Biotechnology Books

Book SynopsisTribology is the “science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion” and encompasses the study of friction, wear and lubrication. By extension biotribology is usually defined as the tribological phenomena occurring in either the human body or in animals. Therefore, it is possible to consider tribological processes that may occur after implantation of an artificial device in the human body and the tribological processes naturally occurring in or on the tissues and organ of animals. Animals, including humans, possess a wide variety of sliding and frictional interfaces. The authors aim to provide some advances in research in biotribology. They cover several aspects of biotribology such as tribology of synovial joints and artificial replacements; wear of screws and plates in bone fractures repair; wear of denture and restorative materials; friction of the skin and comfort of clothing; wear of replacement heart valves; tribology of contact lenses and ocular tribology; biotribology on the microscale and nanoscale levels, etc. This book can be used as a research text for final undergraduate engineering courses (for example, materials, biomedical, etc.) or for those studying the subject of biotribology at the postgraduate level. It can also serve as a useful reference for academics, biomechanical researchers, biologists, chemists, physicists, biomedicals and materials engineers, and other professionals in related engineering, medicine and biomedical industries.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Biotribology of Total Hip Replacement: the Metal-on-Metal Articulation 1 J. Philippe KRETZER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Historical development of metal-on-metal bearings in total hip replacements 3 1.3. Design and materials 4 1.3.1. Implant geometry 4 1.3.2. Manufacturing methods and metallurgy 5 1.4. Tribology of metal-on-metal bearings in total hip replacement 10 1.4.1. Wear and types of friction 10 1.4.2. EHL theory of lubrication 12 1.4.3. Friction in physiological joints 17 1.4.4. Friction in artificial joints 17 1.5. Wear testing 18 1.5.1. Simulation in hip simulators 18 1.5.2. Wear determination 21 1.5.3. Wear properties 23 1.5.4. Results of wear tests 24 1.5.5. Summary of results from simulator studies 30 1.5.6. Wear mode 31 1.6. Clinical relevance of metal wear particles and metal ions 33 1.7. Conclusion 35 1.8. Acknowledgments 36 1.9. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Experimental Wear Studies of Total Joint Replacements 51 Claire BROCKETT and John FISHER 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. Methods for assessing tribology in total joint replacement 52 2.2.1. Lubrication 53 2.2.2. Friction 54 2.2.3. Wear 57 2.3. Effects of material and design on the tribology of total joint replacements 62 2.3.1. Total hip and resurfacing replacements 62 2.3.2. Total knee replacement 73 2.4. Conclusion 78 2.5. Bibliography 79 Chapter 3. Influence of Temperature on Creep and Deformation in UHMWPE under Tribological Loading in Artificial Joints 87 Mathias Christian GALETZ and Uwe GLATZEL 3.1. Temperature in artificial joints 87 3.1.1. Artificial knee joints 87 3.1.2. Why does temperature affect the performance of artificial joints? 89 3.1.3. Mathematical approaches to estimate the contact temperature during friction 91 3.1.4. Temperature rise during cyclic tribological sliding 95 3.2. Temperature influence on creep and fatigue mechanisms of UHMWPE under tribological loading 102 3.2.1. Temperature dependence of the yield strength of UHMWPE 102 3.2.2. Temperature dependence of the creep strength of UHMWPE 107 3.2.3. Temperature-dependent deformation under tribological loads 109 3.2.4. Wear and deformation mechanisms of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene 113 3.3. Deformation behavior of polyethylene on the molecular scale 115 3.3.1. Deformation mechanisms in polyethylene 115 3.3.2. Tribologically-induced molecular changes 119 3.4. Importance for artificial knee joints 127 3.5. Acknowledgments 131 3.6. Bibliography 132 Chapter 4. Large Capacity Wear Testing 143 Vesa SAIKKO 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. Categories of test devices 144 4.3. CTPOD principle 144 4.4. SuperCTPOD test procedure 147 4.5. SuperCTPOD validation 149 4.6. Further SuperCTPOD studies 150 4.7. Summary 151 4.8. Concluding remarks 153 4.9. Acknowledgments 153 4.10. Bibliography 154 Chapter 5. Biotribology of Titanium Alloys 157 Yong LUO 5.1. Introduction 157 5.1.1. History of titanium alloys 157 5.1.2. The properties of titanium alloys 158 5.1.3. The application of titanium alloys 159 5.2. Surface modification of titanium alloys 161 5.2.1. Ion implantation 161 5.2.2. Carburization 166 5.3. Biotribological properties of titanium alloys 175 5.3.1. Fretting wear 175 5.3.2. Sliding wear 184 5.3.3. Artificial joint simulation 190 5.4. Acknowledgments 195 5.5. Bibliography 195 List of Authors 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisMost books dedicated to the issues of bio-sensing are organized by the well-known scheme of a biosensor. In this book, the authors have deliberately decided to break away from the conventional way of treating biosensing research by uniquely addressing biomolecule immobilization methods on a solid surface, fluidics issues and biosensing-related transduction techniques, rather than focusing simply on the biosensor. The aim is to provide a contemporary snapshot of the biosensing landscape without neglecting the seminal references or products where needed, following the downscaling (from the micro- to the nanoscale) of biosensors and their respective best known applications. To conclude, a brief overview of the most popularized nanodevices applied to biology is given, before comparing biosensor criteria in terms of targeted applications.Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION vii CHAPTER 1. TRANSDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR MINIATURIZED BIOSENSORS 1 1.1. Definition of bioMEMS 1 1.2. Transduction techniques 2 1.2.1. Optical transduction 2 1.2.2. Electro (chemical) transduction 6 1.2.3. Mechanical transduction 10 1.3. MEMS transducers 17 1.4. One specific application of MEMS biosensors: detection of pathogen agents 20 1.5. Bibliography 25 CHAPTER 2. BIORECEPTORS AND GRAFTING METHODS 35 2.1. Types of bioreceptor 35 2.1.1. Catalytic receptors 36 2.1.2. Affinity receptors 37 2.1.3. Nucleic acid-based receptors 40 2.1.4. Molecularly imprinted polymers 41 2.2. Immobilization strategies 43 2.2.1. Adsorption and antifouling strategies 44 2.2.2. Entrapment methods 49 2.2.3. Covalent coupling 51 2.2.4. Other capture systems 54 2.2.5. Immobilization strategies: summary 56 2.3. Conclusion 57 2.4. Bibliography 57 CHAPTER 3. PATTERNING TECHNIQUES FOR THE BIOFUNCTIONALIZATION OF MEMS 65 3.1. What is surface patterning? 65 3.2. Direct biopatterning in liquid phase 66 3.2.1. Ink delivery by non-contact methods 67 3.2.2. Ink delivery by contact methods 71 3.3. Replication of patterns 80 3.3.1. Photolithography 81 3.3.2. Light-induced patterning strategies 81 3.3.3. Microcontact printing 82 3.3.4. In-flux functionalization 83 3.4. Conclusions 84 3.5. Bibliography 85 CHAPTER 4. FROM MEMS TO NEMS BIOSENSORS 93 4.1. Importance of downscaling 93 4.2. Challenges faced by NEMS for biosensing applications 95 4.2.1. Issues related to nanomechanical transducers 97 4.2.2. Issues related to the functionalization of NEMS 99 4.2.3. On the importance of packaging and sample preparation 103 4.3. Economic considerations 106 4.4. Bibliography 107 CHAPTER 5. COMPARING PERFORMANCES OF BIOSENSORS: IMPOSSIBLE MISSION? 113 5.1. Bibliography 117 INDEX 119

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Book SynopsisSystems Biology is the systematic study of the interactions between the components of a biological system and studies how these interactions give rise to the function and behavior of the living system. Through this, a life process is to be understood as a whole system rather than the collection of the parts considered separately. Systems Biology is therefore more than just an emerging field: it represents a new way of thinking about biology with a dramatic impact on the way that research is performed. The logical approach provides an intuitive method to provide explanations based on an expressive relational language. This book covers various aspects of logical modeling of biological systems, bringing together 10 recent logic-based approaches to Systems Biology by leading scientists. The chapters cover the biological fields of gene regulatory networks, signaling networks, metabolic pathways, molecular interaction and network dynamics, and show logical methods for these domains based on propositional and first-order logic, logic programming, answer set programming, temporal logic, Boolean networks, Petri nets, process hitting, and abductive and inductive logic programming. It provides an excellent guide for all scientists, biologists, bioinformaticians, and engineers, who are interested in logic-based modeling of biological systems, and the authors hope that new scientists will be encouraged to join this exciting scientific endeavor.Table of ContentsForeword xiii Luis Fariñas Del Cerro Chapter 1 Symbolic Representation and Inference or Regulatory Network Structures 1 Nataly Maimari, Krysia Broda, Antonis Kakas, Rob Krams and Alessandra Russo Chapter 2 Reasoning on the Response of Logical Signaling Networks with ASP 49 Torsten Schaub, Anne Siegek and Santiago Videla Chapter 3 A Logical Model for Molecular Interaction Maps 93 Robert DeMolombe, Luis Farinas Del Cerro and Naji Obeid Chapter 4 Analyzing Large Network Dynamics with Process Hitting 125 Loic Paulevé, Courtney Chancellor, Maxime Folschette, Morgan Magnin and Olivier Roux Chapter 5 ASP for Construction and Validation of Regulatory Biological Networks Alexandre Rocca, Nicolas Mobilia, Éric Fanchon, Tony Ribeiro, Laurent Trilling and Katsumi Inoue Chapter 6 Simulation-Based Reasoning about Biological Pathways Using Petri Nets and ASP 207 Saadat Anwar, Chitta Barbal and Katsumi Inoue Chapter 7 Formal Methods Applied to Gene Networks Modeling 245 Gilles Bernot, Jean-Paul Comet and El Houssine Snaussi Chapter 8 Temporal Logic Modeling of Dynamical Behaviors: First-Order Patterns and Solvers 291 François Fages and Pauline Traynard Chapter 9 Analyzing SBGN-AF Networks Using Normal Logic Programs 325 Adrien Rougny, Christine Froidevaux, Yoshitaka Yamamoto and Katsumi Inoue Chapter 10 Machine Learning of Biological Networks Using Abductive ILP 363 Alireza Tamassoni, Diahuan Lin, Hiroaki Watanabe, Jianzhong Chen and Stephen Muggleton List of Authors 403 Index 407

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