Biology, life sciences Books

Book SynopsisFundamental Statistical Concepts and Techniques in the Biological and Environmental Sciences: With jamovi is an introductory textbook for learning statistics. It starts with the very basics and prioritises helping the reader to develop a conceptual understanding of statistics, and apply the most fundamental statistical tools. New concepts are introduced with examples designed to be familiar to the reader, serving as a useful starting point for exploring more abstract concepts.Key Features: Designed to be accessible for students learning statistics in biological and environmental sciences. Utilizes the statistical software jamovi to explore new concepts. Prioritizes good statistical judgement over adherence to protocols. This book will be useful to students beginning their study of statistical concepts in biological and environmental sciences, whilst also acting as an insightful resource for teachers using jamovi in the classro

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Book SynopsisForensic science has become a mainstay of popular culture on television, in movies, books, and podcasts. Dr. Alan R. Moritz (1899-1986) was a highly influential figure in the development of the field of forensic science as we know it today.Dr. Alan R. Moritz and Forensic Pathology: Tales that Dead Men Tell, written by Dr. Moritzâs journalist grandson Rob Moritz, recounts his life and career from personal papers and correspondence, interviews, newspaper accounts and other sources, including archived materials from Harvard Medical School, the Rockefeller Foundation, Case Western Reserve University and the University Hospitals of Cleveland. Chapters chronicle more than a half-century of ground-breaking research and high-profile investigations, including some of the 20th centuryâs most infamous cases. This includes the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Sam Shepherd case, the Cocoanut Grove nightclub fire, the Attica prison riots and the Texas Tower sni

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Book SynopsisThis detailed book highlights the diverse techniques and applications of proteomics in an accessible, informative, and concise manner.Table of Contents1. Review of the Real and Sometimes Hidden Costs in Proteomics Experimental Workflows Aicha Asma Houfani and Leonard James Foster 2. High-Throughput Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics with dia-PASEF Patricia Skowronek and Florian Meier 3. Isolation of Detergent Insoluble Proteins from Mouse Brain Tissue for Quantitative Analysis Using Data Independent Acquisition (DIA) Cristen Molzahn, Lorenz Nierves, Philipp F. Lange, and Thibault Mayor 4. Rodent Lung Tissue Sample Preparation and Processing for Shotgun Proteomics Hadeesha Piyadasa, Ying Lao, Oleg Krokhin, and Neeloffer Mookherjee 5. Protein Purification and Digestion Methods for Bacterial Proteomic Analyses Nicole Hansmeier, Samrachana Sharma, and Tzu-Chiao Chao 6. Mapping Cell Surface Proteolysis with Plasma Membrane-Targeted Subtiligase Aspasia A. Amiridis and Amy M. Weeks 7. N-Terminomics/TAILS of Tissue and Liquid Biopsies Anthonia Anowai, Sameeksha Chopra, Barbara Mainoli, Daniel Young, and Antoine Dufour 8. HUNTER: Sensitive Automated Characterization of Proteolytic Systems by N Termini Enrichment from Microscale Specimen Anuli C. Uzozie, Janice Tsui, and Philipp F. Lange 9. Phosphoproteomics and Organelle Proteomics in Pancreatic Islets Özum Sehnaz Caliskan, Giorgia Massacci, Natalie Krahmer, and Francesca Sacco 10. Phosphoproteomic Sample Preparation for Global Phosphorylation Profiling of a Fungal Pathogen Brianna Ball, Jonathan Krieger, and Jennifer Geddes-McAlister 11. Glycopeptide-Centric Approaches for the Characterization of Microbial Glycoproteomes Nichollas E. Scott 12. Integrated Network Discovery Using Multi-Proteomic Data Rafe Helwer and Vincent C. Chen 13. Targeted Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry on Single-Step Affinity Purified Molecular Complexes in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Christian Trahan and Marlene Oeffinger 14. A Crosslinking – Mass Spectrometry Protocol for the Structural Analysis of Microtubule-Associated Proteins Atefeh Rafiei and David C. Schriemer 15. Comprehensive Interactome Mapping of Nuclear Receptors Using Proximity Biotinylation Lynda Agbo, Sophie Anne Blanchet, Pata-Eting Kougnassoukou Tchara, Amélie Fradet-Turcotte, and Jean-Philippe Lambert 16. Mining Proteomics Datasets to Uncover Functional Pseudogenes Anna Meller and François-Michel Boisvert 17. Proteomic Profiling of the Interplay between a Bacterial Pathogen and Host Uncovers Novel Anti-Virulence Strategies Arjun Sukumaran and Jennifer Geddes-McAlister 18. Affinity-Enrichment of Salmonella-Modified Membranes from Murine Macrophages for Proteomic Analyses Tzu-Chiao Chao, Samina Thapa, and Nicole Hansmeier 19. Proteomic Profiling of Interplay between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Nicotiana benthamiana for Improved Molecular Pharming Outcomes Nicholas Prudhomme, Jonathan R. Krieger, Michael D. McLean, Doug Cossar, and Jennifer Geddes-McAlister 20. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat Boyan Liu, Danisha Johal, Mitra Serajazari, and Jennifer Geddes-McAlister 21. DIA Proteomics and Machine Learning for the Fast Identification of Bacterial Species in Biological Samples Florence Roux-Dalvai, Mickaël Leclercq, Clarisse Gotti, and Arnaud Droit 22. Novel Bioinformatics Strategies Driving Dynamic Metaproteomic Studies Caitlin M.A. Simopoulos, Daniel Figeys, and Mathieu Lavallée-Adam 23. MaxQuant Module for the Identification of Genomic Variants Propagated into Peptides Pavel Sinitcyn, Maximilian Gerwien, and Jürgen Cox 24. Untargeted Metabolomic Profiling of Fungal Species Populations Thomas E. Witte and David P. Overy

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Book SynopsisAn extensive update of a successful textbook on skill acquisition for sport students. Praised for its clarity of writing style and presentation the new edition will be an essential buy for those needing a practical, sport-focused introduction to the theory and application of human motor skills.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xix About the Companion Website xxi 1 Skill, Ability and Performance 1 Learning objectives 1 Skill 2 Classification of skills 3 Ability 6 Genes 8 The ability–skill interaction 10 Summary 12 Theories of performance 12 Information processing theory 13 Ecological psychology theories 17 Conclusion 20 Summary 20 Skill 20 Ability 20 Ability-skill interaction 21 Information processing theory 21 Ecological psychology theories 22 Test your knowledge 22 Part one 22 Part two 24 Additional reading 24 2 Sensation and Perception of External Information 25 Learning objectives 25 Information processing theory, sensation and perception 26 Definition of Perception 27 Signal detection theory 28 Pattern recognition 30 Selective attention 33 Visual search 36 Quiet eye 37 Individual differences 37 Summary 39 Ecological psychology and perception 39 Criticisms of the ecological approach 43 Summary 43 Developmental factors 43 Vision 43 Audition 44 Perceptual development and the environment 44 Conclusion 44 Summary 45 Information processing theory and perception 45 Ecological psychology and perception 47 Developmental factors 47 Test your knowledge 48 Part one 48 Part two 50 Part three 51 Additional reading 51 3 Decision Making and Working Memory 53 Learning objectives 53 Decision making 54 Working memory and decision making 54 Dynamical systems theory and goal achievement 58 Child development 58 Piagetian theory 59 Mental space theory 60 Domain-specificity theories 60 Information processing theory and cognitive development 61 Ecological psychology theories of cognitive development 61 Summary 62 Ageing 65 Research findings and problems with research design 65 Conclusion 67 Summary 68 Information processing theory and decision making 68 Working memory and decision making 68 Functional brain regions and working memory 68 Dynamical systems theory and goal achievement 69 Developmental issues 69 Research 69 Test your knowledge 70 Part one 70 Part two 71 Part three 72 Additional reading 72 4 Reaction Time 73 Learning objectives 73 Reaction time, movement time and response time: definitions 74 Inter- and intraindividual differences 76 Hick–Hyman Law 77 Probability and choice reaction time 77 Psychological refractory period 78 Stimulus and response factors 79 Central executive tasks and reaction time 84 Arousal and reaction time 84 Development and reaction time 85 Ageing 85 Reaction time research findings as evidence for and against information processing theory 85 Summary 86 Test your knowledge 87 Part one 87 Part two 88 Part three 89 Additional reading 89 5 Anticipation 91 Learning objectives 91 Interceptive actions 92 Information processing theory and interceptive actions 92 Watching the object to be intercepted 93 Action systems theory and interceptive actions 94 Perceptual anticipation 95 Information processing theory and perceptual anticipation 95 Ecological psychology and perceptual anticipation 96 Development and anticipation 102 Summary 103 Information processing theory and interceptive actions 103 Action systems theory and interceptive actions 103 Watching the ball and interceptive actions 103 Information processing theory and perceptual anticipation 103 Ecological psychology and perceptual anticipation 103 Research paradigms in perceptual anticipation 104 Research results 104 Developmental factors 104 Test your knowledge 104 Part one 104 Part two 106 Part three 107 Additional reading 107 6 Motor Control 109 Learning objectives 109 Central nervous system–peripheral nervous system interaction 110 Types of feedback 113 Summary 119 Information processing theory and efferent organization 119 Motor programmes 120 Summary 123 Ecological psychology and motor control 123 Visual guidance of movement 125 Summary 126 Development and motor control 127 Neurological and physiological growth 127 Adolescence 128 Ageing 129 Theories of motor development 129 Ecological psychology and motor development 130 Motor performance 131 Ageing 132 Practical implications 132 Mini-games 133 Conditioned games 133 Gender issues 134 Physical stress during performance 134 Summary 135 Brain and motor control 135 Proprioception 135 Motor programmes 135 Ecological psychology and motor control 135 Developmental issues 136 Theories of motor development 136 Motor performance 136 Test your knowledge 137 Part one 137 Part two 138 Additional reading 139 7 Memory 141 Learning objectives 141 Information processing theory and short-term memory 142 Sensory information store 142 Short-term memory 142 Forgetting in short-term memory 143 Short-term motor memory 144 Information processing theory and long-term memory 147 Long-term motor memory 147 Declarative long-term memory 148 Non-declarative long-term memory 148 Regional brain functions and memory 149 Development and short-term and long-term memory 150 Ecological psychology and attunement to affordances 151 Summary 152 Sensory information store 152 Short-term memory 152 Short-term motor memory 152 Long-term memory 153 Long-term motor memory 153 Declarative memory 153 Non-declarative memory 153 Regional brain functions 153 Development 153 Ecological psychology and attunement to affordances 154 Test your knowledge 154 Part one 154 Part two 155 Additional reading 156 8 Learning I: Types, theories, styles and measurement 157 Learning objectives 157 Types of learning 158 Explicit learning 158 Implicit learning 159 Mental rehearsal 163 Cognitive theories of learning 163 Fitts and Posner’s three stage theory 164 Gentile’s model of learning 164 Adams’ closed loop theory of learning 165 Schmidt’s schema theory 166 Anderson’s adaptive control of thought (ACT*) theory 167 Observational learning theory 168 Dynamical systems theory and learning 168 Learning and coaching/teaching styles 170 Learning styles 171 Coaching/teaching styles 172 Optimal periods of learning 176 Measuring learning 176 Types of tests used to infer learning 179 Summary 182 Cognitive theories of learning 182 Dynamical systems theory and learning 183 Learning styles 183 Coaching/teaching styles 183 Practical implications 184 Measurement 184 Test your knowledge 184 Part one 184 Part two 185 Part three 186 Additional reading 187 9 Learning II: Instruction, Practice, Transfer of Training and Feedback 189 Learning objectives 189 Instruction 190 Analogy as a form of instruction 191 Focus of attention 191 Demonstration 192 Mirror neurons 193 Practice 193 Types of practice 193 Variability of practice 198 Contextual interference 199 Dynamical systems theory and practice 200 Transfer of training 201 Transfer theories 202 Bilateral transfer 204 Feedback 205 Observation 205 Timing and precision of feedback 208 Summary 213 Feedback formats 213 Practical implications 214 Deciding on session content 215 Deciding on the type of instruction 216 Practice, observation and feedback 217 Observation 218 Feedback 219 Summary 221 Instruction and demonstration 221 Practice 221 Deliberate practice 221 Variability of practice 221 Contextual interference 221 Dynamical systems theory and practice 222 Transfer of training 222 Feedback 223 Practical implications 223 Test your knowledge 224 Part one 224 Part two 226 Part three 227 Part four 228 Additional reading 228 10 Motivation, Arousal, and Learning and Performance 229 Learning objectives 229 Motivation 229 Motivational theories 230 Self-determination theory 230 Achievement motivation theory 231 Achievement goal theory 232 Summary 233 Practical implications 233 Developmental issues 234 Arousal and performance 235 Arousal-performance theories 235 Regional brain functions and arousal 240 Practical implications 241 High levels of arousal 243 Summary 247 Motivation 247 Arousal 248 Theories of arousal-performance interaction 248 Regional brain functions and arousal 249 Practical implications 249 Test your knowledge 250 Part one 250 Part two 251 Part three 252 Additional reading 252 11 Conclusion 253 State of the art 253 Skill 253 Abilities 254 Perception 254 Decision making 255 Reaction time 255 Anticipation 255 Motor control 255 Memory 255 Learning 256 Practice 256 Arousal and performance 256 Information processing theory versus ecological psychology theories 256 Neuroscientific input 258 Appendix 1: Writing an Academic Paper 259 Version one 259 Version two 260 Appendix 2: Test Your Knowledge Answers 263 Chapter 1 263 Part one 263 Part two 263 Chapter 2 263 Part one 263 Part two 264 Part three 264 Chapter 3 265 Part one 265 Part two 265 Part three 266 Chapter 4 266 Part one 266 Part two 267 Part three 267 Chapter 5 268 Part one 268 Part two 268 Part three 269 Chapter 6 270 Part one 270 Part two 271 Chapter 7 272 Part one 272 Part two 272 Chapter 8 272 Part one 272 Part two 272 Part three 273 Chapter 9 273 Part one 273 Part two 273 Part three 274 Part four 274 Chapter 10 275 Part one 275 Part two 276 Part three 276 Appendix 3: Calculating variable error 277 References 279 Index 291

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Book SynopsisThe Behavior of Animals An updated view of animal behavior studies, featuring global experts The Behavior of Animals, Second Edition provides a broad overview of the current state of animal behavior studies with contributions from international experts. This edition includes new chapters on hormones and behavior, individuality, and human evolution. All chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, and are supported by color illustrations, informative callouts, and accessible presentation of technical information. Provides an introduction to the study of animal behavior Looks at an extensive scope of topics- from perception, motivation and emotion, biological rhythms, and animal learning to animal cognition, communication, mate choice, and individuality. Explores the evolution of animal behavior including a critical evaluation of the assumption that human beings can be studied as if they were any other animal species. Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Foreword xiii Robert A. Hinde Preface xvii 1. The Study of Animal Behavior 1 Johan J. Bolhuis, Luc-Alain Giraldeau, and Jerry A. Hogan 2. Stimulus Perception 12 Harald Burghagen and Jörg-Peter Ewert 3. Motivation and Emotion 48 Jerry A. Hogan 4. Biological Rhythms and Behavior 78 Ralph E. Mistlberger and Benjamin Rusak 5. Brain and Behavior 111 David F. Sherry 6. Hormones and Behavior 136 Jacques Balthazart and Gregory F. Ball 7. Development of Behavior 166 Johan J. Bolhuis 8. Learning and Memory 197 Kimberly Kirkpatrick and Geoffrey Hall 9. Animal Cognition 223 Jerry A. Hogan 10. Applied Animal Behavior and Animal Welfare 251 David Fraser and Daniel M. Weary 11. The Function of Behavior 281 Luc-Alain Giraldeau and Jerry A. Hogan 12. Mate Choice, Mating Systems, and Sexual Selection 315 Anders Pape Møller 13. Animal Personality, the Study of Individual Behavioral Differences 342 Denis Réale and Pierre-Olivier Montiglio 14. Animal Communication 367 William A. Searcy and Stephen Nowicki 15. Evolution of Behavior 397 Michael J. Ryan 16. The Evolution of Hominin Behavior 427 Ian Tattersall 17. Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behavior 456 Gillian R. Brown, Catharine P. Cross, and Kevin N. Laland Name Index 489 Subject Index 500

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Case Studies ix Preface x Acknowledgments xiii About the Companion Website xiv Part I Biodiversity and Its Importance 3 1 Conservation and Conservation Biology 4 What is Conservation? 4 A Brief History of Conservation 6 An Overview of Conservation Ethics 10 What is Conservation Biology? 13 A Brief History of Conservation Biology 15 Summary 19 2 What is Biodiversity? 21 Species, Genes, and Ecosystems 22 Structure and Function 23 Measuring Biodiversity 24 The Mismeasure of Biodiversity 26 Biodiversity and Spatial Scales 26 Biodiversity Verbs 30 The Related Concepts of “Integrity” and “Sustainability” 31 Summary 33 3 Species Diversity 35 What is a Species? 35 How Many Species Are There? 37 The Intrinsic Value of Species and Their Conservation Status 39 The Instrumental Values of Species 46 The Uniqueness Value of Species 62 Summary 65 4 Ecosystem Diversity 67 What is an Ecosystem? 67 The Values of Ecosystems 71 Ecosystem Diversity and Species Diversity 80 Ecosystems and Landscapes 85 Summary 88 5 Genetic Diversity 90 What is Genetic Diversity? 90 The Importance of Genetic Diversity 101 Processes That Diminish Genetic Diversity 110 Cultural Diversity 117 Summary 124 Part II Threats to Biodiversity 129 6 Mass Extinctions and Global Change 130 Extinction Episodes of the Past 131 Estimating the Current Rate of Extinction 135 The Recent History of Global Climate Change 139 How Did We Get to this Point? What is the Way Ahead? 150 Summary 152 7 Extinction Processes 154 Why Are Some Species More Vulnerable to Extinction than Others? 154 Populations 161 Population Viability Analysis 166 Summary 177 8 Ecosystem Degradation and Loss 179 Contamination 183 Roads, Dams, and Other Structures 189 Earth, Fire, Water 195 Deforestation 198 Desertification 204 Draining, Dredging, Damming, Etc. 206 Fragmentation 211 Summary 221 9 Overexploitation 223 The Long History of Overexploitation 223 Types of Exploitation 230 Consequences of Overexploitation 238 Some Final Perspectives on Exploitation 243 Summary 249 10 Invasive Exotics 251 How Do Species Move? 252 Impacts of Invasive Exotics 261 Success Rates 269 Irony 271 Summary 277 Part III Maintaining Biodiversity 279 11 Protecting Ecosystems 280 Reserve Selection 281 Reserve Design 290 Reserve Management 299 Summary 307 12 Sustaining Ecosystems 309 Forestry 310 Livestock Grazing 316 Fisheries 322 Ecological Management 325 Restoring Ecosystems 325 Summary 337 13 Managing Populations 338 Providing Resources 339 Controlling Threats 348 Direct Manipulations 364 Epilogue 376 Summary 378 14 Conservation near People 381 Cultivated Ecosystems 382 Built Ecosystems 391 Zoos and Gardens 396 The Ex Situ–In Situ Interface 405 Conservation of Domesticated Species 410 Summary 414 Part IV The Human Factors 419 15 Social Factors 420 Values Differ 420 Describing Values 431 Values Change 434 Summary 443 16 Economics 445 The Benefits 446 The Costs 456 The Distribution of Benefits and Costs 459 Problems and Solutions 461 Summary 481 17 Politics and Action 483 Setting Priorities for Action 483 Rights and Responsibilities 493 International Agencies 496 Governments 501 Nongovernmental Organizations 505 Corporations 508 Communities 510 Individuals 512 Summary 517 Epilogue 520 Glossary 522 Literature Cited 536 Species Index 631 Subject Index 643

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Book SynopsisExtensively revised and updated, this fourth edition of Physiology at a Glance continues to provide a thorough introduction to human physiology, covering a wealth of topics in a comprehensive yet succinct manner.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgements viii Abbreviations ix About the companion website xi Part 1 Introduction 1 1 Homeostasis and the physiology of proteins 2 2 Body water compartments and physiological fluids 4 3 Cells, membranes and organelles 6 4 Membrane transport and ion channels 8 5 Biological electricity 10 6 Conduction of action potentials 12 7 Cell signalling 14 8 The autonomic nervous system 16 9 Blood 18 10 Platelets and haemostasis 20 11 Defence: inflammation and immunity 22 12 Principles of diffusion and flow 24 13 Thermoregulation 26 14 Altitude and aerospace physiology 28 Part 2 Muscles 31 15 Skeletal muscle and its contraction 32 16 Neuromuscular junction and whole muscle contraction 34 17 Motor units, recruitment and summation 36 18 Cardiac and smooth muscle 38 Part 3 The cardiovascular system 41 19 Introduction to the cardiovascular system 42 20 The heart 44 21 The cardiac cycle 46 22 Initiation of the heart beat and excitation–contraction coupling 48 23 Control of cardiac output and Starling’s law of the heart 50 24 Blood vessels 52 25 Control of blood pressure and blood volume 54 26 The microcirculation, filtration and lymphatics 56 27 Local control of blood flow and specific circulations 58 Part 4 The respiratory system 61 28 Introduction to the respiratory system 62 29 Lung mechanics 64 30 Transport of gases and the gas laws 66 31 Carriage of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the blood 68 32 Control of breathing 70 33 Ventilation–perfusion matching and right to left shunts 72 Part 5 The renal system 75 34 Introduction to the renal system 76 35 Renal filtration 78 36 Reabsorption, secretion and the proximal tubule 80 37 The loop of Henle and distal nephron 82 38 Regulation of plasma osmolality and fluid volume 84 39 Control of acid–base status 86 Part 6 The gut and metabolism 89 40 Gastrointestinal tract: overview and the mouth 90 41 Oesophagus and stomach 92 42 Small intestine 94 43 The exocrine pancreas, liver and gallbladder 96 44 Large intestine 98 Part 7 Endocrinology and reproduction 101 45 Endocrine control 102 46 Control of metabolic fuels 104 47 The hypothalamus and pituitary gland 106 48 Thyroid hormones and metabolic rate 108 49 Growth factors 110 50 Somatic and skeletal growth 112 51 Control of plasma calcium 114 52 The adrenal glands and stress 116 53 Endocrine control of reproduction 118 54 Sexual differentiation and function 120 55 Fertilization, pregnancy and parturition 122 56 Lactation 124 Part 8 The sensory and motor systems 127 57 Introduction to sensory systems 128 58 Sensory receptors 130 59 Special senses: taste and smell 132 60 Special senses: vision 134 61 Special senses: hearing and balance 136 62 Motor control and the cerebellum 138 63 Proprioception and reflexes 140 Glossary 142 Appendix I Comparison of the properties of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle 144 Appendix II Normal physiological values 145 Index 148

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the third edition Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition Phylogenetic relationships among living and extinct fish groups About the companion website Part I – Introduction Chapter 1 – The Science of Ichthyology Chapter 2 – Systematic Procedures Part II – Form, Function, Ontogeny Chapter 3 – Structure and Function of the Head Chapter 4 – Structure and Function of the Trunk Chapter 5 – Circulation, Gas Transport, Digestion, Metabolism, and Energetics Chapter 6 – Nervous and Sensory Systems Chapter 7 – Homeostasis Chapter 8 – Reproduction and Early Life History Chapter 9 – Juveniles, Age and, Growth Chapter 10 – Special Habitats and Adaptations Part III – Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution Chapter 11 – “A History of Fishes” Chapter 12 – Chondrichthyes Chapter 13 – Living Representatives of Primitive Fishes Chapter 14 – Teleosts I Chapter 15 – Teleosts II Part IV – Fish Behavior Chapter 16 – Fishes as Predators and Prey Chapter 17 – Fishes as Social Animals Chapter 18 – Cycles of Activity and Behavior Part V – Fish Distribution, Ecology, and Conservation Chapter 19 – Zoogeography Chapter 20 – Fish Populations Chapter 21 – Communities, Ecosystems, and the Functional Role of Fishes Chapter 22 – Conservation Index

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Book SynopsisA fully updated guide to the increasingly prevalent use of molecular data in ecological studies Molecular ecology is concerned with how molecular biology and population genetics may help us to better understand aspects of ecology and evolution including local adaptation, dispersal across landscapes, phylogeography, behavioral ecology, and conservation biology. As the technology driving genetic science has advanced, so too has this fast-moving and innovative discipline, providing important insights into virtually all taxonomic groups. This third edition of Molecular Ecology takes account of the breakthroughs achieved in recent years to give readers a thorough and up-to-date account of the field as it is today. New topics covered in this book include next-generation sequencing, metabarcoding, environmental DNA (eDNA) assays, and epigenetics. As one of molecular ecology's leading figures, author Joanna Freeland also provides those new to the area with a fulTable of ContentsAbout the Companion Website Page xiii 1 Molecular Genetics in Ecology 1 What is Molecular Ecology? 1 DNA, RNA, and Protein 2 Allozymes 5 DNA: An Unlimited Source of Data 7 Mutation and Recombination 8 Epigenetic Marks 10 Genomes 12 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 13 Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) 13 Haploid Chromosomes 16 Polymerase Chain Reaction 16 Quantitative PCR 19 Sources of DNA 21 Getting Data from PCR 22 Fragment Sizes 22 DNA Sequencing 25 High Throughput Sequencing 26 Overview 28 Chapter Summary 29 References 29 2 Molecular Markers in Ecology 35 Understanding Molecular Markers 35 Neutral Versus Adaptive Markers 35 Genomes 36 Animal Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 36 Plant Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 39 Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) 39 Haploid Chromosomes 42 Uniparental Markers: Some Final Considerations 43 Molecular Markers 44 Early Developments in Molecular Markers 45 Allozymes 46 PCR‐RFLPs 46 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) 47 Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) 48 Amplified Length Fragment Polymorphisms (AFLPs) 49 Modified AFLPs: Methylation‐Sensitive Amplified Polymorphisms (MSAPs) 50 Microsatellites 51 DNA Sequencing 56 Sequencing a Single Region of DNA 56 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) 59 High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) 61 RAD Sequencing 62 Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) 63 Targeted Sequence Capture 63 Whole‐Genome Sequencing 64 Overview 65 Chapter Summary 65 References 66 3 Species 71 Species Concepts 71 DNA Barcoding 73 Barcoding Applications 76 Barcoding Limitations 79 Metabarcoding 81 Metagenomics 84 Barcoding and Metabarcoding Environmental DNA (eDNA) 87 Overview 91 Chapter Summary 91 References 92 4 Phylogeography 101 What is Phylogeography? 101 The Evolution of Phylogeographic Data Sets 102 Molecular Clocks 104 Bifurcating Trees 109 The Coalescent 115 Networks 117 Model‐Based Phylogeographic Inference 120 Long‐Term Climatic Fluctuations 121 Glacial–Interglacial Cycles 121 Marine Refugia 123 Far‐Reaching Effects of Glaciation 125 Dispersal and Vicariance 125 Lineage Sorting 127 Hybridization 130 Applied Phylogeography: Biological Invasions 133 Overview 136 Chapter Summary 136 References 137 5 Genetic Analysis of Single Populations 149 Why Study Single Populations? 149 What is a Population? 149 Quantifying Genetic Diversity 151 Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium 152 Estimates of Genetic Diversity 157 Haploid Diversity 160 Choice of Marker and Genome 162 What Influences Genetic Diversity? 163 Genetic Drift 163 What is Effective Population Size? 164 Census Population Size (Nc) 165 Effective Number of Breeders (Nb) 165 Estimating Ne from Demographic Data 165 Estimating Ne from Genetic Data 166 Estimating Ne: A Cautionary Note 170 Ne, Genetic Drift, and Genetic Diversity 173 Population Bottlenecks and Founder Effects 174 Population Size and Decline 176 Natural Selection 178 Reproduction 180 Inbreeding 182 Ecology and Life History 186 Overview 188 Chapter Summary 188 References 189 6 Dispersal, Gene Flow, and Landscape Genetics 197 Why Study Multiple Populations? 197 What is Gene Flow? 197 Why Do We Want to Quantify Gene Flow? 199 Quantifying Gene Flow Among Discrete Populations 200 F‐Statistics 201 Assignment Tests 204 Relatedness and Parentage Analysis 206 Non‐a Priori Identification of Populations 207 Landscape Genetics and Genomics 209 Data Analysis in Landscape Genetics 214 Isolation by Distance 216 Isolation by Resistance 217 Genotype–Environment Associations 218 Contemporary Versus Historical Influences on Gene Flow 221 Population Differentiation: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, and Natural Selection 223 Gene Flow and Genetic Drift 223 Local Adaptation and Gene Flow 223 Drift Versus Selection 225 QST and FST 226 Overview 228 Chapter Summary 228 References 229 7 Behavioral Ecology 237 How Do Genetic Data Help Us Understand Behavior? 237 Mating Systems 238 Monogamy 239 Polygamy 239 Parentage Analysis 241 Extra‐Pair Fertilizations 244 EPFs and Male Fitness 244 EPFs from the Female Perspective: Adaptive Explanations 245 EPFs from the Female Perspective: Non‐adaptive Explanations 247 Social Breeding 252 Cooperative Breeding – Indirect Benefits 253 Cooperative Breeding – Direct Benefits 257 Eusociality 257 Sex‐Biased Dispersal 260 Sex‐Biased Dispersal: Population‐Level Analyses 262 Male Versus Female Genetic Differentiation 262 Markers with Different Modes of Inheritance 263 Relatedness 264 Sex‐Biased Dispersal: Individual‐Level Analyses 266 Assignment Indices 266 Spatial Autocorrelation 268 Parentage Analysis 268 Concordant Results 270 Foraging Ecology 271 Overview 276 Chapter Summary 276 References 277 8 Conservation Genetics 289 Taxonomy 292 Subspecies 294 Taxa Below Subspecies 297 Conservation Units and Adaptation 299 Genetic Diversity 300 Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Potential 301 Transcriptomics and Epigenetics 303 Genetic Diversity and Inbreeding 307 Inbreeding Depression 310 Purging and Balancing Selection 312 Measuring and Inferring Inbreeding Depression 315 Genetic Differentiation and Genetic Rescue 317 Outbreeding Depression 320 Reintroductions 321 Hybridization 324 Community Genetics 326 Overview 330 Chapter Summary 330 References 331 Glossary 343 Index 359

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction 1 Lessons from the Past 1 Ecological versus Historical Biogeography, and Plants versus Animals 4 Biogeography and Creation 5 The Distribution of Life Today 7 Evolution – a Flawed and Dangerous Idea! 8 Enter Darwin – and Wallace 10 World Maps – the Biogeographical Regions of Plants and Animals 13 Getting Around the World 15 The Origins of Modern Historical Biogeography 20 The Development of Ecological Biogeography 23 Living Together 24 Marine Biogeography 27 Island Biogeography 28 Biogeography Today 30 Section I: The Challenge of Existing 37 2 Patterns of Distribution: Finding a Home 39 Limits of Distribution 42 The Niche 44 Overcoming the Barriers 45 Climatic Limits: The Palms 46 A Successful Family: The Daisies (Asteraceae) 48 Patterns Among Plovers 51 Magnolias: Evolutionary Relicts 55 The Strange Case of the Testate Amoeba 57 Climatic Relicts 58 Topographical Limits and Endemism 65 Physical Limits 67 Species Interactions: A Case of the Blues 73 Competition 75 Reducing Competition 76 Predators and Prey, Parasites and Hosts 79 Migration 83 Invasion 85 3 Communities and Ecosystems: Living Together 97 The Community 97 The Ecosystem 100 Ecosystems and Species Diversity 103 Biotic Assemblages on a Global Scale 108 Mountain Biomes 112 Global Patterns of Climate 116 Climate Diagrams 119 Modelling Biomes and Climate 122 4 Patterns of Biodiversity 127 Measuring Biodiversity: How Many Species are There? 128 Latitudinal Gradients of Diversity 132 Is Evolution Faster in the Tropics? 139 The Legacy of Glaciation 141 Latitude and Species Ranges 142 Diversity and Altitude 143 Biodiversity Hotspots 146 Diversity in Space and Time 148 The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 151 Dynamic Biodiversity and Neutral Theory 151 Section II: The Engines of The Planet 157 5 Plate Tectonics 159 The Evidence for Plate Tectonics 159 Changing Patterns of Continents 164 How Plate Tectonics Changes the World 164 Islands and Plate Tectonics 172 Terranes 174 6 Evolution, the Source of Novelty 179 The Origin of Novelty 179 From Populations to Species 180 Sympatry versus Allopatry 183 Defining the Species 188 Microevolution versus Macroevolution 189 Adaptive Radiations 189 Naming and Cataloguing the Living World 189 Charting the Course of Evolution 190 Morphology Gives Way to Molecules 193 Darwin’s Finches Updated 194 Section III: Islands and Oceans 197 7 Life, Death and Evolution on Islands 199 Types of Island 200 Getting There: The Challenges of Arriving 200 Dying There: The Problems of Survival 202 Adapting and Evolving 203 The Hawaiian Islands 206 Integrating the Data: The Theory of Island Biogeography 214 Modifying the Theory 216 The General Dynamic Model for Oceanic Island Biogeography 219 Nestedness 221 Living Together: Incidence and Assembly Rules 221 Building an Ecosystem: The History of Rakata 223 8 Patterns in the Oceans 235 Zones in the Ocean and on the Sea Floor 237 Basic Biogeography of the Seas 240 The Open‐Sea Environment 240 The Ocean Floor 246 The Shallow‐Sea Environment 250 And Finally … Marine Biogeographical Realms of the World 263 Section IV: Historical Biogeography 269 9 From Evolution to Patterns of Life 271 Studying the Patterns 272 Methods of Analyzing the Patterns 273 Studying Organisms and their Molecules 287 An Integrative Approach to Historical Biogeography 290 Investigating the More Distant Past 292 10 Geography, Life and Climates Through Time 299 Introduction 299 Early Land Life on the Moving Continents 300 Animal Life Through the Mesozoic 304 The End of the Mesozoic World 308 Climates and Plants Through Time 309 Reconstructing Plant Life and Biomes 310 Evolution of the Mammals 318 The Mesozoic Roots of the Radiation of Modern Mammals 320 11 Patterns of Life Today 327 The Biogeographical Regions Today 327 The History of Today’s Biogeographical Regions 334 The Old World Tropics: Africa, India and Southeast Asia 334 Australia 342 New Caledonia 345 New Zealand 346 The West Indies 348 South America 351 The Northern Hemisphere: Holarctic Mammals and Boreal Plants 359 12 The Arrival of the Ice Ages 367 Climatic Wiggles 368 Interglacials and Interstadials 369 Biological Changes in the Pleistocene 371 The Last Glacial 375 Causes of Glaciation 382 The Current Interglacial: A False Start 388 Forests on the Move 390 The Dry Lands 393 Changing Sea Levels 396 A Time of Warmth 398 Climatic Cooling 399 Recorded History 400 Atmosphere and Oceans: Short‐Term Climate Change 402 The Future 403 Section V: People and Problems 409 13 The Human Intrusion 411 The Emergence of Humans 411 Modern Humans and the Megafaunal Extinctions 420 Plant Domestication and Agriculture 423 Animal Domestication 428 The Diversification of Homo sapiens 430 The Biogeography of Human Parasitic Diseases 431 The Environmental Impact of Early Human Cultures 434 14 Conservation Biogeography 439 Welcome to the Anthropocene 439 The Sixth Mass Extinction? 440 Less, and Less Interesting 444 What’s Behind the Biodiversity Crisis? 445 Crisis Management: Responding to Biodiversity Loss 451 The Birth of Conservation Biogeography 452 The Scope of Conservation Biogeography 453 Conservation Biogeography in Action 459 The Future is Digital 462 Conclusions 463 Glossary 471 Index 481 Colour plates between pages 240 and 241

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Book SynopsisImmerse yourself in the spectacular visuals and dynamic content of Principles of Human Anatomy, 14th Edition. Designed for the 1-term Human Anatomy course, this 14th edition raises the standard for excellence in this discipline with its enhanced illustration program, refined narrative, and dynamic resources. Principles of Human Anatomy offers a rich experience, giving students the ability to learn and explore human anatomy both inside and outside of the classroom.Table of Contents1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1 1.1 Anatomy Defined 2 1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems 3 1.3 Life Processes 9 1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology 9 Anatomical Position 9 Regional Names 9 Planes and Sections 10 1.5 Body Cavities 14 Thoracic and Abdominal Cavity Membranes 15 1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18 1.7 The Human Body and Disease 19 1.8 Aging 20 1.9 Medical Imaging 20 1.10 Measuring the Human Body 23 Chapter Review and Resource Summary 23 / Critical Thinking Questions 25 / Answers to Figure Questions 25 2 CELLS 26 2.1 A Generalized Cell 27 2.2 The Plasma Membrane 28 Structure of the Membrane 28 Functions of Membrane Proteins 29 Membrane Permeability 29 Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 29 Kinetic Energy Transport 30 / Transport by Transporter Proteins 30 / Transport in Vesicles 30 2.3 Cytoplasm 33 Cytosol 33 Organelles 34 Centrosome 35 / Cilia and Flagella 35 / Ribosomes 35 / Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 37 / Golgi Complex 37 / Lysosomes 39 / Peroxisomes 40 / Proteasomes 40 / Mitochondria 40 2.4 Nucleus 42 2.5 Cell Division 43 Somatic Cell Division 45 Interphase 45 Mitotic Phase 45 Control of Cell Destiny 47 Reproductive Cell Division 48 Meiosis 48 2.6 Cellular Diversity 51 2.7 Aging and Cells 52 Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells 54 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 54 / Critical Thinking Questions 56 / Answers to Figure Questions 57 3 TISSUES 58 3.1 Types of Tissues 59 3.2 Cell Junctions 60 Tight Junctions 61 Adherens Junctions 61 Desmosomes 61 Hemidesmosomes 61 Gap Junctions 61 3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 61 3.4 Epithelial Tissue 62 Classification of Surface Epithelium 63 Surface Epithelium 64 Glandular Epithelium 71 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands 72 / Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands 72 3.5 Connective Tissue 73 General Features of Connective Tissue 73 Connective Tissue Cells 73 Connective Tissue Extracellular Matrix 75 Ground Substance 75 / Fibers 75 Classification of Connective Tissue 76 Embryonic Connective Tissue 76 Mature Connective Tissue 77 Connective Tissue Proper 77 Supporting Connective Tissue 81 Liquid Connective Tissue 84 3.6 Membranes 85 Epithelial Membranes 85 Mucous Membranes 85 / Serous Membranes 85 / Cutaneous Membrane 87 Synovial Membranes 87 3.7 Muscular Tissue 87 3.8 Nervous Tissue 89 3.9 Aging and Tissues 89 Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 90 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 90 / Critical Thinking Questions 92 / Answers to Figure Questions 93 4 DEVELOPMENT 94 4.1 Principles of Development 95 4.2 Embryonic Period 96 First Week of Development 96 Fertilization 96 / Cleavage of the Zygote 97 / Blastocyst Formation 97 / Implantation 98 Second Week of Development 100 Development of the Trophoblast 100 / Development of the Bilaminar Embryonic Disc 100 / Development of the Amnion 100 / Development of the Yolk Sac 100 Development of Sinusoids 102 / Development of the Extraembryonic Coelom 102 / Development of the Chorion 102 Third Week of Development 102 Gastrulation 102 / Neurulation 104 / Development of Somites 106 / Development of the Intraembryonic Coelom 106 / Development of the Cardiovascular System 106 / Development of the Chorionic Villi and Placenta 106 Fourth Week of Development 108 Fifth Through Eighth Weeks of Development 110 4.3 Fetal Period 111 4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 113 4.5 Labor 114 Key Medical Terms Associated with Development 115 /Chapter Review and Resource Summary 116 / CriticalThinkingQuestions 117 / Answers to Figure Questions 117 5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 118 5.1 Structure of the Skin 119 Epidermis 119 Stratum Basale 120 / Stratum Spinosum 122 / Stratum Granulosum 122 / Stratum Lucidum 123 / Stratum Corneum 123 / Keratinization and Growth of the Epidermis 123 Dermis 123 Blood Supply of the Integumentary System 125 The Structural Basis of Skin Color 125 / Tattooing and Body Piercing 126 Subcutaneous Layer or Hypodermis 126 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 127 Hair 127 Anatomy of a Hair 128 / Hair Growth 129 / Types of Hairs 130 / Hair Color 130 Skin Glands 130 Sebaceous Glands 130 / Sudoriferous Glands 131 / Ceruminous Glands 132 Nails 132 5.3 Types of Skin 134 5.4 Functions of the Skin 135 5.5 Development of the Integumentary System 136 5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System 138 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 139 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 140 / Critical Thinking Questions 141 / Answers to Figure Questions 141 6 BONE TISSUE 142 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 143 6.2 Types of Bones 143 6.3 Anatomy of a Bone 144 6.4 Bone Surface Markings 145 6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue 146 Compact Bone Tissue 148 Spongy Bone Tissue 149 6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150 6.7 Bone Formation 151 Initial Bone Formation in an Embryo and Fetus 151 Intramembranous Ossification 151 Endochondral Ossification 153 Bone Growth During Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence 154 Growth in Length 154 / Growth in Thickness 155 Remodeling of Bone 155 6.8 Fractures 158 6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue 161 6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue 161 6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 161 Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 163 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 163 / Critical Thinking Questions 165 / Answers to Figure Questions 165 7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 166 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 167 7.2 Skull 169 General Features and Functions 169 Nasal Septum 188 Orbits 188 Foramina 190 Unique Features of the Skull 190 Sutures 190 / Paranasal Sinuses 191 / Fontanels 191 Cranial Fossae 192 Age-related Changes in the Skull 194 Sexual Differences in the Skull 195 7.3 Hyoid Bone 196 7.4 Vertebral Column 197 Normal Curves of the Vertebral Column 197 Intervertebral Discs 197 Parts of a Typical Vertebra 199 Vertebral Body 199 / Vertebral Arch 199 / Processes 200 Regions of the Vertebral Column 201 Age-related Changes in the Vertebral Column 201 7.5 Thorax 210 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Axial Skeleton 214 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 214 / Critical Thinking Questions 215 / Answers to Figure Questions 215 8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 216 8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 217 8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 230 8.3 False and True Pelves 235 8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 236 8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 236 8.6 Development of the Skeletal System 246 Key Medical Terms Associated with Appendicular Skeleton 248 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 248 / Critical Thinking Questions 249 / Answers to Figure Questions 249 9 JOINTS 250 9.1 Joint Classifications 251 Ligaments 251 9.2 Fibrous Joints 252 Sutures 252 Syndesmoses 253 Interosseous Membranes 253 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 253 Synchondroses 253 Symphyses 253 Epiphyseal Cartilages 253 9.4 Synovial Joints 254 Structure of Synovial Joints 254 Articular Capsule 254 / Synovial Fluid 255 / Accessory Ligaments, Articular Discs, and Labra 255 / Nerve and Blood Supply 256 Bursae and Tendon Sheaths 256 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 256 Gliding 256 Angular Movements 257 Flexion, Extension, Lateral Flexion, and Hyperextension 257 / Abduction, Adduction, and Circumduction 258 Rotation 258 Special Movements 259 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints 261 Plane Joints 261 Hinge Joints 261 Pivot Joints 261 Condyloid Joints 261 Saddle Joints 263 Ball-and-Socket Joints 263 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 264 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 265 9.9 Aging and Joints 281 Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints 283 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 283 / Critical Thinking Questions 284 / Answers to Figure Questions 285 10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 286 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 287 Types of Muscular Tissue 287 Functions of Muscular Tissue 287 Properties of Muscular Tissue 287 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure 288 Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle 288 Connective Tissue Coverings 288 Nerve and Blood Supply 290 Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber (Cell) 290 Sarcolemma, T Tubules, and Sarcoplasm 290 / Myofibrils and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum 291 / Filaments and the Sarcomere 292 Muscle Proteins 293 10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function 296 Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 296 Sliding Filament Mechanism 296 / The Neuromuscular Junction 296 / The Contraction Cycle 299 / Excitation–Contraction Coupling 300 Muscle Tone 301 Isotonic and Isometric Contractions 302 10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 303 Slow Oxidative Fibers 303 Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic Fibers 303 Fast Glycolytic Fibers 303 10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 305 Effective Stretching 305 Strength Training 305 10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 305 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 307 10.8 Development of Muscles 309 10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 310 Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 310 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 310 / Critical Thinking Questions 312 / Answers to Figure Questions 313 11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 314 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 315 Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion 315 Lever Systems 316 Effects of Fascicle Arrangement 318 Muscle Actions 319 Coordination Among Muscles 319 Structure and Function of Muscle Groups 319 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 320 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles 320 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Muscular System 415 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 416 / Critical Thinking Questions 417 / Answers to Figure Questions 417 12 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD 418 12.1 Functions of Blood 419 12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 419 12.3 Components of Blood 419 Blood Plasma 421 Formed Elements 421 12.4 Formation of Blood Cells 422 12.5 Red Blood Cells 425 RBC Anatomy 425 RBC Functions 425 RBC Life Cycle 426 Erythropoiesis: Production of RBCs 426 Blood Group Systems 427 12.6 White Blood Cells 428 WBC Anatomy and Types 428 Granular Leukocytes 428 / Agranular Leukocytes 428 / WBC Functions 428 12.7 Platelets 430 12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 431 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood 432 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 433 / Critical Thinking Questions 434 / Answers to Figure Questions 434 13 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 435 13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 436 13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart 438 Pericardium 438 Layers of the Heart Wall 440 Chambers of the Heart 440 Right Atrium 442 / Right Ventricle 444 / Left Atrium 444 / Left Ventricle 444 Myocardial Thickness and Function 444 Fibrous Skeleton of the Heart 445 Heart Valves 445 Atrioventricular Valves 445 / Semilunar Valves 447 13.3 Circulation of Blood 447 Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 447 Coronary Circulation 448 Coronary Arteries 448 / Coronary Veins 450 13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation 451 Cardiac Conduction System 451 Cardiac Nerves 453 13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 453 13.6 Heart Sounds 453 13.7 Exercise and the Heart 454 13.8 Development of the Heart 458 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 460 Chapter Review and Resource Summary 460 Critical Thinking Questions 462 Answers to Figure Questions 462 14 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS 463 14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 464 Basic Structure of a Blood Vessel 464 Tunica Interna (Intima) 464 / Tunica Media 466 / Tunica Externa 466 Arteries 466 Elastic Arteries 466 / Muscular Arteries 466 Anastomoses 467 Arterioles 467 Capillaries 468 Venules 469 Veins 469 Blood Distribution 471 14.2 Circulatory Routes—Systemic Circulation 472 14.3 Circulatory Routes—Hepatic Portal Circulation 511 14.4 Circulatory Routes—Pulmonary Circulation 512 14.5 Circulatory Routes—Fetal Circulation 513 14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 515 14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 516 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood Vessels 517 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 518 / Critical Thinking Questions 519 / Answers to Figure Questions 519 15 THE LYMPHATIC (LYMPHOID) SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 520 15.1 The Concept of Immunity 521 15.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions 521 Structure 521 Functions 521 15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 523 Lymphatic Capillaries 523 Lymph Trunks and Ducts 524 Formation and Flow of Lymph 524 15.4 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 526 Thymus 526 Lymph Nodes 527 Spleen 529 Lymphatic Nodules 531 15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 531 15.6 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 542 15.7 Aging and the Lymphatic System 542 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphatic System and Immunity 544 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 544 / Critical Thinking Questions 545 / Answers to Figure Questions 545 16 NERVOUS TISSUE 546 16.1 Overview of the Nervous System 547 Structures of the Nervous System 547 Organization of the Nervous System 547 Anatomical Organization 547 / Functional Organization 548 16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons 548 Neurons 549 Parts of a Neuron 549 / Cell Body 549 / Nerve Fibers 550 Synapses 552 Neuromuscular Junction 552 / Synapses Between Neurons 552 / Neurotransmitters 553 / Structural Diversity in Neurons 553 16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia 555 Neuroglia of the CNS 555 Neuroglia of the PNS 556 Myelination 556 Gray and White Matter 558 16.4 Neural Circuits 558 16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 560 Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 560 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 561 / Critical Thinking Questions 562 / Answers to Figure Questions 562 17 THE SPINAL CORD AND THE SPINAL NERVES 563 17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 564 Protective Structures 564 Vertebral Column 564 / Meninges 564 External Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 565 Internal Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 568 17.2 Spinal Nerves 569 Structure of a Single Nerve 569 Organization of Spinal Nerves 571 Branches of Spinal Nerves 572 Intercostal Nerves 572 / Plexuses 572 Dermatomes Versus Cutaneous Fields 573 17.3 Spinal Cord Functions 584 Sensory and Motor Tracts 584 Reflexes and Reflex Arcs 585 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 586 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 587 / Critical Thinking Questions 588 / Answers to Figure Questions 588 18 THE BRAIN AND THE CRANIAL NERVES 589 18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain 590 Brain Development 590 Major Parts of the Brain 592 18.2 Protection and Blood Supply 593 Protective Coverings of the Brain 593 Cerebrospinal Fluid 594 Formation of CSF in the Ventricles 594 / Functions of CSF 595 / Circulation of CSF 595 Brain Blood Flow and the Blood–Brain Barrier 598 18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 599 Medulla Oblongata 599 Pons 601 Midbrain 601 Reticular Formation 603 18.4 The Cerebellum 604 18.5 The Diencephalon 604 Thalamus 606 Hypothalamus 607 Epithalamus 608 Circumventricular Organs 608 18.6 The Cerebrum 608 Structure of the Cerebrum 609 Cerebral White Matter 610 Basal Nuclei 611 The Limbic System 612 18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 614 Sensory Areas 614 Motor Areas 615 Association Areas 615 Hemispheric Lateralization 617 Memory 617 Brain Waves 617 18.8 Aging and the Nervous System 618 18.9 Cranial Nerves 618 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Brain and the Cranial Nerves 633 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 633 / Critical Thinking Questions 635 / Answers to Figure Questions 635 19 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 636 19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 637 Somatic Nervous System 637 Autonomic Nervous System 637 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Motor Neurons 638 19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 639 Understanding Autonomic Motor Pathways 639 Migration of the Neural Crest Tissue 641 Shared Anatomical Components of an Autonomic Motor Pathway 641 Motor Neurons and Autonomic Ganglia 641 / Autonomic Plexuses 641 19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Division 643 Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurons 643 Sympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons 645 Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia 645 / Prevertebral Ganglia 646 19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 646 Parasympathetic Preganglionic Neurons 646 Parasympathetic Ganglia and Postganglionic Neurons 648 19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 650 Cholinergic Neurons and Receptors 650 Adrenergic Neurons and Receptors 651 19.6 Functions of the ANS 651 Sympathetic Responses 651 Parasympathetic Responses 652 19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 655 Autonomic Reflexes 655 Autonomic Control by Higher Centers 655 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous System 655 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 656 / Critical Thinking Questions 657 / Answers to Figure Questions 657 20 SOMATIC SENSES AND MOTOR CONTROL 658 20.1 Overview of Sensations 659 Definition of Sensations 659 Characteristics of Sensations 659 Classification of Sensations 659 Types of Sensory Receptors 659 20.2 Somatic Sensations 660 Tactile Sensations 661 Touch 661 / Pressure 661 /Vibration 662 / Itch and Tickle 662 Thermal Sensations 662 Pain Sensations 662 Types of Pain 662 / Localization of Pain 662 Proprioceptive Sensations 663 Muscle Spindles 663 / Tendon Organs 665 / Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 665 20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 666 Posterior Column–Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cerebral Cortex 666 Anterolateral (Spinothalamic) Pathways to the Cerebral Cortex 667 Mapping the Primary Somatosensory Area 667 Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 668 20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways 669 Origin of Motor Pathways 670 Direct Motor Pathways 670 Indirect Motor Pathways 673 Roles of the Basal Nuclei in Movement 673 Roles of the Cerebellum in Movement 673 Role of the Brainstem in Movement 673 Vestibular Nuclei in the Medulla and Pons 673 / Reticular Formation in the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain 673 / Superior Colliculus in the Midbrain 674 20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 675 Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic Senses and Motor Control 675 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 675 / Critical Thinking Questions 677 / Answers to Figure Questions 677 21 SPECIAL SENSES 678 21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 679 Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 679 The Olfactory Pathway 681 21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 681 Anatomy of Gustatory Receptors 681 The Gustatory Pathway 683 21.3 Vision 683 Accessory Structures of the Eye 683 Eyelids 683 / Eyelashes and Eyebrows 685 / The Lacrimal Apparatus 685 / Extrinsic Eye Muscles 685 Anatomy of the Eyeball 685 Fibrous Tunic 685 / Vascular Tunic 685 / Retina 687 / Lens 690 / Interior of the Eyeball 690 The Visual Pathway 691 Processing of Visual Input in the Retina 692 / Pathway in the Brain 692 21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 693 Anatomy of the Ear 693 External (Outer) Ear 693 / Middle Ear 694 / Internal (Inner) Ear 695 Mechanism of Hearing 699 The Auditory Pathway 701 Mechanism of Equilibrium 702 Otolithic Organs: Saccule and Utricle and Static Equilibrium 702 / Semicircular Ducts and Dynamic Equilibrium 702 Equilibrium Pathways 705 21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears 707 Development of the Eyes 707 Development of the Ears 708 21.6 Aging and the Special Senses 709 Key Medical Terms Associated with Special Senses 709 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 710 / Critical Thinking Questions 711 / Answers to Figure Questions 711 22 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 712 22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined 713 22.2 Hormones 713 22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 715 Anterior Pituitary 716 Posterior Pituitary 718 22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus 719 22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 720 22.6 Adrenal Glands 723 Adrenal Cortex 723 Adrenal Medulla 725 22.7 Pancreas 726 22.8 Ovaries and Testes 728 22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues 729 22.10 Development of the Endocrine System 730 22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System 731 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Endocrine System 732 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 732 / Critical Thinking Questions 734 / Answers to Figure Questions 734 23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 735 23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy 736 23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy 736 Nose 736 Pharynx 740 23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy 741 Larynx 741 The Structures of Voice Production 743 Trachea 744 Bronchi 745 Lungs 749 Lobes, Fissures, and Lobules 751 / Alveolar Sacs and Alveoli 753 / Blood Supply to the Lungs 755 Patency of the Respiratory System 755 23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 757 Inhalation 757 Exhalation 757 23.5 Regulation of Breathing 758 Role of the Respiratory Center 758 Medullary Respiratory Center 759 / Pontine Respiratory Group 760 Regulation of the Respiratory Center 760 Cortical Influences on Breathing 760 Chemoreceptor Regulation of Breathing 761 / Role of Lung Inflation in Stimulation of Breathing 761 23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System 761 23.7 Development of the Respiratory System 762 23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 763 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 763 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 764 / Critical Thinking Questions 765 / Answers to Figure Questions 765 24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 766 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 767 24.2 Layers of the GI Tract 768 Mucosa 768 Submucosa 769 Muscularis 769 Serosa 770 24.3 Peritoneum 770 24.4 Mouth 772 Salivary Glands 773 Tongue 775 Teeth 775 24.5 Pharynx 779 24.6 Esophagus 779 Histology of the Esophagus 779 Functions of the Esophagus 780 24.7 Stomach 781 Anatomy of the Stomach 781 Histology of the Stomach 783 Functions of the Stomach 784 24.8 Pancreas 786 Anatomy of the Pancreas 786 Histology of the Pancreas 787 Functions of the Pancreas 787 24.9 Liver and Gallbladder 788 Anatomy of the Liver and Gallbladder 788 Histology of the Liver and Gallbladder 789 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Liver and Gallbladder 792 Functions of the Liver and Gallbladder 793 24.10 Small Intestine 793 Anatomy of the Small Intestine 793 Histology of the Small Intestine 794 Functions of the Small Intestine 797 24.11 Large Intestine 800 Anatomy of the Large Intestine 800 Histology of the Large Intestine 802 Functions of the Large Intestine 803 24.12 Development of the Digestive System 805 24.13 Aging and the Digestive System 806 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 806 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 807 / Critical Thinking Questions 809 / Answers to Figure Questions 809 25 THE URINARY SYSTEM 810 25.1 Overview of the Urinary System 811 25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 813 External Anatomy of the Kidneys 813 Internal Anatomy of the Kidneys 813 Blood and Nerve Supply of the Kidneys 816 25.3 The Nephron 817 Parts of a Nephron 817 Histology of the Nephron and Collecting Duct 819 Glomerular Capsule 821 / Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct 821 25.4 Functions of Nephrons 822 Glomerular Filtration 823 Tubular Reabsorption 824 Tubular Secretion 824 25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 825 Ureters 825 Urinary Bladder 828 Urethra 829 25.6 Development of the Urinary System 831 25.7 Aging and the Urinary System 832 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 832 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 833 / Critical Thinking Questions 834 / Answers to Figure Questions 834 26 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 835 26.1 Male Reproductive System 836 Scrotum 836 Testes 838 Sperm 842 Reproductive System Ducts in Males 843 Ducts of the Testis 843 / Epididymis 843 / Ductus Deferens 844 / Ejaculatory Ducts 845 / Urethra 845 Spermatic Cord 845 Accessory Sex Glands in Males 845 Seminal Vesicles 845 / Prostate 845 / Bulbourethral Glands 845 Semen 847 Penis 847 26.2 Female Reproductive System 849 Ovaries 849 Histology of the Ovaries 851 / Oogenesis and Follicular Development 853 Uterine Tubes 856 Uterus 859 Vagina 861 Vulva 862 Perineum 863 Mammary Glands 866 26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 866 Menstrual Phase 867 Events in the Ovaries 867 / Events in the Uterus 867 Preovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 / Events in the Uterus 868 Ovulation 868 Postovulatory Phase 868 Events in the Ovaries 868 / Events in the Uterus 870 26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 870 Birth Control Methods 870 Surgical Sterilization 870 / Non-incisional Sterilization 870 / Hormonal Methods 871 / Intrauterine Devices 871/Spermicides 871 / Barrier Methods 871 / Periodic Abstinence 872 Abortion 872 26.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems 872 26.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 874 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Reproductive Systems 875 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 876 / Critical Thinking Questions 878 / Answers to Figure Questions 878 27 SURFACE ANATOMY 880 27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy 881 Chapter Review and Resource Summary 903 / Critical Thinking Questions 904 / Answers to Figure Questions 904 APPENDIX A Measurements A-1 APPENDIX B Answers A-2 Glossary G-1 Index I-1

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Book SynopsisParasitology Highly detailed textbook on parasites and parasite relationships The fully revised edition of Parasitology: An Integrated Approach holds true to its engaging and easy-to-read approach. It comprehensively covers the complex and dynamic interaction between the parasite and its host ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. Following an integrated approach, the authors explain how the study of parasites requires an understanding of biological concepts such as growth and reproduction, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology. In this second edition, they further address parasites and parasite relationships in the grand scheme of global changes and their impact. This textbook also reviews the often-neglected positive aspects of parasite infections and how humans have used parasites for their own advantage. Parasitology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd edition includes supplementary learning resources such as seTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Animal Associations 1 1.3 Parasite Hosts 10 1.4 Zoonotic Infections 13 1.5 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts 13 1.6 Parasitism as a 'Lifestyle': Advantages and Limitations 17 1.7 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases 18 1.8 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem 22 2 Taxonomy 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case 28 2.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy 28 2.4 Kingdom Protista 30 2.5 Kingdom Animalia 31 3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Phylum Rhizopoda 34 3.3 Phylum Metamonada 42 3.4 Phylum Apicomplexa 49 3.5 Subclass Coccidiasina 60 4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Phylum Kinetoplastida 74 4.3 Phylum Chlorophyta 96 4.4 Kingdom Fungi 97 5 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes 101 5.3 Class Cestoda 125 5.4 Phylum Acanthocephala 145 6 Nematode Parasites 148 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Class Enoplea 150 6.3 Class Rhabdita 156 7 Arthropod Parasites 182 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Phylum Chelicerata 183 7.3 Phylum Crustacea 194 7.4 Subphylum Hexapoda 200 8 Parasite Transmission 229 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Contaminative Transmission 230 8.3 Transmission Associated with Reproduction 234 8.4 Autoinfection 239 8.5 Nosocomial Transmission 239 8.6 Active Parasite Transmission 240 8.7 Hosts and Vectors 241 8.8 Host Factors 246 8.9 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens 254 8.10 Environmental Factors 256 9 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections 261 9.1 Introduction 261 9.2 Invertebrate Immunity 262 9.3 Vertebrate Immunity 265 9.4 Innate Immunity to Parasites 272 9.5 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites 275 9.6 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites 277 9.7 Avoiding the Host Immune Response 278 9.8 Immunity to Malaria 284 9.9 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions 289 9.10 HIV-AIDS and Parasitic Infections 289 10 Pathology Part A: Factors Influencing Pathogenesis, How Parasites Cause Pathology, Types of Pathology 295 10.1 Introduction 296 10.2 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis 296 10.3 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology 298 10.4 Types of Pathology 300 11 Pathology Part B: Damage to Specific Organs; Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 322 11.1 Introduction 322 11.2 Damage to Specific Organs 322 11.3 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 344 12 The Useful Parasite 347 12.1 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites? 347 12.2 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System 348 12.3 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions 355 12.4 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances 366 12.5 Parasites as Biological Control Agents 369 12.6 Parasites as Forensic Indicators 372 13 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites 375 13.1 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction 375 13.2 Importance of Correct Identification 376 13.3 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test 377 13.4 Isolation of Parasites 379 13.5 Identification from Gross Morphology 382 13.6 Biochemical Techniques for Identification 386 13.7 Immunological Techniques for Identification 387 13.8 Molecular Techniques for Identification 389 13.9 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction 393 14 Parasite Treatment 403 14.1 Introduction 403 14.2 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug 403 14.3 Pharmaceutical Drugs 409 14.4 DNA/RNA Technology 411 14.5 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins) 414 14.6 Nanotechnology 415 14.7 Quantum Dots 417 14.8 Natural Remedies 417 14.9 Homeopathy 421 15 Parasite Vaccines 422 15.1 Introduction 422 15.2 The Design and Use of Vaccines 423 15.3 Herd Immunity 423 15.4 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines 424 15.5 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine 424 15.6 Types of Vaccine 426 15.7 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite Vaccines 432 15.8 Vaccine Delivery 433 15.9 Vaccines Against Malaria 434 15.10 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies) 435 15.11 Problems with Vaccination Strategies 435 16 Parasite Control 437 16.1 Introduction 437 16.2 Eradication, Elimination, and Control 439 16.3 Education 441 16.4 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control 442 16.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology 444 16.6 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population 445 16.7 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes 447 16.8 Disruptions to Control Programmes 447 16.9 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations 449 References 452 Index 521

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Book SynopsisNow in its second edition, Practical Statistics for Nursing and Health Care provides a sound foundation for nursing, midwifery and other health care students and early career professionals, guiding readers through the often daunting subject of statistics ''from scratch''. Making no assumptions about one''s existing knowledge, the text develops in complexity as the material and concepts become more familiar, allowing readers to build the confidence and skills to apply various formula and techniques to their own data. The authors explain common methods of interpreting data sets and explore basic statistical principles that enable nurses and health care professionals to decide on suitable treatment, as well as equipping readers with the tools to critically appraise clinical trials and epidemiology journals. Offers information on statistics presented in a clear, straightforward manner Covers all basic statistical concepts and tests, and includes workeTrade Review"The language is friendly and puts the reader at ease ....This book provides comprehensive coverage of an area that is important to all health care professionals. (Nursing Times, 28 March 2002) "...a plain English guide...to facilitate both learning and reference..." (Nurse Education Today, No.23,2003) "...helpful in enabling nurses to appraise empirical research and utilise research in their practice..." (Primary Health Care, October 2003) "...provides clear explanations of the statistical concepts and illustrates these using relevant nursing scenarios..." (Practice Nurse, Friday 16 January, 2004) "...provides a basic foundation of statistics...good resource for nurses...very user friendly..." (Oncology Nursing Forum, Vol31(2), 2004) Table of ContentsPreface xi Foreword to Students xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 What Do we Mean by Statistics? 1 1.2 Why Is Statistics Necessary? 1 1.3 The Limitations of Statistics 2 1.4 Performing Statistical Calculations 2 1.5 The Purpose of this Text 2 2 Health Care Investigations: Measurement and Sampling Concepts 5 2.1 Introduction 5 2.2 Populations, Samples and Observations 5 2.3 Counting Things – The Sampling Unit 6 2.4 Sampling Strategy 6 2.5 Target and Study Populations 7 2.6 Sample Designs 7 2.7 Simple Random Sampling 8 2.8 Systematic Sampling 9 2.9 Stratified Sampling 9 2.10 Quota Sampling 10 2.11 Cluster Sampling 11 2.12 Sampling Designs – Summary 11 2.13 Statistics and Parameters 11 2.14 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 12 2.15 Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistics 12 3 Processing Data 13 3.1 Scales of Measurement 13 3.2 The Nominal Scale 13 3.3 The Ordinal Scale 14 3.4 The Interval Scale 14 3.5 The Ratio Scale 15 3.6 Conversion of Interval Observations to an Ordinal Scale 15 3.7 Derived Variables 16 3.8 Logarithms 17 3.9 The Precision of Observations 18 3.10 How Precise Should We Be? 19 3.11 The Frequency Table 19 3.12 Aggregating Frequency Classes 21 3.13 Frequency Distribution of Count Observations 23 3.14 Bivariate Data 23 4 Presenting Data 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 Dot Plot or Line Plot 25 4.3 Bar Graph 26 4.4 Histogram 28 4.5 Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve 29 4.6 Centiles and Growth Charts 29 4.7 Scattergram 32 4.8 Circle or Pie Graph 32 5 Clinical Trials 35 5.1 Introduction 35 5.2 The Nature of Clinical Trials 35 5.3 Clinical Trial Designs 36 5.4 Psychological Effects and Blind Trials 37 5.5 Historical Controls 38 5.6 Ethical Issues 38 5.7 Case Study: Leicestershire Electroconvulsive Therapy Study 38 5.8 Summary 40 6 Introduction to Epidemiology 41 6.1 Introduction 41 6.2 Measuring Disease 42 6.3 Study Designs – Cohort Studies 43 6.4 Study Designs – Case-Control Studies 45 6.5 Cohort or Case-Control Study? 46 6.6 Choice of Comparison Group 46 6.7 Confounding 47 6.8 Summary 48 7 Measuring the Average 49 7.1 What Is an Average? 49 7.2 The Mean 49 7.3 Calculating the Mean of Grouped Data 51 7.4 The Median – A Resistant Statistic 52 7.5 The Median of a Frequency Distribution 53 7.6 The Mode 54 7.7 Relationship between Mean, Median and Mode 55 8 Measuring Variability 57 8.1 Variability 57 8.2 The Range 57 8.3 The Standard Deviation 58 8.4 Calculating the Standard Deviation 59 8.5 Calculating the Standard Deviation from Grouped Data 60 8.6 Variance 61 8.7 An Alternative Formula for Calculating the Variance and Standard Deviation 61 8.8 Degrees of Freedom 62 8.9 The Coefficient of Variation 63 9 Probability and the Normal Curve 65 9.1 The Meaning of Probability 65 9.2 Compound Probabilities 66 9.3 Critical Probability 67 9.4 Probability Distribution 68 9.5 The Normal Curve 69 9.6 Some Properties of the Normal Curve 70 9.7 Standardizing the Normal Curve 71 9.8 Two-Tailed or One-Tailed? 72 9.9 Small Samples: The t-Distribution 74 9.10 Are our Data Normally Distributed? 75 9.11 Dealing with ‘Non-normal’ Data 77 10 How Good Are our Estimates? 81 10.1 Sampling Error 81 10.2 The Distribution of a Sample Mean 81 10.3 The Confidence Interval of a Mean of a Large Sample 83 10.4 The Confidence Interval of a Mean of a Small Sample 85 10.5 The Difference between the Means of Two Large Samples 86 10.6 The Difference between the Means of Two Small Samples 88 10.7 Estimating a Proportion 89 10.8 The Finite Population Correction 90 11 The Basis of Statistical Testing 91 11.1 Introduction 91 11.2 The Experimental Hypothesis 91 11.3 The Statistical Hypothesis 92 11.4 Test Statistics 93 11.5 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests 93 11.6 Hypothesis Testing and the Normal Curve 94 11.7 Type 1 and Type 2 Errors 95 11.8 Parametric and Non-parametric Statistics: Some Further Observations 96 11.9 The Power of a Test 97 12 Analysing Frequencies 99 12.1 The Chi-Square Test 99 12.2 Calculating the Test Statistic 99 12.3 A Practical Example of a Test for Homogeneous Frequencies 102 12.4 One Degree of Freedom – Yates’ Correction 103 12.5 Goodness of Fit Tests 104 12.6 The Contingency Table – Tests for Association 105 12.7 The ‘Rows by Columns’ (r × c) Contingency Table 108 12.8 Larger Contingency Tables 109 12.9 Advice on Analysing Frequencies 111 13 Measuring Correlations 113 13.1 The Meaning of Correlation 113 13.2 Investigating Correlation 113 13.3 The Strength and Significance of a Correlation 115 13.4 The Product Moment Correlation Coefficient 116 13.5 The Coefficient of Determination r2 118 13.6 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient rs 118 13.7 Advice on Measuring Correlations 120 14 Regression Analysis 121 14.1 Introduction 121 14.2 Gradients and Triangles 121 14.3 Dependent and Independent Variables 122 14.4 A Perfect Rectilinear Relationship 123 14.5 The Line of Least Squares 125 14.6 Simple Linear Regression 126 14.7 Fitting the Regression Line to the Scattergram 128 14.8 Regression for Estimation 128 14.9 The Coefficient of Determination in Regression 129 14.10 Dealing with Curved Relationships 129 14.11 How Can We ‘Straighten Up’ Curved Relationships? 132 14.12 Advice on Using Regression Analysis 133 15 Comparing Averages 135 15.1 Introduction 135 15.2 Matched and Unmatched Observations 136 15.3 The Mann–Whitney U-Test for Unmatched Samples 136 15.4 Advice on Using the Mann–Whitney U-Test 137 15.5 More than Two Samples – The Kruskal–Wallis Test 138 15.6 Advice on Using the Kruskal–Wallis Test 140 15.7 The Wilcoxon Test for Matched Pairs 140 15.8 Advice on Using the Wilcoxon Test for Matched Pairs 143 15.9 Comparing Means – Parametric Tests 143 15.10 The z-Test for Comparing the Means of Two Large Samples 144 15.11 The t-Test for Comparing the Means of Two Small Samples 145 15.12 The t-Test for Matched Pairs 146 15.13 Advice on Comparing Means 147 16 Analysis of Variance – ANOVA 149 16.1 Why Do We Need ANOVA? 149 16.2 How ANOVA Works 149 16.3 Procedure for Computing ANOVA 151 16.4 The Tukey Test 154 16.5 Further Applications of ANOVA 155 16.6 Advice on Using ANOVA 157 Appendices Appendix A: Table of Random Numbers 159 Appendix B: t-Distribution 160 Appendix C: χ2-Distribution 162 Appendix D: Critical Values of Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient 164 Appendix E: Critical Values of the Product Moment Correlation Coefficient 166 Appendix F: Mann–Whitney U-test Values (Two-Tailed Test) P =0.05 169 Appendix G: Critical Values of T in the Wilcoxon Test for Matched Pairs 170 Appendix H: F-Distribution 173 Appendix I: Tukey Test 178 Appendix J: Symbols 180 Appendix K: Leicestershire ECT Study Data: Subgroup with Depressive Illness 183 Appendix L: How Large Should Our Samples Be? 187 Bibliography 193 Index 195

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAbout the editors, ix List of Contributors, x Series Preface, xi Preface Book, xii Acknowledgements, xiii 1 Introduction, 1Zeno Geradts and Katrin Franke 2 AI-based Forensic Evaluation in Court: The Desirability of Explanation and the Necessity of Validation, 3Rolf J.F. Ypma, Daniel Ramos, and Didier Meuwly 2.1 Introduction, 3 2.1.1 AI for Forensic Evaluation, 6 2.2 The Desirability for Explanation and the Necessity of Validation, 7 2.3 Explainability (and its Validity), 8 2.3.1 Reasons to Pursue Explanations, 9 2.3.2 Types of Explanations, 9 2.3.3 Limitations of Explanations, 11 2.4 Validation (and its Explanation), 11 2.4.1 Measure the Method's Performance, 12 2.4.2 Approach in Four Steps, 12 2.4.3 Accountability, 16 2.5 Conclusion, 17 3 Machine Learning for Evidence in Criminal Proceedings: Techno-legal Challenges for Reliability Assurance, 21Radina Stoykova, Jeanne Mifsud Bonnici, and Katrin Franke 3.1 Introduction: AI in the Intersection of Criminal Procedure and Forensics, 21 3.1.1 Technical Fragmentation in Digital Investigations, 21 3.1.2 Legal and Methodological Fragmentation in Digital Investigations, 22 3.1.3 Specifics of ML-based Investigative Approach, 23 3.1.4 Scope and Definitions, 25 3.2 Legal Framework, 27 3.2.1 The Fair Trial Principle, 28 3.2.2 Necessity and Proportionality of Investigative Measures, 32 3.2.3 The AIA Proposal, 33 3.2.4 AI System Development and Legislative Contradictions, 35 3.3 Machine Learning Pipelines: Techno-legal Challenges, 44 3.3.1 Task + Purpose Limitation and Data Minimization, 44 3.3.2 Dataset Engineering and Data Governance, 48 3.3.3 Pre-processing for Input: Trade-offs between Accuracy and Computational Costs, 53 3.3.4 Modelling, 56 3.4 AI Use in Investigations: AI System Design + Data Protection = Fair Trial?, 63 3.5 Conclusion, 66 4 Formalising Representation and Interpretation of Digital Evidence to Reinforce Reasoning and Automated Analysis, 74Eoghan Casey and Timothy Bollé 4.1 Introduction, 74 4.2 Background and Related Work, 76 4.3 Method, 77 4.4 Representing Digital Traces, 79 4.5 Representing Computed Similarity, 86 4.6 Representing ML Classification, 89 4.7 Representing Hypothesis Test Results (a.k.a. Inferences), 91 4.7.1 Location Example, 93 4.7.2 Identification Example, 95 4.8 Effective/Reliable/Responsible Automated Analysis, 99 4.9 Conclusion, 101 5 Servicing Digital Investigations with Artificial Intelligence, 103Harm van Beek and Hans Henseler 5.1 Introduction, 103 5.2 Introduction To Hansken, 104 5.2.1 Normalized Trace Model, 105 5.2.2 Forensic Tool Application, 106 5.2.3 Hansken's Application Programming Interfaces, 108 5.3 Large Scale Application of AI Techniques, 109 5.3.1 Rule-based AI Techniques Implemented in Hansken, 109 5.3.2 Deep-learning AI Techniques Currently Implemented in Hansken, 111 5.3.3 Deep-learning AI Techniques to be Implemented in Hansken, 115 5.3.4 The application of large language models in digital forensics, 118 5.4 Conclusions and Further Reading, 120 6 On the Feasibility of Social Network Analysis Methods for Investigating Large-scale Criminal Networks, 123Jan William Johnsen and Katrin Franke 6.1 Introduction, 123 6.2 Previous Work, 125 6.3 Material and Methods, 127 6.3.1 Real-world Underground Forum Database Dumps, 127 6.3.2 Network Centrality Measures, 129 6.3.3 Measuring Association Using Bi-variate Analysis, 129 6.3.4 Topic Modelling Algorithms, 130 6.4 Experimental Setup, 130 6.4.1 Evaluating Network Centrality Measures for Forensics, 130 6.4.2 Our Novel Approach for Analysing Cybercriminal's Technical Skills, 133 6.5 Experimental Results and Discussion, 137 6.5.1 Correlation Testing, 137 6.5.2 Our Newly Proposed Method, 142 6.6 Conclusion, 145 7 Mapping NLP Techniques to Investigations and Investigative Interviews, 149Kyle Porter and Bente Skattør 7.1 Introduction, 149 7.2 Criminal Investigation, 150 7.2.1 Investigative Interviews, 150 7.3 Assessing the Needs of Investigators in an NLP Context, 151 7.3.1 Mapping Interviewer Needs to Existing NLP Tasks, 151 7.4 Automatic Speech Recognition, 152 7.4.1 ASR Basics, 152 7.4.2 ASR, Digital Investigation, and the State of the Art, 153 7.5 NLP Basics, 154 7.5.1 Common Terminology, 154 7.5.2 Vector Space Models and Embeddings, 156 7.5.3 Modern NLP Models, 157 7.6 Text Extraction, 157 7.6.1 Entity Identification and Named Entity Recognition, 157 7.6.2 Named Entity Recognition Metrics, 158 7.6.3 NER Applied to Investigations, 159 7.6.4 Entity Linking, 159 7.6.5 Limitations of Using NER, 160 7.6.6 Extraction Methods outside NER, 161 7.7 Text Classification, 161 7.7.1 Classification Evaluation Metrics, 162 7.7.2 Text Classification and Digital Investigation, 162 7.7.3 Classification Limitations, 163 7.8 Text Reduction, 164 7.8.1 Thematic Extraction and Topic Modelling, 164 7.8.2 Topic Modelling and Digital Investigations, 165 7.8.3 Limitations of Topic Modelling, 166 7.8.4 Text Summarization, 166 7.8.5 Text Summarization and Digital Investigations, 167 7.8.6 Summarization Limitations, 167 7.9 Discussion and Conclusion, 167 7.9.1 Future Work, 169 8 The Influence of Compression on the Detection of Deepfake Videos, 174Meike Kombrink and Zeno Geradts 8.1 Introduction, 174 8.2 Method, 178 8.2.1 Dataset, 178 8.2.2 Deepfake Detection, 180 8.3 Results, 183 8.3.1 Compressed Dataset, 183 8.3.2 Algorithms, 184 8.4 Discussion, 190 8.4.1 Deepfake Detection, 190 8.4.2 Compression, 191 8.4.3 Future Work, 193 8.5 Conclusion, 193 9 Event Log Analysis and Correlation: A Digital Forensic Perspective, 195Neminath Hubballi and Pratibha Khandait 9.1 Introduction, 195 9.2 Sources of Logs, 197 9.2.1 End Host System Logs, 198 9.2.2 Networking Devices and Security Applications, 203 9.2.3 Application Logs, 207 9.3 Need for Correlation, 208 9.4 Correlation Techniques, 210 9.5 Conclusions, 214 10 (Hyper-)graph Analysis and its Application in Forensics, 216Marcel Worring 10.1 Introduction, 216 10.2 Survey of Methods, 218 10.2.1 Preliminaries, 218 10.2.2 Tasks, 219 10.2.3 Graph Neural Networks, 220 10.3 Explainability and Visualization, 224 10.4 Conclusion, 227 11 Conclusion, 230Zeno Geradts and Katrin Franke Index, 232

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis A holistic approach covering a wide range of environmental microbial applications along with current and future trends In Microbial Biotechnology: Role in Ecological Sustainability and Research, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an authoritative overview of the role of microbial biotechnology in the pursuit of environmental and ecological sustainability. The book provides readers with compelling presentations of microbial technology, including its applications in the removal of environmental pollutants, and sustainable agriculture using microbial biocontrol agents or bio-fertilizers. Readers will also be able to explore the microbial reduction of greenhouse gases and a wide range of other cutting-edge applications, including the removal of various toxic environmental contaminants, such as antibiotics, pesticides, dyes, and heavy metals. Microbial Biotechnology provides: A thorough introduction to microorganisms, their metabolic engiTable of ContentsContributors xvii Preface xxiii About the Editors xxv Part I: Microorganism: An Introduction 1 Microbes and Environment: Recent Advancement in Environmental Biotechnology 3 Pankaj Chowdhary, Sujata Mani, Parul Shukla, and Abhay Raj 2 Environmental and Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants 29 Sandhya Mishra, Shaohua Chen, and Ram Naresh Bharagava 3 Synbiotic Effects of Human Milk on Neonatal Health: Probiotic Early Microflora and Prebiotic Oligosaccharides in Symphony 43 Swati Shukla, Ramesh C. Dubey, and Jyoti Choudhary 4 Metabolic Engineering of Microbes for the Production of Plant-Based Compounds 59 Subir K. Bose, Swati Upadhyay, and Yashdeep Srivastava 5 Quorum Sensing and Environmental Sustainability 75 Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Abhishek Raj, and Nahid Khan 6 Endophytic Microbes: Potential Source of Antibiotic Production 89 Jyoti Choudhary, Sarad Kumar Mishra, Zainab Rao, and Swati Shukla 7 The Role and Importance of Microorganisms in Environmental Sustainability 107 Barbara Sawicka, Piotr Pszczółkowski, Piotr Barbaś, Dominika Skiba, and Bernadetta Bienia Part II: Environmental Management: Bioremediation through Nexus Approach 8 Application of Green Remediation Technology in Field of Dye Effluent Management 137 Suhas Kadam, Rahul Khandare, and Sanjay Govindwar 9 Exploitation of Soil Amendments to Remediate Heavy Metal Toxicity for Safe Cultivation of Crops 175 Anandkumar Naorem, Abhishek Patel, and Shiva Kumar Udayana 10 Microbial Proteomics: Understanding Metabolic Pathways in Microorganisms for Bioremediation of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutants 189 Bhargab Kalita 11 Bioremediation of Problematic Soil for Sustainability 201 Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Nahid Khan, and Arnab Banerjee 12 Recent Advances in Biosensors for Rapid Identification of Antibiotics in Dairy Products 225 Shraddha Chauhan, Vikas Sharma, Digvijay Dahiya, and Preeti Chaturvedi Bharagava 13 Application of Microbes in Dye Decolorization 237 Kuruvalli Gouthami, Lavanya Lakshminarayana, Vadamalai Veeraraghavan, Muhammad Bilal, Ram N. Bharagava, Luiz F. R. Ferreira, Abbas Rahdar, Paul O. Bankole, Juliana H-P Américo-Pinheiro, and Sikandar I. Mulla 14 Removal Potential of Microplastics in Organic Solid Wastes via Biological Treatment Approaches 255 Sartaj A. Bhat, Guangyu Cui, Naik Yaseera, Xuyang Lei, Fuad Ameen, and Fusheng li 15 Role of Microbes in Wastewater Treatment and Energy Generation Potential: A Sustainable Approach 265 Ashish Kumar, Tania Chalotra, Atin K. Pathak, and Neelu Raina 16 Actinobacteria from Soils and their Applications in Environmental Bioremediation 313 Nurul H. Adenan and Adeline S-Y Ting Part III: Current Trends and Future Possibilities 17 Current Opinion and Trends for Use of Biochar in Agriculture Sustainability 337 Anuradha Singh and Preeti Chaturvedi Bharagava 18 Environmentally Sustainable Elimination of Microbes Using Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes: From Water Treatment to Medical Applications 355 Maximilian Koch, Stefan Rosiwal, and Andreas Burkovski 19 Enzymatic Intervention as an Ecofriendly Approach in Industries: An Update 365 Supriya Gupta, Shruti Dwivedi, Kanchan Yadav, Aiman Tanveer, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav 20 The Potential of Sulfate-Reducing Microorganisms for the Bioconversion of Dissolved Sulfates to Sulfides Precipitating Metals of a Mine Liquid Effluent 389 Manuel J. Leal-Gutiérrez, Marisela Bernal-González, Ángel E. Chávez-Castellanos, Julio A. Solís-Fuentes, Enrique R. Bazúa-Rueda, and María-del-Carmen Durán-Domínguez-de-Bazúa 21 The Human Microbiome: An Imminent Therapy for Mankind – A Review 399 Immanuel Suresh, Iswareya Lakshimi, and Abinaya Lakshmi 22 Insight into Soil Organic Pollutants: Microbial Bioremediation as a Sustainable Approach Toward Restoration of Agriculture Soil 421 Amarnath Mishra, Shrutika Singla, Sourabh Kumar Singh, and Akanksha Behl 23 Agro-Wastes for Cost Effective Production of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 435 Shruti Dwivedi, Aiman Tanveer, Sangeeta Yadav, Gautam Anand, and Dinesh Yadav Index 461

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Book SynopsisFully updated revision of a classic text of fering a thorough understanding of the normal behavior of domestic animals The Seventh Edition of Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists is a fully updated revision of this popular, classic text offering a thorough understanding of the normal behavior of domestic animals. Maintaining the foundation of earlier editions, chapters examine key behavior issues ranging from communication to social structure. The Seventh Edition adds enhanced coverage of behavioral genetics, animal cognition, and learning, considering new knowledge and the very latest information throughout. Each chapter covers a wide variety of farm and companion animals, including dogs, cats, horses, pigs, sheep, cattle, and goats. Major additions are chicken and donkey behavior as well as the microbiome. The cognitive skills of the different species are discussed in the learning chapter. Each chapter covers a particular behavior subdivided by species. The information has been updated using information published in the past five years. To aid in reader comprehension and assist in self-learning, a companion website provides review questions and answers and the figures from the book in PowerPoint. Sample topics covered in Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists include: Communication patterns, perception, vocalization, visual signals, social behavior, sleep and activity patterns, and detection of emotions in others Maternal behavior, pain- and fear-induced aggression, feeding habits, and behavioral problems (such as cribbing, offspring rejection and anxiety) Aggression and social structure, stereotypic behavior, free-ranging versus confined behavior, and maternal behavior (such as recognizing the young) Sexual behavior, development of behavior, and sleep behavior, including ultradian, circadian, annual, and other rhythms Ingestive behavior (food and water intake), hyperactivity and narcolepsy, and overall learning behavior The role of genetics, the environment, and the microbiome in behavior. The Seventh Edition of Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists is an essential reference for students of animal science and veterinary students, as well as qualified veterinarians and animal scientists seeking a more thorough understanding of the principles of animal behavior.

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Book SynopsisAn in-depth text that explores the interface between analytical chemistry and trace evidence Analytical Techniques in Forensic Science is a comprehensive guide written in accessible terms that examines the interface between analytical chemistry and trace evidence in forensic science. With contributions from noted experts on the topic, the text features a detailed introduction analysis in forensic science and then subsequent chapters explore the laboratory techniques grouped by shared operating principles. For each technique, the authors incorporate specific theory, application to forensic analytics, interpretation, forensic specific developments, and illustrative case studies. Forensic techniques covered include UV-Vis and vibrational spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and gas and liquid chromatography. The applications reviewed include evidence types such as fibers, paint, drugs and explosives. The authors highlight data collection, subsequent analysis, what information has been obtaiTable of ContentsList of Contributors xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi Part I Preparing for Analysis 1 1 Introduction to Forensic Science 3Sue Jickells, Rosalind Wolstenholme and Shari Forbes 1.1 Forensic Science 3 1.2 The Forensic Process 6 1.2.1 Forensic Principles and the Crime Scene 6 1.2.2 Preparatory Issues in Laboratory Analysis 11 1.2.3 Interpretation of Forensic Evidence 13 1.2.3.1 The Expert Witness and Interpretation 14 1.2.3.2 Evidential Value 15 1.2.3.3 Statistical Interpretation 18 1.2.3.4 Bayesian Statistics 20 1.3 Judicial Systems 22 1.3.1 Criminal vs. Civil Law 22 1.3.2 Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial System 24 1.3.3 Rules of Evidence 25 1.3.3.1 Admissibility of Evidence 25 1.3.4 Types of Evidence 26 1.3.5 Opinion and Expert Testimony 28 1.3.5.1 Admissibility of Scientific and Technical Evidence 28 1.4 The Role of Analytical Chemistry in Forensic Science 30 1.4.1 Techniques Used for Chemical Analysis 31 References 32 2 Analytical Methodology and Experimental Design 35Florian Wulfert and Rosalind Wolstenholme 2.1 Scientific Method 35 2.2 What DoWe Mean by Analysis? 36 2.3 The Stages of Analysis 36 2.3.1 Quantification 37 2.3.1.1 External Standards 37 2.3.1.2 Internal Standards 38 2.3.1.3 Standard Addition 38 2.4 Analysis Development 39 2.4.1 Error Estimation 39 2.4.2 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 40 2.4.3 Method Development and Experimental Designs 41 2.4.4 Selecting Critical Variables with Factorial Designs 42 2.4.4.1 Categorical Variables 43 2.4.4.2 Reduced Designs 44 2.4.4.3 Final Practical Experimental Considerations 44 2.4.4.4 Deciding on Significance 44 2.4.4.5 Interpretation 45 2.4.5 Modelling the Significant Variables Using Response Surface Designs 46 2.4.5.1 Sparse Response Surface Designs 48 2.4.5.2 Analysing Response Surface Models 48 2.4.5.3 Validation 49 2.4.5.4 Optimisation 49 3 Presumptive Testing 51Rosalind Wolstenholme and Shari Forbes 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Drugs 52 3.2.1 Drugs Seizure Sampling 52 3.2.2 Major Drug Classes 52 3.2.2.1 Marijuana 52 3.2.2.2 Opioids, Cocaine, and Amphetamines 53 3.2.2.3 Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines 53 3.2.2.4 LSD 53 3.2.2.5 New Psychoactive Substances 55 3.2.3 Presumptive Tests for Drugs 56 3.2.3.1 Colour Tests 56 3.2.3.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 56 3.2.3.3 Microcrystal Tests 56 3.3 Firearms Discharge Residue 57 3.3.1 Firearms Discharge Residue Sampling 57 3.3.2 Firearms Discharge Residue Presumptive Tests 58 3.4 Explosives 59 3.4.1 Explosive Residue Sampling 60 3.4.2 Explosive Residue Presumptive Tests 60 3.4.2.1 Colour Tests 60 3.4.2.2 Thin Layer Chromatography 61 3.4.2.3 Portable Instruments 61 3.5 Ethanol (Ethyl Alcohol) 61 3.5.1 Breath Alcohol Testing 61 3.5.1.1 Electronic Devices 62 3.5.1.2 Chemical Test Devices 63 3.5.2 Saliva-Based Testing 63 3.6 Ignitable Liquid Residues 64 3.7 Non-Chemical Presumptive Tests 65 3.7.1 Electronic Detectors 65 3.7.1.1 Electronic Detectors for Fire Investigations 65 3.7.1.2 Electronic Detectors for Explosives and Illicit Drugs 66 3.7.2 Canine Detection 67 References 68 4 Sample Preparation 71Sue Jickells 4.1 Sample Preparation 71 4.2 Extraction 75 4.2.1 Solvent Extraction 76 4.2.2 Liquid–Liquid Extraction 77 4.2.3 Solid Phase Extraction 82 4.2.3.1 Stationary Phases 85 4.2.3.2 Normal Phase 92 4.2.3.3 Reversed Phase 93 4.2.3.4 Ion Exchange 95 4.2.3.5 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers 95 4.2.3.6 Immunoaffinity SPE 97 4.2.4 Solid-Phase Microextraction 97 4.2.5 QuEChERS 101 4.2.6 Sample Handling Post Extraction 101 4.2.6.1 Solvent Evaporation 101 4.2.6.2 Derivatisation 102 4.3 Sample Preparation for Inorganic Analyses 102 4.3.1 Total Analysis 103 4.3.2 Chemical Speciation 105 4.4 DNA Profiling 105 4.5 Conclusion 106 References 106 Part II Spectroscopic and Spectrometric Techniques 109 5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 111Rosalind Wolstenholme Reference 114 6 Ultraviolet–Visible and Fluorescence Spectroscopy 115Rosalind Wolstenholme 6.1 Forensic Introduction 115 6.2 Theory 115 6.2.1 Electronic Transitions 115 6.2.2 Photoluminescence and Fluorescence 118 6.2.3 Quantification 120 6.2.3.1 UV-Vis Quantification 120 6.2.3.2 Fluorescence Quantification 121 6.3 Instrumentation 122 6.3.1 UV-Vis Spectrometers 122 6.3.2 Fluorescence Spectrometers/Fluorometers 123 6.3.3 Coupling Techniques 126 6.3.4 Microspectrophotometers 126 6.3.5 Hyperspectral Imaging 126 6.3.6 Filtered Light Examination 127 6.4 Application to Analyte 128 6.4.1 Transmission Analysis in Solution 128 6.4.1.1 UV-Vis Solution Analysis 128 6.4.1.2 Fluorescent Solution Analysis 129 6.4.2 MSP Sample Preparation 129 6.4.3 Acquiring a Spectrum 130 6.4.3.1 Capture of Spectra in Solution 130 6.4.3.2 MSP and HSI Sample Analysis 131 6.4.4 Forensic Applications 131 6.4.4.1 Writing Ink Examination 132 6.4.4.2 Fibre Examination 133 6.5 Interpretation and Law 134 6.5.1 Interpreting UV-Vis Spectra 135 6.5.2 Interpreting Fluorescence Spectra 137 6.5.3 UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Court 138 6.6 Case Studies 138 6.6.1 Case Study 1 138 6.6.2 Case Study 2 139 6.7 Forensic Developments 140 References 140 7 Infrared Spectroscopy 145Barbara Stuart 7.1 Introduction 145 7.2 Theory of the Technique 145 7.2.1 Basis of the Technique 145 7.2.2 Instrumentation 146 7.2.3 Transmission Spectroscopy 148 7.2.4 Reflectance Spectroscopy 148 7.2.5 Infrared Microspectroscopy 150 7.2.6 Handheld and Portable Instruments 151 7.3 Application to Analyte 151 7.3.1 Sampling 151 7.3.2 Spectrum Analysis 152 7.4 Interpretation and Law 155 7.5 Case Studies – Discrimination of Acrylic Fibres 157 7.6 Forensic Developments 158 References 159 8 Raman Spectroscopy 161Rosalind Wolstenholme 8.1 Forensic Introduction 161 8.2 Theory 161 8.2.1 Raman Scattering 161 8.2.2 Modes of Vibration 163 8.2.3 Raman Shift 165 8.2.4 Raman Instrumentation 166 8.2.4.1 Lasers, Fluorescence, and Resolution 166 8.2.4.2 Dispersive versus FT 167 8.2.4.3 Dispersive Raman Spectrometers 168 8.2.4.4 FT-Raman Spectrometers 169 8.2.4.5 Polarisers 169 8.2.4.6 Microscopes and Imaging 169 8.2.4.7 Portable Instruments and Probes 170 8.2.4.8 Quantitation 170 8.2.5 Advanced Techniques 171 8.2.5.1 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy 171 8.2.5.2 SERS/SERRS 171 8.2.5.3 SORS 172 8.2.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Raman Spectroscopy 173 8.3 Application to Analyte 174 8.3.1 Acquiring a Spectrum 174 8.3.2 Forensic Applications 175 8.3.2.1 Pen Ink 175 8.3.2.2 Paint 175 8.3.2.3 Drugs of Abuse 176 8.4 Interpretation and Law 177 8.4.1 Interpreting Raman Spectra 177 8.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy in Court 179 8.5 Case Studies 180 8.5.1 Case Study 1 180 8.5.2 Case Study 2 180 8.6 Forensic Developments 181 References 181 9 Scanning Electron Microscopy 185Grzegorz Zadora and Aleksandra Michalska 9.1 Introduction 185 9.2 Theory of the Technique 186 9.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope 186 9.2.2 X-Ray Detection 191 9.2.3 Operating Conditions 192 9.2.4 Specimen Preparation 193 9.2.4.1 Vacuum Evaporation 194 9.3 Application to Analyte(s) 195 9.3.1 Gunshot Residue 196 9.3.2 Glass 200 9.3.3 Other Samples 203 9.4 Interpretation and Law 203 9.4.1 Evidence Evaluation on Source Level 203 9.4.2 Evidence Evaluation on Activity Level 206 9.5 Case Study 207 9.5.1 GSR – Case Study 207 9.5.2 Glass – Comparison and Classification Problem 209 9.5.3 Glass –Was the Car Bulb Switched on During the Accident? 212 References 214 10 Mass Spectrometry 219Mark C. Parkin and Alan Brailsford 10.1 Introduction 219 10.1.1 Forensic Application of Mass Spectrometry 221 10.2 Theory of the Technique 223 10.2.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry 223 10.2.2 Sample Introduction 224 10.2.3 Modes of Sample Ionisation 225 10.2.3.1 Electron Ionisation 225 10.2.3.2 Chemical Ionisation 227 10.2.3.3 Electrospray Ionisation 230 10.2.3.4 Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation 231 10.2.3.5 Desorption and Ambient Methods 232 10.2.3.6 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation 232 10.2.3.7 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry 234 10.2.3.8 Desorption Electrospray Ionisation 234 10.2.3.9 Direct Analysis in Real Time 234 10.2.4 Ion Separation – Mass Analysers 235 10.2.4.1 Mass Range, Resolution and Accuracy 235 10.2.4.2 Magnetic Sector 236 10.2.4.3 Quadrupoles – Quadrupole Mass Filter 236 10.2.4.4 Quadrupole Ion Trap 237 10.2.4.5 Time of Flight 238 10.2.4.6 Fourier Transform Instruments – Ion Cyclotron Resonance 239 10.2.4.7 Fourier Transform Instruments – Orbitrap 240 10.2.4.8 Tandem Mass Spectrometry – Ion Fragmentation by Collision Induced Dissociation 241 10.2.4.9 Tandem Mass Analysers – Ion Traps 242 10.2.4.10 Tandem Mass Analysers – Triple Quadrupoles 242 10.2.4.11 Tandem Mass Analysers – Hybrid Instruments 242 10.2.5 Ion Detection 243 10.2.5.1 Electron Multipliers 243 10.2.5.2 Faraday Cup 244 10.2.6 Anatomy of a Mass Spectrum 244 10.2.6.1 The Molecular or Quasi-Molecular Ion 245 10.2.6.2 The Fragment Region 247 10.2.6.3 Full Scan Mass Spectra 247 10.2.6.4 Product Ion Spectra 248 10.2.6.5 Extracted Ion Chromatograms 248 10.2.6.6 Selected Ion Chromatograms and Multiple Reaction Monitoring 249 10.2.6.7 Precursor Ion Detection and Neutral Loss Scanning 252 10.3 Application to Analytes 252 10.4 Interpretation and Law 254 10.4.1 Chain of Custody 254 10.4.2 New Forensic Regulations 255 10.4.3 ID Criteria – Screen and Confirmation 255 10.4.4 Chromatographic Criteria 256 10.4.5 Mass Spectrometric Identification Criteria 256 10.5 Case Studies 257 10.5.1 Serial Killing by Poisoning 257 10.5.2 Surreptitious Insulin Administration 257 10.6 Forensic Developments 258 10.6.1 Beyond Blood and Urine 258 10.6.2 High Mass Accuracy Mass Spectrometry 259 10.6.3 Mobile Mass Spectrometers 260 References 261 11 Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 267Sarah Benson and Kylie Jones 11.1 Forensic Introduction 267 11.2 Basis of the Technique 268 11.2.1 Isotopes 268 11.2.2 Isotopic Abundance and Delta Notation 268 11.2.3 Standards and Reference Materials 269 11.2.4 Isotopic Variability – Fractionation and Mixing 270 11.2.5 Isotopic Variability of Natural Materials 272 11.2.6 Instrumentation: Stable Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometers 272 11.3 Introduction to the Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer 276 11.3.1 IRMS – Detection and Measurement 276 11.3.2 Sample Preparation 277 11.3.3 Bulk Stable Isotope Analysis 277 11.3.4 Bulk Measurements by Quantitative High Temperature Combustion 278 11.3.5 Bulk Measurements by Quantitative High Temperature Conversion 279 11.3.6 Compound Specific Isotope Analysis 279 11.4 Interpretation 280 11.5 Case Studies 281 11.6 Applications in Forensic Science 283 11.6.1 Distinguishing between Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Materials in Doping, e.g. Endogenous and Exogenous (Synthetic) Testosterone 284 11.6.2 Determining Authenticity and Predicting Geographical Origin of Food, Pharmaceuticals and Other Materials, e.g. Counterfeiting 284 11.6.3 Tracing the Geographic Origin and Movement of Wildlife, Persons and Materials 284 11.6.4 Identifying the Source of Environmental Contaminants 285 11.6.5 Determining the Geographical Origin of Plant Materials, e.g. Natural Illicit Drugs – Cannabis, Cocaine, and Heroin 285 11.6.6 Characterising Microorganisms 286 11.6.7 Determining Synthetic Pathways Used to Manufacture Illicit Drugs, e.g. Ecstasy and MDMA, Methamphetamine, and Amphetamine 286 11.6.8 Distinguishing between Two or More Samples of a Material to Infer Source or a Common Origin 287 11.6.9 Distinguishing Between Two or More Samples of Ignitable Liquids and Chemicals 287 11.6.10 Determining Source Through Association of Starting Materials and End Products, e.g. Explosives 288 11.7 Future of IRMS and Stable Isotopic Comparisons 288 References 288 Part III Chromatographic Techniques 295 12 Chromatographic Separation and Theory 297Sue Jickells and Shari Forbes 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 Chromatography 298 12.2.1 Planar Chromatography 299 12.2.2 Column Chromatography 300 12.3 The Separation Process 300 12.3.1 Distribution Constant 303 12.3.2 Hold-Up Time (or Volume) 304 12.3.3 Retention Time (or Volume) 305 12.3.3.1 Retention Time and Sample Concentration 306 12.3.4 Retention Factor 306 12.3.5 Separation Factor 307 12.4 Separation Theory 307 12.4.1 Plate Theory 307 12.4.2 Theory versus Practice: Band Broadening 308 12.4.3 Rate Theory 311 12.4.3.1 Eddy Diffusion (A) 312 12.4.3.2 Longitudinal Diffusion (B) 313 12.4.3.3 Mass Transfer (C) 314 12.4.3.4 Non-Column Parameters Contributing to Band Broadening 316 12.5 Practical Applications of Chromatographic Theory 316 12.5.1 Optimising Chromatographic Separations 317 12.5.1.1 Resolution 317 12.5.1.2 GC 319 12.5.1.3 Mobile Phase 320 12.6 Conclusion 323 References 323 13 Gas Chromatography 327Shari Forbes 13.1 Introduction 327 13.2 Gas Chromatography Components 327 13.2.1 Mobile Phase System 328 13.2.2 Sample Injection System 329 13.2.2.1 Liquid Samples 330 13.2.2.2 Gases and Volatile Compounds 334 13.2.2.3 Gas Samples 334 13.2.2.4 Volatile Compounds: Headspace Analysis 335 13.2.2.5 Static Headspace Analysis 335 13.2.2.6 Dynamic Headspace Analysis 336 13.2.2.7 Pyrolysis GC 338 13.2.3 Columns and Chromatographic Separation 338 13.2.3.1 Column Selection 340 13.2.3.2 Column Temperature and Programming 341 13.2.4 Detectors and Detection Systems 343 13.2.4.1 Flame Ionisation Detectors 344 13.2.4.2 Electron Capture Detectors 345 13.2.4.3 Nitrogen–Phosphorous Detectors 345 13.2.4.4 Mass Spectrometric Detection Systems 346 13.3 Application to Analyte 348 13.3.1 Sample Derivatisation 348 13.3.2 Qualitative Analysis 350 13.3.3 Quantitative Analysis 351 13.3.3.1 Methods of Quantitative Analysis 353 13.4 Interpretation and Law 354 13.5 Case Studies 356 13.5.1 Case Study 1 356 13.5.2 Case Study 2 357 13.6 Forensic Developments 358 13.6.1 Multidimensional GC 358 13.6.2 Portable GC 361 References 362 14 High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Including Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 365Sophie Turfus and Luke N. Rodda 14.1 Introduction 365 14.2 Components of an HPLC instrument and their Optimisation 368 14.2.1 Pump and Mixer 368 14.2.2 Autosampler and Inlet 370 14.2.3 Injector 370 14.2.4 Column 370 14.2.4.1 Stationary Phase 371 14.2.4.2 Column Dimensions 373 14.2.4.3 Particle Size 373 14.2.4.4 Pre-Column/Guard Column 373 14.2.5 Fittings 374 14.2.6 Mobile Phase 375 14.2.6.1 Mobile Phase A 376 14.2.6.2 Mobile Phase B 376 14.2.7 Effect of Temperature/Flow Rate 379 14.2.8 Detector 380 14.2.8.1 Mass Spectrometer 380 14.2.8.2 UV Detector 382 14.2.8.3 PDA Detector 383 14.3 Related Techniques 384 14.3.1 Ion Chromatography 384 14.3.2 Affinity Chromatography 384 14.3.3 Chiral Chromatography 385 14.4 Chromatography Theory 385 14.5 Detection 386 14.6 Coupling of Liquid Chromatography to Mass Spectrometry 388 14.7 Types of Analytes 390 14.7.1 Basic Analytes 390 14.7.2 Acidic Analytes 390 14.7.3 Proteins 391 14.7.4 DNA 391 14.7.5 Chiral Compounds 392 14.7.6 Bulk Drugs and High-Concentration Analytes 392 14.7.7 Low-Concentration Analytes 392 14.8 Accreditation and Method Validation 393 14.8.1 Use of Internal Standards 393 14.8.2 Effect of Sample Matrix 394 14.8.3 Ion Ratios 394 14.9 Interpretation of Results in the Forensic and Legal Context 394 14.10 Case Studies 396 14.10.1 Case Study 1: Post-Mortem Death Investigation – Poly-Drug Overdose 396 14.10.2 Case Study 2: Post-Mortem Death Investigation – No Derivatisation Needed for LC-MS 397 14.10.3 Case Study 3: Driving Under the Influence of Drugs – Increased Sensitivity with LC-MS 398 14.11 Forensic Developments 399 14.11.1 Column Switching and Two-Dimensional HPLC 399 14.11.2 Capillary Liquid Chromatography 401 14.11.3 Column-on-a-Chip Technologies 401 14.12 Conclusion 402 References 402 15 Capillary and Microchip Electrophoresis 407Lucas Blanes, Ellen Flávia Moreira Gabriel, Renata Mayumi Saito, Wendell Karlos Tomazelli Coltro, Nerida Cole, Philip Doble, Claude Roux and Robson Oliveira dos Santos 15.1 Capillary Electrophoresis: Introduction 407 15.2 Microchip-Capillary Electrophoresis 410 15.2.1 Sample Injection Modes in ME 410 15.3 Detection Systems 411 15.4 CE and ME in Forensic Analysis 412 15.5 Case Study: Lab-on-a-Chip Screening of Methamphetamine and Pseudoephedrine in Clandestine Laboratory Samples 412 15.5.1 Screening of Methamphetamine and Pseudoephedrine from Clandestine Laboratories 416 15.5.2 Interferents 416 15.5.3 Simulated Surface Swabs 418 15.6 Conclusions 418 Acknowledgements 419 References 419 Index 425

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Book SynopsisOligonucleotides represent one of the most significant pharmaceutical breakthroughs in recent years, showing great promise as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for malignant tumors, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, viral infections, and many other degenerative disorders. The Handbook of Analysis of Oligonucleotides and Related Products is an essential reference manual on the practical application of modern and emerging analytical techniques for the analysis of this unique class of compounds. A strong collaboration among thirty leading analytical scientists from around the world, the book provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the most commonly used analytical techniques and their advantages and limitations in assuring the identity, purity, quality, and strength of an oligonucleotide intended for therapeutic use.Topics discussed include: Strategies for enzymatic or chemical degradation of chemically modified oligonucleotides toTrade ReviewThis is a unique resource for guiding the analysis of oligonucleotide-based drug products. No other single source provides such a comprehensive overview of the necessary analytical techniques that assess the qualitative characteristics of oligonucleotides intended for pharmaceutical use.—Rachel R Chennault, Ph.D.(American College of Clinical Pharmacy), in Doody's Notes Table of ContentsPurity Analysis and Impurities Determination by Reversed-Phase High- Performance Liquid Chromatography. Purity Analysis and Impurities Determination by AEX-HPLC. Purity Analysis and Molecular Weight Determination by Size Exclusion HPLC Analysis. Analysis of Oligonucleotides by Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry. Sequence Determination and Confirmation by MS/M S and MALDI-TOF. Tm Analysis of Oligonucleotides. Purity and Content Analysis of Oligonucleotides by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis. Bioanalysis of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides Using Hybridization-Based Immunoassay Techniques. Oligonucleotide Assay and Potency. Microbial Analysis: Endotoxin Testing. Analysis of Residual Solvents by Head Space Gas Chromatography. Determination of Extinction Coefficient. Structural Determination by NMR. Infrared Analysis of Oligonucleotides. Stability Indicating Methods for Oligonucleotide Products. Analysis by Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography. Determination of Base Composition. Analysis of Metals in Oligonucleotides. Regulatory Considerations for the Development of Oligonucleotide Therapeutics.

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Book SynopsisBasic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Edition, brings together fundamental engineering and life science principles, with specific attention paid to the momentum and mass transport concepts applicable to the design of medical devices. Such an analysis highlights the chemical and physical transport processes used in the development of artificial organs, bioartificial organs, controlled drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering. Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Edition, furthermore provides a basic review of units and dimensions with some tips for solving engineering problems; an investigation of thermodynamic concepts with an emphasis on the properties of solutions; and an in-depth exploration of body fluids, osmosis and membrane filtration, the physical and flow properties of blood, solute transport, oxygen transport, and pharmacokinetic analysis. This text is written with curious and inquisitive students in mind who wish toTrade Review"This is an excellent undergraduate biotransport text that presents material in a logical, easily understandable fashion. The book does a great job of incorporating problem solving and dimensional analysis using topics that are relevant and timely. It is a pleasure to teach from this textbook."— Christopher Brigham, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA"The text provides a comprehensive introduction to a complex topic which brings together a number of different scientific disciplines. In addition, the text provides the student with some worked examples to enhance understanding."— Nicholas Hoenich, Newcastle University, UK"My course at Rutgers consistently has garnered very positive feedback from the students, and I am delighted that the book is being continually updated and aligned to suit the newer demands of our academic discipline."— Prabhas Moghe, Rutgers University, New Jersey, USATable of Contents1 Introduction2 A review of thermodynamic concepts3 Physical properties of the body fluids and the cell membrane4 The physical and flow properties of blood and other fluids5 Mass transfer fundamentals6 Mass transfer in heterogeneous materials7 Oxygen transport in biological systems8 Pharmacokinetic analysis9 Extracorporeal devices10 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine11 Bioartificial organs

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Book SynopsisSucceed in Biology with Practice, Practice, Practice!Practice makes perfect only if you are practicing correctly! Through clear and concise descriptions and supporting images, the text in this book will help you uncover what can seem like a complex and complicated subject matter chock full of technical jargon. As we move from an investigation of the microscopic to macroscopic world, you will develop study habits to help you master the material, specifically the identification of Greek and Latin roots in vocabulary terms and the application of new concepts to recurring and overarching themes of biology.This approach will allow you to recognize how biology topics are interconnected, which will deepen your overall understanding. After each chapter lesson, numerous exercises follow to help you check your understanding and better relate to the subject. Dozens of exercises enable you to practice what youâve learned, and a complete answer key is included for you to che

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Book SynopsisThe late Chris Barnard was Professor of Animal Behaviour at Nottingham University. Francis Gilbert is Professor of Ecology at Nottingham University. Peter McGregor is Research Co-ordinator for Science & Natural Environment at Cornwall College.Table of Contents Preface 1 Doing science: Where do questions come from? 2 Asking questions: The art of framing hypotheses and predictions 3 Answering questions: What do the results say? 4 Presenting information: How to communicate outcomes and conclusions Test finder and help guide Some self-test questions Appendix I: Table of confidence limits to the median Appendix II: How to calculate some simple significance tests Appendix III: Significance tables Appendix IV: The common codes for the important graphical parameters of R Answers to self-test questions Index Quick test finders

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents Part 1 Basic Laboratory Techniques for Isolation, Cultivation, and Cultural Characterization of Microorganisms 1. Culture Transfer Techniques  2. Techniques for Isolation of Pure Cultures 3. Cultural Characteristics of Microorganisms 4. Microscopic Examination of Stained Cell Preparations 5. Microscopic Exami­na­tion of Living Microorganisms Using a Hanging-Drop Preparation or a Wet Mount Part 3 Bacterial Staining 6. Preparation of Bacterial Smears 7. Simple Staining 8. Negative Staining 9. Gram Stain 10. Acid-Fast Stain 11. Differential Staining for Visualization of Bacterial Cell Structures Part 4 Cultivation of Microorganisms: Nutritional and Physical Requirements, and Enumeration of Microbial Populations 12. Nutritional Requirements: Media for the Routine Cultivation of Bacteria 13. Use of Differential, Selective, and Enriched Media 14. Physical Factors: Temperature 15. Physical Factors: pH of the Extracellular Environment 16. Physical Factors: Atmospheric Oxygen Requirements 17. Techniques for the Cultivation of Anaerobic Microorganisms 18. Serial Dilution—Agar Plate Procedure to Quantitate Viable Cells 19. The Bacterial Growth Curve Part 5 Biochemical Activities of Microorganisms 20. Extracellular Enzymatic Activities of Microorganisms 21. Carbohydrate Fermentation 22. Triple Sugar—Iron Agar Test 23. IMViC Test 24. Hydrogen Sulfide Test 25. Urease Test 26. Litmus-Milk Reactions 27. Nitrate Reduction Test 28. Catalase Test 29. Oxidase Test 30. Utilization of Amino Acids 31. Genus Identification of Unknown Bacterial Cultures Part 6 The Protozoa 32. Free-Living Protozoa 33. Parasitic Protozoa Part 7 The Fungi 34. Cultivation and Morphology of Molds 35. Yeast Morphology, Cultural Characteristics, and Reproduction 36. Identification of Unknown Fungi Part 8 The Viruses 37. Cultivation and Enumeration of Bacteriophages 38. Isolation of Coliphages from Raw Sewage 39. Propagation of Isolated Bacteriophage Cultures Part 9 Physical and Chemical Agents for the Control of Microbial Growth 40. Physical Agents of Control: Moist Heat 41. Physical Agents of Control: Electromagnetic Radiations 42. Chemical Agents of Control: Chemotherapeutic Agents 43. Determination of Penicillin Activity in the Presence and Absence of Penicillinase 44. Chemical Agents of Control: Disinfectants and Antiseptics Part 10 Microbiology of Food 45. Microbiological Analysis of Food Products: Bacterial Count 46. Microbial Fermentation Part 11 Microbiology of Water 47. Standard Qualitative Analysis of Water 48. Quantitative Analysis of Water: Membrane Filter Method Part 12 Microbiology of Soil 49. Microbial Populations in Soil: Enumeration 50. Isolation of Antibiotic-Producing Microorganisms and Determination of Antimicrobial Spectrum of Isolates 51. Isolation of Pseudomonas Species by Means of the Enrichment Culture Technique

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Book SynopsisThis workbook: targets key misconceptions and barriers to help students get back on track addresses areas of underperformance in a systematic way, with a unique approach that builds, develops and extends students' skills gets students ready for the GCSE (9-1) assessments with exercises focused around exam-style questions provides ready-to-use examples and activities addresses an area of difficulty in each unit with a unique approach, to develop and extend students'' skills.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents 1 Learning About Life 2 Essential Chemistry for Biology 3 The Molecules of Life 4 A Tour of the Cell 5 The Working Cell   6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food 7 Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food   8 Cellular Reproduction: Cells from Cells 9 Patterns of Inheritance   10 The Structure and Function of DNA 11 How Genes Are Controlled 12 DNA Technology 13 How Populations Evolve 14 How Biological Diversity Evolves   15 The Evolution of Microbial Life   16 The Evolution of Plants and Fungi   17 The Evolution of Animals   18 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 19 Population Ecology 20 Communities and Ecosystems 21 Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function 22 Nutrition and Digestion 23 Circulation and Respiration 24 The Body’s Defenses 25 Hormones 26 Reproduction and Development 27 Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor Systems 28 The Life of a Flowering Plant 29 The Working Plant

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Book SynopsisMark Triola, MD, FACP is the Associate Dean for Educational Informatics at NYU School of Medicine, the founding director of the NYU Langone Medical Center Institute for Innovations in Medical Education (IIME), and an Associate Professor of Medicine. Dr. Triola's research focuses on precision education and the use of AI tools to efficiently personalize medical education for individual learners and give new insights to their programs and coaches. His lab develops new learning technologies and AI-driven educational interventions and also works to define educationally sensitive patient and system outcomes that can be used to assess the impact of training. Dr. Triola and IIME have been funded by the National Institutes of Health, the Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, the Department of Education, the Department of Defense, and the American Medical Association's Accelerating Change in Medical Education program. Mario F. Triola is a ProfeTable of Contents INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 1-1 Statistical and Critical Thinking 1-2 Types of Data 1-3 Collecting Sample Data 1-4 Ethics in Statistics (download only) EXPLORING DATA WITH TABLES AND GRAPHS 2-1 Frequency Distributions for Organizing and Summarizing Data 2-2 Histograms 2-3 Graphs That Enlighten and Graphs That Deceive 2-4 Scatterplots, Correlation, and Regression DESCRIBING, EXPLORING, AND COMPARING DATA 3-1 Measures of Center 3-2 Measures of Variation 3-3 Measures of Relative Standing and Boxplots PROBABILITY 4-1 Basic Concepts of Probability 4-2 Addition Rule and Multiplication Rule 4-3 Complements, Conditional Probability, and Bayes' Theorem 4-4 Risks and Odds 4-5 Rates of Mortality, Fertility, and Morbidity 4-6 Counting DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 5-1 Probability Distributions 5-2 Binomial Probability Distributions 5-3 Poisson Probability Distributions NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 6-1 The Standard Normal Distribution 6-2 Real Applications of Normal Distributions 6-3 Sampling Distributions and Estimators 6-4 The Central Limit Theorem 6-5 Assessing Normality 6-6 Normal as Approximation to Binomial (download only) ESTIMATING PARAMETERS AND DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZES 7-1 Estimating a Population Proportion 7-2 Estimating a Population Mean 7-3 Estimating a Population Standard Deviation or Variance 7-4 Bootstrapping: Using Technology for Estimates HYPOTHESIS TESTING 8-1 Basics of Hypothesis Testing 8-2 Testing a Claim About a Proportion 8-3 Testing a Claim About a Mean 8-4 Testing a Claim About a Standard Deviation or Variance 8-5 Resampling: Using Technology for Hypothesis Testing INFERENCES FROM TWO SAMPLES 9-1 Two Proportions 9-2 Two Means: Independent Samples 9-3 Matched Pairs 9-4 Two Variances or Standard Deviations 9-5 Resampling: Using Technology for Inferences CORRELATION AND REGRESSION 10-1 Correlation 10-2 Regression 10-3 Prediction Intervals and Variation 10-4 Multiple Regression 10-5 Dummy Variables and Logistic Regression GOODNESS-OF-FIT AND CONTINGENCY TABLES 11-1 Goodness-of-Fit 11-2 Contingency Tables ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 12-1 One-Way ANOVA 12-2 Two-Way ANOVA NONPARAMETRIC TESTS 13-1 Basics of Nonparametric Tests 13-2 Sign Test 13-3 Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test for Matched Pairs 13-4 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Two Independent Samples 13-5 Kruskal-Wallis Test for Three or More Samples 13-6 Rank Correlation SURVIVAL ANALYSIS 14-1 Life Tables 14-2 Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis APPENDICES A: Tables and Formulas B: Data Sets C: Websites and Bibliography of Books D: Answers to Odd-Numbered Section Exercises (and all Quick Quizzes, all Review Exercises, and all Cumulative Review Exercises) Subject Index

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Book SynopsisA charming investigation of core body temperature regulation and its powerful effect on human civilisation.Trade Review"Hans Rocha IJzerman sticks a thermometer into every human and animal behavior to show us how much depends on outside and inside temperature. It is a surprising take that illuminates far more than you might think." -- Frans de Waal, New York Times best-selling author of Mama’s Last Hug

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Book SynopsisAn entertaining illustrated deep dive into muscle, from the discovery of human anatomy to the latest science of strength training

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Book SynopsisAn entertaining illustrated deep dive into muscle, from the discovery of human anatomy to the latest science of strength training

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Book SynopsisSo you plan on majoring in Biology. Why wouldn't you want to use what's been described as the best majors' text for learning the subject? That's what you get with Solomon, Martin, Martin and Berg's BIOLOGY. Working like a built-in study guide, the integrated learning system guides you through the material, starting with key concepts for each chapter and learning objectives for each section. Check your grasp of key points before moving on by answering Checkpoint questions at the end of each section. Reinforce your understanding of the learning objectives with chapter summaries, followed by the opportunity to test your new knowledge. To further help you "get it," the eleventh edition uses themes--among others, the evolution of life and the inter-relationship of structure and function--as well as interactive online and multimedia resources. Ready to go for it? Then go for BIOLOGY.Table of ContentsPreface. To the Student. Part I: THE ORGANIZATION OF LIFE. 1. A View of Life. 2. Atoms and Molecules: The Chemical Basis of Life. 3. The Chemistry of Life: Organic Compounds. 4. Organization of the Cell. 5. Biological Membranes. 6. Cell Communication. Part II: ENERGY TRANSFER THROUGH LIVING SYSTEMS. 7. Energy and Metabolism. 8. How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways. 9. Photosynthesis: Capturing Light Energy. Part III: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE: GENETICS. 10. Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Meiosis. 11. The Basic Principles of Heredity. 12. DNA: The Carrier of Genetic Information. 13. Gene Expression. 14. Gene Regulation. 15. DNA Technology and Genomics. 16. Human Genetics and the Human Genome. 17. Developmental Genetics. Part IV: THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE: EVOLUTION. 18. Introduction to Darwinian Evolution. 19. Evolutionary Change in Populations. 20. Speciation and Macroevolution. 21. The Origin and Evolutionary History of Life. 22. The Evolution of Primates. Part V: THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE. 23. Understanding Diversity: Systematics. 24. Viruses and Subviral Agents. 25. Bacteria and Archaea. 26. Protists. 27. Seedless Plants. 28. Seed Plants. 29. The Fungi. 30. An Introduction to Animal Diversity. 31. Sponges, Cnidarians, Ctenophores, and Protostomes. 32. The Deuterostomes. Part VI: STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES IN PLANTS. 33. Plant Structure, Growth, and Development. 34. Leaf Structure and Function. 35. Stem Structure and Transport. 36. Roots and Mineral Nutrition. 37. Reproduction in Flowering Plants. 38. Plant Developmental Responses to External and Internal Signals. Part VII: STRUCTURE AND LIFE PROCESSES IN ANIMALS. 39. Animal Structure and Function: An Introduction. 40. Protection, Support, and Movement. 41. Neural Signaling. 42. Neural Regulation. 43. Sensory Systems. 44. Internal Transport. 45. The Immune System: Internal Defense. 46. Gas Exchange. 47. Processing Food and Nutrition. 48. Osmoregulation and Disposal of Metabolic Wastes. 49. Endocrine Regulation. 50. Reproduction. 51. Animal Development. 52. Animal Behavior. Part VIII: THE INTERACTIONS OF LIFE: ECOLOGY. 53. Introduction to Ecology: Population Ecology. 54. Community Ecology. 55. Ecosystems and the Biosphere. 56. Ecology and the Geography of Life. 57. Biological Diversity and Conservation Biology. APPENDICES (Available online in MindTap and as PDFs on request). A: Periodic Table of the Elements. B: Classification of Organisms. C: Understanding Biological Terms. D: Abbreviations. E: Answers to Test Your Understanding, Checkpoint, Key Point, and Key Experiment Questions. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first to set out a coherent set of principles that underpin geobiology, and will act as a foundational text that will speed the intellectual dissemination of those principles.Trade Review“In summary, Fundamentals of Geobiology would be a welcome addition to any geoscientist’s bookshelf, especially those interested in sedimentary geology, palaeobiology or Earth history.” (The Geological Journal, 1 January 2013) “It would be this reviewer’s “stranded on a desert island” selection. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 January 2013) PROSE Awards 2012: Honorable Mention in the Earth Sciences Category. Table of ContentsContributors, xi 1. What is Geobiology?, 1 Andrew H. Knoll, Donald E. Canfield, and Kurt O. Konhauser 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Life interacting with the Earth, 2 1.3 Pattern and process in geobiology, 2 1.4 New horizons in geobiology, 3 2. The Global Carbon Cycle: Biological Processes, 5 Paul G. Falkowski 2.1 Introduction, 5 2.2 A brief primer on redox reactions, 5 2.3 Carbon as a substrate for biological reactions, 5 2.4 The evolution of photosynthesis, 8 2.5 The evolution of oxygenic phototrophs, 11 2.6 Net primary production, 13 2.7 What limits NPP on land and in the ocean?, 15 2.8 Is NPP in balance with respiration?, 16 2.9 Conclusions and extensions, 17 3. The Global Carbon Cycle: Geological Processes, 20 Klaus Wallmann and Giovanni Aloisi 3.1 Introduction, 20 3.2 Organic carbon cycling, 20 3.3 Carbonate cycling, 22 3.4 Mantle degassing, 23 3.5 Metamorphism, 24 3.6 Silicate weathering, 24 3.7 Feedbacks, 25 3.8 Balancing the geological carbon cycle, 26 3.9 Evolution of the geological carbon cycle through Earth's history: proxies and models, 27 3.10 The geological C cycle through time, 30 3.11 Limitations and perspectives, 32 4. The Global Nitrogen Cycle, 36 Bess Ward 4.1 Introduction, 36 4.2 Geological nitrogen cycle, 36 4.3 Components of the global nitrogen cycle, 38 4.4 Nitrogen redox chemistry, 40 4.5 Biological reactions of the nitrogen cycle, 40 4.6 Atmospheric nitrogen chemistry, 45 4.7 Summary and areas for future research, 46 5. The Global Sulfur Cycle, 49 Donald E. Canfield and James Farquhar 5.1 Introduction, 49 5.2 The global sulfur cycle from two perspectives, 49 5.3 The evolution of S metabolisms, 53 5.4 The interaction of S with other biogeochemical cycles, 55 5.5 The evolution of the S cycle, 59 5.6 Closing remarks, 61 6. The Global Iron Cycle, 65 Brian Kendall, Ariel D. Anbar, Andreas Kappler and Kurt O. Konhauser 6.1 Overview, 65 6.2 The inorganic geochemistry of iron: redox and reservoirs, 65 6.3 Iron in modern biology and biogeochemical cycles, 69 6.4 Iron through time, 73 6.5 Summary, 83 7. The Global Oxygen Cycle, 93 James F. Kasting and Donald E. Canfield 7.1 Introduction, 93 7.2 The chemistry and biochemistry of oxygen, 93 7.3 The concept of redox balance, 94 7.4 The modern O2 cycle, 94 7.5 Cycling of O2 and H2 on the early Earth, 98 7.6 Synthesis: speculations about the timing and cause of the rise of atmospheric O2, 102 8. Bacterial Biomineralization, 105 Kurt Konhauser and Robert Riding 8.1 Introduction, 105 8.2 Mineral nucleation and growth, 105 8.3 How bacteria facilitate biomineralization, 106 8.4 Iron oxyhydroxides, 111 8.5 Calcium carbonates, 116 9. Mineral–Organic–Microbe Interfacial Chemistry, 131 David J. Vaughan and Jonathan R. Lloyd 9.1 Introduction, 131 9.2 The mineral surface (and mineral–bio interface) and techniques for its study, 131 9.3 Mineral-organic-microbe interfacial processes: some key examples, 140 10. Eukaryotic Skeletal Formation, 150 Adam F. Wallace, Dongbo Wang, Laura M. Hamm, Andrew H. Knoll and Patricia M. Dove 10.1 Introduction, 150 10.2 Mineralization by unicellular organisms, 151 10.3 Mineralization by multicellular organisms, 164 10.4 A brief history of skeletons, 173 10.5 Summary, 175 11. Plants and Animals as Geobiological Agents, 188 David J. Beerling and Nicholas J. Butterfield 11.1 Introduction, 188 11.2 Land plants as geobiological agents, 188 11.3 Animals as geobiological agents, 195 11.4 Conclusions, 200 12. A Geobiological View of Weathering and Erosion, 205 Susan L. Brantley, Marina Lebedeva and Elisabeth M. Hausrath 12.1 Introduction, 205 12.2 Effects of biota on weathering, 207 12.3 Effects of organic molecules on weathering, 209 12.4 Organomarkers in weathering solutions, 211 12.5 Elemental profiles in regolith, 213 12.6 Time evolution of profile development, 217 12.7 Investigating chemical, physical, and biological weathering with simple models, 218 12.8 Conclusions, 222 13. Molecular Biology’s Contributions to Geobiology, 228 Dianne K. Newman, Victoria J. Orphan and Anna-Louise Reysenbach 13.1 Introduction, 228 13.2 Molecular approaches used in geobiology, 229 13.3 Case study: anaerobic oxidation of methane, 238 13.4 Challenges and opportunities for the next generation, 242 14. Stable Isotope Geobiology, 250 D.T. Johnston and W.W. Fischer 14.1 Introduction, 250 14.2 Isotopic notation and the biogeochemical elements, 253 14.3 Tracking fractionation in a system, 255 14.4 Applications, 258 14.5 Using isotopes to ask a geobiological question in deep time, 261 14.6 Conclusions, 265 15. Biomarkers: Informative Molecules for Studies in Geobiology, 269 Roger E. Summons and Sara A. Lincoln 15.1 Introduction, 269 15.2 Origins of biomarkers, 269 15.3 Diagenesis, 269 15.4 Isotopic compositions, 270 15.5 Stereochemical considerations, 272 15.6 Lipid biosynthetic pathways, 273 15.7 Classification of lipids, 273 15.8 Lipids diagnostic of Archaea, 277 15.9 Lipids diagnostic of Bacteria, 280 15.10 Lipids of Eukarya, 283 15.11 Preservable cores, 283 15.12 Outlook, 287 16. The Fossil Record of Microbial Life, 297 Andrew H. Knoll 16.1 Introduction, 297 16.2 The nature of Earth’s early microbial record, 297 16.3 Paleobiological inferences from microfossil morphology, 299 16.4 Inferences from microfossil chemistry and ultrastructure (new technologies), 302 16.5 Inferences from microbialites, 306 16.6 A brief history, with questions, 308 16.7 Conclusions, 311 17. Geochemical Origins of Life, 315 Robert M. Hazen 17.1 Introduction, 315 17.2 Emergence as a unifying concept in origins research, 315 17.3 The emergence of biomolecules, 317 17.4 The emergence of macromolecules, 320 17.5 The emergence of self-replicating systems, 323 17.6 The emergence of natural selection, 326 17.7 Three scenarios for the origins of life, 327 18. Mineralogical Co-evolution of the Geosphere and Biosphere, 333 Robert M. Hazen and Dominic Papineau 18.1 Introduction, 333 18.2 Prebiotic mineral evolution I – evidence from meteorites, 334 18.3 Prebiotic mineral evolution II – crust and mantle reworking, 335 18.4 The anoxic Archean biosphere, 336 18.5 The Great Oxidation Event, 340 18.6 A billion years of stasis, 341 18.7 The snowball Earth, 341 18.8 The rise of skeletal mineralization, 342 18.9 Summary, 343 19. Geobiology of the Archean Eon, 351 Roger Buick 19.1 Introduction, 351 19.2 Carbon cycle, 351 19.3 Sulfur cycle, 354 19.4 Iron cycle, 355 19.5 Oxygen cycle, 357 19.6 Nitrogen cycle, 359 19.7 Phosphorus cycle, 360 19.8 Bioaccretion of sediment, 360 19.9 Bioalteration, 365 19.10 Conclusions, 366 20. Geobiology of the Proterozoic Eon, 371 Timothy W. Lyons, Christopher T. Reinhard, Gordon D. Love and Shuhai Xiao 20.1 Introduction, 371 20.2 The Great Oxidation Event, 371 20.3 The early Proterozoic: Era geobiology in the wake of the GOE, 372 20.4 The mid-Proterozoic: a last gasp of iron formations, deep ocean anoxia, the 'boring' billion, and a mid-life crisis, 375 20.5 The history of Proterozoic life: biomarker records, 381 20.6 The history of Proterozoic life: mid-Proterozoic fossil record, 383 20.7 The late Proterozoic: a supercontinent, oxygen, ice, and the emergence of animals, 384 20.8 Summary, 392 21. Geobiology of the Phanerozoic, 403 Steven M. Stanley 21.1 The beginning of the Phanerozoic Eon, 403 21.2 Cambrian mass extinctions, 405 21.3 The terminal Ordovician mass extinction, 405 21.4 The impact of early land plants, 406 21.5 Silurian biotic crises, 406 21.6 Devonian mass extinctions, 406 21.7 Major changes of the global ecosystem in Carboniferous time, 406 21.8 Low-elevation glaciation near the equator, 407 21.9 Drying of climates, 408 21.10 A double mass extinction in the Permian, 408 21.11 The absence of recovery in the early Triassic, 409 21.12 The terminal Triassic crisis, 409 21.13 The rise of atmospheric oxygen since early in Triassic time, 410 21.14 The Toarcian anoxic event, 410 21.15 Phytoplankton, planktonic foraminifera, and the carbon cycle, 411 21.16 Diatoms and the silica cycle, 411 21.17 Cretaceous climates, 411 21.18 The sudden Paleocene–Eocene climatic shift, 414 21.19 The cause of the Eocene–Oligocene climatic shift, 415 21.20 The re-expansion of reefs during Oligocene time, 416 21.21 Drier climates and cascading evolutionary radiations on the land, 416 22. Geobiology of the Anthropocene, 425 Daniel P. Schrag 22.1 Introduction, 425 22.2 The Anthropocene, 425 22.3 When did the Anthropocene begin?, 426 22.4 Geobiology and human population, 427 22.5 Human appropriation of the Earth, 428 22.6 The carbon cycle and climate of the Anthropocene, 430 22.7 The future of geobiology, 433 Acknowledgements, 434 References, 435 Index, 437 Colour plate pages fall between pp. 228 and 229

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Book SynopsisFrom the familiar gray squirrel of American backyards to the exotic and endangered woolly flying squirrel of Pakistan, this title provides color photographs that document rare and unusual squirrels as well as common varieties, evolution, morphology, and ecology.Trade ReviewAs a comprehensive guide, the book is quite informative, easy to use, beautifully designed, and an excellent resource for anyone interested in this family of mammals. -- Selma Glasscock The Wildlife Society Southwest Section Newsletter This thorough guide to the squirrel family profiles 285 species, including not only the tree and flying squirrels, but also chipmunks, ground squirrels (including prairie dogs), and marmots. Choice Squirrels of the World does a wonderful job at surveying this charismatic group of animals... The photographs in this book are worth the cost of the book themselves. -- Randy Lauff Canadian Field-Naturalist This is a wonderful book with hundreds of full-color photographs packed with loads of information on the 285 known living species of squirrels found all over the world. -- Sonu Chandiram Biz India Magazine The heart of this book is an account of each of the 285 species of squirrels... The photographs and color range maps give the book a striking and handsome appearance... excellent treatment of the squirrel family. -- Kenneth Armitage Quarterly Review of Biology Squirrels of the World provides an excellent guide to the present state of scientific knowledge of the Sciuridae, but also sheds light on the degree of ignorance that remains. -- Nicholas Gould International Zoo News Still think you know all you need to about the Sciuridae? What tree squirrel specializes in ant-eating, and has a distinct skull with a long snout? What bushy-tailed tree squirrel weighs only around 15 g, the size of a deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus)? I'm not going to tell you. Buy the book. -- Edward J. Heske Journal of Mammology If you need a squirrel inventory, this is a good one. And it's nice to feel that this type of catalogue is still appearing in print rather than on some obscure website of doubtful reliability. The back cover 'blurb' reveals the authors' impeccable institutional affiliations. -- Pat Morrie Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society A guide to the squirrels of the world is long overdue. This one is information rich, clearly written and beautifully presented. It incorporates an extensive bibliography (well over 1,500 references), discussions about important squirrel biology topics, critical conservation information, a large array of images and a massive collection of species-dependent information. -- Clay E. Corbin African Journal of Ecology As a teacher of mammalogy, this is a valuable contribution and I expect that I will use it while preparing multiple lectures for my courses. As a squirrel devotee, I am sure this I will return to many of the species accounts to glean more information and thereby bolster my enthusiasm for these fascinating animals. -- Eileen A. Lacey Journal of Mammalian EvolutionTable of ContentsPrefaceAbbreviationsTaxonomic IntroductionPaleontologyAnatomyEcology, Behavior, and ConservationSpecies AccountsRatufinaeRatufaSciurillinaeSciurillusSciurinaeSciuriniMicrosciurusRheithrosciurusSciurusSyntheosciurusTamiasciurusPteromyiniAeretesAeromysBelomysBiswamoyopterusEoglaucomysEupetaurusGlaucomysHylopetesIomysPetaurillusPetauristaPetinomysPteromysPteromyscusTrogopterusCallosciurinaeCallosciurusDremomysExilisciurusFunambulusGlyphotesHyosciurusLariscusMenetesNannosciurusProsciurillusRhinosciurusRubrisciurusSundasciurusTamiopsXerinaeXeriniAtlantoxerusSpermophilopsisXerusProtoxeriniEpixerusFunisciurusHeliosciurusMyosciurusParaxerusProtoxerusMarmotiniAmmospermophilusCallospermophilusCynomysIctidomysMarmotaNotocitellusOtospermophilusPoliocitellusSciurotamiasSpermophilusTamiasUrocitellusXerospermophilusAppendix: Representative Skulls of Each Squirrel GenusReferencesIndex

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisIn North America, concepts of Historical Range of Variability are being employed in land-management planning for properties of private organizations and multiple government agencies. The National Park Service, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Forest Service, and The Nature Conservancy all include elements of historical ecology in their planning processes. Similar approaches are part of land management and conservation in Europe and Australia. Each of these user groups must struggle with the added complication of rapid climate change, rapid land-use change, and technical issues in order to employ historical ecology effectively. Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management explores the utility of historical ecology in a management and conservation context and the development of concepts related to understanding future ranges of variability. It provides guidance and insights to all those entrusted with managing aTrade Review“The book provides a rich summary and critique of such ideas and approaches that will provide material both for under-graduate courses and for ecologists interested in the theory and practice of understanding historical ecological dynamics.” (Ecological Management & Restoration, 18 May 2015) “But each chapter provides guidance on how historical ecology may be fruitfully applied to specific cases of management giving the reader much hope for the future and for potential course corrections on the landscape.” (Landscape Ecol, 15 January 2015) "Overall, a very useful reference for advanced students in conservation and ecosystem management as well as researchers and managers developing future adaptation plans. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 March 2013)Table of ContentsContributors vii Foreword x Preface xii Acknowledgments xiv Section 1 Background and History 1John A. Wiens 1 Setting the stage: theoretical and conceptual background of historical range of variation 3William H. Romme, John A. Wiens, and Hugh D. Safford 2 Development of historical ecology concepts and their application to resource management and conservation 19Wayne Padgett, Barbara Schrader, Mary Manning, and Timothy Tear Section 2 Issues and Challenges 29Hugh D. Safford 3 Challenges in the application of historical range of variation to conservation and land management 32Gregory D. Hayward, Thomas T. Veblen, Lowell H. Suring, and Bob Davis 4 Historical ecology, climate change, and resource management: can the past still inform the future? 46Hugh D. Safford, Gregory D. Hayward, Nicole E. Heller, and John A. Wiens 5 What is the scope of “history” in historical ecology? Issues of scale in management and conservation 63John A. Wiens, Hugh D. Safford, Kevin Mcgarigal, William H. Romme, and Mary Manning 6 Native Americans, ecosystem development, and historical range of variation 76Gregory J. Nowacki, Douglas W. Maccleery, and Frank K. Lake 7 Conservation and resource management in a changing world: extending historical range of variation beyond the baseline 92Stephen T. Jackson Section 3 Modeling Historic Variation and Its Application For Understanding Future Variability 111Robert E. Keane 8 Creating historical range of variation (HRV) time series using landscape modeling: overview and issues 113Robert E. Keane 9 Modeling historical range of variability at a range of scales: an example application 128Kevin Mcgarigal and William H. Romme Section 4 Case Studies of Applications 147Gregory D. Hayward 10 Regional application of historical ecology at ecologically defined scales: forest ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range 149Thomas T. Veblen, William H. Romme, and Claudia Regan 11 Incorporating concepts of historical range of variation in ecosystem-based management of British Columbia’s coastal temperate rainforest 166Andy Mackinnon and Sari C. Saunders 12 Incorporating HRV in Minnesota national forest land and resource management plans: a practitioner’s story 176Mary Shedd, Jim Gallagher, Michael Jiménez, and Duane Lula 13 Applying historical fire-regime concepts to forest management in the western United States: three case studies 194Thomas E. Demeo, Frederick J. Swanson, Edward B. Smith, Steven C. Buttrick, Jane Kertis, Jeanne Rice, Christopher D. Ringo, Amy Waltz, Chris Zanger, Cheryl A. Friesen, and John H. Cissel 14 Using historical ecology to inform wildlife conservation, restoration, and management 205Beth A. Hahn and John L. Curnutt 15 River floodplain restoration experiments offer a window into the past 218Ramona O. Swenson, Richard J. Reiner, Mark Reynolds, and Jaymee Marty 16 Streams past and future: fluvial responses to rapid environmental change in the context of historical variation 232Daniel A. Auerbach, N. Leroy Poff, Ryan R. Mcshane, David M. Merritt, Matthew I. Pyne, and Thomas K. Wilding 17 A framework for applying the historical range of variation concept to ecosystem management 246William H. Romme, Gregory D. Hayward, and Claudia Regan Section 5 Global Perspectives 263John A. Wiens 18 Ecological history guides the future of conservation: lessons from Africa 265A.R.E. Sinclair 19 Ecological history has present and future ecological consequences – case studies from Australia 273David Lindenmayer 20 A view from the past to the future 281Keith J. Kirby 21 Is the historical range of variation relevant to rangeland management? 289Brandon T. Bestelmeyer 22 Knowing the Fennoscandian taiga: ecohistorical lessons 297Yrjö Haila Section 6 Challenges for the Future 305 23 Reflections on the relevance of history in a nonstationary world 307Julio L. Betancourt 24 The growing importance of the past in managing ecosystems of the future 319Hugh D. Safford, John A. Wiens, and Gregory D. Hayward Index 329

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Book SynopsisExam Board: AQALevel: AS/A-levelSubject: BiologyFirst Teaching: September 2015First Exam: June 2016With My Revision Notes: AQA A level Biology you can:- Manage your own revision with step-by-step support from experienced teacher and examiner Mike Boyle- Apply biological terms accurately with the help of definitions and key words- Plan and pace your revision with the revision planner- Test understanding with questions throughout the book- Get exam ready with last minute quick quizzes available on the Hodder Education website

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Book SynopsisReinforce students'' understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers will improve exam technique to achieve higher grades.Written by examiners and teachers, Student Guides: Help students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined in the AS and A-level specification Consolidate understanding with exam tips and knowledge check questions Provide opportunities to improve exam technique with sample graded answers to exam-style questions Develop independent learning and research skills Provide the content for generating individual revision notes

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Book SynopsisExam Board: CCEALevel: A-levelSubject: BiologyFirst Teaching: September 2016First Exam: June 2018Reinforce students'' understanding throughout their course; clear topic summaries with sample questions and answers will improve exam technique to achieve higher gradesWritten by examiners and teachers, Student Guides: Help students identify what they need to know with a concise summary of the topics examined in the AS and A-level specification Consolidate understanding with exam tips and knowledge check questions Provide opportunities to improve exam technique with sample graded answers to exam-style questions Develop independent learning and research skills Provide the content for generating individual revision notes

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Book SynopsisRenowned for being THE definitive resource for homicide investigators, Practical Homicide Investigation: Tactics, Procedures, and Forensic Techniques details the recognized protocols used by investigative divisions of major police departments throughout the world. The text is used in most police academies, including the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia.Now in its fifth edition, the book begins with a comprehensive discussion of homicide crime scenes and moves chronologically from initial police notification, the correct police response that follows, and the subsequent steps necessary to conduct an intelligent investigation. It then delves into the more technical aspects of homicide investigation, augmented with numerous pictures and full-color illustrations that involve pertinent case histories.This latest edition includes three new chapters along with fully revised chapters with new case histories and techniques that reflect the latest forensicTrade Review"Geberth has succeeded in the impossible. … Practical Homicide Investigation, Fifth Edition, explains every aspect of a homicide investigation, with an easily understood, how-to approach from a professional who has been there. In my opinion, it is essential that the professional involved with the investigation and prosecution of a homicide have a copy…. This is the most outstanding and comprehensive encyclopedia on the tactics, procedures, and forensic techniques of homicide investigations."—Philip G. Schnelwar, Attorney at Law, White Plains, New York"This book leaves no question that now more than ever, a homicide investigation must be based on a mix of the practical and the scientific. In fact, the new chapters and revised materials, along with the descriptive photos in this text … will place this edition in the category of a police text classic, an authoritative standard on the subject, and make this book the most complete homicide textbook available on the market today."—Pierce R. Brooks (Deceased), from the Book's Foreword, Writing about the Previous Edition"One of the most difficult aspects of homicide investigation…is to keep current and up-to-date with techniques, laws and procedures. Vernon Geberth continues to update and review critical matters…relating to the ever-changing world of homicide investigation. If you do not keep up to date with the latest techniques and investigative practices as Vernon explains them, you will wish you had when you are confronted with them on the witness stand at trial. I have prosecuted murder cases for over thirty years in New Mexico, Texas, and Colorado. This book and its accompanying Field Guide are used by me and our local investigators constantly."—James Yontz, Deputy District Attorney, Pueblo, Colorado, USA"Vernon Geberth, a retired NYC homicide detective, is a prominent forensic consultant and the recognized clearinghouse for all things related to death investigations. The 1st edition had become a veritable bible for investigators, so I could just imagine what a 5th edition offered. I couldn’t wait to see it. At a crime scene, investigators should observe, describe, record anything they find, and use proper procedures to collect the evidence. This book goes over every known scenario: inside, outside, typical, atypical, straightforward, ambiguous, staged…you name it. In short, this book is impressive. Geberth leaves no stone unturned. I pride myself on my collection of unusual suicide cases, but he includes some in this book that riveted me."—Psychology Today’s "Shadow Boxing" blog June 2015, Katherine Ramsland. Katherine Ramsland, PhD, an expert on murder and serial crime, teaches forensic psychology and has published 46 books."This newly published 5th edition of Practical Homicide Investigation is 1226 pages in length, and … is a collaboration of information made possible by the author, who has dedicated his life to providing the most up to date reference tool to homicide and death investigators and prosecutors throughout the country. This behemoth of a text continues that legacy …which make this latest edition a valuable tool for any investigator charged with the ‘profound duty and awesome responsibility,’ of conducting a homicide or death investigation."—Detective Mark J. Czworniak (retired), Chicago Police Department, Area North - Homicide Sex Crimes Unit"This edition not only provides the scientific basis for homicide investigation, it also describes in intimate detail the procedures and techniques necessary for a comprehensive and successful investigation. The text is replete with photographs, drawings and illustrations ... including multiple case examples that are very clearly written and pertinent to the science as well as the practical procedures of homicide investigation. This is the most complete text available on the subject ... I highly recommend it to any officer involved in homicide investigation as well as forensic scientists."—Ronald Turco, Past President, American Academy of Psychoanalysis and The American Society of Psychoanalytic Physicians, Former Reserve Police Officer of 30 years"This is a must-have reference for all homicide detectives. This comprehensive opus is nothing less than a masterpiece. The amount of information packed into 1200 pages is astonishing …truly a wonderful resource for all persons investigating and seeking to gain an understanding of every aspect of homicide. No question this text is the gold standard in the field. Truly a remarkable resource."—Donna Pedergast, First Assistant District Attorney, Michigan Attorney General’s Office"Geberth, the world-wide expert on homicide investigation, is the real thing. His chapter on DNA is one of the most readable and comprehensive treatments on the subject. His expertise and clarity make this a must read. All of the twenty-four chapters have been excellently written and revised to make this textbook the continued recognized ‘Bible of Homicide Investigation’ for all members of the criminal justice and legal system."—Edwin T. Dreher, Deputy Chief (Retired), Office of the Chief of Detectives, New York City Police Department"The best book on death investigations just got better. I love the new book … it has been significantly expanded and goes into even greater detail than Geberth’s previous editions. The use of case studies to explain the importance of the different steps is magnificent. The information has been updated to acknowledge the increased role technology plays in death investigations. This is the ultimate manual for death investigations; every homicide investigator should own a copy and use it like a physician’s desk reference."—Larry Hallmark, Detective Lieutenant, Grapevine Texas Police Department"Practical Homicide Investigation, Fifth Edition, will be your one-stop shopping resource for successful death investigations. The updates and additions are massive … the incorporation of today’s forensic and technological advances will keep you on the cutting edge of death investigations."—Larry Thomas, Assistant Director, Kansas Bureau of Investigation (Ret.), BTK Serial Killer Task Force Supervisor"Once again, Vernon Geberth has set a new standard for learned treatises in homicide investigation … (the) Fifth Edition is thoughtful, provocative and, most of all, provides an expert guide for the men and women of our police forces."—Charles S. DeAngelo, Esq., Attorney-at-Law"Practical Homicide Investigation, Fifth Edition …contains just about everything there is to know about death investigations and is a must read for anyone that investigates deaths and homicides." —Heath Taylor, Sheriff, Russell County, Alabama"[With] the first edition to this textbook … and each successive edition, Practical Homicide Investigation has exemplified the most comprehensive and up-to-date compilation of homicide and death investigative knowledge available. This fifth edition is similarly an unsurpassed reference."—Joseph A. Bobak IV, Ph.D., Professor of Criminology and Forensic Investigation, Mount Aloysius College"This intelligent, all-encompassing book is a veritable encyclopedia for successful homicide investigations."—Marvin Skeen, Chief Criminal Investigator, Office of Attorney General of Washington"Vernon Geberth’s Practical Homicide Investigation, Fifth Edition leverages his 46 years of experience with that of many colleagues to put everything you need to know about murder investigation in one place—at your fingertips."—Pete Gagliardi, Author, The 13 Critical Tasks: An Inside-out Approach to Solving More Gun Crime, www.triplebarrelstrategies .com"This comprehensive book is a must-have item for every detective and investigator to use as a guide and reference. Vernon’s Fifth Edition successfully ties together the old-fashioned principles of good investigative police work with the latest advances of forensic science and technology."—Tom Jordan, Judge, District Court, Center Hall, Pennsylvania"Practical Homicide Investigation is to the police profession what the Physicians’ Desk Reference is to the medical profession. In the Preface Geberth writes, ‘A homicide investigator is street smart and book wise.’ This Fifth edition is a one of a kind source that provides professionals the ‘street smart’ with ‘book wise’ in a very practical way."—Anthony D. Magnetto, Police Commissioner (ret), City of Troy, NY Police Dept.Table of ContentsThe Homicide Crime Scene. First Officer’s Duties: General. First Officer’s Duties: Specific. The Preliminary Investigation: The Detectives. Specific Investigative Duties at The Scene. The Crime Scene Photographs. The Crime Scene Sketch. The Homicide Crime Scene Search. Estimating Time of Death. The Identity of the Deceased. Death Notifications. Modes of Death. Suicide. The Investigation of Sex-Related Homicide. Homosexual Homicides. Forensic Application of DNA Analysis. Collection of Evidence.The Autopsy. The News Media in Homicide Investigations. Identification of Suspects. Investigative Assessment: Criminal Personality Profiling. Equivocal Death Investigation. Narcotics Related Homicides. PHI Supervision and Management.

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Book SynopsisCancer is a major healthcare burden across the world and impacts not only the people diagnosed with various cancers but also their families, carers, and healthcare systems. With advances in the diagnosis and treatment, more people are diagnosed early and receive treatments for a disease where few treatments options were previously available. As a result, the survival of patients with cancer has steadily improved and, in most cases, patients who are not cured may receive multiple lines of treatment, often with financial consequences for the patients, insurers and healthcare systems. Although many books exist that address economic evaluation, Economic Evaluation of Cancer Drugs using Clinical Trial and Real World Data is the first unified text that specifically addresses the economic evaluation of cancer drugs. The authors discuss how to perform cost-effectiveness analyses while emphasising the strategic importance of designing cost-effectiveness into cancer trialTrade Review"This book is highly recommended for readers searching for an introductory text to the world of health economic analysis. The authors provide timely examples from both clinical trials in oncology and subsequent real-world application, discussing implications of findings and how they could potentially be applied to make future trials and real-world applications more efficient. ~Nuru Noor, ISCB NewsTable of ContentsContentsPreface......................................................................................................................xvAcknowledgments.............................................................................................. xviiAcronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................ xix1 Introduction to Cancer....................................................................................11.1 Cancer......................................................................................................11.2 Epidemiology of Cancer........................................................................11.2.1 Cancer Trends............................................................................21.3 Prognostic Factors Associated with Cancer Outcomes ...................51.4 Economic Burden of Cancer.................................................................61.4.1 Health Expenditure..................................................................61.4.2 Healthcare Expenditure on Drugs.........................................71.5 Treatments for Cancer......................................................................... 101.6 Important Economic Concepts for Cost-Effectiveness ofCancer Interventions......................................................... 121.6.1 Economics, Health Economics, Economic Evaluation,and Pharmacoeconomics .................................................. 121.6.1.1 Value ......................................................................... 131.6.1.2 Allocative Efficiency............................................... 141.6.1.3 Technical Efficiency................................................ 151.6.1.4 Opportunity Cost.................................................... 161.6.1.5 Discounting.............................................................. 171.6.1.6 The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio .......... 181.6.1.7 The Cost-Effectiveness Plane................................. 191.6.1.8 Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALY) ...................221.7 Health Economic Evaluation and Cancer DrugDevelopment in Practice .........................................................................231.7.1 The Modern Paradigm................................................................... 241.8 Efficacy versus Effectiveness .............................................................261.9 Real-World Data ..................................................................................271.10 Economic versus Clinical Hypotheses .............................................291.11 Summary............................................................................................... 321.12 Exercises for Chapter 1........................................................................332 Important Outcomes for Economic Evaluation in Cancer Studies......352.1 Introduction .........................................................................................352.2 Important Common, Surrogate, and Novel Cancer Endpoints............... 362.2.1 Overall Survival......................................................................362.2.1.1 OS and Economic Evaluation ............................... 412.2.2 Surrogate Endpoints...............................................................462.3 HTAs with Surrogate Endpoints.......................................................532.4 Emerging Tumor-Centered Endpoints.............................................552.5 Demonstrating Value from Other Cancer Endpoints..................... 572.6 Summary...............................................................................................582.7 Exercises for Chapter 2........................................................................583 Health-Related Quality of Life for Cost-Effectiveness.......................... 593.1 Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) in Cancer Patients......... 593.1.1 Limitations of Anti-Cancer Treatments...............................593.1.2 Why Collect HRQoL Data?....................................................603.1.3 Challenges with HRQoL in Cancer Studies........................ 613.2 Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life Outcomes forCommon Cancer Types .................................................................623.2.1 Condition-Specific Measures of HRQoL ............................ 623.2.2 Common General Condition-Specific Measures ofHRQoL in Cancer......................................................................................633.3 Measuring HRQoL for Economic Evaluation ................................. 673.3.1 EuroQol EQ-5D-3L and 5L....................................................683.3.2 EuroQol EQ-5D-5L................................................................. 693.4 Constructing Utilities.......................................................................... 703.5 Quality-Adjusted Life-Years (QALYs)................................................723.5.1 QALY Calculation in Cancer Trials......................................733.6 Economic Evaluation in the Absence of Utility Data:Mapping and Utility Studies ................................................................. 743.7 Sensitivity and Responsiveness of EQ-5D versus QLQ-C30HRQoL for Detecting Improvement in Cancer Patients ...................... 763.8 Measuring Post-Progression (PP) Utility: Some Approaches .......77Why Is Estimation of Utility between Disease Progressionand Death Relevant?............................................................... 78The Behavior of Utility in Cancer Patients betweenProgression and Death?.........................................................793.8.1 Plausible Post-Progression Utility Behavior ......................803.8.2 Non-Linear Models.................................................................823.9 HRQoL issues in Health Technology Appraisals of CancerDrugs .........................................................................................................873.10 Summary...............................................................................................893.11 Exercises for Chapter 3........................................................................894 Introductory Statistical Methods for Economic Evaluation inCancer............................................................................................................... 914.1 Introduction.......................................................................................... 914.2 Uncertainty and Variability................................................................ 914.2.1 Uncertainty..............................................................................924.2.2 Variability.................................................................................924.2.2.1 Hypothesis Testing.................................................934.3 Distributions: Cost, Utility, and Survival Data ...............................934.4 Important Measures Used in Cancer Trials.....................................954.4.1 Time-to-Event Endpoints.......................................................954.4.2 Median Survival.....................................................................964.4.3 Hazard Rate and Hazard Ratio............................................984.4.4 Hazard Ratio............................................................................994.4.5 Survival Rates and Proportions.......................................... 1014.4.6 Relationship between Hazard Rate and Survival Rate......1024.4.7 Transition Probability and Matrix...................................... 1034.4.8 Relation between Transition Probability andSurvival Rates .............................................................................. 1044.4.9 Proportional Hazards.......................................................... 1064.4.10 Mean Survival and Restricted Mean ................................ 1064.5 Simulation: Bootstrapping and Monte-Carlo Simulation............ 1094.5.1 Simulating Using Monte-Carlo Sampling......................... 1114.6 Analyzing Data from Cancer Trials................................................ 1114.6.1 Semi-Parametric Methods: The Cox PH Model............... 1114.6.1.1 Adjusting for Covariates with the Cox Model......1124.6.1.2 Using Hazard Ratios to Predict Survival Rates.....1134.6.2 Parametric Methods: Modeling Survival Data forExtrapolation ........................................................................... 1144.6.3 Advanced Modeling Techniques for Survival Data ....... 1184.6.3.1 Flexible Parametric Survival Models................. 1184.6.3.2 Applications in Cancer Surveillance ................. 1194.7 Issues in Fitting Models....................................................................1224.8 Handling Crossover, Treatment Switching, andSubsequent Anti-Cancer Therapy ............................................. 1234.8.1 Introduction to Treatment Switching................................. 1234.8.2 Types of Switching ............................................................... 1244.8.3 Implications of Switching.................................................... 1244.8.4 Handling Switching in Statistical Analyses .................... 1264.8.4.1 Intent-to-Treat (ITT)............................................... 1274.8.4.2 Per Protocol Analysis............................................ 1284.8.4.3 IPCW....................................................................... 1284.8.4.4 RPFSTM.................................................................. 1294.8.4.5 Two-Stage Adjustment Model ............................ 1314.8.4.6 Other Approaches: StructuralNested Mean Models (SNNM) ............................................................. 1314.9 Data Synthesis and Network Meta-Analyses................................ 1324.9.1 Mixed Treatment Comparisons ......................................... 1324.9.1.1 Direct Comparison................................................ 1334.9.1.2 Indirect Treatment Comparison (ITC) .............. 1334.9.1.3 Meta-Analysis ....................................................... 1344.9.1.4 Network of Evidence ........................................... 1344.9.2 Assumptions for Carrying Out MTCs .............................. 1344.10 Summary............................................................................................. 1384.11 Exercises for Chapter 4...................................................................... 1405 Collecting and Analysis of Costs from Cancer Studies...................... 1415.1 Types of Costs Typical of Cancer Trials.......................................... 1415.1.1 Categorization of Health Resource Use............................. 1425.1.2 Resource Use Monitoring.................................................... 1425.1.3 Baseline Characteristics and Health Resource Use......... 1435.1.4 Costs Determined by a Study Protocol.............................. 1445.2 Perspective of Analysis and Costs Collection................................ 1455.3 Collecting Health Resource Use across the TreatmentPathway ....................................................................................... 1465.3.1 Time Horizon ....................................................................... 1485.4 Costing Methods: Micro versus Macro Approach........................ 1505.4.1 Average versus Marginal and Incremental Cost.............. 1515.4.2 Inflation.................................................................................. 1525.4.3 Time Preference and Discounting...................................... 1535.5 Charges................................................................................................ 1545.5.1 Cost-to-Charge Ratios.......................................................... 1555.5.2 Other Non-Medical Costs (e.g. Societal Costs)................. 1555.6 Distribution of Costs.......................................................................... 1555.6.1 Transforming Cost Data....................................................... 1575.7 Handling Censored and Missing Costs ........................................ 1585.7.1 Strategies for Avoiding Missing Resource Data .............. 1605.7.2 Strategies for Analyzing Cost DataWhen Data Are Missing or Censored ..................................... 1605.7.3 Imputation Methods............................................................. 1615.8 Handling Future Costs...................................................................... 1625.9 Case Report Forms and Health Resource Use............................... 1645.10 Statistical Analyses of Costs ............................................................ 1655.11 Summary............................................................................................. 1725.12 Exercises for Chapter 5...................................................................... 1736 Designing Cost-Effectiveness into Cancer Trials................................. 1756.1 Introduction and Reasons for Collecting EconomicData in a Clinical Trial ........................................................................... 1756.2 Clinical Trial Designs for Cancer Studies...................................... 1786.2.1 Clinical Trial Designs........................................................... 1786.2.2 Interim Analyses and Data Monitoring Committees(DMC)..................................................................................... 1886.3 Planning a Health Economic Evaluation in a Clinical Trial ....... 1916.3.1 Important Considerations When Designinga Cancer Study for Economic Evaluation ............................................... 1916.3.2 Integrating Economic Evaluation in a Clinical Trial:Considerations .......................................................................... 1946.3.3 Endpoints and Outcomes.................................................... 1966.3.3.1 Timing of Measurements..................................... 1986.3.3.2 Trial Design............................................................ 1986.3.3.3 CRF Design............................................................ 1996.3.3.4 Sample Size Methods for Cost-Effectiveness....... 1996.3.3.5 Sample Size Formulae forCost-Effectiveness: Examples .................................................... 2016.3.4 Treatment Pathways.............................................................2046.3.5 Time of Generic/Competition Entry..................................2046.3.6 Treatment Compliance.........................................................2056.3.7 Identify Subgroups/Heterogeneity....................................2066.3.8 Early ICER/INMB.................................................................2066.3.9 Multicenter Trials.................................................................. 2076.4 Case Study of Economic Evaluation of Cancer Trials................... 2106.4.1 TA516 Cabozanitib + Vandetanib....................................... 2106.5 Summary............................................................................................. 2106.6 Exercises for Chapter 6...................................................................... 2137 Models for Economic Evaluation of Cancer........................................... 2157.1 Types of Health Economic Models.................................................. 2157.2 Decision Tree Models........................................................................ 2157.2.1 Further Possible Improvements to theDecision Model ......................................................................................2247.3 Markov Models..................................................................................2267.4 Continuous Time Markov Models...................................................2307.5 The Partitioned Survival Model...................................................... 2317.5.1 Developing an Economic Model Using Patient-LevelData Using a Partitioned Survival Model Approach ......................... 2317.5.1.1 Modeling the Efficacy Data (Survival Data)............................ 2317.5.2 Case Study of an Economic Model Using Patient-Level Data: A Partitioned Survival Model..................................................... 2327.5.3 Crossover...............................................................................2367.6 Summary of Cost-Effectiveness Models for CancerUsed in HTA Submissions ....................................................................2397.7 Summary............................................................................................. 2437.8 Exercises for Chapter 7...................................................................... 2438 Real-World Data in Cost-EffectivenessStudies on Cancer ....................................................................................... 2498.1 Introduction to Real-World Data..................................................... 2498.2 Using RWD to Support Cost-Effectiveness Analysis ................... 2518.3 Strengths and Limitations of Using RWD to SupportCost-Effectiveness Analysis .....................................................2538.3.1 Limitations.............................................................................2558.3.2 Internal Validity versus Generalizability..........................2568.4 Sources for RWD Generation........................................................... 2578.4.1 Registries ...............................................................................2608.4.2 Audits .................................................................................... 2618.4.3 Primary Care Databases: CPRD, THIN, QResearch........ 2628.4.4 Insurance Claims Databases...............................................2638.4.5 Digital Data Sources, Social Media and Applications....... 2638.4.6 Commercial Data Sources...................................................2648.4.7 Pragmatic Clinical Trials.....................................................2648.4.8 Prospective Observational Research Studies...................2658.4.9 Case Control Studies............................................................2658.5 Using Cancer Registries....................................................................2658.5.1 Examples of Registries in the UK for RWE ...................... 2678.6 Statistical Analyses of RWD: Addressing Selection Bias.............2688.6.1 Propensity Score Modeling.................................................2688.6.2 Instrumental Variable Methods.......................................... 274Results..................................................................................................2778.7 Summary and Conclusion................................................................ 2798.8 Exercises for Chapter 8...................................................................... 2819 Reporting and Interpreting Results of Cost-EffectivenessAnalyses from Cancer Trials.....................................................................2839.1 Interpreting Incremental Costs and QALYs...................................2839.1.1 Informative Censoring.........................................................2849.2 Interpreting Incremental QALYs..................................................... 2879.3 Relationship between Costs and QALYs........................................2909.4 Interpreting the ICER and the Cost-Effectiveness Plane.............. 2929.4.1 Uncertainty............................................................................ 2929.5 Presenting and Interpreting Results from UncertaintyAnalysis ....................................................................................................2969.6 Bayesian Sensitivity Analysis...........................................................3069.6.1 Limitations of the ICER and Using the INMB..................3079.7 Presenting and Interpreting Results from Value ofInformation Analyses .............................................................................3089.8 Challenges of VOI Analysis in Healthcare Decisions................... 3169.9 Summary ............................................................................................ 3179.10 Exercises for Chapter 9...................................................................... 317Technical Appendix for Chapter 9.............................................................. 318A9.1 Simulation.............................................................................. 318A9.2 Bayesian PSA......................................................................... 319A9.3 Value of Information............................................................ 320Before Any Data Is Observed........................................................... 321After Data Have Been Observed...................................................... 32110 Factors Predictive of HTA Success and the Global Landscape.......... 32310.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 32310.2 Cancer Drugs Rejected by NICE...................................................... 32310.3 Summary of Criticisms of Economic Models of Cancer.............. 32410.4 Factors Predictive of Successful HTAs in Cancer..........................33510.5 The Changing Pace of the Reimbursement Environment .......... 34110.6 Reimbursement and Payer Evidence RequirementsAcross Different Countries ...........................................................34410.6.1 Canada....................................................................................34510.6.2 France......................................................................................34510.6.3 Germany.................................................................................34610.6.4 Italy.........................................................................................34710.6.5 Spain.......................................................................................34710.6.6 Australia.................................................................................34810.6.7 United Kingdom...................................................................34910.7 Pricing and Reimbursement Environment in theUnited States.......................................................................................34910.8 Value-Based Pricing (VBP) for Cancer Drugs................................35010.9 Risk-Sharing Scheme ........................................................................ 35210.10 The Future of Cost-Effectiveness of Cancer Treatments..............35610.10.1 Future Research: Methodology..........................................35610.10.2 Future Reimbursement Landscape....................................358Budget Impact Threshold................................................... 35910.10.2.1 Automatic Funding for Highly SpecializedDrugs for Rare Diseases.....................................................35910.10.2.2 Fast-Track Appraisals......................................... 35910.11 Summary.............................................................................................36010.12 Exercises for Chapter 10....................................................................360References............................................................................................................ 361Additional Bibliography.............................................................................. 394Chapter 1............................................................................................. 394Chapter 3............................................................................................. 395Chapter 4............................................................................................. 395Chapter 5............................................................................................. 399Chapter 7............................................................................................. 399Chapter 9............................................................................................. 399Index...................................................................................................................... 401

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