Biotechnology Books
Cambridge University Press Monoclonal Antibodies in Biotechnology Theoretical and Practical Aspects 8 Cambridge Studies in Biotechnology Series Number 8
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£126.35
Cambridge University Press Immobilized Cells Principles and Applications 5 Cambridge Studies in Biotechnology Series Number 5
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£29.41
Cambridge University Press Filamentous Fungi
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£104.50
Cambridge University Press Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids
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£67.44
Cambridge University Press Bioextraction and Biodeterioration of Metals
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£114.30
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Biocatalysis Using Enzymes and Microorganisms
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£99.75
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Biocatalysis Using Enzymes and Microorganisms
Book SynopsisThis book is intended to give a non-specialist a comprehensive introduction to the science of biotransformations, the practice of harnessing biological catalysts for the preparation of useful fine chemicals such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances and flavours.Trade Review' … the book is well presented and has few errors. It is a readable and affordable introduction for those new to this area, particularly synthetic chemists, and would also be useful for an advanced undergraduate or a postgraduate course in the subject.' Chemistry in BritainTable of ContentsPreface; 1. An historical introduction to biocatalysis using enzymes and microorganisms; 2. The inter-relationship between enzymes and cells with particular reference to whole-cell biotransformations using bacteria and fungi; 3. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from whole-cell/enzyme catalysed hydrolysis and esterification reactions; 4. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from biocatalysed oxidation and reduction reactions; 5. Useful intermediates and end-products obtained from biocatalysed carbon–carbon, carbon–oxygen, carbon–nitrogen, and carbon–chalcogen bond-forming reactions; 6. The application of biocatalysis to the manufacture of fine chemicals; Index.
£33.24
Cambridge University Press Technology Transfer Making the Most of Your
Book SynopsisAddresses three major themes: how to protect your intellectual property, how to develop it commercially via licensing and business 'start up', and how to finance and manage your new company. This book is essential reading for any research scientist whose work has commercial applications.Trade Review'Overall, this is an excellent book and will be very helpful to all scientists wishing to see the results of their research developed commercially.' Alan Munro, Trends in Cell Biology'… this book arrives at just the right time … when technology transfer is becoming more and more important, any book that tries to pull together a practical overview of the field should be welcomed.' Robert I. James, Nature'… this book is virtually unique … a book to buy, to savour, and to refer to again and again.' John Mann, The Chemical Engineer'This is a book to purchase, not one to borrow just once from a library - and, particularly in the paperback version, incredibly good value for money.' John Mann, Diagnostic Club Newsletter, 'Exchange''… a marvelous book … should be mandatory reading for any entrepreneur.' Keith Redenbaugh, Journal of Food BiochemistryTable of ContentsPrologue; Acknowledgements; 1. Bringing your technology to market; 2. So do you really have something of value?; 3. The first steps towards commercialisation of your technology; 4. The difficult problem of valuation of intellectual property; 5. Developing your ideas; 6. The licensing option; 7. Forming your own company; 8. Financing the business start up; 9. Making your technology a commercial success; 10. Conclusion; Appendices; Index.
£120.65
Cambridge University Press The Uses of Life
Book SynopsisGood or bad? New or old? The rich connotations of the word ''biotechnology'' reflect a history that stretches back more than seventy years. To some, the concept describes the evolving crafts of industrial production using micro-organisms. To others, biotechnology is a product of the recombinant techniques only recently developed by molecular biologists. It has been seen simply as a means of wealth production and as a new kind of technology--sometimes as distinctively benevolent and at all other times as particularly dangerous. Robert Bud shows how the hopes and fears for the combination of biology with engineering have been an integral part of the history of the twentieth century, including the Great Depression of the 1930s, the two world wars, and the more recent anxieties over genetic and entrepreneurial industry. Skillfully, the author relates biotechnology''s origins in the chemistry and microbiology of the nineteenth century. Personalities with influential roles in its subsequeTrade Review'… delightful, informative, readable …' Jack Pasternak, ASM News'… the best introduction to the comparative and cultural history of biotechnology …' Glenn E. Burgos, Science'… well produced, satisfying and enjoyable to read.' Journal of Chemical Technology and BiotechnologyTable of ContentsList of illustrations; Foreword M. F. Cantley (Head of Concentration Unit for Biotechnology in Europe (CUBE) Directorate General for Science, Research and Development Commission of the European Communities); Acknowledgements; Introduction; 1. The origins of zymotechnology; 2. From zymotechnology to biotechnology; 3. The engineering of nature; 4. Institutional reality; 5. The chemical engineering front; 6. Biotechnology - the green technology; 7. From professional to policy category; 8. The wedding with genetics; 9. The 1980s: between life and commerce; Epilogue; Notes; Sources; Index.
£45.59
Cambridge University Press Biological Control Hokannen Benefits and Risks 4 Biotechnology Research Series Number 4
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£49.39
Cambridge University Press Thinking about Biology
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£68.40
Cambridge University Press Thinking about Biology
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£35.14
Cambridge University Press Microbiology in Action
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£94.99
Cambridge University Press Environmental Biomonitoring The Biotechnology Ecotoxicology Interface 7 Biotechnology Research Series Number 7
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£99.75
Cambridge University Press Microbiology in Action
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£42.74
Cambridge University Press Methodologies for Metabolomics
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£147.25
Cambridge University Press Biotechnology The Making of a Global Controversy
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£99.75
Cambridge University Press Biotechnology The Making of a Global Controversy
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£40.84
Cambridge University Press Pharmaceutical Medicine Biotechnology and European Law
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£95.00
Cambridge University Press Pathway Analysis and Optimization in Metabolic Engineering
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£104.50
Cambridge University Press Anthropology and the New Genetics New Departures in Anthropology
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£57.95
Cambridge University Press The PCR Revolution
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£75.04
Cambridge University Press Recombinant Antibodies for Immunotherapy
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£85.49
Cambridge University Press Biological Materials Science Biological Materials Bioinspired Materials and Biomaterials
Book SynopsisTaking a unique materials science approach, this text introduces students to the basic concepts and applications of materials and biomedical engineering and prepares them for the challenges of the new interdisciplinary field of biomaterials science. Split into three sections - Basic Biology Principles, Biological Materials, and Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics - it presents biological materials along with the structural and functional classification of biopolymers, bioelastomers, foams, and ceramic composites. More traditional biomimetic designs such as Velcro are then discussed in conjunction with new developments that mimic the structure of biological materials at the molecular level, mixing nanoscale with biomolecular designs. Bioinspired design of materials and structures is also covered. Focused presentations of biomaterials are presented throughout the text in succinct boxes, emphasising biomedical applications, whilst the basic principles of biology are explained, so no priTrade Review'The union of the physical and biological sciences is in many respects one of the most exciting yet challenging aspects of scientific endeavor today. Nowhere is this more in evidence than in the area of biological materials science and engineering where many materials scientists struggle with the complex puzzle of biological form and function while biologists in turn have to deal with the invariably highly quantitative nature of the physical sciences and engineering. With this book, Meyers and Chen have delivered a true tour de force which takes the reader in clear and precise text from cells to virus-produced Li-ion batteries. This book is a must read for undergraduates, graduates and researchers alike in the rapidly expanding fields of biological, bioinspired and biomaterials science.' Robert Ritchie, Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryTable of Contents1. Evolution of materials science and engineering: from natural to bioinspired materials; Part I. Basic Biology Principles: 2. Self assembly, hierarchy, and evolution; 3. Basic building blocks; 4. Cells; 5. Biomineralization; Part II. Biological Materials: 6. Silicate and calcium carbonate-based composites; 7. Calcium phosphate-based composites; 8. Biological polymers and polymer composites; 9. Biological elastomers; 10. Biological foams (porous solids); 11. Functional biological materials; Part III. Bioinspired Materials and Biomimetics: 12. Bioinspired materials; 13. Molecular-based biomimetics.
£94.99
Mariner Books Slime
Book Synopsis
£16.14
John Wiley & Sons Inc Emerging Technology Platforms for Stem Cells
Book SynopsisThis book focuses on practical applications for using adult and embryonic stem cells in the pharmaceutical development process. It emphasizes new technologies to help overcome the bottlenecks in developing stem cells as therapeutic agents.Table of ContentsForeword Current state of stem cell field: Overview (Mahendra S. Rao). Chapter 1: Derivation methods for human embryonic stem cells: Past, present & future Necati Findikli. Mohan Vemuri. Chapter 2: Isolation of human ESCs from various stages of the human embryo (Yuri Verlinsky, N. Strelchenko, V. Kukharenko, A. Shkumatov, S. Rechitsky, O. Verlinsky, and A. Kuliev). Chapter 3: Derivation of stem cells from epiblasts (Michal Amit). Chapter 4: Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cells from Parthenogenetic Eggs (Jose Cibelli). Chapter 5: Reprogramming Developmental Potential (Costas A. Lyssiotis Cradley D. Charette, and Luke L. Lairson). Chapter 6: Adult stem cells and their role in endogenous tissue repair (N. Sachewsky and Cindi Morshead). Chapter 7: Greater differentiation potential of adult stem cells (Carlos Clavel and Catherine Verfaillie). Chapter 8: Cancer stem cells (Scott Dylla, In-Kyung Park and Austin L. Gurney). Chapter 9: Large scale production of adult stem cells for clinical use (Kristin Goltry, Brian Hampson, Naia Venturi and Ronnda Bartel). Chapter 10: Genetic and epigenetic features of stem cells (Jonathan Auerbach and Richard Josephson). Chapter 11: Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells (Marjorie Pick). Chapter 12: Identification of signaling pathways involved during differentiation Takumi Miura. Chapter 13 Media and extracellular matrix requirements for large scale ESC growth (Allan J. Robins and Tom Schultz). Chapter 14: Automated method for culturing ES cells (S. Terstegge and Oliver Brustle). Chapter 15: Quantitative 2D Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells (Steven K.W. Oh, Allen K. Chen, Andre B.H. Choo and Ivan Reading). Chapter 16: Nanobiotechonology for stem cell culture and Maintenance (Minseok S. Kim, Wonhye Lee and Je-Kyun Park). Chapter 17: Engineering Microenvironments to Control Stem Cell Functions (Anielle An-Chi Tsou and Song Li). Chapter 18: Improved lentiviral gene delivery tools for stem cells (Sanjay Vasu, Jian-Ping Yang and Wieslaw Kudlicki). Chapter 19: Sleeping Beauty-mediated Transposition in Stem Cells (Andrew Wilbur, Jakub Tolar, Bruce R Blazar, Catherine M Verfaillie, Uma Lakshmipathy, Dan S Kaufman and Scott McIvor). Chapter 20: PhiC31 Integrase for Modification of Stem Cells (W. Edward Jung and Michelle Calos). Chapter 21: Cell Engineering using Integrase and Recombinase systems (Takefumi Sone, Fumiko Nishi, Kazuhide Yahata, Yukari Sasaki, Hiroe Kishine, Taichi Andoh, Ken Inoue, Bhaskar Thyagarajan, Jonathan D. Chesnut and Fumio Imamoto). Chapter 22: hESC derived cardiomyocytes for cell therapy and drug discovery (William Sun and Robert Zweigerdt). Chapter 23: hESC in Drug discovery (Catharina Ellerstrom, Petter Bjorquist, Peter Sartipy, Johan Hyllner and Raimund Strehl). Chapter 24: Characterization and Culturing of Adipose-Derived Precursor Cells (Dietmar Hutmacher, Joanna Olkowska-Truchanowicz, David Leong, Johannes Reichert and Thiam Chye Lim). Chapter 25: Bringing Mesenchymal stem cells to clinic (Robert Deans).
£132.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc MetalEnhanced Fluorescence
Book Synopsis* In-depth look created by the unique perspective of the author, the leader in this field. * Serves as a comprehensive collection of current trends, thoughts and emerging hot aspects in the field of metal-fluorophore interactions and applications.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. Mental-Enhanced Fluorescence: Progress Towards a Unified Plasmon-Fluorophore Description (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Spectral Profile Modifications In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (E. C. Le Ru, J. Grand, N. Félidj, J. Aubard, G. Lévi, A. Hohenau, J. R. Krenn, E. Blackie and P. G. Etchegoin). The Role Of Plasmonic Engineering In Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Daniel J. Ross, Nicholas P.W. Pieczonka and R. F. Aroca). Importance of Spectral Overlap: Fluorescence Enhancement by Single Metal Nanoparticles (Keiko Munechika, Yeechi Chen, Jessica M. Smith and.David S. Ginger). Near-IR Metal Enhanced Fluorescence And Controlled Colloidal Aggregation (Jon P. Anderson, Mark Griffiths, John G. Williams, Daniel L. Grone, Dave L. Steffens, and Lyle M. Middendorf). Optimisation Of Plasmonic Enhancement Of Fluorescence For Optical Biosensor Applications (Colette McDonagh, Ondrej Stranik, Robert Nooney and Brian D. MacCraith). Microwave-Accelerated Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Localized Surface Plasmon Coupled Fluorescence Fiber Optic Based Biosensing (Chien Chou, Ja-An Annie Ho, Chii-Chang Chen, Ming-Yaw, Wei-Chih Liu, Ying-Feng Chang, Chen Fu, Si-Han Chen and Ting-Yang Kuo). Surface Plasmon Enhanced Photochemistry (Stephen K. Gray). Metal-Enhanced Generation of Oxygen Rich Species (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Synthesis Of Anisotropic Noble Metal Nanoparticles (Damian Aherne, Deirdre M. Ledwith and John M. Kelly). Enhanced Fluorescence Detection Enabled By Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials (Jong-in Hahm). ZnO Platforms For Enhanced Directional Fluorescence Applications (H.C. Ong, D.Y. Lei, J. Li and J.B. Xu). E-Beam Lithography And Spontaneous Galvanic Displacement Reactions For Spatially Controlled MEF Applications (Luigi Martiradonna, S. Shiv Shankar and Pier Paolo Pompa). Metal-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (Yongxia Zhang, Kadir Aslan and Chris D. Geddes). Enhanced Fluorescence From Gratings (Chii-Wann Lin, Nan-Fu Chiu, Jiun-Haw Lee and Chih-Kung Lee). Enhancing Fluorescence with Sub-Wavelength Metallic Apertures (Steve Blair and Jérôme Wenger). Enhanced Multi-Photon Excitation of Tryptophan-Silver Colloid (Renato E. de Araujo, Diego Rativa and Anderson S. L. Gomes). Plasmon-enhanced radiative rates and applications to organic electronics (Lewis Rothberg and Shanlin Pan). Fluorescent Quenching Gold Nanoparticles: Potential Biomedical Applications (Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed). Index.
£134.85
John Wiley & Sons Inc Tribology of Ceramics and Composites
Book SynopsisThis book helps students and practicing scientists alike understand that a comprehensive knowledge about the friction and wear properties of advanced materials is essential to further design and development of new materials. With important introductory chapters on the fundamentals, processing, and applications of tribology, the book then examines in detail the nature and properties of materials, the friction and wear of structural ceramics, bioceramics, biocomposites, and nanoceramics, as well as lightweight composites and the friction and wear of ceramics in a cryogenic environment.Table of ContentsPREFACE xvii FOREWORD BY PROF. IAN HUTCHINGS xxi FOREWORD BY PROF. KARL-HEINZ ZUM GAHR xxiii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv SECTION I FUNDAMENTALS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 3 References 6 CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW: TRIBOLOGICAL MATERIALS 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Definition and Classification of Ceramics 8 2.3 Properties of Structural Ceramics 9 2.4 Applications of Structural Ceramics 11 2.5 Closing Remarks 14 References 16 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS 18 3.1 Theory of Brittle Fracture 18 3.2 Cracking in Brittle Materials 23 3.3 Definition and Measurement of Basic Mechanical Properties 24 3.4 Toughening Mechanisms 33 3.5 Closing Remarks 37 References 37 CHAPTER 4 SURFACES AND CONTACTS 39 4.1 Surface Roughness 39 4.2 Surface Topography and Asperities 41 4.3 Real Contact Area 42 4.4 Contact Load Distribution and Hertzian Stresses 44 4.5 Closing Remarks 47 References 48 CHAPTER 5 FRICTION 49 5.1 Introduction 49 5.2 Laws of Friction 49 5.3 Friction Mechanisms 51 5.4 Friction of Common Engineering Materials 54 5.5 Closing Remarks 58 References 59 CHAPTER 6 FRICTIONAL HEATING AND CONTACT TEMPERATURE 60 6.1 Tribological Process and Contact Temperature 60 6.2 Concept of “Bulk” and “Flash” Temperature 61 6.3 Importance and Relevance of Some Ready-to-Use Analytical Models 63 6.4 Review of Some Frequently Employed Ready-to-Use Models 64 References 68 CHAPTER 7 WEAR MECHANISMS 70 7.1 Introduction 70 7.2 Classification of Wear Mechanisms 72 7.3 Closing Remarks 98 References 99 CHAPTER 8 LUBRICATION 101 8.1 Lubrication Regimes 101 8.2 Stribeck Curve 107 References 109 SECTION II FRICTION AND WEAR OF STRUCTURAL CERAMICS CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW: STRUCTURAL CERAMICS 113 9.1 Introduction 113 9.2 Zirconia Crystal Structures and Transformation Characteristics of Tetragonal Zirconia 114 9.3 Transformation Toughening 116 9.4 Stabilization of Tetragonal Zirconia 117 9.5 Different Factors Infl uencing Transformation Toughening 118 9.6 Stress-Induced Microcracking 125 9.7 Development of SiAlON Ceramics 126 9.8 Microstructure of S-sialon Ceramics 127 9.9 Mechanical Properties and Crack Bridging of SiAlON Ceramic 129 9.10 Properties of Titanium Diboride Ceramics 132 References 138 CHAPTER 10 CASE STUDY: TRANSFORMATION-TOUGHENED ZIRCONIA 142 10.1 Background 142 10.2 Wear Resistance 144 10.3 Morphological Characterization of the Worn Surfaces 146 10.4 Zirconia Phase Transformation and Wear Behavior 149 10.5 Wear Mechanisms 152 10.6 Relationship among Microstructure, Toughness, and Wear 154 10.7 Infl uence of Humidity on Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Zirconia 156 10.8 Wear Mechanisms in Different Humidity 157 10.9 Tribochemical Wear in High Humidity 160 10.10 Closing Remarks 163 References 164 CHAPTER 11 CASE STUDY: SIALON CERAMICS 167 11.1 Introduction 167 11.2 Materials and Experiments 168 11.3 Tribological Properties of Compositionally Tailored Sialon versus β-Sialon 172 11.4 Tribological Properties of S-Sialon Ceramic 179 11.5 Concluding Remarks 182 References 183 CHAPTER 12 CASE STUDY: MAX PHASE—TI3SIC2 185 12.1 Background 185 12.2 Frictional Behavior 188 12.3 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 188 12.4 Raman Spectroscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Analysis 190 12.5 Transition in Wear Mechanisms 193 12.6 Summary 194 References 195 CHAPTER 13 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM DIBORIDE CERAMICS AND COMPOSITES 197 13.1 Introduction 197 13.2 Materials and Experiments 198 13.3 Tribological Properties of TiB2–MoSi2 Ceramics 200 13.4 Tribological Properties of TiB2–TiSi2 Ceramics 204 13.5 Closing Remarks 206 References 208 SECTION III FRICTION AND WEAR OF BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES CHAPTER 14 OVERVIEW: BIOCERAMICS AND BIOCOMPOSITES 213 14.1 Introduction 213 14.2 Some Useful Definitions and Their Implications 215 14.3 Experimental Evaluation of Biocompatibility 217 14.4 Wear of Implants 221 14.5 Coating on Metals 223 14.6 Glass-Ceramics 224 14.7 Biocompatible Ceramics 226 14.8 Outlook 228 References 229 CHAPTER 15 CASE STUDY: POLYMER-CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 233 15.1 Introduction 233 15.2 Materials and Experiments 235 15.3 Frictional Behavior 237 15.4 Wear-Resistance Properties 240 15.5 Wear Mechanisms 242 15.6 Correlation among Wear Resistance, Wear Mechanisms, Material Properties, and Contact Pressure 247 15.7 Concluding Remarks 248 References 249 CHAPTER 16 CASE STUDY: NATURAL TOOTH AND DENTAL RESTORATIVE MATERIALS 251 16.1 Introduction 251 16.2 Materials and Methods 254 16.3 Tribological Tests on Tooth Material 255 16.4 Production and Characterization of Glass-Ceramics 255 16.5 Wear Experiments on Glass-Ceramics 256 16.6 Microstructure and Hardness of Human Tooth Material 257 16.7 Tribological Properties of Human Tooth Material 260 16.8 Wear Properties of Glass-Ceramics 262 16.9 Discussion of Wear Mechanisms of Glass-Ceramics 266 16.10 Comparison with Existing Glass-Ceramic Materials 271 16.11 Concluding Remarks 273 References 274 CHAPTER 17 CASE STUDY: GLASS-INFILTRATED ALUMINA 276 17.1 Introduction 276 17.2 Materials and Experiments 277 17.3 Frictional Properties 278 17.4 Wear Resistance and Wear Mechanisms 278 17.5 Wear Debris Analysis and Tribochemical Reactions 282 17.6 Influence of Glass Infi ltration on Wear Properties 283 17.7 Concluding Remarks 284 References 285 CHAPTER 18 TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC BIOCOMPOSITES 287 18.1 Background 287 18.2 Tribological Properties of Mullite-Reinforced Hydroxyapatite 288 18.3 Friction and Wear Rate 288 18.4 Concluding Remarks 298 References 302 SECTION IV FRICTION AND WEAR OF NANOCERAMICS CHAPTER 19 OVERVIEW: NANOCERAMIC COMPOSITES 307 19.1 Introduction 307 19.2 Processing of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramics 309 19.3 Overview of Developed Nanoceramics and Ceramic Nanocomposites 309 19.4 Overview of Tribological Properties of Ceramic Nanocomposites 318 19.5 Concluding Remarks 320 References 322 CHAPTER 20 CASE STUDY: NANOCRYSTALLINE YTTRIA-STABILIZED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS 325 20.1 Introduction 325 20.2 Materials and Experiments 327 20.3 Tribological Properties 329 20.4 Tribomechanical Wear of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Nanoceramic with Varying Yttria Dopant 330 20.5 Comparison with Other Stabilized Zirconia Ceramics 335 20.6 Concluding Remarks 335 References 336 CHAPTER 21 CASE STUDY: NANOSTRUCTURED TUNGSTEN CARBIDE–ZIRCONIA NANOCOMPOSITES 338 21.1 Introduction 338 21.2 Materials and Experiments 339 21.3 Friction and Wear Characteristics 340 21.4 Wear Mechanisms 345 21.5 Explanation of High Wear Resistance of Ceramic Nanocomposites 347 21.6 Concluding Remarks 349 References 349 SECTION V LIGHTWEIGHT COMPOSITES AND CERMETS CHAPTER 22 OVERVIEW: LIGHTWEIGHT METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES AND CERMETS 353 22.1 Development of Metal Matrix Composites 353 22.2 Development of Cermets 356 References 358 CHAPTER 23 CASE STUDY: MAGNESIUM–SILICON CARBIDE PARTICULATEREINFORCED COMPOSITES 362 23.1 Introduction 362 23.2 Materials and Experiments 363 23.3 Load-Dependent Friction and Wear Properties 363 23.4 Fretting-Duration-Dependent Tribological Properties 366 23.5 Tribochemical Wear of Magnesium–Silicon Carbide Particulate-Reinforced Composites 371 23.6 Concluding Remarks 375 References 376 CHAPTER 24 CASE STUDY: TITANIUM CARBONITRIDE–NICKELBASED CERMETS 377 24.1 Introduction 377 24.2 Materials and Experiments 379 24.3 Energy Dissipation and Abrasion at Low Load 381 24.4 Influence of Type of Secondary Carbides on Sliding Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 386 24.5 Tribochemical Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Based Cermets 387 24.6 Influence of Tungsten Carbide Content on Load-Dependent Sliding Wear Properties 393 24.7 High Temperature Wear of Titanium Carbonitride–Nickel Cermets 397 24.8 Summary of Key Results 403 References 404 CHAPTER 25 CASE STUDY: (W,Ti)C–CO CERMETS 407 25.1 Introduction 407 25.2 Materials and Experiments 408 25.3 Microstructure and Mechanical Properties 409 25.4 Wear Properties 410 25.5 Correlation between Mechanical Properties and Wear Resistance 413 25.6 Concluding Remarks 418 References 419 SECTION VI FRICTION AND WEAR OF CERAMICS IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER 26 OVERVIEW: CRYOGENIC WEAR PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 423 26.1 Background 423 26.2 Designing a High-Speed Cryogenic Wear Tester 425 26.3 Summary of Results Obtained with Ductile Metals 427 26.4 Summary 437 References 437 CHAPTER 27 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF ALUMINA IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 439 27.1 Background 439 27.2 Materials and Experiments 440 27.3 Tribological Properties of Self-Mated Alumina 442 27.4 Genesis of Tribological Behavior in a Cryogenic Environment 449 27.5 Concluding Remarks 452 References 452 CHAPTER 28 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SELF-MATED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA CERAMICS IN LIQUID NITROGEN 454 28.1 Introduction 454 28.2 Materials and Experiments 456 28.3 Friction of Self-Mated Y-TZP Material in LN2 456 28.4 Cryogenic Wear of Zirconia 459 28.5 Cryogenic Sliding-Induced Zirconia Phase Transformation 460 28.6 Wear Mechanisms of Zirconia in LN2 464 28.7 Concluding Remarks 466 References 467 CHAPTER 29 CASE STUDY: SLIDING WEAR OF SILICON CARBIDE IN A CRYOGENIC ENVIRONMENT 469 29.1 Introduction 469 29.2 Materials and Experiments 470 29.3 Friction and Wear Properties 470 29.4 Thermal Aspect and Limited Tribochemical Wear 473 29.5 Tribomechanical Stress-Assisted Deformation and Damage 479 29.6 Comparison with Sliding Wear Properties of Oxide Ceramics 481 29.7 Concluding Remarks 482 References 483 SECTION VII WATER-LUBRICATED WEAR OF CERAMICS CHAPTER 30 FRICTION AND WEAR OF OXIDE CERAMICS IN AN AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT 487 30.1 Background 487 30.2 Tribological Behavior of Alumina in an Aqueous Solution 488 30.3 Tribological Behavior of Self-Mated Zirconia in an Aqueous Environment 493 30.4 Concluding Remarks 499 References 500 SECTION VIII CLOSURE CHAPTER 31 PERSPECTIVE FOR DESIGNING MATERIALS FOR TRIBOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 505 INDEX 509
£150.05
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Hendees Physics of Medical Imaging
Book SynopsisTrade ReviewHendee’s Physics of Medical Imaging, 5th Edition is written with clear and focused academic language…and will be very useful both for students and lecturers on the subject. Congratulations to both authors for the excellent textbook. - Slavik Tabakov, King’s College London, UK, Immediate Past President IOMP (International Organization of Medical Physics)Table of ContentsForeword ix Commentary by William Hendee xi Clarification and Acknowledgment xiii Introduction: The Role of Imaging in Medicine xv 1 Physics of Radiation and Matter 1 2 Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathology in Imaging 55 3 Imaging Science 89 4 Radiobiology, Dosimetry, and Protection 143 5 Imaging Operation and Infrastructure 181 6 Projection X-ray Imaging 217 7 Volumetric X-ray Imaging 243 8 Nuclear Medicine 271 9 Ultrasonography 305 10 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 339 Index 453
£143.06
John Wiley & Sons Inc Renewable Polymers
Book SynopsisPresents the synthesis, technology and processing details of a large range of polymers derived from renewable resources It has been a long-term desire to replace polymers from fossil fuels with the more environmentally friendly polymers generated from renewable resources.Table of ContentsPreface xii List of Contributors xv 1. Polymers from renewable Resources 1 V. Mittal 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Naturally Renewable Methylene Butyrolactones 4 1.3 Renewable Rosin Acid-Degradable Caprolactone Block Copolymers 6 1.4 Plant Oils as Platform Chemicals for Polymer Synthesis 7 1.5 Biosourced Sterecontrolled Polytriazoles 9 1.6 Polymers from Naturally Occurring Monoterpene 10 1.7 Polymerization of Biosourced 2- (Methacryloyloxy) ethyl Tiglate 11 1.8 Oxypropylation of Repeseed Cake Residue 12 1.9 Copolymerization of Naturally Occurring Limonene 13 1.10 Polymerization of Lactides 14 1.11 Nanocomposites Using Renewable Polymers 19 1.12 Castor Oil Based Thermosets 19 References 22 2. Design, Synthesis, Property, and Application of Plant Oil Polymers 23 Keshar Prassain and Duy H. Hua 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Triglyceride Polymers 25 2.3 Summary 65 Reference 65 3. Advances in Acid Mediated Polymerizations 69 Stewart P. Lewis and R. Mathers 3.1 Introduction 70 3.2 Problems Inherent to Cationic Ole. N Polymerization 72 3.3 Progress Toward Cleaner Cationic Polymerization 75 3.4 Environmental Bene. Ts via New Process Conditions 158 3.5 Cationic Polymerization of Monomers Derived from Renewable Resources 161 3.6 Sustainable Synthesis of Monomers for Cationic Polymerization 163 References 164 4. Olive Oil Wastewater as a Renewable Resource for Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates 175 Francesco Valentino, Marianna Villano, Lorenzo Bertin, Mario Beccari, and Mauro Majone 4.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs): Structure, Properties, and Applications 175 4.2 PHA Production Processes Employing Pure Microbial Cultures 177 4.3 PHA Production Processes Employing Mixed Microbial Cultures 178 4.4 Olive Oil Mill Ef. Uents (OMEs) as a Possible Feedstock for PHA Production 197 4.5 OMEs as Feedstock for PHA Production 206 4.6 Concluding Remarks 211 References 212 5. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) for Production of Polymers from Renewable Resources 221 Kattimuttathu I. Suresh 5.1 Introduction 221 5.2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) 222 5.3 Synthetic Strategies to Develop Functional Material Based on Renewable Resources – Composition, Topologies and Functionalities 227 5.4 Sustainable Sources for Monomers with a Potential for Making Novel Renewable Polymers 231 5.5 Conclusions and Outlook 241 References 242 6. Renewable Polymers in Transgenic Crop Plants 247 Tina Hausmann and Inge Broer 6.1 Natural Plant Polymers 248 6.2 De Novo Synthesis of Polymers in Plants 269 6.3 Conclusion 289 References 291 7. Polyesters, Polycarbonates and Polyamides Based on Renewable Resources 305 Bart A. J. Noordover 7.1 Introduction 306 7.2 Biomass-Based Monomers 307 7.3 Polyesters Based on Renewable Resources 308 7.4 Polycarbonates Based on Renewable Resources 332 7.5 Polyamides Based on Renewable Resources 344 7.6 Conclusions 349 References 350 8. Succinic Acid: Synthesis of Biobased Polymers from Renewable Resources 355 Stephen Kabasci and Inna Bretz 8.1 Introduction 355 8.2 Polymerization 359 8.3 Conclusions 371 References 372 9. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Based Polymers 381 Ananda S. Amarasekara 9.1 Introduction 381 9.2 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural 382 9.3 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives 393 9.4 Polymers from 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Derivatives 398 9.5 Conclusion 421 References 422 10. Natural Polymers-A Boon for Drug Delivery Rajesh. N. Uma, and Valluru Ravi 10.1 Introduction 429 10.2 Acacia 429 10.3 Agar 431 10.4 Alginate 433 10.5 Carrageenan 436 10.6 Cellulose 438 10.7 Chitosan 440 10.8 Dextrin 444 10.9 Dextrin 445 10.10 Gellan Gum 447 10.11 Guar Gum 448 10.12 Inulin 451 10.13 Karaya Gum 454 10.14 Konjac Glucomannan 453 10.15 Locust Bean Gum 454 10.16 Locust Gum 455 10.17 Pectin 455 10.18 Psyllium Husk 457 10.19 Scleroglucan 457 10.20 Starch 460 10.21 Xanthan Gum 462 References 465 Index 473
£160.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc ChitosanBased Systems for Biopharmaceuticals
Book SynopsisChitosan is a linear polysaccharide commercially produced by the deacetylation of chitin. It is non-toxic, biodegradable, biocompatible, and acts as a bioadhesive with otherwise unstable biomolecules - making it a valuable component in the formulation of biopharmaceutical drugs. Chitosan-Based Systems for Biopharmaceuticals provides an extensive overview of the application of chitosan and its derivatives in the development and optimisation of biopharmaceuticals. The book is divided in four different parts. Part I discusses general aspects of chitosan and its derivatives, with particular emphasis on issues related to the development of biopharmaceutical chitosan-based systems. Part II deals with the use of chitosan and derivatives in the formulation and delivery of biopharmaceuticals, and focuses on the synergistic effects between chitosan and this particular subset of pharmaceuticals. Part III discusses specific applications of chitosan and its derivatives for biopharmaceutiTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Foreword xxiii Marıa Jose Alonso Preface xxv Acknowledgments xxvii Part One General Aspects of Chitosan 1 1 Chemical and Technological Advances in Chitins and Chitosans Useful for the Formulation of Biopharmaceuticals 3 Riccardo A. A. Muzzarelli 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Safety of Chitins and Chitosans 4 1.3 Ionic Liquids: New Solvents and Reaction Media 5 1.4 Chitin and Chitosan Nanofibrils 8 1.5 Electrospun Nanofibers 10 1.6 Polyelectrolyte Complexes and Mucoadhesion 12 1.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 16 2 Physical Properties of Chitosan and Derivatives in Sol and Gel States 23 Marguerite Rinaudo 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Chitin 24 2.3 Chitosan 28 2.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 36 3 Absorption Promotion Properties of Chitosan and Derivatives 45 Akira Yamamoto 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Effect of Chitosan on the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbable Drugs 47 3.3 Effect of Chitosan Derivatives on the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbable Drugs 47 3.4 Effect of Chitosan Oligomers on the Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbable Drugs 48 3.5 Colon-Specific Delivery of Insulin Using Chitosan Capsules 51 3.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 54 4 Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of Chitosan and Derivatives 57 Ahmad Sukari Halim, Lim Chin Keong, Ismail Zainol, and Ahmad Hazri Abdul Rashid 4.1 Introduction 57 4.2 Biocompatibility Evaluation of Chitosan and Derivatives 58 4.3 Biodegradation of Chitosan and Derivatives 65 4.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 69 5 Biological and Pharmacological Activity of Chitosan and Derivatives 75 Teresa Cunha, Branca Teixeira, Barbara Santos, Marlene Almeida, Gustavo Dias, and Jose das Neves 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Biological Activity 76 5.3 Chitosan's Usefulness in Therapy and Alternative Medicine 82 5.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 84 6 Biological, Chemical, and Physical Compatibility of Chitosan and Biopharmaceuticals 93 Masayuki Ishihara, Masanori Fujita, Satoko Kishimoto, Hidemi Hattori, and Yasuhiro Kanatani 6.1 Introduction 93 6.2 Structural Features of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 94 6.3 Biocompatibility for Chitosan and Its Derivatives 95 6.4 Biocompatibility of Photo-Cross-Linkable Chitosan Hydrogel 98 6.5 Physical and Chemical Compatibility of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 100 6.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 102 7 Approaches for Functional Modification or Cross-Linking of Chitosan 107 A. Anitha, N. Sanoj Rejinold, Joel D. Bumgardner, Shanti V. Nair, and Rangasamy Jayakumar 7.1 Introduction 107 7.2 General Awareness of Chitosan Cross-Linking Methods 108 7.3 Modified Chitosan: Synthesis and Characterization 112 7.4 Applications of Modified Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Drug Delivery 118 7.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 118 Part Two Biopharmaceuticals Formulation and Delivery Aspects Using Chitosan and Derivatives 125 8 Use of Chitosan and Derivatives in Conventional Biopharmaceutical Dosage Forms Formulation 127 Teofilo Vasconcelos, Pedro Barrocas, and Rui Cerdeira 8.1 Introduction 127 8.2 Advantageous Properties of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 128 8.3 Oral Administration 129 8.4 Buccal Administration 131 8.5 Nasal Administration 132 8.6 Pulmonary Administration 132 8.7 Transdermal Administration 133 8.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 133 9 Manufacture Techniques of Chitosan-Based Microparticles and Nanoparticles for Biopharmaceuticals 137 Franca Ferrari, M. Cristina Bonferoni, Silvia Rossi, Giuseppina Sandri, and Carla M. Caramella 9.1 Introduction 137 9.2 Water-in-Oil Emulsion and Chemical Cross-linking 138 9.3 Drying Techniques 141 9.4 Ionic Cross-linking Methods 144 9.5 Coacervation and Precipitation Method 151 9.6 Direct Interaction between Chitosan and Biopharmaceuticals 152 9.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 153 10 Chitosan and Derivatives for Biopharmaceutical Use: Mucoadhesive Properties 159 Katharina Leithner and Andreas Bernkop-Schnurch 10.1 Introduction 159 10.2 Mucoadhesion 160 10.3 Chitosan and Its Derivatives 161 10.4 Biopharmaceutical Use of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 171 10.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 175 11 Chitosan-Based Systems for Mucosal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 181 Sonia Al-Qadi, Ana Grenha, and Carmen Remunan-Lopez 11.1 Introduction 181 11.2 Important Challenges for the Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals by Mucosal Routes 182 11.3 Interest in Chitosan for Mucosal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 184 11.4 Chitosan-Based Delivery Nanosystems for Mucosal Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 188 11.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 200 12 Chitosan-Based Delivery Systems for Mucosal Vaccination 211 Gerrit Borchard, Farnaz Esmaeili, and Simon Heuking 12.1 Introduction 211 12.2 Adjuvant Properties of Chitosan 212 12.3 Chitosan in the Delivery of Protein and Subunit Vaccines 213 12.4 Chitosan-Based Formulations of DNAVaccines 215 12.5 Vaccine Formulations Using Chitosan in Combination with Other Polymers 216 12.6 Chitosan Derivatives in Vaccine Carrier Design 217 12.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 220 13 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticulates for Oral Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 225 Filipa Antunes, Fernanda Andrade, and Bruno Sarmento 13.1 Introduction 225 13.2 Challenges on the Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins 226 13.3 Challenges on the Oral Delivery of Genetic Material 227 13.4 Role of Chitosan in the Protection of Biopharmaceuticals in the Gastrointestinal Tract 229 13.5 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins 232 13.6 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles for Oral Delivery of Genetic Material 234 13.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 236 14 Chitosan-Based Systems for Ocular Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 243 Suresh P. Vyas, Rishi Paliwal, and Shivani Rai Paliwal 14.1 Introduction 243 14.2 Ocular Delivery of Biopharmaceuticals 244 14.3 Chitosan: A Suitable Biomaterial for Ocular Therapeutics 244 14.4 Chitosan-Based Systems for Ocular Delivery of Biomacromolecules 245 14.5 Toxicological and Compatibility Aspects of Chitosan-Based Ocular Systems 249 14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 250 15 Chemical Modification of Chitosan for Delivery of DNA and siRNA 255 You-Kyoung Kim, Hu-Lin Jiang, Ding-Ding Guo, Yun-Jaie Choi, Myung-Haing Cho, Toshihiro Akaike, and Chong-Su Cho 15.1 Introduction 255 15.2 Hydrophilic Modification 256 15.3 Hydrophobic Modification 257 15.4 Specific Ligand Modification 259 15.5 pH-Sensitive Modification 264 15.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 269 Part Three Advanced Application of Chitosan and Derivatives for Biopharmaceuticals 275 16 Target-Specific Chitosan-Based Nanoparticle Systems for Nucleic Acid Delivery 277 Shardool Jain and Mansoor Amiji 16.1 Introduction 277 16.2 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticle Delivery Systems 283 16.3 Illustrative Examples of DNAVaccine Delivery 286 16.4 Illustrative Examples of Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 288 16.5 Illustrative Examples of Nucleic Acid Delivery Systems for Anti-Inflammatory Therapy 291 16.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 294 17 Functional PEGylated Chitosan Systems for Biopharmaceuticals 301 Hee-Jeong Cho, Goen Kim, Hyeok-Seung Kwon, and Yu-Kyoung Oh 17.1 Introduction 301 17.2 PEGylated Chitosan for the Delivery of Proteins and Peptides 304 17.3 PEGylated Chitosan for Delivery of Nucleic Acids 308 17.4 PEGylated Chitosan for Delivery of Other Macromolecular Biopharmaceuticals 311 17.5 PEGylated Chitosan Used for Cellular Scaffolds 313 17.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 313 18 Stimuli-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems for Biopharmaceuticals 319 Cuiping Zhai, Jinfang Yuan, and Qingyu Gao 18.1 Introduction 319 18.2 pH-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 319 18.3 Thermosensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 321 18.4 pH-Sensitive and Thermosensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 323 18.5 pH- and Ionic-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 325 18.6 Photo-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 325 18.7 Electrical-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 326 18.8 Magnetic-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 326 18.9 Chemical Substance-Sensitive Chitosan-Based Systems 327 18.10 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 327 19 Chitosan Copolymers for Biopharmaceuticals 333 Ramon Novoa-Carballal, Ricardo Riguera, and Eduardo Fernandez-Megia 19.1 Introduction 333 19.2 Chitosan-g-Poly(Ethylene Glycol) 337 19.3 Chitosan-g-Polyethylenimine 347 19.4 Other Copolymers of Chitosan 357 19.5 Copolymers of Chitosan with Promising Applications 363 19.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 368 20 Application of Chitosan for Anticancer Biopharmaceutical Delivery 381 Claudia Philippi, Brigitta Loretz, Ulrich F. Schaefer, and Claus-Michael Lehr 20.1 Introduction 381 20.2 Chitosan and Cancer: Intrinsic Antitumor Activity of the Polymer Itself 382 20.3 Chitosan Formulations Developed for Classic Anticancer Drugs 383 20.4 Biopharmaceuticals Delivered by Chitosan Preparations 384 20.5 Active Targeting Strategies and Multifunctional Chitosan Formulations 388 20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 389 21 Chitosan-Based Biopharmaceutical Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 393 Tao Jiang, Meng Deng, Wafa I. Abdel- Fattah, and Cato T. Laurencin 21.1 Introduction 393 21.2 Fabrication of Chitosan-Based Biopharmaceuticals Scaffolds 395 21.3 Applications of Chitosan-Based Biopharmaceutical Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 403 21.4 Future Trends: Regenerative Engineering 416 21.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 417 22 Wound-Healing Properties of Chitosan and Its Use in Wound Dressing Biopharmaceuticals 429 Tyler G. St. Denis, Tianhong Dai, Ying-Ying Huang, and Michael R. Hamblin 22.1 Introduction 429 22.2 Brief Review of Wound Repair 430 22.3 Wound-Healing Effects of Chitosan 433 22.4 Chitosan for Wound Therapeutics Delivery 440 22.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 444 Part Four Regulatory Status, Toxicological Issues, and Clinical Perspectives 451 23 Toxicological Properties of Chitosan and Derivatives for Biopharmaceutical Applications 453 Thomas J. Kean and Maya Thanou 23.1 Introduction 453 23.2 In Vitro Toxicity of Chitosan and Derivatives 454 23.3 In Vivo Toxicity of Chitosan and Derivatives 457 23.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 459 24 Regulatory Status of Chitosan and Derivatives 463 Michael Dornish, David S. Kaplan, and Sambasiva R. Arepalli 24.1 Introduction 463 24.2 Source 464 24.3 Characterization 464 24.4 Purity 465 24.5 Applications of Advanced Uses of Chitosan 466 24.6 Regulatory Considerations for Chitosan and Chitosan Derivatives in the European Union, and Medical Devices or Combination Products with Medical Device (CDRH) Lead 468 24.7 Regulatory Pathways 469 24.8 Chitosan Medical Products: US Regulatory Review Processes for Medical Devices or Combination Products with CDRH Lead 469 24.9 Chitosan Wound Dressings 470 24.10 The European Regulatory System: The European Medicines Agency (EMA) and European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) 474 24.11 Further Regulatory Considerations 475 24.12 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 477 24.13 Disclaimer 478 25 Patentability and Intellectual Property Issues Related to Chitosan-Based Biopharmaceutical Products 483 Mafalda Videira and Rogerio Gaspar 25.1 Introduction 483 25.2 Setting the Scene: The Role of Chitosan as a Pharmaceutical Excipient 484 25.3 Addressing the Drivers for Scientific Progress on Chitosan: Innovation and Inventability 495 25.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 496 26 Quality Control and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Chitosan-Based Biopharmaceutical Products 503 Torsten Richter, Maika Gulich, and Katja Richter 26.1 Introduction 504 26.2 Regulatory Requirements for Production 505 26.3 Manufacturing GMP: Fundamental Considerations 508 26.4 Requirements for Rooms, Personnel, and Equipment 511 26.5 Qualification and Validation 511 26.6 Quality Control 513 26.7 Monitoring and Maintenance of a GMP System 519 26.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 522 27 Preclinical and Clinical Use of Chitosan and Derivatives for Biopharmaceuticals: From Preclinical Research to the Bedside 525 David A. Zaharoff, Michael Heffernan, Jonathan Fallon, and John W. Greiner 27.1 Introduction 525 27.2 Chitosan as a Parenteral (Subcutaneous) Vaccine Platform 526 27.3 Chitosan as an Immunotherapeutic Platform 530 27.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 537 References 539 Index 543
£146.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc Leading Biotechnology Alliances
Book SynopsisSince the early 1990s, research and discovery collaborations between biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies have increased to the point that they now provide more than half of the total capital invested in the biotechnology sector. Although smaller biotechnology companies may be engaged in only a few alliances at a time, some of the most active pharmaceutical players may be engaged in anywhere from thirty to forty alliances at once. Any single alliance relationship may be the lifeblood for a small biotechnology company, while the same relationship may be just one of many for the pharmaceutical partner. Research alliances with small, close-to-the-science companies are the source of many of the innovative ideas of today and the future, but they present formidable challenges. Successful collaboration depends not only on the solution of scientific and technical problems, but also on the successful resolution of many leadership and organizational problems. Leading Biotechnology Trade Review"...a discussion of the business of biotechnology..." (Journal of Proteome Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, March, April 2002)Table of ContentsTROUBLE IN ALLIANCE LAND. A Case in Point: The Lucida-Pharma Alliance Cast of Characters. The General Case: Many Alliances, Many Problems. ASYMMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS, LOPSIDED RESPONSIBILITY. Contrasting Cultures. Partner Differences and Disparities. LAYING THE GROUNDWORK. Preparing the Organization. Individual and Organizational Due Diligence. The First Meetings. THE ALLIANCE LIFE CYCLE: LEADING DIFFERENTLY OVER TIME. To the First Milestone. Managing Growth and Maturity. Ending: Completion, or Termination. Readiness, Learning, and Alliance Effectiveness: A Road Map. If We Could Turn Back the Clock...(A Hypothetical Coda to the Lucida-Pharma Sciences Case).
£95.90
Rowman & Littlefield Science in the Private Interest Has the Lure of
Book SynopsisUniversity science is now entangled with entrepreneurship, and researchers with a commercial interest are caught in an ethical quandary. Science in the Private Interest investigates the trends and effects of modern, commercialized academic science.Trade ReviewIn Science in the Private Interest, a strongly argued polemic against the commercial conditions in which scientific research currently operates, [Krimsky] shows how universities have become little more than instruments of wealth. * The New York Review Of Books *In Science in the Private Interest, Dr. Krimsky documents the growing entanglement between commerce and academic science. He argues that the lure of profits is transforming universities so that they are no longer independent, disinterested centers of learning that the public has long depended on. * The New York Times *A must-read for anyone interested in the future of science. * USA Today *This is an important and detailed analysis of the transformations of the biomedical sciences as they have become part of a new biomedical-industrial-complex. . . . A timely and much-needed study. -- Everett Mendelsohn, professor of history and science, Harvard UniversityThis book should be read by anyone concerned about the integrity of knowledge production in a knowledge-based society. Krimsky provides a spirited and engaging defense of academic freedom and sounds a compelling warning of the long-term dangers to society when universities adopt the values of business. -- Mildred Cho, Stanford UniversityScience in the Private Interest is required reading for all scientists interested in the integrity of researchers and universities. -- Adil E. Shamoo, University of Maryland School of MedicineSheldon Krimsky is one of the country's leading thinkers about the social and political context of science. This very accessible book offers a powerful insight into how corporate connections are harming the progress of science, tainting free inquiry in our universities, and harming our health. -- Phil Brown, Brown UniversityReading Krimsky will give those inside and outside the university and college worlds a gripping sense of how large are the stakes and how glorious can be the benefits of defending and expanding the independence of the university from the growing corporate state. . . . A searching and honest book. -- Ralph Nader, from the forewordScience in the Private Interest makes a timely and welcome contribution. A major strength of Krimsky's book is its comprehensive account of problems that have arisen from the 'partnership' of academia and industry. * Nature Neuroscience *Science in the Private Interest is carefully researched and presents arguments from all sides of the issues under discussion. Case studies sprinkled throughout the book demonstrate that the main characters—universities, large companies, and some academicians—at times cloak monetary and career-advancing priorities in scientific clothing. Yet most of the pages of the the book are not exposés of biomedical wrongdoing but explanations of the laws and regulations that govern how academia and industry interrelate. * The New England Journal Of Medicine *Krimsky is certainly not the first to take on conflicts in the scientific world, but his scholarship provides the data that many advocates use in making their case. Even defenders of the commercial ties, who say they speed products to the market and appropriately reward researchers for their work, recognize the importance of Krimsky's data. * The Boston Globe *By using thorough analysis, interviews, and careful evaluation of recent patterns, Krimsky attempts to untangle the complex relationship between biomedical research and profiteering, one of the most important issues of our time. * Public Citizen News *Provides a useful and readable compendium of events and ideas that are familiar to scholars of conflict-of-interest in science. * Nature *Krimsky has long been a critic of business links to universities. Science in the Private Interest integrates his work and that of others, arguing that the link between universities and business actually presents a serious threat to both universities and society. * Health Affairs *Krimsky's analysis is informed and his argument well written. Science in the Private Interest is a disturbing book but one that deserves a broad readership. * Science and Theology News *Although this thesis is not new, readers will learn from the detail [Krimsky] presents and from his juxtaposition of a broad range of examples. Bringing together a wealth of evidence from investigative journalism, government reports, and peer-reviewed articles, Krimsky shows that these conflicts of interest are not isolated incidents but form a widespread, increasing pattern. * Nature Medicine *Shrewd, unsparing, and never shrill, this book ought to be obligatory reading for anyone who values the role that science plays in the political life of the United States. With a scholar's care and an idealist's unswerving allegiance to unfettered scientific inquiry, Krimsky explores the true public cost of the transformation of university-based research into a tool of commercial self-interest. * American Scientist *The message of this book is relevant to most of us. Because this subject is important, and because Krimsky's writing is clear, there is little to criticize. This vision of what academia has been and what it could continue to be is reason enough to read what Krimsky has to say. * JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association *A must-read for UK science minister Lord Sainsbury. * Ecologist *Krimsky has written an important and provocative book. Science in the Private Interest should generate fruitful debate about systematic responses to the dangers of research commercialization in the life sciences. * Academe *I know of no better account of the profound issues regarding the interface between the academic mission and the industrial world than that given by Krimsky. * The Quarterly Review Of Biology *In lucid, well-documented discussions, liberally enhanced by appropriate case studies, Sheldon Krimsky shows us how bias and conflict of interest may arise in various forms. * New Jersey Medicine *Table of ContentsPart 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Stories of the Unholy Alliance Chapter 4 University-Industry Collaborations Chapter 5 Knowledge as Property Chapter 6 The Changing Ethos of Science Chapter 7 The Redemption of Federal Advisory Committees Chapter 8 Professors Incorporated Chapter 9 Conflicts of Interest Chapter 10 A Question of Bias Chapter 11 The Scientific Journals Chapter 12 The Demise of Public Science Chapter 13 Prospects for a New Moral Sensibility in Academia Chapter 14 Conclusion: Reinvesting in Public Interest Science
£43.98
John Wiley & Sons Inc An Introduction to Bioreactor Hydrodynamics and
Book SynopsisReviews and compares the major types of bioreactors, defines their pros and cons, and identifies research needs and figures of merit that have yet to be addressed Describes common modes of operation in bioreactors Covers the three common bioreactor types, including stirred-tank bioreactors, bubble column bioreactors, and airlift bioreactors Details less common bioreactors types, including fixed bed bioreactors and novel bioreactor designs Discusses advantages and disadvantages of each bioreactor and provides a procedure for optimal bioreactor selection based on current process needs Reviews the problems of bioreactor selection globally while considering all bioreactor options rather than concentrating on one specific bioreactor type Table of Contents1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 MODES OF OPERATION 3 2.1 Batch Bioreactors 3 2.2 Continuous Bioreactors 9 2.3 Summary 15 3 GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER MODELS 17 4 EXPERIMENTAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 28 4.1 Measuring Bioreactor Hydrodynamic Characteristics 28 4.1.1 Flow regime measurements 29 4.1.2 Local pressure drop 30 4.1.3 Mixing or residence time 32 4.1.4 Axial diffusion coefficient 33 4.1.5 Gas-liquid interfacial area 34 4.1.6 Bubble size and velocity 35 4.1.7 Global and local liquid velocity 37 4.1.8 Gas holdup 40 4.1.8.1 Bed expansion 41 4.1.8.2 Pressure drop measurements 41 4.1.8.3 Dynamic gas disengagement (DGD) 46 4.1.8.4 Tomographic techniques 47 4.1.9 Liquid holdup 50 4.1.10 Power measurements 51 4.2 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer 53 4.2.1 Dissolved oxygen measurement techniques 54 4.2.1.1 Chemical method 54 4.2.1.2 Volumetric method 56 4.2.1.3 Tubing method 56 4.2.1.4 Optode method 57 4.2.1.5 Electrochemical electrode method 58 4.2.1.5.1 Polarographic electrodes 59 4.2.1.5.2 Galvanic probes 61 4.2.1.5.3 Electrochemical electrode time constant 61 4.2.1.5.4 Electrochemical electrode response time (τe) 64 4.2.1.5.5 Electrochemical electrode response models 66 4.2.1.5.6 Summary of electrochemical electrode response models 72 4.2.2 Dissolved carbon monoxide measurements 72 4.2.2.1 Bioassay overview 74 4.2.2.2 Needed materials 75 4.2.2.3 Liquid sample collection 76 4.2.2.4 Identifying the concentrated myoglobin solution concentration 77 4.2.2.5 Sample preparation for analysis 78 4.2.2.6 Determining the dissolved CO concentration 79 4.2.3 Determining volumetric gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient, kLa 80 4.2.3.1 Gas balance method 81 4.2.3.2 Dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.1 Biological dynamic method 82 4.2.3.2.2 Non-biological dynamic method 85 4.2.3.2.3 Variations of the inlet step change 86 4.2.3.2.4 Dynamic method drawbacks 91 4.2.3.3 Chemical sorption methods 92 4.2.3.3.1 Sulfite oxidation method 92 4.2.3.3.2 The hydrazine method 94 4.2.3.3.3 Peroxide method 95 4.2.3.3.4 Carbon dioxide absorption method 95 4.3 Summary 95 5 MODELING BIOREACTORS 97 5.1 Multiphase Flow CFD Modeling 97 5.1.1 Governing equations for gas-liquid flows 100 5.1.2 Turbulence modeling 101 5.1.3 Interfacial momentum exchange 104 5.1.4 Bubble pressure model 105 5.1.5 Bubble-induced turbulence 106 5.1.6 Modeling bubble size distribution 107 5.2 Biological Process Modeling 109 5.2.1 Simple bioprocess models 111 5.3 Summary 113 6 STIRRED TANK BIOREACTORS 114 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Stirred Tank Reactor Flow Regimes 116 6.2.1 Radial Flow Impellers 117 6.2.2 Axial Flow Impellers 122 6.3 Effects of Impeller Design and Arrangement 127 6.3.1 Radial Flow Impellers 129 6.3.2 Axial flow impellers 134 6.3.3 Multiple Impeller Systems 139 6.3.4 Surface Aeration 148 6.3.5 Self-Inducing Impellers 150 6.4 Superficial Gas Velocity 152 6.5 Power Input 155 6.6 Baffle Design 158 6.7 Sparger Design 161 6.7.1 Axial Flow Impellers 162 6.7.2 Radial Flow Impellers 164 6.8 Microbial Cultures 165 6.9 Correlation Forms 172 6.10 Summary 184 7 BUBBLE COLUMN BIOREACTORS 191 7.1 Introduction 191 7.2 Flow Regimes 194 7.3 Column Geometry 202 7.3.1 Column Diameter 202 7.3.2 Unaerated Liquid Height 205 7.3.3 Aspect Ratio 206 7.4 Other Operating Conditions 207 7.4.1 Pressure 207 7.4.2 Temperature 210 7.4.3 Viscosity 212 7.4.4 Surface Tension and Additives 213 7.5 Gas Distributor Design 215 7.6 Correlations 221 7.7 Needed Bubble Column Research 226 7.8 Summary 227 8 AIRLIFT BIOREACTORS 243 8.1 Introduction 243 8.2 Circulation Regimes 247 8.3 Configuration 253 8.3.1 Bioreactor Height 255 8.3.2 Area Ratio 258 8.3.3 Gas Separator 261 8.3.4 Internal-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 266 8.3.5 External-Loop Airlift Bioreactor 268 8.4 Sparger Design 272 8.5 Correlations 277 8.6 Needed Research 280 8.7 Summary 284 9 FIXED BED BIOREACTORS 295 9.1 Introduction 295 9.2 Column Geometry and Components 299 9.3 Flow Regime 307 9.4 Liquid Properties 314 9.5 Packing Material 316 9.5.1 Random Packing 319 9.5.2 Structured Packing 321 9.6 Biological Considerations 324 9.7 Correlations 325 9.8 Needed Research 327 9.9 Summary 328 10 NOVEL BIOREACTORS 333 10.1 Introduction 333 10.2 Novel Bubble-Induced Flow Designs 333 10.3 Miniaturized Bioreactors 341 10.3.1 Microreactors 343 10.3.2 Nanoreactors 348 10.4 Membrane Reactor 349 10.5 Summary 353 11 FIGURES OF MERIT 355 12 CONCLUDING REMARKS 363 13 NOMENCLATURE 367 Abbreviations 375 Greek Symbols 377 Dimensionless numbers 379 14 BIBLIOGRAPHY 382
£85.45
John Wiley & Sons Inc BioCeramics with Clinical Applications
Book SynopsisThis publication offers a unique approach that links the materials science of bioceramics to clinical needs and applications.Providing a structured account of this highly active area of research, the book reviews the clinical applications in bone tissue engineering, bone regeneration, joint replacement, drug-delivery systems and biomimetism, this book is an ideal resource for materials scientists and engineers, as well as for clinicians.From the contents:Part I Introduction1. Bioceramics2. Biomimetics Part II Materials 3. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics4. Silica-based Ceramics: Glasses5. Silica-based Ceramics: Mesoporous Silica6. Alumina, Zirconia, and Other Non-oxide Inert Bioceramics7. Carbon-based Materials in Biomedicine Part III Material Shaping 8. Cements9. Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants10. Scaffold Designing Part IV Research on Future CeraTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xv Part I Introduction 1 1. Bioceramics 3 María Vallet-Regí 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Reactivity of the Bioceramics 4 1.3 First, Second, and Third Generations of Bioceramics 6 1.4 Multidisciplinary Field 7 1.5 Solutions for Bone Repairing 8 1.6 Biomedical Engineering 13 Recommended Reading 15 2. Biomimetics 17 María Vallet-Regí 2.1 Biomimetics 17 2.2 Formation of Hard Tissues 18 2.3 Biominerals versus Biomaterials 19 Recommended Reading 22 Part II Materials 23 3. Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics 25 Daniel Arcos 3.1 History of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 25 3.2 Generalities of Calcium Phosphates 26 3.3 In vivo Response of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics 28 3.4 Calcium Hydroxyapatite-Based Bioceramics 30 3.4.1 Stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite (HA) 31 3.4.2 Calcium Deficient Hydroxyapatites (CDHA) 37 3.4.3 Carbonated Hydroxyapatites (CHA) 39 3.4.4 Silicon-Substituted Hydroxyapatite (Si-HA) 40 3.4.5 Hydroxyapatites of Natural Origin 45 3.5 Tricalcium Phosphate-Based Bioceramics 50 3.5.1 -Tricalcium Phosphate (-TCP) 50 3.5.2 -Tricalcium Phosphate (-TCP) 53 3.6 Biphasic Calcium Phosphates (BCP) 55 3.6.1 Chemical and Structural Properties 55 3.6.2 Preparation Methods 56 3.6.3 Clinical Applications 56 3.7 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 57 3.7.1 General Properties and Scope of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 57 3.7.2 Preparation Methods of CaP Nanoparticles 58 3.7.3 Clinical Applications 60 3.8 Calcium Phosphate Advanced Biomaterials 60 3.8.1 Scaffolds for in situ Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering 60 3.8.2 Drug Delivery Systems 62 References 65 4. Silica-based Ceramics: Glasses 73 Antonio J. Salinas 4.1 Introduction 73 4.1.1 What Is a Glass? 73 4.1.2 Properties of Glasses 75 4.1.3 Structure of Glasses 75 4.1.4 Synthesis of Glasses 76 4.2 Glasses as Biomaterials 78 4.2.1 First Bioactive Glasses (BGs): Melt-Prepared Glasses (MPGs) 79 4.2.2 Other Bioactive MPGs 80 4.2.3 Bioactivity Index and Network Connectivity 80 4.2.4 Mechanism of Bioactivity 81 4.3 Increasing the Bioactivity of Glasses: New Methods of Synthesis 82 4.3.1 Sol–Gel Glasses (SGGs) 82 4.3.2 Composition, Texture, and Bioactivity of SSGs 84 4.3.3 Biocompatibility of SGGs 86 4.3.4 SGGs as Bioactivity Accelerators in Biphasic Materials 86 4.3.5 Template Glasses (TGs) Bioactive Glasses with Ordered Mesoporosity 88 4.3.6 Atomic Length Scale in BGs: How the Local Structure Affects Bioactivity 91 4.3.7 New Reformulation of Hench’s Mechanism for TGs 93 4.3.8 Including Therapeutic Inorganic Ions in the Glass Composition 94 4.4 Strengthening and Adding New Capabilities to Bioactive Glasses 95 4.4.1 Glass Ceramics (GCs) 95 4.4.2 Composites Containing Bioactive Glasses 97 4.4.3 Sol–Gel Organic–Inorganic Hybrids (O-IHs) 98 4.5 Non-silicate Glasses 99 4.5.1 Phosphate Glasses 99 4.5.2 Borate Glasses 100 4.6 Clinical Applications of Glasses 101 4.6.1 Bioactive Silica Glasses 101 4.6.2 Inert Silica Glasses 106 4.6.3 Phosphate Glasses 106 4.6.4 Borate Glasses 107 Recommended Reading 107 5. Silica-based Ceramics: Mesoporous Silica 109 Montserrat Colilla 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Discovery of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 110 5.3 Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 111 5.3.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis 112 5.3.2 Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly (EISA) Method 119 5.4 Mechanisms of Mesostructure Formation 119 5.5 Tuning the Structural Properties of Mesoporous Silicas 122 5.5.1 Micellar Mesostructure 123 5.5.2 Type of Mesoporous Structure 128 5.5.3 Mesopore Size 131 5.6 Structural Characterization of Mesoporous Silicas 132 5.7 Synthesis of Spherical Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 135 5.7.1 Aerosol-Assisted Synthesis 136 5.7.2 Modified Stöber Method 137 5.8 Organic Functionalization of Ordered Mesoporous Silicas 138 5.8.1 Post-synthesis Functionalization (“Grafting”) 139 5.8.2 Co-condensation (“One-Pot” Synthesis) 140 5.8.3 Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas 141 References 141 6. Alumina, Zirconia, and Other Non-oxide Inert Bioceramics 153 Juan Peña López 6.1 A Perspective on the Clinical Application of Alumina and Zirconia 153 6.1.1 Alumina 155 6.1.2 Zirconia 158 6.2 Novel Strategies Based on Alumina and Zirconia Ceramics 160 6.2.1 From Alumina Toughened Zirconia to Alumina Matrix Composite 160 6.2.2 Introduction of Different Species in Zirconia 161 6.2.3 Improvement of Surface Adhesion 162 6.3 Non-oxidized Ceramics 163 6.3.1 Silicon Nitride (Si3N4) 163 6.3.2 Silicon Carbide (SiC) 164 References 164 7. Carbon-based Materials in Biomedicine 175 Mercedes Vila 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Carbon Allotropes 175 7.2.1 Pyrolytic Carbon 176 7.2.2 Carbon Fibers 177 7.2.3 Fullerenes 177 7.2.4 Carbon Nanotubes 179 7.2.5 Graphene 181 7.2.6 Diamond and Amorphous Carbon 184 7.3 Carbon Compounds 186 7.3.1 Silicon Carbide 186 7.3.2 Boron Carbide 187 7.3.3 Tungsten Carbide 188 References 188 Part III Material Shaping 193 8. Cements 195 Oscar Castaño and Josep A. Planell Abbreviations 195 Glossary 196 8.1 Introduction 197 8.1.1 Brief History 197 8.1.2 Definition and Chemistry 199 8.1.3 Description of the Different CaP Cements 200 8.1.4 State of the Art 201 8.2 Calcium Phosphate Cements 206 8.2.1 Types 206 8.2.2 Mechanisms 206 8.2.3 Relevant Experimental Variables 207 8.2.4 Material Characterization 211 8.2.5 Reaction Evolution of Cements 220 8.2.6 Additives and Strategies to Enhance Properties 222 8.2.7 Biological Characterization and Bioactive Behavior 224 8.3 Applications 229 8.3.1 Bone Defect Repair 229 8.3.2 Drug Delivery Systems 232 8.4 Future Trends 232 8.5 Conclusions 233 References 234 9. Bioceramic Coatings for Medical Implants 249 M. Victoria Cabañas 9.1 Introduction 249 9.2 Methods to Modify the Surface of an Implant 250 9.2.1 Deposited Coatings 251 9.2.2 Conversion Coatings 257 9.3 Bioactive Ceramic Coatings 258 9.3.1 Clinical Applications 259 9.3.2 Calcium Phosphates-Based Coatings 260 9.3.3 Silica-based Coatings: Glass and Glass-Ceramics 268 9.3.4 Bioactive Ceramic Layer Formation on a Metallic Substrate 270 9.4 Bioinert Ceramic Coatings 272 9.4.1 Titanium Nitride and Zirconia Coatings 273 9.4.2 Carbon-based Coatings 275 References 279 10. Scaffold Designing 291 Isabel Izquierdo-Barba 10.1 Introduction 291 10.2 Essential Requirements for Bone Tissue Engineering Scaffolds 293 10.3 Scaffold Processing Techniques 296 10.3.1 Foam Scaffolds 297 10.3.2 Rapid Prototyping Scaffolds 301 10.3.3 Electrospinning Scaffolds 305 References 307 Part IV Research on Future Ceramics 315 11. Bone Biology and Regeneration 317 Soledad Pérez-Amodio and Elisabeth Engel 11.1 Introduction 317 11.2 The Skeleton 318 11.3 Bone Remodeling 320 11.4 Bone Cells 322 11.4.1 Bone Lining Cells 322 11.4.2 Osteoblasts 323 11.4.3 Osteocytes 323 11.4.4 Osteoclasts 324 11.5 Bone Extracellular Matrix 327 11.6 Bone Diseases 327 11.6.1 Osteoporosis 328 11.6.2 Paget’s Disease 329 11.6.3 Osteomalacia 329 11.6.4 Osteogenesis Imperfecta 329 11.7 Bone Mechanics 329 11.8 Bone Tissue Regeneration 333 11.8.1 Calcium Phosphate and Silica-based Bioceramics 333 11.8.2 Bioactive Glasses 334 11.8.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements 335 11.9 Conclusions 336 References 336 12. Ceramics for Drug Delivery 343 Miguel Manzano 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Drug Delivery 344 12.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphates 346 12.3.1 Drug Delivery from Hydroxyapatite 346 12.3.2 Drug Delivery from Tricalcium Phosphates 348 12.3.3 Drug Delivery from Calcium Phosphate Cements 348 12.4 Drug Delivery from Silica-based Ceramics 351 12.4.1 Drug Delivery from Glasses 351 12.4.2 Drug Delivery from Mesoporous Silica 355 12.5 Drug Delivery from Carbon Nanotubes 363 12.6 Drug Delivery from Ceramic Coatings 365 References 366 13. Ceramics for Gene Transfection 383 Blanca González 13.1 Gene Transfection 383 13.2 Gene Transfection Based on Nonviral Vectors 386 13.3 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Gene Transfection 388 13.3.1 Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles 391 13.3.2 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 393 13.3.3 Carbon Allotropes (Fullerenes, CNTs, Graphene Oxide) 397 13.3.4 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 403 References 410 14. Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 421 Alejandro Baeza 14.1 Delivery of Nanocarriers to Solid Tumors 421 14.1.1 Special Issues of Tumor Vasculature: Enhanced Permeation and Retention Effect (EPR) 422 14.1.2 Tumor Microenvironment 423 14.2 Ceramic Nanoparticle Pharmacokinetics in Cancer Treatment 424 14.2.1 Biodistribution and Excretion/Clearance Pathways 424 14.2.2 Toxicity of the Ceramic Nanoparticles 426 14.3 Cancer-targeted Therapy 428 14.3.1 Endocytic Mechanism of Targeted Drug Delivery 428 14.3.2 Specific Tumor Active Targeting 430 14.3.3 Angiogenesis-associated Active Targeting 432 14.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles for Cancer Treatment 434 14.4.1 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 434 14.4.2 Calcium Phosphates Nanoparticles 440 14.4.3 Carbon Allotropes 440 14.4.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Hyperthermia 442 14.5 Imaging and Theranostic Applications 443 References 446 Index 457
£89.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc Nano and Cell Mechanics
Book SynopsisResearch in nano and cell mechanics has received much attention from the scientific community as a result of society needs and government initiatives to accelerate developments in materials, manufacturing, electronics, medicine and healthcare, energy, and the environment. Engineers and scientists are currently engaging in increasingly complex scientific problems that require interdisciplinary approaches. In this regard, studies in this field draw from fundamentals in atomistic scale phenomena, biology, statistical and continuum mechanics, and multiscale modeling and experimentation. As a result, contributions in these areas are spread over a large number of specialized journals, which prompted the Editors to assemble this book. Nano and Cell Mechanics: Fundamentals and Frontiers brings together many of the new developments in the field for the first time, and covers fundamentals and frontiers in mechanics to accelerate developments in nano- and bio-technologies. Table of ContentsAbout the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Foreword xix Series Preface xxi Preface xxiii Part One BIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA 1 Cell–Receptor Interactions 3 David Lepzelter and Muhammad Zaman 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Mechanics of Integrins 4 1.3 Two-Dimensional Adhesion 7 1.4 Two-Dimensional Motility 9 1.5 Three-Dimensional Adhesion 11 1.6 Three-Dimensional Motility 12 1.7 Apoptosis and Survival Signaling 13 1.8 Cell Differentiation Signaling 13 1.9 Conclusions 14 References 15 2 Regulatory Mechanisms of Kinesin and Myosin Motor Proteins: Inspiration for Improved Control of Nanomachines 19 Sarah Rice 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Generalized Mechanism of Cytoskeletal Motors 19 2.3 Switch I: A Controller of Motor Protein and G Protein Activation 21 2.4 Calcium-Binding Regulators of Myosins and Kinesins 23 2.5 Phospho-Regulation of Kinesin and Myosin Motors 262.6 Cooperative Action of Kinesin and Myosin Motors as a “Regulator” 28 2.7 Conclusion 29 References 30 3 Neuromechanics: The Role of Tension in Neuronal Growth and Memory 35 Wylie W. Ahmed, Jagannathan Rajagopalan, Alireza Tofangchi, and Taher A. Saif 3.1 Introduction 35 3.1.1 What is a Neuron? 36 3.1.2 How Does a Neuron Function? 38 3.1.3 How Does a Neuron Grow? 40 3.2 Tension in Neuronal Growth 41 3.2.1 In Vitro Measurements of Tension in Neurons 41 3.2.2 In Vivo Measurements of Tension in Neurons 43 3.2.3 Role of Tension in Structural Development 45 3.3 Tension in Neuron Function 48 3.3.1 Tension Increases Neurotransmission 48 3.3.2 Tension Affects Vesicle Dynamics 48 3.4 Modeling the Mechanical Behavior of Axons 52 3.5 Outlook 58 References 58 Part Two NANOSCALE PHENOMENA 4 Fundamentals of Roughness-Induced Superhydrophobicity 65 Neelesh A. Patankar 4.1 Background and Motivation 65 4.2 Thermodynamic Analysis: Classical Problem (Hydrophobic to Superhydrophobic) 67 4.2.1 Problem Formulation 68 4.2.2 The Cassie–Baxter State 71 4.2.3 Predicting Transition from Cassie–Baxter to Wenzel State 73 4.2.4 The Apparent Contact Angle of the Drop 77 4.2.5 Modeling Hysteresis 79 4.3 Thermodynamic Analysis: Classical Problem (Hydrophilic to Superhydrophobic) 84 4.4 Thermodynamic Analysis: Vapor Stabilization 86 4.5 Applications and Future Challenges 90 Acknowledgments 91 References 91 5 Multiscale Experimental Mechanics of Hierarchical Carbon-Based Materials 95 Horacio D. Espinosa, Tobin Filleter, and Mohammad Naraghi 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Multiscale Experimental Tools 97 5.2.1 Revealing Atomic-Level Mechanics: In-Situ TEM Methods 98 5.2.2 Measuring Ultralow Forces: AFM Methods 101 5.2.3 Investigating Shear Interactions: In-Situ SEM/AFM Methods 102 5.2.4 Collective and Local Behavior: Micromechanical Testing Methods 103 5.3 Hierarchical Carbon-Based Materials 106 5.3.1 Weak Shear Interactions between Adjacent Graphitic Layers 106 5.3.2 Cross-linking Adjacent Graphitic Layers 110 5.3.3 Local Mechanical Properties of CNT/Graphene Composites 113 5.3.4 High Volume Fraction CNT Fibers and Composites 115 5.4 Concluding Remarks 120 References 123 6 Mechanics of Nanotwinned Hierarchical Metals 129 Xiaoyan Li and Huajian Gao 6.1 Introduction and Overview 129 6.1.1 Nanotwinned Materials 130 6.1.2 Numerical Modeling of Nanotwinned Metals 132 6.2 Microstructural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of Nanotwinned Materials 134 6.2.1 Structure of Coherent Twin Boundary 134 6.2.2 Microstructures of Nanotwinned Materials 135 6.2.3 Mechanical and Physical Properties of Nanotwinned Metals 137 6.3 Deformation Mechanisms in Nanotwinned Metals 145 6.3.1 Interaction between Dislocations and Twin Boundaries 146 6.3.2 Strengthening and Softening Mechanisms in Nanotwinned Metals 147 6.3.3 Fracture of Nanotwinned Copper 155 6.4 Concluding Remarks 156 References 157 7 Size-Dependent Strength in Single-Crystalline Metallic Nanostructures 163 Julia R. Greer 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Background 164 7.2.1 Experimental Foundation 164 7.2.2 Models 167 7.3 Sample Fabrication 170 7.3.1 FIB Approach 170 7.3.2 Directional Solidification and Etching 172 7.3.3 Templated Electroplating 173 7.3.4 Nanoimprinting 173 7.3.5 Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth 174 7.3.6 Nanowire Growth 175 7.4 Uniaxial Deformation Experiments 175 7.4.1 Nanoindenter-Based Systems (Ex Situ) 176 7.4.2 In-Situ Systems 176 7.5 Discussion and Outlook on Size-Dependent Strength in Single-Crystalline Metals 178 7.5.1 Cubic Crystals 178 7.5.2 Non-Cubic Single Crystals 183 7.6 Conclusions and Outlook 184 References 185 Part Three EXPERIMENTATION 8 In-Situ TEM Electromechanical Testing of Nanowires and Nanotubes 193 Horacio D. Espinosa, Rodrigo A. Bernal, and Tobin Filleter 8.1 Introduction 193 8.1.1 Relevance of Mechanical and Electromechanical Testing for One-Dimensional Nanostructures 194 8.1.2 Mechanical and Electromechanical Characterization of Nanostructures: The Need for In-Situ TEM 196 8.2 In-Situ TEM Experimental Methods 197 8.2.1 Overview of TEM Specimen Holders 199 8.2.2 Methods for Mechanical and Electromechanical Testing of Nanowires and Nanotubes 200 8.2.3 Sample Preparation for TEM of One-Dimensional Nanostructures 208 8.3 Capabilities of In-Situ TEM Applied to One-Dimensional Nanostructures 212 8.3.1 HRTEM 212 8.3.2 Diffraction 216 8.3.3 Analytical Techniques 217 8.3.4 In-Situ Specimen Modification 218 8.4 Summary and Outlook 220 Acknowledgments 221 References 221 9 Engineering Nano-Probes for Live-Cell Imaging of Gene Expression 227 Gang Bao, Brian Wile, and Andrew Tsourkas 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 Molecular Probes for RNA Detection 229 9.2.1 Fluorescent Linear Probes 229 9.2.2 Linear FRET Probes 232 9.2.3 Quenched Auto-ligation Probes 233 9.2.4 Molecular Beacons 234 9.2.5 Dual-FRET Molecular Beacons 236 9.2.6 Fluorescent Protein-Based Probes 237 9.3 Probe Design, Imaging, and Biological Issues 239 9.3.1 Specificity of Molecular Beacons 239 9.3.2 Fluorophores, Quenchers, and Signal-to-Background 241 9.3.3 Target Accessibility 242 9.4 Delivery of Molecular Beacons 244 9.4.1 Microinjection 245 9.4.2 Cationic Transfection Agents 245 9.4.3 Electroporation 245 9.4.4 Chemical Permeabilization 246 9.4.5 Cell-Penetrating Peptide 246 9.5 Engineering Challenges and Future Directions 248 Acknowledgments 249 References 249 10 Towards High-Throughput Cell Mechanics Assays for Research and Clinical Applications 255 David R. Myers, Daniel A. Fletcher, and Wilbur A. Lam 10.1 Cell Mechanics Overview 255 10.1.1 Cell Cytoskeleton and Cell-Sensing Overview 256 10.1.2 Forces Applied by Cells 259 10.1.3 Cell Responses to Force and Environment 260 10.1.4 General Principles of Combined Mechanical and Biological Measurements 261 10.2 Bulk Assays 262 10.2.1 Microfiltration 262 10.2.2 Rheometry 264 10.2.3 Ektacytometry 266 10.2.4 Parallel-Plate Flow Chambers 267 10.3 Single-Cell Techniques 268 10.3.1 Micropipette Aspiration 268 10.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 270 10.3.3 Microplate Stretcher 272 10.3.4 Optical Tweezers 273 10.4 Existing High-Throughput Cell Mechanical-Based Assays 274 10.4.1 Optical Stretchers 274 10.4.2 Traction Force Microscopy via Bead-Embedded Gels 275 10.4.3 Traction Force Microscopy via Micropost Arrays 275 10.4.4 Substrate Stretching Assays 277 10.4.5 Magnetic Twisting Cytometry 277 10.4.6 Microfluidic Pore and Deformation Assays 278 10.5 Cell Mechanical Properties and Diseases 280 References 284 11 Microfabricated Technologies for Cell Mechanics Studies 293 Sri Ram K. Vedula, Man C. Leong, and Chwee T. Lim 11.1 Introduction 293 11.2 Microfabrication Techniques 294 11.2.1 Photolithography and Soft Lithography 294 11.2.2 Microphotopatterning (μPP) 297 11.3 Applications to Cell Mechanics 298 11.3.1 Micropatterned Substrates 298 11.3.2 Micropillared Substrates 301 11.3.3 Microfluidic Devices 304 11.4 Conclusions 307 References 307 Part Four MODELING 12 Atomistic Reaction Pathway Sampling: The Nudged Elastic BandMethod and Nanomechanics Applications 313 Ting Zhu, Ju Li, and Sidney Yip 12.1 Introduction 313 12.1.1 Reaction Pathway Sampling in Nanomechanics 314 12.1.2 Extending the Time Scale in Atomistic Simulation 314 12.1.3 Transition-State Theory 315 12.2 The NEB Method for Stress-Driven Problems 315 12.2.1 The NEB method 315 12.2.2 The Free-End NEB Method 317 12.2.3 Stress-Dependent Activation Energy and Activation Volume 320 12.2.4 Activation Entropy and Meyer–Neldel Compensation Rule 322 12.3 Nanomechanics Case Studies 324 12.3.1 Crack Tip Dislocation Emission 324 12.3.2 Stress-Mediated Chemical Reactions 326 12.3.3 Bridging Modeling with Experiment 327 12.3.4 Temperature and Strain-Rate Dependence of Dislocation Nucleation 329 12.3.5 Size and Loading Effects on Fracture 330 12.4 A Perspective on Microstructure Evolution at Long Times 332 12.4.1 Sampling TSP Trajectories 333 12.4.2 Nanomechanics in Problems of Materials Ageing 334 References 336 13 Mechanics of Curvilinear Electronics 339 Shuodao Wang, Jianliang Xiao, Jizhou Song, Yonggang Huang, and John A. Rogers 13.1 Introduction 339 13.2 Deformation of Elastomeric Transfer Elements during Wrapping Processes 342 13.2.1 Strain Distribution in Stretched Elastomeric Transfer Elements 342 13.2.2 Deformed Shape of Elastomeric Transfer Elements 344 13.3 Buckling of Interconnect Bridges 347 13.4 Maximum Strain in the Circuit Mesh 351 13.5 Concluding Remarks 355 Acknowledgments 355 References 355 14 Single-Molecule Pulling: Phenomenology and Interpretation 359 Ignacio Franco, Mark A. Ratner, and George C. Schatz 14.1 Introduction 359 14.2 Force–Extension Behavior of Single Molecules 360 14.3 Single-Molecule Thermodynamics 364 14.3.1 Free Energy Profile of the Molecule Plus Cantilever 365 14.3.2 Extracting the Molecular Potential of Mean Force φ(ξ ) 366 14.3.3 Estimating Force–Extension Behavior from φ(ξ ) 369 14.4 Modeling Single-Molecule Pulling Using Molecular Dynamics 370 14.4.1 Basic Computational Setup 370 14.4.2 Modeling Strategies 371 14.4.3 Examples 373 14.5 Interpretation of Pulling Phenomenology 376 14.5.1 Basic Structure of the Molecular Potential of Mean Force 377 14.5.2 Mechanical Instability 378 14.5.3 Dynamical Bistability 381 14.6 Summary 384 Acknowledgments 385 References 385 15 Modeling and Simulation of Hierarchical Protein Materials 389 Tristan Giesa, Graham Bratzel, and Markus J. Buehler 15.1 Introduction 389 15.2 Computational and Theoretical Tools 391 15.2.1 Molecular Simulation from Chemistry Upwards 391 15.2.2 Mesoscale Methods for Modeling Larger Length and Time Scales 392 15.2.3 Mathematical Approaches to Biomateriomics 394 15.3 Case Studies 400 15.3.1 Atomistic and Mesoscale Protein Folding and Deformation in Spider Silk 400 15.3.2 Coarse-Grained Modeling of Actin Filaments 402 15.3.3 Category Theoretical Abstraction of a Protein Material and Analogy to an Office Network 403 15.4 Discussion and Conclusion 406 Acknowledgments 406 References 406 16 Geometric Models of Protein Secondary-Structure Formation 411 Hendrik Hansen-Goos and Seth Lichter 16.1 Introduction 411 16.2 Hydrophobic Effect 412 16.2.1 Variable Hydrogen-Bond Strength 415 16.3 Prior Numerical and Coarse-Grained Models 415 16.4 Geometry-Based Modeling: The Tube Model 416 16.4.1 Motivation 416 16.4.2 Impenetrable Tube Models 417 16.4.3 Including Finite-Sized Particles Surrounding the Protein 419 16.4.4 Models Using Real Protein Structure 421 16.5 Morphometric Approach to Solvation Effects 422 16.5.1 Hadwiger’s Theorem 422 16.5.2 Applications 424 16.6 Discussion, Conclusions, Future Work 429 16.6.1 Results 429 16.6.2 Discussion and Speculations 430 Acknowledgments 433 References 433 17 Multiscale Modeling for the Vascular Transport of Nanoparticles 437 Shaolie S. Hossain, Adrian M. Kopacz, Yongjie Zhang, Sei-Young Lee, Tae-Rin Lee, Mauro Ferrari, Thomas J.R. Hughes, Wing Kam Liu, and Paolo Decuzzi 17.1 Introduction 437 17.2 Modeling the Dynamics of NPs in the Macrocirculation 438 17.2.1 The 3D Reconstruction of the Patient-Specific Vasculature 439 17.2.2 Modeling the Vascular Flow and Wall Adhesion of NPs 440 17.2.3 Modeling NP Transport across the Arterial Wall and Drug Release 440 17.3 Modeling the NP Dynamics in the Microcirculation 448 17.3.1 Semi-analytical Models for the NP Transport 449 17.3.2 An IFEM for NP and Cell Transport 452 17.4 Conclusions 456 Acknowledgments 456 References 457 Index 461
£107.00
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Phytonutritional Improvement of Crops
Book SynopsisAn in-depth treatment of cutting-edge work being done internationally to develop new techniques in crop nutritional quality improvement Phytonutritional Improvement of Crops explores recent advances in biotechnological methods for the nutritional enrichment of food crops.Table of ContentsList of Contributors xv Foreword xxi 1 Important Plant-Based Phytonutrients 1Avik Basu, Saikat Kumar Basu, Ratnabali Sengupta, Muhammad Asif, Xianping Li, Yanshan Li, Arvind Hirani, Peiman Zandi, Muhammad Sajad, Francisco Solorio-Sánchez, Ambrose Obongo Mbuya, William Cetzal-Ix, Sonam Tashi, Tshitila Jongthap,Danapati Dhungyel and Mukhtar Ahmad List of Abbreviations 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health 3 1.3 Plants with Potential for Use as Nutraceutical Source and Functional Food Component 49 1.4 Nutraceutical Values of Fenugreek 49 1.4.1 Fenugreek Possesses the Following Medicinal Properties 50 1.5 Coloured Potatoes as Functional Food 51 1.6 Red Wine as Functional Food 54 1.7 Tea as Functional Food 54 1.8 Cereals as Nutraceuticals 55 1.9 Nutraceutical Properties of Wheat Bran and Germ 58 1.9.1 Wheat Bran 58 1.9.2 Wheat Germ 59 1.10 Barley and Oat as Nutraceuticals 59 1.11 Value-Added Products 59 1.12 Conclusion 61 Acknowledgements 61 References 61 2 Biotechnological Interventions for Improvement of Plant Nutritional Value: From Mechanisms to Applications 83 Rajan Katoch, Sunil Kumar Singh and Neelam Thakur 2.1 Introduction 83 2.2 Improvement of Food Nutrition 84 2.3 Improvement of Nutritional Value Through Crop Improvement 85 2.4 Identification of Genes With the Potential to Improve the Nutritional Quality 86 2.5 Genetic Engineering for the Introduction of Nutritionally Potential Genes 90 2.6 Nutritional Improvement Through Recent Biotechnological Advances 92 2.7 Production of Health Care Products 94 2.7.1 The Development of Oral Vaccines in Plant System 95 2.7.2 Advantages of Plant System in the Development of Oral Vaccines 96 2.7.3 Edible Vaccine against Hepatitis B Virus 98 2.8 Major Biotechnological Advances in Nutritional Improvement of Plants 99 2.9 Conclusion 100 References 100 3 Nutrient Biofortification of Staple Food Crops: Technologies, Products and Prospects 113Chavali Kameswara Rao and Seetharam Annadana 3.1 Introduction 113 3.2 The Concepts of Nutrition and Malnutrition 114 3.2.1 Nutrition, Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Balanced Diets 114 3.2.2 Hunger, Nutritional Security, Undernutrition and Malnutrition 116 3.2.3 The Metabolic Syndrome 116 3.3 Strategies to Enhance Nutrient Intake and Nutrient Content of Plant Foods 118 3.3.1 Interventions to Enhance Nutrient Intake 118 3.3.2 Technologies for Biofortification 119 3.3.3 Common Genetic Engineering Technologies 120 3.3.4 Alternative Genetic Engineering Technologies 122 3.3.5 Recent Genetic Engineering Technologies 123 3.3.6 Moral and Ethical Arguments Against Genetic Engineering Technologies 124 3.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Modification of Dietary Carbohydrates 125 3.4.1 The Carbohydrates 125 3.4.2 Modifying Levels of Components of Starch 128 3.4.3 Engineering Levels of Fructans 129 3.4.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement Dietary Fibre 130 3.5 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Proteins and Amino Acids 131 3.5.1 The Proteins and Amino Acids 131 3.5.2 Enhancement of Total Protein 132 3.5.3 Enhancement of Levels of Lysine 132 3.5.4 Enhancement of Levels of Methionine 133 3.5.5 Simultaneous Enhancement of levels Several Amino Acids 133 3.5.6 Artificial Storage Protein 133 3.5.7 Alternate Interventions 134 3.5.8 Non]Proteinogenic Amino Acids 135 3.6 Quantitative and Qualitative Enhancement of Fatty Acids in Oil Seed Crops 136 3.6.1 Lipids, Fats and Oils 136 3.6.2 Cholesterol 136 3.6.3 Characterisation of Fatty Acids, Dietary Fats and Oils 136 3.6.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Improvement of Oil Seed Crops 137 3.6.5 The New Shift in Fat Paradigm and Its Implications 140 3.7 Enhancement of Levels of Vitamins 141 3.7.1 The Vitamins 141 3.7.2 Retinoids (Vitamin A) 142 3.7.3 Folate (Vitamin B9) 145 3.7.4 Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 146 3.7.5 Tocopherols (Vitamin E) 147 3.7.6 Multi]vitamin Corn 148 3.8 Enhancement of Levels of Mineral Elements 148 3.8.1 Role of Mineral Elements in Human Health 148 3.8.2 Iron (Fe) 150 3.8.3 Zinc (Zn) 152 3.8.4 Calcium (Ca) 154 3.8.5 Selenium (Se) 155 3.8.6 Iodine (I) 156 3.8.7 Fluoride (Fl) 157 3.9 Enhancement of Antioxidants 157 3.9.1 The Antioxidants 157 3.9.2 Lycopene 158 3.9.3 Flavonoids 159 3.9.4 Carotenoids 159 3.9.5 Other Antioxidants 160 3.9.6 Thermal Stability of Antioxidants 160 3.10 Mitigation of Levels of Antinutritional Factors 160 3.10.1 The Antinutritional Factors 160 3.10.2 Phytate 160 3.10.3 Inhibitors of Digestive Enzymes 162 3.10.4 Reducing Levels of Allergens 162 3.10.5 Other Significant Antinutritional Factors 163 3.11 Conclusions and Recommendations 163 Acknowledgement 167 References 167 4 Applications of RNA-Interference and Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Nutritional Genomics in Crop Plants 185Subodh Kumar Sinha and Basavaprabhu L. Patil 4.1 Introduction 185 4.2 RNA Interference 186 4.2.1 RNAi in Modification of Primary Metabolism 186 4.2.2 RNAi for Modification of Secondary Metabolism 188 4.3 Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) for Biofortification 192 4.4 Conclusions 195 References 196 5 Strategies for Enhancing Phytonutrient Content in Plant-Based Foods 203Carla S. Santos, Noureddine Benkeblia and Marta W. Vasconcelos 5.1 Introduction 203 5.2 What are Phytonutrients? 204 5.3 Which Plant-Based Foods are the Best Known Sources of Phytonutrients? 205 5.4 How Can We Enhance Phytonutrients? 207 5.4.1 Conventional Breeding 207 5.4.2 Molecular Breeding 208 5.4.3 Metabolic Engineering and Genetic Modification 208 5.5 Phenotyping for Phytonutrients at Different Levels 210 5.5.1 Low Throughput Techniques 210 5.5.2 High]Throughput Techniques 213 5.6 The Future Ahead/Concluding Remarks 216 Acknowledgements 217 References 217 6 The Use of Genetic Engineering to Improve the Nutritional Profile of Traditional Plant Foods 233Marta R.M. Lima, Carla S. Santos and Marta W. Vasconcelos 6.1 Introduction 233 6.1.1 Nutrients in Plant Foods 233 6.1.2 Consequences of Malnutrition 235 6.1.3 Strategies to Overcome Malnutrition 235 6.2 What Are Genetically Engineered Crops? 236 6.2.1 Plant Genetic Transformation Technologies 236 6.2.2 Traditional Foods with Enhanced Nutritional Profiles: Case Studies 238 6.3 GM Plant Foods Under Approval for Commercial Utilisation 245 6.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Safety of GM Foods 247 Acknowledgements 248 References 248 7 Carotenoids: Biotechnological Improvements for Human Health and Sustainable Development 259George G. Khachatourians 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 Occurrence 260 7.3 Discovery and Early History 260 7.4 Carotenoids Use in Human Foods and Biotechnology 262 7.5 Use of Carotenoids in Animal Feed 264 7.6 Global Market Situation and Sustainability 264 7.7 Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Function in Plants 266 7.8 Conclusion and Perspectives 268 References 268 8 Progress in Enrichment and Metabolic Profiling of Diverse Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits: Importance of Hyphenated Techniques 271Bangalore Prabhashankar Arathi, Poorigali Raghavendra]Rao Sowmya, Kariyappa Vijay, Vallikannan Baskaran and Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana 8.1 Introduction 271 8.2 Trends in Biosynthesis of Carotenoids and their Profiling in Plants and Tropical Fruits 274 8.3 Biotechnological Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits 281 8.3.1 Conventional Approaches to Enrich Carotenoids in Tropical Fruits 283 8.3.2 Pre] and Post]Harvest Technology to Improve Carotenoids Contents in Tropical Fruits 283 8.4 Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids From Fruits and Their Products 285 8.5 Techniques to Characterise Carotenoids from Fruits 291 8.6 Conclusion 294 Acknowledgements 294 References 295 9 Improvement of Carotenoid Accumulation in Tomato Fruit 309Lihong Liu, Zhiyong Shao, Min Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Haoran Liu, Shuo Li, Yuanyuan Liu and Qiaomei Wang List of Abbreviations 309 9.1 Introduction 310 9.2 Metabolism of Carotenoid in Tomato 312 9.2.1 Biosynthesis of Carotenoid 312 9.2.2 Catabolism of Carotenoid 315 9.3 The Biosynthetic Capacities of the Plastid 316 9.4 Hormonal Regulatory Network of Carotenoid Metabolism 317 9.4.1 Ethylene 317 9.4.2 Jasmonates 318 9.4.3 Brassinosteroids 319 9.4.4 Abscisic acid 319 9.4.5 Gibberellin 320 9.4.6 Auxin 320 9.5 Environmental Regulation of Carotenoid Metabolism 320 9.5.1 Light 320 9.5.2 Temperature 322 9.5.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 322 9.5.4 Post]Harvest Regulation 322 9.6 Bioavailability of Carotenoid 322 9.7 Food Omics 324 Acknowledgements 324 References 327 10 Modern Biotechnologies and Phytonutritional Improvement of Grape and Wine 339Atanas Atanassov, Teodora Dzhambazova, Ivanka Kamenova, Ivan Tsvetkov, Vasil Georgiev, Ivayla Dincheva, Ilian Badjakov, Dasha Mihaylova, Miroslava Kakalova, Atanas Pavlov and Plamen Mollov 10.1 Grape Genomics 339 10.1.1 Identifying Genes Behind the Main Secondary Metabolites 340 10.1.2 Identifying Disease Resistance Genes in Vitis sp.—a New Level of Grapevine Breeding 341 10.2 Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) and Genomic Selection (GS) of Grapevine 342 10.3 Engineered Resistance to Viruses 343 10.4 Diagnosis of Grapevine Viruses 350 10.4.1 Biological Assays 350 10.4.2 Serological Assays 350 10.4.3 Molecular Assays 351 10.5 Phytonutritional Compounds with Biological Activity in Grape and Wine and Their Target Analyses 353 10.5.1 Biologically Active Substances Found in Grape and Wine 353 10.5.2 LC]MS and GC]MS Based Analysis and Metabolomics 358 10.5.3 NMR–Based Metabolomic Analysis of Grape and Wine 360 10.6 Wine Quality 361 10.6.1 What is the Particular Meaning We Imply to the Term ‘Quality of Wine’? 361 10.6.2 How is the Wine Quality Created? 362 10.7 Grapevine Genetic Resources] Prospects in Management and Sustainable Use 367 10.7.1 European Policy, Regulation and Coordination Initiatives 367 10.7.2 Vitis Grapevine Genebanks, Collections and Databases 368 10.7.3 European Scientific Achievements 369 References 370 11 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato 391 Noureddine Benkeblia 391 11.1 Introduction 391 11.2 Nutritional Qualities of Sweetpotato 393 11.3 Phytonutrient Improvements of Sweetpotato 396 10.3.1 Sweetpotato Improvement for β]Carotene 396 10.3.2 Sweetpotato Improvement for Anthocyanins and Phenolics 397 10.3.3 Other Nutrient Improvements 399 11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 399 Acknowledgements 400 References 400 12 Improvement of Glucosinolate in Cruciferous Crops 407Huiying Miao, Bo Sun, Yanting Zhao, Hongmei Qian, Congxi Cai, Jiaqi Chang, Mingdan Deng, Xin Zhang and Qiaomei Wang List of Abbreviations 407 12.1 Introduction 408 12.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown 408 12.2.1 Glucosinolate Breakdown Upon Tissue Damage 409 12.2.2 Glucosinolate Breakdown in Living Plant Cell 410 12.2.3 Glucosinolate Hydrolysis in Mammalian 411 12.3 Biological Functions of Glucosinolates and Their Hydrolysis Products 411 12.3.1 Anticarcinogenic Mechanism 411 12.3.2 Other Chemopeventive Effects 413 12.3.3 Adverse Effects 413 12.4 Glucosinolate Biosynthesis 414 12.4.1 Side-Chain Elongation 414 12.4.2 Formation of Core Glucosinolate Structure 414 12.4.3 Secondary Modifications 416 12.4.4 Regulators of Glucosinolate Biosynthetic Pathway 416 12.5 Metabolic Engineering of Glucosinolates in Brassica Crops 418 12.6 Glucosinolate Accumulation under Pre-Harvest and Post-Harvest Handlings 421 12.6.1 Effects of Light on Glucosinolate Accumulation 422 12.6.2 Chemical Regulation of Glucosinolate Accumulation 423 12.6.3 Glucosinolate Changes upon Post-Harvest Handlings 427 12.7 Conclusions and Future Prospects 432 Acknowledgements 433 References 433 13 Development of the Transgenic Rice Accumulating Flavonoids in Seed by Metabolic Engineering 451Yuko Ogo and Fumio Takaiwa 13.1 Introduction 451 13.2 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Biosynthetic Enzymes 454 13.3 Production of Flavonoids in Rice Seed by Ectopic Expression of the Transcription Factors 458 13.4 Characterisation of Flavonoids in Transgenic Rice Seed by LC–MS-based Metabolomics 460 13.5 Future Prospects 461 References 463 14 Nutrient Management for High Efficiency Sweetpotato Production 471Yong]Chun Zhang, Ji]Dong Wang, Yan]Xi Shi and Dai]Fu Ma 14.1 Patterns of Growth and Development and Nutrient Absorption in Sweetpotato 471 14.1.1 Area under Sweetpotato 471 14.1.2 Growth Characteristics 471 14.1.3 Nutrient Requirements 472 14.1.4 Factors Affecting Nutrient Absorption 472 14.2 Screening of High Efficient of Potassium Uptake and Utilised Genotypes 474 14.2.1 Potassium Deficiency 474 14.2.2 Potassium Use Efficiency and Utilisation Efficiency 476 14.2.3 Screening of High Uptake Efficiency Genotypes 476 14.2.4 Screening of High Use Efficiency Genotypes 478 14.3 Effect of Fertilisers 480 14.3.1 Effect of Nitrogen Application 480 14.3.2 Effect of Phosphorus Application 482 14.3.3 Effect of Potassium Application 482 14.3.4 Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Application on Yield 483 14.4 Balanced Fertiliser Management in Sweetpotato at Sishui, Shandong: A Case Study 483 14.4.1 General Description of Area 483 14.4.2 Major Steps Towards Balanced Application of Fertilisers 485 14.4.3 Establishment and Application of an Expert Consultation System 491 14.5 Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation (‘Fertigation’) 493 14.5.1 Effect of Supplying Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation on Sweetpotato 494 14.5.2 Input/output Ratio in Application of Fertilisers Through Drip Irrigation 495 Acknowledgements 495 References 495 Index 499
£159.55
John Wiley & Sons Inc Method of Lines PDE Analysis in Biomedical
Book SynopsisPresents the methodology and applications of ODE and PDE models within biomedical science and engineering With an emphasis on the method of lines (MOL) for partial differential equation (PDE) numerical integration, Method of Lines PDE Analysis in Biomedical Science and Engineering demonstrates the use of numerical methods for the computer solution of PDEs as applied to biomedical science and engineering (BMSE). Written by a well-known researcher in the field, the book provides an introduction to basic numerical methods for initial/boundary value PDEs before moving on to specific BMSE applications of PDEs. Featuring a straightforward approach, the book's chapters follow a consistent and comprehensive format. First, each chapter begins by presenting the model as an ordinary differential equation (ODE)/PDE system, including the initial and boundary conditions. Next, the programming of the model equations is introduced through a series of R routines that primarily implement MOL for PDETrade Review"This book demonstrates the use of numerical methods for the computer solution of partial differential equations (PDEs) as applied to biomedical science and engineering...The book is worth reading not only for mathematicians but also for, e.g., chemical engineers, medical researchers, clinicians, epidemiologists and statisticians." (Mathematical Reviews/MathSciNet June 2017)Table of ContentsPreface xiAbout the Companion Website xiii1 An Introduction to MOL Analysis of PDEs: Wave Front Resolution in Chromatography 11.1 1D 2-PDE model, 21.2 MOL routines, 71.2.1 Main program, 71.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 161.2.3 Subordinate routines, 201.3 Model output, single component chromatography, 211.3.1 FDs, step BC, 211.3.2 Flux limiters, step BC, 391.3.3 FDs, pulse BC, 481.3.4 Flux limiters, pulse BC, 501.4 Multi component model, 531.5 MOL routines, 541.5.1 Main program, 541.5.2 MOL/ODE routine, 621.6 Model output, multi component chromatography, 67References, 682 Wave Front Resolution in VEGF Angiogenesis 692.1 1D 2-PDE model, 702.2 MOL routines, 722.2.1 Main program, 722.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 812.2.3 Subordinate routines, 852.3 Model output, 862.3.1 Comparison of numerical and analytical solutions, 862.3.2 Effect of diffusion on the traveling-wave solution, 882.4 Conclusions, 88References, 893 Thermographic Tumor Location 913.1 2D, 1-PDE model, 923.2 MOL analysis, 943.2.1 ODE routine, 943.2.2 Main program, 1003.3 Model output, 1053.4 Summary and conclusions, 110References, 1114 Blood-Tissue Transport 1134.1 1D 2-PDE model, 1144.2 MOL routines, 1154.2.1 MOL/ODE routine, 1154.2.2 Main program, 1194.2.3 Bessel function routine, 1284.3 Model output, 1294.4 Model extensions, 1334.5 Conclusions and summary, 142References, 1435 Two-Fluid/Membrane Model 1455.1 2D, 3-PDE model, 1465.2 MOL analysis, 1475.2.1 MOL/ODE routine, 1485.2.2 Main program, 1535.3 Model output, 1605.4 Summary and conclusions, 1626 Liver Support Systems 1656.1 2-ODE patient model, 1666.2 Patient ODE model routines, 1676.2.1 Main program, 1676.2.2 ODE routine, 1726.3 Model output, 1746.4 8-PDE ALSS model, 1766.4.1 Membrane unit MU1, 1776.4.2 Adsorption unit AU1, 1776.4.3 Adsorption unit AU2, 1786.4.4 Membrane unit MU2, 1796.5 Patient-ALSS ODE/PDE model routines, 1806.5.1 Main program, 1806.5.2 ODE routine, 1886.6 Model output, 1956.7 Summary and conclusions, 196Appendix - Derivation of PDEs for Membrane and Adsorption Units, 200A.1 PDEs for Membrane Units, 200A.2 PDEs for Adsorption Units, 202References, 2037 Cross Diffusion Epidemiology Model 2057.1 2-PDE model, 2057.2 Model routines, 2077.2.1 Main program, 2077.2.2 ODE routine, 2157.3 Model output, 2187.3.1 ncase = 1, time-invariant solution, 2187.3.2 ncase = 2, transient solution, no cross diffusion, 2207.3.3 ncase = 3, transient solution with cross diffusion, 2227.4 Summary and conclusions, 224Reference, 2258 Oncolytic Virotherapy 2278.1 1D 4-PDE model, 2288.2 MOL routines, 2298.2.1 Main program, 2308.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 2408.2.3 Subordinate routine, 2458.3 Model output, 2468.4 Summary and conclusions, 273Reference, 2749 Tumor Cell Density in Glioblastomas 2759.1 1D PDE model, 2769.2 MOL routines, 2779.2.1 Main program, 2779.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 2869.3 Model output, 2899.3.1 Output for ncase = 1, linear, 2909.3.2 Output for ncase = 2, logistic, 2959.3.3 Output for ncase = 3, Gompertz, 2969.4 p-refinement error analysis, 2999.5 Summary and conclusions, 301References, 30110 MOL Analysis with a Variable Grid: Antigen-Antibody Binding Kinetics 30310.1 ODE/PDE model, 30310.2 MOL routines, 30610.2.1 Main program, 30610.2.2 MOL/ODE routine, 31410.3 Model output, 31810.3.1 Uniform grid, 31810.3.2 Variable grid, 32110.4 Summary and conclusions, 325Appendix: Variable Grid Analysis, 327A.1 Derivation of numerical differentiators, 327A.2 Testing of numerical differentiators, 331A.2.1 Differentiation matrix, 331A.2.2 Test functions, 332References, 340AppendicesAppendix A Derivation of Convection-Diffusion-ReactionPartial Differential Equations 341Appendix B Functions dss012, dss004, dss020, vanl 345Index 351
£94.95
John Wiley & Sons Inc Carbon Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Bioanalysis
Book SynopsisA comprehensive reference on biochemistry, bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapeutic applications of carbon nanomaterials Carbon nanomaterials have been widely applied for biomedical applications in the past few decades, because of their unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, and biological compatibility. This book provides background knowledge at the entry level into the biomedical applications of carbon nanomaterials, focusing on three applications: bioimaging, bioanalysis, and therapy. Carbon Nanomaterials for Bioimaging, Bioanalysis and Therapy begins with a general introduction to carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including a discussion about the pros and cons of various carbon nanomaterials for the respective therapeutic applications. It then goes on to cover fluorescence imaging; deep tissue imaging; photoacoustic imaging; pre-clinical/clinical bioimaging applications; carbon nanomaterial sensors for canceTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Series Preface xix Preface xxi Part I Basics of Carbon Nanomaterials 1 1 Introduction to Carbon Structures 3 Meng-Chih Su and Yuen Yung Hui 1.1 Carbon Age 3 1.2 Classification 4 1.3 Fullerene 4 1.4 Carbon Nanotubes 6 1.4.1 Structure 6 1.4.2 Electronics 8 1.5 Graphene 10 1.5.1 Structure 10 1.5.2 Electronics 11 1.6 Nanodiamonds and Carbon Dots 12 Acknowledgment 13 References 13 2 Using Polymers to Enhance the Carbon Nanomaterial Biointerface 15 Goutam Pramanik, Jitka Neburkova, Vaclav Vanek, Mona Jani, Marek Kindermann, and Petr Cigler 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Colloidal Stability of CNMs 16 2.3 Functionalization of CNMs with Polymers 18 2.3.1 Noncovalent Approaches 18 2.3.2 Covalent Approaches 18 2.4 Influence of Polymers on the Spectral Properties of CNMs 19 2.5 Functionalizing CNMs with Antifouling Polymers for Bioapplications 22 2.6 Functionalization of CNMs with Stimuli‐Responsive Polymers 26 2.6.1 Carbon Nanoparticles with Thermoresponsive Polymers 27 2.6.2 pH‐Responsive Carbon Nanoparticles 27 2.6.3 Redox‐Responsive Carbon Nanoparticles 28 2.6.4 Multi‐Responsive Carbon Nanoparticles 28 2.7 Functionalization of CNMs with Polymers for Delivery of Nucleic Acids 29 2.8 Outlook 32 Acknowledgments 34 References 34 3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Optical Bioimaging and Phototherapy 43 Haifeng Dong and Yu Cao 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Surface Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials 43 3.3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Optical Imaging 45 3.3.1 Intrinsic Fluorescence of Carbon Nanomaterials 45 3.3.2 Imaging Utilizing Intrinsic Fluorescence Features of Carbon Nanomaterials 46 3.3.3 Imaging with Fluorescently Labeled Carbon Nanomaterials 51 3.4 Carbon Nanomaterials for Phototherapies of Cancer 51 3.4.1 Photothermal Therapy 52 3.4.2 Photodynamic Therapy 53 3.5 Conclusions and Outlook 56 References 56 Part II Bioimaging and Bioanalysis 63 4 High‐Resolution and High‐Contrast Fluorescence Imaging with Carbon Nanomaterials for Preclinical and Clinical Applications 65 John Czerski and Susanta K. Sarkar 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Survey of Carbon Nanomaterials 66 4.2.1 Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 66 4.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 66 4.2.3 Graphene 69 4.2.4 Carbon Nanodots 69 4.3 Fluorescent Properties of FNDs and SWCNTs 69 4.3.1 FNDs 69 4.3.2 SWCNTs 71 4.4 Survey of High‐Resolution and High‐Contrast Imaging 71 4.4.1 General Considerations for Eventual Human Use 71 4.4.2 General Considerations for Achieving High‐Resolution and High‐Contrast Imaging 72 4.4.2.1 Photoacoustic Imaging (PAI) 72 4.4.2.2 X‐ray Computed Tomographic (CT) Imaging 73 4.4.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 73 4.4.2.4 Image Alignment and Drift Correction 74 4.4.3 Preclinical and Clinical Optical Imaging with CNMs 74 4.4.4 Optical Imaging in the Short‐Wavelength Window (~650–950 nm) 74 4.4.4.1 Optical Imaging beyond the Diffraction Limit 75 4.4.4.2 Selective Modulation of Emission 75 4.4.4.3 Time‐Gated Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging 77 4.4.5 Optical Imaging in the Long‐Wavelength Window (~950–1400 nm) 77 4.5 Conclusions 78 References 79 5 Carbon Nanomaterials for Deep‐Tissue Imaging in the NIR Spectral Window 87 Stefania Lettieri and Silvia Giordani 5.1 Introduction 87 5.1.1 Transparent Optical Windows in Biological Tissue 87 5.1.2 Near‐Infrared Imaging Materials 88 5.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for NIR Imaging 89 5.2.1 Biocompatibility of CNMs 90 5.2.2 Fluorescence of CNMs Probes 91 5.2.3 Covalent and Noncovalent Functionalization 91 5.2.4 CNMs as Bioimaging Platforms 91 5.2.4.1 Fullerene 91 5.2.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes 93 5.2.4.3 Graphene Derivatives 99 5.2.4.4 Carbon Dots 100 5.2.4.5 Carbon Nano-onions 102 5.2.4.6 Nanodiamonds 104 5.3 Conclusions and Outlook 105 Acknowledgments 106 References 106 6 Tracking Photoluminescent Carbon Nanomaterials in Biological Systems 115 Simon Haziza, Laurent Cognet, and François Treussart Chapter Summary 115 6.1 Introduction 115 6.2 Tracking Cells in Organisms with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 116 6.3 Monitoring Inter and Intra Cellular Dynamics with Fluorescent Nanodiamonds 120 6.4 Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: A Near‐Infrared Optical Probe of the Nanoscale Extracellular Space in Live Brain Tissue 127 6.5 Conclusion 131 References 132 7 Photoacoustic Imaging with Carbon Nanomaterials 139 Seunghyun Lee, Donghyun Lee, and Chulhong Kim Chapter Summary 139 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Photoacoustic Imaging Systems 140 7.2.1 Photoacoustic Microscopy 141 7.2.2 Photoacoustic Computed Tomography 142 7.3 Photoacoustic Application of Carbon Nanomaterials 145 7.3.1 Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Imaging Contrast Agents 146 7.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterials for Multimodal Photoacoustic Imaging 149 7.3.3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Photoacoustic Image‐Guided Therapy 156 7.3.4 Conclusions and Future Perspective 160 Acknowledgments 161 References 162 8 Carbon Nanomaterial Sensors for Cancer and Disease Diagnosis 167 Tran T. Tung, Kumud M. Tripathi, TaeYoung Kim, Melinda Krebsz, Tibor Pasinszki, and Dusan Losic 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Detection of VOC by Using Gas/Vapor Sensors for Cancer and Disease Diagnosis 169 8.2.1 Carbon Nanodots (CNDs) and Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) for VOC Sensors 171 8.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) for VOC Sensors 173 8.2.3 Graphene for VOC Sensors 176 8.3 Detection of Biomarkers Using Biosensors for Cancer and Disease Diagnosis 179 8.3.1 Carbon Nanodot‐ and Graphene Quantum Dot‐Based Biosensors for Disease Biomarkers Detection 179 8.3.2 Carbon Nanotube‐Based Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection 182 8.3.3 Carbon Nanotube‐Based Biosensors for Disease Biomarker Detection 186 8.3.4 Graphene‐Based Biosensors for Cancer Biomarker Detection 188 8.3.5 Graphene‐Based Biosensors for Disease Biomarker Detection 190 8.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 192 Acknowledgments 193 References 193 9 Recent Advances in Carbon Dots for Bioanalysis and the Future Perspectives 203 Jessica Fung Yee Fong, Yann Huey Ng, and Sing Muk Ng 9.1 Introduction 203 9.2 Fundamentals of CDs 205 9.2.1 Synthesis Approaches 205 9.2.2 Optical Properties 206 9.2.2.1 Absorbance and Photoluminescence (PL) 206 9.2.2.2 Quantum Yield (QY) 210 9.2.2.3 Photoluminescence Origins 210 9.2.2.4 Up‐Conversion Photoluminescence (UCPL) 211 9.2.2.5 Phosphorescence 212 9.2.3 Physical and Chemical Properties 213 9.2.4 Biosafety Assessments 214 9.3 Bioengineering of CDs for Bioanalysis 216 9.3.1 Functionalization Mechanism and Strategies 216 9.3.1.1 Chemical Functionalization 216 9.3.1.2 Doping 217 9.3.1.3 Coupling with Gold Nanoparticles 217 9.3.1.4 Fabrication onto Solid Polymeric Matrices 218 9.3.2 Biomolecules Grafted on CDs as Sensing Receptors 218 9.3.2.1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 218 9.3.2.2 Aptamers 219 9.3.2.3 Proteins/Peptides 219 9.3.2.4 Biopolymers 220 9.4 Bioanalysis Applications of CDs 221 9.4.1 Biosensing Mechanism/Transduction Schemes 221 9.4.1.1 Fluorescence 222 9.4.1.2 Chemiluminescence (CL) 223 9.4.1.3 Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) 224 9.4.1.4 Electrochemical 224 9.4.2 Uses of CDs in Bioanalysis 225 9.4.2.1 Heavy Metals/Elements 225 9.4.2.2 Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species (ROS/RNS) 226 9.4.2.3 Oligonucleotides 227 9.4.2.4 Small Molecules/Pharmaceutical Drugs/Natural Compounds 228 9.4.2.5 Proteins 230 9.4.2.6 Enzyme Activities and Inhibitor Screening 231 9.4.2.7 pH 232 9.4.2.8 Temperature 234 9.4.3 Solid‐State Sensing for Point‐of‐Care Diagnostic Kits 234 9.4.4 Bioimaging/Real‐Time Monitoring 236 9.4.5 Theranostics 238 9.5 Future Perspectives 240 9.5.1 Better Understanding of PL Mechanisms 240 9.5.2 Establishment of Systematic Synthesis Protocol 241 9.5.3 QY Improvement and Spectral Expansion to Longer Wavelength 241 9.5.4 Sensitivity Improvement for Solid‐State Sensing 242 9.6 Conclusions 242 References 242 Part III Therapy 265 10 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery 267 Naoki Komatsu 267 10.1 Introduction 267 10.2 Direct Fabrication of Graphene‐Based Composite with Photosensitizer for Cancer Phototherapy 268 10.2.1 Fabrication of Graphene‐Based Composite with Chlorin e6 (G‐Ce6) 268 10.2.2 Characterization of G‐Ce6 268 10.2.3 In vitro Evaluation of G‐Ce6 for Cancer Phototherapy 272 10.3 Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Platinum‐Based Drug for Cancer Chemotherapy 274 10.3.1 Synthesis of Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Platinum‐Based Drug and Targeting Peptide 274 10.3.2 Characterization of Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond and the Derivatives 276 10.3.3 In vitro Evaluation of Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Platinum‐Based Drug for Cancer Chemotherapy 279 10.4 Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Hybridized with DNA for Gene Therapy 280 10.4.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Conjugated with Basic Polypeptides 280 10.4.2 Characterization of Polyglycerol‐Functionalized Nanodiamond Hybridized with Plasmid DNA 280 10.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 283 Acknowledgments 285 References 285 11 Multifunctional Graphene‐Based Nanocomposites for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 289 Ayuob Aghanejad, Parinaz Abdollahiyan, Jaleh Barar, and Yadollah Omidi 11.1 Introduction 289 11.2 Multifunctional Graphene‐Based Composites for the Diagnosis/Therapy of Cancer 291 11.2.1 Metal‐Graphene Nanocomposites 292 11.2.1.1 Gold‐Graphene Composites 292 11.2.1.2 Magnetic Graphene Nanocomposites 294 11.2.2 Polymeric Graphene Nanocomposites 295 11.2.3 Graphene Biomaterials for MR Imaging 299 11.3 Multimodal Graphene‐Based Composites for the Radiotherapy of Cancer 300 11.4 Graphene‐Based Nanobiomaterials for Cancer Diagnosis 302 11.5 Conclusion 302 Acknowledgment 303 References 303 12 Carbon Nanomaterials for Photothermal Therapies 309 Jiantao Yu, Lingyan Yang, Junyan Yan, Wen‐Cheng Wang, Yi‐Chun Chen, Hung‐Hsiang Chen, and Chia‐Hua Lin 12.1 Introduction 309 12.2 GO for PTT 311 12.2.1 PTT‐Related Physical and Chemical Properties of GO 311 12.2.2 GO for in vitro PTT 312 12.2.3 GO for in vivo PTT 314 12.3 CNTs and CNHs for PTT 314 12.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of CNTs and CNHs Related to PTT 315 12.3.2 CNTs and CNHs for in vitro PTT 316 12.3.3 CNTs and CNHs for in vivo PTT 316 12.4 CDs and GDs for PTT 318 12.4.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of CDs and GDs Related to PTT 318 12.4.2 CDs and GDs for in vitro PTT 319 12.4.3 CDs and GDs for in vivo PTT 319 12.5 Fullerenes for PTT 320 12.5.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of Fullerenes Related to PTT 320 12.5.2 Fullerenes for in vitro PTT 320 12.5.3 Fullerenes for in vivo PTT 321 12.6 Carbon Nanomaterial‐Based Nanocomposites for PTT 321 12.6.1 GO‐Based Nanocomposites for PTT 322 12.6.2 CNT‐Based Nanocomposites for PTT 323 12.6.3 CD‐ and GD‐Based Nanocomposites for PTT 323 12.7 Carbon Nanomaterial‐Based Combined Therapy with PTT 324 12.7.1 Chemotherapy 324 12.7.2 RT 324 12.7.3 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 325 12.7.4 Gene Therapy 325 12.7.5 Immune Therapy 327 12.7.6 Theranostic Applications 328 12.8 Conclusions and Perspectives 329 References 330 Index 341
£125.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Cyanobacteria
Book SynopsisWritten by leading experts in the field, Cyanobacteria: An Economic Perspective is a comprehensive edited volume covering all areas of an important field and its application to energy, medicine and agriculture. Issues related to environment, food and energy have presented serious challenge to the stability of nation-states. Increasing global population, dwindling agriculture and industrial production, and inequitable distribution of resources and technologies have further aggravated the problem. The burden placed by increasing population on environment and especially on agricultural productivity is phenomenal. To provide food and fuel to such a massive population, it becomes imperative to find new ways and means to increase the production giving due consideration to biosphere's ability to regenerate resources and provide ecological services. Cyanobacteria are environment friendly resource for commercial production of active biochemicals, drugs and future energy Table of ContentsList of contributors ix Preface xiii About the editors xv Acknowledgements xvii About the book xix Introduction xxi Naveen K. Sharma, Ashwani K. Rai, and Lucas J. Stal About the companion website xxv PART I: BIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF CYANOBACTERIA 1 Chapter 1 Cyanobacteria: biology, ecology and evolution 3 Aharon Oren Chapter 2 Modern classification of cyanobacteria 21 Ji¢§r´©¥ Kom´arek PART II: ECOLOGICAL SERVICES RENDERED BY CYANOBACTERIA 41 Chapter 3 Ecological importance of cyanobacteria 43 Beatriz D´©¥ez and Karolina Ininbergs Chapter 4 Cyanobacteria and carbon sequestration 65 Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, and Maria Isabel Queiroz Chapter 5 Ecology of cyanobacteria on stone monuments, biodeterioration, and the conservation of cultural heritage 73 Nitin Keshari and Siba Prasad Adhikari PART III: CYANOBACTERIAL PRODUCTS 91 Chapter 6 Therapeutic applications of cyanobacteria with emphasis on their economics 93 Rathinam Raja, Shanmugam Hemaiswarya, Isabel S. Carvalho, and Venkatesan Ganesan Chapter 7 Spirulina: an example of cyanobacteria as nutraceuticals 103 Masayuki Ohmori and Shigeki Ehira Chapter 8 Ultraviolet photoprotective compounds from cyanobacteria in biomedical applications 119 Tanya Soule and Ferran Garcia-Pichel Chapter 9 Cyanobacteria as a ‘‘green’’ option for sustainable agriculture 145 Radha Prasanna, Anjuli Sood, Sachitra Kumar Ratha, and Pawan K. Singh Chapter 10 The economics of cyanobacteria-based biofuel production: challenges and opportunities 167 Naveen K. Sharma and Lucas J. Stal Chapter 11 Cyanobacterial cellulose synthesis in the light of the photanol concept 181 R. Milou Schuurmans, Hans C.P. Matthijs, Lucas J. Stal, and Klaas J. Hellingwerf Chapter 12 Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and their possible industrial applications 197 Giovanni Colica and Roberto De Philippis Chapter 13 Phycocyanins 209 Ruperto Bermejo Chapter 14 Cyanobacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates: an alternative source for plastics 227 Shilalipi Samantaray, Ranjana Bhati, and Nirupama Mallick PART IV: HARMFUL ASPECTS 245 Chapter 15 Costs of harmful blooms of freshwater cyanobacteria 247 David P. Hamilton, Susanna A. Wood, Daniel R. Dietrich, and Jonathan Puddick Chapter 16 Cyanotoxins 257 Jason N. Woodhouse, Melissa Rapadas, and Brett A. Neilan PART V: TOOLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PATENTS 269 Chapter 17 Photobioreactors for cyanobacterial culturing 271 A. Catarina Guedes, Nadpi G. Katkam, Jo˜ao Varela, and Francisco XavierMalcata Chapter 18 Commercial-scale culturing of cyanobacteria: an industrial experience 293 Hiroyuki Takenaka and Yuji Yamaguchi Chapter 19 Engineering cyanobacteria for industrial products 303 Timo H.J. Niedermeyer, Ekaterina Kuchmina, and Annegret Wilde Chapter 20 Cryopreservation of cyanobacteria 319 John G. Day Chapter 21 Patents on cyanobacteria and cyanobacterial products and uses 329 Michael A. Borowitzka Index 339
£113.95
Not Stated Engineering Capstone Design Project Planning Org
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£77.85
Not Stated AIDriven Smart Healthcare
£96.90
Gale, a Cengage Group Super Agers
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£41.32
Basic Books Life as We Made It: How 50,000 Years of Human
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£22.50
American Society for Microbiology Medical Biotechnology
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£85.50
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Glycobiology of the Immune Response, Volume 1253
Book SynopsisCarbohydrates are ubiquitous, essential molecules, as important as nucleic acids and proteins yet less well understood. Mounting data demonstrate that microbial and mammalian glycans and their protein-binding partners (lectins) play central roles in all innate and adaptive immune responses. Indeed, programmed remodeling of host glycans can modulate infection, autoimmunity, and cancer, while microbial glycoconjugates can serve as canonical innate receptor agonists that induce B cell and T cell activation. Glycobiology of the Immune Response explores the integration of state-of-the-art glycobiology and immunology to raise awareness of the multifaceted roles of glycans and lectins in the immune system NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.Trade Review“Glycobiology of the Immune Response explores the integration of state-of-the art glycobiology and immunology to raise awareness of the multifaceted roles of glycans and lectins in the immune system.” (European Journal of Immunology, 1 December 2012) Table of ContentsGlycobiology of immune responses 1 Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Yvette van Kooyk and Brian A. Cobb Multifarious roles of sialic acids in immunity 16 Ajit Varki and Pascal Gagneux Siglecs as sensors of self in innate and adaptive immune responses 37 James C. Paulson, Matthew S. Macauley and Norihito Kawasaki Interleukin-2, Interleukin-7, T cell-mediated autoimmunity, and N-glycosylation 49 Ari Grigorian, Haik Mkhikian and Michael Demetriou T cells modulate glycans on CD43 and CD45 during development and activation, signal regulation, and survival 58 Mary C. Clark and Linda G. Baum Interplay between carbohydrate and lipid in recognition of glycolipid antigens by natural killer T cells 68 Bo Pei, Jose Luis Vella, Dirk Zajonc and Mitchell Kronenberg Gelectins in acute and chronic inflammation 80 Fu-Tong Liu, Ri-Yao Yang and Daniel K. Hsu Mechanisms underlying in vivo polysaccharide-specific immunoglobulin responses to intact extracellular bacteria 92 Clifford M. Snapper CD33-related siglecs as potential modulators of inflammatory responses 102 Paul R. Crocker, Sarah J. McMillan and Hannah E. Richards Sulfated glycans control lymphocyte homing 112 Hiroto Kawashima and Minoru Fukuda Acute phase glycoproteins: bystanders or participants in carcinogenesis? 122 Eugene Dempsey and Pauline M. Rudd Glycans, galectins, and HIV-1 infection 133 Sachiko Sato, Michel Ouellet, Christian St-Pierre and Michel J. Tremblay An evolutionary perspective on C-type lectins in infection and immunity 149 Linda M. van den Berg, Sonja I. Gringhuis and Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeck Integrated approach toward the discovery of glycol-biomarkers of inflammation-related diseases 159 Takashi Angata, Reiko Fuijinawa, Ayako Kurimoto, Kazuki Nakajima, Masaki Kato, Shinji Takamatsu, Hiroaki Korekane, Cong-Xiao Gao, Kazuaki Ohtsubo, Shinobu Kitazume and Naoyuki Taniguchi Novel roles for the IgG Fc Glycan 170 Robert M. Anthony, Fredrik Wermeling and Jeffrey V. Ravetch The effect of galectins on leukocyte trafficking in inflammation: sweet or sour? 181 Dianne Cooper, Asif J. Iqbal, Beatrice R, Grittens, Carmela Cervone and Mauro Perretti Engineering cellular trafficking via glycosyltransferase-programmed stereosubstitution 193 Robert Sackstein The expanding role of α2-3 sialylation for leukocyte trafficking in vivo 201 Markus Sperandio Beyond glycoproteins as galectin counterreceptors: effector T cell growth control of tumors via ganglioside GM1 206 Robert W. Ledeen, Gusheng Wu, Sabine André, David Bleich, Guillementte Huet, Herbert Kaltner, Jürgen Kopitz and Hans-Joachim Gabius Online only Polarization of host immune responses by helminth-expressed glycans Donald Harn Jr., Smanla Tundup and Leena Srivastava Carbohydrate-recognition in the immune system: contributions of NGL-based microarrays to ligand discovery Ten Feizi Diversity in recognition of glycans by F-type lectins and galectins: molecular, structural, and biophysical aspects Gerardo R. Vasta, Hafiz Ahmed, Mario A. Bianchet, José A. Fernández-Robledo and L. Mario Amzel
£36.95
New York Academy of Sciences Animal Models: Their Value in Predicting Drug
Book SynopsisThe Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC) and the New York Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with Imperial College London and King's College London, sponsored the conference "Animal Models and Their Value in Predicting Drug Efficacy and Toxicity." The goal was to provide a neutral forum to critically examine and discuss the traditional role of pre-clinical animal models in drug discovery, and how these models most effectively contribute to translational medicine and therapeutic development. International, multi-disciplinary clinical and basic science investigators convened to discuss and identify changes needed to increase the predictive power of various models for drug efficacy and toxicity in humans, and ways in which to further refine, reduce, and replace animal models in biomedical research in areas such as metabolic and cardiovascular disease, inflammation, pain. Other topics discussed included new technologies in bioimaging, biosimulation, bioinformatics, the generation of genetically modified animals, phenotype screening, alternatives to rodent models, the use of embryonic stem cells, patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells, and humanized animal models. This volume presents a collection of short papers on some of the topics discussed at this important conference. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.
£50.50
North Atlantic Books,U.S. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge
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£13.46
