involvement with related issues, he aims to make us appreciate nature for its cornucopia of simple and complex molecules that are beneficial to mankind. One such benefit is the natural products for combating pathogenic organisms whose drug resistance should be taken seriously by our making sustained and renewed efforts to fight them. After all pathogens must fight for their lives; simplistic and ephemeral efforts by the medical community have constantly proved to be inadequate. In this book the themes of the need to sustain nature for its biodiversity and to combat pathogens by natural and modified biomolecules shine through brilliantly."— Bhinyo Panijpan, Former Director, Institute for Innovative Learning, Mahidol University, Thailand"The author beautifully portraits the biodiverse ‘molecular wilderness’ as the world of wonder, full of treasure to benefit mankind. Complex chemistry of drug discovery and drug design is amazingly made simple. It ends with a strong message that molecular wilderness is powerful. We must respect its balance and coexist with it sustainably. Otherwise it fights back harshly. The book is very educational and inspiring. It is a complex scientific textbook neatly made simple for general readers. We definitely need more science and technology books in this literary style."— Khunying Sumonta Promboon, Member of Thai National Legislative Assembly and Former President of Srinakarinwirote University, Thailand"Living organisms produce both toxic compounds to disable their predators and beneficial compounds to protect or heal themselves, so as to enhance their ability to survive. So Nature, or the ‘Wilderness’, is a rich source of medically important molecules. Thus ‘Tapping the Molecular Wilderness’ has played a crucial role in the discovery of new drugs to combat human illnesses, such as infection and heart disease. The author elegantly discusses the principles of drug discovery, the need for an integrated role of chemistry and biology, novel strategies in research, as well as problems arising from drug resistance. As expert researcher, with success in devising a novel drug for malaria, the author has simplified the scientific concepts, historical perspectives and modern trends in drug discovery in a simplified manner, readily understood by the layman. More books like this are needed to show the importance of research, not only at applied level but also at basic level: Perhaps then governments, especially in developing countries, may invest more in research for the future."— M. R. Jisnuson Svasti, Emeritus Professor, Mahidol University and Chulaborn Research Institute, Thailand"The author should be admired for his bold effort to write a book on ‘natural science’ for the general public. As it turns out, this book not only contains a wealth of scientific information but also is very easy to read and to follow from the first page to the last. Readers will benefit from the knowledge given which can be used as a starting point to dig further into the ‘beauty of nature’. The author should be congratulated for the beautiful tale of science adventure."— Yodhathai Thebtaranonth, Emeritus Professor, Mahidol University, Thailand, and ASEAN Outstanding Technologist and Technologist Awardee, 1995"From the wilderness have come many revelations. Professor Yongyuth Yuthavong now has added chemistry to the list."— Prapon Wilairat, Professor, Mahidol University, Thailand, and Outstanding Scientist of Thailand Awardee, 1997Table of ContentsMolecular Wilderness Harsh and Healing. Gifts from Molecular Wilderness. Drug Targets from Molecular Wilderness. Molecular Wilderness as Templates for Drugs. The Wilderness Fights Back. Living with Molecular Wilderness.

Read more less

Book SynopsisProtein-mediated charge transport is of relevant importance in the design of protein-based electronics and in attaining an adequate level of understanding of protein functioning. This book reviews a variety of experiments devoted to the investigation of charge transport in proteins and presents a unified theoretical model to interpret macroscopic results in terms of the amino acids backbone-structure of the single protein. It aims to serve a broad audience of researchers involved in the field of electrical characterization of biological materials and in the development of new molecular devices based on proteins and also as a reference platform that surveys existing data and presents the basis for future development of a new branch of nano-electronics, which by mixing proteomics, that is, the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions, and electronics is introduced here as proteotronics.Trade Review"This book presents the first structured approach to the new field of protein-based electronics, which has opened possibilities for the development of new concepts of nanobiosensors for health applications. It presents a solid theoretical approach which is validated by the existing experimental evidence, and will be of relevance for both young and experienced researchers who are interested in the frontier between electronics and biology."— Prof. Joan Bausells, Barcelona Microelectronics Institute (CSIC), Spain"This book presents a newly emerging discipline, proteotronics, investigating the coupling between the protein world and electronics. It opens the field of protein-based nanobiosensors that are able to bypass the complicated sequence of biological events for signal generation in e-sensing." — Prof. Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Lyon, France"Alfinito and her coworkers have made the very first steps of analyzing the electrical transport characteristics of the building elements of potentially important protein-based electronics. Highly recommended reading for all those who are involved with these developments and anybody who is interested in these challenging issues." — Prof. Lazlo B. Kish, Texas A&M University, USATable of ContentsPreface. Introduction. Sensing Proteins. Electrical Properties: Experiments. Electrical Properties: Theory. Bacteriorhodopsin as Testing Prototype. Survey of Other Proteins. Conclusion and Perspectives. Appendix: Computational Details. List of acronyms. Bibliography. Index.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNanobiocatalysis has rapidly developed into a subarea of enzyme biotechnology. It combines the advances in nanotechnology that have generated nanoscale materials of different sizes, shapes, and physicochemical properties, and the excellent characteristics of biocatalysts into an innovative technology. This book provides an overview of the various relations between nanotechnology and biocatalysis. It discusses the fabrication and application of nanomaterials for the immobilization of enzymes used in the sustainable production of goods and chemicals. Nanosupports have several advantages compared with bulk solid materials because of their high surface area, which results in a significantly reduced mass transfer limitation and comparatively high enzyme loading. These characteristics are also of great use for applications in the fields of enzymatic biosensors, biofuel cells, bioelectronics, and photoelectrochemical analyte detection, where conductive nanomaterials improve the rate of electron transfer. The book also presents an overview of nanotoxicology and covers nanostructured enzyme catalysis in organic solvents and its potential application for biodiesel production, probing of enzymatic activity, and identification of enzyme functions of inorganic nanoparticles as enzyme mimics.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Nanotechnology. Biocatalysis: An Introduction. Environmentally Benign Nanomaterial Synthesis Mediated by Culture Broths. Rational Design of Enzyme-Polymer Biocatalysts. Biological Strategies in Nanobiocatalyst Assembly. Graphene-Based Nanobiocatalytic System. Immobilization of Biocatalysts onto Nanosupports: Advantages for Green Technologies. Enzyme Immobilization on Membrane and Its Application in Bioreactors. Potential Applications of Nanobiocatalysis for Industrial Biodiesel Production. Enzymogel Nanoparticles Chemistry for Highly Efficient Phase Boundary Biocatalysis. Recent Advances in Nanostructured Enzyme Catalysis for Chemical Synthesis in Organic Solvents. Probing Enzymatic Activity by Combining Luminescent Quantum Dots, Gold Nanoparticles and Energy Transfer. FRET Reporter Molecules for Identification of Enzyme Functions. Quantum Dot Architectures on Electrodes for Photoelectrochemical Analyte Detection. Inorganic Nanoparticles as Enzyme Mimics. Enzyme Nanocapsules for Glucose Sensing and Insulin Delivery. Nanostructured Materials for Enzymatic Biofuel Cells. Enzymatic Biofuel Cells on Porous Nanostructures. Nanoplasmonic Biosensors. Enzyme Biocomputing: Logic Gates and Logic Networks to Interface and Control Materials. Functional Nano-Bio Conjugates for Targeted Cellular Uptake and Specific Nanoparticle–Protein Interactions. Cell-Free Expression–Based Microarrays: Applications and Future Prospects. Overview of the Current Knowledge and Challenges Associated With Human Exposure to Nanomaterials.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis unique handbook (60 chapters) examines the entire "product life cycle," from the creation of nanomedical products to their final market introduction. While focusing on critical issues relevant to nanoproduct development and translational activities, it tackles topics such as regulatory science, patent law, FDA law, ethics, personalized medicine, risk analysis, toxicology, nano-characterization and commercialization activities. A separate section provides fascinating perspectives and editorials from leading experts in this complex interdisciplinary field.Table of ContentsSection I – Law, Business and Commercialization. Section II – Regulatory Issues and Nanogovernance. Section III – Health, Safety, Risk and Biological Interactions. Section IV – Future Implications, Ethics and Perspectives.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book contains fascinating vignettes depicting future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here.Trade ReviewSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineSynopsis: Collaboratively compiled and co-edited by environmental scientists Nora Savage and Anita Street, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" contains ten fascinating vignettes by experts in the field that depict future societies and the implications which increasing technological change has on society and the environment. The topics discussed include nanotechnology, medicine, computational science, biotechnology, synthetic biology, and cognitive technology, among others in science. In addition, social norms, attitudes, and policy are also featured. The upshot of this combination is an entertaining, educational, and thought-provoking volume of science based extrapolations.The glimpses into future societies subsequent to the introduction and incorporation of various emerging technologies depict scenarios of how we view ourselves, how we view others, how we are viewed by others, how our surroundings are viewed, how our leaders and political structures are viewed, what our social and behavioral norms are, what our temperament/mood is, and so forth. The introduction features a focused discourse on current trends of the impacts of emerging technologies and the conclusion highlights where society should go from here. Critique: Thoroughly 'reader friendly' in tone, commentary, organization and presentation, "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is an informative, thought-provoking, compelling read and will prove to be a critically important addition to both community and academic library collections. It should be noted for the personal reading lists of students and non-specialist general readers with an interest in the subject that "Flash Forward: A Series of Futuristic Vignettes" is also available in a Kindle format. – Susan Bethany, Reviewer’s Bookshelf MagazineTable of ContentsIntroduction. Ahead of Time. Annual Meeting. California Dreamin’. Intelligence on Earth? Manipulations at the Nanoscale. Message to Earth. The Failed Life of Reverend Bayes. Arachnophobia. Are Ye Gods? The Path.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book presents basic information about DNA, along with comprehensive theoretical introduction to DNA. It discusses recent developments in divalent-metal-ion inserted M-DNA complex, which gives rise to the possibility of DNA application to electronic functionality. Further, the book describes three examples of applications: optical and electrical materials, electronic devices such as bioTFT memory and color-tunable light-emitting diodes, and biofuel cell application with use of proton conduction in DNA. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Basic physical properties of natural DNA. Infrared spectral studies on structure and hydration state of dry DNA. Proton conduction in DNA. X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Hückel calculation for the electronic states of DNA. Basic property of M-DNA. IR spectral studies on M-DNA. Charge doping in Zn-DNA. Structure of M-DNA with STM. DNA as a material. Application of DNA to electronic devices. Fabrication and characteristics of DNA-biofuel cell.

Read more less

Book SynopsisNanomedicine can take advantage of the recent developments in nanobiotechnology research for the creation of platforms with superior drug carrier capabilities, selective responsiveness to the environment, unique contrast enhancement profiles, and improved accumulation at the disease site. This book provides a broad glimpse of how various dendritic nanomaterials have been designed and used as efficient tools for nanomedicine. It comprises a pedagogic introduction to dendrimers and hyperbranched systems and their classical and accelerated syntheses through cutting-edge methodologies. The chapters on dendronized magnetic nanoparticles as theranostics, dendrimers in theory (molecular simulations), siRNA delivery with dendrimers, and dendrimers for image-guided therapy, combined with chapters focused on specific types of dendrimers or hyperbranched structures, detail the cutting-edge research in nanomedicine. Finally, a detailed chapter on issues related to the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of dendrimers helps choose the right structures for successful transfer from bench to bedside. This book will appeal to those involved in nanobiotechnology, macromolecular science, cancer therapy, tissue repair, and siRNA delivery research.Trade Review"Dendrimers in Nanomedicine is a timely, well-edited as well as masterly crafted book written by experts in the field. Although dendrimers were originally proposed to be a cure-all for medicine, it has taken longer than expected to fully appreciate their inherent structural shortcomings as well as potential. With new, novel architectural designs and their availability for critical in-depth in vitro and in vivo testing, the innovative roles of dendrimers in nanomedicine are explored. This book describes the impact of the first three decades of tunable dendritic architectures designed and constructed for nanomedicine, and their future is inspirational. It is a must-read for anyone in the supramolecular polymer/medical arena."—Prof. George R. Newkome, University of Akron, USA"Since the first report by Donald Tomalia in 1991, R&D on dendrimers has made exponential progress as a mainstay of nanomedicine. Now close to 7000 articles have been published on dendrimer research. This book covers the research and applications of various dendrimers very well—from their chemistry to their practical medical applications. Therefore, it will be a very good reference for graduate students and expert researchers in the field."—Dr. Hisataka Kobayashi, National Cancer Institute, USA"Dendrimers in Nanomedicine is a timely, well-edited as well as masterly crafted book written by experts in the field. Although dendrimers were originally proposed to be a cure-all for medicine, it has taken longer than expected to fully appreciate their inherent structural shortcomings as well as potential. With new, novel architectural designs and their availability for critical in-depth in vitro and in vivo testing, the innovative roles of dendrimers in nanomedicine are explored. This book describes the impact of the first three decades of tunable dendritic architectures designed and constructed for nanomedicine, and their future is inspirational. It is a must-read for anyone in the supramolecular polymer/medical arena."—Prof. George R. Newkome, University of Akron, USA"Since the first report by Donald Tomalia in 1991, R&D on dendrimers has made exponential progress as a mainstay of nanomedicine. Now close to 7000 articles have been published on dendrimer research. This book covers the research and applications of various dendrimers very well—from their chemistry to their practical medical applications. Therefore, it will be a very good reference for graduate students and expert researchers in the field."—Dr. Hisataka Kobayashi, National Cancer Institute, USATable of ContentsGeneral introduction: classical versus accelerated syntheses of dendrimers. Dendrimer-nanoparticle conjugates. Dendritic polymers for the repair of tissues. Polyglycerols in Nanomedicine. Theranostic dendronized iron oxide nanoparticles. Anti-inflammatory dendrimers. Dendrimers for siRNA delivery. Dendrimers in cancer therapy. Dendrimer pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Molecular modeling of dendrimers.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book describes at the introductory level how modern technology has made the scenario of the classic science-fiction movie Fantastic Voyage a reality. The movie is about a submarine and its crew members being shrunk to microscopic size and ventured into the body. Exactly 50 years following the release of the film, such reality takes the form of a medical interventional room capable of mimicking this scenario. Based on 15 years of intensive research and development by the world-leading team in this specific field, the book goes through the scenes of the movie while explaining how it is implemented in this first-of-a-kind interventional facility.This is the first book that explains the fundamentals of navigation of therapeutic agents in the vascular network. The scope of the book is twofold: (1) to initiate readers into various technologies, including, but not limited to, nanotechnology, robotics, and biochemistry (more importantly, it shows how critical the integration of all these disciplines is to solving problems that indeed require a multidisciplinary environment); (2) to inspire the younger generation by showing that science and technology can bring one everywhere with the power to transform fiction to reality that can help humankind.Table of ContentsIntroduction. The location. The interventional facility. The team at the planning briefing. The submarine. Miniaturization. Injection. Travelling in the artery. Tracking the position of the submarine. Propulsion and steering. Navigating in the bloodstream. The crew. Conclusion.

Read more less

Book SynopsisChapter 1 Seaweed-based proteins for vegan consumption and for animal nutrition as a substitute for soya.- Chapter 2 Strategies and major challenges in the manufacture, use and development of seaweed-based products for agriculture.- Chapter 3 Seaweed polyphenols: Challenges and future aspects of their processing and use.- Chapter4 Seaweed-Based Biomaterials for Emerging Biotechnological Applications.- Chapter5 Harnessing the Potential of Seaweeds and Their Associated Bacteria for Polyhydroxyalkanoates Biosynthesis.- Chapter6 Bioprospecting of seaweed secondary metabolites as emerging functional ingredients.- Chapter 7 A blueprint of global seaweed industry: challenges and future perspectives.- Chapter 8 An Eco-sustainable and Circular Economy - benefits and constrains.- Chapter 9 Seaweed-based proteins and peptides: processing and development of innovative products.- Chapter 10 Molecular mechanism for utilizing macroalgal polysaccharides by the human gut commensal bacteria.- Chapter 11 Phytoremediation potential of seaweeds: exploring their environmental cleanup capabilities.- Chapter 12 Brown seaweed biomass as potential raw material for biorefinery.- Chapter 13 Unravelling the Diversity, Functions and Applications of Seaweed Pigments.- Chapter 14 Seaweed Bioprocessing: A Gateway to Functional Ingredients in Nutraceuticals, Pharmaceuticals, Cosmetics, and Edible Salts.- Chapter 15 Present scenario of seaweed cultivation, existing challenges, and the way forward for sustainable culture in Bangladesh.- Chapter16 Bioplastics from Seaweeds: Current status and future perspectives.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s was a key moment in the history of both biotechnology and the commercialization of academic research. This book brings to life the hybrid origin story of biotechnology and ways the academic culture of science has changed in tandem with the early commercialization of recombinant DNA technology.Trade Review"Yi's masterwork is a welcome deep-sequencing of how the double helix, DNA, gave rise to the triple helix-university-industry-government relations at the dawn of modern biotechnology. Yi's story traces how a science department changed the world, for better or for worse, or a bit of both." (Robert Cook-Deegan, Duke University)

Read more less

Book SynopsisUsing economic models and empirical analysis, this title examines a range of agricultural and biofuel policy issues with regard to their effects on American agricultural and agrarian insurance markets.

Read more less

Book SynopsisTrade ReviewDonna Dickenson's book offers a compelling and overarching framework for interpreting new trends in biomedical science, such as gene biobanks, pharmacogenetics, and the banking of cord blood. It forces the reader to ask whether every new technological advance in medicine truly betters the field-and for whom. -- Sheldon Krimsky, Tufts University Few words have as much ethical clout these days as that of 'choice,' a word that can be construed as the centrality of 'me.' Donna Dickenson's splendid book shows how deeply the 'me' has become embedded in medicine and abetted by the seemingly unchallengeable ethical concept of autonomy. What we have lost is the importance of 'we.' Using personalized medicine as her point of departure, she brilliantly works her way through a range of recent medical developments to show the damage the dominance of 'me' can bring. Her book can help restore the 'us' that has been diminished. -- Daniel Callahan, cofounder and president emeritus of The Hastings Center and author of The Roots of Bioethics: Health, Progress, Technology, Death In this timely book, Dickenson levels trenchant criticism at the poster child of the twenty-first-century biomedical establishment: 'personalized medicine.' Analyzing an impressive array of practices in the new life sciences, she makes a persuasive argument that, as personalized medicine unfolds, market values and individualism are trumping the ideals of public health. This book comes at a critical moment. As we reappraise the social contract of health care, this book helps better direct research and development towards the common good. -- David Winickoff, University of California, Berkeley Donna Dickenson's book is a seminal philosophical examination of the enthusiastic embrace of 'personalized medicine,' questioning easy assumptions about its benefits for patient care and for public health. Dickenson sounds powerful warnings about the extent to which personalized medicine risks confusion with individual self-interest and the devotion of biotechnology for private gain. -- Leslie Francis, University of Utah, co-author of The Patient as Victim and Vector: Bioethics and Infectious Disease Recognizing that there are trade-offs in how we conceptualize medicine as either driven and developed for the common good or specialized for the individual, Dickenson offers an important examination of contemporary medicine and a beautifully written account of what is at stake when the common good is overlooked. Hands down, she is one of the most insightful contributors to law and medicine discourse, and this book is a must-read for everyone concerned about the future of biotechnology. -- Michele B. Goodwin, University of Minnesota, and editor of Baby Markets: Money and the New Politics of Creating Families If you are wondering what to make of personalized medicine's grand claims, let Dickenson be your guide. Turning her keen scientific and political intelligence to biotech visions of individually tailored drugs, consumer gene tests, enhancement technologies, and more, she finds tidbits of hope for improving health care among scads of hype-some of it dangerous. This must-read book makes a powerful case for taming market domination and 'me-centeredness' and for renewing our commitments to public health and the common good. -- Marcy Darnovsky, executive director, Center for Genetics and Society Dickenson's mapping out of this vital fork in the road is valuable. Publishers Weekly This book is filled with clearly explained, hard science, giving equal treatment to the benefits and problems of personalized medicine... I recommend expending the necessary reading effort not only for healthcare workers but for the general public. New York Journal of Books Dickenson's greatest achievement in this book is that she largely succeeds in creating a coherent, compelling narrative across the five disparate case studies and that she does so incorporating insights from a range of domains including sociology, ethics, philosophy, law and biomedicine. -- Michael Morrison New Genetics and SocietyTable of ContentsPreface 1. A Reality Check for Personalized Medicine 2. "Your Genetic Information Should Be Controlled by You": Personalized Genetic Testing 3. Pharmacogenetics: One Patient 4. "Your Birth Day Gift": Banking Cord Blood 5. Enhancement Technologies: Feeling More Like Myself 6. "The Ancient, Useless, Dangerous, and Filthy Rite of Vaccination": Public Health 7. Reclaiming Biotechnology for the Common Good Notes Bibliography Index

Read more less