Biophysics Books

Book SynopsisCartilage injuries in children and adolescents are increasingly observed, with roughly 20% of knee injuries in adolescents requiring surgery. In the US alone, costs of osteoarthritis (OA) are in excess of $65 billion per year (both medical costs and lost wages). Comorbidities are common with OA and are also costly to manage. Articular cartilage's low friction and high capacity to bear load makes it critical in the movement of one bone against another, and its lack of a sustained natural healing response has necessitated a plethora of therapies. Tissue engineering is an emerging technology at the threshold of translation to clinical use. Replacement cartilage can be constructed in the laboratory to recapitulate the functional requirements of native tissues. This book outlines the biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of articular cartilage in both normal and pathological states, through development and aging. It also provides a historical perspective of past and current cartilage treatments and previous tissue engineering efforts. Methods and standards for evaluating the function of engineered tissues are discussed, and current cartilage products are presented with an analysis on the United States Food and Drug Administration regulatory pathways that products must follow to market. This book was written to serve as a reference for researchers seeking to learn about articular cartilage, for undergraduate and graduate level courses, and as a compendium of articular cartilage tissue engineering design criteria. Table of Contents: Hyaline Articular Cartilage / Cartilage Aging and Pathology / In Vitro / Bioreactors / Future DirectionsTable of ContentsHyaline Articular Cartilage.- Cartilage Aging and Pathology.- In Vitro.- Bioreactors.- Future Directions.

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Book SynopsisCombating neural degeneration from injury or disease is extremely difficult in the brain and spinal cord, i.e. central nervous system (CNS). Unlike the peripheral nerves, CNS neurons are bombarded by physical and chemical restrictions that prevent proper healing and restoration of function. The CNS is vital to bodily function, and loss of any part of it can severely and permanently alter a person's quality of life. Tissue engineering could offer much needed solutions to regenerate or replace damaged CNS tissue. This review will discuss current CNS tissue engineering approaches integrating scaffolds, cells and stimulation techniques. Hydrogels are commonly used CNS tissue engineering scaffolds to stimulate and enhance regeneration, but fiber meshes and other porous structures show specific utility depending on application. CNS relevant cell sources have focused on implantation of exogenous cells or stimulation of endogenous populations. Somatic cells of the CNS are rarely utilized for tissue engineering; however, glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) may be used to myelinate and protect spinal cord damage. Pluripotent and multipotent stem cells offer alternative cell sources due to continuing advancements in identification and differentiation of these cells. Finally, physical, chemical, and electrical guidance cues are extremely important to neural cells, serving important roles in development and adulthood. These guidance cues are being integrated into tissue engineering approaches. Of particular interest is the inclusion of cues to guide stem cells to differentiate into CNS cell types, as well to guide neuron targeting. This review should provide the reader with a broad understanding of CNS tissue engineering challenges and tactics, with the goal of fostering the future development of biologically inspired designs. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy of the CNS and Progression of Neurological Damage / Biomaterials for Scaffold Preparation / Cell Sources for CNS TE / Stimulation and Guidance / Concluding RemarksTable of ContentsIntroduction.- Anatomy of the CNS and Progression of Neurological Damage.- Biomaterials for Scaffold Preparation.- Cell Sources for CNS TE.- Stimulation and Guidance.- Concluding Remarks.

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Book SynopsisThis interdisciplinary book covers the fundamentals of optical whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities, light–matter interaction, and biomolecular structure with a focus on applications in biosensing. Novel biosensors based on the hybridization of WGM microcavities and localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) in metal nanoparticles have emerged as the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that boasts single molecule detection capability without the need for amplification and labeling of the analyte. The book provides an ample survey of the physical mechanisms of WGMs and LSPRs for detecting affinity, concentration, size, shape and orientation of biomarkers, while informing the reader about different classes of biomolecules, their optical properties and their importance in label-free clinical diagnostics.This expanded and updated second edition features a new chapter that introduces the reader to advanced in vivo biosensing techniques using WGM microcavities, looking at photothermal sensing, methods for trapping neutral atoms around WGM microcavities, and practical aspects of optoplasmonic sensing. The second Edition now provides a comprehensive introduction to the use of WGM microcavities in physical sensing which includes measurements with frequency combs, macro and micro (one atom) lasers, gyroscopes, optomechanical and parity-time-symmetric sensor devices.Chapter-end problems round out this comprehensive and fundamental textbook, inspiring a host of up-and-coming physicists, bioengineers, and medical professionals to make their own breakthroughs in this blossoming new field. This textbook can be used for both introductory and advanced courses about the modern optics of optical microcavities.Table of ContentsSensing with Light.- Surface Plasmon Resonance.- Whispering Gallery Modes in Optical Microcavities.- Applications of WGM Microcavities in Physics.- Single Molecule Sensing.- Fundamentals of Quantum Optics.- Molecular cavity QED.

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Book SynopsisThis book showcases the state of the art in the field of sensors and microsystems, revealing the impressive potential of novel methodologies and technologies. It covers a broad range of aspects, including: bio-, physical and chemical sensors, actuators, micro- and nano-structured materials, mechanisms of interaction and signal transduction, polymers and biomaterials, sensor electronics and instrumentation, analytical microsystems, recognition systems and signal analysis and sensor networks as well as manufacturing technologies, environmental, food, energy and biomedical applications. The contents reflect the outcomes of the activities of AISEM (Italian Association of Sensors and Microsystems) in 2021. Co-Edited by B. Andò, F. Baldini, G. Betta, D. Compagnone, S. Conoci, E. Comini, V. Ferrari, E. La Salandra, L. Lorenzelli, A.G. Mignani, G. Marrazza, G. Neri, P. Siciliano.

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Book SynopsisThis is an open access book. In honor of his 75th birthday, we reflect on the impact of the pioneering work of Alan Grodzinsky and his laboratory. This volume includes in-depth discussions of tissue electromechanics, mechanobiology and biomechanics, and matrix biology in addition to the latest advancements in understanding the pathogenesis, progression and treatment of osteoarthritis. Unique to this volume, we overview decades of groundbreaking research that set the stage for the latest efforts in the field, highlighting the legacy of one researcher and their trainees.Table of ContentsPreface (Brianne K. Connizzo, Lin Han, Robert L. Sah).- Scientific Impact.- Chapter 1. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes- Then and Now (Anna Plaas, Meghan Moran, John Sandy, Vincent Hascall).- Chapter 2. Understanding the Influence of Local Physical Stimuli on Chondrocyte Behavior (Byumsu Ki, Lawrence J. Bonassar).- Chapter 3. Multiscale In Silico Modeling of Cartilage Injuries (Rami K. Korhonen, Atte S.A. Eskelinen, Gustavo A. Orozco, Amir Esrafilian, Cristina Florea, and Petri Tanska).- Chapter 4. In Vitro Models and Proteomics in Osteoarthritis Research (Martin Rydén, Patrik Önnerfjord).- Chapter 5. Nanomechanics of Aggrecan: A New Perspective on Cartilage Biomechanics, Disease and Regeneration (Chao Wang, Elizabeth R. Kahle, Lin Han).- Chapter 6. Computational Modelling for Managing Pathways to Cartilage Failure (Saeed Miramini, David W. Smith, Bruce S. Gardiner, Lihai Zhang).- Chapter 7. Gene Delivery to Chondrocytes (Christopher V. Nagelli, Christopher H. Evans, Rodolfo E. De la Vega).- Chapter 8. Mechanical Articular Cartilage Injury Models and Their Relevance in Advancing Therapeutic Strategies (Bodo Kurz, Melanie L Hart, Bernd Rolauffs).- Chapter 9. Hip Osteoarthritis: Bench to Bedside Perspective (Young-Jo Kim).- Chapter 10. Harnessing Growth Factor Interactions to Optimize Articular Cartilage Repair (Stephen B. Trippel).- Personal Tributes.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book acts as a field-guide for human cells. The book’s unique structure first separates cells by what makes them distinctive, and then examines the essential “tools and parts” needed for both the cells’ specialized function, and also the basic mechanisms that are shared with most other cells. The chapters highlight interactions between multiple cell types, exploring areas such as immunology and cancer to exemplify the complex coordination of cells, as well as the manipulation of normal cell interactions. This book works as a companion reference for an academic text in cell and molecular science, and will be of general interest to anyone who wants to learn more about how cells work and interact. Table of ContentsI: Introduction II: Red Blood cells III: Stem cells IV: Hepatocytes V: Epithelial cells VI: Fibroblasts VII: Neurons VIII: Muscles IX: Endocrine cells X: White blood cells XI: Oocytes XII: Sperm cells XIII: Immune system XIV: Cancer XI: Conclusion

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Book Synopsis1 Modellierung in der Biomechanik 1.- 1.1 Die verschiedenen Perspektiven 2.- 1.1.1 Der technische Ansatz 2.- 1.1.2 Der klinische Ansatz 2.- 1.1.3 Die präklinischen Ansätze 2.- 1.2 Chancen und Herausforderungen 2.- 1.3 Statistische Analyse 3.- 1.3.1 Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen 4.- 1.3. 2 Hypothesentests 7.- 1.3.3 Korrelation zwischen Variablen 9.- 1.3.4 Regressionsmodellierung 10.- 1.3.5 Mittelwertdifferenztest 13.- 1.3.6 Studiendesign 14.- 1.4 Modelldefinition 16.- 1.5 Modellentwicklung und -prüfung 17.- 1.5.1 Sensitivitätsanalyse 17.- 1.5.3 Validierung 21.- 1.6 Fallstudie: Biomechanische Bruchrisikobewertung (BRRA) 21.- 1.6.1 Unzulänglichkeiten der derzeitigen AAA-Risikobewertung 21.- 1.6.2 Beabsichtigte Modellanwendung (IMA) 21.- 1.6.3 Versagenshypothese 22.- 1.6.4 Arbeitsablauf und Diagnoseinformationen 22.- 1.6.5 Wichtige Modellierungsannahmen 23.- 1.6.6 Klinische Validierung 24.- 1.7 Zusammenfassung und Schlussfolgerung 25.- Anhang: Biomechanik-Modellierung 27.- A.1 Definitionen und Terminologie in der Statistik 27.- 2 Das Kreislaufsystem 29.- 2.1 Physiologie 29.- 2.1.1 Gefäßsystem 29.- 2.1.2 Schlüsselkonzepte 31.- 2.1.3 Zellen im Gefäßsystem 32.- 2.1.4 Makrozirkulation 33.- 2.1.5 Lymphsystem 37.- 2.1.6 Mikrozirkulation 38.- 2.1.7 Hämodynamische Regulation 41.- 2.2 Mechanische Systemeigenschaften 42.- 2.2.1 Gefäßdruck 43. - 2.2.2 Gefäßfluss 44.- 2.2.3 Gefäßwiderstand 45.- 2.2.4 Transkapillarer Transport 45.- 2.3 Modellierung der Makrozirkulation 45.- 2.3.1 Windkessel (WK)-Modelle 46.- 2.3.2 Modellierung von Gefäßnetzwerken 57.- 2.4 Modellierung der Mikrozirkulation 63.- 2.4.1 Transkapillare Konzentrationsdifferenz 63.- 2.4.2 Filtration 65.- 2.5 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 70.- Anhang: Mathematische Vorüberlegungen 72.- A.1 Komplexe Zahlen 72.- A.2 Fourierreihen-Approximation 72.- Anhang: Grundelemente der Schaltung 73.- B.1 Widerstandselement 73.- B.2 Kondensatorelement 73.- B.3 Induktorelement 74.- Anhang: Transportmechanismen 74.- C.1 Diffusion 74.- C.2Advektion 75.- Anhang: Osmose 75.- D.1 Osmotischer Druck 75.- D.2 Transport durch semipermeable Membranen 76.- 3 Kontinuumsmechanik 77.- 3.1 Kinematik 78.- 3.1.1 Deformationsgradient 78.- 3.1.2 Multiplikative Zerlegung 79.- 3.1.3 Polare Zerlegung 79.- 3.1.4 Deformation des Linienelements 79.- 3.1.5 Deformation des Volumenelements 80.- 3.1.6 Deformation des Flächenelements 80.- 3.1. 7 Begriff der Dehnung 81.- 3.2 Begriff der Spannung 85.- 3.2.1 Cauchy-Spannungstheorem 86.- 3.2.2 Hauptspannungen 87.- 3.2.3 Isochore und Volumenspannung 89.- 3.2.4 Oktaederspannung und von-Mises-Spannung 89.- 3.2.5 Cauchy-Spannung in gedrehten Koordinaten 91.- 3.2.6 Erste Piola-Kirchhoff-Spannung 91.- 3.2.7 Zweite Piola-Kirchhoff-Spannung 92.- 3.2. 8 Auswirkung der Inkompressibilität des Materials auf den Spannungszustand 93.- 3.3. Materialzeitableitungen 94.- 3.3.1 Kinematische Variablen 94.- 3.3.2 Spannungsraten 95.- 3.3.3 Potenzkonjugierte Spannungs- und Dehnungsraten 96.- 3.4 Konstitutive Modellierung 97.- 3.4.1 Einige mechanische Eigenschaften von Materialien 97.- 3.4.2 Linear elastisches Material 100.- 3.4. 3 Hyperelastizität 102.- 3.4.4 Viskoelastizität 105.- 3.5 Gesetzmäßigkeiten 113.- 3.5.1 Massenbilanz 114.- 3.5.2 Bilanz des linearen Impulses 116.- 3.5.3 Maxwell-Transport und Lokalisierung 118.- 3.5.4 Thermodynamische Prinzipien 119.- 3.6 Allgemeine Prinzipien 125.- 3.6.1 Freikörper-Diagramm 125.- 3.6.2 Anfängliches Randwertproblem 126.- 3.6.3 Prinzip der virtuell.- 3.7 Schädigung und Versagen 129.- 3.7.1 Physikalische Konsequenzen 129.- 3.7.2 Dehnungslokalisierung 130.- 3.7.3 Lineare Bruchmechanik 132.- 3.7.4 J.- Integral 133.- 3.7.5 Kohäsionszonenmodellierung 133.- 3.8 Mehrphasige Kontinuumstheorien 134.- 3.8.1 Mischungstheorie 134.- 3.8.2 Poroelastizitätstheorie 134.- 3.9 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 135.- Anhang: Mathematische Präliminarien 136.- A.1 Laplace- und Fourier-Transformationen 136.- A.2 Matrixalgebra 136.- A.2.1 Spur einer Matrix 137.- A.2.2 Identitätsmatrix 137.- A.2.3 Determinante einer Matrix 137.- A.2.4 Inverse und orthogonale Matrix 138.- A.2.5 Lineare Vektortransformation 138.- A.2.6 Eigenwertproblem 138.- A.2.7 Beziehung zwischen der Spur und den Eigenwerten 139.- A.2 .8 Cayley-Hamilton-Theorem 139.- A.3 Vektoralgebra 140.- A.3.1 Grundlegende Vektoroperationen 140.- A.3.2 Koordinatentransformation 142.- A.4 Tensoralgebra 144.- A.4.1 Sphärischer Tensor 144.- A.4 .2 Tensoroperationen 145.- A.4.3 Invarianten von Tensoren zweiter Ordnung 145.- A.5 Vektor- und Tensorrechnung 146.- A.5.1 Lokale Änderungen von Feldvariablen 146.- A.5.2 Divergenzsatz 147.- Anhang: Einige nützliche Laplace- und Fourier-Transformationen 148.- B.1 Laplace-Transformationen 148.- B.2 Fourier-Transformationen 150.- Anhang: Einige nützliche Tensorrelationen 151.- 4 Leitende Gefäße 153.- 4.1 Histologie und Morphologie der Gefäßwand 154.- 4.1.1 Geschichteter Aufbau der Gefäßwand 154.- 4.1.2 Unterschiede zwischen Arterien und Venen 155.- 4.1. 3 Extrazelluläre Matrix (ECM) 156.- 4.1.4 Zellen 157.- 4.2 Mechanische Eigenschaften und experimentelle Beobachtungen 158.- 4.2.1 Aorta 160.- 4.2.2 Karotisarterie 161.- 4.2.3 Koronararterie 162.- 4.2.4 Iliaca 163.- 4.3 Gefäßerkrankungen 163.- 4.3.1 Diagnostische Untersuchungen 164.- 4.3.2 Atherosklerose 165.- 4.3.3 Biomechanische Faktoren bei Atherosklerose 167.- 4.3.4 Karotiserkrankung 169.- 4.3.5 Koronare Herzkrankheit 171.- 4.3.6 Aneurysmaerkrankung 172.- 4.4 Gefäßadaptation 174.- 4.5 Konstitutive Beschreibungen 175.- 4.5.1 Kapazität eines Gefäßsegmentes 176.- 4.5.2 Hyperelastizität für inkompressible Festkörper 177.- 4.5.3 Rein phänomenologische Beschreibungen 178.- 4.5.4 Histomechanische Beschreibungen 183.- 4.5.5 Allgemeine Theorie des faserigen Bindegewebes 185.- 4.5.6 Eigenspannung und Last.-freie Konfiguration 188.- 4.5.7 Viskoelastische Beschreibungen 189.- 4.5.8 Schädigungs- und Versagensbeschreibungen 191.- 4.5.9 Nicht-passive Gefäßwandeigenschaften 194.- 4.6 Identifikation von konstitutiven Parametern 194.- 4.6.1 Analytische Gefäßwandmodelle 197.- 4.6.2 Optimierungsproblem 199.- 4.7 Fallbeispiel:Wandspannungsanalyse der normalen und aneurysmatischen.- infrarenalen Aorta 205.- 4.7.1 Der Analysetyp 205.- 4.7.2 Einstellen der Randbedingungen - Dirichlet-Rand 205.- 4.7.3 Einstellen der Belastungsbedingungen - Neuman-Rand 205.- 4.7.4 Einstellen der Gefäßwandeigenschaften 206.- 4.7.5 Einstellen der Ausgabeoptionen 206.- 4.8 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 206.- Anhang:Protokoll der experimentellen Gefäßwandprüfung 208.- A.1 Gewebeentnahme und Probenvorbereitung 208.- A.2 Prüfprotokolldefinition und Datenaufzeichnung 208.- A.3 Erfasst.- x INHALT.- 5 Blutfluss 211.- 5.1 Zusammensetzung des Blutes 211.- 5.1.1 Erythrozyten (oder rote Blutkörperchen) 212.- 5.1.2 Leukozyten (oder weiße Blutkörperchen) 212.- 5.1.3 Thrombozyten (oder Blutplättchen) 213.- 5.1.4 Plasma 213.- 5.2 Kräfte, die auf Blutteilchen wirken 214.- 5.2.1 Luftwiderstand 214.- 5.2.2 Schwerkraft und Trägheitskräfte 214. - 5.2.3 Kräfte,die mit dem Flüssigkeitsdruck zusammenhängen 214.- 5.2.4 Kräfte, die mit der Flüssigkeitsgeschwindigkeit und der Schubspannung zusammenhängen 215.- 5.2.5 Kräfte, die durch Kollisionen entstehen 216.- 5.2.6 Chemische und elektrische Kräfte 216.- 5.2.7 Segregation von Blutpartikeln 218.- 5.3 Modellierung der Blutrheologie 218.- 5. 3.1 Änderung der Blutmikrostruktur mit der Scherrate 218.- 5.3.2 Modellierung verallgemeinerter Newtonscher Flüssigkeiten 219.- 5.3.3 Einphasen-Viskositätsmodelle für Blut 220.- 5.3.4 Zusammensetzungsbasierte Viskositätsmodelle für Blut 221.- 5.4 Blutschädigung 224.- 5.5 Beschreibung inkompressibler Strömungen 224. - 5.5.1 Energieerhaltung 224.- 5.5.2 Lineare Impulserhaltung 226.- 5.6 Blutströmungsphänomene 232.- 5.6.1 Laminare und turbulente Strömung 232.- 5.6.2 Grenzschichtströmung 233.- 5.6.3 Blutströmung durch kreisförmige Rohre 233.- 5.6.4 Mehrdimensionale Strömungsphänomene 234.- 5.7 Fallbeispiel:Wandschubspannungsanalyse der normalen und.- aneurysmatischen infrarenalen Aorta 236.- 5.7.1 Einstellen des Analysetyps 236.- 5.7.2 Einstellen der Randbedingungen -Dirichlet-Rand 236.- 5.7.3 Einstellen der Belastungsbedingungen -Neuman-Rand 237.- 5.7.4 Einstellen der rheologischen Eigenschaften des Blutes 237.- 5.7.5 Einstellen der Ausgabeoptionen 237.- 5.8 Zusammenfassung und Fazit 238.- Anhang:Mathematische Präliminarien 239.- 6 Die Gefäßwand, eine aktive Einheit 241.- 6.1 Vasoreaktivität 242.- 6.1.1 Struktur der kontraktilen SMC 242.- 6.1.2 Kontraktionsregulation der SMC 243.- 6.2 Arteriogenese 243.- 6.3 Angiogenese 244.- 6.4 Schädigung, Heilung und Versagen 244.- 6.5 Modellierungsrahmen 244.- 6.5.1 Offene Systemgesetze 245.- 6.5.2 Kinematik-basierte Wachstumsbeschreibung 246.- 6.5.3 Tensoriale Verteilung des Volumenwachstums 248.- 6.5.4 Homöostatisches Wachstum 249.- 6.5.5 Auf Umsatz basierende Wachstumsbeschreibung 252.- 6.5.6 Andere Formulierungen 256.- 6.5.7 Anwendungen von Wachstumsbeschreibungen 257.- 6.6 Fazit und Diskussion 258.- 6.7 Anwendungen 259.- 6.7.1 Zugversuch an der passiven und aktiven Gefäßwand 259.- 6.7.2 Biaxial belastetes Gefäßwandstück 260.- 6.7.3 Ringversuch an Gefäßsegmenten 262.- Referenzen 265.- Problemlösungen 287.- Index 373.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThe functional anatomy of human somatosensory cortex is of both scientific and clinical interest. Scientifically, it provides insights in information processing in the human brain. Clinically, it helps to avoid neurological deficits by sparing essential brain regions during neurosurgical procedures adjacent to central fissure. In the present study the functional organization of the human somatosensory cortex was investigated with electrophysiological techniques using a combined approach of cortical stimulations and somatosensory evoked responses on electrocorticography, scalp-EEG, and magnetoencephalography. The spatiotemporal structure of the evoked response was studiedwith biophysical modeling techniqueswhich allowed identification of the three-dimensional intracerebral location, time activity, and interaction of the neuronal sources activated following peripheral somatosensory stimulation. Furthermore, the somatotopic organization ofhand and lip somatosensory cortex was investigated. The relative value of invasive (cortical stimulations and electrocorticography) and non-invasive (scalp-EEGand magnetoencephalography) was assessed. The combined use ofscalp-EEG and magnetoencephalography was useful to increase non-invasive localization accuracy. I want to thank several people who significantly contributed in completion of the present work. Univ. -Prof Dr. Luder Deecke, Chairman of the Neurological University Clinic, Vienna, Austria, supported me throughout my career at the Neurological University Clinic in Vienna since 1985. Dr. William W Sutherling, Associate Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, who was my advisor during my stay from 1987-1989 at the Department ofNeurology, University of California, Los Angeles where most of the present work was done.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 1.1. Functional Anatomy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 1.1.1. Clinical Importance.- 1.1.2. Methods to Study Functional Anatomy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 1.1.2.1. Direct Cortical Stimulations.- 1.1.2.2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 1.1.2.3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Scalp-EEG.- 1.1.2.4. Somatosensory Evoked Fields on Magnetoencephalography.- 1.1.3. The Neuronal Sources of Somatosensory Evoked Responses.- 1.2. Somatotopy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 1.2.1. Current Concepts Concerning the Somatotopic Organization of Somatosensory Cortex.- 1.2.2. Clinical Importance.- 1.2.3. Methods to Study Somatotopy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 1.2.3.1. Direct Cortical Stimulations.- 1.2.3.2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 1.2.3.3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Scalp-EEG.- 1.2.3.4. Somatosensory Evoked Fields on Magnetoencephalography.- 2. General Methodology.- 2.1. Neurogenesis of ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 2.2. Biophysical Laws of EEG and MEG.- 2.2.1. Forward and Inverse Problem.- 2.2.2. Assumptions Concerning the Current Sources.- 2.2.3. Assumptions Concerning the Volume Conductor.- 2.2.4. Practical Outline of Dipole Modeling.- 2.3. Magnetoencephalography — Basic Concepts.- 2.3.1. Basic Principles of the Procedure.- 2.3.2. Instrumentation.- 2.3.3. Magnetic Shielding.- 2.3.4. Differences Between Scalp-EEG and MEG.- 2.4. Cortical Stimulations.- 2.4.1. Subdural Grid Electrodes.- 2.4.2. Stimulus Parameters.- 2.4.3. Neurophysiological Effects of Cortical Stimulations.- 2.4.4. General Testing Procedure.- 3. Spatiotemporal Modeling on ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 3.1. Motivation.- 3.2. Simulation Study.- 3.3. Basic Goals of Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 3.4. Principal Component Analysis.- 3.4.1. Introduction.- 3.4.2. Methods.- 3.5. Combination of Principal Component Analysis and Biophysical Modeling.- 3.6. Multiple Dipole Modeling.- 3.6.1. Introduction.- 3.6.2. Methods.- 3.6.2.1. Forward Problem.- 3.6.2.2. Inverse Problem.- 3.7. Practical Outline of Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 3.8. Spatiotemporal Modeling as Outlined on Two Typical Examples.- 3.8.1. Modeling of Somatosensory Evoked Magnetic Fields.- 3.8.2. Modeling of the Human Epileptic Spike Complex.- 3.9. Limitations of the Procedure.- 3.9.1. Limitations of Principal Component Analysis.- 3.9.2. Limitations of Multiple Dipole Modeling.- 4. Functional Anatomy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 4.1. Methods.- 4.1.1. Cortical Stimulations — Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 4.1.1.1. Patients.- 4.1.1.2. Cortical Stimulations.- 4.1.1.3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 4.1.1.4. Correlation of Neuroelectric and Anatomical Data.- 4.1.1.5. Data Analysis.- 4.1.2. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Scalp-EEG.- 4.1.2.1. Subjects and Procedures.- 4.1.2.2. Correlation of Neuroelectric and Anatomical Data.- 4.1.2.3. Data Analysis.- 4.1.3. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Fields on Magnetoencephalography.- 4.1.3.1. Subjects and Procedures.- 4.1.3.2. Correlation of Neuromagnetic and Anatomical Data.- 4.1.3.3. Data Analysis.- 4.2. Results.- 4.2.1. Cortical Stimulations — Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 4.2.1.1. Cortical Stimulations.- 4.2.1.2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials — Data.- 4.2.1.3. Number of Sources.- 4.2.1.4. Results of Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.2.1.5. Results of Selected Patients.- 4.2.2. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Scalp-EEG.- 4.2.2.1. Data.- 4.2.2.2. Number of Sources.- 4.2.2.3. Results of Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.2.2.4. Results of Selected Subjects.- 4.2.3. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Fields on Magnetoencephalography.- 4.2.3.1. Data.- 4.2.3.2. Number of Sources.- 4.2.3.3. Results of Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.2.3.4. Results of Selected Subjects.- 4.2.4. Comparison of ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 4.2.4.1. Comparison of the Raw Data for the Subjects as a Group.- 4.2.4.2. Comparison of Spatiotemporal Modeling for the Subjects as a Group.- 4.2.4.3. Comparison of ECoG and Scalp-EEG in a Selected Patient.- 4.2.4.4. Comparison of Scalp-EEG and MEG in a Selected Subject.- 4.3. Discussion.- 4.3.1. Cortical Stimulations — Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 4.3.1.1. Cortical Stimulations.- 4.3.1.2. Data.- 4.3.1.3. Source Localization Techniques.- 4.3.1.4. Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.3.1.5. The Neuronal Sources Underlying SEPs.- 4.3.1.6. Limitations of the Procedure.- 4.3.2. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Scalp-EEG.- 4.3.2.1. Data.- 4.3.2.2. Source Localization Techniques.- 4.3.2.3. Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.3.2.4. Neuronal Sources Underlying SEPs.- 4.3.2.5. Limitations of the Procedure.- 4.3.3. Median Nerve Somatosensory Evoked Fields on Magnetoencephalography.- 4.3.3.1. Data.- 4.3.3.2. Spatiotemporal Modeling.- 4.3.3.3. The Neuronal Sources Underlying SEFs.- 4.3.3.4. Functional Organization of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 4.3.4. Comparison of ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 4.3.4.1. Comparison of ECoG and Scalp-EEG.- 4.3.4.2. Comparison of Scalp-EEG and MEG.- 4.3.4.3. Localization Accuracy of Scalp-EEG and MEG.- 4.3.4.4. Additional Information Revealed by Scalp-EEG and MEG.- 4.3.5. Considerations Concerning the Model.- 4.3.5.1. The Dipole Concept.- 4.3.5.2. Spatiotemporal Modeling — Modeling Assumptions and Neurophysiological Considerations.- 4.3.5.3. Spatiotemporal Modeling—Mathematical and Computational Considerations.- 4.3.6. Neurogenesis of the Human Somatosensory Evoked Response.- 4.3.6.1. The Primary Evoked Response.- 4.3.6.2. Neurogenesis of the N20–P30 Component-Activity Attributed to Area 3b.- 4.3.6.3. Neurogenesis of the P25–N35 Component-Activity Attributed to Area 1.- 5. Somatotopy of Human Somatosensory Cortex.- 5.1. Methods.- 5.1.1. Somatotopy as Studied with Cortical Stimulations and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 5.1.1.1. Patients.- 5.1.1.2. Cortical Stimulations.- 5.1.1.3. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Recorded on Electrocorticography.- 5.1.1.4. Correlation of Neuroelectric and Anatomical Data.- 5.1.1.5. Data Analysis.- 5.1.2. Somatotopy as Studied on Scalp-EEG.- 5.1.2.1. Subjects and Procedures.- 5.1.2.2. Correlation of Neuroelectric and Anatomical Data.- 5.1.2.3. Data Analysis.- 5.1.3. Somatotopy as Studied on Magnetoencephalography.- 5.1.3.1. Subjects and Procedures.- 5.1.3.2. Correlation of Neuromagnetic and Anatomical Data.- 5.1.3.3. Data Analysis.- 5.2. Results.- 5.2.1. Somatotopy as Studied with Cortical Stimulations and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 5.2.1.1. Cortical Stimulations.- 5.2.1.2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials — Data.- 5.2.1.3. Isopotential Maps for Median and Ulnar Nerve SEPs.- 5.2.1.4. Isopotential Maps for Digit SEPs.- 5.2.1.5. Isopotential Maps for Lip SEPs.- 5.2.1.6. Cortical Hand and Digit Representation.- 5.2.1.7. Cortical Lip Representation in Relation to Hand Representation.- 5.2.2. Somatotopy as Studied on Scalp-EEG.- 5.2.2.1. Data.- 5.2.2.2. Isopotential Maps for Median and Ulnar Nerve SEPs.- 5.2.2.3. Isopotential Maps for Digit SEPs.- 5.2.2.4. Cortical Hand and Digit Representation.- 5.2.3. Somatotopy as Studied on Magnetoencephalography.- 5.2.3.1. Data.- 5.2.3.2. Isofield Maps for Median, Ulnar Nerve and Digit SEFs.- 5.2.3.3. Cortical Hand and Digit Representation.- 5.2.4. Comparison of ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 5.2.4.1. General Comparison.- 5.2.4.2. Comparison of Somatotopy on ECoG and Scalp-EEG in a Selected Patient.- 5.2.4.3. Comparison of Somatotopy on Scalp-EEG and MEG in Two Selected Subjects.- 5.3. Discussion.- 5.3.1. Somatotopy as Studied with Cortical Stimulations and Somatosensory Evoked Potentials on Electrocorticography.- 5.3.1.1. Cortical Stimulations.- 5.3.1.2. Somatosensory Evoked Potentials — Data.- 5.3.1.3. Isopotential Maps.- 5.3.1.4. Somatotopy of Human Hand Somatosensory Cortex 151 5.3.1.5. Neuronal Sources in Human Hand Somatosensory Cortex.- 5.3.1.6. Somatotopy and Neuronal Sources of Lip Somatosensory Cortex.- 5.3.2. Somatotopy as Studied on Scalp-EEG.- 5.3.2.1. Data.- 5.3.2.2. Isopotential Maps.- 5.3.2.3. Somatotopy of Human Hand Somatosensory Cortex 157 5.3.2.4. Neuronal Sources in Human Hand Somatosensory Cortex.- 5.3.3. Somatotopy as Studied on Magnetoencephalography.- 5.3.3.1. Data.- 5.3.3.2. Isofield Maps.- 5.3.3.3. Somatotopy of Human Hand Somatosensory Cortex 162 5.3.3.4. Neuronal Sources in Human Hand.- Somatosensory Cortex.- 5.3.4. Comparison of ECoG, Scalp-EEG, and MEG.- 6. Clinical Implications.- 7. Summary.- 8. List of Abbreviations.- 9. References.

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Book SynopsisThis book on mathematical modeling of biological processes includes a wide selection of biological topics that demonstrate the power of mathematics and computational codes in setting up biological processes with a rigorous and predictive framework. Topics include: enzyme dynamics, spread of disease, harvesting bacteria, competition among live species, neuronal oscillations, transport of neurofilaments in axon, cancer and cancer therapy, and granulomas. Complete with a description of the biological background and biological question that requires the use of mathematics, this book is developed for graduate students and advanced undergraduate students with only basic knowledge of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations; background in biology is not required. Students will gain knowledge on how to program with MATLAB without previous programming experience and how to use codes in order to test biological hypothesis.Trade Review“This is a course book on several topics from mathematical biology. … The book provides a short introduction to ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, bifurcation theory and numerical methods for dynamical systems. … The book is a valuable support for teaching mathematical modeling in life sciences to students with basic knowledge of ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations.” (Maria Vittoria Barbarossa, Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum, Vol. 81 (3-4), 2015)“Each section begins with a biological background and ends by a numerical implement of an according mathematical model. The student can freely use these tools for simulations. With this book, the student also will learn the basics of mathematical modeling with Matlab. The book can be used either for a semester course or as a basis for a one-year course.” (Fatima T. Adylova, zbMATH, Vol. 1302, 2015)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Chemical Kinetics and Enzyme Dynamics.- Ordinary Differential Equations.- Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases.- Chemostats and Competition Among Species.- Bifurcation Theory.- Neuronal Oscillations.- Conservation Laws.- Neurofilaments Transport in Axon.- Diffusion and Chemotaxis.- Cancer.- Cancer Therapy.- Granulomas.- Bibliography.- Answers to Problems.

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Book SynopsisThis volume describes the state-of-knowledge in the study of the relationships between mechanical loading states in tissues and common pathophysiologies related to increase in mass of adipose tissues and/or hyperglycemia which eventually lead to obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, metabolic inflammations, certain types of cancer and other related diseases.There appears to be an interaction between the loading states in tissues and cells and these chronic conditions, as well as with factors such as age, gender and genetics of the individual. Bioengineering has made key contributions to this research field in providing technologies for cell biomechanics experimentation, microscopy and image processing, tissue engineering and multi-scale, multi-physics computational modeling. Topics at the frontier of this field of study include: the continuous monitoring of cell growth, proliferation and differentiation in response to mechanical factors such as stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and mechanical loads transferred through the ECM; mechanically-activated signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms; effects of different loading regimes and mechanical environments on differentiation fates of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into myogenic and osteogenic versus adipogenic lineages; the interactions between nutrition and mechanotransduction; cell morphology, focal adhesion patterns and cytoskeletal remodeling changes in adipogenesis; activation of receptors related to diabetes by mechanical forces; brown and white adipose plasticity and its regulation by mechanical factors.Table of ContentsMechanical behavior and properties of adipose tissue.- Mathematical models of adipose tissue dynamics.- Mechanical stretching and signaling pathways in adipogenesis- Role of mechanical stimulations in directing mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis.- The vicious cycle of estrogen consumption and obesity: The role of mechanotransduction.- Extracellular matrix remodeling and mechanical stresses as modulators of adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation.- The Impact of Obesity and Weight Loss on Gait in Adults.- Excessive Weight Bearing Compromises Foot Structure and Function across the Lifespan.- Obesity, Osteoarthritis and Aging: The Biomechanical Links.- Impaired neutrophil mechanoregulation by fluid flow: A potential contributing factor for microvascular dysfunction in obesity.- Mechanotransduction and the myogenic response in diabetes.- Role of adipose cells in tumor microenvironment.

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Book SynopsisThis classic text has been used in over 20 countries by advanced undergraduate and beginning graduate students in biophysics, physiology, medical physics, neuroscience, and biomedical engineering. It bridges the gap between an introductory physics course and the application of physics to the life and biomedical sciences. Extensively revised and updated, the fifth edition incorporates new developments at the interface between physics and biomedicine. New coverage includes cyclotrons, photodynamic therapy, color vision, x-ray crystallography, the electron microscope, cochlear implants, deep brain stimulation, nanomedicine, and other topics highlighted in the National Research Council report BIO2010. As with the previous edition, the first half of the text is primarily biological physics, emphasizing the use of ideas from physics to understand biology and physiology, and the second half is primarily medical physics, describing the use of physics in medicine for diagnosis (mainly imaging) and therapy. Prior courses in physics and in calculus are assumed. Intermediate Physics for Medicine and Biology is also ideal for self study and as a reference for workers in medical and biological research. Over 850 problems test and enhance the student's understanding and provide additional biological examples. A solutions manual is available to instructors. Each chapter has an extensive list of references.Table of ContentsMechanics.- Exponential Growth and Decay.- Systems of Many Particles.- Transport in an Infinite Medium.- Transport Through Neutral Membranes.- Impulses in Nerve and Muscle Cells.- The Exterior Potential and the Electrocardiogram.- Biomagnetism.- Electricity and Magnetism at the Cellular Level.- Feedback and Control.- The Method of Least Squares and Signal Analysis.- Images.- Sound and Ultrasound.- Atoms and Light.- Interaction of Photons and Charged Particles with Matter.- Medical Use of X Rays.- Nuclear Physics and Nuclear Medicine.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- Appendices.- Plane and Solid Angles.- Vectors: Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration.- Properties of Exponents and Logarithms.- Taylor’s Series.- Some Integrals of Sines and Cosines.- Linear Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients.- Mean and Standard Deviation.- Binomial Probability Distribution.- Gaussian Probability Distribution.- Poisson Distribution.- Integrals Involving exp(-ax^2).- Spherical and Cylindrical Coordinates.- Joint Probability Distributions.- Partial Derivatives.- Fundamental Constants and Conversion Factors.

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Book SynopsisThis book comprehensively addresses the physics and engineering aspects of human physiology by using and building on first-year college physics and mathematics. Topics include the mechanics of the static body and the body in motion, the mechanical properties of the body, muscles in the body, the energetics of body metabolism, fluid flow in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the acoustics of sound waves in speaking and hearing, vision and the optics of the eye, the electrical properties of the body, and the basic engineering principles of feedback and control in regulating all aspects of function. The goal of this text is to clearly explain the physics issues concerning the human body, in part by developing and then using simple and subsequently more refined models of the macrophysics of the human body. Many chapters include a brief review of the underlying physics. There are problems at the end of each chapter; solutions to selected problems are also provided. This second edition enhances the treatments of the physics of motion, sports, and diseases and disorders, and integrates discussions of these topics as they appear throughout the book. Also, it briefly addresses physical measurements of and in the body, and offers a broader selection of problems, which, as in the first edition, are geared to a range of student levels. This text is geared to undergraduates interested in physics, medical applications of physics, quantitative physiology, medicine, and biomedical engineering.Table of ContentsPreface.- Terminology, the Standard Human, and Scaling.- Statics of the Body.- Motion.- Mechanical Properties of the Body.- Muscles.- Metabolism: Energy, Heat, Work, and Power of the Body.- Fluid Pressure, Fluid Flow in the Body, and Motion in Fluids.- Cardiovascular System.- Lungs and Breathing.- Sound, Speech, and Hearing.- Light, Eyes, and Vision.- Electrical and Magnetic Properties.- Feedback and Control.

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Book SynopsisThis text acquaints the reader on the biomechanics of injury to the human body caused by impact and the use of computer models to simulate impact events. It provides a basic understanding of the biomechanics of the injuries resulting from the impact to the head, neck, chest, abdomen, spine, pelvis and the lower extremities, including the foot and ankle. Other topics include side impact, car-pedestrian impact, effectiveness of automotive restraint systems and sports-related injuries. Featuring problems and PowerPoint slides for lectures, the volume is ideal for students in graduate programs in biomechanics, as well as practicing engineers, and researchers in the life sciences concerned with orthopedics. Trade Review“This is a broad survey featuring engineering mechanics and the relationship of this discipline to blunt trauma. … This book is most appropriate for mechanical engineers or those in other engineering disciplines. Trauma surgeons, neurosurgeons, and orthopedic surgeons may also be interested in this book.” (David J. Dries, Doody's Book Reviews, November, 2017)Table of ContentsChapter1. Introduction.- Chapter2. Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter3. Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter4. Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter5.Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter6. Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter7.Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter8.Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter9.Basics of the Biomechanics of Brain Injury.- Chapter10.Biomechanics of Facet Loading on the Lumbar Spine.- Chapter11.Biomechanics of Facet Loading on the Lumbar Spine.- Chapter12. Impact Biomechanics of the Abdomen.- Chapter13.Impact Biomechanics of the Abdomen.- Chapter14.Impact Biomechanics of the Lower Extremities.- Chapter15. Impact Biomechanics of the Foot.- Chapter16.Side Impact.- Chapter17.Side Impact.- Chapter18.Biomechanics of Automotive Safety Restraints.- Chapter19. Biomechanics of Sports Injuries.- Chapter20. Epilog.

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Book SynopsisDr. Smirnova's updated text is devoted to the theoretical studies of radiation effects on mammals. It summarizes 35 years of results the author obtained from analyzing dose rate equivalents for the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) and for Solar Particles Events (SPE). This edition also includes two new chapters on skin epidermal epithelium and risk assessment for myeloid leukemia, as well as extended revisions addressing the radiation effects on the blood-forming system. Mathematical models are used to explain the effects of both acute and chronic irradiation on the dynamics of vital body systems, like the hematopoietic system, the development of autoimmune diseases, and the mortality dynamics in homogeneous and nonhomogeneous mammalian populations. The proposed methodology of these studies, the models themselves, and the obtained results are of a great theoretical significance and can find wide practical use.Table of ContentsEffects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System.- Effects of Non-Uniform Acute Irradiation on the Blood-Forming System. - The Small Intestine as a Target for Radiation.- Radiation and Humoral Immunity.- Modeling of Autoimmune Processes.- Individual-Based Approach to Risk Assessment of Radiation-Induced Mortality.- Effects of Acute and Chronic Irradiation on Human Hematopoiesis. - Radiogenic Leukemia Risk Assessment. - Radiation and Skin. - Conclusions.- Index.

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The book bridges the gap between existing health physics textbooks and reference material needed by a practicing health physicist as the 21st century progresses. This material necessarily encompasses emerging radiation-generating technologies, advances in existing technology, and applications of existing technology to new areas. The book is written for advanced undergraduate and graduate science and engineering courses. It is also be a useful reference for scientists and engineers.

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Book SynopsisPhysik für Biologen - Kein trockener Stoff nur für die Prüfung! Eine Einführung in die Grundlagen der klassischen und modernen Physik sowie in die physikalischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten der Natur. Physik für Biologen - Die Grundlagen verstehen und die Wissenschaft vom Leben wird lebendig!Table of ContentsKlassische Physik.- Einführung.- Die Physik des Massenpunkts.- Die Physik des starren Körpers.- Die Physik des deformierbaren Körpers.- Die Physik der Flüssigkeiten.- Thermodynamik.- Mechanische Schwingungen und Wellen.- Das elektrische und das magnetische Feld.- Zeitlich veränderliche Felder.- Optik.- Moderne Physik.- Einführung.- Die spezielle Relativitätstheorie.- Die Quantelung des Lichts.- Materiewellen.- Atomphysik.- Kernphysik.- Quantenphysik der Vielteilchensysteme.- Molekülphysik.- Anhänge.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch bietet einen reichhaltig illustrierten und kompakten Überblick über die kausalen Zusammenhänge, die bei Bewegungsabläufen im Sport auftreten. Sie erlernen damit die Grundkenntnisse im Fach Biomechanik wie auch die wesentlichen biomechanischen Messverfahren und Methoden zur Datenerhebung und Datenauswertung. Dazu erhalten Sie einen umfassenden Einblick in die Strukturen sportlicher Bewegungen. Dabei steht ersten Bandes die Anwendung biomechanischer Analysen in der Leichtathletik im Mittelpunkt. Didaktisch ausgereift werden Ihnen anhand originaler Datenbeispiele von aktuellen Spitzenathleten die Möglichkeiten, die biomechanische Analysen zur Bewertung und Optimierung der sportlichen Technik bieten, anschaulich und gut verständlich erklärt. So können Sie sich optimal auf die Prüfung vorbereiten, dazulernen, nachschlagen oder sich einen Ein- und Überblick verschaffen. Dazu bietet eine Begleitwebseite Online-Zusatzmaterialien zur weiteren Veranschaulichung und Vertiefung. Zielgruppen: Studierende des Faches Sportwissenschaft (Lehramt, Bachelor und Master), besonders geeignet zum Studium und als Prüfungslektüre des Kernfaches Bewegungswissenschaft. Ebenso werden Athleten, Trainer und Leistungsdiagnostiker im leistungsorientierten Sport von diesem Werk profitieren. Das Buch bietet auch eine optimale und kompakte Wissenssammlung für Sportlehrer der gymnasialen Oberstufe (speziell für Neigungsfächer und Leistungskurse).Der Autor: Prof. Dr. Veit Wank ist Professor für Sportwissenschaft und Leiter des Lehrstuhls für Biomechanik, Bewegungs- und Trainingswissenschaft an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen. Seit 2007 ist er Sprecher der Sektion Biomechanik der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft (DVS). Nach Studien der Sportwissenschaft, Biologie und Physik an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena arbeitete er als wissenschaftlicher Assistent und in verschiedenen Sportarten als Praxisausbilder an den Universitäten Jena und Karlsruhe. Er war selbst über viele Jahre aktiver Leichtathlet.Table of ContentsEinführung in die Biomechanik der Sportarten.- Physikalische Grundlagen.- Biomechanische Messverfahren.- Gehen, Laufen, Sprint und Hürdenlauf.- Sprünge.- Würfe.

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Book SynopsisThis book treats essentials from neurophysiology (Hodgkin–Huxley equations, synaptic transmission, prototype networks of neurons) and related mathematical concepts (dimensionality reductions, equilibria, bifurcations, limit cycles and phase plane analysis). This is subsequently applied in a clinical context, focusing on EEG generation, ischaemia, epilepsy and neurostimulation. The book is based on a graduate course taught by clinicians and mathematicians at the Institute of Technical Medicine at the University of Twente. Throughout the text, the author presents examples of neurological disorders in relation to applied mathematics to assist in disclosing various fundamental properties of the clinical reality at hand. Exercises are provided at the end of each chapter; answers are included. Basic knowledge of calculus, linear algebra, differential equations and familiarity with MATLAB or Python is assumed. Also, students should have some understanding of essentials of (clinical) neurophysiology, although most concepts are summarized in the first chapters. The audience includes advanced undergraduate or graduate students in Biomedical Engineering, Technical Medicine and Biology. Applied mathematicians may find pleasure in learning about the neurophysiology and clinic essentials applications. In addition, clinicians with an interest in dynamics of neural networks may find this book useful, too.Trade Review“The book is for sure a valuable contribution to make understandable the concepts of neurophysiology, it’s connection to applied mathematics and the benefits of theoretical achievements for application to clinical problems.” (Claudia simionescu-Badea, zbMATH 1482.92005, 2022)Table of ContentsPart I Physiology of neurons and synapses: Electrophysiology of the Neuron.- Synapses.- Part II Dynamics: Dynamics in one-dimension.- Dynamics in two-dimensional systems.- Part III Networks: Prototype neural networks.- Part IV The electroencephalogram: Basics of the EEG.- Neural mass modeling of the EEG.- Part V Pathology: Hypoxia and neuronal function.- Seizures and Epilepsy.- Part VI Neurostimulation: Neurostimulation.- Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisDieses Lehrbuch zeichnet sich durch klare Strukturen, bewährte Didaktik und Übersichten zur Veranschaulichung komplexer Zusammenhänge aus. Zahlreiche Abbildungen aus der Technik und Berechnungsbeispiele aus dem Arbeitsumfeld des Ingenieurs vermitteln den Praxisbezug. Übungsaufgaben und deren ausführliche Lösungen ermöglichen es, physikalische Zusammenhänge rechnerisch zu erfassen und vertiefen ihr Verständnis. Dieses erfolgreiche Standardwerk erscheint in seiner 12. Auflage. Auf den Innenseiten des Einbands finden sich nun in übersichtlicher Zusammenstellung wichtige physikalische Naturkonstanten, eine Tabelle zur Umrechnung von Energieäquivalenten sowie eine Liste öfters anzutreffender, jedoch nicht mit dem SI konformer Maßeinheiten. Die Zielgruppen Das Lehrbuch wendet sich an Studierende der Natur- und Ingenieurwissenschaften sowie an Ingenieure in der Praxis, die eine kompakte Darstellung des physikalischen Wissens schätzen.Table of ContentsEinführung.- Mechanik.- Thermodynamik.- Elektrizität und Magnetismus.- Schwingungen und Wellen.- Optik.- Akustik.- Atom- und Kernphysik.- Festkörperphysik.- Spezielle Relativitätstheorie.- Anhang: Durchgerechnete Lösungen der Übungsaufgaben.

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Book SynopsisAprender las operaciones básicas matemáticas —suma, resta, multiplicación y división— es realmente sencillo y divertido con ayuda de los mayas, No hace falta memorizar tablas. Solo necesitas seguir tu intuición, usar los mismos puntos, rayas y caracoles que utilizaban los antiguos mayas y seguir las indicaciones y ejemplos que te proponemos con ayuda de los tableros que encontrarás dentro del libro. Verás que las matemáticas, además de divertidas, son fáciles de aprender y rápidas y de utilizar.

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Book SynopsisLas fracciones tienen muchos usos en la vida diaria, desde medir longitudes, capacidades y pesos, hasta comparar fracciones, encontrar fracciones equivalentes y realizar operaciones. Este libro trata de exponer todas las maneras posibles de enseñar el tema, acompañadas de actividades divertidas y juegos. El libro incluye un CD con ejercicios y soluciones; así como diez bandas de colores divididas en medios, tercios, cuartos, etcétera.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to cover a broad range of topics in statistical physics, including statistical mechanics (equilibrium and non-equilibrium), soft matter and fluid physics, for applications to biological phenomena at both cellular and macromolecular levels. It is intended to be a graduate level textbook, but can also be addressed to the interested senior level undergraduate. The book is written also for those involved in research on biological systems or soft matter based on physics, particularly on statistical physics.Typical statistical physics courses cover ideal gases (classical and quantum) and interacting units of simple structures. In contrast, even simple biological fluids are solutions of macromolecules, the structures of which are very complex. The goal of this book to fill this wide gap by providing appropriate content as well as by explaining the theoretical method that typifies good modeling, namely, the method of coarse-grained descriptions that extract the most salient features emerging at mesoscopic scales. The major topics covered in this book include thermodynamics, equilibrium statistical mechanics, soft matter physics of polymers and membranes, non-equilibrium statistical physics covering stochastic processes, transport phenomena and hydrodynamics. Generic methods and theories are described with detailed derivations, followed by applications and examples in biology. The book aims to help the readers build, systematically and coherently through basic principles, their own understanding of nonspecific concepts and theoretical methods, which they may be able to apply to a broader class of biological problems.Table of Contents1. Introduction : Biological Systems, and Physical ApproachesBring Physics to Life, Bring Life to Physics. Part A: Equilibrium Structures and Properties. 2. Basic Concepts of Relevant Thermodynamics. 2.1 The First Law and Thermodynamic Potentials. 2.2 The Second Law and Thermodynamic Variational Principles. 3. Basic Methods of Equilibrium Statistical Physics. 3.1 Boltzmann’s Entropy and Probability, Microcanonical Ensemble Theory. 3.2 Canonical Ensemble Theory. 3.3 The Gibbs Canonical Ensemble. 3.4 Grand Canonical Ensemble Theory. 4. Statistical Mechanics of Fluids and Solutions. 4.1 Phase-space Description of Fluids. 4.2 Fluids of Non-interacting Particles. 4.3 Fluids of Interacting Particles. 4.4 Extension to Solutions: Coarse-grained Descriptions. 5. The Coarse-grained Descriptions for Biological Complexes. 6. Water and Weak Electrostatic Interactions. 6.1 Thermodynamic Properties of Water. 6.2 The Interactions in Water. 6.3 Screened Coulomb Interaction. 7. Law of Chemical Forces: Transitions, Reactions and Self-assembly. 7.1 Law of Mass Action (LMA). 7.2 Self-Assembly. 8. Lattice and Ising Models. 8.1 Adsorption and Aggregation of Molecules. 8.2 Binary Mixtures. 8.3 1-D Ising Model and Applications. 9. Response, Fluctuations, Correlations, and Scatterings. 9.1 Linear Responses and Fluctuations: Fluctuation-Response Theorem. 9.2 Scatterings, Fluctuations, and Structures of Matter. 10. Mesoscopic model for Polymers: Flexible Chains. 10.1 Random Walk Model for a Flexible Chain. 10.2 A Flexible Chain under External Fields and Confinements. 10.3 Effects of Segmental Interactions. 10.4 Scaling Theory. 11. Mesoscopic model for Polymers: Semi-flexible Chain Model and Polyelectrolytes. 11.1 Worm-like chain model. 11.2 Fluctuations in nearly straight semi-flexible chains and the force-extension relation. 11.3 Polyelecrolytes. 12. Membranes and Elastic Surfaces. 12.1 Membrane Self-assembly and Transition. 12.2 Mesoscopic Model for Elastic Energies and Shapes. 12.3 Effects of Thermal Undulations. Part B: Non-equilibrium Phenomena. 13.Brownian Motions. 13.1 Brownian Motion/Diffusion Equation Theory. 13.2 Diffusive Transport in Cells. 13.3 Brownian Motion/Langevin Equation Theory. 14. Stochastic Processes, Markov Chains and Master Equations. 14.1 Markov Processes. 14.2 Master Equation. 15. Theory of Markov Processes & The Fokker-Planck Equations. 15.1 Fokker-Planck Equation (FPE). 15.2 The Langevin and Fokker-Planck Equations from Phenomenology and Effective Hamiltonian. 15.3 Solutions of Fokker-Planck Equations, Transition Probabilities and Correlation Functions. 16. The Mean-First Passage Times and Barrier Crossing Rates. 16.1 First Passage Time and Applications. 16.2 Rate Theory: Flux-over Population Method. 17. Dynamic Linear Responses and Time Correlation Functions. 17.1 Time-dependent Linear Response Theory. 17.2 Applications of the Fluctuation–dissipation Theorem. 18. Noise-induced Resonances: Stochastic Resonance and Resonant Activation, and Stochastic Ratchet. 18.1 Stochastic Resonance. 18.2 Resonant Activation (RA) and Stochastic Ratchet. 18.3 Stochastic ratchet. 19. Transport Phenomena and Fluid Dynamics. 19.1 Hydrodynamic Transport Equations. 19.2 Dynamics of Viscous Flow. 20. Dynamics of Polymers and Membranes in Fluids. 20.1 Dynamics of Flexible Polymers. 20.2 Dynamics of a Semiflexible Chain. 20.3 Dynamics of Membrane Undulation. 20.4 A Unified View. 21. Epilogue.

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Book SynopsisEl autor muestra cómo la práctica del zen puede arrojar luz sobre los evangelios de Jesús y ayudar a que uno viva de manera más alegre y compasiva. La compasión de Buda y el amor de Cristo tienen mucho en común y el camino que propone el budismo zen puede acercarnos a una experiencia más plena de Dios, de nosotros mismos y de nuestro entorno.

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Book SynopsisBiophoton emission now belongs to a topical field of modern science: It concerns a weak light emision from biological systems. Such molecular events are clearly compatible with collective phenomena as shown by recent developments in the life sciences such as the chaos theory. This book is concerned with the “optical window” of biological interactions and in view of their correlations to many biological functions they provide a powerful, non-invasive tool of analysing biological systems. Topics include food science, pollution, efficacy of drugs including the treatment of cancer and immune diseases, and communication phenomena such as consciousness.The collection of articles in this book covers the historical background, the physics of biophoton emission, those biological phenomena which show evidence of a “holistic” character, and finally discusses applications and biological evolution. This volume serves to bring researchers up-to-date on the subject and draws attention to the many exciting findings that are widely scattered in the scientific literature.Table of ContentsMitogenetic radiation (ultraweak ultraviolet luminescence of biological systems) as an evidence of non-equilibrial properties of a living matter, A.A. Gurwitsch; can the vitalistic entelechia principle be a working instrument?, M. Lipkind; some essential problems of biophoton research and probable answers, F.A. Popp; quantum theory of biophoton emission, Q. Gu; experimental evidence of ultraweak photon emission from normal and tumour tissues, F. Musumeci et al; biophoton re-emission studies in carcinogenic mouse melanoma cells, H. Niggli; ultraweak luminescence studies of microsporogenesis in larch, B.W. Chwirot; population density dependence of biophoton emission from daphnia, M. Galle; nonlinear rescattering of biophotons from cress seeds, R. Neurohr; biophoton measurement as a supplement to the hitherto consideration of food quality, K. Lambing; and others.

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Book SynopsisMany biological phenomena are especially interesting from a physical point of view, and recent developments have made it possible to perform quantitative, 'physics-style' experiments on many different biological systems. In this volume, composed largely of lectures at a summer workshop for students in 1991, many of those emerging problems in biophysics are surveyed, with emphasis on the confrontation between theory and experiment. The topics range from the structure and dynamics of individual biological molecules to the computational strategies of the nervous system.Table of ContentsCould information theory provide an ecological theory of sensory processing?, J. Atick; collective mode lifetimes and effects in bacteriorhodopsin, M. Hong and R. Austin; optimal real-time signal processing in the nervous system, W. Bialek; statistical mechanics and protein folding, H.S. Chan; physical contraints and optimal signal processing in a single cell organism, L. Kruglyak; the first picosecond vision - Raman studies of rhodopsin dynamics, G.R. Loppnow; finding electron transfer pathways, J.J. Reagan and J.N. Onuchic; time-frequency transforms and images of targets in the sonar of bats, J.A. Simmons.

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Book SynopsisHigh dilution effects constitute a major problem on the frontier of biophysics. The reported effects on simple and complex biological systems range from in vitro and in vivo models to cellular metabolism regulation, the immune system, the nervous system, intoxicated organs and organisms, and developmental models. The physical properties of high dilutions have been considered, such as the organization properties of water molecules in the presence and after the presence of solute molecules, the energy characteristics of empty and full water clusters, and their dynamical interactions with proteins. Among the mechanisms responsible for the high dilution effects, a non-molecular transfer of information has been hypothesized.Table of ContentsIntroductory lecture: Basic research on high dilution effects, M. Bastide. Biophysical aspects: Hormesis, M. Oberbaum; Effects of metal high dilutions on cells and integrated systems, J. Cambar et al; Coherence in biological systems and water, C.W. Smith. Clinical evidences: High dilutions as a tool of immunomodulation, M. Bastide; Supersensitivity of the rat lens in a critical period of the development, K. Muranov; Use of high-diluted drugs for dream recall in psychotherapy, S. Sportiello. Structure and communication: Structure-function properties of water clusters in proteins, D. Arad; Experimental detection of the existence of structures in high dilutions, G.S. Anagnostatos; Pharmacological frequency transfer on animal and vegetal model, C. Vinattieri et al. (Part contents).

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Book SynopsisThis book offers comprehensive information on all aspects of ELISA, starting with the fundamentals of the immune system. It also reviews the history of analytical assays prior to the advent of ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and addresses the materials of choice for the fabrication of the platforms, possible biomolecular interactions, different protocols, and evaluation parameters. The book guides readers through the respective steps of the analytical assay, while also familiarizing them with the possible sources of error in the assay. It offers detailed insights into the immobilization techniques used for protein attachment, as well as methods for evaluating the assay and calculating the key parameters, such as sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and limit of detection. In addition, the book explores the advantages and shortcomings of the conventional ELISA, as well as various approaches to improving its performance. In this regard, merging and integrating other technologies with widely known ELISAs have opened new avenues for the advancement of this immunoassay. Accordingly, the book provides cutting-edge information on integrated platforms such as ELISpot, plasmonic ELISAs, sphere-/bead-based ELISAs, paper-/fiber-based ELISAs and ELISA in micro-devices. Table of Contents1 Fundamentals of ELISA: from the evolution of the immunoassays until invention of ELISAAbstract1. 1 Evolution of the immunoassays until invention of ELISA 1.1.1 Side chain theory1.1.2 Antigen-antibody binding theory1.1.3 Discovery of antibody structure1.1.4 Invention of RIA1.1.5 Invention and development of ELISA1.2 Principles of the immune system1.2.1 Antibody production in human body1.2.2 Categories of antibodies1.2.3 Antigen-antibody coupling1.2.4 Specificity of the antigen-antibody coupling1.3 Biomolecular interactions between antibody and antigen1.3.1 Hydrogen bonding1.3.2 Hydrophobic interaction1.3.3 Ionic attraction1.3.4 Van der Waals forces1.3.4.1 London dispersion1.3.4.2 Dipole-dipole interaction1.3.4.3 Ion-dipole forceReferences 2 General overview on applications of ELISAAbstract2.1 Application of ELISA2.1.1 Food industry2.1.2 Vaccine development2.1.3 Immunology2.1.3.1 Autoimmunity2.1.3.2 Humoral immunity2.1.4 Diagnosis2.1.4.1 Home pregnancy test2.1.4.2 Cancer detection2.1.4.3 Detection of the infectious diseases2.1.5 Toxicology 2.1.6 Drug monitoring and pharmaceutical industry2.1.7 TransplantationReferences 3 Step by step with ELISA: mechanism of operation, crucial elements, different protocols, and insights on immobilization and detection of various biomolecular entities Abstract3.1 Mechanism of operation3.2 Different elements of the assay3.2.1 Solid phase3.2.1.1 Adsorption3.2.2 Washing process3.2.3 Antigens 3.2.4 Antibodies3.2.4.1 Antispecies antibodies3.2.5 Enzyme3.2.5.2 Different types of enzyme3.2.5.2 Enzyme conjugation3.2.6 Substrate3.2.7 Stopping process3.2.8 Reading process3.2.8.1 Chromogenic assay3.2.8.2 Chemifluorescenct assay3.2.8.3 Chemiluminescent assay3.2.8.4 Reading apparatus3.2.9 Controls3.3 Target biomolecular entities by ELISA3.4 Different protocols3.4.1 Direct ELISA3.4.2 Indirect ELISA3.4.3 Sandwich ELISA3.4.4 Double sandwich ELISA3.4.5 Competitive ELISA3.5 Immobilization techniques for protein attachment 3.5.1 Physical immobilization3.5.2 Covalent immobilization3.5.2.1 Immobilization via zero-Length cross linker3.5.2.2 Immobilization via spacers3.5.3 Immobilization via entrapment3.5.4 Oriented immobilizationReferences 4 Evaluation of the detection results obtained from ELISAAbstract4.1 Conducting a reliable assay4.1.1 Sources of error4.1.2 Troubleshooting 4.2 Key parameters for evaluation of the assay4.2.1 Sensitivity4.2.2 Specificity4.2.3 Accuracy4.2.4 Limit of detection4.3 Measurable units in ELISAReferences 5 Advantages, disadvantages and modifications of conventional ELISA Abstract5.1 Significance of conventional ELISA 5.2 Shortages of conventional ELISA5.3 Materials of choice for fabrication of ELISA well plates5.4 Different types of ELISA well plates5.5 Modified ELISA platforms5.5.1 ELISpot5.5.2 Plasmonic ELISA5.5.3 Sphere-/bead-based ELISAs5.5.4 Paper-/fiber-based ELISAs5.5.5 ELISA in microdevicesReferences 6 Common questions and answers about ELISA AbstractReferences Summary

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Book SynopsisThis book is an attempt to trace the majestic immense journey from the coming into being of the universe to the emergence and evolution of life. It is intended to complement the many excellent books that cover different aspects of this journey. The contents have been classified into five parts. Part I covers the coming into existence of the universe while Part II presents the beginning of life on the early Earth, following which Part III discusses the emergence of consciousness and intelligence, and Part IV, the immense journey of the universe beyond Earth. Finally, Part V addresses the problems raised by the rise of higher-order consciousness in human beings as captured by the phrase 'the human condition'.

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Book SynopsisThe stability of the DNA double helix is contingent on fine-tuning a number of physicochemical control parameters. Varying any one of them leads to separation of the two strands, in what constitutes a rare physical example of a thermodynamic phase transition in a one-dimensional system. The present book aims at providing a self-contained account of the statistical physics of cooperative processes in DNA, e.g. thermal and mechanical dissociation, force-induced melting, equilibria of hairpin-like secondary structures. In addition, the book presents some fundamental aspects of DNA elasticity, as observed in key experiments, old and new. The latter include some recently published scattering data on apparently soft, short DNA chains and their interpretation in terms of local structural defects (permanent bends, 'kinky DNA', after the original Crick-Klug hypothesis).The development of mathematical models used (Kratky-Porod polymer chain, Poland-Scheraga and Peyrard-Bishop-Dauxois models of DNA melting) emphasizes the use of realistic parameters and the relevance of practical numerical methods for comparing with experimental data. Accordingly, a large number of specially produced figures has been included.The presentation is at the level of an advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate course. An extra chapter provides the necessary mathematical background on elasticity of model polymer chains.

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Book SynopsisElectrons are involved in all electrical phenomena, and living cells cannot be an exception. This book takes on a decidedly different approach to existing texts on electrophysiology, by considering electrical physiological processes from the viewpoint of electron flow, rather than the conventional notion of ion movement. It concisely describes the theoretical background of electron density and cellular voltage, before exploring thought-provoking questions such as the relationship between electrolyte distribution and transmembrane potential, and the source of electricity generation in living cells. A new electromagnetic theory of muscular function is presented, and all topics of relevance — including the electrophysiology of invertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria — are comprehensively covered. Using plain language and more than 40 original illustrations, the author has designed each chapter to provide a succinct overview of an individual topic in a format that appeals to both the expert and the uninitiated. Electromagnetism, Quanta, and Electron Flow in the Electrophysiology of Living Cells proffers a refreshingly new way to understand a fascinatingly old subject.

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Book SynopsisA general systems theory model predicts quasiperiodic Penrose tiling pattern for the nested coiled structure of the DNA molecule in the chromosome resulting in maximum packing efficiency and unified whole fuzzy logic network architecture with ordered two-way signal transmission between the coding and non-coding (junk DNA) regions.Junk DNA are not redundant. Modification of the DNA base sequence structure at any location may have significant noticeable effects on the function of the DNA molecule as a whole. This book helps us understand the cooperative existence of individual components for optimum performance of the system.

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Book SynopsisThe clinical use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in radiation oncology is in its infancy. However, it is certain that AI is capable of making radiation oncology more precise and personalized with improved outcomes. Radiation oncology deploys an array of state-of-the-art technologies for imaging, treatment, planning, simulation, targeting, and quality assurance while managing the massive amount of data involving therapists, dosimetrists, physicists, nurses, technologists, and managers. AI consists of many powerful tools which can process a huge amount of inter-related data to improve accuracy, productivity, and automation in complex operations such as radiation oncology.This book offers an array of AI scientific concepts, and AI technology tools with selected examples of current applications to serve as a one-stop AI resource for the radiation oncology community. The clinical adoption, beyond research, will require ethical considerations and a framework for an overall assessment of AI as a set of powerful tools.30 renowned experts contributed to sixteen chapters organized into six sections: Define the Future, Strategy, AI Tools, AI Applications, and Assessment and Outcomes. The future is defined from a clinical and a technical perspective and the strategy discusses lessons learned from radiology experience in AI and the role of open access data to enhance the performance of AI tools. The AI tools include radiomics, segmentation, knowledge representation, and natural language processing. The AI applications discuss knowledge-based treatment planning and automation, AI-based treatment planning, prediction of radiotherapy toxicity, radiomics in cancer prognostication and treatment response, and the use of AI for mitigation of error propagation. The sixth section elucidates two critical issues in the clinical adoption: ethical issues and the evaluation of AI as a transformative technology.

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Book SynopsisWith the rapid growth of new evidence from astronomy, space science and biology that supports the theory of life as a cosmic rather than terrestrial phenomenon, this book discusses a set of crucial data and pictures showing that life is still arriving at our planet. Although it could spark controversy among the most hardened sceptics this book will have an important role in shaping future science in this area.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is for biologists, to conduct quantitative analysis and modeling of biological processes at molecular and cellular levels. Focusing on practical concepts and techniques for everyday research, this text will enable beginners, both students and established biologists, to take the first step in quantitative biology. It also provides step-by-step tutorials to run various sample programs in one’s personal computer using Excel and Python. This volume traces topics, starting with an introductory chapter, such as modeling, construction and execution of numerical models, and key concepts in quantitative biology: feedback regulations, fluctuations and randomness, and statistical analyses. It also provide sample codes with guidance to procedure programming for actual biological processes such as movement of the nucleus within a cell, cell-cycle regulation, stripe pattern formation of skins, and distribution of energy. Written by a leading research scientist who has a background in biology, studied quantitative approaches by himself, and teaches quantitative biology at several universities, this textbook broadens quantitative approaches for biologists who do not have a strong background in mathematics, physics, or computer programming, and helps them progress further in their research.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction to Quantitative Biology.- Chapter 2: Architectonics of the Cell.- Chapter 3: Mechanics of the Cell.- Chapter 4: Implementing Toy Models in Microsoft Excel.- Chapter 5: Implementing Toy Models in Python.- Chapter 6: Differential Equations to Describe Temporal Changes.- Chapter 7: Diversity of the Cell.- Chapter 8: Randomness, diffusion, and probability.- Chapter 9: Self-Organization of the Cell.- Chapter 10: Modeling feedback regulations Chapter 11: Development of the Cell over Time (Perspectives).

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Book SynopsisThis book comprises select papers presented at the conference on Technology Innovation in Mechanical Engineering (TIME-2021). The book discusses the latest innovation and advanced research in the diverse field of Mechanical Engineering such as materials, manufacturing processes, evaluation of materials properties for the application in automotive, aerospace, marine, locomotive and energy sectors. The topics covered include advanced metal forming, Energy Efficient systems, Material Characterization, Advanced metal forming, bending, welding & casting techniques, Composite and Polymer Manufacturing, Intermetallics, Future generation materials, Laser Based Manufacturing, High-Energy Beam Processing, Nano materials, Smart Material, Super Alloys, Powder Metallurgy and Ceramic Forming, Aerodynamics, Biological Heat & Mass Transfer, Combustion & Propulsion, Cryogenics, Fire Dynamics, Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, Sensors and Transducers, Turbulent Flows, Reactive Flows, Numerical Heat Transfer, Phase Change Materials, Micro- and Nano-scale Transport, Multi-phase Flows, Nuclear & Space Applications, Flexible Manufacturing Technology & System, Non-Traditional Machining processes, Structural Strength and Robustness, Vibration, Noise Analysis and Control, Tribology. In addition, it discusses industrial applications and cover theoretical and analytical methods, numerical simulations and experimental techniques in the area of Mechanical Engineering. The book will be helpful for academics, including graduate students and researchers, as well as professionals interested in interdisciplinary topics in the areas of materials, manufacturing, and energy sectors.Table of ContentsBeacon Based Smart Shopping System Using IoT.- Cache Memory Design Analysis for Single Bit Architecture for Core Processor.- Impact of Acoustics Impingement on Proliferating Fires.- Analytical Study of Fluid Pressure Sensing Mechanism in Microchannel for Microfluidic Device.

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Book SynopsisThis book aims to explain radiation from a somewhat different aspect than its traditional image as something that is scary, dangerous, hazardous, and so on, to produce the correct understanding that radiation is carrying energy, and to convince readers that radiation is not "scary" but controllable and useful. As for radiation itself, many introductions or textbooks have been published, as in radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiology. In most of them, the biological effects of radiation exposure are the main subjects, which often enhance the feeling that radiation is dangerous, and the effects produced by lower-dose exposure that are difficult to see are hardly discussed. The present volume mainly focuses on how radiation carries energy, how energy is absorbed in substances as absorbed doses (Gy) or dose equivalents (Sv), how damages or risks appear with the absorbed dose and why the effects of the exposure appear quite differently, depending on properties of the substances that were exposed.Table of ContentsTable of Contents Preface to English edition Preface Chapter 1 Radiation carries energy 1-1 Is radiation scary? 1-2 What is written in this book 1-2-1 Radiation is carries energy 1-2-2 All physical and chemical phenomena accompany energy transfer 1-2-3 “EQ (radiation) exposure” means energy deposition (absorption) or energy transfer from EQ to an object 1-2-4 Deposited or absorbed energy in unit mass or volume are quite different depending the kind of EQ. 1-2-5 Units related to radiation, exposure and radiation measurements 1-2-5-1 Energy and power carried/deposited by EQ (radiation) (J or eV and W) 1-2-5-2 Absorbed dose and dose rate 1-2-5-3 Intensity of EQ or radioactivity 1-2-6 Intensity and energy of EQ (radiation) 1-3 Energy release from a material (Black body radiation and EQ emission) 1-4 EQ sources in nature 1-5 Energy transfer in physical and chemical phenomena 1-6 Radioactive materials and artificial EQ (radiation) sources 1-7 Summary Chapter 2 Radiation (EQ: Energy Quantum) 2-1 Introduction 2-2 Radiation is consisting of EQ 2-3 Sources of EQ and their intensity 2-3-1 Sources 2-3-2 Characteristics of radioisotopes as EQ sources 2-3-3 Geometry of EQ sources (point, planner, volumetric and spatial sources) 2-3-3-1 Point and volumetric sources 2-3-3-2 Planner source 2-3-3-3 Spatial source 2-3-4 Air dose rate 2-4 Energy deposition (absorption) given by EQ exposure 2-5 Energy absorption in living beings exposed to EQ 2-5-1 External exposure 2-5-2 Internal exposure 2-5-3 Absorbed dose, dose rate and dose equivalent 2-5-4 Conversion of units related to EQ exposure (Bq, Gy, Sv and effective dose) 2-6 Shielding and decontamination 2-7 Effects of EQ exposure on a human body Chapter 3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources) 3-1 Radioisotopes 3-1-1 Stable isotopes and radioisotopes 3-1-2 Emission of EQ from radioactive isotopes (Disintegration of radioisotopes) 3-1-3 Radioactive isotopes in nature 3-1-4 EQ exposure of human body in nature 3-1-5 EQ emitted from 131-iodine and 137-cesium and their exposure effects 3-2 Radiation from the sun 3-3 Nuclear reactors 3-4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima power plant after the accident 3-5 Artificial EQ sources 3-5-1 Accelerators 3-5-2 X-ray Generator 3-5-3 Lasers Chapter 4. Irradiation effects of EQ on materials (inorganic- and organic-materials, and living beings) 4-1 Evaluation of the effects of EQ exposure 4-1-1 There is no critical dose to distinguish secure and insecure 4-1-2 Definite and stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure 4-1-3 Evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposure and reduction of exposure 4-2 Irradiation effects of EQ on materials 4-2-1 Effects of EQ exposure on inorganic materials 4-2-1-1 Irradiation effects of metals 4-2-1-1-1 Damages caused by nuclear collisions 4-2-1-1-2 Damage caused by electron excitation 4-2-1-2 Irradiation effects of covalent and ionic bonding materials 4-2-2 Irradiation effects of organic materials 4-2-3 Irradiation effects of living beings - from molecular levels in cells, tissues to individuals – 4-3 Resilience to EQ exposure and recovery 4-4 Absorbed does (deposited energy) and volume exposed to EQ Chapter 5 Reduction of exposure, Contamination and Decontamination 5-1 Introduction 5-2 Distribution of EQ sources and their removal 5-3 External and internal exposures 5-4 Reduction of exposure to a human body 5-5 Resilience 5-5-1 Where and how large area are damaged or influence by EQ exposure. 5-5-2 Recovery of damages and resilience 5-5 Short-term and long-term exposure Chapter 6 Detection and measurement of EQ 6-1 Introduction 6-2 Determination of type, intensity and energy of EQ 6-2-1 Measurements of intensities 6-2-2 Accuracy of intensity measurements 6-2-3 Measurements of EQ energy 6-2-4 Calorimetry 6-2-5 Intensity (radio activity) of EQ source 6-3 Absorbed dose measurement 6-4 Visualization of EQ source distribution 6-5 Absorbed dose equivalent -accuracy and assessment of effects of EQ exposure- 6-5-1 Consideration of exposed dose equivalent (Sv) to use for the assessment of the effects of EQ exposure 6-5-2 Accuracy and number of significant figures in EQ measurements Chapter 7 Utilization of EQ 7-1 Introduction 7-2 Sterilization or disinfection 7-3 Medical purposes 7-4 Utilization of EQ energy 7-5 Radiometric dating (14C dating) 7-5 Use of radioisotopes as tracers Chapter 8 Energy and the History of the Earth 8-1 Introduction 8-2 Changes in the global environment 8-3 Development and Evolution of Life Chapter 9 Energy use and radiation 9-1 Introduction 9-2 Sources of energy 9-3 There's no energy to use for free 9-3 Fossil fuels are originally solar energy 9-4 Risks associated with energy use Bibliography (a) Introductory (b) Radiation and Radioactivity (c) Radiation Biology (d) Radiation Physics, Radiochemistry (e) Radiation Measurements (f) Radiation Hormesis (g) Radiation Use Appendix: Q and A relating radiation (EQ) Radiation is explained in a simple form of Q & A, which also serves as summary. Q1: What is radioactivity? Q2: What is radiation? Q3: What is a radiation source? Q4: Is light and radiation the same ?　 Q5: What are particles that carry energy? Q6: What kind of particles and light (photons) are included in radiation (EQ)? Q7: How do EQ move? Q8: What does radiation exposure mean? Q9: What do following units related to EQ exposure mean and how they are different with each other? Count rates (cps, cpm, cph), Becquerel (Bq), Gray (Gy) and Siebert (Sv) Q10: Is the exposure of 20 mSv dangerous? Q11: Does the EQ exposure make objects (substances and/or living beings) radioactive? Q12: Does a substance exposed to EQ glow? Q13: What is internal and external exposures? What is the difference? Q14: What happens on radioactive materials ingested into a body?

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Book SynopsisThis contributed volume presents new insight into sustainable possibilities of combination of nanomaterial and bioenergy production together. Biofuels as renewable energy sources have tremendous potential to replace fossil fuels in future energy scenario as biofuels production is likely to be advanced and novel research areas offers green alternative energy sources. continuous efforts are being made for the cost-effective production of biofuels worldwide to balance its techno-economy. In series of tremendous effort to improve biofuels production technologies, use of nanomaterials to improve biofuels production efficiency is highly emerging area with full scope to developed low cost, rapid technologies for biofuels production. The book covers the practical utility based properties of nanomaterial and bioenergy production together. It also discusses the recent advancements on various nanomaterial utility in biofuel production process along with its low cost application. It covers mega audiences, which include academician, researchers, and industries people. This book will be highly interesting for researchers and scientists as well as related industries.Table of ContentsAttached

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Book SynopsisAll sorts of biological activities are processed thermodynamically, and at the utmost fundamental level, the laws of biology must be thermodynamics. However, the current laws of thermodynamics are unable to give reasonable explanation of biological processes. In order to do so, irreversible thermodynamics has been theorized to describe the basic mechanism for the origin of natural order or the development of things (related to developmental biology). The scientific definition of the system theory concept has been obtained and the properties of a biological system can be analyzed by applying principles of it. Irreversible thermodynamics and system theory act as the theoretical foundation for theoretical biology. By applying principles of irreversible thermodynamics and system theory, the axiomatic theory of biology has been developed.

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Book SynopsisThis is a research-level review volume. It presents both the fundamentals and the advanced research results, covering most part of important aspects of synchrotron radiation applications. Among the broad subjects of synchrotron radiation applications, as the main content of this book we have applications in VUV, soft X-rays, hard X-rays and XFEL (X-ray free electron laser) and important applications by various synchrotron-based techniques and methods, such as ARPES (angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy), VUV photo-ionization spectroscopy, X-ray absorption/emission spectroscopy and X-ray absorption fine structure, X-ray diffraction, small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray excited optical luminescence, imaging and high pressure techniques.

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