Biology, life sciences Books

Book SynopsisExam Board: AQA, CCEA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC/Eduqas Level: A-level Subject: Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: Summer 2017Master the skills you need to set yourself apart and hit the highest grades; this year-round course companion develops the higher-order thinking skills that top-achieving students possess, providing step-by-step guidance, examples and tips for getting an A grade.Written by experienced author and teacher Jo Ormisher, Aiming for an A in A-level Biology:- Helps you develop the 'A grade skills' of analysis, evaluation, creation and application- Takes you step by step through specific skills you need to master in A-level Biology, including scientific reading, quantitative and practical skills , so you can apply these skills and approach each exam question as an A/A* candidate- Clearly shows how to move up the grades with sample responses annotated to highlight the key features of A/A* answers- Helps you practise to achieve the levels expected of top-performing students, using in-class or homework activities and further reading tasks that stretch towards university-level study- Perfects exam technique through practical tips and examples of common pitfalls to avoid - Cultivates effective revision habits for success, with tips and strategies for producing and using revision resources- Supports all exam boards, outlining the Assessment Objectives for reaching the higher levels under the AQA, Edexcel, OCR, WJEC/Eduqas and CCEA specifications

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Book SynopsisDevelop experimental, analytical and evaluation skills with topical biology examples, practical assessment guidance and differentiated end-of-topic questions in this updated, all-in-one textbook for Years 1 and 2.Written for the AQA A-level Biology specification, this revised textbook will: - Provide support for all 12 required practicals with plenty of activities and data analysis guidance.- Develop understanding with engaging and contemporary examples to help you apply your knowledge, analyse data and evaluate findings.- Give detailed guidance on the mathematical skills needed with support throughout, examples of method and a dedicated 'Developing mathematical skills' chapter.- Offer regular opportunities to test understanding with 'Test yourself' questions, differentiated end-of-topic questions and 'Stretch and challenge' questions.- Support exam preparation with synoptic questions, revision tips and skills.- Develop understanding with free online access to 'Test yourself' answers, 'Practice' questionanswers and extended glossaries*.

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Book SynopsisThis title is endorsed by Cambridge Assessment International Education to support the full syllabus for examination from 2022.Confidently navigate the updated Cambridge International AS & A Level Biology (9700) syllabus with a structured approach ensuring that the link between theory and practice is consolidated, scientific skills are applied, and analytical skills developed.- Enable students to monitor and build progress with short 'self-assessment' questions throughout the student text, with answers at the back of the book, so students can check their understanding as they work their way through the chapters.- Build scientific communication skills and vocabulary in written responses with a variety of exam-style questions. - Encourage understanding of historical context and scientific applications with extension boxes in the student text.- Have confidence that lessons cover the syllabus completely with a free Scheme of Work available online.- Provide additional practice with the accompanying write-in Practical Skills Workbooks, which once completed, can also be used to recap learning for revision.

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Book Synopsis"An engrossing chronicle for readers ages 12 and older" The Wall Street JournalHow did our scientific quest to understand life begin? From the earliest questioning about the origins of life to the first use of the word virus, this compelling and informative non-fiction book for readers 12 plus unfolds the history of biology itself.For most of human history, we haven’t known the secrets of life itself. In this fascinating book, the renowned author of A History of US, Joy Hakim, takes us back through time to biology’s beginnings…Observe the inquisitive scholars of Ancient Greece and the Islamic Golden Age as they began to ask questions about how the human body works; journey to the Renaissance where Leonardo da Vinci was dissecting cadavers to uncover human anatomy; and stop in the late 1800s, where a baffled Dutch biologist found a tiny infectious particle destroying tobacco crops, which he named virus.Discovering Life’s Story: Biology’s Beginnings is the first in an all-new multivolume work that follows the course of human discovery as we have worked to unlock the biological secrets of our own existence.“Eye-catching photographs and illustrations supplement Hakim’s simple but engagingly fact-rich prose, making this an ideal introductory text for any budding naturalist, scientist or doctor.” Washington Post“A work of nonfiction for adolescent readers that has the brio of an adventure story ... Abundant illustrations—maps, portraits, engravings—help keep the pace excitingly brisk.” The Wall Street Journal, Best Books for Children of 2023Trade Review“Nonfiction books for children about the natural sciences tend (naturally, we might say) to deal with particulars: the life cycle of the honeybee, say. In ‘Biology’s Beginnings,’ Joy Hakim takes a fresh approach. . . . Ms. Hakim, author of the series ‘A History of Us,’ ranges with brio and assurance across time and across the globe as she describes the push-and-pull of armies and microbes, of popes and stargazers, of philosophers and doctors and explorers in the long and erratic acquisition of knowledge. . . . Great quantities of illustration—maps and portraits and engravings—establish a swift visual pace for this engrossing chronicle for readers ages 12 and older.” * The Wall Street Journal *Eye-catching photographs and illustrations supplement Hakim’s simple but engagingly fact-rich prose, making this an ideal introductory text for any budding naturalist, scientist or doctor. * Washington Post *A work of nonfiction for adolescent readers that has the brio of an adventure story. . . In prose that is textured, humane and spirited, Ms. Hakim describes the movements of armies and microbes, the discoveries of anatomists and astronomers, the insights of philosophers and doctors and explorers. Abundant illustrations—maps, portraits, engravings—help keep the pace excitingly brisk. * The Wall Street Journal, Best Books for Children 2023 *

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Book SynopsisA classic work on farm buildings made by nineteenth-century New Englanders refreshed with a new introduction. Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn portrays the four essential components of the stately and beautiful connected farm buildings made by nineteenth-century New Englanders that stand today as a living expression of a rural culture, offering insights into the people who made them and their agricultural way of life. A visual delight as well as an engaging tribute to our nineteenth-century forebears, this book, first published nearly forty years ago, has become one of the standard works on regional farmsteads in America. This new edition features a new preface by the author.Trade ReviewPraise for the previous edition: "An unexpected small masterpiece that has some of the suspense of a detective story and, at times, the poignance of deeply felt, sympathetic social history."--Robert Campbell, Boston GlobePraise for the Previous Edition: "An important pioneering effort. The book commemorates both an unique indigenous architectural expression and a way of life that has become extinct . . . The style is economic and clear and Hubka's affection for architecture binds the buildings to their people and their times." * Maine Sunday Times *Praise for the previous edition: "An unexpected small masterpiece that has some of the suspense of a detective story and, at times, the poignance of deeply felt, sympathetic social history." * Boston Globe *Praise for the Previous Edition: "No matter where you live, you will want this book as a model of vernacular architecture scholarship." * Vernacular Architecture Newsletter *Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction to the New EditionPrefacePreface to the Twentieth-Anniversary EditionI. CONNECTED FARM BUILDINGS1. Appearance and ActualityII. PATTERN IN CONNECTED FARM BUILDINGS2. The Buildings3. The Buildings and the Land4. Permanence and Change5. Pattern in Building and FarmingIII REASONS FOR MAKING CONNECTED FARM BUILDINGS6. Tobias Walker Moves His Shed7. Why Tobias Walker Moved His ShedNotesBibliographyGlossaryIndexFigure Credits

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Book SynopsisWith businesses becoming ever more competitive, marketing strategies need to be more precise and performance oriented. Companies are investing considerably in analytical infrastructure for marketing. This new volume, Marketing Analytics: A Machine Learning Approach, enlightens readers on the application of analytics in marketing and the process of analytics, providing a foundation on the concepts and algorithms of machine learning and statistics. The book simplifies analytics for businesses and explains its uses in different aspects of marketing in a way that even marketers with no prior analytics experience will find it easy to follow, giving them to tools to make better business decisions.This volume gives a comprehensive overview of marketing analytics, incorporating machine learning methods of data analysis that automates analytical model building. The volume covers the important aspects of marketing analytics, including segmentation and targeting analysis, statistics for marketing, marketing metrics, consumer buying behavior, neuromarketing techniques for consumer analytics, new product development, forecasting sales and price, web and social media analytics, and much more.This well-organized and straight-forward volume will be valuable for marketers, managers, decision makers, and research scholars, and faculty in business marketing and information technology and would also be suitable for classroom use.Trade Review“An interesting and novel book that deals with marketing analytics in modern organizations. It presents in accessible form complex information and theoretical perspectives that are often difficult to grasp for the non-marketing expert. The book is particularly significant due to its breadth of coverage. It touches on all essential aspects of machine learning and marketing analytics. If you are a marketing professional, researcher, or student interested in marketing analytics and machine learning, then this book is for you. I have read a number of books in the field, but this book draws my attention because it is comprehensive and well-constructed.”—Prof. Dieu Hack-Polay, Professor of Management, Crandall University, Canada; Associate Professor of Organizational Studies, University of Lincoln, UKTable of Contents1. Introduction to Marketing Analytics 2. Statistics for Marketing 3. Evolution of Data Analytics 4. Segmentation and Targeting Analysis 5. Important Marketing Metrics: A Snapshot 6. Consumer Buying Behavior 7. Understanding Consumer Behavior Using Market Basket Analysis 8. Neuromarketing Techniques for Consumer Analytics 9. New Product Development 10. Natural Language Processing for Branding 11. Forecasting Sales and Price 12. Sales Prediction and Conversion 13. Role of Supply Chain Analytics in Marketing Analytics 14. Web and Social Media Analytics 15. Marketing Analytics and Its Applications

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a state-of-the-art view of leather making, based on the scientific principles underpinning the technology. In particular, it contributes to the understanding of the modern leather industry, allowing practitioners to make judgements about day-to-day problems in the tannery and how change can be applied in a predictable way. Major themes running through the book are the economics and environmental impact of leather making and how these will ensure the sustainability of the industry. This second edition of Tony Covington’s Tanning Chemistry is a revision, update and extension in collaboration with a new co-author, Will Wise. The update reflects the advances made in the past decade, including a discussion of the impact of new information concerning the chemistry of sulfide. The original chapters have been re-organised and new chapters on novel modes of reagent delivery and the principles of finishing are now included. Enzymology is addressed as a separate topic, as are environmental impact and the future of leather. The book will be useful to all those involved in the supply chain, from farm, through students, chemical suppliers and tanners, to leather goods brands. Leather science is the key to understanding leather technology, to make it work, to make it work better and to keep it ahead of the competition.Table of ContentsCollagen and Skin Structure; Skin and Its Components; Curing and Preservation of Hides and Skins; Soaking; Unhairing; Liming; Deliming; Bating; Pickling; Tanning; Mineral Tanning: Chromium(III); Mineral Tanning; Vegetable Tanning; Other Tannages; Post-Tanning; Dyeing; Fatliquoring; Enzymology; Reagent Delivery; Drying; Finishing; Environmental Impact; Theory of Tanning: the Concept of Link-Lock; The Future of Tanning Chemistry; The Future for Leather

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Book SynopsisEvolution of Fossil Ecosystems describes all of the main Fossil Lagerstätten (sites of exceptional fossil preservation) from around the world in a chronological order. It covers the history of research, stratigraphy and taphonomy, main faunal and floral elements, and the palaeoecology of each site and gives a comparison with coeval sites around the world. It includes all of the well-known fossil sites, such as the Burgess Shale, the Solnhofen Limestone, Mazon Creek, Rancho La Brea etc., and includes an appendix giving information on how to visit the sites and where to see the fossils in museum displays.Available now in its second edition, Lagerstätten included for the first time include Chengjiang, the Herefordshire Nodules and the Jehol Group. A welcome addition to the list of important localities of Cenozoic age is the White River Group, which preserves the finest examples of mammals around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, including many now-extinct groups.The book is beautifully illustrated throughout with over 450 colour photographs and diagrams, and it is extensively referenced. Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems is essential reading to a wide range of students and professionals in palaeontology and related sciences, and to amateur enthusiasts. Trade Review...the authors have retained the same high standard [as the first edition]... excellent colour reproduction... Absolutely enthralling - I couldn't put it down! Down To Earth 20121201 ...very well written and beautifully illustrated with stunning colour photographs and informative diagrams... excellent coverage of sites worldwide and through geological time. The text is jargon-free and light on technical terms, therefore appealing to a wide range of people including amateur enthusiasts, students and professionals. Museums with collections or displays from any of the sites listed in this book would benefit from having a copy of "Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems" and it would be an excellent choice to stock in the gift shop allowing visitors to learn more about these exceptional fossil sites. -- James E. Jepson The Geological Curator 20121201Table of ContentsContents Introduction 1. Ediacara 2. Burgess Shale 3. Chengjiang 4. Soom Shale 5. Herefordshire Nodules 6. Hunsruck Slate 7. Rhynie Chert 8. Mazon Creek 9. Karoo 10. Gres a Voltzia 11. Holzmaden Shale 12. Morrison Formation 13. Solnhofen Limestone 14. Jehol Group 15. El Montsec and Las Hoyas 16. Santana and Crato Formations 17. Grube Messel 18. White River Group 19. Baltic Amber 20. Rancho La Brea Appendix 1 - Further reading Appendix 2 - Museums and site visits Index

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A brand New Edition of our popular Advanced Higher Biology Study Guide. Completely revised and updated to reflect the very latest 2019 SQA course and assessment changes. The SQA Advanced Higher Biology Course focuses on the areas of cells and proteins, organisms and evolution, and investigative biology. The CfE Advanced Higher Biology Study Guide from BrightRED will help learners develop a sound theoretical understanding and practical experience of experimental investigative work in biological science, and develop their ability to carry out complex practical scientific activities. The book presents the course content in a concise form so that you can follow the ideas and develop your own understanding. Key terms are in bold and Don’t forget icons point out key details that might get lost in the big picture. Online tests and Video links are available for each topic on the BrightRED Digital Zone and Things to do and think about activities take content of a particular page further to help you broaden your knowledge or understanding.

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Book SynopsisThis Study and Revision Guide provides the essential knowledge you will need to recap and revise for the exams. / Endorsed by Eduqas, offering high quality support you can trust. / Key terms are clearly defined and numerous diagrams explain each concept. / 'Quickfire' questions and 'Examiner Pointers' check your understanding as you progress through the course. / Plenty of practice questions, with teacher commentaries, enable you to see where mistakes are typically made and where extra marks can be gained. / 'Grade Boosts' help refine exam technique and improve performance. / Assessment Objectives are explained showing what examiners are looking for in responses to exam questions. / Also provides excellent study support throughout the course.Table of ContentsUnit 1 - Basic biochemistry and cell organization;Unit 2 - Biodiversity and physiology of body systems;Exam preparation; Exam practice and technique;Practice questions;Questions and answers; Answers.

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Book SynopsisHow are the internal and external forms of the human organism shaped? How does human consciousness emerge? These are questions to which conventional science has no answers. In The Seat of the Soul, Yvan Rioux invites us to consider new concepts that can explain these phenomena. His exposition is based on the existence of external `formative forces’ – or morphic fields – which, he argues, create the human body or organism in conjunction with forces that resonate within us from the living solar system. The psyche – or soul – emerges progressively as an inner world of faculties that in time learns to apprehend and understand the outer world. In his previous book The Mystery of Emerging Form, Rioux explored the formative forces of the twelve zodiacal constellations. In this absorbing sequel, he investigates how such activity from the planetary spheres works within us, as `life stages’ or metabolic processes. Through seven chapters, he explores the impact of each of these planetary spheres on our complex organic make-up and psychic activity. The link between organs and tissues, he says, produces five specific `inner landscapes’ in relation to the external rhythmic environment. Rioux also gives a description of Rudolf Steiner’s seven `planetary seals’ from a biological perspective. According to Steiner, these seals are: `…occult scripts, meaning that, as hidden signatures, they show their ongoing etheric impacts on the seven stages of our metabolism’. Between Steiner’s indications concerning human physiology and the ancient Chinese view on the subject, there is a convergence of ideas – as synthesized here – that breaks through the boundaries of modern reductionist science, offering exciting perspectives for understanding the human being. `The seat of the soul is where the inner world and the outer world meet. Where they overlap, it is in every point of the overlap.’ – NovalisTable of ContentsIntroduction – Chapter 1: Saturn process: Opening the door of perception, Towards the integration of subtle influences – Chapter 2: Jupiter process: Preservation of outer perceptions, Establishment and defence of the territory (immunity) – Chapter 3 – Mars process: The essence of pulsations, The beginning of the psychic world – Chapter 4: Sun process: The circulation of perceptions, Access to inner perception (insight) Chapter 5: Mercury process: From pictorial images (psyche) to material organs (soma) – Chapter 6: Venus process: Energized movements for growth, A constant search for the right fulcrum point – Chapter 7: Moon process: Replication (mitosis vs meiosis) Self-renewing life – Conclusion: A planetary alignment giving birth to our physical and psychic world

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Book SynopsisThe first comprehensive book explaining the backbone for digital construction methods: the Industry Foundation Classes schema. Interoperable data schemas are the prerequisite to advancing the use of digital methods in the architectural engineering and construction industry. However, the predominant Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) are complex and have been focused on the representation of buildings only. With the extension for infrastructures, Interoperability aims to provide a comprehensive explanation of the IFC structure as well as its application to infrastructure assets. Finally, buildingSMART specifications are presented and contextualized for their use in digital workflows. Table of Contents1. Introduction // 2. Digital representation of built assets: general concepts // 3. The IfcBuiltElement example // 4. Visual representation of the IFC structure // 5. Organization of IFC // 6. buildingSMART specifications for interoperability // 7. IFC for infrastructure // 8. Ifc for roads // 9. Ifc for bridges // Annexe 1: Complementary chapters // 10. Linking Representation and Geometric Modeling in IFC // 11. BIM – GIS integration // 12. Schema modelling of IFC // 13. Development of IFC // Annexe 2: General Matrix // Annexe 3: Partial hierarchical tree for IFC infrastructure objects // Bibliographie

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a beginner’s guide to using light microscopes. It begins with a brief introduction to the physics of optics, which will give the reader a basic grasp of the behaviors of light. In turn, each part of the microscope is explained using clear and simple English, together withdetailed photographs and diagrams. The reader will learn the function, care and correct use of each part. A troubleshooting section also helps resolve some of the most common issues encountered in light microscopy. Most people have a general idea of how to use a microscope, but many never get the full benefit, because they receive no training. With easy-to-follow steps and detailed images, this guide will help everyone achieve the best results, and be confident using their microscope. This book is intended for anyone using a light microscope, such as university students, people in lab environments, hobbyists, educators who teach science to young children, and anyone with a general interest in these valuable tools. Table of Contentssee attachment

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Book SynopsisUnlike the structured world of computer science, biology is complex, evolving, and often lacks clean abstract models. This book aims to serve as a guide for computer scientists who need to understand cell biology, breaking the field into three parts: biological mechanics, experimental methods, and language/nomenclature. While biological mechanics, which investigates cellular-level details, is covered by many texts, this book also focuses on experimental methods how biologists conduct experiments and gather data - and on helping the reader understand the language and terminology of biology, which is rich but challenging for non-biologists. A Computer Scientist's Guide to Cell Biology uses a metaphor of biology as a strange land with an unfamiliar language and customs. The goal of the book is to provide a high-level introduction to cell biology, simplifying concepts and relating them to familiar ideas from computer science, so that working computer scientists can more effectively unde

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Book SynopsisGiven the fact that there are perhaps 400 billion stars in our Galaxy alone, and perhaps 400 billion galaxies in the Universe, it stands to reason that somewhere out there, in the 14-billion-year-old cosmos, there is or once was a civilization at least as advanced as our own. The sheer enormity of the numbers almost demands that we accept the truth of this hypothesis. Why, then, have we encountered no evidence, no messages, no artifacts of these extraterrestrials? In this second, significantly revised and expanded edition of his widely popular book, Webb discusses in detail the (for now!) 75 most cogent and intriguing solutions to Fermi's famous paradox: If the numbers strongly point to the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations, why have we found no evidence of them?Reviews from the first edition:"Amidst the plethora of books that treat the possibility of extraterrestrial intelligence, this one by Webb … is outstanding. … Each solution is presented in a very logical, interesting, thorough manner with accompanying explanations and notes that the intelligent layperson can understand. Webb digs into the issues … by considering a very broad set of in-depth solutions that he addresses through an interesting and challenging mode of presentation that stretches the mind. … An excellent book for anyone who has ever asked ‘Are we alone?’." (W. E. Howard III, Choice, March, 2003)"Fifty ideas are presented … that reveal a clearly reasoned examination of what is known as ‘The Fermi Paradox’. … For anyone who enjoys a good detective story, or using their thinking faculties and stretching the imagination to the limits … ‘Where is everybody’ will be enormously informative and entertaining. … Read this book, and whatever your views are about life elsewhere in the Universe, your appreciation for how special life is here on Earth will be enhanced! A worthy addition to any personal library." (Philip Bridle, BBC Radio, March, 2003)Since gaining a BSc in physics from the University of Bristol and a PhD in theoretical physics from the University of Manchester, Stephen Webb has worked in a variety of universities in the UK. He is a regular contributor to the Yearbook of Astronomy series and has published an undergraduate textbook on distance determination in astronomy and cosmology as well as several popular science books. His interest in the Fermi paradox combines lifelong interests in both science and science fiction.Trade ReviewSelected by Choice magazine as an "Outstanding Academic Title" for 2015“There are 397 notes and 21 pages of references. The arguments are engaging, clearly reasoned, and accessible to general readers. … This is one of the best books ever written on the subject of extraterrestrial intelligence. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readership levels.” (T. Barker, Choice, Vol. 53 (3), November, 2015)Table of ContentsForeword.- Preface to the Second Edition.- Preface to the Third Edition.- Where is Everybody?.- Of Fermi and Paradox.- They are (or were) Here.- They Exist, But we Have Yet to See or Hear From Them.- They Don`t Exist.- Conclusion.- Notes.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisBioorganic and Enzymatic Catalysis Direct comparison of enzymatic reactions and corresponding catalytic transformations in the laboratory Bioorganic and Enzymatic Catalysis covers the most important enzymatic reactions and related catalytic bioorganic reactions using a new approach: Each enzymatic reaction type is compared with organocatalytic, organometallic and other alternative reactions, allowing the reader to understand catalytic reactions in a much-integrated way. For example, in a chapter that describes aldolases corresponding reactions using catalytic antibodies, organocatalytic reagents and metal complexes are discussed. Written by a well-known expert in the field with more than 30 years of experience in organic and bioorganic chemistry, Bioorganic and Enzymatic Catalysis covers sample topics such as: Enzymatic C-C bond formation using aldolases Claisen-type C-C bond formation involving fatty acid synthases and polyketide synthases Biomimetic cyclisations involving carbenium ions Enzymatic oxidation and C-H activation Dioxygenases and oxidoreductases With its unique approach, Bioorganic and Enzymatic Catalysis is a valuable source of information for professionals and researchers in academia and industry as well as graduate and PhD students working in the fields of organic chemistry, biochemistry, and life sciences.Table of ContentsPreface vii 1 Enzymatic C─C Bond Formation by Aldol Reactions 1 Aldolases 1 Class I Aldolases 1 Bioorganic Class I Aldolase Reactions 3 Class II Aldolases 9 Class II Aldolase Mimics 11 References 13 2 Fatty Acid- and Polyketide-Synthases – Claisen-Type C─C Bond Formation 15 Biomimetic Decarboxylative C─C Bond Formation 20 References 23 3 Carbenium-Ion-Driven C─C Bond Formations – Terpenes 25 Enzyme-like Cyclisations Involving Carbenium Ions 30 References 41 4 Oxidations Catalysed by Heme Complexes 43 Monooxygenases 43 Cytochromes P 450 45 Synthetic P450 Enzyme Models 51 Chloroperoxidase (CPO) 57 Synthetic Enzyme Mimics of Chloroperoxidase (CPO) 60 NO Synthase (NOS) 63 References 67 5 Oxidations Catalysed by Non-heme Complexes and Other Co-factors 69 Methane Monooxygenase 69 Active Site Analogues of Methane Monooxygenase 71 Enzyme Mimics of Cu Monooxygenases 75 Flavin-dependent Monooxygenases 78 Enzyme Mimics of Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases 83 References 95 6 C–H Activation 97 References 110 7 Dioxygenases 111 Metal Complexes Displaying Dioxygenase-like Reactivity 127 References 134 8 Oxidoreductases 137 Cytochrome c Oxidase 148 References 150 9 Synthetic Systems That Mimic Certain Aspects of Oxidoreductases 153 References 173 Index 175

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Book SynopsisFinally meeting the need for a laboratory manual on human genetics, this practical guide is the perfect companion title to all major standard textbooks on the subject. The authors all have a high-level research background and are actively involved in teaching and counseling. Based on a standard curriculum in human genetics, each chapter equals one practical unit of the course and topics range from basics in human inheritance to genetics in major disease clusters and from bioinformatics and personalized medicine to genetic counseling.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Introduction xv 1 Exploring Online Genetics Sources 1 Background 1 Human Genome Project 2 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 2 UCSC Genome Browser 3 The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) 3 Roadmap Epigenomic Project 5 References 5 Exercise Questions 6 Additional Exercise Questions 11 2 Observation of Human Inheritance 13 Background 13 Mendelian Genetics 13 The Transmission of Hereditary Characteristics 16 Mendelian Disorders 19 References 20 Exercise Questions 21 Additional Exercise Questions 22 3 Reading, Understanding, and Constructing Human Pedigrees 25 Background 25 Basic Pedigree Nomenclature 26 Modes of Inheritance 26 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 28 Pedigrees Representing Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 28 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 29 Pedigrees Representing Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 30 X-Linked Recessive Inheritance 30 Pedigrees Representing X-Linked Recessive Inheritance 31 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance 32 Pedigrees Representing X-Linked Dominant Inheritance 32 Y-Linked Inheritance 34 Pedigrees Representing Y-Linked Inheritance 34 Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance 35 Confounding Factors in Pedigree Generation and Interpretation 36 References 36 Exercise Questions 38 Additional Exercise Questions 39 4 Cytogenetics 43 Background 43 Generation of Karyograms/Chromosome Banding 45 FISH, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 47 Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) and Array-Based CGH Technology 48 Chromosomal Abnormalities 48 Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities 49 Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 50 References 51 Exercise Questions 52 Additional Exercise Questions 54 5 Exploring DNA, RNA, and Protein Sequence Databases and Genome Browsers 55 Background 55 General Biological Databases 57 RNA-Specific Databases 59 Protein-Specific Databases 61 Regulatory DNA Database 62 Genome Browsers 65 References 67 Exercise Questions 67 Additional Exercise Questions 68 6 Exploring Online Bioinformatics Tools 71 Background 71 BLAST 71 ExPASy 72 Clustal Omega 74 Reactome 76 References 77 Exercise Questions 77 Additional Exercise Questions 79 7 Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Complex Diseases 81 Background 81 Polygenic Complex Diseases 82 Investigating Complex Traits 82 Obesity as a Complex Disease 83 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 as a Complex Disease 84 Coronary Artery Diseases as Complex Diseases 85 References 86 Exercise Questions 88 Additional Exercise Questions 88 8 Neurogenetics and Behavioral Genetics 91 Background 91 Genetic Regulation of Neural Development 91 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 92 Understanding the Genetics of Neurological Disease 94 Examples of Neurogenetic Disorders 94 Huntington’s Disease 94 Parkinson’s Disease 95 Rett Syndrome 95 Behavioral Genetics 96 Genetics of Depression 97 Genetics of Drug Addiction 97 Genetics of Schizophrenia 98 References 99 Exercise Questions 100 Additional Exercise Questions 101 9 Cancer Genetics 103 Background 103 Cell Cycle and Its Regulation 104 Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 105 Carcinogens/Environmental Factors in Cancer 107 Breast Cancer 108 Role of Molecular Medicine in Breast Cancer Treatment 110 Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 111 References 112 Exercise Questions 113 Additional Exercise Questions 114 10 Genetic Counseling 115 Background 115 References 117 Exercise Questions 117 Additional Exercise Questions 119 11 Evolving Tools in Genome Editing: CRISPR-Cas 121 Background 121 Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 System 123 Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System 123 Generation of Animal Models and Engineering Cells 123 Somatic Genome Editing 124 Repair of Genetic Disorders 124 Functional Genomic Screening 124 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 125 Other Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System 125 References 126 Acknowledgment 127 Exercise Questions 127 Additional Exercise Questions 128 Glossary 129 Index 139

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Book SynopsisEdited by world-famous pioneers in chemoinformatics, this is a clearly structured and applications-oriented approach to the topic, providing up-to-date and focused information on the wide range of applications in this exciting field.The authors explain methods and software tools, such that the reader will not only learn the basics but also how to use the different software packages available. Experts describe applications in such different fields as structure-spectra correlations, virtual screening, prediction of active sites, library design, the prediction of the properties of chemicals, the development of new cosmetics products, quality control in food, the design of new materials with improved properties, toxicity modeling, assessment of the risk of chemicals, and the control of chemical processes.The book is aimed at advanced students as well as lectures but also at scientists that want to learn how chemoinformatics could assist them in solving their daily scientific tasks.Together with the corresponding textbook Chemoinformatics - Basic Concepts and Methods (ISBN 9783527331093) on the fundamentals of chemoinformatics readers will have a comprehensive overview of the field.Table of ContentsForeword xvii List of Contributors xxi 1 Introduction 1Thomas Engel and Johann Gasteiger 1.1 The Rationale for the Books 1 1.2 Development of the Field 2 1.3 The Basis of Chemoinformatics and the Diversity of Applications 3 1.3.1 Databases 3 1.3.2 Fundamental Questions of a Chemist 4 1.3.3 Drug Discovery 5 1.3.4 Additional Fields of Application 6 Reference 7 2 QSAR/QSPR 9Wolfgang Sippl and Dina Robaa 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Data Handling and Curation 13 2.2.1 Structural Data 13 2.2.2 Biological Data 14 2.3 Molecular Descriptors 14 2.3.1 Structural Keys (1D) 15 2.3.2 Topological Descriptors (2D) 16 2.3.3 Geometric Descriptors (3D) 16 2.4 Methods for Data Analysis 17 2.4.1 Overview 17 2.4.2 Unsupervised Learning 17 2.4.3 Supervised Learning 18 2.5 Classification Methods 19 2.5.1 Principal Component Analysis 19 2.5.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis 19 2.5.3 Kohonen Neural Network 19 2.5.4 Other Classification Methods 20 2.6 Methods for Data Modeling 20 2.6.1 Regression-Based QSAR Approaches 20 2.6.2 3D QSAR 22 2.6.3 Nonlinear Models 25 2.7 Summary on Data Analysis Methods 30 2.8 Model Validation 30 2.8.1 Proper Use of Validation Routines 31 2.8.2 Modeling/Validation Workflow 32 2.8.3 Splitting of Datasets 32 2.8.4 Compilation of Modeling, Training, Validation, Test, and External Sets 34 2.8.5 Cross-Validation 36 2.8.6 Bootstrapping 37 2.8.7 Y-Randomization (Y-Scrambling) 38 2.8.8 Goodness of Prediction and Quality Criteria 39 2.8.9 Applicability Domain and Model Acceptability Criteria 41 2.8.10 Scope of External and Internal Validation 43 2.8.11 Validation of Classification Models 45 2.9 Regulatory Use of QSARs 46 Selected Reading 48 References 49 3 Prediction of Physicochemical Properties of Compounds 53Igor V. Tetko, Aixia Yan, and Johann Gasteiger 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Overview of Modeling Approaches to Predict Physicochemical Properties 54 3.2.1 Prediction of Properties Based on Other Properties 55 3.2.2 Prediction of Properties Based on Theoretical Calculations 55 3.2.3 Additivity Schemes for Property Prediction 56 3.2.4 Statistical Quantitative Structure–Property Relationships (QSPRs) 59 3.3 Methods for the Prediction of Individual Properties 59 3.3.1 Mean Molecular Polarizability 59 3.3.2 Thermodynamic Properties 60 3.3.3 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (Log P) 63 3.3.4 Octanol/Water Distribution Coefficient (log D) 67 3.3.5 Estimation of Water Solubility (log S) 69 3.3.6 Melting Point (MP) 71 3.3.7 Acid Ionization Constants 73 3.4 Limitations of Statistical Methods 76 3.5 Outlook and Perspectives 76 Selected Reading 78 References 78 4 Chemical Reactions 83 4.1 Chemical Reactions – An Introduction 84Johann Gasteiger References 85 4.2 Reaction Prediction and Synthesis Design 86Jonathan M. Goodman 4.2.1 Introduction 86 4.2.2 Reaction Prediction 87 4.2.3 Synthesis Design 94 4.2.4 Conclusion 102 References 103 4.3 Explorations into Biochemical Pathways 106Oliver Sacher and Johann Gasteiger 4.3.1 Introduction 106 4.3.2 The BioPath.Database 110 4.3.3 BioPath.Explore 111 4.3.4 Search Results 112 4.3.5 Exploitation of the Information in BioPath.Database 117 4.3.6 Summary 129 Selected Reading 130 References 130 5 Structure–Spectrum Correlations and Computer-Assisted Structure Elucidation 133Joao Aires de Sousa 5.1 Introduction 133 5.2 Molecular Descriptors 135 5.2.1 Fragment-Based Descriptors 135 5.2.2 Topological Structure Codes 135 5.2.3 Three-Dimensional Molecular Descriptors 137 5.3 Infrared Spectra 137 5.3.1 Overview 137 5.3.2 Infrared Spectra Simulation 138 5.4 NMR Spectra 140 5.4.1 Quantum Chemistry Prediction of NMR Properties 142 5.4.2 NMR Spectra Prediction by Database Searching 142 5.4.3 NMR Spectra Prediction by Increment-Based Methods 143 5.4.4 NMR Spectra Prediction by Machine Learning Methods 144 5.5 Mass Spectra 150 5.5.1 Identification of Structures and Interpretation of MS 150 5.5.2 Prediction of MS 151 5.5.3 Metabolomics and Natural Products 151 5.6 Computer-Aided Structure Elucidation (CASE) 153 Selected Reading 157 Acknowledgement 157 References 158 6.1 Drug Discovery: An Overview 165Lothar Terfloth, Simon Spycher, and Johann Gasteiger 6.1.1 Introduction 165 6.1.2 Definitions of Some Terms Used in Drug Design 167 6.1.3 The Drug Discovery Process 167 6.1.4 Bio- and Chemoinformatics Tools for Drug Design 168 6.1.5 Structure-based and Ligand-Based Drug Design 168 6.1.6 Target Identification and Validation 169 6.1.7 Lead Finding 171 6.1.8 Lead Optimization 182 6.1.9 Preclinical and Clinical Trials 188 6.1.10 Outlook: Future Perspectives 189 Selected Reading 191 References 191 6.2 Bridging Information on Drugs, Targets, and Diseases 195Andreas Steffen and Bertram Weiss 6.2.1 Introduction 195 6.2.2 Existing Data Sources 196 6.2.3 Drug Discovery Use Cases in Computational Life Sciences 196 6.2.4 Discussion and Outlook 201 Selected Reading 202 References 202 6.3 Chemoinformatics in Natural Product Research 207Teresa Kaserer, Daniela Schuster, and Judith M. Rollinger 6.3.1 Introduction 207 6.3.2 Potential and Challenges 208 6.3.3 Access to Software and Data 211 6.3.4 In Silico Driven Pharmacognosy-Hyphenated Strategies 219 6.3.5 Opportunities 220 6.3.6 Miscellaneous Applications 228 6.3.7 Limits 228 6.3.8 Conclusion and Outlook 229 Selected Reading 231 References 231 6.4 Chemoinformatics of Chinese Herbal Medicines 237Jun Xu 6.4.1 Introduction 237 6.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes: The Western Approach 237 6.4.3 Type 2 Diabetes: The Chinese Herbal Medicines Approach 238 6.4.4 Building a Bridge 238 6.4.5 Screening Approach 240 Selected Reading 244 References 244 6.5 PubChem 245Wolf-D. Ihlenfeldt 6.5.1 Introduction 245 6.5.2 Objectives 246 6.5.3 Architecture 246 6.5.4 Data Sources 247 6.5.5 Submission Processing and Structure Representation 248 6.5.6 Data Augmentation 249 6.5.7 Preparation for Database Storage 249 6.5.8 Query Data Preparation and Structure Searching 250 6.5.9 Structure Query Input 253 6.5.10 Query Processing 254 6.5.11 Getting Started with PubChem 254 6.5.12 Web Services 255 6.5.13 Conclusion 255 References 256 6.6 Pharmacophore Perception and Applications 259Thomas Seidel, Gerhard Wolber, and Manuela S. Murgueitio 6.6.1 Introduction 259 6.6.2 Historical Development of the Modern Pharmacophore Concept 260 6.6.3 Representation of Pharmacophores 262 6.6.4 Pharmacophore Modeling 268 6.6.5 Application of Pharmacophores in Drug Design 272 6.6.6 Software for Computer-Aided Pharmacophore Modeling and Screening 278 6.6.7 Summary 278 Selected Reading 279 References 280 6.7 Prediction, Analysis, and Comparison of Active Sites 283Andrea Volkamer, Mathias M. von Behren, Stefan Bietz, and Matthias Rarey 6.7.1 Introduction 283 6.7.2 Active Site Prediction Algorithms 284 6.7.3 Target Prioritization: Druggability Prediction 292 6.7.4 Search for Sequentially Homologous Pockets 296 6.7.5 Target Comparison: Virtual Active Site Screening 298 6.7.6 Summary and Outlook 304 Selected Reading 306 References 306 6.8 Structure-Based Virtual Screening 313Adrian Kolodzik, Nadine Schneider, and Matthias Rarey 6.8.1 Introduction 313 6.8.2 Docking Algorithms 315 6.8.3 Scoring 317 6.8.4 Structure-Based Virtual Screening Workflow 321 6.8.5 Protein-Based Pharmacophoric Filters 323 6.8.6 Validation 323 6.8.7 Summary and Outlook 326 Selected Reading 328 References 328 6.9 Prediction of ADME Properties 333Aixia Yan 6.9.1 Introduction 333 6.9.2 General Consideration on SPR/QSPR Models 334 6.9.3 Estimation of Aqueous Solubility (log S) 336 6.9.4 Estimation of Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability (log BB) 342 6.9.5 Estimation of Human Intestinal Absorption (HIA) 346 6.9.6 Other ADME Properties 349 6.9.7 Summary 354 Selected Reading 355 References 355 6.10 Prediction of Xenobiotic Metabolism 359Anthony Long and Ernest Murray 6.10.1 Introduction: The Importance of Xenobiotic Biotransformation in the Life Sciences 359 6.10.2 Biotransformation Types 362 6.10.3 Brief Review of Methods 364 6.10.4 User Needs: Scientists Use Metabolism Information in Different Ways 370 6.10.5 Case Studies 372 Selected Reading 382 References 383 6.11 Chemoinformatics at the CADD Group of the National Cancer Institute 385Megan L. Peach and Marc C. Nicklaus 6.11.1 Introduction and History 385 6.11.2 Chemical Information Services 386 6.11.3 Tools and Software 388 6.11.4 Synthesis and Activity Predictions 391 6.11.5 Downloadable Datasets 391 References 392 6.12 Uncommon Data Sources for QSAR Modeling 395Alexander Tropsha 6.12.1 Introduction 395 6.12.2 Observational Metadata and QSAR Modeling 397 6.12.3 Pharmacovigilance and QSAR 398 6.12.4 Conclusions 401 Selected Reading 402 References 402 6.13 Future Perspectives of Computational Drug Design 405Gisbert Schneider 6.13.1 Where Do the Medicines of the Future Come from? 405 6.13.2 Integrating Design, Synthesis, and Testing 408 6.13.3 Toward Precision Medicine 409 6.13.4 Learning from Nature: From Complex Templates to Simple Designs 411 6.13.5 Conclusions 413 Selected Reading 414 References 414 7 Computational Approaches in Agricultural Research 417Klaus-Jürgen Schleifer 7.1 Introduction 417 7.2 Research Strategies 418 7.2.1 Ligand-Based Approaches 419 7.2.2 Structure-Based Approaches 422 7.3 Estimation of Adverse Effects 429 7.3.1 In Silico Toxicology 429 7.3.2 Programs and Databases 430 7.3.3 In Silico Toxicology Models 432 7.4 Conclusion 435 Selected Reading 436 References 436 8 Chemoinformatics in Modern Regulatory Science 439Chihae Yang, James F. Rathman, Aleksey Tarkhov, Oliver Sacher, Thomas Kleinoeder, Jie Liu, Thomas Magdziarz, Aleksandra Mostraq, Joerg Marusczyk, Darshan Mehta, Christof Schwab, and Bruno Bienfait 8.1 Introduction 439 8.1.1 Science and Technology Progress 439 8.1.2 Regulatory Science in Twenty-First Century 440 8.2 Data Gap Filling Methods in Risk Assessment 441 8.2.1 QSAR and Structural Knowledge 442 8.2.2 Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) 443 8.2.3 Read-Across (RA) 445 8.3 Database and Knowledge Base 448 8.3.1 Architecture of Structure-Searchable Toxicity Database 448 8.3.2 Data Model for Chemistry-Centered Toxicity Database 449 8.3.3 Inventories 452 8.4 New Approach Descriptors 453 8.4.1 ToxPrint Chemotypes 453 8.4.2 Liver BioPath Chemotypes 458 8.4.3 Dynamic Generation of Annotated Linear Paths 459 8.4.4 Other Examples of Descriptors 461 8.5 Chemical Space Analysis 462 8.5.1 Principal Component Analysis 462 8.6 Summary 464 Selected Reading 466 References 466 9 Chemometrics in Analytical Chemistry 471Anita Rácz, Dávid Bajusz, and Károly Héberger 9.1 Introduction 471 9.2 Sources of Data: Data Preprocessing 472 9.3 Data Analysis Methods 475 9.3.1 Qualitative Methods 475 9.3.2 Quantitative Methods 483 9.4 Validation 488 9.5 Applications 492 9.6 Outlook and Prospects 492 Selected Reading 496 References 496 10 Chemoinformatics in Food Science 501Andrea Peña-Castillo, Oscar Méndez-Lucio, John R. Owen, Karina Martínez-Mayorga, and José L. Medina-Franco 10.1 Introduction 501 10.2 Scope of Chemoinformatics in Food Chemistry 502 10.3 Molecular Databases of Food Chemicals 503 10.4 Chemical Space of Food Chemicals 506 10.4.1 General Considerations 506 10.4.2 Chemical Space Analysis of Food Chemical Databases 508 10.5 Structure–Property Relationships 510 10.5.1 Structure–Flavor Relationships and Flavor Cliffs 511 10.5.2 Quantitative Structure–Odor Relationships 512 10.6 Computational Screening and Data Mining of Food Chemicals Libraries 513 10.6.1 Anticonvulsant Effect of Sweeteners and Pharmaceutical and Food Preservatives 514 10.6.2 Mining Food Chemicals as Potential Epigenetic Modulators 516 10.7 Conclusion 521 Selected Reading 522 References 523 11 Computational Approaches to Cosmetics Products Discovery 527Soheila Anzali, Frank Pflücker, Lilia Heider, and Alfred Jonczyk 11.1 Introduction: Cosmetics Demands on Computational Approaches 527 11.2 Case I: The Multifunctional Role of Ectoine as a Natural Cell Protectant (Product: Ectoine, "Cell Protection Factor", and Moisturizer) 528 11.2.1 Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations 530 11.2.2 Results and Discussion: Ectoine Retains the Power of Water 531 11.3 Case II: A Smart Cyclopeptide Mimics the RGD Containing Cell Adhesion Proteins at the Right Site (Product: Cyclopeptide-5: Antiaging) 533 11.3.1 Methods 536 11.3.2 Results and Discussion 536 11.4 Conclusions: Cases I and II 542 References 545 12 Applications in Materials Science 547Tu C. Le, and David A. Winkler 12.1 Introduction 547 12.2 Why Materials Are Harder to Model than Molecules 548 12.3 Why Are Chemoinformatics Methods Important Now? 548 12.4 How Do You Describe Materials Mathematically? 549 12.5 How Well do Chemoinformatics Methods Work on Materials? 551 12.6 What Are the Pitfalls when Modeling Materials? 551 12.7 How Do You Make Good Models and Avoid the Pitfalls? 553 12.8 Materials Examples 554 12.8.1 Inorganic Materials and Nanomaterials 554 12.8.2 Polymers 557 12.8.3 Catalysts 558 12.8.4 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) 560 12.9 Biomaterials Examples 561 12.9.1 Bioactive Polymers 561 12.9.2 Microarrays 564 12.10 Perspectives 566 Selected Reading 567 References 567 13 Process Control and Soft Sensors 571Kimito Funatsu 13.1 Introduction 571 13.2 Roles of Soft Sensors 573 13.3 Problems with Soft Sensors 574 13.4 Adaptive Soft Sensors 576 13.5 Database Monitoring for Soft Sensors 578 13.6 Efficient Process Control Using Soft Sensors 581 13.7 Conclusions 582 Selected Readings 583 References 583 14 Future Directions 585Johann Gasteiger 14.1 Well-Established Fields of Application 585 14.2 Emerging Fields of Application 586 14.3 Renaissance of Some Fields 587 14.4 Combined Use of Chemoinformatics Methods 588 14.5 Impact on Chemical Research 589 Index 591

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Book SynopsisSuper Resolution Optical Imaging and Microscopy Extremely comprehensive resource containing cutting-edge and practical knowledge of super-resolution optical imaging This book covers both the basic principles and specific technical details of super-resolution microscopy techniques. It covers the criteria to choose different fluorophores for various SRM methods and critically assesses the nitty-gritty of associated problems that are often encountered in practical applications. A progressive guide to designing the next generation of advanced fluorophores to meet the goal of advanced SR imaging studies is also put forward. Written by two well-qualified authors, the book contains exclusive content to enhance readers’ understanding on innovation of newer SRM technologies. Sample topics covered in the book include: Optical techniques, fluorescent probe design, and algorithm development Recent highlight and breakthroughs in biology using SRM methods The overall success of SRM in biological inventions The future direction and scope of the field This book is an invaluable resource for chemists and researchers/scientists involved in designing newer fluorescent materials for SRM studies. It can also assist biologists engaged in advanced biological studies using SRM by guiding them through sample preparation, image processing, and precautions to be taken in practical imaging studies.Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Super-Resolution Microscopy (SRM): Brief Introduction 1 Zhigang Yang, Soham Samanta, and Yingchao Liu 1.1 Optical Microscopy 1 1.1.1 History and Background 1 1.2 Specialized Optical Microscopes 3 1.2.1 Inverted Microscopes 4 1.2.2 Confocal Microscopes 4 1.3 Optical Diffraction Limit 5 1.4 Super-Resolution Microscopy: Overcoming the Diffraction Limit 6 1.5 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy 7 1.6 Far-Field Super-Resolution Microscopy 8 1.7 Fluorescent Probes for Super-Resolution Microscopy 9 1.8 Image Analysis Algorithms 10 1.9 Applications 11 1.10 Outline of the Content of Succeeding Chapters 11 Acknowledgment 11 References 12 2 Point Spread Function Engineering SRM 15 Wei Yan, Luwei Wang, Yinru Zhu, Jialin Wang, and Ruijie Xiang 2.1 Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED) 15 2.1.1 Principles of STED 15 2.1.2 Three-Dimensional STED 16 2.1.3 Multi-Color and Multi-Photon STED 18 2.1.4 Strategies to Reduce STED Power 20 2.1.4.1 Time-Gated STED Technology 21 2.1.4.2 Offline Gated STED Technology 22 2.1.4.3 Phasor-Plot Analysis of STED-FLIM 23 2.1.4.4 STED Super-Resolution Imaging with Quantum Dots 24 2.1.4.5 Temporal and Spatial Modulation STED 26 2.1.4.6 STED Super-Resolution Imaging Based on Adaptive Optics 27 2.1.5 Live Cell Imaging 29 2.2 Ground State Depletion (GSD) Microscopy 32 2.2.1 Principles of GSD 32 2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of GSD 33 2.2.3 Applications of GSD 34 2.3 Reversible Saturable Optical Fluorescence Transition Microscopy 34 2.3.1 Improvement in the RESOLFT System 36 2.3.1.1 Parallelized RESOLFT Microscopy 36 2.3.1.2 Two-Photon RESOLFT 37 2.3.1.3 Dual-Channel RESOLFT Imaging 37 2.3.1.4 Three-Dimensional Imaging 37 2.3.2 Fluorescent Probe for RESOLFT Microscopy 38 2.3.2.1 Early-Stage: Fluorescent Protein 38 2.3.2.2 Improvement Based on Fluorescence Dynamics 39 2.3.2.3 Improvement in Other Properties 39 2.3.2.4 Organic Fluorophores 41 2.3.3 Advances in RESOLFT Application 42 2.3.3.1 Application in Life Science 42 2.3.3.2 Application in Writing and Manufacturing at the Nanoscale 43 2.4 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgment 44 References 45 3 Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy (SMLM) 51 Danying Lin, Yingying Jing, Pengfa Chen, Zekai Wu, Zhenquan Gong, Jiao Zhang, Arup Tarai, and Xuehua Wang 3.1 Main Idea of SMLM 51 3.2 Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy (STORM) 53 3.2.1 Implementation of STORM 53 3.2.1.1 Typical Optical Setup 53 3.2.1.2 Two Key Steps 54 3.2.1.3 Derivative Forms 56 3.2.2 Key Consideration in STORM 57 3.2.3 Multi-Color STORM 59 3.2.4 Three-Dimensional STORM 61 3.2.4.1 PSF Engineering 63 3.2.4.2 Multi-Focal Plane Imaging 67 3.2.4.3 Other Methods 68 3.2.5 Live Cell STORM Imaging 69 3.3 Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (PALM) 72 3.3.1 Basic Principle of PALM and Differences with STORM 72 3.3.2 Single-Particle Tracking PALM (sptPALM) 73 3.4 Point Accumulation for Imaging in Nanoscale Topography (paint) 75 3.4.1 Basic Principle, Advantages, and Disadvantages of PAINT 75 3.4.2 Modifications of PAINT 76 3.4.2.1 uPAINT 76 3.4.2.2 DNA-PAINT and Exchange-PAINT 76 3.5 Single-Molecule Localization Algorithms 78 3.5.1 Algebraic Algorithms 78 3.5.2 Single-Emitter Fitting Algorithms 79 3.5.3 Multi-Emitter Fitting Algorithms 80 3.5.4 CS Algorithms 82 3.5.5 Other Methods 83 3.6 Minflux 84 3.7 Conclusion 84 Acknowledgment 85 References 85 4 Fluorescence Fluctuation-Based Super-Resolution Imaging 93 Xuehua Wang and Bin Yu 4.1 Stochastic Optical Fluctuation Imaging (SOFI) 94 4.1.1 XC-SOFI 95 4.1.2 bSOFI 96 4.1.3 fSOFI 96 4.1.4 Speckle SOFI 97 4.2 Other Techniques 99 4.2.1 VISion 99 4.2.2 Bayesian Analysis of Blinking and Bleaching (3B) 99 4.2.3 Super-resolution Radial Fluctuations (SRRF) 100 4.2.4 Entropy-Based Super-Resolution Imaging (ESI) 101 4.2.5 Multiple Signal Classification Algorithm for Super-resolution Fluorescence Microscopy (MUSICAL) 102 4.3 Applications of Fluorescence Fluctuation-Based SRM Methods 102 4.4 Conclusion 103 Acknowledgment 104 References 104 5 Structured Illumination Microscopy 107 Bin Yu, Siwei Li, Faiz Wali, and Rong Xu 5.1 Introduction 107 5.2 Wide-field SIM 107 5.2.1 Basics of SIM 108 5.2.2 SR-SIM 110 5.2.2.1 Conventional Grating-Based SIM 111 5.2.2.2 Blind SIM 113 5.2.2.3 Grazing Incidence SIM (GI–SIM) 116 5.2.2.4 Hessian-SIM 117 5.2.3 Summary 118 5.3 Point-Scanning SIM 118 5.3.1 Principle of PS-SIM 119 5.3.2 PS-SIM Based on the Digital Method 121 5.3.3 PS-SIM Based on the Optical Method 123 5.3.4 Special PS-SIM 126 5.3.5 Summary 127 5.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 128 Acknowledgement 129 References 129 6 Deep Learning-Based SR Microscopy 135 Jia Li and Jianhui Liao 6.1 Introduction 135 6.2 Fundamentals of Deep Networks 135 6.2.1 Neural Networks 136 6.2.2 Activation Function and Layers 137 6.2.2.1 Sigmoid 138 6.2.2.2 Softmax 139 6.2.2.3 Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) 139 6.2.2.4 Leaky ReLU 140 6.2.3 Training and Data 141 6.2.3.1 Gradient Descent 141 6.2.3.2 Backpropagation 142 6.2.3.3 Data 143 6.2.4 Loss Functions 144 6.3 Deep Learning for SR Image Reconstruction 144 6.3.1 2D Reconstruction Methods 145 6.3.1.1 Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) 145 6.3.1.2 Convolutional Layer 146 6.3.1.3 Pooling Layer 147 6.3.1.4 Properties 147 6.3.1.5 SR Image Reconstruction with CNN 148 6.3.1.6 Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) 149 6.3.1.7 Game Theory 150 6.3.1.8 Architecture 150 6.3.1.9 Training 150 6.3.1.10 SR Image Reconstruction with GAN 151 6.3.2 3D Reconstruction Methods 153 6.4 Challenges of Deep Learning-Based Methods 153 6.4.1 Data Limitations 154 6.4.2 Training Obstacles 154 6.4.3 Result Reliability 155 6.5 Conclusion 156 References 158 7 Fluorescent Materials for Super-Resolution Imaging 163 Zhigang Yang and Soham Samanta 7.1 Fluorescent Probes for Super-Resolution Imaging 163 7.2 Fluorescent Proteins 164 7.2.1 FPs for STED and RESOLFT Nanoscopy 164 7.2.2 FPs for SMLM-Based SRM 169 7.2.3 FPs for SIM and Other New SRM Techniques 176 7.3 Small-Molecule Fluorescent Probes 176 7.3.1 Organic Fluorescent Probes for STED 176 7.3.1.1 Rhodamine-Based Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 177 7.3.1.2 Diverse Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 179 7.3.1.3 Phosphole-Based Fluorescent Probes for STED Imaging 183 7.3.2 Organic Fluorescent Probes for SMLM 185 7.3.2.1 Xanthene/Rhodamine Dyes 185 7.3.2.2 Cyanine Dyes 191 7.3.2.3 BODIPY and Oxazine/Spiropyran Dyes 194 7.3.2.4 Other Dyes (2-dithienylethenes and Cicyanodihydrofurans) 198 7.3.3 Organic Fluorescent Probes for SIM 199 7.4 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SRM 202 7.4.1 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for STED 202 7.4.2 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SMLM 203 7.4.3 Fluorescent Metal Complexes for SIM 204 7.5 Fluorescent Nanomaterials (Nanoparticles/Quantum Dots/Carbon Nanotubes/Carbon Dots (CDs)/Polymers Dots) for SRM 204 7.5.1 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for STED 205 7.5.2 Organic Nanoparticles 205 7.5.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 211 7.5.4 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for SMLM 213 7.5.5 Fluorescent Nanomaterials for SIM 216 Acknowledgment 218 References 219 8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 229 Zhigang Yang, Soham Samanta, and Junle Qu Index 235

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Book SynopsisBiomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment Comprehensive resource covering fundamentals at the micro and nano scales, technical advances in micro- and nanorobots, and their biomedical applications Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications provides foundational knowledge on the subject in the fields of biomaterials, nanotechnology, and biomedicine, discusses the applications of micro- and nanorobots in the cardiovascular, cancer, ophthalmic, orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and nervous system disease treatment, and addresses their biosafety, autonomous motion behavior, and future development trends. The two highly qualified authors comprehensively and systematically introduces the concept source, definition, classification, autonomous movement behavior, and functionality of the technology, providing readers with new ideas, technologies, and methods for modern biomedical research, while also expanding new disease diagnosis, treatment principles, and possible application modes to paint a complete picture of the potential of the technology. Sample topics covered in Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications include: Substrate selection between metal, inorganic, organic, natural, and hybrid materials, as well as driving systems based on biological components, external fields, and chemical reactions In vivo tracking technologies, including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), radionuclide and ultrasonic imaging, and other imaging methods Biosafety of micro- and nanorobot substrate through material composition, micro- and nanoscale influence, ultimate destiny, and genotoxicity Trending behavior mechanisms in magnetotactic, phototactic, and chemotaxis systems, and motion control through speed and direction control modes Study on therapeutic mechanism and application for various physiological diseases Summarizing research progress in the preparation, biosafety, functionality, and therapeutic effects of the technology, Biomedical Micro- and Nanorobots in Disease Treatment: Design, Preparation, and Applications is an important and timely resource for biochemists, materials scientists, medicinal chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, bioengineers, biotechnologists, and the greater biotechnological industry.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Concept, definition and classification of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 3. Design, preparation and characterization of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 4. Biosafety of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 5. Autonomous motion behavior of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 6. Function of biomedical micro/nanorobots Chapter 7. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for cardiovascular disease treatment Chapter 8. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for cancer treatment Chapter 9. Biomedical micro/nanorobots for other diseases treatment Chapter 10. Future development trend of biomedical micro/nanorobots

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Book SynopsisThis anthology of essays presents a sample of studies from recent philosophy of medicine addressing issues which attempt to answer very general (interdependent) questions: (a) what is a disease and what is health? (b) How do we (causally) explain diseases? (c) And how do we distinguish diseases, i.e. define classes of diseases and recognize that an instance X of disease belongs to a given class B? (d) How do we assess and choose cure/ therapy?The book is divided into three sections: classification, disease and evidence. In general, attention is focused on statistics in medicine and epidemiology, issues in psychiatry and connecting medicine with evolutionary biology and genetics. Many authors position the theories that they address within their historical contexts.The nature of health and disease will be addressed in several essays that also touch upon very general questions about the definition of medicine and its status. Several chapters scrutinize classification because of its centrality within philosophical problems raised by medicine and its core position in the philosophical questioning of psychiatry. Specificities of medical explanation have recently come under a new light, particularly because of the rise of statistical methods and several chapters investigate these methods in specific contexts such as epidemiology or meta-analysis of random testing. Taken together this collection addresses the question of how we gather, use and assess evidence for various medical theories.The rich assortment of disciplines featured also includes epidemiology, parasitology and public health, while technical aspects such as the application of game theory to medical research and the misuse of the DSM in forensic psychiatry are also given an airing. The book addresses more than the construction of medical knowledge, however, adding cogent appraisal of the processes of decision making in medicine and the protocols used to justify therapeutic choices.Trade Review“This volume is a collection of philosophy of medicine chapters that deal, in one way or another, with the three linked themes of the title. … The chapters are well-researched and well-written and provide the reader with a useful snapshot of contemporary philosophy of medicine. … this book is a valuable addition to the research literature. ” (Brendan Clarke, Metascience, Vol. 25, 2016)Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Evolutionary Models of Virulence: Concepts, History and Current Applications; Alizon, Sam and Méthot, Pierre Olivier.-Objectivity, Scientificity, and the Dualist Epistemology of Medicine; Cunningham; Thomas.- The Function Debate and the Concept of Mental Disorder; Steeves, Demazeux.- Defining genetic disease; Dekeuwer; Catherine.- Causal and probabilistic inferences in diagnostic reasoning: casting a historical light onto the current debates; Coste, Joël.- Risk factor and causality in epidemiology; Giroux, Elodie.- The naturalization of the concept of disease; Lemoine, Mael.- The Epistemology of Mental Illness; Dominic Murphy.- Power, Knowledge and Laughter: Forensic Psychiatry and the misuse of the DSM; Singy, Patrick.- Quality Assessment Tools for Evidence in Medicine; Stegenga, Jacob.

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Book SynopsisThis imaging textbook covers in detail the beginning of neuromolecular imaging from in vivo electrochemistry. It discusses how neuromolecular imaging solved the persistent problem of electrocatalysis with empirical recording with the new imaging nanotechnology and circuits designed by the author. The BRODERICK PROBE nanobiosensor is smaller than one strand of human hair, does not scar, and does not produce bacterial growth. These properties of the nanobiosensor have been validated by pathologists and immunologists from New York University clinical and preclinical departments. The book details this specialized sensor's success in clinical and research settings, the biomedical engineering involved in its manufacture, and original, tried, and trusted protocols for use by scientists and practitioners in multiple fields of brain application and sensor design.

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Book SynopsisLeah Elson draws upon her wildly popular web series, 60 Seconds of Science, for an irreverent debut that answers all sorts of scientific questions-from the age-old to the ridiculous to the sublime-posed by her fans around the world.There Are (No) Stupid Questions ... in Science was born from Leah's popular web series, 60 Seconds of Science, wherein her avid followers, from all around the world, suggest topics to be explained within sixty seconds.In the vein of Astrophysics for People in a Hurry by Neil DeGrasse Tyson and The Complete Manual of Things That Might Kill You: A Guide to Self-Diagnosis for Hypochondriacs by Jen Bilik, There Are (No) Stupid Questions ... in Science provides easy-to-understand and delightfully cheeky explanations for scientific and medical quandaries, and is appropriate for everyone from those with no prior scientific knowledge to colleagues in the scientific field.

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Book SynopsisMen, towards the end of the last millennium, felt a sudden tightening of the bowels with the news that the services of their sex had at last been dispensed with. Dolly the Sheep - conceived without male assistance - had arrived. Her birth reminded at least half the population of how precarious man''s position may be. What is the point of being a man? For a brief and essential instant he is a donor of DNA; but outside that glorious moment his role is hard to understand.This book is about science not society; about maleness not manhood. The condition is, in the end, a matter of biology, whatever limits that science may have in explaining the human condition. Today''s advances in medicine and in genetics mean at last we understand why men exist and why they are so frequent. We understand from hormones to hydraulics how man''s machinery works, why he dies so young and how his brain differs from that of the rest of mankind.Trade ReviewThis is science communication at its best: up-to-date, authoritative, witty and packed with human interest. Not just a book for blokes: required reading, too, for every woman who wants to know her enemy * New Scientist *A sure-fire hit * Independent *Steve Jones's ideas drive me almost mad with wonder * Bob Geldof *Stacked full of wonderful anecdotes and vignettes * THES *

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Book SynopsisBringing Biology to Life is a guided tour of the philosophy of biology, canvassing three broad areas: the early history of biology, from Aristotle to Darwin; traditional debates regarding species, function, and units of selection; and recent efforts to better understand the human condition in light of evolutionary biology. Topics are addressed using no more technical jargon than necessary, and without presupposing any advanced knowledge of biology or the philosophy of science on the part of the reader. Discussion questions are also provided to encourage reader reflection.Trade Review“Mahesh Ananth’s Bringing Biology to Life does exactly what it promises, which is to bring to life core topics in philosophy of biology. This book will be eminently attractive not only to the relative beginner but also to the most erudite reader. Covered with remarkable breadth, depth, and élan are the following topics: the history of biological thought (notably Aristotle and Darwin), the units of selection problem, the nature of biological function, the problem of what a biological species is, and the implications of evolution for morality and ethics, psychology, and religion (especially so-called Intelligent Design). Those hoping to find a lively read will not be disappointed.” — David N. Stamos, York UniversityTable of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: Aristotle’s Philosophy of Biology Chapter 2: Darwin’s Darwinism Chapter 3: The Unit of Selection Chapter 4: Biological Function Chapter 5: The Species Debate Chapter 6: Evolution and Ethics Chapter 7: Evolutionary Psychology Chapter 8: Evolution and Religion

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Book SynopsisAn argument that we have a moral duty to explore other planets and solar systems--because human life on Earth has an expiration date.Inevitably, life on Earth will come to an end, whether by climate disaster, cataclysmic war, or the death of the sun in a few billion years. To avoid extinction, we will have to find a new home planet, perhaps even a new solar system, to inhabit. In this provocative and fascinating book, Christopher Mason argues that we have a moral duty to do just that. As the only species aware that life on Earth has an expiration date, we have a responsibility to act as the shepherd of life-forms--not only for our species but for all species on which we depend and for those still to come (by accidental or designed evolution). Mason argues that the same capacity for ingenuity that has enabled us to build rockets and land on other planets can be applied to redesigning biology so that we can sustainably inhabit those planets. And he lays out a 500-year plan

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Book SynopsisHow sound leaves a fundamental imprint on who we are.Making sense of sound is one of the hardest jobs we ask our brains to do. In Of Sound Mind, Nina Kraus examines the partnership of sound and brain, showing for the first time that the processing of sound drives many of the brain's core functions. Our hearing is always on--we can't close our ears the way we close our eyes--and yet we can ignore sounds that are unimportant. We don't just hear; we engage with sounds. Kraus explores what goes on in our brains when we hear a word--or a chord, or a meow, or a screech.Our hearing brain, Kraus tells us, is vast. It interacts with what we know, with our emotions, with how we think, with our movements, and with our other senses. Auditory neurons make calculations at one-thousandth of a second; hearing is the speediest of our senses. Sound plays an unrecognized role in both healthy and hurting brains. Kraus explores the power of music for healing as well as the des

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Book SynopsisJeff Love reinterprets Alexandre Kojève’s works, showing him to be a provocative thinker who challenged modernity's valuation of self-interest. Joining intellectual history, close textual analysis, and philosophy, The Black Circle reveals Kojève’s thought as a profound critique of capitalist individualism and a timely meditation on human freedom.Trade ReviewThe Black Circle is an extraordinary study in which hardcore philosophical issues are approached at a cosmic level but lyrically, almost as part of an intimate conversation. Alexandre Kojève was so thoroughly at home in German and French culture that his origins in yet a third culture have been neglected. In this book, Jeff Love restores Russian contexts to Kojève’s thought on Hegel and the ‘end of history.’ -- Caryl Emerson, Princeton UniversityKojève is best known as arguably the best twentieth-century commentator on Hegel. But Love’s incisive book shows that he is much more. This is by far the best, most comprehensive overview of Kojève’s thinking in any language and the only one to draw in detail on Kojève’s Russian background. Clearly, elegantly written and argued, it is indispensable reading for anyone interested in the complexity and range of twentieth-century thought. -- William Todd Mills, Harry Tuchman Levin Professor of Literature, Harvard UniversityKnown only in Anglophone letters for a drastically truncated translation of his idiosyncratic and influential Parisian “Lectures on Hegel,” Alexandre Kojève bequeathed to posterity a multitude of tantalizing manuscripts and has finally received the intellectual contextualization and philosophical interpretation he deserves. In his magisterial study Jeff Love uncovers the profound presence of nineteenth-century Russian thought within Kojève’s literary style and his philosophy of negation, finality, perfection, repetition, political community, and radical freedom, such that Kojève emerges from Dostoevsky's underground as a distinctly Russian Hegelian existentialist thinker worthy of serious consideration today. -- Henry W. Pickford, Duke UniversityIn this excellent intellectual biography, Jeff Love explicates the thought and speculates on the intentions of expatriate Russian Hegelian philosopher Alexandre Kojève. Love’s readings of neglected Russian influences on Kojève (Dostoevsky and philosophers Vladimir Soloviev and Nikolai Fedorov) and of Kojève himself are satisfyingly complex, clear, and accessible. His Kojève is deep, controversial, and a 'philosophical propagandist' still relevant today. -- Donna Orwin, University of TorontoA sophisticated contribution to the study of one of the most enigmatic modern thinkers, this book is simultaneously scholarly and bold. It not only retraces Kojève’s roots in more than a century of Russian literature and thought but also–attuned to the paradoxes and ironies embedded in his kaleidoscopic corpus–orchestrates a spirited exchange among canonical figures of the 'Western tradition,' from Plato and Aristotle to Beckett and Leo Strauss. -- Ilya Kliger, New York UniversityLove’s thoughtful account and probing interrogation of Kojève’s texts shed light on both the powerful arguments and interpretations that Kojève presents and the bewildering paradoxes and problems that the outcomes of these arguments leave us with. -- James H. Nichols * H-Net *This lucid book goes far in clarifying the origins of and the problems with Kojeve's 'end of history' thesis. * Choice *Meticulously researched and boasting an extensive bibliography in multiple languages . . . of interest to philosophers [and] intellectual historians. * Slavic Review *Kojève’s thought is complex, puzzling, and intense—and so is this book about writings and ideas he puts forward. It is no easy reading, but the reader who takes the challenge will be rewarded with a (not the) profound grasp of the philosophical thought of this important Russian-European thinker. * Studies in East European Thought *Table of ContentsContentsAcknowledgments ixList of Abbreviations xiIntroduction: A Russian in Paris 1I. Russian Contexts1. Madmen 172. The Possessed 443. Godmen 70II. The Hegel Lectures4. The Last Revolution 1035. Time No More 1326. The Book of the Dead 161III. The Later Writings7. Nobodies 1938. Roads Or Ruins? 2139. Why Finality? 257Epilogue: The Grand Inquisitor 279Notes 291Bibliography 335Index 347

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Book SynopsisThey change color depending on their mood. They possess uniquely adapted hands and feet distinct from other tetrapods. They feature independently movable eyes. This comprehensive volume delves into these fascinating details and thorough research about one of the most charismatic families of reptiles--Chameleonidae. Written for professional herpetologists, scholars, researchers, and students, this book takes readers on a voyage across time to discover everything that is known about chameleon biology: anatomy, physiology, adaptations, ecology, behavior, biogeography, phylogeny, classification, and conservation. A description of the natural history of chameleons is given, along with the fossil record and typical characteristics of each genus. The state of chameleons in the modern world is also depicted, complete with new information on the most serious threats to these remarkable reptiles.Trade Review"Taken overall, this book is an excellent and timely addition to the natural history literature for both professional biologists and other chameleon aficionados." -- Robin Andrews The Quarterly Review of Biology 90, no. 1Table of ContentsContributors Foreword 1 Biology of the Chameleons: An Introduction Krystal A. Tolley and Anthony Herrel 2 Chameleon Anatomy Christopher V. Anderson and Timothy E. Higham 2.1 Musculoskeletal Morphology 2.2 External Morphology and Integument 2.3 Sensory Structures 2.4 Visceral Systems 3 Chameleon Physiology Anthony Herrel 3.1 Neurophysiology 3.2 Muscle Physiology 3.3 Metabolism, Salt, and Water Balance 3.4 Temperature 3.5 Skin Pigmentation, Color Change, and the Role of Ultraviolet Light 3.6 Developmental Physiology 4 Function and Adaptation of Chameleons Timothy E. Higham and Christopher V. Anderson 4.1 Locomotion 4.2 Feeding 5 Ecology and Life History of Chameleons G. John Measey, Achille Raselimanana, and Anthony Herrel 5.1 Habitat 5.2 Life-History Traits 5.3 Foraging and Diet 5.4 Predators 6 Chameleon Behavior and Color Change Devi Stuart-Fox 6.1 Sensory Systems and Modes of Communication 6.2 Color Changes 6.3 Social and Reproductive Behavior 6.4 Sexual Dimorphism: Body Size and Ornamentation 6.5 Antipredator Behavior 7 Evolution and Biogeography of Chameleons Krystal A. Tolley and Michele Menegon 7.1 Evolutionary Relationships 7.2 Diversity and Distribution 7.3 Regional Diversity 7.4 Patterns of Alpha Diversity 7.5 Patterns of Beta Diversity 8 Overview of the Systematics of the Chamaeleonidae Colin R. Tilbury 8.1 Evolution of Methodology in Chameleon Taxonomy 8.2 Current Status of Taxonomy of the Chamaeleonidae 8.3 Subfamilial Groupings within Chamaeleonidae 8.4 Overview of Extant Genera 9 Fossil History of Chameleons Arnau Bolet and Susan E. Evans 9.1 Phylogenetic Relationships of Iguania and Acrodonta 9.2 Fossil Record of Acrodonta 9.3 Origins of Acrodonta 9.4 Origins of Chamaeleonidae 10 Chameleon Conservation Richard Jenkins, G. John Measey, Christopher V. Anderson, and Krystal A. Tolley 10.1 Conservation Status of Chameleons 10.2 Trade in Chameleons 10.3 Chameleons and Global Change 10.4 The Way Forward Appendix Abbreviations References Photo Credits Index

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Book SynopsisA single species of fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been the subject of scientific research for more than one hundred years. Stephanie Elizabeth Mohr explains why this tiny insect merits such intense scrutiny, and how laboratory findings made first in flies have expanded our understanding of human health and disease.Trade ReviewA popular appreciation of fruit flies has seemed long overdue to me. No single animal has contributed as much to the field of genetics as the ordinary and ubiquitous Drosophila melanogaster…To read First in Fly is to appreciate the full scope of fruit-fly research and to understand the intimate connections in the DNA of every human cell and Drosophila cell. -- Sarah Zhang * The Atlantic *Mohr reveals a raft of breakthroughs discovered ‘first in fly,’ such as the molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythm. Serious science, elegantly described. -- Barbara Kiser * Nature *Mohr’s First in Fly: Drosophila Research and Biological Discovery takes you into the labs to examine one small organism that makes so much biomedical and genetic research possible…Its deep dive into the incredible and outsized role these tiny flies play in scientific research will not disappoint. -- Mary Beth Griggs * Popular Science *Introduces a variety of fundamental biological concepts discovered over the last century, thanks to fruit flies…This fascinating book will especially appeal to students of the life sciences and the history of science, and to all curious people. * Forbes *The book is an inspiring read that improves from chapter to chapter. It is loaded with relevant, thought-provoking and well-researched information, clearly illustrating the important role of past and present fly research and providing a vision for the future. For its original approach, it deserves a place on the bookshelves not only of fly researchers but of all who care about responsible biomedical research. -- Andreas Prokop * Times Higher Education *Stephanie Mohr brilliantly illuminates the discovery and relevance of the fruit fly. She transforms vague public awareness of Drosophila into a breathtaking landscape of research, building a case for pure science as the source of most scientific surprises, revolutions, and ultimately, practical applications. Really, everything has been touched by flies; from the international laws impacted by mustard gas and radiation mutations to the testing of new drugs to the appreciation of how single egg cells turn into wonderfully complex bodies. This book illustrates why we should all be very grateful to these flies and the ‘fly people’ who study them. -- George Church, Harvard UniversityFirst in Fly provides a superb foundation on which to explore new avenues in biology. Mohr presents a riveting account of discoveries made possible by research on the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, over the past 110 years. No model organism has contributed more to our understanding of genetics and developmental biology. This book is highly recommended for scientists both young and established, and for all who wish to learn more about the origins of many commonly accepted facts in biology. -- Hugo Bellen, Baylor College of MedicineFrom the nature of genes to the secrets of behavior to cancer therapy, Mohr captures how fundamental research on the unassuming and ubiquitous fruit fly has driven revolutions in biology and medicine. The material is rich; the subject is timely; and the premise is powerful. An important read. -- David Bilder, University of California, BerkeleyFirst in Fly is a reader-friendly yet scholarly account of fruit fly biology and genetics. As Mohr clearly presents, the fly provides the best system for understanding the basic mechanisms of development and disease, and how those mechanisms apply to all other animals, including humans. -- Peter Lawrence, University of CambridgeFirst in Fly distills a century of biology research on Drosophila into a set of exciting, mind-bending stories. Mohr captures the thrill of scientific discovery and the creative spirit of this research community, while clearly explaining the scientific findings and relating them to human biology and health. Her book tells a vital story about the remarkable extent of evolutionary conservation, and is both important in scope and a pleasure to read. -- Andrea Page-McCaw, Vanderbilt UniversityAn accessible resource for experts and non-experts alike, First in Fly beautifully articulates how the fruit fly has made enormous contributions to our understanding of genetics and biology. Stephanie Mohr demystifies the fruit fly through humor and facts, while also shedding light on how the study of one small and unquestionably valuable insect has contributed to the understanding of cognitive and biological processes. -- Giovanni Bosco, Dartmouth CollegeA passionate, information-packed ode to Drosophila melanogaster and the ‘fly people’ who study it…We learn how discoveries first made in Drosophila contributed to breakthroughs in developmental genetics and signal transduction, and even help to advance space travel and cancer research today…Perhaps most importantly, this book talks openly and honestly about the processes of scientific research and discovery. -- Alice Laciny * History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences *

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Book SynopsisIn The Medea Hypothesis, renowned paleontologist Peter Ward proposes a revolutionary and provocative vision of life's relationship with the Earth's biosphere--one that has frightening implications for our future, yet also offers hope. Using the latest discoveries from the geological record, he argues that life might be its own worst enemy. This staTrade ReviewOne of the 2009 New York Times Magazine's 9th Annual Featured Books in Ideas "Ward holds the Gaia Hypothesis, and the thinking behind it, responsible for encouraging a set of fairy-tale assumptions about the earth, and he'd like his new book, due out this spring, to help puncture them. He hopes not only to shake the philosophical underpinnings of environmentalism, but to reshape our understanding of our relationship with nature, and of life's ultimate sustainability on this planet and beyond."--Drake Bennett, Boston Globe "Author and Earth Sciences professor Ward has authored numerous books for non-specialists; this latest is a critical response to James Lovelock's Gaia concept, which argues that homeostatic physical and chemical interactions work to maintain Earth's habitability. Ward argue, passionately, that the opposite is true--that living organisms decrease Earth's habitability, hastening its end by perhaps a billion years."--PublishersWeekly.com "When avid science readers browse the shelves for new titles, the books that grab their attention are best described by a single adjective: thought-provoking. And no scientist/author is more provocative in his approach and innovative in his thinking than University of Washington astrobiologist Peter Ward ... [R]eaders looking for solace will not find it in Ward's latest effort, The Medea Hypothesis. This time Ward goes after motherhood itself--or at least the central idea of the Gaia ('good mother') hypothesis that has evolved to describe the relationship between life and the planet as a whole."--Fred Bortz, Seattle Times "Reading the book will widen your field of vision about life on earth, which is still there after about 4 billion years."--Dr. Hein van Bohemen, Ecological Engineering "The point of The Medea Hypothesis is that life, rather than helping to regulate the Earth 'System' by negative feedbacks, does all it can to consume the resources available--sowing the seeds of its own extinction."--Dr. Henry Gee, BBC Focus Magazine "[Ward] makes his points succinctly and supports them well."--Rebecca Wigood, Vancouver Sun "[The Medea Hypothesis] is an interesting intellectual exercise on the history of life."--Choice "Ward ... adopts the tone of a planetary mortician gruesomely interested in his subject's decease. Ward is an expert on mass extinctions, and the subject seems to have infected his general outlook. He does not come across a happy camper."--Roger Gathman, Austin American-Statesman "The Medea Hypothesis is a valuable and well-needed challenge to the hegemony of Gaian thought, and this is a very clearly presented and thought provoking book... Ward's book is a crucial step in opening this debate and I would certainly recommend reading it, but with a critical eye open for chinks in the argument."--Lewis Dartnell, Astrobiology Society of BritainTable of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1: Darwinian Life 1 Chapter 2: What Is Evolutionary "Success"? 14 Chapter 3: Two Hypotheses about the Nature of Life on Earth 24 Chapter 4: Medean Feedbacks and Global Processes 55 Chapter 5: Medean Events in the History of Life 72 Chapter 6: Humans as Medeans 91 Chapter 7: Biomass through Time as a Test 98 Chapter 8: Predicted Future Trends of Biomass 114 Chapter 9: Summation 126 Chapter 10: Environmental Implications and Courses of Action 128 Chapter 11: What Must Be Done 141 References 157 Index 173

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