Biology, life sciences Books

Book SynopsisThe genetic dissection of human primary immunodeficiency is expanding at full speed, in at least two directions. Some investigators pursue the dissection of well-known clinical phenotypes, for which the count of genetic etiologies seems to be endless, whereas others begin the search for inborn errors underlying new phenotypes, infectious and otherwise. The field of primary immunodeficiency is also expanding in other ways, with new therapeutic approaches, and with the care of patients in regions of the world where these diseases were unheard of less than a decade ago. The volume provides an overview of the field of medical genetics and its progress in 2011. This volume focuses on new developments in “primary immunodeficiencies" (PIDs), insights into PID pathophysiology, and PIDs in India and the Middle East.Volume I opens with a dialog between the volume editors on the definition of PIDs; additional papers in this volume focus on PIDs in Latin America, Eastern and Central Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Asia, Iran, and the South Pacific. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisThis volume stems from the eighth international symposium and workshop entitled "Hematopoietic Stem Cells VIII" held hosted by the University of Tuebingen, Germany in the fall of 2011. The meeting was designed to bring ~30 leading scientists together to discuss the state-of-the-art in the field of hematopoietic stem cells. Topics reviewed in this volume include: differential requirements for Wnt and Notch signaling in hematopoietic versus thymic niches; hematopoietic stem cell expansion; TIM-3 as a therapeutic target for malignant stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia; regulatory factors for hematopoietic stem cells; reprogramming factors; immune reconstitution and strategies for rebuilding of the immune system after haploidentical stem cell transplantation; zebrafish xenografts as a tool for in vivo studies on human cancer; enhancing engraftment of cord blood cells; current insights into neutrophil homeostasis; and molecular live cell bioimaging in stem cell research, among others. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member. Table of ContentsPreface for Hematopoietic Stem Cells VIII vii Claudia Lengerke, Willem E. Fibbe, John E. Dick, and Lothar Kanz Basic aspects of stem cell biology Epigenetic differences between sister chromatids? 1 Peter M. Lansdorp, Ester Falconer, Jiang Tao, Julie Brind’Amour, and Ulrike Naumann Reprogramming cell fates: insights from combinatorial approaches 7 Carlos-Filipe Pereira, Ihor R. Lemischka, and Kateri Moore Molecular live cell bioimaging in stem cell research 18 Max Endele and Timm Schroeder The role of telomere shortening in somatic stem cells and tissue aging: lessons from telomerase model systems 28 Stefan Tümpel and K. Lenhard Rudolph Hematopoietic stem cell development and molecular regulation In vivo divisional tracking of hematopoietic stem cells 40 Hitoshi Takizawa and Markus G. Manz Caudal genes in blood development and leukemia 47 Claudia Lengerke and George Q. Daley Hematopoietic stem cells are regulated by Cripto, as an intermediary of HIF-1α in the hypoxic bone marrow niche 55 Kenichi Miharada, Göran Karlsson, Matilda Rehn, Emma Rörby, Kavitha Siva, Jörg Cammenga, and Stefan Karlsson G protein-coupled receptor crosstalk and signaling in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells 63 Robert Möhle and Adriana C. Drost Molecular and functional characterization of early human hematopoiesis 68 Elisa Laurenti and John E. Dick Role of N-cadherin in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow niche 72 Fumio Arai, Kentaro Hosokawa, Hirofumi Toyama, Yoshiko Matsumoto, and Toshio Suda Differential requirements for Wnt and Notch signaling in hematopoietic versus thymic niches 78 Paul P.C. Roozen, Martijn H. Brugman, and Frank J.T. Staal Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human bone marrow- and amnion-derived MSC subsets 94 Kavitha Sivasubramaniyan, Daniela Lehnen, Roshanak Ghazanfari, Malgorzata Sobiesiak, Abhishek Harichandan, Elisabeth Mortha, Neli Petkova, Sabrina Grimm, Flavianna Cerabona, Peter de Zwart, Harald Abele, Wilhelm K. Aicher, Christoph Faul, Lothar Kanz, and Hans-Jörg Bühring Safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in autoimmune disorders 107 Maria Ester Bernardo and Willem E. Fibbe Stem cells and cancer TIM-3 as a therapeutic target for malignant stem cells in acute myelogenous leukemia 118 Yoshikane Kikushige and Koichi Akashi Zebrafish xenografts as a tool for in vivo studies on human cancer 124 Martina Konantz, Tugce B. Balci, Udo F. Hartwig, Graham Dellaire, Maya C. André, Jason N. Berman, and Claudia Lengerke Translational research Hematopoietic stem cell expansion: challenges and opportunities 138 Marta A. Walasek, Ronald van Os, and Gerald de Haan Enhancing engraftment of cord blood cells via insight into the biology of stem/progenitor cell function 151 Hal E. Broxmeyer Immune reconstitution and strategies for rebuilding the immune system after haploidentical stem cell transplantation 161 Lena Oevermann, Peter Lang, Tobias Feuchtinger, Michael Schumm, Heiko-Manuel Teltschik, Patrick Schlegel, and Rupert Handgretinger Current insights into neutrophil homeostasis 171 Stefanie Bugl, Stefan Wirths, Martin R. Müller, Markus P. Radsak, and Hans-Georg Kopp Prospects and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cells as a source of hematopoietic stem cells 179 Dirk W. van Bekkum and Harald M.M. Mikkers

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Book SynopsisThis volume comprises contributions from faculty and postdoctoral finalists of the 2012 New York Academy of Science Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists. The Awards recognize highly innovative, multidisciplinary accomplishments in the life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics, and engineering. Included in this volume are manuscripts of the individual finalists’ areas of research, which provide a glimpse of some of today’s most compelling scholarly work. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For more information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit: http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.111/(ISSN)1749-6632 ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information on becoming a member.

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Book SynopsisEvolutionary Dynamics and Information Hierarchies in Biological Systems: Aspen Center for Physics Workshop. Organisms use a variety of mechanisms to store, interpret, and use information that is organized in a large and complex hierarchy from DNA sequences, to chromatin regulation, to intra/extracellular signaling, to tissue/organ organization, to the interactions between organisms and species. This Annals volume presents individual papers and a summarizing meeting report stemming from a workshop at the Aspen Center for Physics in Aspen, Colorado, organized to discuss these issues. The three themed weeks of the workshop focused on the organization of DNA into chromatin, epigenetic adaptation and host/pathogen interaction, and macroevolution. Although these areas represent a wide breadth of biological phenomena, several unifying themes emerged through workshop discussions. In particular, the differences between the simplicity of our theoretical models and the complex interactions characteristic of real physical systems were repeatedly highlighted. Workshop discussions therefore pointed to key areas where theory and observations should aim to converge as we refine our understanding of evolution.

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Book SynopsisThis Annals volume presents four scholarly meeting reports: (1) Application of combined omics platforms to accelerate biomedical discovery in diabesity; (2) Prioritizing health disparities in medical education to improve care; (3) The paradox of overnutrition in aging and cognition; and vitamin D: beyond bone. Diabesity has become a popular term to describe the specific form of diabetes that develops late in life and is associated with obesity. While there is a correlation between diabetes and obesity, the association is not universally predictive. Defining the metabolic characteristics of obesity that lead to diabetes, and how obese individuals who develop diabetes different from those who do not, are important goals. The use of large-scale omics analyses (e.g., metabolomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and lipidomic) of diabetes and obesity may help to identify new targets to treat these conditions. This report discusses how various types of omics data can be integrated to shed light on the changes in metabolism that occur in obesity and diabetes. Despite yearly advances in life-saving and preventive medicine, as well as strategic approaches by governmental and social agencies and groups, significant disparities remain in health, health quality, and access to health care within the United States. The determinants of these disparities include baseline health status, race and ethnicity, culture, gender identity and expression, socioeconomic status, region or geography, sexual orientation, and age. In order to renew the commitment of the medical community to address health disparities, particularly at the medical school level, we must remind ourselves of the roles of doctors and medical schools as the gatekeepers and the value setters for medicine. Within those roles are responsibilities toward the social mission of working to eliminate health disparities. This effort will require partnerships with communities as well as with academic centers to actively develop and to implement diversity and inclusion strategies. Besides improving the diversity of trainees in the pipeline, access to health care can be improved, and awareness can be raised regarding population-based health inequalities. Populations of many countries are becoming increasingly overweight and obese, driven largely by excessive calorie intake and reduced physical activity; greater body mass is accompanied by epidemic levels of comorbid metabolic diseases. At the same time, individuals are living longer. The combination of aging and the increased prevalence of metabolic disease is associated with increases in aging-related comorbid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular dementia, and sarcopenia. Here, correlative and causal links between diseases of overnutrition and diseases of aging and cognition are explored. In recent years, vitamin D has been received increased attention due to the resurgence of vitamin D deficiency and rickets in developed countries and the identification of extraskeletal effects of vitamin D, suggesting unexpected benefits of vitamin D in health and disease, beyond bone health. The possibility of extraskeletal effects of vitamin D was first noted with the discovery of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tissues and cells that are not involved in maintaining mineral homeostasis and bone health, including skin, placenta, pancreas, breast, prostate and colon cancer cells, and activated T cells. However, the biological significance of the expression of the VDR in different tissues is not fully understood, and the role of vitamin D in extraskeletal health has been a matter of debate. This report summarizes recent research on the roles for vitamin D in cancer, immunity and autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and respiratory health, pregnancy, obesity, erythropoiesis, diabetes, muscle function, and aging. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.Table of Contents1 Application of combined omics platforms to accelerate biomedical discovery in diabesityIrwin J. Kurland, Domenico Accili, Charles Burant, Steven M. Fischer, Barbara B. Kahn, Christopher B. Newgard, Suma Ramagiri, Gabriele V. Ronnett, john A. Ryals, Mark Sanders, Joe Shambaugh, John Shockcor, and Steven S. Gross 17 Prioritizing health disparities in medical education to improve careTemitope Awosogba, Joseph R. Betancourt, F. Garrett Conyers, Estela S. Estape, Fritz Francois, Sabrina J. Gard, Arthur Kaufman, Mitchell R. Lunn, Marc A. Nivet, Joel D. Oppenheim, Claire Pomeroy, and Howa Yeung 31 The paradox of overnutrition in aging and cognitionRoger A. Fielding, John Gunstad, Deborah R. Gustafson, Steven B. Heymsfield, John G. Kral, Lenore J. Launer, Josef Penninger, David I. W. Philips, and Nikolaos Scarmeas 45 Vitamin D: beyond boneSylvia Christakos, Martin Hewison, David G. Gardner, Carol L. Wagner, Igor N. Sergeev, Erica Rutten, Anastassios G. Pittas, Ricardo Boland, Luigi Ferrucci, and Daniel D. Bikle

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Book SynopsisIn the fiercely competitive pharmaceutical marketplace, your organization cannot afford to spend excess dollars developing drugs that will fail to get FDA approval or have profoundly poor characteristics. Biochips as Pathways to Drug Discovery takes a comprehensive look at how the industry faces these challenges, using new technologies such as biochips to reduce the cost of drug discovery and improve drug safety. The book explores the tools and skills required at each step of the discovery process when using biochips to determine biological outcomes.The authors provide an in-depth review of the clinical and pharmacogenomic relevance of biochips, ChIP-chip assays, and high-throughput approaches. They discuss how biochips are used to develop biomarkers in the drug discovery process, primarily for gene expression profiling and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The book includes coverage of experimental theory, quality control, clinical laboratory sampling considerations, database concepts, industrial laboratory design, and the analysis of the resultant large data sets. It discusses the application of biochips to the study of malaria, toxicogenomics, and SNPs, as well as intellectual property and market overviews. The book concludes with a comprehensive overview of how these chips are employed from early target discovery through preclinical toxicology and on through to pharmacogenomic and proof of concept studies in humans. Written in an easily accessible style, the breadth of coverage introduces the subject to those new to the field, while the depth of coverage forms a foundation for future work. The book gives you the knowledge required to leverage the technology into bona fide discoveries. Daniel E. Levy, editor of the Drug Discovery Series, is the founder of DEL BioPharma, a consulting service for drug discovery programs. He also maintains a blog that explores organic chemistry.Trade Review“The authors of this volume provide an in-depth review of the clinical and pharmacogenomic relevance of biochips, ChIP-chip assays, and high-throughput approaches. … The book includes coverage of experimental theory, quality control, clinical laboratory sampling considerations, database concepts, industrial laboratory design, and the analysis of the resultant large data sets. … Written in an easily accessible style, the breadth of coverage introduces the subject to those new to the field, while the depth of coverage forms a foundation for future work.” — In Anticancer Research, Vol. 27, No. 3B, May/June 2007"This book is a must have for students who use biochips in their graduate work or others initiating efforts in these areas . . . In summary, Biochips as Pathways to Drug Discovery provides a broad yet detailed look at the use of DNA microarrays in drug discovery." – Matthew D. Disney, The University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, in ChemMedChem, 2008, No. 3Table of ContentsDNA Biochips — Past, Present, and Future: An Overview. Three-Dimensional HydroArrays: Novel Microarrays for Genomic and Proteomic Studies. Biochip in Malaria for Antiparasitic Discovery. Regional Variations in Intestinal ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter Expression Identified with a Global Error Assessment Model. Toxicogenomics in Drug Safety Evaluation: Bridging Drug Discovery and Development. The Next Generation of Automated Microarray Platforms for a Multiplexed CYP2D6 Assay. Biopsy and RNA Extraction Procedures of Muscle and Adipose Tissue for Microarray Gene-Expression Profiling. ChIP-on-Chip: Analysis of Genomewide Protein Binding and Posttranslational Modifications. DNA Microarrays as Functional Genomics Tools for Cancer Drug Discovery. High-Throughput Microarray Analysis. Laboratory Automation: Strategies for High-Volume Industrial Microarray Programs. Association Studies: Practical and Theoretical Considerations for Drug Discovery, Evaluation, and Beyond. Approaches for Microarray Data Validation. Microarray Enterprise Information Management: What Is It and Why Is It Important? Quality Control of Microarray Data. Microarray Data Normalization and Transformation. Amplification Strategies and DNA Biochips. Ribo-SPIA™, a Rapid Isothermal RNA Amplification Method for Gene Expression Analysis. Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics: Novel Detection Technologies and Drug Discovery. Intellectual Property Issues for DNA Chips and Microarrays. Biochips: Market Drivers and Commercial Prospect. A Pharmaceutical Perspective for Microarrays and Biochips: Current-Market Overview and Future Trends.

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Book SynopsisThe normal distribution is widely known and used by scientists and engineers. However, there are many cases when the normal distribution is not appropriate, due to the data being skewed. Rather than leaving you to search through journal articles, advanced theoretical monographs, or introductory texts for alternative distributions, the Handbook of Exponential and Related Distributions for Engineers and Scientists provides a concise, carefully selected presentation of the properties and principles of selected distributions that are most useful for application in the sciences and engineering.The book begins with all the basic mathematical and statistical background necessary to select the correct distribution to model real-world data sets. This includes inference, decision theory, and computational aspects including the popular Bootstrap method. The authors then examine four skewed distributions in detail: exponential, gamma, Weibull, and extreme value. For each one, they discuss general properties and applicability to example data sets, theoretical characterization, estimation of parameters and related inferences, and goodness of fit tests. The final chapter deals with system reliability for series and parallel systems.Presenting methods based on statistical simulations and numerical computations, the Handbook of Exponential and Related Distributions for Engineers and Scientists supplies hands-on tools for applied researchers in need of practical tools for data analysis.Table of ContentsGENERAL STATISTICAL THEORY. Basic Concepts. Some Common Probability Distributions. Concepts of Statistical Inference. Elements of Decision Theory. Computational Aspects. EXPONENTIAL AND OTHER POSITIVELY SKEWED DISTRIBUTIONS WITH APPLICATIONS. Exponential Distribution. Gamma Distribution. Weibull Distribution. Extreme Value Distributions. System Reliability. Bibliography. Selected Statistical Tables. Index.

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Book SynopsisLysosomal Pathways of Protein Degradation looks at cell biology from the view of a lysosome. It summarizes the composition and assembly of lysosomes in mammalian and yeast cells. It also reviews current knowledge about pathways of endocytosis and secretion and how both endocytosed and secreted proteins can be delivered to lysosomes for degradation. In addition, both vesicular and nonvesicular pathways are described for the uptake of cytoplasm and cytosolic proteins by lysosomes. Such pathways include macroautophagy, microautophagy and a direct protein import pathway. Each section contains simple black-and-white figures and tables to illustrate major points. Each section also contains methods used to study segment and ends with future directions of research likely to occur in that particular field. Conditions and molecules that regulate the different pathways of lysosomal proteolysis are also described. The book is written by a single author which lends a uniform style to a volume covering many rapidly-expanding areas of cell biology. A wide variety of readers will benefit from reading this book. Undergraduate and graduate students will find more detailed information about lysosomes than is available in any cell biology textbook. Throughout the book, the aim is to simplify concepts and to unify nomenclature. Even lysosome experts will appreciate the tables and clear definition of terms such as lysosome, autophagic vacuole, and autophagosome. Faculty and researchers that know the basics about lysosomes will find that much has changed in our understanding of these dynamic organelles. Scientists in Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical companies will have a new appreciation of lysosomes after reading this book. The information here could be used to increase the yield of a secreted protein produced by mammalian cells and to target peptide-based drugs to lysosomes for their timed destruction after working in the cytosol.Table of Contents1. Introduction, Methods Used to Study Lysosomes, Terminology, Acidification of Lysosomes, Biogenesis of Mammalian Lysosomes, Biogenesis of the Yeast Vacuole, Degradation of Lysosomal Proteins, Future Directions of Research 2 Degradation of Endocytosed and Plasma Membrane Proteins 3 Lysosomal Degradation of Proteins in the Secretory 4. Degradation of Intracellular Proteins by Macroautophagy 5. Degradation of Intracellular Protein by Microautophagy 6. Selective Pathway for Degradation of Cystolic Proteins by Lysosomes 7. Concluding Remark

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Book SynopsisThe literature on NEC (necrotizing Enterocolitis), especially in the major textbooks, merely recapitulated what had been written in the past; there has been no new guidance. NEC was viewed as a fait accompli; a sometimes-dire disease that was to be confronted only after it reared its perfidious head. This monograph asks the reader to rethink their approach the NEC. Although, there are no compel others to pursue a way to intervene before the die has been cast. Thus, this book is a promissory note and a challenge.Table of Contents1. The History of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Investigation 2. The Bacteriology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 3. The Immunology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 4. The Radiology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 5. The Medical and ICU Management of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 6. The Surgery of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 7. The Pathology of Necrotizing Enterocolitis 8. The Nutritional Concerns in Necrotizing Enterocolitis 9. The Use of Small Bowel Transplantation in Necrotizing Enterocolitis 10. Afterword

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Book SynopsisThe field of peptide based cancer vaccines has evolved tremendously in the last decade of this century. The exploration on how to apply the peptide knowledge for vaccination purposes began when it was demonstrated that these peptides after being mixed into adjuvants actually induced T cell responses that could prevent virus infections and tumor growth in experimental animal models. The results of animal models are currently translated into clinical applications with all their associated difficulties and heterogeneity. Initial promising data do appear, warranting further research in this area. This book pays tribute to key researchers in the field.Table of Contents1. Identification and Selection of T-Cell Epitopes Derived from Tumor-Associated Antigens for the Development of Immunotherapy for Cancer 2. Mutant Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Products and Fusion Proteins Created by Chromosomal Translocations as Targets for Cancer Vaccines 3. p53: A Target for T-Cell Mediated Immunotherapy 4. Critical Dependence of the Peptide Delivery Method on the Efficacy of Epitope Focused Immunotherapy 5. Cancer Peptide Vaccines in Clinical Trials 6. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Peptides and Vaccines for Carcinoma 7. Studies of M UCl Peptides 8. Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes and Tissue Distribution of the HER-2/neu Proto-Oncogene: Implications for Vaccine Development 9. Clinical Trials of HER-2/neu Peptide-Based Vaccines 10. Peptides in Prostate Cancer 11. Peptides in Cervical Cancer 12. Peptide Vaccines for the Treatment of Melanoma 13. GplOO and G250: Towards Specific Immunotherapy Employing Dendritic Cells in Melanoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma 14. Melanoma Peptide Clinical Trial

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Book SynopsisThere is no doubt that the study of the muscular dystrophies in recent years has been exciting and rewarding. It has attracted the attention of many investigators of international repute, and this is reflected in the various contributions to this volume. Molecular Mechanisms of Muscular Dystrophies represents a personal collection of chapters covering a spectrum of muscular dystrophies and one myopathy that represent most of the major muscular dystrophies, and, in particular, those where a molecular understanding of the underlying mechanisms is most advanced, rather than a comprehensive treatise on every muscular dystrophy so far characterized.Table of Contents1. Structure and Function of the Dystrophin-Glycoprotein Complex 2. The Structure and Function of Dystrophin 3. Utrophin in the Therapy of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 4. Syntrophin: A Molecular Adaptor Conferring a Signaling Role to the Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex 5. Molecular and Functional Diversity of Dystrobrevin-Containing Complexes 6. Commonalities and Differences in Muscular Dystrophies: Mechanisms and Molecules Involved in Merosin-Deficient Congenital Muscular Dystrophy 7. Glycosylation and Muscular Dystrophy 8. Overview of the Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophies and Dysferlinopathy 9. Caveolin-3 and Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy 10. The Sarcoglycans 11. Sarcomeric Proteins in LGMD 12. Lamins and Emerin in Muscular Dystrophy: The Nuclear Envelope Connection 13. Distinct Mechanisms Downstream of the Repeat Expansion Are Implicated in the Molecular Basis of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 14. Spinal Muscular Atrophy 15. The Pathophysiological Role of Impaired Calcium Handling in Muscular Dystrophy 16. Cell Adhesion and Signalling in the Muscular Dystrophies 17. Gene Therapies for Muscular Dystrophies 18. Cell Therapies for Muscular Dystrophy

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Book SynopsisWhile every cell of an organism has an identical genomic content, extremely complex networks exist to tailor the genomic output to the needs of that cell. This program of gene expression is different for every cell type and stage of development. In addition, the cell can respond to its environment by modulating its gene expression program in a fairly dramatic manner. For many decades gene transcription has been investigated in systems from bacteria to mammalian cells and along the way many landmark findings have set new paradigms that often apply across wide evolutionary distances. Studying individual genes, however, especially in mammalian systems has been a painstaking business and although we know the transcription activators and other complexes that control specific genes in minute detail, generalizing these findings has often proven to be difficult. It has become clear that transcription factors do not operate alone but form complex networks in the cell. If one component of this complexity is disturbed then there are repercussions across the entire network, but it has been impossible to study these networks until very recently. The advent of microarray technology within the last decade has revolutionized how we study gene transcription. There are several types of array technology that essentially screen for relative mRNA levels for many thousands of genes at once. We do not focus here on the technology as this has become routine and is available to many researchers. Microarray technology has given us the ability to measure the entire gene expression program of a cell in a single experiment and compare it to other cells thus allowing a global view of cell behaviour at the level of gene transcription. Expression profiling, as this endeavour has become known, is now a relatively simple undertaking and hundreds, probably thousands of papers have been published demonstrating the power of this technology. Expression profiling has been applied to many diverse biological problems and is also being developed as a method for disease diagnosis especially in the cancer classification field. There are constant improvements or modified uses of the technology that are allowing more and more high throughput experiments to be carried out.Table of ContentsPreface 1. Microarrays and Gene Regulation Networks in Yeast 2. Transcription Regulatory Networks in Yeast Cell Cycle 3. Transcriptional Regulatory Networks from Yeasts to Humans 4. Identification of Mammalian E2F Regulatory Networks Using DNA Microarray Hybridization Analyses 5. The Nuclear Factor-KB Gene Regulatory Network 6. Transcriptional Networks in Mammalian Gene Regulation 7. Deciphering Regulatory Networks Controlled by the NF-kB Transcription Factor c-Rel in T Cells 8. Transcriptional Profiling of the Hepatic Growth Response 9. Transcriptional Responses to DNA Damage: Systems-Level Delineation by Functional Genomics 10. Elucidating Gene Regulatory Networks Underlying Complex Phenotypes: Genetical Genomics and Bayesian Network

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata, Revised Third Edition is the ideal tutorial for professional data analysts who want to learn survival analysis for the first time or who are well versed in survival analysis but are not as dexterous in using Stata to analyze survival data. This text also serves as a valuable reference to those readers who already have experience using Stata’s survival analysis routines.The revised third edition has been updated for Stata 14, and it includes a new section on predictive margins and marginal effects, which demonstrates how to obtain and visualize marginal predictions and marginal effects using the margins and marginsplot commands after survival regression models.Survival analysis is a field of its own that requires specialized data management and analysis procedures. To meet this requirement, Stata provides the st family of commands for organizing and summarizing survival data.This book provides statistical theory, step-by-step procedures for analyzing survival data, an in-depth usage guide for Stata's most widely used st commands, and a collection of tips for using Stata to analyze survival data and to present the results. This book develops from first principles the statistical concepts unique to survival data and assumes only a knowledge of basic probability and statistics and a working knowledge of Stata.The first three chapters of the text cover basic theoretical concepts: hazard functions, cumulative hazard functions, and their interpretations; survivor functions; hazard models; and a comparison of nonparametric, semiparametric, and parametric methodologies. Chapter 4 deals with censoring and truncation. The next three chapters cover the formatting, manipulation, stsetting, and error checking involved in preparing survival data for analysis using Stata's st analysis commands. Chapter 8 covers nonparametric methods, including the Kaplan–Meier and Nelson–Aalen estimators and the various nonparametric tests for the equality of survival experience.Chapters 9–11 discuss Cox regression and include various examples of fitting a Cox model, obtaining predictions, interpreting results, building models, model diagnostics, and regression with survey data. The next four chapters cover parametric models, which are fit using Stata's streg command. These chapters include detailed derivations of all six parametric models currently supported in Stata and methods for determining which model is appropriate, as well as information on stratification, obtaining predictions, and advanced topics such as frailty models. Chapter 16 is devoted to power and sample-size calculations for survival studies. The final chapter covers survival analysis in the presence of competing risks.Trade Review"This is an application-oriented introduction to survival analysis using Stata. The authors have focused on intuitions without getting into technical details. For example … the rather mysterious partial likelihood was elegantly illustrated with a small dataset and simple derivations for conditional probabilities. The book provides an excellent coverage of commonly used nonparametric, semiparametric, and parametric analyses of survival data, with ample application examples. The implementation of each survival approach has been carefully laid out in Stata syntax and real data analyses. Moreover, the material covered in the book is surprisingly comprehensive, including Coxmodels with time-varying covariates, shared frailty models, multiple imputations, and competing risk regression. Those topics are often encountered in practice but usually missing from an introductory book of survival analysis. The revised third edition has been updated to reflect the welcome additions in Stata 14 relative to previous versions. … The revised third edition provides not only an excellent tutorial to anyone who is interested in learning survival models with examples, but also an extremely handy reference to researchers who would like to perform survival analyses in Stata."—Yu Cheng, University of Pittsburgh, in The American Statistician, April 2018Table of ContentsThe problem of survival analysis. Describing the distribution of failure times. Hazard models. Censoring and truncation. Recording survival data. Using stset. After stet. Nonparametric analysis. Using stcox. Model building using stcox. The Cox model: Diagnostics. Parametric models. The exponential model. Postestimation commands for parametric models. Generalizing the parametric regression model. Power and sample-size determination for survival analysis. Competing risks.

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Book SynopsisBacteria and Intracellularity clearly demonstrates that cellular microbiology as a field has reached maturity, extending beyond the strictly cellular level to infections of various organs and tissues. Decades of intense investigation into host-bacterial pathogen interactions have highlighted common concepts in intracellularity but also very diverse mechanisms underlying the various infections produced by bacteria. This book offers a wide-ranging look at the latest studies, including: foodborne pathogens, including how, when, and where bacteria interact with the gut and its microbiota infections of the urogenital tract, endothelial barriers, and the nervous system major advances in work with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae subcellular microbiology, including metabolism of infected cells, nuclear biology, and microRNAs endosymbionts, in particular the latest work with Wolbachia and its effect on insect transmission of viral pathogens research into cell autonomous defense pathways that has led to major insights into immunology and innate immunity the latest developments in technology, for the next steps in the study of intracellularity All facets of cellular physiology, within the entire scope of cells and host tissues, can be targeted by pathogens. This book offers to researchers, students, and laboratorians a valuable overview of the state of current research into the cellular microbiology of host-pathogen interactions.

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Book SynopsisClinical Laboratory Management Apply the principles of management in a clinical setting with this vital guide Clinical Laboratory Management, Third Edition, edited by an esteemed team of professionals under the guidance of editor-in-chief Lynne S. Garcia, is a comprehensive and essential reference for managing the complexities of the modern clinical laboratory. This newly updated and reorganized edition addresses the fast-changing landscape of laboratory management, presenting both foundational insights and innovative strategies. Topics covered include: an introduction to the basics of clinical laboratory management, the regulatory landscape, and evolving practices in the modern healthcare environment the essence of managerial leadership, with insights into employee needs and motivation, effective communication, and personnel management, including the lack of qualified position applicants, burnout, and more financial management

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Book SynopsisA new edition of a classic on a beloved turtle species. She's the mascot for the University of Maryland's sports teams and her ancestors were nearly driven to extinction by Victorians who indulged in turtle soup. But as she buries herself in the mud every night to sleep, the diamondback terrapin knows none of this. The size of a dinner plate and named for the beautiful concentric rings on her shell, she can live at least forty years and is the only turtle in North America who can live in brackish and salty waters. Several diamondback populations have been the subjects of ecological studies in recent years, but most of that information was buried in scientific literature and various state and federal reports-until this book. Synthesizing all known research on this remarkable animal, Diamonds in the Marsh is the first full-scale natural history of the diamondback terrapin. Focusing on the northern diamondback, Barbara Brennessel examines its evolution, physiology, adaptations, behavior, growth patterns, life span, genetic diversity, land use, reproduction, and early years. She also discusses its relationship to humans, first as an important food source from colonial times through the nineteenth century, and more recently as a cultural icon, frequently depicted in Native American art and design. She concludes with a look at contemporary hazards to the terrapin and urges continued study of this marvelous creature. Updated with a new introduction by Brennessel, and with a foreword by Bob Prescott, former executive director of Massachusett's Audubon Wellfleet Bay Sanctuary, Diamonds of the Marsh is perfect for those interested in the conservation of a species.Trade Review“Environmentalists, ecologists, and marine biologists will delight in this meticulously detailed but highly readable look at the only North American turtle species that can tolerate the ‘fresh water, salt water, and everything in between.’” * Publishers Weekly *"A serious treatment of the natural history of one of the most beloved creatures of the Eastern Seaboard. . . well illustrated with photographs." * Natural New England Magazine *"A comprehensive natural history such as Diamonds in the Marsh is an invaluable tool in the study and conservation of a species, and can provide a solid foundation for future research, conservation, and management decisions. Brennessel effectively pulls together the bulk of literature on the diamondback and communicates it to the reader in a generally clear, uncluttered fashion so as to make it not only a resource for researchers, but also an interesting read for reptile aficionados." * Herpetological Review *Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Chapter 1. A Decidedly Unique Creature Chapter 2. A Coast-Hugging Turtle Chapter 3. Reproduction: Insurance for Species Survival Chapter 4. The Lost Years Chapter 5. A Clear and Present Danger for the Most Celebrated of American Reptiles Chapter 6. Learning from the Past; Peering into the Future Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis is the loose-leaf version of Introduction to Kinesiology, Sixth Edition With HKPropel Access, which offers students a less expensive, printed version of the text.Introduction to Kinesiology: Studying Physical Activity, Sixth Edition With HKPropel Access, offers students a comprehensive overview of the field of kinesiology and explores the subdisciplinary fields of study, common career paths, and emerging ideas that are part of this dynamic and expanding discipline. This engaging, full-color introductory text stimulates curiosity about the vast field of kinesiology and generates awareness of the long-standing and current issues that kinesiology professionals seek to understand and solve.Introduction to Kinesiology, Sixth Edition, features a three-section structure that has always been a strength of this leading introductory textbook. Part I examines the diversity of physical activity and kinesiology and summarizes the importance of knowledge gained through physical activity experiences. Part II delves into the seven major subdisciplines of kinesiology, with an overview of major historical events, research methods, professional work and application, and ideas for career advancement in each. Part III elaborates on professionalism and then examines five main areas for career opportunities. With hundreds of updated references, the sixth edition includes the latest research and data available as well as an increased emphasis on sensitivity and inclusion. New editor Timothy A. Brusseau, a national youth physical activity expert who has served on the board of directors for the American Kinesiology Association, contributes his expertise and insight to the text. Additional updates to the sixth edition include the following: Related online learning tools delivered through HKPropel offer interactive opportunities to engage with and better understand the content. Updates to data, research, and graphics incorporate the most recent discoveries. New Research and Evidence-Based Practice in Kinesiology sidebars highlight influential contemporary studies and discuss how they can be applied in professional settings as an evidence-based practice. New Subdisciplinary Highlight sidebars feature trending topics in the subdisciplines of kinesiology. New Hot Career Opportunity sidebars discuss emerging career paths for kinesiology and exercise science majors. The online learning activities include audio, video, drag-and-drop activities, and scenario-based exercises to fully immerse students into the various aspects of kinesiology. Students will learn how to read and evaluate research and will develop the ability to think critically in order to confront specific challenges. Most of the activities can be assigned, and progress tracked, directly through HKPropel. Chapter quizzes (assessments), which are automatically graded, may also be assigned to test comprehension of critical concepts. Ample learning aids within the text—such as chapter objectives, summaries, key points, and review questions—will also aid in knowledge retention. Opening scenarios at the beginning of each chapter feature a specific athlete, activity, or issue in kinesiology that serves to illustrate the main points.Introduction to Kinesiology provides essential information for students embarking on their study of kinesiology, and this updated sixth edition prepares them for future courses and further study. Note: A code for accessing HKPropel is included with all new print books.Table of ContentsPart I. Kinesiology and Physical Activity ExperienceChapter 1. Introduction to KinesiologyDuane V. Knudson and Timothy A. Brusseau Interest in the Discipline of Kinesiology Physical Activity: The Focus of Kinesiology Some Focuses of Physical Activity in Kinesiology Kinesiology and Evidence-Based Practice Wrap-UpChapter 2. Importance of the Physical Activity ExperienceTimothy A. Brusseau and Duane V. Knudson Sphere of Self-Sufficiency Sphere of Self-Expression Sphere of Work Sphere of Education Sphere of Leisure Sphere of Health Sphere of Competition Factors That Influence Kinds of Experience in Physical Activity Ways in Which Experience Can Affect Physical Activity Heredity and Experience Subjective Experience of Physical Activity Wrap-UpPart II. Scholarly Study of Physical ActivityChapter 3. Philosophy of Physical ActivityCesar R. Torres and Scott Kretchmar Why Use Philosophical Thinking? What Do Philosophers Do? Research Methods for Philosophy of Physical Activity History and Future of Philosophy of Physical Activity Overview of Knowledge in Philosophy of Physical Activity Wrap-UpChapter 4. History of Physical ActivityLindsay Parks Pieper Why Use History of Physical Activity? What Do Historians of Physical Activity Do? History of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Research Methods for History of Physical Activity Overview of Knowledge in History of Physical Activity Wrap-UpChapter 5. Sociology of Physical ActivityKatherine M. Jamieson Why Use Sociology of Physical Activity? What Do Sociologists of Physical Activity Do? History of Sociology of Physical Activity Research Methods for Sociology of Physical Activity Overview of Knowledge in Sociology of Physical Activity Wrap-UpChapter 6. Motor BehaviorKatherine T. Thomas, Xiangli Gu, and Jerry R. Thomas Why Use Motor Behavior? What Do Motor Behaviorists Do? History of Motor Behavior Research Methods for Motor Behavior Overview of Knowledge in Motor Behavior Wrap-UpChapter 7. Sport and Exercise PsychologyRobin S. Vealey Why Use Sport and Exercise Psychology? What Do Sport and Exercise Psychology Professionals Do? History of Sport and Exercise Psychology Research Methods for Sport and Exercise Psychology Overview of Knowledge in Sport and Exercise Psychology Wrap-UpChapter 8. Biomechanics of Physical ActivityKathy Simpson Why Use Biomechanics of Physical Activity? What Do Biomechanists Do? History of Biomechanics Research Methods for Biomechanics Overview of Knowledge in Biomechanics Wrap-UpChapter 9. Physiology of Physical ActivityJennifer L. Caputo Why Use Physiology of Physical Activity? What Do Exercise Physiologists Do? History of Physiology of Physical Activity Research Methods for Physiology of Physical Activity Overview of Knowledge in Physiology of Physical Activity Wrap-UpPart III. Practicing a Profession in Physical ActivityChapter 10. Becoming a Physical Activity ProfessionalDuane V. Knudson and Timothy A. Brusseau What Is a Profession? How Do Our Values Shape Our Professional Conduct? How Are Physical Activity Professionals Educated for the Workforce? Are You Suited for a Career in the Physical Activity Professions? Wrap-UpChapter 11. Careers in Health and FitnessWarren D. Franke The Need for Health and Fitness Professionals Settings for Health and Fitness Roles for Health and Fitness Professionals Trends and Opportunities in Health and Fitness Advice for Health and Fitness Students Wrap-UpChapter 12. Careers in Medicine and Allied HealthChad Starkey The Diagnostic Process Integrating Exercise Into Medicine and Allied Health Medical and Allied Health Settings Roles for Medical and Allied Health Professionals Trends and Opportunities in Medicine and Allied Health Advice for Students Interested in Medicine and Allied Health Wrap-UpChapter 13. Careers in Teaching Physical EducationKim C. Graber and Thomas J. Templin What Is the Teaching of Physical Education? Settings for Teaching Physical Education Roles for Physical Education Professionals Trends and Opportunities in Teaching Physical Education Advice for Physical Education Students Wrap-UpChapter 14. Careers in Coaching and Sport InstructionJoseph A. Luxbacher and Duane V. Knudson What Are Coaching and Sport Instruction? Settings for Coaching and Sport Instruction Roles for Coaching and Sport Instruction Professionals Trends and Opportunities in Coaching and Sport Instruction Advice for Coaching and Sport Instruction Students Wrap-UpChapter 15. Careers in Sport ManagementG. Clayton Stoldt and Mark C. Vermillion What Is Sport Management? Settings for Sport Management Roles for Sport Management Professionals Trends and Opportunities in Sport Management Advice for Sport Management Students Wrap-Up

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Book SynopsisApplied Natural Science: Environmental Issues and Global Perspectives provides the reader with a complete insight into the natural-scientific pattern of the world, covering the most important historical stages of the development of various areas of science, methods of natural-scientific research, general scientific and philosophical concepts, and the fundamental laws of nature. The book analyzes the main scientific trends and developments of modern natural science and also discusses important aspects of environmental protection.Topics include: The problem of "the two cultures": the mathematization of natural sciences and the informatization of society The non-linear nature of the processes occurring in nature and society Application of the second law of thermodynamics to describe the development of biological systems Global problems of the biosphere Theory and practice of stable organic paramagnetic materials Polymers and the natural environment Key features include: An interdisciplinary approach in considering scientific and technical problems A discussion of general scientific trends in modern natural science, including globalization challenges in nature and society, the organic chemistry of stable paramagnetic materials, the fundamentals of the environmental chemistry of polymeric materials, etc. A justification of applying classical (non-equilibrium) thermodynamics to studying the behavior of open (including biological) systems Of particular importance in the book is the discussion of some problems associated with the place of man in the biosphere, issues of the globalization of science and technology, new ideas about the universe, and the concept of universal evolutionism. At the same time, the book discusses more specific issues related to solving major global and regional environmental problems (particularities of organic paramagnetic materials, the influence of polymers on the man and environment, etc). All this leads to the fundamental conclusion of the unity of animate and inanimate nature, as well as improvement of the process of cognition of the real world, which consists in objective and natural changing of world views.The book is intended for professors, teachers, and students of classical and technological universities who are interested in the development of the foundations of modern natural sciences, as well as for professionals working in the field of chemical physics and applied ecology. Table of ContentsIntroduction. Interrelationship Between Natural-Scientific Knowledge and Human Knowledge. Some General Trends in the Development of Modern Natural Sciences. Role of Mathematics on Solving Scientific and Practical Tasks of Modern Natural Sciences.The Application of Thermodynamics to the Open Systems. Global Problems in the Biospheric Studies. Phenomenon of the Logistic Equation as a Basic Model for Describing Global Processes in Society. Theory and Practices of Organic Paramagnetics. Problems of Environmental Pollution with Polymers. Polymers and Human Environment. Index.

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Book SynopsisFood security and child malnutrition are at the forefront of our attention, both nationally and internationally. The chapters contained in this compendium include a range of methodologies—literature review, cross-sectional study, longitudinal study, case-control, and even a focus group!—all of which examine this urgent issue, revealing new perspectives and facets of information. The international roster of contributors present a nuanced look at food security and child malnutrition with research into food security measures in many nations around the world. The book is broken into several parts, covering defining food security food security, nutrition, and growth and development food security and mental and physical health food security and child obesity conclusion, with an information study from The Children's Healthwatch on household hardships, public programs, and their associations with the health and development of very young children The range of topics and information presented here will be valuable for those involved with food security advocacy, policymakers, researchers, social service professionals working children and families, and others.Table of ContentsThe Food Security Continuum: A Novel Tool for Understanding Food Insecurity as a Range of Experiences. Household Food (In)Security and Nutritional Status of Urban Poor Children Aged 6 to 23 Months in Kenya. Household Food Access and Child Malnutrition: Results from the Eight-Country MAL-ED Study. Food Insecurity and Linear Growth of Adolescents in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Factors Associated with Stunting Among Children According to the Level of Food Insecurity in the Household: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Rural Community of Southeastern Kenya. Beyond Nutrition: Hunger and Its Impact on the Health of Young Canadians. Food Insecurity and Children’s Mental Health: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study. Household Food Insecurity and Childhood Overweight in Jamaica and Québec: A Gender-Based Analysis. Community Perspectives on Food Insecurity and Obesity: Focus Groups with Caregivers of Métis and Off-Reserve First Nations Children. Household Hardships, Public Programs, and Their Associations with the Health and Development of Very Young Children: Insights from Children’s HealthWatch.

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Book SynopsisIn Pediatric Behavioral Nutrition Factors: Environment, Education, and Self-Regulation, the editor carefully selected each chapter individually to provide a nuanced look at how environment, education, and self-regulation impact pediatric nutrition. All the various factors that intertwine with and influence nutrition are not yet known, and we often assume that poor nutrition is a socioeconomic issue. This is a massive, multifaceted topic. The articles in this compendium make clear that this simplistic assumption is not accurate; they were chosen to present as accurate a total image as possible, based on recent research. The final chapters offer innovative interventions that should become the foundation for ongoing investigation.Table of ContentsDeterminants of Dietary Behavior Among Youth: An Umbrella Review. Dietary Intake of Children Participating in the USDA Summer Food Service Program. Parental Feeding Practices and Child Weight Status in Mexican American Families: A Longitudinal Analysis. Development of the General Parenting Observational Scale to Assess Parenting During Family Meals. Mealtime Behavior Among Siblings and Body Mass Index of 4–8 Year Olds: A Videotaped Observational Study. Frequency and Socio-Demographic Correlates of Eating Meals Out and Take-Away Meals at Home: Cross-Sectional Analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey, Waves 1–4 (2008–12). Feeding Practices of Low-Income Mothers: How Do They Compare to Current Recommendations? Overweight Among Students Aged 11–15 Years and Its Relationship with Breakfast, Area of Residence and Parents’ Education: Results from the Italian HBSC 2010 Cross-Sectional Study. Maternal Educational Level and Children’s Healthy Eating Behaviour: Role of the Home Food Environment (Cross-Sectional Results from the INPACT Study). A Pilot Study of a Pictorial Bilingual Nutrition Education Game to Improve the Consumption of Healthful Foods in a Head Start Population. Blending Better Beverage Options: A Nutrition Education and Experiential Workshop for Youths. Self-Regulation and the Management of Childhood Obesity. Weight Self-Regulation Process in Adolescence: The Relationship Between Control Weight Attitudes, Behaviors, and Body Weight Status. The Role of Self-Regulating Abilities in Long-Term Weight Loss in Severely Obese Children and Adolescents Undergoing Intensive Combined Lifestyle Interventions (HELIOS); Rationale, Design and Methods. Enhancing Self-Regulation as a Strategy for Obesity Prevention in Head Start Preschoolers: The Growing Healthy Study.

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Book SynopsisThis new volume, Microscopy Applied to Materials Sciences and Life Sciences. focuses on recent theoretical and practical advances in polymers and their blends, composites, and nanocompos¬ites related to their microscopic characterization. It highlights recent accomplishments and trends in the field of polymer nanocomposites and filled polymers related to microstructural characterization. This book gives an insight and better understanding into the development in microscopy as a tool for characterization. The book emphasizes recent research work in the field of microscopy in life sciences and materials sciences mainly related to its synthesis, characterizations, and applications. The book explains the application of microscopic techniques in life sciences and materials sciences, and their applications and state of current research carried out.The book aims to foster a better understanding of the properties of polymer composites by describing new techniques to measure microstructure property relationships and by utilizing techniques and expertise developed in the conventional filled polymer composites. Characterization techniques, particularly microstructural characterization, have proven to be extremely difficult because of the range of length-scales associated with these materials. Topics include:•Instrumentation and Techniques: advances in scanning probe microscopy, SEM, TEM, OM. 3D imaging and tomography, electron diffraction techniques and analytical microscopy, advances in sample preparation techniques in-situ microscopy, correlative microscopy in life and material sciences, low voltage electron microscopy. •Life Sciences: Structure and imaging of biomolecules, live cell imaging, neurobiology, organelles and cellular dynamics, multi-disciplinary approaches for medical and biological sciences, microscopic application in plants, microorganism and environmental science, super resolution microscopy in biological sciences.•Materials Sciences: materials for nanotechnology, metals alloys and inter-metallic, ceramics, composites, minerals and microscopy in cultural heritage, thin films, coatings, surfaces and interfaces, carbon based materials, polymers and soft materials and self-assembled materials, semiconductors and magnetic materials. Polymers and inorganic nanoparticles. The volume will be of significant interest to scientists working on the basic issues surrounding polymers, nanocomposites, and nanoparticulate-filled polymers, as well as those working in industry on applied problems, such as processing. Because of the multidisciplinary nature of this research, the book will be valuable to chemists, materials scientists, physicists, chemical engineers, and processing specialists who are involved and interested in the future frontiers of blends.Table of ContentsScanning Electron Microscopy as a Powerful Morphological Characterization Technique for Polymer Blends and Polymer Nanocomposites. Atomic Force Microscopy: Principles and Applications in Polymer Composites. Barium Strontium Titanate: Preparation, Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Microscopic Studies. Preparation and Characterization of Copper Thin Films for Antimicrobial Applications. Fabrication, Scanning Electron Microscopic and Electrochemical Studies of Nickel Hydroxide Battery Electrodes Modified with Zinc Oxide. Comparative Spectroscopic Study of Polyindole/Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Composites. Welding of Alloy C-276. Surface Plasmon Resonance Based Sensors. Design Issues in High Strain Rate Dynamic Compressive Failure of Structural Ceramics, Polymers, and Composites. Applications of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) in Materials Science. Light Microscopy in Studying of Formation and Decomposition of Wood. Microstructural Analysis of Polymer Blends, Composites, and Nanocomposites. Graphene Modified Carbon Micro-Surfaces in Voltammetric Sensing Applications. Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biological and Catalytic Applications. Removal of Organic Cancer Carcinogens from Wastewater Using Green Synthesis Nanoparticles. Assessing Adipose Tissue Engineering In Vitro and In Vivo: A Microscopic Approach. The Contribution of Light Microscopy to Study Male Reprotoxicity of Cadmium. Microscopy Assessment of Emerging Contaminants Effects on Aquatic Species. Chromium: The Intriguing Element. What Biological Role Has It? (Cr(Iii)-Tris-Picolinate: Is It Safe or Not?). Treatment of Pharmaceutical Wastewater: A Case Study on Degradation in Electrochemical Oxidation.

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Book SynopsisThere are many hypotheses describing the interactions involved in biological invasions, but it is largely unknown whether they are backed up by empirical evidence. This book fills that gap by developing a tool for assessing research hypotheses and applying it to twelve invasion hypotheses, using the hierarchy-of-hypotheses (HoH) approach, and mapping the connections between theory and evidence. In Part 1, an overview chapter of invasion biology is followed by an introduction to the HoH approach and short chapters by science theorists and philosophers who comment on the approach. Part 2 outlines the invasion hypotheses and their interrelationships. These include biotic resistance and island susceptibility hypotheses, disturbance hypothesis, invasional meltdown hypothesis, enemy release hypothesis, evolution of increased competitive ability and shifting defence hypotheses, tens rule, phenotypic plasticity hypothesis, Darwin's naturalization and limiting similarity hypotheses and the propagule pressure hypothesis. Part 3 provides a synthesis and suggests future directions for invasion researchTable of ContentsPart I: Introduction to invasion biology and the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 1: Invasion biology: searching for predictions and prevention, and avoiding lost causes Chapter 2: The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 3: Hierarchy of hypotheses or hierarchy of predictions? Clarifying key concepts in ecological research Chapter 4: Mapping theoretical and evidential landscapes in ecological science: Levins’ virtue trade-off and the hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach Chapter 5: A hierarchy of hypotheses or a network of models Chapter 6: The hierarchy-of-hypotheses approach updated – a toolbox for structuring and analysing theory, research and evidence Part II: Hypothesis network and 12 focal hypotheses Chapter 7: A network of invasion hypotheses Chapter 8: Biotic resistance and island susceptibility hypotheses Chapter 9: Disturbance hypothesis Chapter 10: Invasional meltdown hypothesis Chapter 11: Enemy release hypothesis Chapter 12: Evolution of increased competitive ability and shifting defence hypotheses Chapter 13: Tens rule Chapter 14: Phenotypic plasticity hypothesis Chapter 15: Darwin’s naturalisation and limiting similarity hypotheses Chapter 16: Propagule pressure hypothesis Part III: Synthesis and outlook Chapter 17: Synthesis Chapter 18: Conclusions and outlook

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Book SynopsisIntellectual property (IP) is a key component of the life sciences, which is becoming one of the most dynamic and innovative fields of technology today. At the same time, the relationship between IP and the life sciences is raising new public policy dilemmas. The Research Handbook on Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences comprises contributions by leading experts from academia and industry that confront current debates and controversies at the intersection of IP and the life sciences through in-depth analyses of key topics including pharmaceuticals, diagnostics and genes, plant innovations, stem cells, the role of competition law and access to medicines. The first section of this book highlights the importance of IP for medicines and pharmaceuticals, discussing topics including gene patents, and the second section deals with agricultural sector issues such as plant innovations. The third section of the book covers areas of research and development in the life sciences, such as stem cell research, and raises questions about incorporating ethical considerations into patent law. While the primary focus of the book is on Europe and the United States, the fourth section includes country-specific case studies on Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, Kenya, South Africa and Thailand to provide a truly international perspective. This Research Handbook is written in an accessible style that will appeal to intellectual property law scholars, practitioners and experts in the life sciences who are interested in the legal implications of IP for the life sciences.Contributors include: J. Allred, T. Avafia, C. Chiarolla, D. Degen, J.M. Golden, S. Gosh, M. Graf, J. Harrington, A. Heinemann, M.D. Janis, M. Kock, D. Matthews, C.R. McManis, A. Metzger, T. Minssen, C. Mund, P. Paranaguá, A. Plomer, S. Ragavan, M. Rimmer, C. Seitz, T. Takenaka, G. Van Overwalle, D. Wächter, G. Würtenberger, Z. Xinfeng, B. Yagi, B. Yao, H. ZechTrade Review'This exciting volume offers fresh perspectives on the role of IP in areas of high importance, including traditional pharmaceutical industries, biologic drugs and biotechnology, and agriculture. The book also features analyses of IP in national and regional approaches to research and development, and fresh case studies of country experiences. With the participation of authors from a wide range of countries, the volume provides new insights on the law and politics of IP in the life sciences with a truly global perspective. This book will serve as a valuable reference for scholars, students, and practioners.' --Ken Shadlen, London School of Economics and Political Science'In this topical and accessible book Duncan Matthews and Herbert Zech have brought together scholarly work of the highest quality, written by leading experts in the field. Each chapter addresses current issues at the interface of intellectual property and the life sciences in a detailed and comprehensive manner. It is a cogent and thorough volume, written with great clarity and compiled deftly. The book is highly recommended to academic scholars and practitioners alike.' --Maximilian Haedicke, University of Freiburg, GermanyTable of ContentsContents: Preface Part I - Medicine and Pharmaceutics 1. Patenting Biosimilars Claudia Mund 2. Patenting Diagnostics Dieter Wächter 3. Patenting Human Genes in Europe- And how it compares to the US and Australia Timo Minssen 4. Patenting Human Genes in the United States Samantak Gosh 5. An Exorbitant Monopoly: The High Court of Australia, Myriad Genetics, and Gene Patents Matthew Rimmer 6. Exclusivity for Biologics Duncan Matthews Part II - Agricultural Sector (Crop Sciences) 7. Protection of Plant Innovations Gert Würtenberger 8. Patenting Non Transgenic Plants in the EU Michael A. Kock 9. Non-Obvious Plants Mark D. Janis 10. Transgenic Plants James Allred 11. Convention on Biological Diversity and Regulatory Law as Plant Protection Claudio Chiarolla 12. Patents on Native Traits: What Scope of Protection? Axel Metzger Part III - Research and Development 13. The European Union’s IP Policy and Funding of Stem Cell Research Aurora Plomer 14. Stem Cell Patents in the United States John M. Golden 15. Early Stage Patenting, the US Bayh-Dole Act, and the Anti-Commons Hypothesis Charles R. McManis and Brian Yagi 16. IP in Research and Development Agreements Melanie Graf and Herbert Zech 17. Patent pools and clearinghouses in the life sciences: back to the future Geertrui Van Overwalle Part IV - Country Case Studies in IP and the Life Sciences 18. Understanding the Brazilian Patent Reform Pedro Paranaguá 19. IP protection in the life sciences in China Lin Xiuqin and Zhang Xinfeng 20. Diverse Harmonization: Indian Example Srividhya Ragavan 21. Life Science Research and Patents in Japan: A Comparative Study of Life Science Invention Patentability between the Japanese and US Patent Acts Toshiko Takenaka 22. Intellectual Property and the Life Sciences in Kenya: Enforcement and Access to Medicines John Harrington 23. IP and Life Sciences: A Case Study of South Africa Tenu Avafia 24. Thailand’s Compulsory Licenses and the Increase of Investment Arbitration David B. Degen Part V - Boundaries of IP and the Life Sciences 25. Parallel Imports within the European Union Gert Würtenberger 26. Pay for Delay Agreements Claudia Seitz 27. Abusive Filing of IP Rights Andreas Heinemann Index

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Book SynopsisIn Autumn 2019 a spectacular suite of new Medicine galleries is due to open at the Science Museum in London, representing the biggest and most ambitious project that the Museum has ever undertaken. This permanent exhibition will include the historic collection of Henry Wellcome, whose personal treasure trove has been on long-term loan to the Museum for over 40 years, as well as the Science Museum's own medical holdings. Medicine: An Imperfect Science is formed of stand-alone but connected chapters, generously illustrated, within which a rich history of medicine collecting can be found.Table of ContentsContents: Director's Foreword; Funders' Forewords; Preface; Chapter 1: Collecting Medicine; Chapter 2: Prostheses at the Science Museum; Chapter 3: The Problematic Body; Chapter 4: The Child in the Iron Lung; Chapter 5: Created through Conflict; Chapter 6: Preventing Cervical Cancer; Chapter 7: Hearing Distant Voices; Chapter 8: The Pharmacy Shop; Chapter 9: Modelling Life; Chapter 10: Emotional Objects; Notes; Further Reading; Index; Author Biographies; Acknowledgements and Illustration Credits.

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Book SynopsisProvocative, ground-breaking and entertaining, the world’s leading expert on sexuality and the ovulation cycle reveals the hidden intelligence of hormones. In this paradigm-shifting book, Martie Haselton explains how hormonal intelligence works - both its strengths and its weaknesses - and shows women how to track and understand their desires, fears and perceptions with a radical new understanding of the biological processes that profoundly influence our behaviour. Rigorously researched, entertaining and empowering, Hormonal offers women deep new insights into their bodies, brains and relationships, and will encourage women everywhere to embrace the genius of female biology.Trade Review‘Such common sense is, sadly, remarkable.’ * Evening Standard *'Haselton is part of a new conversation that is emerging; she is a pioneering researcher pushing the politics of hormones in a new direction.' * Observer *'In her book she shows that there are no simple answers, but lots of fascinating possibilities, when we start to think about the biological aspects of our sexual lives.' * The Sunday Times *‘What a refreshing book. Finally, a feminist with the courage to discuss women not as victims of their hormones but as elegantly built captains of their minds and lives.’ * Helen Fisher, author of The First Sex and Why Him? Why Her? *'A very detailed and fascinating book which explores hormones to different level. Many women (and men) should read this to understand how women’s hormones can have both negative and positive effects on our lives.' * Dr Louise Newson, the Menopause Doctor *'Anchored in deep science, Haselton takes the reader on a mesmerizing tour from the stirrings of puberty to the aftermath of menopause, from sexual fantasies to the ways in which women often call the shots in the game of mating.' * David M. Buss, author of The Evolution of Desire *'Haselton shows there are no simple answers - but lots of fascinating possibilities - when we start to think about the biological aspects of our sexual lives.’ * Alice Dreger, author of Galileo's Middle Finger *'In Hormonal, Martie Haselton gives us a brave and fascinating tour of what we know we know about sex differences, but are often afraid to discuss. Read it, whether or not you have a uterus.' * am Harris, author of five New York Times bestsellers and host of the Waking Up podcast *'This book is essential reading for both women and men...Hormonal is engaging, clever, very funny at times, and always scientifically impeccable.' * Barbara Natterson-Horowitz, author of New York Times bestseller Zoobiquity *‘Your hormones have a lot to answer for, and you'll struggle to find someone to give you a better schooling than UCLA professor Martie Haselton.’ * Women's Health *'Deep, thoughtful, and eye-opening, this book teaches us that the more we know about hormones, the more we can manage our lives.' * Maria Shriver, author of I've Been Thinking... *'A smart and engaging scientific story about the amazing molecules that drive our behaviour.' * Daniel Gilbert, author of Stumbling on Happiness *'Written with passion and wit, Hormonal provides important insights about the female experience.' * Joan Silk, professor, School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, and co-author of How Humans Evolved *

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Book SynopsisDeveloped from presentations given at the Cerisy SVSI (Sciences de la vie, sciences de l’information) conference held in 2016, this book presents a broad overview of thought and research at the intersection of life sciences and information sciences. The contributors to this edited volume explore life and information on an equal footing, with each considered as crucial to the other. In the first part of the book, the relation of life and information in the functioning of genes, at both the phylogenetic and ontogenetic levels, is articulated and the common understanding of DNA as code is problematized from a range of perspectives. The second part of the book homes in on the algorithmic nature of information, questioning the fit between life and automaton and the accompanying division between individualization and invariance. Consisting of both philosophical speculation and ethological research, the explorations in this book are a timely intervention into prevailing understandings of the relation between information and life.Table of ContentsPreface xv Selection of Publications xix Introduction xxiii Part 1. From Gene to Species: Variability, Randomness and Stability 1 Chapter 1. The Emergence of Life: Some Notes on the Origin of Biological Information 3Antonio LAZCANO 1.1. Acknowledgments 12 1.2. Bibliography 12 Chapter 2. Fluctuating RNA 17Giuseppe ZACCAI, Marie-Christine MAUREL and Ada YONATH 2.1. The ribosome 17 2.2. Ribosome dynamics 18 2.3. Primitive RNA, ribozymes and viroids 20 2.4. The proto-ribosome 21 2.5. Bibliography 22 Chapter 3. Artificial Darwinian Evolution of Nucleic Acids 23Frédéric DUCONGÉ 3.1. Refresher on Darwin’s theory of evolution 23 3.2. The molecular mechanisms of evolution 24 3.3. Molecular evolution external to the being 25 3.4. Imagery of molecular evolution 26 3.5. Conclusion 27 3.6. Acknowledgments 27 3.7. Bibliography 27 Chapter 4. Information and Epigenetics 29András PÁLDI 4.1. Bibliography 34 Chapter 5. Molecular Forces and Motion in the Transmission of Information in Biology 37Giuseppe ZACCAI 5.1. The dynamics–function hypothesis 37 5.2. From thermodynamics to molecular forces 38 5.3. Like the devil, biology is in the details 39 5.4. The guitar in the river: theoretical MD 40 5.5. Experimental MD 40 5.6. Measuring average MD in whole cells 41 5.7. Dynamics response to stress 41 5.8. Conclusion: evolution “is obliged” to select dynamics 42 5.9. Bibliography 42 Chapter 6. Decline and Contingency, Bases of Biological Evolution 45Bernard DUJON 6.1. Introduction 45 6.2. Too many genes in the genomes 46 6.3. Parasitism and symbiosis 48 6.4. Asexual eukaryotes 49 6.5. Yeasts 50 6.6. Conclusion 52 6.7. Bibliography 52 Chapter 7. Conservation, Co-evolution and Dynamics: From Sequence to Function 55Alessandra CARBONE 7.1. Introduction 55 7.2. Reverse engineering: from the protein described in a single dimension to its 3D properties 56 7.3. Before any modeling, the geometric and physical properties, the behavior and history of proteins are characterized 57 7.3.1. Proteins are dynamic objects 57 7.3.2. Proteins have a history 57 7.3.3. Some proteins share the same evolutionary history 57 7.4. Chance and selection govern the generation of observed sequences 58 7.5. Conservation and interaction sites of proteins 59 7.6. Co-evolution: identification of contacts that can occur at different moments in the lifetime of a protein 60 7.7. Co-evolution used to reconstruct protein–protein interaction networks in viruses 61 7.8. Molecular modeling of several partners used to reconstruct protein–protein interaction networks for prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms 63 7.9. Dynamics and function 64 7.10. Conclusions 64 7.11. Acknowledgments 65 7.12. Bibliography 65 Chapter 8. Localization of the Morphodynamic Information in Amniote Formation 69Vincent FLEURY 8.1. Introduction 69 8.2. Schematic view of an amniote 70 8.3. Mechanism of amniote formation 74 8.4. Additional features 77 8.5. Discussion and conclusion 78 8.6. Bibliography 79 Chapter 9. From the Century of the Gene to that of the Organism: Introduction to New Theoretical Perspectives 81Maël MONTÉVIL, Giuseppe LONGO and Ana SOTO 9.1. Introduction 81 9.2. Philosophical positions 87 9.3. From the inert to the living 87 9.4. Cell theory: a starting point toward a theory of organisms 88 9.5. The founding principles: from entanglement to integration? 89 9.5.1. Genealogy of the three proposed principles: the default state, the principle of organization and the principle of variation 89 9.5.2. How to organize these principles into a coherent ensemble? 90 9.6. Conclusion 92 9.7. Acknowledgments 94 9.8. Bibliography 94 Chapter 10. The Game of Survival, Chance and Complexity 99Philippe KOURILSKY 10.1. Introduction 99 10.2. Complex systems 100 10.2.1. Definition 100 10.2.2. How to evaluate the complexity of a system? 102 10.2.3. The notion of robustness 102 10.3. Chance and robustness in living organisms 103 10.3.1. The system of natural defenses in living organisms 103 10.3.2. Natural defenses and robustness 103 10.3.3. Natural defenses, chance and hazards 104 10.4. Evolution and chance 105 10.4.1. On the links between robustness and evolution 105 10.4.2. On human evolution 106 10.5. Conclusion: the logic of the living 107 10.6. Bibliography 108 Chapter 11. Life from the Origins to Homo sapiens 109Jean FOURTAUX 11.1. Setting the scene 109 11.2. The conquest of solid earth by the vertebrates 110 11.3. A few insights on evolution 111 11.3.1. The horse 112 11.3.2. Eagle and vulture 112 11.3.3. The cetaceans 112 11.3.4. The Red Queen 112 11.3.5. The spotted hyena 112 11.4. Primates and humans 113 Chapter 12. Plankton Chronicles and the Tara Expeditions 117Christian SARDET 12.1. Plankton 117 12.2. Plankton and climate 118 12.3. The Tara Oceans expedition 121 12.4. Bibliography 123 Chapter 13. The Living Species is Not a Natural Kind but an Intellectual Construction 125Philippe GRANDCOLAS 13.1. Introduction 125 13.2. Two ways to study evolution: genealogy versus phylogeny 126 13.3. Three main families of concepts of species 128 13.4. Reconciling the different concepts: pragmatism or essentialism? 130 13.5. The species and the taxon name 131 13.6. The nature of species: a salutatory philosophical exercise 132 13.7. Bibliography 135 Chapter 14. The Boxes and their Content: What to Do with Invariants in Biology? 139Guillaume LECOINTRE 14.1. Natural history 139 14.2. Natural history and evolution 141 14.3. The species 142 14.4. The grade 146 14.5. Genetic information 146 14.6. The body plan 148 14.7. On the misuse of convergences 149 14.8. Conclusion 151 14.9. Bibliography 151 Chapter 15. Probability, Sense and Evolution (Promenade) 153Cédric VILLANI 15.1. Introduction 153 15.2. Difficult dialogue 154 15.3. Knowledge and big data 155 15.4. The probabilities 156 15.5. A few striking examples 157 15.5.1. Pagerank 157 15.5.2. Decoding 157 15.5.3. Reconstitution of preferences 157 15.5.4. Correspondence between genotype and phenotype 158 15.5.5. Phylogeny 158 15.5.6. Automatic recognition 160 15.5.7. Autopilot 160 15.5.8. Imitation of styles 160 15.5.9. And all the rest 160 15.6. The MCMC method 160 15.7. Neural networks 162 15.8. A few questions 164 15.8.1. Do we understand? 164 15.8.2. Describing convergence 165 15.8.3. Geometrizing 166 15.8.4. Varied questions 166 15.9. Bibliography 167 Part 2. Program and Life: Individuation and Interaction 169 Chapter 16. Towards an Algorithmic Approach to Life Sciences 171Gérard BERRY 16.1. Prologue 171 16.2. Matter, energy, waves and information 172 16.3. Medical imaging 173 16.4. The simulation of the living 175 16.5. Computer modeling and its levels of abstraction 176 16.6. The role of embedded computing 178 16.7. Other subjects 179 16.8. But is all this without danger? 180 16.9. The importance of training 182 Chapter 17. Where Does the Notion of Function Come From? 183Heinz WISMANN Chapter 18. The Contribution of Artificial Life to Theoretical Biology 191Hugues BERSINI 18.1. Introduction 191 18.2. Support to pedagogy 192 18.3. Food for thought: a philosophy in software form 193 18.4. Conclusions: royal life, falsifiable modeling 198 18.5. Bibliography 199 Chapter 19. Biochemical Programs and Analog-Digital Mixed Algorithms in the Cell 201François FAGES and Guillaume LE GULUDEC 19.1. Introduction 201 19.2. Biochemical programs 202 19.2.1. Syntax 202 19.2.2. Semantics 203 19.2.3. Example of MAPK signaling networks 203 19.3. Behavioral logical specifications 205 19.4. Analog specifications 206 19.4.1. Computability and analog complexity theory . 206 19.4.2. Computability and biochemical algorithmic complexity 208 19.4.3. GPAC biochemical compilation 210 19.4.4. Analog–digital converter compared to MAPK 211 19.5. Biochemical compilation of sequentiality and cell cycle 212 19.6. Discussion 213 19.7. Bibliography 214 Chapter 20. From Computational Physics to the Origins of Life 217A. Marco SAITTA 20.1. Prebiotic emergence of the basic bricks of life 217 20.2. Computational approaches and simulations in chemistry 219 20.3. Computational approaches and simulations in prebiotic chemistry 220 20.4. New challenges in modeling: reaction networks 222 20.5. At the frontiers of modeling in prebiotic chemistry: topological approaches 224 20.6. Conclusion and perspectives 227 20.7. Bibliography 227 Chapter 21. Computing and the Temptation of Babel 231Kavé SALAMATIAN 21.1. Introduction 232 21.2. The role of information technologies 233 21.3. On conflicts of rationality and more specifically on rationality in biology 236 21.4. Information and its role in biology 239 21.5. Conclusion 241 21.6. Acknowledgments 241 21.7. Bibliography 241 Chapter 22. Big Data, Knowledge and Biology 243Giuseppe LONGO and Maël MONTÉVIL 22.1. Introduction 243 22.2. Big databases, prediction and chance 245 22.3. Bibliography 247 Chapter 23. Natural Language, Formal Language and the Description of the Living World 249Régine VIGNES LEBBE 23.1. Introduction 249 23.2. Describing the living world 250 23.2.1. The objects in the description of the living world 250 23.2.2. Describing specimens 251 23.2.3. Describing taxa 252 23.3. Formal language 253 23.3.1. Semantic step 253 23.3.2. The characters: several concepts 254 23.3.3. Structured computerization of knowledge 255 23.4. Conclusion 256 23.5. Bibliography 257 Chapter 24. Vital Individuation and Morphogenetic Information 259Vincent BONTEMS 24.1. Introduction 259 24.2. The theory of vital individuation 261 24.3. Lamarck’s ghost 263 24.4. DNA and its transductions 266 24.5. Schrödinger’s flower 269 Chapter 25. How to Account for Interspecies Socio-cultural Phenomena? An Evolutionist and Interactionist Model 273Dominique GUILLO 25.1. The difficult dialogue between social sciences and life sciences 273 25.2. The empire of the principle of identity in theories of society and culture 274 25.3. A field of neglected social and cultural phenomena 276 25.4. Linking social sciences and life sciences 279 25.5. Bibliography 281 Chapter 26. Life: A Simplex Whirlwind between Matter, Energy and Information 283Jean-Claude BARREY 26.1. Introduction 283 26.2. The Craig–Lorenz principle, traditional base of animal and human behavior 284 26.3. The formulations incompatible with modern systemic biology 284 26.4. Lorenz’s principle reformulated based on current biological data 287 26.5. Ethosociological interpretation of the reformulated principle 287 26.5.1. Ontogenesis, sociogenesis and phylogenesis 287 26.6. Regulating societies through economy: ethoeconomy 289 26.7. The bioethological stages of a social evolution 292 26.8. Conclusion 293 26.9. Bibliography 293 Chapter 27. Nutritional Interactions through the Living: from Individuals to Societies and Beyond 295Mathieu LIHOREAU 27.1. The living: a complex nutritional system 295 27.2. Nutrition at the individual level 296 27.3. Nutrition at the collective level 297 27.3.1. Mass migrations 298 27.3.2. Collective decisions 299 27.3.3. Parental care 299 27.3.4. Cooperative foraging 300 27.3.5. Division of labor 300 27.3.6. Interactions between species 301 27.4. Toward a multilevel theory of nutrition? 302 27.5. Bibliography 303 Chapter 28. Epigenetic Regulation of Protein Biosynthesis by Scale Resonance: Study of the Reduction of ESCA Effects on Vines in Field Applications – Summary 2016 305Pedro FERRANDIZ, Michel DUHAMEL and Joël STERNHEIMER 28.1. Introduction 305 28.2. Materials and methods 307 28.3. 2003–2011 results 308 28.4. Results 2012 310 28.5. Results 2013 311 28.6. Results 2014 312 28.7. Results 2015 313 28.8. Results 2016 314 28.9. Conclusions 315 Chapter 29. Quantum and Multiverse Inflation 317Michel CASSÉ 29.1. Copernican and anti-Copernican revolutions 318 29.2. Selection criteria for the number of dimensions of space and time 318 29.3. Why is time monodimensional? 320 29.4. The bones of the void 320 29.5. The buzz effect of inflation 322 29.6. The eye hears and recognizes the fundamental and harmonic 325 Chapter 30. Reontologization of the World and of Life 329Jean-Gabriel GANASCIA 30.1. Philosophy of information 329 30.2. Method and levels of abstraction 330 30.3. “Inforgs” and infosphere 332 30.4. Originality of the infosphere 333 30.5. Reontologization 335 30.6. Ethics of information 336 30.7. Bibliography 337 Chapter 31. Redesigning Life, a Serious and Credible Research Agenda? 339Bernadette BENSAUDE VINCENT 31.1. Introduction 339 31.2. Favorite metaphors 341 31.3. Inappropriate metaphors 343 31.4. Ethical challenges and metaphysics 345 31.5. Bibliography 347 Chapter 32. Transhumanism and the Future of Negation 349Jean-Michel BESNIER List of Authors 359 Index 363

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Book SynopsisThis book's aim is to obtain and organize knowledge about the diversity of living things. Their epistomological and methodological fundamentals are explained in the framework of the biology of evolution. The methods of construction and use of phylogenetic trees are presented as well as the classification and description of taxa with the nomenclature rules.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiPhilippe GRANDCOLAS and Marie-Christine MAUREL Chapter 1 Symmetry of Shapes in Biology: from D'Arcy Thompson to Morphometrics 1Sylvain GERBER and Yoland SAVRIAMA 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 D'Arcy Thompson, symmetry and morphometrics 2 1.3 Isometries and symmetry groups 4 1.4 Biological asymmetries 5 1.5 Principles of geometric morphometrics 6 1.6 The treatment of symmetry in morphometrics 8 1.7 Some examples of applications 12 1.8 Conclusion 13 1.9 References 14 Chapter 2 Impact of a Point Mutation in a Protein Structure 17Mathilde CARPENTIER and Jacques CHOMILIER 2.1 Composition 17 2.2 Folding 18 2.3 Substitution(s) in protein structures 20 2.4 Effect on overall structure and function 20 2.5 Effect on stability 22 2.6 Effect on the peptide backbone 23 2.7 Conclusion 28 2.8 References 28 Chapter 3 The Role of Taxonomy and Natural History in the Study of the Evolution of Eneopterinae Crickets 33Tony ROBILLARD 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Taxonomy in modern comparative approaches 35 3.3 A model group 37 3.4 Contribution of taxonomy for phylogenetic reconstructions and classification 40 3.5 Contribution of taxonomy to biogeography 44 3.6 Taxonomic exploration and evolution of species traits 48 3.7 Conclusion 52 3.8 Acknowledgments 54 3.9 References 54 Chapter 4 Systematics in the (Post)genomic Era: A Look at the Drosophila Model 61Amir YASSIN 4.1 Drosophila: a star of genetics but a systematic nebula 61 4.2 Subspecies: identification of "genomic islands of divergence"? 63 4.3 Species complexes: congruence between species trees and gene trees 67 4.4 Supraspecific ranks: phylogeny, genome and morphome 70 4.5 Conclusion 73 4.6 Acknowledgments 74 4.7 References 74 Chapter 5 Dealing with Multiple Environments: The Challenges of the Trypanosome Lifecycle 79Estefanía CALVO ALVAREZ and Philippe BASTIN 5.1 Human African trypanosomiasis, the disease 79 5.2 Cell biology of Trypanosoma brucei 80 5.3 Survival and maturation of T brucei in the tsetse vector 84 5.4 Adaptations of T brucei to the mammalian host 92 5.5 Conclusion 99 5.6 References 99 Chapter 6 Challenges Inherent in the Systematics and Taxonomy of Genera that have Recently Experienced Explosive Radiation: The Case of Orchids of the Genus Ophrys 113Joris BERTRAND, Michel BAGUETTE, Nina JOFFARD and Bertrand SCHATZ 6.1 Introduction 114 6.2 Speciation in Ophrys: an evolutionary divergence seen as a reticulated continuum 115 6.3 Current state of knowledge on Ophrys systematics 121 6.4 Integrative genomics and taxonomy: perspectives and issues 125 6.5 Conclusion 129 6.6 Acknowledgments 130 6.7 References 130 Chapter 7 Exploration and Origins of Biodiversity in Madagascar: The Message of Ferns 135Germinal ROUHAN and Myriam GAUDEUL 7.1 Introduction 135 7.2 Madagascar: a complex biogeographical context 136 7.3 Ferns and lycophytes: an ideal model for the biogeography of Madagascar 140 7.4 Origins of the lineages of ferns in Madagascar 140 7.5 The example of Rumohra: dispersions to Madagascar and around the world 142 7.6 Conclusion 144 7.7 References 144 Chapter 8 Mediterranean and Atlantic Algae, a Fraternal Relationship? 147Line LE GALL, Delphine GEY and Florence ROUSSEAU 8.1 Introduction 148 8.2 Materials and methods 152 8.3 Results 159 8.4 Discussion 163 8.5 Acknowledgments 164 8.6 References 165 Chapter 9 Ontogeny and Evolution of the Hyperorgan of Delphinieae 171Florian JABBOUR, Julie ZALKO, Antoine MOREL, Samuel FRACHON and Isabelle BOUCHART-DUFAY 9.1 Introduction 171 9.2 Synorganization: a concept, definitions 172 9.3 Ontogeny and evolution of the hyperorgan of Delphinieae 174 9.4 The study of synorganization in evolutionary biology 178 9.5 Conclusion 181 9.6 Acknowledgments 181 9.7 References 182 Chapter 10 Identification of Interspecific Chromosomal Homologies: Chromosomal Microdissection and Chromosomal Painting in Antarctic Teleosts Nototheniidae 185Juliette AUVINET, Agnès DETTAÏ, Olivier CORITON, Catherine OZOUF-COSTAZ and Dominique HIGUET 10.1 Introduction 185 10.2 Materials and methods 191 10.3 Results 195 10.4 Discussion 199 10.5 Conclusion 204 10.6 References 205 List of Authors 215 Index 221

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Book SynopsisKnowledge of Life Today presents the thoughts of Jean Gayon, a major philosopher of science in France who is recognized across the Atlantic, especially for his work in philosophy and the history of life sciences. The book is structured around Gayon's personal answers to questions put forward by Victor Petit. This approach combines scientific rigor and risk-taking in answers that go back to the fundamentals of the subject.As well as the relationship between philosophy and the history of science, Gayon discusses the main questions of the history and philosophy of biology that marked his intellectual journey: Darwin, evolutionary biology, genetics and molecular biology, human evolution, and various aspects of the relationship between biology and society in contemporary times (racism, eugenics, biotechnology, biomedicine, etc.).Table of Contents1. Philosophy of Biology. 2. Darwin and Darwinism. 3. Genetics. 4. Biology and Society.

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Book SynopsisBased on the most recent scientific data, and without neglecting historical publications, Fishes in Lagoons and Estuaries in the Mediterranean 3 comprehensively details Mediterranean lagoonal–marine migratory fish. It provides information regarding their systematics, ecobiology, ethology, genetics and their exploitation. This volume, third in a set of books on Mediterranean ichthyofauna, offers a synthesis of the knowledge acquired from 1890 to the present day for each of the 21 species most frequently found in Mediterranean lagoons and estuaries. These species are detailed across two volumes, 3A and 3B. The scientific data presented in this book concern their lagoon life as much as their marine life, and are therefore of particular interest for both the management of fish stocks and for the conservation of species. Designed to give rapid and comprehensive access to the body of knowledge on Mediterranean lagoonal and estuarine migratory fishes, this volume is for anyone involved in the use, management or protection of natural environments and their populations, including ecobiologists, geographers, engineers, teachers, students and researchers. Table of ContentsForeword vii Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Mullidae Günther, 1859 1 1.1. Mullus Linnæus, 1758 3 1.1.1. Mullus barbatus barbatus Linnæus, 1758 5 1.1.2. Mullus surmuletus Linnæus, 1758 23 1.2. Bibliography 41 Chapter 2. Pleuronectidae Norman, 1934 59 2.1. Platichthys Girard, 1854–1855 [1856] 59 2.1.1. Platichthys flesus (Linnæus, 1758) 60 2.2. Bibliography 70 Chapter 3. Soleidae Norman, 1934 75 3.1. Solea Quensel, 1806 77 3.1.1. Solea aegyptiaca Chabanaud, 1927 79 3.1.2. Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858 85 3.1.3. Solea solea (Linnæus, 1758) 91 3.2. Bibliography 110 Chapter 4. Sparidae Jordan and Evermann, 1898 129 4.1. Diplodus Rafinesque, 1810 130 4.1.1. Diplodus annularis (Linnæus, 1758) 135 4.1.2. Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777) 148 4.1.3. Diplodus sargus sargus (Linnæus, 1758) 161 4.1.4. Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817) 180 4.2. Lithognathus Swainson, 1839 194 4.2.1. Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnæus, 1758) 194 4.3. Sarpa Bonaparte, 1831 206 4.3.1. Sarpa salpa (Linnæus, 1758) 206 4.4. Sparus Linnæus, 1758 217 4.4.1. Sparus aurata Linnæus, 1758 218 4.5. Bibliography 240 Glossary 273 Index 281

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Book SynopsisThe analysis of kinship plays a major role in social anthropology. However, the intellectual triumph of structuralism has transformed this analysis into an ivory tower and the methodological hegemony of functionalism inhibits any historical authority. Kinship, Ecology and History informs the reader of these old, yet long-lasting issues. By presenting new, original perspectives, this book reinvents the manner in which we can study kinship. It also examines ecology and history as a conjectural reflection, which make up the foundations on which human kinship can be reflected upon. Whether human kinship is understood in the form of systematics models or as articulated practices, it has to be conceived as a strategic means for modes of action and of transformation of life in society. The three case studies presented in this book give body to new issues. They deconstruct the existing models in order to re-establish kinship as a condition and consequence of social evolution.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Georges GUILLE-ESCURET Chapter 1. Conditional Conjecture: the Relationship Between Ecology, Evolution and History 1 Georges GUILLE-ESCURET 1.1. Do the sources contaminate history? 1 1.1.1. Consequences and extensions of a deadlock 2 1.1.2. The return of evolutionism: another disposal of ecology and history 4 1.2. The recurrent pitfalls of conjecture in the face of kinship 6 1.2.1. The misleading security of the base 7 1.2.2. Causes, emergences and functions 13 1.2.3. Statistics and anomalies 17 1.3. Controllable conjectures: perceiving kinship as conditional 21 1.3.1. Aram Yengoyan’s edifying investigation into Australia 22 1.3.2. An ecology of kinship from its initial reports 26 1.3.3. Prescription and prohibition: “to marry the closest”? 34 1.3.4. Contraventions, restrictions and extensions: adaptable kinship? 40 1.4. The relationship between filiation and alliance reconsidered as a variable 49 1.5. The challenge: correlating and speculating without conclusion 54 Chapter 2. Mode of Reproduction and Prohibition of Incest 57 Sejin PARK 2.1. Mode of reproduction in world III: the case of nomadic hunter-gatherers 59 2.1.1. Universal kinship 59 2.1.2. Couple formation as condition for reproduction 62 2.1.3. Ways to obtain the category of “marriageable kin” 64 2.2. Mode of reproduction in world I 67 2.2.1. Two invariants and an alternative in community formation 67 2.2.2. Promiscuity regime 70 2.2.3. Transition from the undivided community to the community divided into consanguineous groups 71 2.3. Mode of reproduction in world II 74 2.3.1. The meaning of We 75 2.3.2. From immediate to delayed sexuality 77 2.3.3. Mode of reproduction and delayed sexuality 78 2.4. On the evolutionary pertinence of the prohibition of incest 83 2.4.1. Sexual avoidance and exogamy 83 2.4.2. Prohibiting more to specify more 87 Chapter 3. Open and Closed Systems: Rebuilding the Social Organization of Prehistoric Societies 93 Laurent DOUSSET 3.1. Introduction 93 3.2. Theoretical proposals 99 3.3. Kinship and the problem of symmetry 101 3.3.1. What is a “kinship system”? 101 3.3.2. Recalling the basic principles of terminology representation 103 3.3.3. The system called “Eskimo” or cognatic 109 3.3.4. The so-called “Dravidian” system and its variants 111 3.3.5. The problem of symmetry 117 3.3.6. Lévi-Strauss and the origins of kinship 119 3.3.7. Nick Allen’s “tetradic” theory 127 3.3.8. Why are section systems not strictly speaking kinship? 134 3.3.9. Practice and rule 141 3.3.10. The basics necessary for the discussion of open and closed systems 146 3.4. Kinship and ecology: hunter-gatherers and Sahul 148 3.4.1. To be or not to be a hunter-gatherer 148 3.4.2. Closed systems: the “classic” Australian model 153 3.4.3. Open systems: ethnography of the Western Desert 158 3.4.4. The first occupants of Sahul 173 3.5. Is a “sociobiology” of exchange realistic? 178 3.6. For a new typology 188 Conclusion 193 Laurent DOUSSET References 203 Index 225

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Book SynopsisAs genetics becomes increasingly important in our everyday environment, misinterpretation of its scientific foundation leads to mixed feelings of hope and fear about the potential of its applications. Trajectories of Genetics uncovers the many facets of genetics - from humans to animals, plants, and the microscopic world through more than a century of scientific progress. It summarizes the evolution of ideas as the organization and functioning of genetic material has become clearer. The book analyzes how genetic information – transmitted from generation to generation in nucleic acids – enables the fulfillment of biological functions and the evolution of the living world. It illustrates current developments in many areas: the improvement of species of agronomic interest, an increased understanding of microbial worlds, the management of genetic pathologies and the synthesis of new forms of life.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1. Following Ariadne’s Thread from Genetics to DNA 1 1.1. The birth of genetics 1 1.2. The foundations of a new science 5 1.3. Gene, locus and genetic maps 7 1.4. Mutagenesis: first ideas on the material nature of the gene 10 1.5. First ideas on gene products 13 1.6. The order of things and the elements of disorder 14 1.7. Dissecting the invisible: allelism, cistron and the locus again 16 1.8. The DNA trail 19 1.9. Important ideas to remember 21 1.10. References 21 Chapter 2. The Molecular Nature of Genes and Their Products 25 2.1. DNA and its replication 25 2.2. Permanence and alteration of DNA, mutations 26 2.3. Protein synthesis and the central dogma of molecular biology 28 2.4. The genetic code: how to read the genetic message 35 2.5. First paradigm of gene expression: the bacterial lactose operon 40 2.6. Reverse transcription and retrogenes 43 2.7. Exons, introns and splicing: the first complexity of RNA life 44 2.8. Sequence editing: the second complexity of RNA life 51 2.9. RNA interference and epigenetics 52 2.10. Important ideas to remember 56 2.11. References 57 Chapter 3. Chromosomes and Reproduction 61 3.1. The “true” chromosomes 61 3.2. Sexual reproduction and alternating generations 63 3.3. Meiosis 65 3.4. Genetic determinism of sex 70 3.4.1. From gametes to sex 70 3.4.2. Sex determinism in animals 71 3.4.3. Sex determinism of brown algae 74 3.5. Clonal reproduction and its derivatives 75 3.6. The genetics of organelles 77 3.6.1. In unicellular eukaryotes 78 3.6.2. In humans and animals 78 3.6.3. In plants 79 3.7. Important ideas to remember 80 3.8. References 81 Chapter 4. From Genetic Engineering to Genomics 83 4.1. Restriction of DNA 83 4.2. Recombinant DNA and the birth of genetic engineering 85 4.3. Sequencing of biological macromolecules 87 4.4. The beginnings of genomics: the very first genome sequences 91 4.5. The trigger 92 4.6. The impact of the first real genomes 93 4.7. The human genome 96 4.8. New methods of genome sequencing and the current state of genomics 98 4.9. Important ideas to remember 100 4.10. References 101 Chapter 5. Uniqueness and Polymorphism of Genomes 103 5.1. The immensity of nucleic acid sequences 104 5.2. Components of genomes and their replication 105 5.3. A little perspective on the content of genomes 109 5.4. Traces of the past and driving forces for the future 112 5.5. Genes in genomes 117 5.6. Genes and genetic determinism 120 5.7. Natural populations: pan-, core-genomes and SNP 123 5.8. Population genomics 126 5.9. The genetics of genomes 127 5.10. Important ideas to remember 128 5.11. References 129 Chapter 6. Natural Dynamics and Directed Modifications of Genomes 131 6.1. The dynamics of genomes 131 6.2. Hereditary acquisitions 134 6.2.1. Transformation by DNA and horizontal gene transfer 134 6.2.2. Primary endosymbioses of eukaryotes 136 6.2.3. Viruses and transposable elements 137 6.3. Directed manipulations of genomes: principles and tools 139 6.4. Directed manipulations of genomes: applications 144 6.5. Important ideas to remember 146 6.6. References 147 Chapter 7. Of Genes and Humans 149 7.1. Ancient DNA and human history 150 7.2. Traces of the past in today’s human genome 153 7.2.1. Adaptations to the world’s regions 154 7.2.2. Adaptations to lifestyles 154 7.2.3. Adaptations to diseases 155 7.2.4. Maladaptation following past selections 156 7.2.5. Conclusion 157 7.3. Traces of past climates in the trees of our forests 157 7.4. The domestication of cultivated plants 159 7.4.1. Characteristics of domestication 160 7.4.2. The mutations that enabled domestication 162 7.5. Selection of livestock 163 7.6. Conclusion 167 7.7. Important ideas to remember 168 7.8. References 169 Chapter 8. Genetics and Human Health 173 8.1. “Mendelian” and multifactorial diseases, a continuum of complexity 174 8.2. Interpretation and use of DNA sequences 175 8.3. Autism 177 8.4. Gene therapy 178 8.5. The multiple genetic causes of cancers 181 8.6. Microbiota 184 8.7. Important ideas to remember 187 8.8. References 188 Chapter 9. Now and Tomorrow 191 9.1. A living world to be further explored 191 9.2. Genome synthesis 197 9.3. New lives 200 9.4. Important ideas to remember 203 9.5. References 203 Conclusion 207 Glossary 213 References 233 Index 235

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Book SynopsisIn the same realm as social ecology, industrial ecology and the circular economy, a new interdisciplinary field is growing: territorial ecology. Based on the analysis of the metabolism of human societies at a local level, it helps us diagnose a socioecosystem. This diagnostic is not only based on what is circulating, but also on how it is organized and why. Who is at the origin of a flow? What are their motivations? Who has the power to make decisions about it? This methodology, taking into account both the material description of human societies and the analysis of decisionmaking processes, might also be relevant for territorial diagnostics. It leads us to a systemic view of the consequences of individual and collective actions on the sustainability of local socio ecosystems. Socio-ecological transition implies a substantial evolution of human societies. Innovation, be it technological, organizational or social, is intrinsically involved in this evolution. However, if transition calls for disruptive rather than incremental innovations, we must also assess these innovations with a systemic view of their consequences.Table of ContentsAcknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Positioning Territorial Ecology in the Scientific and Institutional Context 1 1.1. Positioning of territorial ecology from a scientific point of view 2 1.1.1. Urban ecology 3 1.1.2. Industrial ecology 6 1.1.3. From industrial ecology to industrial and territorial ecology 9 1.1.4. The social ecology of Vienna 11 1.1.5. Toward a territorial ecology 12 1.2. Positioning in the institutional context 16 1.2.1. The evolution of concepts around sustainability 17 1.2.2. From industrial ecology to circular economy 20 1.2.3. A variation of circularity: the bioeconomy 22 1.2.4. An effective consideration of the stakes 23 1.3. Conclusion 25 Chapter 2. Main Methodologies Developed Around Urban and Territorial Metabolism: Contributions and Limitations 27 2.1. The main principles of metabolism 27 2.1.1. Plurality of objectives and methods 28 2.1.2. The implementation of the Eurostat method at the territorial level 30 2.1.3. A tool for analysis and comparison between territories 32 2.2. The rise of social metabolism and the territorial footprint 35 2.2.1. The different facets of the place of energy in metabolism 36 2.2.2. The central place of the foodprint 39 2.2.3. ... as well as the place of water 43 2.2.4. The stakes of social metabolism 48 2.3. Contributing to better knowledge of territorial issues 50 2.3.1. A more participatory approach 51 2.3.2. A more territorially focused approach 53 2.4. Conclusion 54 Chapter 3. A Wealth Creation Approach for a Territorial Diagnosis Methodology 57 3.1. The model of wealth creation subsystems 59 3.1.1. The starting model 60 3.1.2. Multiple questions 66 3.2. Methods of analysis of the relationships between stakeholders within the territorial metabolism 69 3.2.1. Which stakeholders should be taken into account? 70 3.2.2. How to take into account the relationships between stakeholders? 74 3.3. Conclusion 89 Chapter 4. Territorial Ecology and the Challenges of the Socio-ecological Transition: Metabolism, Capacity and Resilience 91 4.1. Capabilities 92 4.1.1. The rise of individualistic freedom 92 4.1.2. A certain approach to freedom 94 4.1.3. Individual capabilities or collective capabilities 95 4.1.4. Territory and capabilities 100 4.2. Better integration of the relationship to the environment within the metabolism 102 4.2.1. Socio-ecosystems and nature’s contribution to people 104 4.2.2. A socio-ecosystemic approach to wealth 105 4.3. Territorial capability and resilience: a means to tackle transition issues 109 4.3.1. Vulnerability and resilience 110 4.3.2. Capability and resilience of territorial systems 112 4.3.3. Beaufort cheese: between vulnerability and resilience 116 4.4. Conclusion 124 Chapter 5. Principles for Innovative Territorial Projects 127 5.1. Conventional regimes and principles 130 5.1.1. Conventions 130 5.1.2. Conventional values and reference points 132 5.1.3. Conventional regimes 134 5.2. From the dominant conventional regime to a more sustainable one 135 5.2.1. The basis of the dominant conventional regime 136 5.2.2. What might the characteristics be of a sustainable conventional regime? 141 5.3. Toward innovative regional projects 150 5.3.1. What innovation? 151 5.3.2. Local initiatives at the heart of the alternative regime 152 5.3.3. Is there a rise of an alternative regime? 154 5.3.4. The key role of politics 158 5.4. Conclusion 159 Conclusion 161 References 165 Index 179

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Book SynopsisThe human specificity can be described by verticality/bipedalism, technique use, articulated language, high cognitive capacities, complex society at three levels: body, mind, social. In this book, is proposed an evolutionary process that make better understand how such humanity could have emerged in the long time (more than 6 million years). The process is based on a very early necessity to use technic for surviving correlated with neoteny which impulsed a darwinian evolutionary process, with four distinguished punctuation described as neotenizations.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Part 1. Phylogenetics of the Emergence of Humans 1 Chapter 1. The Long and Slow Emergence of Humans 3 1.1. The difficulty of thinking about the beginning of the human being 3 1.2. The current challenge of human construction 7 Chapter 2. Technique and Becoming Human 9 2.1. A general definition of technique 9 2.2. Awareness and use of techniques 13 2.3. Technical posture in human phylogenesis 14 Chapter 3. Ethology: Technique and the Frog 17 3.1. The Goliath frog: a technician frog 17 3.2. Causes for the Goliath frog’s gigantic size 18 Chapter 4. Neoteny: From Concept to Grand Narrative 19 4.1. Sources of the concept of neoteny in biology 19 4.2. Applying the concept of neoteny to the human being 20 4.3. Appropriation of the concept of neo-neoteny by the humanities 22 4.4. Neotenization: a “grand narrative” of the emergence of the human being 24 Chapter 5. Issues of Neoteny and Technique 27 5.1. A very old conception of human “disabilities” 27 5.2. The equipped human and neotenic human: two unrelated concepts 28 5.3. The philosophy of technique: a recent discipline 30 Chapter 6. Neoteny and Fetal Consciousness 33 6.1. Humans before birth 33 6.2. Humanity of the baby at birth 35 6.3. Ancient protection of the human baby at birth 36 Chapter 7. Inversion of the Analysis: The Lamarckian Bias 39 7.1. The ambiguous concept of adaptation 39 7.2. The uselessness of adaptation with the concept of natural selection 41 7.3. The use of a tool: a selective system 43 7.4. From tool-based technique to body-based technique 44 7.5. New evolutionary narratives 46 Chapter 8. Animal Behavior: Hermit Crabs and Their Shells 51 8.1. The hermit crab: a strange crustacean 51 8.2. The hermit crab: an oblivious technician? 52 Chapter 9. Prejudice About the Priority of Values 55 9.1. The human sense of morality: an exception? 55 9.2. Prioritizing cognitive ability in human characteristics 56 9.3. Role of technique in the emergence of language 58 Chapter 10. The First Phase of the Hominization Process 61 10.1. The conditions of access to humans through technique 61 10.2. Verticality as the first pre-human technical experience 66 10.3. The consequences of verticality 78 Chapter 11. Towards the Verticalization of the Genus Homo 83 11.1. Aging of technical achievements 83 11.2. Phylogenesis of characteristics and lineages 88 11.3. From Australopithecus to the genus Homo: the selection of technicality 94 Chapter 12. Technical Evolution and Neoteny of the Genus Homo 101 12.1. Homo habilis: a new bushy development? 101 12.2. Homo erectus, the advent of a technical humanity 106 12.3. Homo sapiens, the advent of inner life and the imaginary 113 Part 2. Technique and Human Ontology 127 Chapter 13. Technique as the Foundation of the Human Being 129 13.1. A look back at stone-knapping: the contribution of neuroscience 129 13.2. Explaining humans through technique: a conceptual error 132 13.3. Mental exaptation as a norm of human development 136 13.4. The relationship between bodily technique and tool technique 139 13.5. Variability of technical capabilities 145 Chapter 14. The Domestication of the Wolf: A Decisive Advantage? 149 14.1. The oldest domestication 149 14.2. The co-evolution of humans and dogs 150 14.3. The strength of the association between humans and dogs 154 Chapter 15. Reforming Our Thinking About Humans? 157 15.1. The human characteristic: a search without a future? 157 15.2. The major innovation in body techniques 159 15.3. Technique and the game: a fundamental intertwining factor 163 15.4. New accounts of the emergence of culture 165 15.5. The influence of techniques on evolutionary processes 169 15.6. The relationship between technical behavior and biological evolution 174 15.7. The selection of neoteny 180 15.8. Towards the human being: convergences and co-evolutions 187 15.9. Homo sapiens, a convergence of multiple capacities 191 15.10. The ultimate technical step towards the human: mental technique 196 15.11. The technical inscription of the mind 204 15.12. The construction of thought 205 Chapter 16. Emergence, Then Global Expansion 207 16.1. Rapid global development 207 16.2. Great linguistic diversification 208 16.3. Co-evolution of cultures, languages and techniques 208 16.4. The anthropization of the planet 209 Chapter 17. The Myth of the Golden Age 211 17.1. The Golden Age in ancient myths 211 17.2. The Golden Age of modern thinkers 213 17.3. Believing in a golden age: a cognitive bias? 214 Conclusion 217 References 225 Index 243

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Book SynopsisMicroalgae and cyanobacteria are the first organisms in the oceanic food chain and are essential producers of oxygen and effective carbon dioxide traps. They are traditional sources of food proteins for Aztec, African and Asian populations, and some of them have even acquired the status of superfoods. Microalgae reviews the biological, ecological and biochemical characteristics of microalgae and cyanobacteria. They are true cellular factories, producing substances of interest such as original pigments, proteins and polysaccharides with biological activities. Their use covers many sectors of human activity including aquaculture, livestock breeding, agri-food, and human and veterinary medicine.This book presents their mode of production and the transformation processes that are applied to them, as well as the traditional and future valorization of algae. As they are a source of lipids and fatty acids, microalgae have become the focus of attention for the development of green fuels, such as biofuel.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Biology and Ecology of Microalgae 1 1.1. Biological characteristics 1 1.1.1. General characteristics 1 1.1.2. The different groups in traditional and phylogenetic classification 3 1.1.3. The special case of cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae) 10 1.2. Ecological features 12 1.2.1. Marine microalgae 13 1.2.2. Microalgae in brackish and freshwater environments 15 1.2.3. Microalgae in terrestrial and aerial environments 16 Chapter 2. Production Techniques 21 2.1. Production by harvesting in the natural environment 21 2.2. Production by culture in open systems 24 2.2.1. Production in open basins 24 2.2.2. Production in open raceway-type basins 25 2.2.3. Open-tank production 30 2.3. Production by culture in a closed system 31 2.3.1. Production in discontinuous mode 31 2.3.2. Production in continuous mode 34 Chapter 3. Food Valorizations 43 3.1. Animal feed 43 3.1.1. Forage microalgae 43 3.1.2. Dietary supplements 51 3.2. Human food 56 3.2.1. Ingredients or vegetables 56 3.2.2. Dietary supplements 60 3.2.3. Functional foods 66 3.2.4. Food coloring 73 3.2.5. Regulations 74 Chapter 4. Valorized Molecules 77 4.1. Polysaccharides 77 4.2. Proteins and enzymes 83 4.2.1. Phycobiliproteins 83 4.2.2. Enzymes 87 4.3. Non-protein pigments 89 4.4. Fat, sterols and fatty acids 90 4.5. The special case of biofuel 94 4.5.1. Biofuel production processes 94 4.5.2. Algal species used as biosources 99 4.5.3. The economic context 99 4.6. Other applications 101 Chapter 5. Extraction Processes 105 5.1. Conventional processes 105 5.1.1. Ball mills 105 5.1.2. Ultrasonication 106 5.1.3. Extraction using supercritical fluid 109 5.1.4. Extraction by microwaves 113 5.1.5. High-pressure extraction 114 5.1.6. Extraction facilitated by lyophilization 116 5.2. Enzymatic hydrolysis 118 5.3. Other methods 122 Chapter 6. Biotechnological Approaches 125 6.1. Biorefinery 125 6.2. Physiological forcing 127 6.3. Genetic transformation 131 Conclusion 137 References 139 Index 155

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Book SynopsisComparative anatomy helps to define among surgical procedures, those that are able to restore early walking function using really useful structures, without necessarily respecting the normal anatomy. This book proposes an original vision based on the following ideas : • The cure is complete only if it occurs quickly, which is vital for vulnerable patients. • The surgical goal isn�t the anatomical restitution ad integrum, but to resore the fonction, that of the permanent terrestrial human bipedalism. To identify it, put it back into its evolutionary context and compare it to the anatomo-functional models of our closest relatives, the great apes. • Achieving this dual objective through new surgical techniques (percutaneous and minimally invaseve), associated with biomechanical data for immediate and total support.Table of ContentsForeword ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Comparison: The Key to Understanding Human Specificity 1 1.1. Comparison, a source of clarity 1 1.2. Different models of the foot and ankle throughout evolution 1 1.2.1. Evolution of the chiridial limb 2 1.2.2. The human model 6 1.2.3. Comparative functional anatomy 9 1.3. Different functional anatomy models of bipedalism, from turkeys to humans and great apes 10 1.3.1. Challenges in terms of phylogeny 10 1.3.2. Definition of bipedalism 11 1.3.3. Different bipeds 12 1.3.4. Conclusion 23 1.4. Permanent terrestrial human bipedalism, explained through the model of the bi-articular muscles 23 1.4.1. Introduction 23 1.4.2. Kinematic analysis 24 1.4.3. Dynamic analysis (Figure 1.22) 26 1.4.4. Electromyography 28 1.4.5. Surgical treatment 31 1.4.6. Conclusion 32 1.5. Alternating dorsal/plantar flexion of the ankle; comparison with the great ape 32 1.5.1. Kinematic analysis 33 1.5.2. Dynamic analysis 36 1.5.3. Conclusion 36 1.6. Dorsiflexion location (Figure 1.15) 37 Chapter 2. The Aim of Surgery: Restore Function 39 2.1. Introduction 39 2.1.1. The notion of sacrifice 39 2.1.2. Normal 39 2.1.3. Useful 40 2.1.4. Direct surgical implications 41 2.2. Hallux valgus 42 2.2.1. Pathophysiology 42 2.2.2. Normality/utility balance 45 2.3. Arthrodesis 48 2.3.1. The first cuneometatarsal joint (C1M1) 48 2.3.2. First metatarsophalangeal joint (MTP1) 52 2.4. Excessive mechanical pressure under the forefoot (second, third and fourth metatarsals – M2, M3 and M4, respectively) 55 2.4.1. Biomechanics and evolution 55 2.4.2. Pathophysiology 57 2.4.3. Surgical treatment 58 2.5. Plantar plate 60 2.5.1. Introduction 60 2.5.2. Plantar plate in primates 60 2.5.3. Anatomy 61 2.5.4. Biomechanics 64 2.5.5. Mechanical balance 66 2.5.6. Treatment 66 2.6. Release of gastrocnemius muscles 66 2.7. Claw toes (Figure 2.34) 67 2.7.1. Surgical alternatives 67 2.7.2. Anatomy reminder 69 2.7.3. Extension function 71 2.7.4. Flexor tendons: which priorities? 74 2.7.5. Unusual anastomose 78 2.7.6. Conclusion 79 2.8. Second ray syndrome 80 2.8.1. Medical and surgical considerations 80 2.8.2. Second metatarsal in human primates, non-human primates and fossil hominids 83 2.8.3. Treatment 94 2.8.4. Conclusion 95 2.9. Morton’s neuroma 95 2.9.1. Introduction 95 2.9.2. Pathological anatomy review 95 2.9.3. Clinical consequence 97 2.9.4. Surgical options 97 2.9.5. Choosing between utility and normality 98 2.10. Appendix: anatomy and function of tendons 98 Chapter 3. Rapid Healing Through Immediate Use of the Operated Foot: A Purpose 101 3.1. Introduction 101 3.2. The need for a concept 102 3.3. New percutaneous and minimally invasive techniques 102 3.3.1. Development of percutaneous surgery 102 3.3.2. Principles of percutaneous surgery 103 3.3.3. Biomechanical translation of this new conceptual approach 105 3.3.4. Absence of pain 109 3.3.5. Immediate full weight bearing 110 3.3.6. Manipulations 111 3.3.7. Technological innovation 111 3.3.8. New role for postoperative dressings 112 3.3.9. Outpatient surgery 112 3.3.10. New work in anatomy 114 3.3.11. Conclusion 114 3.4. Biomechanics of stability 114 3.5. Pain and recovery 118 3.6. Forces and tissue growth 118 3.6.1. Introduction 119 3.6.2. Applicable forces 121 3.6.3. Mechanoreceptors – the starting point 130 3.6.4. Intracellular transmission: cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix 133 3.6.5. Intracellular biochemical reactions 137 3.6.6. Translation by physical elements 138 3.7. Conclusion 154 Conclusion 155 References 157 Index 177

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Book SynopsisThe future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever.This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics. This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening - specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis - confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences.Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences - all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destinyTable of ContentsPreface xi Part 1. The Vertical Human: Philosopher of Nature 1 Chapter 1. Anthropos, the First of the Animals 3 1.1. Introduction 3 1.1.1. Epistemology according to Georges Cuvier 5 1.1.2. From the metaphysics of beings to the physics of their matter 7 1.1.3. Mathematics, forms and women physicians 10 1.1.4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle: an anthropology of ideas or a certain idea of anthropology 13 1.2. Anthropos, the axis of the world 16 1.2.1. Man, a vertical anatomy 16 1.2.2. Apes and humans 17 1.2.3. The generation of anthropos: the father as a model, the mother by default 20 Chapter 2. From Aristotle to the 16th Century: The Eclipse of Science 27 2.1. Introduction 27 2.2. Comparative anatomy of apes and humans from Aristotle to Galen 27 2.2.1. The Museum of Alexandria 27 2.3. Decadence and rebirth of natural philosophy and human anatomy 31 2.3.1. Albertus Magnus, the Aristotle of a reborn Europe 31 2.3.2. The first lay schools of medicine in Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries 33 2.3.3. Instant of grace: Leonardo da Vinci, from the elusive movement to the restitution of the soul 39 Chapter 3. The 16th Century: From Generation to Human Physiology 53 3.1. Ambroise Paré (1510–1590), father of French surgery with “more than barbaric Latin” 53 3.2. André Vésale (1514–1564), the audacity of objectivity in the face of Galen’s anthropo-simian chimeras 55 3.3. Jacobus Sylvius (1478–1555): defending Galen body and soul 56 3.4. Gabriele Fallope (1523–1562): freedom of dissection, the fine anatomy of the ear and cranial base 59 3.5. Bartolomeo Eustachi (Bartholomaeus Eustachius, c. 1523–1562): the human fetus and the monkey 60 3.6. The embryo, the fetus and blood circulation with the maternal body 62 3.6.1. Arantius (1530–1589): the development of the human fetus 62 3.6.2. D’Aquapendente (1533–1619): the father of embryology 62 3.6.3. William Harvey (1578–1657): the demonstration of blood circulation, vital for the development of the embryo 63 3.7. On human generation and fetal development 64 3.7.1. Gabriel de Zerbis (1455–1505) 65 3.7.2. Volcher Coiter (1534–1576) 65 3.7.3. Félix Platter (Foelix Platerus, 1536–1614), the first optician 66 3.8. Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–1679): the dynamic geometry of the vertical body 67 Chapter 4. Centuries in Search of Light 69 4.1. Independent Academies of Sciences 69 4.1.1. Gerolamo Cardano: of the necessity and the form of Man, by spontaneous generation or by putrefaction? 71 4.1.2. Giulio Cesare Vanini (1585–1619), “Prince of the libertines” 75 4.1.3. Man absent from himself, God always as explanation 77 4.2. The beginning of Man and Russian dolls 77 4.2.1. From microscope to microcosm 77 4.2.2. The created species are not immortal 81 Chapter 5. The Century of Naturalistic Enlightenment 85 5.1. The Jardin royal des plantes: a new natural history of animals 85 5.1.1. Georges Leclerc, Count of Buffon 85 5.1.2. A research organization independent of biblical dogmatism 87 5.1.3. The history of the Earth as a premise of the natural history of Man 90 5.1.4. Man is the last “internal mold” created on the Earth 95 5.1.5. The species according to Buffon 100 5.1.6. A fundamental principle: the subordination of external parties to internal parties 105 Part 2. The Place of Humans among Current and Fossilized Primates 107 Chapter 6. From Natural Curiosity Cabinets to the First Primate Collections 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.1.1. Conrad Gessner (1516–1565), the first great collector of natural curiosities 109 6.1.2. Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), the first natural history museums in Europe 111 6.1.3. Jacobus Bontius (Jacob de Bondt, 1592–1631): the first wild great ape or “Man of the Woods” 112 6.1.4. Tulpius (1593–1674), the first description of a chimpanzee 112 6.1.5. Edward Tyson (1650–1708), the first dissection of a chimpanzee 113 6.1.6. Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778), the classification of organisms by species and genera 116 6.2. Comparative anatomy at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 118 6.2.1. Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton (1716–1799), the occipital hole and the face unified by geometry 118 6.2.2. Georges Buffon publishes his own “Nomenclature of Apes” 122 6.2.3. Petrus Camper (1722–1789), the first dissection of an orangutan: the ape does not speak 124 6.2.4. The premises of a gradualist and racial anthropology 125 Chapter 7. The Transition from the 18th to the 19th Century: Birth of Paleontology and Comparative Anatomy 127 7.1. Oryctography or the study of the disposition of minerals and fossils in the soil 127 7.1.1. François-Xavier de Burtin (1743–1818), a leading European collector 127 7.1.2. The French Revolution: naturalist audacity faced with the fury of the Terror (1792–1794) 128 7.1.3. The premises of the Industrial Revolution: energy and thermodynamics 131 7.2. Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), the French Revolution and the revolution of the globe 134 7.2.1. The natural sciences at the heart of the “Terror” 134 7.2.2. Karl Kielmeyer, Georges Cuvier’s great comrade and gifted youngster 137 7.2.3. Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the unity of the animal composition plan 138 7.2.4. The laws of animal oeconomy 139 7.2.5. Humans have no fossil ancestor according to Cuvier 141 7.2.6. The division between Cuvier and Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire or the distinction between micro- and macroevolution 144 Chapter 8. The Slow Recognition of Humans’ Simian Origins 147 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck or the audacity of the transformist theory of organization plans 148 8.2.1. “The causes of the main physical facts” or “what is life” (1780) 148 8.2.2. Transformism or the first formulation of evolution 150 8.2.3. Lamarck and the first theory of the common origins of the orangutan, the chimpanzee and Homo sapiens 153 8.2.4. The anatomical origins of Homo sapiens, a break with his own statements 154 8.2.5. Which system to classify humans: the separation of organizational plans or the variety of a single plan? 155 Chapter 9. Embryology, Fixist Anthropology and the Neanderthal Man 159 9.1. Introduction 159 9.1.1. The theory of epigenesis (Wolff 1759) 160 9.1.2. Karl von Baer discovers the formation of the ovum (1827) 160 9.1.3. Johann Meckel (1781–1833), the revolution of the 11 laws of embryogenesis 161 9.2. The origins of the vertical anatomy of humans: between poetic metaphysics, transcendental finality and climatic influences 164 9.3. Great confusion between Linnaean nesting classification and the emergence of organizational plans 166 9.3.1. Étienne Serres (1786–1868) and the “transcendental” anatomy of the embryo (1832) 166 9.3.2. Alfred Velpeau (1795–1867) and the cranio-caudal gradient of embryogenesis (1832) 168 9.3.3. The first Chair of Embryogeny at the Collège de France (1844) 170 9.3.4. The discovery of the gorilla, 1847–1852 171 9.3.5. Franz Fick (1813–1858), a giant step forward: the study of the internal base of the skull (1853–1862) 172 9.3.6. Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), a major study on the relations between the internal base and the external face 174 9.3.7. Neanderthal Man (1856), a lost human species 175 9.3.8. Herman Welcker (1822–1897), comparative internal growth of the orangutan and Homo sapiens (1862) 175 Chapter 10. The Decline of Transformism at the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 177 10.1. The decline of transformism despite the discovery of the first monkey fossils 177 10.1.1. First manmade objects contemporary to Diluvium, 1842 178 10.1.2. Edouard Lartet: the first great fossil monkey to the rescue of Cuvier (1856) 179 10.1.3. Paris, capital of transformist anthropology and free thought (1848–1857) 180 10.2. A theory lacking internal coherence 182 10.2.1. Gradualist classification and discontinuities between fossil genera: an impasse 182 10.2.2. Charles Darwin (1809–1882) knocked at the door of the French Academy of Sciences and convinced no one 184 10.2.3. A progression toward scientific formalization of the evolution of structures: the geometrical study of the skull 188 10.2.4. The cart before the horse: the Linnaean classification of fossils before understanding of processes 190 10.2.5. The transmission of acquired characteristics and Charles Darwin’s gemmules 194 10.2.6. The faults of Charles Darwin against Armand de Quatrefages 197 Chapter 11. Transformist Paleontology Inaugurates the 20th Century 203 11.1. The rebirth 203 11.1.1. Albert Gaudry (1827–1908), a palace in the Jardin des plantes for paleontology and comparative anatomy 203 11.1.2. Paul Gervais (1816–1879) at the Chair of Anatomy and the first bipedal fossil monkey 204 11.1.3. Haeckel (1834–1919), on the way to formalizing processes 205 11.1.4. Haeckel, a new hope 207 11.1.5. Phylogenesis and embryogenesis, a reversed logic 209 11.2. Natural selection and the scale of human societies 211 References 215 Index 227

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Book SynopsisThe future of the human posture is in the spotlight. The 200-year-old locomotion paradigm can no longer resist the advancement of knowledge, yet 2,500 years of thinking on the place of verticalized human anatomy and its reflexive consciousness in the natural history of life and the Earth, is more relevant than ever.This book retraces these reflections from pre-Socratic philosophers, focusing on the link between verticality and the most complex and consciously reflexive nervous system on the top rung of the ladder of living beings. The origin of animated forms, or animals, was considered metaphysical until the 19th century but reflection on their inception, from fertilization, paved the way for mathematics of infinitesimal geometry and dynamics. The simian filiation was inconceivable until Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck bridged the gap in 1802 with the locomotion postulate to explain the transition from quadrupedal to bipedal posture, sustained by the hypothesis of inheritance of acquired characteristics.This doctrine was overturned in 1987 by the discovery of the embryonic origins of the straightening – specific dynamics linked to neurogenesis – confirming the natural place of human verticality and nervous system complexity with its psychomotor and cognitive consequences. Sapiens find themselves at the physical limit of the straightening while mechanisms of gametogenesis have never ceased in making neurogenesis exponentially more complex. Is the future exclusively terrestrial or does intrauterine hominization open up new perspectives for space exploration? Posturologists, occlusodontics, osteopaths, cognisciences – all anthropological sciences exposed to human verticality are concerned with this discovery, which allows Sapiens to face their natural destiny.Table of ContentsChapter 1. The 20th Century. A New Science: Human Paleontology 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Human paleontology, a nascent science 2 1.2.1. The Java erect ape-man, or the missing link, Pithecanthropus 3 1.2.2. Human paleontology and secularism 6 1.2.3. The first Neanderthal Man in French territory and his ancestor in Germanic lands 9 1.2.4. The Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, a foundation of Prince Albert 1st of Monaco 11 1.3. Presuppositions 13 1.3.1. The Neanderthal Man, a stooped posture? 13 1.3.2. Embryologists, geneticists and paleontology at the beginning of the 20th century 13 Chapter 2. Asia, The Cradle of Humanity 17 2.1. Teilhard de Chardin, a destiny from Piltdown to the Muséum 17 2.2. The primate ancestor of the human lineage in Montauban 20 2.3. Teilhard de Chardin sets out the main phylogenetic principles 21 2.4. Human paleontology is a branch of planetology 25 2.5. China, the promise of very ancient mammalian and human species 29 2.6. Peking Man: a small brain but well-cut tools 32 2.7. The first study of the internal basis of a Hominidae fossil 36 2.8. A new paradigm: telencephalization 38 Chapter 3. South and East Africa: The New Cradle 43 3.1. Gracile, robust Australopithecines and Humans 43 3.2. “A systematic research plan for Early Man in South Africa” 46 3.3. The Princeton synthetic theory (neo-Darwinism) and the Sorbonne replica (neo-Lamarckism) 50 3.4. Hominization, “background orthogenesis” 53 3.5. First synthesis: Man and the third axis of cosmic evolution of increasing complexity–consciousness 56 Chapter 4. The Body, Arboricolism and Adaptation: The Years 1950–1980 65 4.1. Under the brain, a body 65 4.2. Hominization of the skull and posture, French schools 69 4.2.1. The École de Paris, The Sorbonne Museum of Natural History 69 Chapter 5. The Embryonic and Phylogenetic Origins of Human Posture 79 5.1. A reversal of perspectives 79 5.1.1. The origins of Man: the first doctoral school of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle 79 5.2. Evidence of craniofacial contraction 87 5.2.1. Materials, method and objectives 87 5.2.2. Protocol and results for current species 90 5.2.3. Comparison of mandibular growth trajectories 98 5.3. The embryonic origin of the sphenoidal angle and cranio-spinal straightening 105 5.3.1. Chondrocranium rotation according to Levi (1900) 105 5.3.2. A marker for embryonic trajectories: the dorsal cord 109 5.3.3. Morphogenesis of Meckel’s cartilage 114 5.3.4. The organization of intra-sphenoidal synchondrosis: a convection cell 115 5.3.5. The planum basale of other primates and mammals 117 5.3.6. Sphenoid rotation and semi-circular channels 123 5.3.7. The base of a human fetus without straightening: the semi-circular canals are still human 128 5.4. Craniofacial contraction 130 5.4.1. The double craniofacial pantograph 130 5.4.2. Internal and external craniofacial contraction angles 132 5.5. Conclusion: developmental heterochronies and dynamic trajectories 140 Chapter 6. Fossil Species: From the First Primates to the First Hominids 143 6.1. Mandibles, witnesses of straightening 143 6.1.1. The first primates 144 6.1.2. The first simians or monkeys 145 6.1.3. Great apes 146 6.2. The great ape-Hominidae transition: an acceleration in the complexity of embryogenesis 156 6.2.1. Ardipithecus: 5.8 to 3.8 Ma, Ethiopia 156 6.2.2. Where to find their origins: trees, tall grasses or the placenta? 159 6.2.3. Australopithecus and the oldest species that defines it: anamensis or afarensis? 160 6.2.4. Australopithecus and Homo contemporaries at 4 million years? 161 6.3. Axial straightening, cranio-palatal balance and occlusion of Hominids sensu stricto 164 6.3.1. The Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene African Hominids 164 6.3.2. Basi-cranial straightening, cerebellization and encephalization 185 6.3.3. Conclusion: Australopithecus, Paranthropus and prae-Homo, three thresholds of embryonic verticality 186 6.3.4. Humanity’s territory of otherness 188 Chapter 7. Homo and Sapiens Embryogenesis 191 7.1. Fossil taxa of the genus Homo 191 7.2. Fossil mandibles from Homo sapiens 195 7.3. The Neanderthal is not a Sapiens 197 7.4. The cerebellum position of extinct Homo species 198 7.5. What is the relationship between the Neanderthals and the Sapiens? 205 7.5.1. Skhul in Israel (Near East): the oldest Sapiens burial but with a young Neanderthal too 205 7.5.2. Jebel Irhoud in Morocco (North Africa) is not a Homo sapiens 206 7.5.3. Homo floresiensis, the Asian Hobbit, parent of Homo habilis 210 7.5.4. Conclusion: the embryonic threshold between Homo and Sapiens 210 7.6. The collapse of a paradigm: Man was present in Asia before the end of the Tertiary Era 212 7.7. Gracilization, cerebellization, anticipation and emotion 214 7.8. The new Rubicon: brain stem verticality and cerebellar instability 216 7.8.1. The body axis and Earth’s gravity field 216 7.8.2. Tools or utensils? 217 7.8.3. From the reflection of the image to the symbolic creation of its meaning 219 7.9. New sciences for an emerging evolutionary problem 221 7.10. The future of Sapiens, a dialog between the cerebellum and the brain? 223 Conclusion. Irreversibility, Responsibility, Otherness 227 References 231 Index 247

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Book SynopsisThe marine environment, in addition to a not insignificant background of "natural" radioactivity, has continued to receive inputs of radionuclides directly or indirectly through atomic fallout, discharges from the nuclear industry or from nuclear accidents. After their introduction, the fate of these radionuclides is complex with modifications of physicochemical forms, dispersion in marine water masses and adsorption onto sedimentary particles. Marine organisms then bioaccumulate these radionuclides to a greater or lesser extent, dispersing them via their burrowing activities, horizontal and vertical migrations or through food webs. All of these phenomena lead to very variable radioactive contamination, depending on location and the nature of the marine environments concerned, and consequently, to very different doses of irradiation to marine organisms. The harmful effects of ionizing radiation on living marine organisms are felt at varying levels of biological organization from the molecule to the ecosystem, passing through the cell, the organ, the individual and the population. In the end, the radioactive risk for marine organisms can decline according to several situations, which can be normal, programmed or accidental.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xv Chapter 1 General Information on Marine Radioecology and on Risk Assessment 1 1.1 General information on radioecology 1 1.1.1 History of radioecology 2 1.1.2 The main marine radioecology laboratories 3 1.1.3. The triad of radioecology: exposure, bioaccumulation and adverse effect 4 1.2 The principle of risk assessment 7 1.3 The particular case of the risk linked to ionizing radiation 11 Chapter 2 The Origins of Radionuclides in Marine Environments 13 2.1. Natural or anthropogenic origins of radionuclides in the marine environment 13 2.2 The natural origins of radionuclides 15 2.3 The military origins of anthropogenic radionuclides 17 2.3.1. Radionuclides due to atmospheric fallout from atomic device explosions 18 2.3.2 Direct releases of radionuclides from nuclear deterrence activities 25 2.3.3 Indirect releases of radionuclides due to nuclear deterrence activities 26 2.4. Civilian origins of anthropogenic radionuclides related to the nuclear fuel cycle 27 2.4.1 Uranium mines and nuclear fuel fabrication plants 28 2.4.2 The use of nuclear fuel 29 2.4.3 Spent fuel reprocessing plants 32 2.5 The origins of anthropogenic radionuclides linked to accidents 35 2.5.1 The Thule accident 37 2.5.2 Releases due to submarine accidents 37 2.5.3 The Chernobyl accident 37 2.5.4 The Fukushima accident 38 2.6 Indirect anthropogenic origins due to rivers and groundwater 40 2.7 Anthropogenic origins of radioactive waste 41 2.8 Conclusion 43 Chapter 3 The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Environment 47 3.1 The introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment 47 3.1.1 Diffuse or limited, chronic or intermittent introduction of radionuclides into the marine environment 47 3.1.2 Chemical speciation of radionuclides during their introduction into the environment 47 3.2 The behavior of radionuclides in the marine environment 48 3.2.1 Conservative and non-conservative radionuclides 48 3.2.2 The distribution coefficient Kd 49 3.2.3 Factors influencing Kd 51 3.2.4 Chemical speciation of radionuclides 61 3.2.5 The physico-chemical behavior of radionuclides in marine waters 63 3.3 Dispersion of radionuclides in marine waters 67 3.3.1 The passage of radionuclides through estuaries 67 3.3.2 Dispersion in marine waters 71 3.4 Dispersion of radionuclides with marine sedimentary particles 80 3.5 Conclusion 81 Chapter 4 The Fate of Radionuclides in the Marine Biosphere 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Penetration pathways of radionuclides in living organisms 84 4.2.1 Exposure pathways of flora and fauna 84 4.2.2 Transmembrane passages 84 4.2.3 Body distribution 86 4.3 Radionuclide bioaccumulation mechanisms 86 4.3.1 Accumulation mechanisms in plants 87 4.3.2 Accumulation mechanisms in animals 89 4.4 Influence of ecological factors on radioactive contamination 93 4.4.1 Influence of abiotic factors on radioactive contamination of aquatic organisms 94 4.4.2 Biological factors in the contamination of organisms 99 4.4.3 Influence of living organisms on the cycle of radionuclides in the aquatic environment 101 4.5 The organotropism of radionuclides 106 4.6 The mechanisms for the chemical detoxification of radionuclides 108 4.6.1 Chemical detoxification in animals: biomineralization and induction of metallothionein 108 4.6.2 Storage forms and chemical speciation of radionuclides in organisms 109 4.6.3 Influence of chemical speciation in the biota on trophic transfers 110 4.7 Disposal of radionuclides 111 4.8 Quantification of radionuclide transfers to organisms 114 4.8.1 The various methodologies for estimating radionuclide transfers 115 4.8.2. Transfer of radionuclides from water to organisms or bioconcentration 116 4.8.3 Transfer of radionuclides from sediment to benthic organisms 120 4.8.4 Trophic transfers of radionuclides 121 4.9 Conclusion 130 Chapter 5 Radioactive Contamination of the Marine Environment and Monitoring Programs 135 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Radioactive contamination of marine environments 136 5.2.1 Radioactive contamination by natural radionuclides 136 5.2.2 The current state of radioactive contamination of the marine environment 140 5.2.3 The marine sites of atmospheric atomic tests 142 5.2.4 Sites affected by atmospheric deposition 150 5.2.5 Sites contaminated by spent fuel reprocessing plants 154 5.2.6 Sites affected by nuclear accidents 159 5.2.7 Sites affected by submerged radioactive waste 163 5.2.8 Sites with little impact from radioactive pollution 164 5.3 Environmental radiological monitoring networks 165 5.3.1 General information 165 5.3.2 Environmental monitoring using bioaccumulators 167 5.4 International and regional marine environmental monitoring networks 170 5.4.1 The work of the IAEA in the field of the marine environment 170 5.4.2 OSPAR radiological monitoring 170 5.4.3 The northern sea networks 172 5.5 Radiological monitoring in France 173 5.5.1 Principles of control 174 5.5.2 The IRSN monitoring network 175 5.5.3 RNM (Réseau national de mesures de la radioactivité de l’environnement) 176 5.6 Conclusion 177 Chapter 6 Radiation Doses Received by Marine Organisms 179 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Methodologies for estimating the dose given to marine organisms 179 6.2.1 The units of radiation doses 181 6.2.2 The difficulties of estimating the radiation dose 182 6.3 Examples of natural radiation doses to marine organisms 182 6.3.1 Pelagic marine organisms 184 6.3.2 Benthic marine organisms 185 6.3.3 Deep-sea marine organisms and hydrothermal sources 185 6.4 Examples of anthropogenic radiation doses to organisms 186 6.4.1 Irradiation doses resulting from the testing of atomic bombs 186 6.4.2 Radiation doses resulting from nuclear accidents 187 6.4.3 Irradiation dose from spent fuel reprocessing plants 190 6.4.4 Radiation dose from oil and gas operations 191 6.4.5 Irradiation dose due to experimental contamination 192 6.5 The ICRP approach 193 6.5.1 Reference organisms (RAP, Reference Animal or Plant) 193 6.5.2 Limitations of the methodology 194 6.5.3 Towards essential improvements 195 6.6 Systematic underestimation of the dose received by organisms 197 6.7 Conclusion 198 Chapter 7 Effects of Irradiation on Marine Organisms 199 7.1 General information on the effects of irradiation 199 7.1.1 Modes of action of ionizing radiation 199 7.1.2 Deterministic and stochastic effects 200 7.2 Effects of ionizing radiation at the molecular level 201 7.2.1 Effects on DNA 201 7.2.2 Induction of cytogenetic and genetic effects 204 7.2.3 Effects on other biomolecules 205 7.3 Effects of irradiation at the subcellular and cellular levels 206 7.3.1 Physical alterations of chromosome structure 206 7.3.2 Histopathological changes 207 7.3.3 Induction of defense and damage biomarkers 208 7.4 Effects of irradiation on individuals 208 7.4.1 Mortality 210 7.4.2 Alteration of reproduction 212 7.4.3 Influence of the vital stage 219 7.4.4 Radiosensitivity and radioresistance of organisms 221 7.4.5 Conclusions on the effects of irradiation at the individual level 223 7.5 Ecological community effects of irradiation 223 7.5.1 Monitoring of highly contaminated areas 224 7.5.2 Partial conclusions 225 7.6 Confounding factors on the effects of irradiation 225 7.7. Systematic under-evaluation of the biological effects of ionizing radiation 228 7.7.1 Harmfulness according to life stage 228 7.7.2 Harmfulness by tissue or organ 228 7.7.3 Harmfulness according to emitters 228 7.7.4 Not taking into account the bystander effect 228 7.7.5 Failure to take into account the interactions between the effects of radionuclides 229 7.7.6 Failure to take into account biodiversity in the marine environment 229 7.8 Conclusion 229 Chapter 8. Characterization of Radioactive Risk in Marine Organisms 233 8.1 The principle of radioactive risk characterization 233 8.1.1 International organizations involved in radioactive risk assessment 234 8.1.2 European research 235 8.2 Methods for selecting reference values 236 8.2.1 The ICRP approach 236 8.2.2 The ERICA approach 236 8.3 Tools for assessing radioactive risk to non-human organisms 237 8.3.1 The ERICA tool 237 8.3.2 The FASSET database 238 8.4 Recommendations of radiation doses for marine organisms 239 8.5 Applications and feedback 241 8.6 Gaps in the characterization of radioactive risk 243 8.6.1. Position of international organizations with respect to the ICRP approach 243 8.6.2 Transgenerational effects 243 8.6.3 Ignorance of biodiversity 244 8.6.4 The choice of the threshold adverse effect 244 8.7 Conclusion 245 Conclusion 247 List of Acronyms 257 References 261 Index 311

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Book SynopsisResearch in biology and all basic sciences has undergone profound transformations in recent decades. We have seen the development of extremely sophisticated techniques, allowing us to study, in an objective manner, questions that were still considered science fiction at the end of the 20th century. All of this has allowed us to develop an in-depth knowledge of vast subjects, such as the biology of the brain, for example. Fifty Years of Evolution in Biological Research presents a panorama of these different technical advances. However, at the same time, there has been an increase in the number of constraints on researchers, a monetization of research and a correlative pressure to continually publish in more prestigious journals. This has resulted in a certain degradation of the quality of research activity. This book analyzes this evolution and proposes solutions.Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction xv Chapter 1 The Evolution of Techniques 1 1.1 Hormone assays 1 1.2 Techniques for the identification of steroid hormone action sites in the brain 3 1.3 Molecular biology and sequencing techniques 4 1.4 Controlled modification of gene expression 7 1.5 Techniques for temporarily modifying the activity of neurons 9 1.6 The rise of the computer and the personal computer 11 1.7 Appearance and development of the Internet 18 Chapter 2 The Profound Modification of Research Conditions 23 2.1 The evolution of research funding 24 2.2 The current funding situation: multiple sources of grants that are difficult to control 27 2.3 Ever-increasing constraints 29 2.3.1 Administrative tasks 29 2.3.2 Risk management 30 2.3.3 Animal welfare 33 Chapter 3 The Computer and its Consequences in Terms of Work 39 3.1 Changing the flow of scientific information 39 3.2 Scientific information management in laboratories 43 3.3 Data processing and preparation of scientific publications 46 Chapter 4 The Development of Publishing Giants and Open Access 51 4.1 The evolution of publishing houses 51 4.2 Open access: advantages and disadvantages 53 4.3 Unexpected consequence of open access: predatory journals 54 4.4 Reactions 58 Chapter 5 The Invention of Journal Impact Factors 63 5.1 The development of bibliometrics 63 5.2 Disadvantages and limitations 65 5.3 Use for the evaluation of researchers 68 Chapter 6 The Race to Publish and the Inadequate Methods of Evaluating Researchers 73 6.1 Increasingly abundant publications 73 6.2 Evaluation of researchers and grant applications 76 Chapter 7 The Consequences: An Overall Deterioration of Research Quality 81 7.1 The "bad", not very rigorous, science 81 7.1.1 Cognitive biases 82 7.1.2 The absence of randomization 83 7.1.3 The use of poorly validated techniques 85 7.1.4 The low power of the studies 86 7.1.5 Misuse of statistics and pseudoreplication 87 7.1.6 Probability hacking (P-hacking) 89 7.1.7 Inadequate presentation of results 91 7.2 Scientific fraud 95 7.2.1 Data selection 95 7.2.2 Partial or total data fabrication 96 7.2.3 Plagiarism 97 Chapter 8 The Scientific Community's Fight Against these Aberrations 101 8.1 Peer review 101 8.2 Post-publication criticism by the entire scientific community 103 8.3 Withdrawal of erroneous or fraudulent items 104 Chapter 9 Essential Modifications 109 9.1 The publication process and peer review 110 9.2 Pre-registration of studies 112 9.3 The reward system 114 Chapter 10 The Loss of Confidence in Science and the Return of the Irrational 117 10.1 A disaffection for science 118 10.2 The development of irrational beliefs 120 10.2.1 Creationism and the denial of evolution 120 10.2.2 Platism and the flat Earth theory 121 10.2.3 The rejection of Western medicine based on evidence 122 10.3 Social networks, fake news, post-truth and alternative truths 124 Chapter 11 The Solution(s) 129 11.1 Popularizing research results by researchers themselves 129 11.2 Develop critical thinking skills 130 11.3 Expanding an understanding of basic statistics to the general public 131 11.4 Controlling misinformation using social networks 134 Conclusion 137 References 141 Index 151

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Book SynopsisThe equations of phyllotaxis were discovered by Douady and Couder: these describe the inhibition "force" generated by an incipient primordium, preventing the initiation of other primordia in its vicinity: the method that was lacking was to take into account the distance of primordia to the meristem apex over the course of its development. With these parameters, our model integrates both biochemical "forces" (inhibition due to auxin) and mechanical forces (contact pressure). This powerful tool allows us to revisit many important notions of plant biology. For example, we model auxin concentrations at the plant apex, as well as the development of vegetative and reproductive meristems. We also explain why the whorls of monocots are trimerous and those of plants with quincuncial perianths are pentamerous. We design a geometric method for reconstructing inflorescences from their building blocks, i.e. floral meristems. We also show that phyllotaxic spirals are only the application of a general property of symmetry, the advantages of which have been exploited by natural selection.Table of ContentsForeword ix Preface xiii Acknowledgements xvii Introduction xix Chapter 1 An Introduction to Phyllotaxis 1 1.1 A game of spirals 1 1.2 Fibonacci phyllotaxis 6 1.3 Lucas phyllotaxis 8 1.4 Whorled phyllotaxis 9 Chapter 2 A History of Theoretical Phyllotaxis 13 Chapter 3 The Static Model 25 3.1 Modeling the sunflower capitulum 25 3.2 Packing density 28 3.3 Optimization of light capture 31 3.4 Discussion 33 3.5 Appendix: the golden angle 34 Chapter 4 The Dynamical Model 39 4.1 Description of the model 39 4.2 Phyllotaxis modes (analytical model) 45 Chapter 5 Molecular or Contact Pressure Origin? 51 5.1 The dynamics of phyllotaxis 51 5.2 The molecular origin of phyllotaxis 52 5.3 The history of the contact pressure model of phyllotaxis 61 5.4 Modeling the floral meristem of Illicium 63 5.5 Mechanical forces in floral development 68 5.6 Physical models 69 Chapter 6 Magnoliales and Laurales 73 6.1 Stability of the Fibonacci spiral 73 6.2 Transient regime 77 6.3 Continuity of the Fibonacci spiral 78 6.4 Magnoliales 81 6.4.1 Magnoliaceae 82 6.4.2 Annonaceae 92 6.5 Laurales 97 6.5.1 Atherospermataceae 98 6.5.2 Monimiaceae 105 6.6 Discussion 107 6.6.1 Regular spirals 109 6.6.2 Permuted spirals 109 6.6.3 Quasi-symmetric spirals 110 6.6.4 Whorls 111 6.6.5 Dédoublement 112 6.6.6 Pseudo-whorls 112 6.6.7 Hemicycles 113 6.6.8 Synorganization 113 Chapter 7 Inflorescences 119 7.1 Bracteole theory 119 7.2 Inflorescences 123 7.2.1 Racemes 126 7.2.2 Cymes 131 7.2.3 Involucra and spathes 154 Conclusion 161 References 183 Index 193

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive review of the history of concepts of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems throughout the last century. Historically, these systems were long considered as compartments that performed separate and different functions. However, a breakthrough occurred when advances in genetics and cellular and molecular biology techniques revealed that these systems shared molecular entities (such as cytokines, hormones and neurotransmitters) with their cognate receptors. These molecular links between the three systems broaden our understanding of the regulation of physiological processes. This approach has generated a multiplicity of new concepts, including crosstalk between organs, axis, feedback, molecular sensors, protein multi-functionality, positive and negative signaling ratios and pathways (such as cell signaling, metabolism and stem cell differentiation, to name a few). The improvement of experimental approaches has often resulted in major discoveries. This, combined with clear reasoning, intuition and coherence gave rise to new and unexpected concepts, and sometimes evolving ones. These new concepts lead the reader to the incredible transformation of biology in recent years.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Historical Overview of Endocrinology, Neurology and Immunology 1 1.1 The history of endocrinology 1 1.2 The history of neurology 4 1.3 The history of immunology 7 Chapter 2 Regulatory Systems Integrating External and Internal Changes 11 2.1 Regulatory systems: endocrine, nervous and immune 11 2.1.1 Endocrine system 14 2.1.2 Nervous system 18 2.1.3 Immune system 19 2.2 Origin and diversity of signals and communication modes 20 2.2.1 Origin 20 2.2.2 Diversity 27 2.2.3 Communication modes 27 2.3 Integration of extracellular signals: plasma membrane receptors 36 2.3.1 Chemical signals and mechanisms of action: receptor types and signaling modulation 36 2.3.2 Integration of multiple signal inputs: ratio of stimulatory vs inhibitory signals 58 2.3.3 Physical signals 68 2.4 Nuclear receptors 69 2.4.1 Chemical nature of signals and functional characteristics of nuclear receptors 69 2.4.2 Molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of gene transcription 72 Chapter 3 Intracellular Events in Response to Signals 75 3.1 Signaling pathways 75 3.1.1 General overview 75 3.1.2 Signal termination 76 3.1.3 Control of protein activities: allostery, covalent modifications and proteolytic cleavage 88 3.1.4 Impaired cellular responses to extracellular signals 93 3.1.5 Subcellular localization and sequestration 100 3.1.6 Crosstalk 108 3.2 Sensing of extracellular and intracellular cues 114 3.2.1 Sensing of extracellular cues 114 3.2.2 Sensing of intracellular cues 121 3.3 Functional diversity of proteins 130 3.3.1 Multifaceted "master regulators" 130 3.3.2 Molecular motor proteins 138 3.3.3 Interactional domains 139 3.3.4 Carrier proteins 142 3.3.5 Decoy molecules 143 3.3.6 Heat shock proteins as molecular chaperones 145 3.3.7 Hormone-like peptides: molecular mimicry 146 3.3.8 Telomerase and integrity of linear chromosomes 146 Chapter 4 Integrative Aspects: From Cellular to Whole-Body Level 149 4.1 Homeostasis equilibrium: dynamic steady state 149 4.1.1 Regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis 150 4.1.2 Tissue homeostasis 152 4.1.3 Muscle and bone mass homeostasis 157 4.1.4 Whole-body energy homeostasis 158 4.1.5 Metabolism and cellular energy homeostasis 160 4.1.6 The gut microbiome and glucose homeostasis 160 4.1.7 Synaptic homeostasis 161 4.1.8 Open issues: membrane lipid homeostasis and acid–base homeostasis 162 4.2 Homeostasis disruption 162 4.2.1 Endocrine disorders: excess or impaired hormone secretion 163 4.2.2 Muscle energy wasting 165 4.2.3 Energy 165 4.2.4 Cell number and activity 165 4.3 Crosstalk between organs, tissues and regulatory systems 168 4.3.1 Axis concept 169 4.3.2 Crosstalk between neuroendocrine axes 177 4.3.3 Crosstalks between organs and brain 179 4.3.4 Crosstalk between immune, endocrine and nervous systems 193 4.3.5 Immune system and cancer cell interactions 199 4.3.6 Adjustments of intermediary metabolism: brain, skeletal muscle, cancer cells 202 Chapter 5 Epigenetics and Circadian Rhythms: Role of Environmental Factors 213 5.1 Epigenetics: general overview 213 5.1.1 Epigenetic modifications of DNA and regulation of biological processes 216 5.1.2 Genomic imprinting 220 5.1.3 Setting and maintenance of DNA methylation 222 5.1.4 Evidence for non-genomic inheritance: epigenetic mechanisms 224 5.1.5 Nutritional influences on developmental epigenetics 226 5.1.6 Gut microbiome and epigenetic changes 231 5.1.7 Metabolites and epigenetic changes 231 5.1.8 Social environment and endocrine disruptor: epigenetic changes 232 5.1.9 Importance of epigenetics in the etiology of cancer 234 5.1.10 In vitro reprogramming systems 240 5.2 Circadian rhythms 241 5.2.1 Circadian rhythms and the concept of a circadian clock 242 5.2.2 Overview of the mammalian clock 243 5.2.3 Mechanisms by which circadian clocks govern biological processes 245 5.2.4 How is the SCN clock connected to tissue and cellular functions? 246 5.2.5 Avian circadian clock 254 5.3 Conclusion 255 Concluding Remarks 257 References 261 Index 319

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Book SynopsisOur knowledge of living organisms is still very limited, with less than 20% of the world's species known to date. It is therefore essential to increase our efforts to inventory biodiversity. This is the goal of scientific research, but it is also a vital responsibility in the face of the sixth extinction. With so many species set to disappear before they can be analyzed, the compilation of this inventory now represents a major challenge. Thanks to the collaborative work of numerous researchers from the Institut de systématique, évolution, biodiversité (ISYEB) and other institutions, Inventory of Biodiversity Today presents the latest methods of field data collection and analysis. Strategies have diversified and are providing new and ever-more-precise data on a growing number of specimens. All of these data are integrated to delimit and describe living species, and are accessible to as many people as possible, so we can all take action on a daily basis to better understand a

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Book SynopsisSymmetry and the causes of shifts in different types of symmetries in flowers follow specific patterns that are ruled by developmental and genetic factors. Using a unified system of phyllotaxic equations, we have modeled the molecular mechanisms and pressure forces that act in inflorescence and floral meristems, giving flowers their organ arrangement. In this book, we state general physical principles, whereby the symmetry of the perianth is derived from the symmetry of certain TCP gene expression. Thus, we define the interplay between the expression of CYC2-like genes and the phyllotactic mechanisms. This new evo-devo approach is applied to major groups of angiosperms with predominantly actinomorphic flowers (in which rare zygomorphy is positional) and groups with mainly bilaterally symmetrical flowers (in which zygomorphy is constitutional). It has thus allowed us to revisit the contributions of the great floral morphologists of the 20th and early 21st centuries.

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Book SynopsisInvasive alien plants and animals are known for their disruption of ecosystems and threat to biodiversity. This book highlights their major impact on human health. This includes not only direct effects through contact with the species via bites, wounds and disease, but also indirect effects caused by changes induced in ecosystems by invasive species, such as more water hyacinth increasing mosquito levels and thereby the potential for malaria. Covering a wide range of case studies from different taxa (animals and plants), and giving an overview of the diverse impacts of invasive species on health in developed and developing countries, the book is a significant contribution that will help in prioritizing approaches to controlling invasive species and mitigating their health effects. It covers invasive plants, marine species, spiders and other arachnids, ticks and dust mites, insects, mosquitos and other diptera, freshwater species (invertebrates and fishes), amphibians and reptiles, birds and mammals. Key Features Collects together the major health impacts for the first time Covers animal and plant invasive species Examines issues in developed and developing countries The broad spectrum of the analyzed case studies will ensure the appeal of the book to a wide public, including researchers of biological invasions, doctors, policy-makers and managers, and students of invasive species in ecology, animal and plant biology and public health medicine.Table of ContentsIntroduction: From Local Strategy to Global Frameworks: Effects of Invasive Alien Species on Health and Well-being 1: Poisonous and Venomous: Marine Alien Species in the Mediterranean Sea and Human Health 2: Invasive Alien Plant Impacts on Human Health and Well-being 3: Human Health Impact by Alien Spiders and Scorpions 4: Ticks and Dust Mites: Invasive and Health-affecting Borderline Organisms 5: Bugs, Ants, Wasps, Moths and Other Insect Species 6: The Invasive Mosquitoes of Medical Importance 7: Invasive Freshwater Invertebrates and Fishes: Impacts on Human Health 8: Risks for Human Health Related to Invasive Alien Reptiles and Amphibians 9: Do Alien Free-ranging Birds Affect Human Health? A Global Summary of Known Zoonoses 10: Impact of Alien Mammals on Human Health 11: Climate Change and Increase of Impacts on Human Health by Alien Species

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