Biomedical engineering / Medical engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book introduces charnolophagy (CP) as energy-driven, lysosomal-dependent mitochondrial inclusion-specific pleomorphic Charnoly body (CB) autophagy (ATG) involving free radical-induced Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, ?? collapse, and ATP depletion in congenital diseases, pressure ulcers, metabolic diseases, hepatic diseases, diabetes, obesity, inflammatory diseases, musculoskeletal diseases, sarcopenia, cachexia, respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, hyperlipidemia, skin and hair diseases, pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, sepsis-induced multi-organ failure, reproductive diseases, inflammatory diseases, ophthalmic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, drug addiction, aging, microbial (including COVID-19) infections, and belligerent malignancies implicated in early morbidity and mortality and disease-specific spatiotemporal, targeted, safe, and effective evidence-based personalized theranostic charnolopharmacotherapeutics to cure them. Basic Table of ContentsCHARNOLOPHAGY (GENERAL TOPICS). Charnolophagy as Immediate and Early Autophagy. Charnolophagy in Intramitochondrial and Intracellular Detoxification. Charnolophagy as a Biomarker of Novel Drug Discovery. Organ and Disease-specific Charnolophagy. Charnolophagy in Pressure Ulcers. Charnolophagy in Toxicology. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN METABOLIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Congenital Diseases. Charnolophagy in Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Recent Update).Charnolophagy in Malnutrition. Charnolophagy in Diet Restriction. Charnolophagy in Gastrointestinal Disorders. Charnolophagy in Liver Diseases. Charnolophagy in Diabetes. Charnolophagy in Obesity. Charnolohagy in Hyperlipidemia. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN SYSTEMIC DISORDERS. Charnolophagy in Skin and Hair Diseases. Charnolophagy in Musculoskeletal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Pulmonary Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases. Charnolophagy in Renal Diseases. Charnolophagy in Reproductive Diseases. Charnolophagy in Opthalamic Diseases. Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (A). Charnolophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases (B). Charnolophagy in Parkinson’s Disease. Charnolophagy in Alzheimer Disease. Charnolophagy in Stroke. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN INFLAMMATION, CANCER, MICROBIAL INFECTIONS, AND AGING. Charnolophagy in Inflammatory Diseases. Charnolophagy in Cancer (A). Charnolophagy in Cancer (B). Charnolophagy in Microbial Infections. Charnolophagy in Aging. CHARNOLOPHAGY IN NANOMEDICINE. Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (A). Charnolophagy in Nanotheranostics (B).

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Book SynopsisThis updated fourth edition provides current information on devices and is divided into diagnostic and treatment sections. Devices are described with the theory of operation and relevant anatomical and physiological considerations. Aspects of BMET work including test equipment, standards, and information technology are also discussed. The text covers a wide variety of diagnostic and treatment devices currently used in hospitals that students will likely encounter in their career. Principles of operation and examples of use are provided. This book is unique in that it is written by an experienced biomed tech with 30 years' experience in hospitals rather than by engineers with little frontline experience. It is also unique in that it provides ancillary materials on the web and is the only guide divided into diagnostic and treatment device sections. This new edition also includes two new chapters on computers, information technology, and networking as well as health technology managemeTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. Diagnostic Devices: Part One 3. Diagnostic Devices: Part Two 4. Diagnostic Devices: Part Three 5. Diagnostic Imaging 6. Treatment Devices: Part One 7. Treatment Devices: Part Two 8. Treatment Devices: Part Three 9. HTMT Work 10. Testers and Tools 11. Radiation; HTM and IT 12. Health Technology Management 13. Regulations and Standards 14. A Gallery of Real-Life Problems 15. Anatomy Color Insert

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Book SynopsisThis genuinely pocket-sized guide to essential medical equipment is ideal for medical students, newly qualified junior doctors and other healthcare professionals seeking a convenient and concise handbook to refer to in busy clinical settings including emergency departments. Clear, concise and systematic, it provides a visual guide to enable readers to identify correctly common medical equipment and use it appropriately without overwhelming or extraneous information.Key Features: Convenient everything at your fingertips, for speedy access in the emergency department, on the ward and in the clinic Portable actually fits in a pocket Illustrated plentiful photographs and explanatory line diagrams support and enhance the text Tailored written specifically with the less experienced practitioner in mind Providing guidance and answering questions when senior help is not Table of Contents1. Section A: Resuscitation ‘ABCDE’ Equipment: Airway; Breathing; Circulation; Disability; Exposure; Trauma; Miscellaneous. 2. Section B: Specialty Equipment: Cardiology; Gastroenterology; Neurology; Respiratory Medicine; General Surgery; Ear, Nose & Throat Surgery; Urology; Musculoskeletal Medicine; Ophthalmology; Wound Care. Index.

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Book SynopsisAlthough many radiation protection scientists and engineers use dose coefficients, few know the origin of those dose coefficients. This is the first book in over 40 years to address the topic of radiation protection dosimetry in intimate detail. Advanced Radiation Protection Dosimetry covers all methods used in radiation protection dosimetry, including advanced external and internal radiation dosimetry concepts and regulatory applications. This book is an ideal reference for both scientists and practitioners in radiation protection and students in graduate health physics and medical physics courses.Features: A much-needed book filling a gap in the market in a rapidly expanding area Contains the history, evolution, and the most up-to-date computational dosimetry models Authored and edited by internationally recognized authorities and subject area specTrade Review“Although many radiation protection scientists and engineers use dose coefficients, few know the origin of those dose coefficients. This is the first book in over 40 years to address the topic of radiation protection dosimetry in intimate detail. This is a significant volume providing an overview of the field of radiation protection dosimetry, elaborating on the foundational concepts, historical evolution of regulation and guidance, scientific models, and measurements of exposure and uptake, and addressing application of these models in evaluating radiation exposure/uptake risk. It is part of the International Organization for Medical Physics book series in medical physics and biomedical engineering. The book provides a comprehensive summary of the current state-of-the art computational dosimetry techniques for radiation protection, with a clear, overarching goal of capturing the high-level knowledge used to generate fundamental radiation protection dosimetry quantities. The book addresses these concepts and regulatory applications considering both external and internal pathways. The methods presented are largely based on computational approaches and results from the latest International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and the International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU). As such, the book is appropriate for both a national and international audience including medical physicists, health physicists, radiation protection specialists, nuclear medicine practitioners, epidemiologists, and regulators. Other groups that would benefit from the information include students, academic physicists/dosimetrists, and laboratory researchers. The book contains the most up-to-date computational dosimetry models with each topic covered by internationally recognized experts in that field of study. After reviewing fundamental concepts and an engaging historical review of radiation protection guidance in the United States (with parallel coverage of the international recommendations), the book takes deep dives into several key topics: radiation detection and measurement, reference individuals (and associated phantoms) defined for external and internal radiation dosimetry, as well as biokinetic and dosimetric models. Additional key chapters include a comprehensive treatment of dose coefficients (and computational dosimetry approaches), cancer risk coefficients (considering both philosophy and application), and the interpretation of bioassay results to assess the intake of radionuclides. This book elucidates important topics in a much more practical manner than highly technical publications. In addition, having the detailed information in a single, combined, high-quality volume with primary references provided is a plus. The included sample calculations and detailed case studies are exceptionally useful inclusions. This is an important book that ensures key knowledge transfer from outgoing subject matter experts in radiation protection to incoming generations.” —Lawrence Dauer, Ph.D. (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center) in Doody’s Core Titles Review 2022. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 2: Fundamental Concepts and Quantities. Chapter 3: Evolution of Radiation Protection Guidance in the United States. Chapter 4: Radiation Detection and Measurement. Chapter 5: Reference Individuals Defined for External and Internal Radiation Dosimetry. Chapter 6: Biokinetic Models. Chapter 7: Dosimetric Models. Chapter 8: Dose Coefficients. Chapter 9: Cancer Risk Coefficients. Chapter 10: Interpretation of Bioassay Results to Assess the Intake of Radionuclides.

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Book SynopsisScintillation Dosimetry delivers a comprehensive introduction to plastic scintillation dosimetry, covering everything from basic radiation dosimetry concepts to plastic scintillating fiber optics. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the medical physics community, the book: Discusses a broad range of technical implementations, from point source dosimetry scaling to 3D-volumetric and 4D-scintillation dosimetry Addresses a wide scope of clinical applications, from machine quality assurance to small-field and in vivo dosimetry Examines related optical techniques, such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) or ÄŒerenkov luminescence Thus, Scintillation Dosimetry provides an authoritative reference for detailed, state-of-the-art information on plastic scintillation dosimetry and its use in the field of radiation dosimetry.Trade Review"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands"well-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. Santos"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlandswell-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. SantosTable of ContentsScintillation of Organic Materials. Quenching of Scintillation Light. Optical Fibers, Light-Guides, and Light Transmission. Plastic Scintillation Detectors: Basic Properties. Čerenkov and Its Solutions. Basic Quality Assurance: Profiles and Depth Dose Curves. Small Field and Radiosurgery Dosimetry. In Vivo Dosimetry I: External Beam Radiation Therapy. In Vivo Dosimetry II: Brachytherapy. Multipoint Plastic Scintillation Detectors. Applications in Radiology. 1D Plastic Scintillation Dosimeters for Photons and Electrons. 2D Plastic Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons. 2D and 3D Scintillation Dosimetry for Brachytherapy. 3D Liquid Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons and Protons. Fiber Optic-Based Radiochromic Dosimetry. Fiber-Coupled Luminescence Dosimetry with Inorganic Crystals. OSL Point Dosimeters for In Vivo Patient Dosimetry. Scintillating Quantum Dots. Čerenkov for Portal Imaging Dosimetry in Radiation Therapy. Čerenkov Imaging Applications in Radiation Therapy Dosimetry.

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Book SynopsisThe Synthetic Biology Handbook explains the major goals of the field of synthetic biology and presents the technical details of the latest advances made in achieving those goals. Offering a comprehensive overview of the current areas of focus in synthetic biology, this handbook: Explores the standardisation of classic molecular bioscience approaches Addresses the societal context and potential impacts of synthetic biology Discusses the use of legacy systems as tools for new product development Examines the design and construction of de novo cells and genetic codes Describes computational methods for designing genes and gene networks Thus, the Synthetic Biology Handbook provides an accurate sense of the scope of synthetic biology today. The handbook also affords readers with an opportunity to scrutinize the underlying scTable of ContentsSynthetic Biology: Culture and Bioethical Considerations. Synthetic Biology Standards and Methods of DNA Assembly. Standardised Genetic Output Measurement. Bacterial Cells as Engineered Chassis. Eukaryotae Synthetica: Synthetic Biology in Yeast, Microalgae, and Mammalian Cells. Synthetic Plants. Theory and Construction of Semi-Synthetic Minimal Cells. Design Tools for Synthetic Biology. New Genetic Codes.

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Book SynopsisThis book explores the current difficulties and unsolved problems in the field of particle therapy and, after analysing them, discusses how (and if) innovative Monte Carlo approaches can be used to solve them. Each book chapter is dedicated to a different sub-discipline, including multi-ion treatments, flash-radiotherapy, laser-accelerated beams, nanoparticles effects, binary reactions to enhance radiobiology, and space-related issues. This is the first book able to provide a comprehensive insight into this exciting field and the growing use of Monte Carlo in medical physics. It will be of interest to graduate students in medicine and medical physics, in addition to researchers and clinical staff.Key Features: Explores the exciting and interdisciplinary topic of Monte Carlo in particle therapy and medicine Addresses common challenges in the field Edited by an authority on the subject, with chapter contributions from spTable of ContentsChapter 1: The Monte Carlo Method and Its Applications to Heavily Charged Particle Therapy. Chapter 2: Applications of Monte Carlo Calculations in Clinical Dosimetry of Proton and Ion Beams. Chapter 3: Solving Range Uncertainties with Gamma Prompt/Charged Particle Prompt. Chapter 4: Macroscopic and microscopic calculation approaches for LET calculations. Chapter 5: Low energy inelastic process in hadrontherapy. Chapter 6: Experimental Data of Nuclear Fragmentation for Validating Monte Carlo Modes: Present Availability and Lacks. Chapter 7: Quality assurance in particle therapy with PET. Chapter 8: Radioactive beams for ion therapy: Monte Carlo simulations and experimental verifications. Chapter 9: Monte Carlo and Microdosimetry in particle radiotherapy. Chapter 10: Monte Carlo to link RBE with radiation quality quantities. Chapter 11: Physical and Biological Impact of Projectile and Target Fragmentation. Chapter 12: Monte Carlo characterisation of nanoparticle radio-enhancement for hadron therapy. Chapter 13: Increasing particle therapy biological effectiveness by nuclear reaction-driven binary strategies. Chapter 14: Monte Carlo simulations for Targeted Alpha Therapy. Chapter 15: Experimental and modelling challenges in FLASH radiotherapy with Monte Carlo Methods. Chapter 16: Towards Multiple Ion Applications in Particle Therapy. Chapter 17: Monte Carlo for chemistry in radiation biology. Chapter 18: Recent developments in the TRAX particle track structure code. Chapter 19: Machine Learning for Monte Carlo Simulations. Chapter 20: Speed-up MC in charged particle applications. Chapter 21: Monte Carlo and Analytical codes for Dose planning and recalculation: limits and differential advantages.

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Book SynopsisFor this ground-breaking book, Philip Pugh has assembled a team of contributors who show just how much solar observation work can be accomplished with Coronado telescopes, and explain how to get the best from these marvelous instruments.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "Observing the Sun is becoming more and more popular these days … . there’s a whole range of Coronado solar telescopes on offer. This book aims to clarify the differences between them and give you solid advice on what each one can do. … The chapters are well written and comprehensive. … this is actually a very useful resource if you’re interested in pursuing solar observing or imaging – not just if you have a scope made by Coronado in your garage. … it’s highly recommended." (Pete Lawrence, BBC Sky at Night, April, 2008) "Philip Pugh’s new book, which includes contributions from several expert coauthors, covers more ground than its title suggests – including gear from other manufacturers. … I think it serves as a valuable reference and a worthwhile review of the current state of the art of daytime amateur astronomy." (Rick Fienberg, Sky and Telescope, July, 2008) "This book does exactly what it says on the cover and more. It covers the whole gambit of solar observation in both red hydrogen light (hydrogen-alpha) and violet calcium light (CaK) and is profusely illustrated with telescopes, accessories and innumerable solar images. … The text is upbeat … . this is an excellent book and essential reading for all interested in this fascinating area of observation – no less in that it occurs at sociable daylight hours!" (Maurice Gavin, Astronomy Now, June, 2008) "This book provides a wealth of useful information on choosing the right telescope, what accessories work best with those instruments, the use of cameras and CCD detectors, and the post-processing of their images. There are copious illustrations of both the instrumentation and the results … . I have no hesitation in recommending this book. For potential buyers of such telescopes this book is well worth … . Philip Pugh and his co-authors are to be congratulated on a very useful guide." (Steve Bell, The Observatory, Vol. 128 (1206), October, 2008) "This book aims to review the options available as well as briefly covering equipment from other sources. … I would be very happy to recommend this book to anyone who is considering the purchase of equipment to image our Sun in narrow-band hydrogen-alpha light. It does a good job of reviewing the options available and the best photographs really do show the amazing images that can be seen visually and recorded for later enhancement using a variety of image processing techniques and software." (Peter R. Hobson, Contemporary Physics, Vol. 50 (5), September-October, 2009)Table of ContentsPersonal Solar Telescope.- MaxScope 90.- Other Coronado Solar Telescopes.- Imaging.- Alternative Products.- Untried Products.- Summary.- The Physics of the Sun.- Coronado Price List.

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Book SynopsisHumans have always been fascinated by marine life, from extremely small diatoms to the largest mammal that inhabits our planet, the blue whale.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Provides a comprehensive overview of the bioacoustics of marine life. It is targeted for bioacousticians, and is intended to focus on areas of knowledge that they should master. … This book achieves its objective of providing that knowledge base. It also is a valuable information source for engineers and scientists with a background in acoustics, and who are interested in gaining insights into the bioacoustics of marine life. … a valuable information source on marine bioacoustics and is recommended.” (Martin L. Pollack, Noise Control Engineering Journal, Vol. 58 (6), November-December, 2010)“The book incorporates detailed qualitative and quantitative information and analysis of the sounds produced by marine life with a particular emphasis on marine mammals. … the book contains a vast amount of useful information supported by extensive experimental evidence. … The descriptions of experimental design, measurement, and analysis techniques make this a good starting point for someone planning further experiments in this domain. … I recommend this book to anyone searching for knowledge of marine bioacoustics.” (Adrian Brown, International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration, Vol. 16 (2), 2011)Table of ContentsPrinciples and Methodology.- Measurement and Generation of Underwater Sounds.- Transducer Properties and Utilization.- Acoustic Propagation.- Signal Recording and Data Acquisition.- Fourier Analysis.- Auditory Systems of Marine Animals.- Experimental Psychological and Electrophysiological Methodology.- Acoustics of Marine Animals.- Hearing in Marine Animals.- Emission of Social Sounds by Marine Animals.- Echolocation in Marine Mammals.- Some Signal Processing Techniques.- Some Instrumentation for Marine Bioacoustics Research.

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Book Synopsis1 Introduction: A Sketch of the History and Scope of the Field.- 2 The Meaning of the Constitutive Equation.- 3 The Flow Properties of Blood.- 4 Mechanics of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Other Cells.- 5 Interaction of Red Cells with Vessel Wall, and Wall Shear with Endothelium.- 6 Bioviscoelastic Fluids.- 7 Bioviscoelastic Solids.- 8 Mechanical Properties and Active Remodeling of Blood Vessels.- 9 Skeletal Muscle.- 10 Heart Muscle.- 11 Smooth Muscles.- 12 Bone and Cartilage.- Author Index.Table of ContentsPrefaces. 1. Introduction: A sketch of the History and Scope of the Field. 2. The Meaning of the Constitutive Equation. 3. The Flow Properties of Blood. 4. Mechanics of Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Other Cells. 5. Interaction of Red Blood Cells with Vessel Wall, and Wall Shear with Endothelium. 6 Bioviscoelastic Fluids. Bioviscoelastic Solids. 8. Mechanical Properties and Active Remodeling of Blood Vessels. 9. Skeletal Muscle. 10. Heart Muscle. 11. Smooth Muscles. 12. Bone and Cartilage. Indices

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Book SynopsisFrom the former president of MIT, the story of the next technology revolution, and how it will change our lives.Trade Review"... entertaining and prescient..." -- Science"Your amazing guide to the future of biology is the former president of the Aladdin's cave that is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology." -- Summer Reading 2019 - New Scientist

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Book SynopsisBrings the latest advances in nanotechnology and biology to computing This pioneering book demonstrates how nanotechnology can create even faster, denser computing architectures and algorithms. Furthermore, it draws from the latest advances in biology with a focus on bio-inspired computing at the nanoscale, bringing to light several new and innovative applications such as nanoscale implantable biomedical devices and neural networks. Bio-Inspired and Nanoscale Integrated Computing features an expert team of interdisciplinary authors who offer readers the benefit of their own breakthroughs in integrated computing as well as a thorough investigation and analyses of the literature. Carefully edited, the book begins with an introductory chapter providing a general overview of the field. It ends with a chapter setting forth the common themes that tie the chapters together as well as a forecast of emerging avenues of research. Among the important topics addressed in the bookTable of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Contributors xiii 1 An Introduction to Nanocomputing 1 Elaine Ann Ebreo Cara, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Eric Mlinar, Alireza Nojeh, Fady Rofail, Michael M. Safaee, Shawn Singh, Daniel Wu, and Chun Wing Yip 2 Nanoscale Devices: Applications and Modeling 31 Alireza Nojeh 3 Quantum Computing 67 John H. Reif 4 Computing with Quantum-dot Cellular Automata 111 Konrad Walus and Graham A. Jullien 5 Dielectrophoretic Architectures 155 Alexander D. Wissner-Gross 6 Multilevel and Three-dimensional Nanomagnetic Recording 175 S. Khizroev, R. Chomko, I. Dumer, and D. Litvinov 7 Spin-wave Architectures 203 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Alex Khitun, Shiva Navab, and Kang L. Wang 8 Parallel Computing with Spin Waves 225 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 9 Nanoscale Standard Digital Modules 243 Shiva Navab 10 Fault- and Defect-tolerant Architectures For Nanocomputing 263 Sumit Ahuja, Gaurav Singh, Debayan Bhaduri, and Sandeep Shukla 11 Molecular Computing: Integration of Molecules For Nanocomputing 295 James M. Tour and Lin Zhong 12 Self-assembly of Supramolecular Nanostructures: Ordered Arrays of Metal Ions and CarbonNanotubes 327 Mario Ruben 13 DNA Nanotechnology and Its Biological Applications 349 John H. Reif and Thomas H. LaBean 14 DNA Sequence Matching at Nanoscale Level 377 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Ling Lau, Shiva Navab, and David D. Shen 15 Computational Tasks in Medical Nanorobotics 391 Robert A. Freitas, Jr. 16 Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Biomedical Diagnostics 429 Hongyu Yu, Mahsa Rouhanizadeh, Lisong Ai, and Tzung K. Hsiai 17 Biomimetic Cortical Nanocircuits 455 Alice C. Parker, Aaron K. Friesz, and Ko-Chung Tseng 18 Biomedical and Biomedicine Applications of CNTs 483 Tulin Mangir 19 Nanoscale Image Processing 515 Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner and Shiva Navab 20 Concluding Remarks at the Beginning of a New Computing Era 535 Varun Bhojwani, Stephen Chu, Mary Mehrnoosh Eshaghian-Wilner, Shawn Singh, and Chun Wing Yip Index 547

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Book SynopsisThe book serves as both an introduction and a practical guide on the synthesis and use of polyphosphazenes, a new and very versatile polymer family which has recently demonstrated bioactivity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.Table of ContentsCONTRIBUTORS. PREFACE. I INTRODUCTION. 1 Polymers for Biology and Medicine - Current Status and Future Prospects (Alexander K. Andrianov and Robert Langer). 2 Expanding Options in Polyphosphazene Biomedical Research (Harry R. Allcock). II VACCINE DELIVERY AND IMMUNOMODULATION. 3 Polyphosphazenes as Vaccine Delivery Systems (Alexander K. Andrianov). 4 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses I: Investigations In Mice (George Mutwiri, Ponn Benjamin, Alexander K. Andrianov, and Lorne Babiuk). 5 The Potential of Polyphosphazenes in Modulating Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses II: Investigations In Large Animals (George Mutwiri and Lorne Babiuk). 6 Polyphosphazenes as Adjuvants for Inactivated and Subunit Rotavirus Vaccines in Adult and Infant Mice (Kari Johansen, Jorma Hinkula, Claudia Istrate, Elin Johansson, Didier Poncet, and Lennart Svensson). 7 Polyphosphazene Immunoadjuvants for Intradermal Vaccine Delivery (Alexander K. Andrianov, Daniel P. DeCollibus, Helice A. Gillis, Henry H. Kha, Alexander Marin). III BIOMATERIALS. 8 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering (Syam P. Nukavarapu, Sangamesh G. Kumbar, Harry R. Allcock and Cato T. Laurencin). 9 Biodegradable Polyphosphazene Blends for Biomedical Applications (Meng Deng, Lakshmi S. Nair, Nicholas R. Krogman, Harry R. Allcock, Cato T. Laurencin). 10 Polyphosphazenes from Condensation Polymerization (Patty Wisian-Neilson). 11 Electrospun Polyphosphazene Nanofibers For In Vitro Osteoblast Culture (Maria Teresa Conconi, Paolo Carampin, Silvano Lora, Claudio Grandi, Pier Paolo Parnigotto). 12 Phosphazenes and Surfaces (Mario Gleria, Roberto Milani, Roberta Bertani, Angelo Boscolo Boscoletto, and Roger De Jaeger). IV DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS. 13 Amphiphilic Ionizable Polyphosphazenes for the Preparation of pH-Responsive Liposomes (David Ghattas and Jean-Christophe Leroux). 14 Poly- and Cyclophosphazenes as Drug Carriers for Anticancer Therapy (Youn Soo Sohn and Yong Joo Jun). 15 Amphiphilic Polyphosphazenes as Drug Carriers (Liyan Qiu and Cheng Zheng). 16 Synthesis and Characterization of Organometallic Derivatives of Polyphosphazenes and their Applications in Nanoscience (Carlos Diaz and M. L. Valenzuela). 17 Transport Properties of Polyphosphazenes (Joel R. Fried). V BIODETECTION. 18 Potentiometric Monitoring Antibody-Antigen Interactions by and Stabilization of Polyanilineand Electrodes with p-Sulfonated Poly(bisphenoxyphosphazene) (Byeongyeol Kim, Alexander K. Andrianov, Alok Prabhu, Vladimir Sergeyev, and Kalle Levon). VI WELL-DEFINED POLYPHOSPHAZENES: SYNTHETIC ASPECTS AND NOVEL MOLECULAR ARCHITECTURES. 19 Synthesis and chemical regularity in phosphazene copolymers (Gabino A. Carriedo). 20 Supramolecular Structures of Cyclophosphazenes(Alexander Steiner APPENDIX A. INDEX.

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Book SynopsisBasics of Biomedical Ultrasound for Engineers is a structured textbook for university engineering courses in biomedical ultrasound and for researchers in the field. This book offers a tool for building a solid understanding of biomedical ultrasound, and leads the novice through the field in a step-by-step manner.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Prelude and Basic Definitions. The Advantages of Using Ultrasound in Medicine. A General Statement on Safety. Some Common Applications of Ultrasound. What Is It that We Need to Know? References. 1 Waves—A General Description. 1.1 General Definitions of Waves—A Qualitative Description. 1.2 General Properties of Waves—A Qualitative Description. 1.3 Mechanical One-Dimensional Waves. 1.4 The Wave Function. 1.5 The Wave Equation. 1.6 Harmonic Waves. 1.7 Group Waves. 1.8 Wave Velocity. 1.9 Standing Waves (a Mathematical Description). 1.10 Spherical Waves. 1.11 Cylindrical Waves. 1.12 The Wave Equation in a Nonhomogeneous Medium. References. 2 Waves In A One-Dimensional Medium. 2.1 The Propagation Speed of Transverse Waves in a String. 2.2 Vibration Frequencies for a Bounded String. 2.3 Wave Reflection (Echo) in a One-Dimensional Medium. 2.4 Special Cases. 2.5 Wave Energy in Strings. 2.6 Propagation of Longitudinal Waves in an Isotropic Rod or String. 2.7 A Clinical Application of Longitudinal Waves in a String. References. 3 Ultraspmoc Waves in Fluids. 3.1 Waves in Fluids. 3.2 Compressibility. 3.3. Longitudinal Waves in Fluids. 3.4 The Wave Energy. 3.5 Intensity. 3.6 Radiation Pressure. 3.7 A Perfect Reflector. References. 4 Propogation of Acoustic Waves in Solid Materials. 4.1 Introduction to the Mechanics of Solids. 4.2 The Elastic Strain. 4.3 Stress. 4.4 Hooke’s Law and Elastic Coefficients. 4.5 The Wave Equation for an Elastic Solid Material. 4.6 Propagation of a Harmonic Planar Wave in a Solid Material. References. 5 Attenuation and Dispersion. 5.1 The Attenuation Phenomenon. 5.2 Explaining Attenuation with a Simple Model. 5.3 Attenuation Dependency on Frequency. 5.4 The Complex Wave Number. 5.5 Speed of Sound Dispersion. 5.6 The Nonlinear Parameter B/A. References. 6 Reflection and Transmission. 6.1 The Acoustic Impedance. 6.2 Snell’s Law. 6.3 Reflection and Transmission from Boundaries Separating Two Fluids (or Solids with No Shear Waves). 6.4 Reflection from a Free Surface in Solids (Mode Conversion). 6.5 Reflection and Transmission from a Liquid– Solid Boundary. References. 7 ACOUSTIC LENSES AND MIRRORS. 7.1 Optics. 7.2 Optics and Acoustics. 7.3 An Ellipsoidal Lens. 7.4 Spherical Lenses. 7.5 Zone Lenses. 7.6 Acoustic Mirrors (Focusing Reflectors). References. 8 Transducers and Acoustic Fields. 8.1 Piezoelectric Transducers. 8.2 The Acoustic Field. 8.3 The Field of a Point Source. 8.4 The Field of a Disc Source. 8.5 The Field of Various Transducers. 8.6 Phased-Array Transducers. 8.7 Annular Phased Arrays. References. 9 Ultrasonic Imaging Using the Pulse-Echo Technique. 9.1 Basic Definitions in Imaging. 9.2 The “A-Line”. 9.3 Scatter Model for Soft Tissues. 9.4 Time Gain Compensation. 9.5 Basic Pulse-Echo Imaging (B-Scan). 9.6 Advanced Methods for Pulse-Echo Imaging. References. 10 Special Imaging Techniques. 10.1 Acoustic Impedance Imaging—Impediography. 10.2 Elastography. 10.3 Tissue Speckle Tracking. 10.4 Through-Transmission Imaging. 10.5 Vibro-acoustic Imaging. 10.6 Time Reversal. 10.7 Ultrasonic Computed Tomography. 10.8 Contrast Materials. 10.9 Coded Excitations. References. 11 Doppler Imaging Techniques. 11.1 The Doppler Effect. 11.2 Velocity Estimation. 11.3 Frequency Shift Estimation. 11.4 Duplex Imaging (Combined B-Scan and Color Flow Mapping). References. 12 Safety and Therapuetic Applications. 12.1 Effects Induced by Ultrasound and Safety. 12.2 Ultrasonic Physiotherapy. 12.3 Lithotripsy. 12.4 Hyperthermia HIFU and Ablation. 12.5 Drug Delivery. 12.6 Gene Therapy. 12.7 Cosmetic Applications. References. Appenidx A: Typical Acoustic Properties of Tissues. Appendix B: Exemplary Problems. Appendix C: Answers to Exemplary Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a unique focus on the application of nanotechnology to the sub-cellular level with respect to drug delivery and probing inter-cellular milieu. It provides a comprehensive review of the latest in this new, interdisciplinary field of biomedical research.Table of ContentsPreface. Contributors. 1. An Introduction to Subcellular Nanomedicine: Current Trends and Future Developments (Gerard G. M. D’Souza and Volkmar Weissig). 2. Delivery of Nanonsensors to Measure the Intracellular Environment (Paul G. Coupland and Jonathan W. Aylott). 3. Cytoplasmic Diffi usion of Dendrimers and Dendriplexes (Alexander T. Florence and Pakatip Ruenraroengsak). 4. Endocytosis and Intracellular Trafficking of Quantum Dot-Ligand Bioconjugates (Tore-Geir Iversen, Nadine Frerker, and Kirsten Sandvig). 5. Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticle-Based Intracellular Biosensors and Therapeutic Agents (Neil Bricklebank). 6. Subcellular Fate of Nanodelivery Systems (Dusica Maysinger, Sebastien Boridy, and Eliza Hutter). 7. Intracellular Fate of Plasmid DNA Polyplexes (Kevin Maier and Ernst Wagner). 8. Intracellular Trafficking of Membrane Receptor-Mediated Uptake of Carbon Nanotubes (Bin Kang and Yaodong Dai). 9. Real-Time Particle Tracking for Studying Intracellular Transport of Nanotherapeutics (Clive Chen and Junghae Suh). 10. Tracking Intracellular Polymer Localization Via Fluorescence Microscopy (Simon C. W. Richardson). 11. Can QSAR Models Describing Small-Molecule Xenobiotics Give Useful Tips for Predicting Uptake and Localization of Nanoparticles in Living Cells? And If Not, Why Not? (Richard W. Horobin). 12. Self-Unpacking Gene Delivery Scaffolds (Millicent O. Sullivan). 13. Cellular Trafficking of Dendrimers (Yunus Emre Kurtoglu and Rangaramanujam M. Kannan). 14. Endolysosomolytically Active pH-Sensitive Polymeric Nanotechnology (Han Chang Kang and You Han Bae). 15. Uptake and Intracellular Dynamics of Proteins Internalized by Cell-Penetrating Peptides (Arwyn T. Jones). 16. Cargo Transport by Teams of Molecular Motors: Basic Mechanisms for Intracellular Drug Delivery (Melanie J. I. Müller, Florian Berger, Stegan Klumpp, and Reinhard Lipowsky). 17. The Potential of Photochemical Internalization (PCI) for the Cytosolic Delivery of Nanomedicines (Kristian Berg, Anette Weyergang, Anders Høgset, and Pål Kristian Selbo). 18. Peptide-Based Nanocarriers for Intracellular Delivery of Biologically Active Proteins (Seong Loong Lo and Shu Wang). 19. Organelle-Specific Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology: Active Cellular Transport of Submicro- and Nanoscale Particles (Galya Orr). 20. Subcellular Targeting of Virus-Envelope-Coated Nanoparticles (Jia Wang, Mohammad F. Saeed, Andrey A. Kolokoltsov, and Robert A. Davey). 21. Mitochondria-Targeted Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers (Volkmar Weissig and Gerard G.M. D’Souza). 22. Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Cytosolic Delivery of Biomacromolecules (Camilla Foged, Xiaona Jing, and Hanne Moerck Nielsen). 23. Therapeutic Nano-object Delivery to Subdomains of Cardiac Myocytes (Valeriy Lukyanenko). 24. Design Parameters Modulating Intracellular Drug Delivery: Anchoring to Specific Cellular Epitopes, Carrier Geometry, and Use of Auxiliary Pharmacological Agents (Silvia Muro and Vladimir R. Muzykantov). 25. Uptake Pathways Dependent Intracellular Trafficking of DNA Carrying Nanodelivery Systems (Ikramy A. Khalil, Yuma Yamada, Hidetaka Akita, and Hideyoshi Harashima). 26. Cellular Interactions of Plasmon-Resonant Gold Nanorods (Qingshan Wei and Alexander Wei). 27. Quantum Dot Labeling for Assessment of Intracellular Trafficking of Therapeutically Active Molecules (Diane J. Burgess and Mamta Kapoor). Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book will be mainly focussed on the properties and uses of dendrimers and dendrons. The aim of this book is to be the reference book about dendrimers applications. It will not describe all details, but it will give the reader a unique overview of what has currently been done with dendrimers, with numerous references and illustrations. It will be divided in four main parts: Part 1) Generalities, syntheses, characterizations and properties; Part 2) Applications in catalysis; Part 3) Applications for the elaboration or modification of materials; and Part 4) Applications in biology/medicine. The role of the nanometric size and the multiple functions of dendrimers on the properties will be emphasized.Trade Review “The book is of high quality and recommended reading for anyone working with dendrimers or wanting to have a good reference book; rich in information, clearly organized and thoroughly referenced with topical primary publications.” (Angewandte Chemie, 2012) Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1 Generalities, Syntheses, Characterizations, and Physicochemical Properties 1 1 Syntheses of Dendrimers and Dendrons 3 Anne-Marie Caminade 1.1 Introduction: What Are Dendrimers and Dendrons? 3 1.2 Syntheses of Poly(propyleneimine) Dendrimers (PPI) 5 1.3 Synthesis of Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers (PAMAM) 5 1.4 Syntheses of Poly(ether) Dendrimers 7 1.5 Syntheses of Poly(ester) Dendrimers 10 1.6 Synthesis of Poly(lysine) Dendrimers 14 1.7 Syntheses of Silicon-Containing Dendrimers 15 1.8 Syntheses of Phosphorus-Containing Dendrimers 16 1.9 Syntheses of Carbon-Based Dendrimers 17 1.10 Syntheses of Dendrimers Constituted of Nitrogen Heterocycles 19 1.11 Syntheses by Self-Assembly 21 1.12 Accelerated Syntheses 26 1.13 Conclusion 30 References 30 2 Methods of Characterization of Dendrimers 35 Anne-Marie Caminade 2.1 Introduction 35 2.2 Spectroscopy and Spectrometry 36 2.2.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 36 2.2.2 Mass Spectrometry 40 2.2.3 X-ray Diffraction 41 2.2.4 Infrared (IR) and Raman Spectroscopy 42 2.2.5 Ultraviolet–Visible (UV–vis) Spectroscopy 43 2.2.6 Fluorescence 44 2.2.7 Chirality, Optical Rotation, and Circular Dichroism (CD) 45 2.2.8 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) 45 2.2.9 Electrochemistry 46 2.2.10 Magnetometry 46 2.2.11 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 46 2.2.12 X-ray Spectroscopies 47 2.3 Scattering Techniques 47 2.3.1 Laser Light Scattering (LLS) 47 2.3.2 Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) 47 2.3.3 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) 48 2.4 Microscopy 48 2.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 49 2.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 49 2.4.3 Polarizing Optical Microscopy (POM) 50 2.5 Rheology and Physical Characterizations 50 2.5.1 Intrinsic Viscosity 50 2.5.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 50 2.5.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy (DS) 51 2.5.4 Dipole Moments 51 2.6 Separation Techniques 52 2.6.1 Size Exclusion Chromatography 52 2.6.2 Electrophoresis 53 2.7 Conclusion 53 References 54 3 Luminescent Dendrimers 67 Anne-Marie Caminade 3.1 Introduction 67 3.2 Dendrimers with Fluorescent Terminal Groups 68 3.2.1 Fully Substituted Dendrimers 68 3.2.2 Partially Substituted Dendrimers 69 3.3 Luminescent Group at the Core of Dendrimers and Energy/Light-Harvesting Properties 74 3.3.1 Organic Fluorophores as Cores 74 3.3.2 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Cores 77 3.3.3 Metallic Cores 78 3.4 Fluorescent Groups inside the Structure of Dendrimers 79 3.5 Intrinsically Fluorescent Dendrimers 81 3.5.1 Fluorescent Groups throughout the Dendrimeric Structure 81 3.5.2 Fluorescence of Dendrimers without Known Fluorophores 86 3.6 Two-Photon-Excited Fluorescence of Dendrimers 86 3.7 Conclusion 89 References 90 4 Stimuli-Responsive Dendrimers 99 Anne-Marie Caminade 4.1 Introduction 99 4.2 Photoresponsive Dendrimeric Structures 100 4.2.1 Azobenzene-Containing Dendrimers and Dendrons 101 4.2.2 Other Types of Photoresponsive Dendrimers 108 4.3 Thermoresponsive Dendrimeric Structures 110 4.3.1 Thermoresponsive Properties of Dendrimers 110 4.3.2 Thermoresponsive Properties of Dendrons and Dendronized Polymers 112 4.4 Dendrimers Responsive to Solution Media Changes 114 4.4.1 pH-Responsive Dendrimers 114 4.4.2 Dendrimers Disassembly 115 4.5 Conclusion 117 References 118 5 Liquid Crystalline Dendrimers 125 Anne-Marie Caminade 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Mesogenic Groups as Terminal Functions of Dendrons 126 5.3 Mesogenic Groups as Terminal Functions of Dendrimers 131 5.4 Mesogenic Groups as Branches of Dendrimers 134 5.5 Conclusion 135 References 136 6 Dendrimers and Nanoparticles 141 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 6.1 Introduction 141 6.2 Dendrimers or Dendrons for Coating Nanoparticles 142 6.2.1 Dendronization of Nanoparticles by Ligand Exchange 142 6.2.2 Direct Synthesis of Dendronized Nanoparticles 147 6.2.3 Dendrimer Coated Nanoparticles 149 6.2.4 Nanocomposites with Interdendrimer Nanoparticles 151 6.3 Dendrimers as Templates for the Synthesis of Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles (DENs) 152 6.3.1 Catalysis with Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles 153 6.3.2 Other Uses of Dendrimer-Encapsulated Nanoparticles 154 6.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 154 References 155 Part 2 Applications in Catalysis 163 7 Terminal Groups of Dendrimers as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 165 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 7.1 General Introduction 165 7.1.1 The “Dendrimer Effect” 165 7.1.2 Recycling the Catalysts 166 7.2 Catalytic Organometallic Sites as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 167 7.2.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 167 7.2.2 Addition Reactions on a C=X Double Bond (X = C, O) 175 7.2.3 Oxidation Reactions 177 7.3 Organocatalysis with Dendrimers 178 7.4 Conclusion 178 References 179 8 Catalytic Sites inside the Dendrimeric Structure for Homogeneous Catalysis 183 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Catalytic Sites as the Core of Dendrimers 184 8.2.1 Dendrimers Bearing a Transition-Metal-Based Complex at the Core 184 8.2.2 Dendrimers Bearing an Organocatalyst at the Core 188 8.3 Catalytic Sites inside the Branches of Dendrimers 191 8.3.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 191 8.3.2 Addition Reactions on a C=C Double Bond: Olefi n Hydrogenation 192 8.4 Conclusion 192 References 193 9 Dendrimers as Homogeneous Enantioselective Catalysts 197 Armelle Ouali and Anne-Marie Caminade 9.1 Introduction 197 9.2 Catalytic Organometallic Sites as Catalysts for Homogeneous Catalysis 198 9.2.1 Formation of C–X Bonds (X = C, N, O) 198 9.2.2 Addition Reactions on a C=X Double Bond (X = C, O) 204 9.3 Organocatalysis with Dendrimers 209 9.3.1 Aldolizations 209 9.3.2 Aza–Morita–Baylis–Hillmann Reactions 209 9.3.3 Transaminations 210 9.4 Conclusion 210 References 210 10 Catalysis with Dendrimers in Particular Media 215 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 10.1 Introduction 215 10.2 Two-Phase (Liquid–Liquid) Media 216 10.3 Catalysis in Ionic Liquids 219 10.4 Catalysis in Supercritical Media 220 10.5 Catalysis in Aqueous Media 221 10.6 Conclusion 234 References 234 11 Heterogeneous Catalysis with Dendrimers 239 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Catalysis with Dendrons Synthesized from a Solid Material 240 11.2.1 Silica as an Inorganic Support 240 11.2.2 Polymers and Resins as Organic Supports 248 11.3 Catalysis with Dendrons or Dendrimers Grafted on to a Solid Surface 254 11.4 Catalysis with Insoluble Dendrimers 257 11.5 Conclusion 260 References 261 Part 3 Applications for the Elaboration or Modification of Materials 267 12 Dendrimers inside Materials 269 Régis Laurent and Anne-Marie Caminade 12.1 Introduction 269 12.2 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Gels 270 12.2.1 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Supramolecular Hygrogels 270 12.2.2 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Polymer-Type Hygrogels 273 12.2.3 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of Organogels 276 12.3 Dendrimers inside Silica Gels 280 12.4 Dendrimers inside Other Types of Materials 285 12.5 Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 288 12.5.1 Fluorescent Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 290 12.5.2 Phosphorescent Dendrimers for the Elaboration of OLEDs 295 12.6 Conclusion 298 References 299 13 Self-Assembly of Dendrimers in Layers 313 Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot and Anne-Marie Caminade 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Dendrons and Dendrimers 314 13.2.1 Poly(benzyl ether) Derivatives 316 13.2.2. Poly(amidoamine) and Poly(propyleneimine) Derivatives 319 13.2.3 Azobenzene Derivatives 320 13.2.4 Poly(carbosilane) Dendrimer Derivatives 321 13.2.5 Fullerene C60 Derivatives 322 13.2.6 Other Examples 325 13.3 Assemblies of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Solid Surfaces 326 13.3.1 Assembly of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Gold Surfaces 327 13.3.2 Assembly of Dendrons and Dendrimers on Silicon Substrates or Related Substrates 330 13.4 Several Routes for the Formation of Dendron or Dendrimer Multilayers 334 13.5 Nanoimprinting with Dendrons and Dendrimers on Solid Surfaces 342 13.5.1 Dendrimer-Based Self-Assembled Monolayers as Resists for Scanning Probe Lithography 342 13.5.2 Microprinting, Transfer Printing, and Dip-Pen Nanolithography with Dendrimers 344 13.6 Conclusion 350 References 351 14 Dendrimers as Chemical Sensors 361 Anne-Marie Caminade 14.1 Introduction 361 14.2 Dendrimers as Chemical Sensors in Solution 362 14.2.1 Porphyrins and Other Macrocyclic Derivatives as the Core or Branches of Dendrimeric Sensors 362 14.2.2 Terminal Groups of Dendrimers as Sensors in Solution 363 14.3 Dendrimers as Electrochemical Sensors 365 14.4 Dendrimers on Modifi ed Surfaces as Chemical Sensors 367 14.4.1 Dendrimers on Surfaces at the Interface with a Solution 367 14.4.2 Dendrimers on Surfaces at the Interface with a Vapor 368 14.5 Conclusion 370 References 370 15 Dendrimers as Biological Sensors 375 Anne-Marie Caminade 15.1 Introduction 375 15.2 Dendrimers as Sensors in Solutions of Biological Media 375 15.3 Detection by Electrochemical Methods 378 15.4 Dendrimers or Dendrons for DNA Microarrays 380 15.5 Dendrimers for Other Types of Biomicroarrays 383 15.6 Dendrimers on Other Types of Support 384 15.7 Dendrimers as Multiply Labeled Entities Connected to the Target 385 15.8 Conclusion 386 References 387 Part 4 Applications in Biology/Medicine 393 16 Dendrimers for Imaging 395 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 16.1 Introduction 395 16.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Dendrimers 395 16.2.1 Paramagnetic Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 398 16.2.2 PARACEST Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 402 16.2.3 Superparamagnetic Dendrimer-Based Contrast Agents 402 16.2.4 Dendrimer-Based 129Xe HYPER-CEST MRI Contrast Agents 403 16.2.5 19F Dendrimer-Based MRI Contrast Agents 403 16.3 Other Types of Imaging with Dendrimers 403 16.3.1 Dendrimers for Optical Imaging 403 16.3.2 Dendrimers for Nuclear Medicine (NM) Imaging and Computed Tomography X-Ray Imaging (CT) 405 16.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 407 References 407 17 Dendrimers as Transfection Agents 413 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 17.1 Introduction 413 17.2 Gene Transfection with PAMAM Dendrimers 415 17.2.1 Pioneering Results 415 17.2.2 Gene Transfection with Surface-Modifi ed PAMAM 416 17.2.3 Gene Transfection with Core-Modifi ed PAMAM 418 17.2.4 Gene Transfection with PAMAM-Functionalized Nanoparticles 419 17.2.5 Gene Transfection with PAMAM-Like Hyperbranched Polymers 420 17.3 Gene Transfection with Other Dendrimers 421 17.3.1 Gene Transfection with PPI Dendrimers 421 17.3.2 Gene Transfection with Peptide-Based Dendrimers 422 17.3.3 Gene Transfection with Phosphorus-Based Dendrimers 423 17.3.4 Gene Transfection with Silane-Based Dendrimers 424 17.4 Conclusion and Perspective 426 References 426 18 Dendrimer Conjugates for Drug Delivery 437 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 18.1 Introduction 437 18.2 Improving Bioavailability with Dendrimers 438 18.3 Passive Targeting in Tumors with Dendrimer–Drug Conjugates 440 18.3.1 Dendrimer–Drug Bioconjugates and the EPR Effect 440 18.3.2 PEGylated Dendrimeric Scaffolds 442 18.4 Active Targeting with Site-Specifi c Dendrimer–Drug Conjugates 446 18.4.1 Addressing with Folic Acid (FA) 446 18.4.2 Addressing with Tumor-Homing Peptides 448 18.4.3 Addressing with Monoclonal Antibodies 449 18.5 Dendrimers for Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) 449 18.6 Dendrimers for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) 451 18.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 452 References 453 19 Encapsulation of Drugs inside Dendrimers 463 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 19.1 Introduction 463 19.2 From Dendritic Boxes to Dendrimer-Based Formulations 464 19.3 Improving Bioavailability with Dendrimers? 464 19.4 Toxicological Issues 465 19.5 Dendrimer-Based Formulations for Drug Delivery 466 19.5.1 Nontargeted Formulations 466 19.5.2 Supramolecular Assemblies Involving Surface Ionic Interactions 473 19.5.3 Targeted Formulations 475 19.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 477 References 477 20 Unexpected Biological Applications of Dendrimers and Specifi c Multivalency Activities 485 Cédric-Olivier Turrin and Anne-Marie Caminade 20.1 Introduction 485 20.2 Dendrimers and Multivalency 486 20.2.1 Multivalent Effects and Dendrimeric Effects 486 20.2.2 Glycodendrimers 487 20.3 Antimicrobial Dendrimers 488 20.3.1 Polycationic Dendrimers 489 20.3.2 Polyanionic Dendrimers 491 20.4 From Immunomodulation to Regenerative Medicine 494 20.4.1 Immunomodulation and Anti-Inflammation 494 20.4.2 Dendrimers and Regenerative Medicine 498 20.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 501 References 502 21 General Conclusions and Perspectives 511 Anne-Marie Caminade Index 515

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Book SynopsisVirtual Reconstruction serves as an introduction to the principles of three-dimensional visualization techniques as they relate to fossil reconstruction and reverse engineering. It covers data acquisition, processing, virtual reconstruction, visualization, manipulation, reverse engineering, and applications to biomedicine.Trade Review"..a worthy contribution." (Journal of Anthropological Research, Summer 2006) "If you are interested in...three-dimensional reconstruction of past and present human and other anatomy, this is the text for you!" (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, May/June 2006) "The authors have done a stupendous job of mining the available literature to present a coherent and organized work...the book is a useful addition to any anthropologist's library." (American Journal of Human Biology, May/June 2006) "…well presented. This is a decidedly visual topic, and the illustrations in the book are wonderful…" (CHOICE, February 2006) "This book is well written. It is surprising easy to read considering the technical subjects that were covered." (The Quarterly Review of Biology, March 2006) “…a very useful resource for anyone wanting to get started in a much wider variety of fields…” (International Journal of Primatology, April 2007) ‘…an excellent source for computer scientists working in the biosciences.’ (Journal of Comparative Human Biology, March 2007) Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 Virtual Reconstruction 7 1.1 A Virtual Reality Contest 7 1.2 Virtual Reconstruction 10 1.3 Computer-Assisted Paleontology 12 1.3.1 Data Acquisition 12 1.3.2 Data Segmentation and Three-Dimensional Reconstruction 14 1.3.3 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 14 1.3.4 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 15 1.3.5 Databases and Morphometry 15 1.3.6 Virtual Reconstruction in Space and Time 16 1.4 Computer-Assisted Surgery 17 1.5 Further Reading 19 2 Data Representation 21 2.1 World Food on a Chessboard 21 2.2 Facts About Data to Get Data About Facts 22 2.2.1 Analog and Digital Data 22 2.2.2 Bits, Bytes, and Words 23 2.2.3 Characters, Numbers, Pixels, and Voxels 29 2.2.4 Representing Gray Tones and Colors 32 2.2.5 Data Compression 40 2.2.6 Some Common Image File Formats 41 2.2.7 Implicit Versus Explicit Representation of Object Data 44 2.2.8 Modeling Three-Dimensional Objects 48 2.3 A Taxonomy of Biomedical Data 50 2.3.1 Perspectives on Data 50 2.3.2 Volume Data 50 2.3.3 Surface Data 52 2.3.4 Landmark Data 53 2.3.5 Extent-Based Data 54 2.3.6 Relational Data 55 2.4 Further Reading 56 3 Data Acquisition 57 3.1 Data and the Physical World 57 3.2 Vision and Photography as Data Acquisition: Performance Considerations 59 3.3 Computed Tomography 64 3.3.1 Frau Röntgen’s Wedding Ring 64 3.3.2 Radiographic Projections 67 3.3.3 Reconstructing CT Images 72 3.3.4 CT Scanning: Technical Considerations 74 3.3.5 Limitations of CT Data Acquisition 77 3.3.6 Slice-to-Slice, Helical, and Multislice CT 80 3.3.7 Industrial and Micro Computed Tomography 82 3.3.8 Three-Dimensional Data Acquisition with a Medical Scanner 84 3.4 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 85 3.5 Surface Scanners 91 3.6 3D Digitizers 93 3.7 Further Reading 94 4 Image Data Processing 97 4.1 Recovering Objects from Images 97 4.2 Converting a CT Image into a Screen Image 100 4.3 Filtering Images 102 4.3.1 Coffee and Kernels 102 4.3.2 Convolution and Fourier Analysis 106 4.3.3 Statistical Filters 107 4.3.4 Edge Detection Filters 108 4.4 Extracting Isosurfaces 113 4.4.1 Determining Boundaries in CT Images 113 4.4.2 From Edges to Isocontours and Isosurfaces 119 4.5 Interactive Segmentation 121 4.6 Further Reading 126 5 Visualization and Interaction 129 5.1 Visualizing Data in Two and More Dimensions 129 5.2 Interaction with Virtual Worlds 131 5.3 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 132 5.4 Setting Up a Virtual Environment 132 5.4.1 Object Materials, Lighting, and Shading 133 5.4.2 Setting Up the Camera 139 5.4.3 Object Manipulation and Interaction 143 5.5 Volume Rendering 151 5.6 Further Reading 154 6 Virtual Fossil Reconstruction 155 6.1 A Baroque Puzzle 155 6.2 Principles of Reconstruction 157 6.3 Physical and Virtual Reconstruction 159 6.4 Preparing and Restoring Fossils on the Computer Screen 160 6.5 Reconstructing Fossil Morphologies 164 6.5.1 Recovering Implicit Anatomic Information 164 6.5.2 Combining Computer Graphics and Anatomy: The Globe Paradigm 166 6.5.3 Inferring Missing Information 175 6.5.4 Interpolation and Extrapolation 181 6.6 Correcting Fossil Deformation 181 6.6.1 Taphonomic Scenarios 182 6.6.2 Correcting Plastic Deformation 184 6.7 Validating Virtual Reconstructions 189 6.8 Paleodiagnostics and Paleoforensics 192 6.9 Inferring Soft Tissue Structures 193 6.9.1 Motivation 193 6.9.2 Fossil Soft Tissue Reconstruction: Classic and Virtual Approaches 196 6.9.3 What Shall Be Reconstructed? 199 6.9.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction and Measurement 200 6.10 Virtual Surgery: a Paleoanthropologist’s Eye View 201 6.10.1 Motivation 201 6.10.2 Virtual Planning and Simulation of Surgical Interventions 201 6.10.3 Custom Implant Design 203 6.10.4 Soft Tissue Reconstruction 203 6.11 Further Reading 206 7 From Virtual Reality to Real Virtuality 209 7.1 Reifying Virtual Objects 209 7.2 Principles of Rapid Prototyping 210 7.3 Combining Virtual Reality and Real Virtuality 217 7.4 Further Reading 223 8 Morphometric Analysis 225 8.1 Morphometry as Reconstruction 225 8.2 Morphometry and Geometry 227 8.2.1 The Role of Geometry 227 8.2.2 The Role of Size and Shape 230 8.2.3 Multivariate Morphometry 233 8.2.4 Principal Components Analysis and Dimension Reduction 235 8.2.5 Classic Multivariate Morphometry: Geometry Lost 237 8.2.6 Geometric Morphometrics: Geometry Recovered 239 8.3 Shape Space Analysis 241 8.3.1 From D’Arcy Thompson to Kendall 241 8.3.2 The Workflow of Shape Space Analysis 246 8.3.3 Determining a Reference Shape 246 8.3.4 Analyzing Data in Shape Space 251 8.3.5 Visualizing Patterns of Shape Difference and Shape Change 253 8.4 Euclidean Distance Matrix Analysis 259 8.4.1 In Search of the Golden Mean 259 8.4.2 Exploring Form Variability with EDMA 260 8.5 Outline Analysis 266 8.6 A Comparison of Geometric Morphometric Methods 269 8.6.1 Criteria for Comparison 269 8.6.2 From Pattern to Process 271 8.7 Exploring Morphometric Patterns 272 8.8 Further Reading 275 Appendix A Image Data Acquisition Systems: Performance Considerations 277 Appendix B Parameters Influencing the Quality of CT Image Data 281 Appendix C CT Scanning of Fossil Specimens and Recent Skeletal Specimens: How to Proceed? 285 C.1 Preparation 285 C.1.1 Mounting the Specimens 285 C.1. 2 Materials Used for Fixation 285 C.1. 3 Placement 286 C. 2 Parameters for CT Data Acquisition 287 C.2. 1 Scanned Area 287 C.. 2 X-Ray Tube Current and Voltage 287 C.2. 3 Gantry Tilt 288 C.2. 4 Scanning Direction and Object Orientation 288 C.2. 5 Object Positioning 288 C. 3 Image Reconstruction 290 C.3. 1 Reconstruction Kernels 290 C.3. 2 Image Reconstruction 290 C. 4 CT Data Storage 291 C.4. 1 Raw Data Storage 291 C.4. 2 Image Data Storage 291 C. 5 Calibration 291 C.5. 1 Test Scans 291 C.5. 2 Calibration 292 Appendix D Object Manipulation in Virtual Space 293 D. 1 Matrices 293 D. 2 Rigid Transforms 294 D. 3 Homogeneous Matrices 295 Appendix E A Parsimonious Approach to Correction of Taphonomic Deformation 297 Appendix F Morphometry 299 F. 1 Anatomic Axes and Planes 299 F. 2 Accuracy and Precision of Measurement 299 F. 3 Allometry 299 F. 4 Multivariate Analysis and Dimension Reduction 301 F. 5 Centroid Size 303 F. 6 Procrustes Superimposition, Generalized Least- Squares Fitting, and Linearized Shape Space 303 F. 7 Shape Space Analysis 304 F. 8 Shape Variability as Deformation: Principal, Partial, and Relative Warps 306 References 309 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThe premier comprehensive reference on biomedical optics for practitioners and students Biophotonics is a rapidly growing field with applications in medicine, genetics, biology, agriculture, and environmental science.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1.Motivation for optical imaging. 1.2.General behavior of light in biological tissue. 1.3.Basic physics of light-matter interaction. 1.4.Absorption and its biological origins. 1.5.Scattering and its biological origins. 1.6.Polarization and its biological origins. 1.7.Fluorescence and its biological origins. 1.8.Image characterization. 1.9.References. 1.10.Further readings. 1.11.Problems. 2. RAYLEIGH THEORY AND MIE THEORY FOR A SINGLE SCATTERER. 2.1.Introduction. 2.2.Summary of the Rayleigh theory. 2.3.Numerical example of the Rayleigh theory. 2.4.Summary of the Mie theory. 2.5.Numerical example of the Mie theory. 2.6.Appendix 2.A. Derivation of the Rayleigh theory. 2.7.Appendix 2.B. Derivation of the Mie theory. 2.8.References. 2.9.Further readings. 2.10.Problems. 3. MONTE CARLO MODELING OF PHOTON TRANSPORT IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUE. 3.1.Introduction. 3.2.Monte Carlo method. 3.3.Definition of problem. 3.4.Propagation of photons. 3.5.Physical quantities. 3.6.Computational examples. 3.7.Appendix 3.A. Summary of MCML. 3.8.Appendix 3.B. Probability density function. 3.9.References. 3.10.Further readings. 3.11.Problems. 4. CONVOLUTION FOR BROADBEAM RESPONSES. 4.1.Introduction. 4.2.General formulation of convolution. 4.3.Convolution over a Gaussian beam. 4.4.Convolution over a top-hat beam. 4.5.Numerical solution to convolution. 4.6.Computational examples. 4.7.Appendix 4.A. Summary of CONV. 4.8.References. 4.9.Further readings. 4.10.Problems. 5. RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 5.1.Introduction. 5.2.Definitions of physical quantities. 5.3.Derivation of the radiative transport equation. 5.4.Diffusion theory. 5.5.Boundary conditions. 5.6.Diffuse reflectance. 5.7.Photon propagation regimes. 5.8.References. 5.9.Further readings. 5.10.Problems. 6. HYBRID MODEL OF MONTE CARLO METHOD AND DIFFUSION THEORY. 6.1.Introduction. 6.2.Definition of problem. 6.3.Diffusion theory. 6.4.Hybrid model. 6.5.Numerical computation. 6.6.Computational examples. 6.7.References. 6.8.Further readings. 6.9.Problems. 7. SENSING OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES AND SPECTROSCOPY. 7.1.Introduction. 7.2.Collimated transmission method. 7.3.Spectrophotometry. 7.4.Oblique-incidence reflectometry. 7.5.White-light spectroscopy. 7.6.Time-resolved measurement. 7.7.Fluorescence spectroscopy. 7.8.Fluorescence modeling. 7.9.References. 7.10.Further readings. 7.11.Problems. 8. BALLISTIC IMAGING AND MICROSCOPY. 8.1.Introduction. 8.2.Characteristics of ballistic light. 8.3.Time-gated imaging. 8.4.Spatial-frequency filtered imaging. 8.5.Polarization-difference imaging. 8.6.Coherence-gated holographic imaging. 8.7.Optical heterodyne imaging. 8.8.Radon transformation and computed tomography. 8.9.Confocal microscopy. 8.10.Two-photon microscopy. 8.11.Appendix 8.A. Holography. 8.12.References. 8.13.Further readings. 8.14.Problems. 9. OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 9.1.Introduction. 9.2.Michelson interferometry. 9.3.Coherence length and coherence time. 9.4.Time-domain OCT. 9.5.Fourier-domain rapid scanning optical delay line. 9.6.Fourier-domain OCT. 9.7.Doppler OCT. 9.8.Group velocity dispersion. 9.9.Monte Carlo modeling of OCT. 9.10.References. 9.11.Further readings. 9.12.Problems. 10. MUELLER OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY. 10.1.Introduction. 10.2.Mueller calculus versus Jones calculus. 10.3.Polarization state. 10.4.Stokes vector. 10.5.Mueller matrix. 10.6.Mueller matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.7.Measurement of Mueller matrix. 10.8.Jones vector. 10.9.Jones matrix. 10.10.Jones matrices for a rotator, a polarizer, and a retarder. 10.11.Eigenvectors and eigenvalues of Jones matrix. 10.12.Conversion from Jones calculus to Mueller calculus. 10.13.Degree of polarization in OCT. 10.14.Serial Mueller OCT. 10.15.Parallel Mueller OCT. 10.16.References. 10.17.Further readings. 10.18.Problems. 11. DIFFUSE OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 11.1.Introduction. 11.2.Modes of diffuse optical tomography. 11.3.Time-domain system. 11.4.Direct-current system. 11.5.Frequency-domain system. 11.6.Frequency-domain theory: basics. 11.7.Frequency-domain theory: linear image reconstruction. 11.8.Frequency-domain theory: general image reconstruction. 11.9.Appendix 11.A. ART and SIRT. 11.10.References. 11.11.Further readings. 11.12.Problems. 12. PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY. 12.1.Introduction. 12.2.Motivation for photoacoustic tomography. 12.3.Initial photoacoustic pressure. 12.4.General photoacoustic equation. 12.5.General forward solution. 12.6.Delta-pulse excitation of a slab. 12.7.Delta-pulse excitation of a sphere. 12.8.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a thin slab. 12.9.Finite-duration pulse excitation of a small sphere. 12.10.Dark-field confocal photoacoustic microscopy. 12.11.Synthetic aperture image reconstruction. 12.12.General image reconstruction. 12.13.Appendix 12.A. Derivation of acoustic wave equation. 12.14.Appendix 12.B. Green's function approach. 12.15.References. 12.16.Further readings. 12.17.Problems. 13. ULTRASOUND-MODULATED OPTICAL TOMOGRAPHY. 13.1.Introduction. 13.2.Mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of coherent light. 13.3.Time-resolved frequency-swept UOT. 13.4.Frequency-swept UOT with parallel-speckle detection. 13.5.Ultrasonically modulated virtual optical source. 13.6.Reconstruction-based UOT. 13.7.UOT with Fabry-Perot interferometry. Problems. Reading. Furhter Reading. APPENDIX A. DEFINITIONS OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES. APPENDIX B. List of Acronyms. Index.

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Book SynopsisLearn to solve both simple and complex electromagnetic problems with this text's unique integration of theoretical and mathematical concepts. With the author's guidance, you'll discover a broad range of classic and cutting-edge applications across a wide array of fields, including biomedicine, wireless communication, process control, and instrumentation. Case studies, detailed derivations, and 170 fully solved examples deepen your understanding of theory, and help you apply numerical methods to real-world problems.Trade Review"…a perfect, very good introductory work…" (CHOICE, August 2007)Table of ContentsPreface. 1. INTRODUCTION. 1.1 Electrical sources and fundamental quantities. 1.2 Static and dynamic fields. 1.3 Working with complex numbers and functions. 2. VECTORS AND FIELDS. 2.1 Working with vectors. 2.2 Coordinate systems. 2.3 Differentiation and integration of vectors. 2.4 Gradient of the scalar field and its applications. 2.5 Divergence of the vector field and its applications. 2.6 Curl of the vector field and its applications. 2.7 The divergence theorem. 2.8 Stokes’ theorem. Δ. 2.9 Other operations involving 2.10 Helmholtz theorem. 3. BASIC LAWS OF ELECTROMAGNETICS. 3.1 Maxwell’s equations in large scale/integral form. 3.2 Maxwell’s equations in point/differential form. 3.3 Constitutive relations. 3.4 Boundary conditions. 3.5 Lorentz force equation. 3.6 Poynting vector and power flow. 4. UNIFORM PLANE WAVES. 4.1 The wave equation and uniform plane wave solutions. 4.2 Plane electromagnetic waves in Lossy media. 4.3 Uniform plane wave incident normally on an interface. 4.4 Uniform plane wave incident obliquely on an interface. 5. TRANSMISSION LINES. 5.1 Transmission line equations. 5.2 Finite length transmission line. 5.3 Smith chart. 5.4 Transients on transmission lines. 6. MODIFIED MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS AND POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS. 6.1 Magnetic charge and current. 6.2 Magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials. 6.3 Electric vector and magnetic scalar potentials. 6.4 Construction of solution in rectangular coordinates. 6.5 Construction of solution in cylindrical coordinates. 6.6 Construction of solution in spherical coordinates. 7. SOURCE IN INFINITE SPACE. 7.1 Fields of an infinitesimal source. 7.2 Antenna parameters. 7.3 Linear antennas. 7.4 Antenna arrays. 7.5 Friis transmission formula and the radar range equation. 8. ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS. 8.1 Laws of electrostatic fields. 8.2 Gauss’ law. 8.3 Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 8.4 Capacitors and energy storage. 8.5 Further applications of Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations. 9. MAGNETOSTATIC FIELDS. 9.1 Laws of magnetostatic fields. 9.2 Inductors and energy storage. 9.3 Magnetic materials. 9.4 Magnetic Circuits. 10. WAVEGUIDES AND CAVITY RESONATORS. 10. 1 Metallic rectangular waveguide. 10. 2 Metallic circular cylindrical waveguide. 10.3 Rectangular cavity resonators. 10.4 Circular cylindrical cavity resonators. 11. NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES. 11.1 Finite difference methods. 11.2 The method of moments. 11.3 Scattering of plane EM waves from an infinitely long cylinder. Appendix A. Mathematical formulas. Appendix B. Delta function and evaluation of fields in unbounded media. Appendix C. Bessel functions. Appendix D. Legendre functions. Appendix E. Characteristics of selected materials. Appendix F. Physical constants. Appendix G. Decibels and Neper. Appendix H. Nomenclature and characteristics of standard rectangular waveguides. SELECTED REFERENCE BOOKS . Index.

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Book SynopsisCan technology and innovation transform world health? Connecting undergraduate students with global problems, Rebecca Richards-Kortum examines the interplay between biomedical technology design and the medical, regulatory, economic, social and ethical issues surrounding global health. Driven by case studies, including cancer screening, imaging technologies, implantable devices and vaccines, students learn how the complexities and variation across the globe affect the design of devices and therapies. A wealth of learning features, including classroom activities, project assignments, homework problems and weblinks within the book and online, provide a full teaching package. For visionary general science and biomedical engineering courses, this book will inspire students to engage in solving global issues that face us all.Trade Review'As part of the Clinton Global Initiative, Rice University is launching a major initiative in global health technologies to narrow the unconscionable gap in life expectancy between rich and poor. This beautifully written volume by Rebecca Richards-Kortum will inspire and empower the next generation of engineers to make global health their calling. As President Clinton has said, 'today's generation of young people holds more power than any generation before them to make a positive impact on the world.' The next Jonas Salk or Maurice Hilleman will definitely have this book close at hand.' Thomas Kalil, University of California, Berkeley and Clinton Global Initiative'Professor Richards-Kortum has been in the forefront of giving bioengineers a conscience. This book is an excellent first step in educating engineers as to medical problems in the developing worlds and ways in which bioengineers can make a difference.' Paul Yager, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle'Professor Rebecca Richards-Kortum, a world leader of biomedical engineering research, an HHM investigator and NAE member, brings a global message to all scientists, indeed to all citizens of the world. Regardless of our educational background, we should be concerned about world health. Providing better treatment in a positive social environment, caring about the epidemic level of certain diseases and giving cost effective solutions to health management is not just scientifically exciting. It is also our responsibility as citizens of this world! Richards-Kortum makes it crystal-clear that engineers and scientists can provide intelligent solutions to medical problems and can improve the quality of life of our patients, our citizens, no matter where they live. The examples from Botswana or Lesotho are telling of the crisis bioengineers are facing in a global environment … I have shown my prepublication copy of Richards-Kortum's book to high school students and young undergraduates … They left my office inspired, as true, new apostles for better health treatment methods. No other book has made such transformation of young scientists in such a short time … This book will become the most influential biomedical text of our generation.' Nicholas Peppas, Fletcher S. Pratt Chair in Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin'Rebecca Richards-Kortum is one of the brightest and clearest-thinking biomedical engineers of her generation. Several years ago, she turned her attention to the uses of biomedical technology for improving world health. In her teaching, first at the University of Texas and then at Rice University, she was able to refine her observations into a vision for biomedical engineering that moves beyond the world we see each day. Now she has produced a book that will enable all of us to make the leap she made, and to see our power and obligations a bit more clearly. This is the kind of engineering book that comes around only once in a generation.' Mark Saltzman, Yale University'Helping students understand, early in their academic training, what it takes to bring novel, safe, and effective medical technologies to the patient is laudatory. Rebecca Richards-Kortum very nobly succeeds in doing that in the context of resource-challenged environments by writing a very engaging and provocative book. Bravo!' John H. Linehan, Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Medicine, Northwestern University'Biomedical engineers not only need expertise in the science, engineering and mathematics that underlies their field, they must also know the context in which biomedical engineering is practiced. Professor Richards-Kortum skilfully presents the key medical, policy, social and ethical issues that need to be considered in applying biomedical engineering. This is a comprehensive book that addresses biomedical engineering from a truly global perspective and shows students how these important issues affect the design of devices and therapies. This book will also be an important reference for all biomedical engineers.' George Truskey, Biomedical Engineering, Duke University'This outstanding book by Professor Rebecca Richards-Kortum on bioengineering and world health is based on her years of pioneering work and superb teaching on this topic at the University of Texas and Rice University. This pace-setting book focuses on the application of engineering methods and technological advances to medical technologies, with an emphasis on improving human health in the world. With the increasing globalization of science, technology and healthcare, the publication of this book is extremely timely to meet the urgent demand today. This book addresses the important questions of how to use science and technology to solve healthcare problems and how to translate these new healthcare technologies to the bedside. It also considers the important economical, legal and ethical issues associated with developing new medical technologies to improve world health. This is a very valuable book not only for teaching in fields such as bioengineering, but also for reading by the general public. It will have major positive impacts on bioengineering and world health for years to come.' Shu Chien, President of the Biomedical Engineering Society, Chair of the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San DiegoTable of ContentsPreface; 1. Emerging medical technologies: high stakes science and the need for technology assessment; 2. Bioengineering and technology assessment; 3. Health and economic data: a global comparison; 4. World health and global health challenges; 5. Healthcare systems: a global comparison; 6. Healthcare costs vs time: trends and drivers; 7. The evolution of technology: scientific method, engineering design, and translational research; 8. Prevention of infectious disease; 9. Ethics of clinical research; 10. Technologies for early detection and prevention of cancer; 11. Cost-effectiveness of screening for disease; 12. Technologies for treatment of heart disease; 13. Clinical trial design and sample size calculation; 14. Technology diffusion; 15. Regulation of health care technologies; 16. Future of bioengineering and world health; Index.

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Book SynopsisEugene Goldfield lays out principles of engineering found in the natural world, with a focus on how components of coordinated structures organize themselves into autonomous functional systems. This self-organizing capacity is one of many qualities which can be harnessed to design technologies that can interact seamlessly with human bodies.Trade ReviewThe book is fact-packed and beautifully crafted… Bioinspired Devices provides a fascinating way into one of biomedicine’s most complex fields. While Goldfield writes with both erudition and elegance, he has a wonderfully popular touch and a keen sense of humor that has him drawing on Wallace and Gromit and Star Trek (and more) to help with key explanations. It is a book that will not only leave you with a deep respect for research into copying nature, but also in awe of nature itself and how it does so much with so little. -- Adrian Barnett * New Scientist *Bioinspired Devices: Emulating Nature’s Assembly and Repair Process is a reliquary of nature’s wonders, exploring how cells, organisms, and living systems form and function. Goldfield explains how new insights about these natural building processes are now being leveraged to create ‘biologically inspired’ engineering innovations, from medical devices to robot swarms. After reading this book, you will look at the world in an entirely new way. -- Donald E. Ingber, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard UniversityBioinspired Devices takes us on a fascinating journey between nature and engineering. Goldfield extracts key principles for how living systems grow and function and proposes that they be applied to the design of better machines and prostheses. Combining an incredibly rich set of observations from neuroscience, bioengineering, biomechanics, ecology, and more, this book is a stimulating read for anyone interested in living systems and the construction of biologically-inspired devices. -- Auke Ijspeert, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology at LausanneBioinspired Devices explores modern bioengineering’s dance between technology and nature, illuminating how the concepts of resiliency, self-repair, and environmental harmony are more evident today than ever before. -- Ravi Bellamkonda, Duke UniversityBioinspired Devices presents an original, erudite perspective on how to emulate fundamental characteristics of living systems—self repair, robustness, development, and emergence—in order to engineer bioinspired solutions to neurological disorders. Goldfield builds on his extensive experience with dynamical systems, at Boston Children’s Hospital and via collaborations with Harvard’s Wyss Institute, to discuss challenges and opportunities in unravelling and emulating nature’s principles to build neuroprosthetic devices and pathways to rehabilitation. -- Marc-Olivier Coppens, University College London

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Book SynopsisProvides an introduction to the principles and tools for modeling, analyzing, and synthesizing biomolecular systems. This book begins with modeling tools such as reaction-rate equations, reduced-order models, stochastic models, and specific models of important core processes.Trade Review"The authors did superbly in combining the biophysical processes and corresponding mathematics... This book serves both as a primer and a reference for constructing synthetic biological circuits with special focus on biomolecular feedback. It nicely bridges the gap between fields with a concise biological introduction, and approachable mathematics."--Harold Bien and Gabor Balazsi, Quarterly Review of Biology "This book promises much for the reader with a background in both biochemistry and mathematics. Such a reader will not only learn how to analyse models for bioengineered bimolecular systems but they will have the insights to both build these systems and to 'tune' the biochemistry to obtain desired parameter values."--Mark Nelson, Gazette of the Australian Mathematical SocietyTable of ContentsPreface vii 1 Introductory Concepts 1 1.1 Systems biology: Modeling, analysis and role of feedback 1 1.2 The cell as a system 8 1.3 Control and dynamical systems tools 11 1.4 Input/output modeling 18 1.5 From systems to synthetic biology 22 1.6 Further reading 28 2 Dynamic Modeling of Core Processes 29 2.1 Modeling chemical reactions 29 2.2 Transcription and translation 44 2.3 Transcriptional regulation 55 2.4 Post-transcriptional regulation 70 2.5 Cellular subsystems 81 Exercises 86 3 Analysis of Dynamic Behavior 89 3.1 Analysis near equilibria 89 3.2 Robustness 103 3.3 Oscillatory behavior 113 3.4 Bifurcations 124 3.5 Model reduction techniques 127 Exercises 133 4 Stochastic Modeling and Analysis 139 4.1 Stochastic modeling of biochemical systems 139 4.2 Simulation of stochastic systems 154 4.3 Input/output linear stochastic systems 157 Exercises 164 5 Biological Circuit Components 169 5.1 Introduction to biological circuit design 169 5.2 Negative autoregulation 171 5.3 The toggle switch 177 5.4 The repressilator 180 5.5 Activator-repressor clock 184 5.6 An incoherent feedforward loop (IFFL) 189 5.7 Bacterial chemotaxis 191 Exercises 203 6 Interconnecting Components 205 6.1 Input/output modeling and the modularity assumption 205 6.2 Introduction to retroactivity 206 6.3 Retroactivity in gene circuits 209 6.4 Retroactivity in signaling systems 214 6.5 Insulation devices: Retroactivity attenuation 219 6.6 A case study on the use of insulation devices 236 Exercises 239 7 Design Tradeoffs 243 7.1 Competition for shared cellular resources 243 7.2 Stochastic effects: Design tradeoffs in systems with large gains 253 Exercises 257 Bibliography 259 Index 267

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Book SynopsisSince the publication of the best-selling, highly acclaimed first edition, the technology and clinical applications of medical imaging have changed significantly. Gathering these developments into one volume, Webb's Physics of Medical Imaging, Second Edition presents a thorough update of the basic physics, modern technology and many examples of clinical application across all the modalities of medical imaging.New to the Second Edition Extensive updates to all original chapters Coverage of state-of-the-art detector technology and computer processing used in medical imaging 11 new contributors in addition to the original team of authors Two new chapters on medical image processing and multimodality imaging More than 50 percent new examples and over 80 percent new figures Glossary of abbreviations, color insert and contents lists at the beginning of each chapter Keeping the maTrade Review"For those who have the first edition and found it useful, this edition would be very worthwhile to purchase. Based on my (albeit limited) review, the editor and contributors have done a good job making extensive updates. …the advantage is that each chapter is written by one or more specialists. This would make an excellent reference for medical physicists and should be an excellent textbook for a second course in medical imaging..."—Steven T. Ratliff, PhD, St. Cloud State University, Minnesota, USA"… a cohesive textbook … The editor’s aim was to keep the contents in one, manageable book while retaining accessibility for student use. Overall, in spite of the many new developments included, the challenge has been met. Chapters on the main imaging modalities have been overhauled … replaced with up-to-date examples. … This book is excellent value for the money and a strong contender as a textbook for master’s level courses. Buy one early on, and this is a book that you’ll consult throughout your career."—Elizabeth Berry, SCOPE, June 2013"Possibly the most comprehensive book on the subject currently on the market."—Dr. Sandro Olivo, University College London"I do not feel that this book is intended for technologists trying to increase their knowledge in the clinical setting. Rather, it seems to be designed for technologists in a research setting or for graduate students. … Most of the diagrams and charts are easy to understand, and the glossary of abbreviations at the beginning of the book is helpful. … the book does explain reasons for artifacts in medical imaging so that they can be avoided as much as possible in daily practice. … useful to keep this reference text in the imaging department for technical questions that may arise."—Gail M. Kurpinski, Radiologic Technology, March/April 2013Praise for the First Edition:Steve Webb has produced a first-class book. Because The Physics of Medical Imaging is up to date in a rapidly changing field, it is the text of choice for teaching graduate research students in this new and exciting subspeciality of physics.—Physics Today… a worthwhile addition to the personal library of anyone connected with this field.—Journal of Clinical Physics and Physiological MeasurementFor all those requiring a comprehensive review of medical imaging techniques, at a fairly basic level, this text is highly recommended.—Australian PhysicistThis is a book well worth the money and I can strongly recommend it both as desk and bedside reading.—HPA BulletinDevelopments in digital radiography, together with an analysis of the computing requirements of the various techniques, complete this excellent text. The authors have done a remarkable job in covering such a wide subject so well in such a short book.—Image Processing MagazineThis is an excellent publication and represents much dedication and hard work on behalf of the authors and, in particular, the editor. —RAD MagazineTable of ContentsIn the Beginning: The Origins of Medical Imaging. Diagnostic Radiology with X-Rays. X-Ray Transmission Computed Tomography. Clinical Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography in Radiotherapy Planning. Radioisotope Imaging. Diagnostic Ultrasound. Spatially Localised Magnetic Resonance. Physical Aspects of Infrared Imaging. Imaging of Tissue Electrical Impedance. Optical Imaging. Mathematics of Image Formation and Image Processing. Medical Image Processing. Perception and Interpretation of Images. Computer Requirements of Imaging Systems. Multimodality Imaging. Epilogue. Index.

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