Biology, life sciences Books

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Book SynopsisThis book explains the theoretical principles of numerous techniques of genomic studies developed recently in laboratories. The book is designed for any reader who is curious to know the bases of different techniques of manipulation of nucleic acids.Table of ContentsDefinition; Vectors and Cloning; Labelling of Nucleic Acids and Hybridization; DNA Libraries and Screening; Characterization of a Gene; Genetic Transformation of Euaryotes; Analysis of Gene Function; Polymorphism of a Genome.

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Book SynopsisFingerprints: Analysis and Understanding the Science, Second Edition is a thorough update of Mark Hawthorneâs classic written by two professionals with combined experience not only in crime scene investigations but also as court-recognized experts in latent print examination. Designed as a concise text to cover the fundamental techniques and principles of obtaining and analyzing latent fingerprint evidence, the book is laid out and written in an easy to understand format for those front-line professionals collecting and analyzing fingerprint evidence. Over time, the degree of sophistication and education on fingerprints and friction ridge analysis has increased. Ultimately, through scientific study by pioneers in the field, the composition of friction skin soon became evident: that it could be used as a unique identifier of individuals. Now, fingerprints and footprints as unique identifiersâand their use in criminal casesâhave become commonplace and an essentTable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. About the Authors. Part I: Fingerprints Analysis. Chapter 1 – The History of Fingerprints. Chapter 2 – Systematic Methods of Identification. Chapter 3 – Fingerprint Pattern Types and Associated Terminology. Chapter 4 – Introduction to Classification Systems. Part II: Development, Identification, and Presentation of Fingerprints. Chapter 5 – Known/Direct/Inked Fingerprints; Processing Technique for Unknown/Latent Fingerprints. Chapter 6 – Court Preparation and Presentation. Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C. Bibliography. Index.

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Book SynopsisInfant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition: A Practical Guide, Second Edition, is an evidence-based, practical guide introducing readers to the theory behind optimal child nutrition. Containing practical advice on how to put that theory into practice, this new edition facilitates learning through case studies, key points, and learning activities. Divided into seven sections, chapters cover prenatal nutrition and nutrition throughout childhood from preterm babies to adolescents up to the age of 18.Sections throughout focus on topics ranging from nutrient requirements, balanced eating patterns and common problems to cultural influences on food choices and guidelines on assessing growth and dietary intakes. Prevention and management of obesity and allergies are covered in separate chapters. The first 1000 days are given particular consideration with chapters on diets for preconception, pregnancy, milk feeding and complementary feeding during infancy. The chapter on nutritioTrade ReviewAmy Hess Fischl, MS RDN LDN BC-ADM CDCES(University of Chicago Medical Center)**Description**This second edition of a U.K. pediatric nutrition handbook covers the mostup-to-date nutrition information in a more concise manner than typicalnutrition books. This previous edition was published in 2017.**Purpose**The purpose is to provide reliable nutrition advice in a practical manner. Sincenutrition information is ever evolving, this updated edition is needed to keepup with current recommendations.**Audience**The book is intended for healthcare professionals in all disciplines who workwith children as well as all students in health-related fields who have aninterest in pediatrics. Since the content is U.K. focused, this book is bestused by a U.K. audience and this book certainly meets their needs. The authoris a pediatric dietitian in the U.K. and certainly is a credible authority.**Features**This second edition provides an update to some recommendations in the U.K.,including the recommendation for vitamin D supplements in children. The bookcontains seven sections and 19 chapters, with two to three chapters persection. Most of the chapters include several tables, figures, and graphics.The tables include U.K. reference intakes for vitamins and minerals as well astypical food group distributions, healthy eating recommendations, and samplemeal plans. I was impressed with the diversity of food examples, but it makessense since a large number of ethnicities have migrated to the U.K. While theU.S. does have similar diversity, U.S. books have not yet added the depth andbreadth that this book has. It certainly is something we should aspire to here.The book also includes an excellent section on socioeconomic factors affectingfood choices, specifically religious food traditions, common food traditionswithin religions, religious festivals observed by different religions, andcommon traditional foods eaten by groups from different geographical regionswho have migrated to the U.K. Each of the above topics has a table with theinformation. The last chapter includes nutrition for children with chronicdiseases and syndromes, including tube feeding, celiac disease, and diabetes.Interestingly, there is a table in the diabetes section that highlights the10-gram carbohydrate exchange list, which differs from our system of 15-gramcarbohydrate servings.**Assessment**While this book is meant for a U.K. audience, it certainly is an interestingread. The topics regarding ethnicities and religions can be used by anyone inthe world. Here in the U.S., we have plenty of books that can meet the needs ofour students and healthcare professionals, such as Samour and King'sPediatric Nutrition in Clinical Care, 5th edition, Konek and Becker(Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2020), but this book serves its intended audiencewell and is an affordable resource for nutrition professionals to gain insightinto U.K. practices.-----------------------------------------------------------Weighted Numerical Score: 71 - 3 StarsTable of ContentsContentsPreface viiAuthor Bio viiiSection 1 Nutritional requirements and healthy eating1 Nutritional requirements 32 Principles of a balanced nutritious diet for children over 1 year 173 Social and cultural influences on food choices 33Section 2 Assessment of growth and nutritional intake4 Measuring and assessing growth 495 Assessing nutritional intake 61Section 3 Prenatal nutrition6 Preconception and fertility 757 Pregnancy 81Section 4 Infants: 0-12 months8 Milk feeding 999 Complementary feeding 12110 Common feeding problems in infancy 13711 Preterm infants 147Section 5 Preschool children: 1-4 years12 Preschool children 1–4 years 16113 Common nutritional problems in preschool children 17714 Feeding preschool children in childcare settings 187Section 6 School-age children15 Primary school-age children 5–11 years 19516 Nutrition for adolescents 205Section 7 Nutrition for chronic conditions17 Food hypersensitivity – food allergies and intolerances 21918 Childhood obesity 23319 Nutrition for children with chronic diseases and syndromes 245Appendix 1: Function and Food Sources of Nutrients 267Appendix 2: Growth Charts 273Appendix 3: BMI and Waist Circumference Charts 283Glossary 289Index 293

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Book SynopsisThere is a dramatic rise of novel drug use due to the increased popularity of so-called designer drugs. These synthetic drugs can be illegal in some countries, but legal in others and novel compounds unknown to drug chemistry emerge monthly. This thoughtfully constructed edited reference presents the main chromatographic methodologies and strategies used to discover and analyze novel designer drugs contained in diverse biological materials. The methods are based on molecular characteristics of the drugs belonging to each individual class of compounds, so it will be clear how the current methods are adaptable to future new drugs that appear in the market.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Designer Drugs: Legislating for Tomorrow Through the Use of Class Definitions and Pharmacophore Principles. Alternative Legislation with Designer Drugs. Biological Precursors of Designer Drugs. Liquid Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Designer Drugs. Ambient Plasma Ionization Techniques in Forensic Analysis. Application of LC-QTOFMS for the Identification of the Structure of New Psychoactive Substances. Rapid Generation of Metabolites by Electrochemical Method. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry in Analysis of Designer Drugs. NMR Spectroscopy in the Analysis of Designer Drugs. Preparation of Biological Material for Toxicological Analysis. Discrimination among the Designer Drug Isomers by Chromatographic and Spectrometric Methods. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Ambient Mass Spectrometry Applied to the Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoids. Cathinone Derivatives and Their Analysis. NBOMe Derivatives of Phenylethylamines and Their Analysis. 2C Derivatives of Phenylethylamines and Their Analysis. Modern Techniques for the Analysis of Piperazines. Fenantyl Analogues and Their Analysis. Modern Techniques for the Identification of Tryptamines. Toxicological Analysis of New Opioids. Toxicological Analysis of Designer Benzodiazepines. Thin-layer Chromatography in the Analysis of Designer Drugs

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Book SynopsisMedical Risk Prediction Models: With Ties to Machine Learning is a hands-on book for clinicians, epidemiologists, and professional statisticians who need to make or evaluate a statistical prediction model based on data. The subject of the book is the patientâs individualized probability of a medical event within a given time horizon. Gerds and Kattan describe the mathematical details of making and evaluating a statistical prediction model in a highly pedagogical manner while avoiding mathematical notation. Read this book when you are in doubt about whether a Cox regression model predicts better than a random survival forest.Features: All you need to know to correctly make an online risk calculator from scratch. Discrimination, calibration, and predictive performance with censored data and competing risks. R-code and illustrative examples. InterpreTrade Review"Two of the top researchers in the field of clinical prediction models have produced a highly innovative book that brings a very technical topic to public grasp by throwing out the formulas and just talking straight from the heart of practical experience. While clinicians and medical residents can now learn how to build, diagnose and validate risk models themselves, all public health researchers, old and new, will reap the benefits and enjoyment from reading this book."~Donna Ankerst, Technical University of Munich "Two of the top researchers in the field of clinical prediction models have produced a highly innovative book that brings a very technical topic to public grasp by throwing out the formulas and just talking straight from the heart of practical experience. While clinicians and medical residents can now learn how to build, diagnose and validate risk models themselves, all public health researchers, old and new, will reap the benefits and enjoyment from reading this book."~Donna Ankerst, Technical University of Munich "Overall, the book offers a well-written, complete and illustrative overview of clinical prediction models with clear stances and directions on the modelling methods, choices and strategies. I find this a very welcome and much needed addition to the literature because prediction is the backbone of medical decision-making; few books are dedicated to modelling strategies and artificial intelligence is ascending in medical research. I thereby highly recommend this book for anyone who would be interested in performing predictive modelling for prognostic or diagnostic research." -Evangelos I. Kritsotakis, International Society for Clinical Biostatistics, 72, 2021 Table of Contents Software. 2. I am going to make a prediction model. What do I need to know? 3. Regression model. 4. How should I prepare for modeling? 5. I am ready to build a prediction model. 7. Does my model predict accurately? 7. How do I decide between rival models? 8. Can't the computer just take care of all of this? 9. Things you might have expected in our book.

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Book SynopsisThis book argues for the explanatory autonomy of the biological sciences. It does so by showing that scientific explanations in the biological sciences cannot be reduced to explanations in the fundamental sciences such as physics and chemistry and by demonstrating that biological explanations are advanced by models rather than laws of nature. To maintain the explanatory autonomy of the biological sciences, the author argues against explanatory reductionism and shows that explanation in the biological sciences can be achieved without reduction. Then, he demonstrates that the biological sciences do not have laws of nature. Instead of laws, he suggests that biological models usually do the explanatory work. To understand how a biological model can explain phenomena in the world, the author proposes an inferential account of model explanation. The basic idea of this account is that, for a model to be explanatory, it must answer two kinds of questions: counterfactual-dependence qu

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Book SynopsisCrime scene reconstruction (CSR) is todayâs hot topic. The immense proliferation of television, print, and electronic media directed at this area has generated significant public interest, albeit occasionally encouraging inaccurate perceptions. Practical Crime Scene Analysis and Reconstruction bridges the gap between perception and reality, helping readers understand the nature of the scientific method and teaching the proper application of its components.A proven methodology The book begins by recounting the history of crime scene analysis and exploring fundamental principles. Then the authors introduce their proven methodology, known as Event Analysis. This technique defines specific actions, discusses the order of those actions, and offers significant insight into determining what did or did not happen in the course of the incident under investigation. Using case studies and more than 200 color photos, the booTrade ReviewFrom the Foreword:"Each author possesses a unique ability to distill complex issues into easily understood concepts. This book presents a clear and precise methodology … serious practitioners cannot afford to abstain from studying the information provided here."—Thomas W. Adair, President, Association for Crime Scene Reconstruction Table of ContentsAn Introduction and History of Crime Scene Analysis. Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Implementing Crime Scene Analysis. Event Analysis: A Practical Methodology for Crime Scene Reconstruction. Resolving Significant Investigative Questions in CSR. Understanding Crime Scene Protocols and Their Effect on Reconstruction. Applying Bloodstain Pattern Analysis to Crime Scene Reconstruction. Shooting Scene Processing and Reconstruction. The Forensic Pathologist, the Body, and Crime Scene Reconstruction. Writing Crime Scene Reconstruction Reports. Arguments and Ethics. Developing and Using Demonstrative Exhibits in Support of the Crime Scene Analysis. Index.

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Book SynopsisSince its publication, the first edition of Fingerprints and Other Ridge Skin Impressions has become a classic in the field. This second edition is completely updated, focusing on the latest technology and techniquesincluding current detection procedures, applicable processing and analysis methodsall while incorporating the expansive growth of literature on the topic since the publication of the original edition.Forensic science has been challenged in recent years as a result of errors, courts and other scientists contesting verdicts, and changes of a fundamental nature related to previous claims of infallibility and absolute individualization. As such, these factors represent a fundamental change in the way training, identifying, and reporting should be conducted. This book addresses these questions with a clear viewpoint as to where the professionand ridge skin identification in particularmust go and what efforts and research will help deveTable of ContentsFriction Ridge Skin and Prints. Friction Ridge Identification Process. Chemistry, Light, and Photography. Fingermark Detection and Enhancement. Issues Related to the Exploitation of Fingerprints and Fingermarks. Conclusions. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis latest edition addresses rape and sexual assaults from all clinical, pathological, medical, and legal aspects. The book focuses on the victim and covers contemporary issues in sexual violence, investigative aspects of rape and sexual assault, offender fantasy, the personality of the offender, collection of evidence, medical examinations, and treatment, as well as trial preparation issues. Special topics include pedophiles, female and juvenile offenders, drug-facilitated rape, sexual sadism, elder abuse, and sexual assault within the military.

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Book SynopsisScintillation Dosimetry delivers a comprehensive introduction to plastic scintillation dosimetry, covering everything from basic radiation dosimetry concepts to plastic scintillating fiber optics. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the medical physics community, the book: Discusses a broad range of technical implementations, from point source dosimetry scaling to 3D-volumetric and 4D-scintillation dosimetry Addresses a wide scope of clinical applications, from machine quality assurance to small-field and in vivo dosimetry Examines related optical techniques, such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) or ÄŒerenkov luminescence Thus, Scintillation Dosimetry provides an authoritative reference for detailed, state-of-the-art information on plastic scintillation dosimetry and its use in the field of radiation dosimetry.Trade Review"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlands"well-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. Santos"… fills an important gap in the field of detection. The text is comprehensive, focused, and clearly assembled. Medical physicists will find this an important addition to their reference libraries."—Paul M. DeLuca, Jr., Emeritus Provost and Professor, Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA"This book, edited by the scintillation dosimetry gurus Sam Beddar and Luc Beaulieu, is a very timely and comprehensive contribution to the understanding and advancement of scintillation dosimetry applications. It will be of tremendous use to anyone touching, teaching, or researching scintillation dosimeters."—Jacob (Jake) Van Dyk, Professor Emeritus, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada"… successfully carries the reader from basic principles to advanced medical physics applications. … brings a new understanding of a blossoming field and will become a cornerstone for future advances in scintillation dosimetry."—Kari Tanderup, PhD, Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Oncology, Aarhus University, Denmark"Excellent source for not only organic scintillator dosimetry fundamentals, but also its application to radiation oncology dosimetry. I have particularly enjoyed the comparisons with other detector systems. I would recommend [this book] not only to those medical physicists interested in the use of scintillator detectors, but also to those that can be updated in dose measurements for beam characterization, pretreatment verifications, and in vivo dosimetry both in external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy."—Núria Jornet, PhD, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain"I welcome an exciting new book in this eminent series; [a book] on the timely topic of scintillation dosimetry. The book covers basic principles and a wide range of applications that many will find of great interest."—Frank Verhaegen, Professor and Head of Clinical Physics Research, MAASTRO Clinic, Maastricht, Netherlandswell-structured and easy to follow. This textbook had an ambitious goal of being a reference for scintillation dosimetry primarily and secondly for other luminescence-based dosimetry systems. It provides a fantastic and needed review/update on many of the novel luminescence dosimetry systems. The text has covered a large amount of work and presented all of the key concepts. I believe the authors have been able to meet their goal. I recommend this text to any student, clinical and researching physicists interested in dosimetry, especially optical based systems, and an essential read for those looking to use PSDs in the clinic…. a must read for those interested in luminescence-based dosimetry systems."—Australasian Physical and Engineering Science in Medicine (Oct 2016), review by Alexandre M. C. SantosTable of ContentsScintillation of Organic Materials. Quenching of Scintillation Light. Optical Fibers, Light-Guides, and Light Transmission. Plastic Scintillation Detectors: Basic Properties. Čerenkov and Its Solutions. Basic Quality Assurance: Profiles and Depth Dose Curves. Small Field and Radiosurgery Dosimetry. In Vivo Dosimetry I: External Beam Radiation Therapy. In Vivo Dosimetry II: Brachytherapy. Multipoint Plastic Scintillation Detectors. Applications in Radiology. 1D Plastic Scintillation Dosimeters for Photons and Electrons. 2D Plastic Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons. 2D and 3D Scintillation Dosimetry for Brachytherapy. 3D Liquid Scintillation Dosimetry for Photons and Protons. Fiber Optic-Based Radiochromic Dosimetry. Fiber-Coupled Luminescence Dosimetry with Inorganic Crystals. OSL Point Dosimeters for In Vivo Patient Dosimetry. Scintillating Quantum Dots. Čerenkov for Portal Imaging Dosimetry in Radiation Therapy. Čerenkov Imaging Applications in Radiation Therapy Dosimetry.

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Book SynopsisBritain, like almost everywhere else, has a burgeoning drug problem. Finding ways of dealing with this problem is a major platform of government policy and a great deal has been made of the impact of treatment on drug users. Drug Treatment: What Works? is a cutting edge survey of the latest developments in these treatments, and it sets out to ask some of the crucial questions in the treatment of drug abusers; including:* Which treatments work with what sorts of abusers?* What are the key indicators of likely success?* Does coercion work or must treatment be freely entered into? * Is drug testing an essential backup for successful treatment?Featuring contributions from some the leading figures in this field, Drug Treatment: What Works? will be essential reading for students, academics and professionals studying drug treatment in the areas criminology, social policy and medicine.Trade Review'Overall the book provides an honest and credible initiation into the complex issues surrounding substance misuse treatment. It makes a worthy attempt to answer the questions it sets itself and goes some way to address the field's turbulent configuration of treatment options and outcome measures - a great achievement given the meagre evidential material with which to draw upon' - Youth PolicyTable of Contents1. Introduction 2. What Should Work: Guidelines on the clinical management of opioid dependence in the UK 3. Types of Treatments for Types of Patients 4. Developments in the Treatment of Drug Problems 5. Psychological and Pharmacological Components of Treatment 6. Coerced Treatment for Drug-Using Criminal Offenders 7. Treating Patients with Comorbidities 8. Necessary Prerequisite for Treatment and for Crime Control 9. Therapeutic Addicts Revisited 10. Therapeutic Community Drug Treatment in the U.S. Criminal Justice System 11. Treating Drug Users: The role of the National Treatment Agency for substance misuse 12.Linking Treatment Services to the Criminal Justice System 13. Motivation Enhancement in Clients Referred from the Criminal Justice System

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Book SynopsisDisease is an ever-present threat faced by all human societies. Today, this concept has become an influential area of study known as the global burden of disease, which encompasses contemporary health concerns such as the economic costs of disease, the societal impact of illness in developing nations, and infectious diseases resulting from lifestyle exposures. Before we can ease this global burden, it is essential to establish an accurate view of the current status of human health and disease around the world.Addressing key areas that reflect our understanding of disease, The Changing Face of Disease: Implications for Society explores the evolution of disease, the implications for human societies, its ecology, and the current human response. This volume aims to broaden our view of disease at the dawn of the 21st century through topics such as epidemiological transition, mathematical modeling of disease evolution, parasitic disease, urban pollution and illness, and under-nutritTable of ContentsPART 1. HISTORICAL ASPECTS. Emerging Diseases in the Third Epidemiological Transition. Life History Perspectives on Human Disease. The Evolution, Transmission and Geographic Spread of Infectious Diseases in Human Populations: Questions and Models. PART 2. CURRENT CHALLENGES. Genetic Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases. Urban Pollution, Disease and the Health of Children. Protecting Pregnant Women from Malaria. Interdisciplinary Research on Schitosoma japonicum. Unravelling Gene-Environment Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes. Investigating The 'Hidden' Epidemic: Sexual Behaviour and Representations of HIV / AIDS Amongst Business People and Medical Personnel in Five Central and Eastern European Nations. The Evolution of Disease and the Devolution of Health Care for American Indians. The Public's Health: The Changing Role of Public Health. Human Behaviour and the Changing Pattern of Disease.

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Book SynopsisWritten by professionals working in the leading research laboratories, Human Embryonic Stem Cells: The Practical Handbook is a valuable, practical guide to deriving and culturing these cells. The book contains the first centralized collection of methods used in human embryonic stem cell biology.Trade Review"A highly readable and useful book … .[It] will help many to navigate the uncharted waters of human embryonic stem cell biology." (The British Society for Cell Biology Newsletter, Autumn, 2008) "[It] is a valuable resource for seasoned and novice researchers; it would make an excellent addition to the reference collection of any medical library or research laboratory." (American Medical Association, September 2008) "...the imaginative solutions in this book can inspire us to get past our most frustrating limitations." (Cell Stem Cell, September 2007) "...the richness in the details of each protocol presented will certainly encourage more scientists to begin studies of Human ES cells..." (Regenerative Medicine, 2007) "In this fast-moving field, this [handbook] will help drive advances of more and more researchers." (Differentiation, 2007) "A highly readable and useful book ... [This book] will help many to navigate the uncharted waters of human embryonic stem cell biology." (British Society for Cell Biology, Autumn, 2008)Table of ContentsForeword. Davor Solter Preface. Section 1: Obtaining and culturing human embryonic stem cells. 1 Organization and good aseptic technique in the human embryonic stem cell laboratory. Minal J Patel, Emma L Stephenson, and Stephen L Minger 2 Sourcing human embryonic stem cell lines. Glyn Stacey 3 Human embryo culture for human embryonic stem cell derivation. R. Douglas Powers and Jeannine Witmyer 4 Derivation of human embryonic stem cell lines. Stephen Sullivan, Dieter Egli, Hidenori Akutsu, Douglas A. Melton, Kevin Eggan and Chad A. Cowan 5 Standard culture of human embryonic stem cells. Jeremy M. Crook, Rachel Horne, and Alan Colman 6 Culture of human embryonic stem cells in chemically defined conditions. Julie Hsu Clark and Sheng Ding Section 2: Characterization of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells. 7 Phenotypic analysis of human embryonic stem cells. Jonathan S. Draper, Cheryle A. Séguin and Peter W. Andrews 8 Genetic and epigenetic analysis of human embryonic stem cells. Laurie A. Boyer, Rudolf Jaenisch, and Maisam Mitalipova Section 3: Manipulation of human embryonic stem cells. 9 In vivo differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. Scott A. Noggle, Francesca M. Spagnoli, Ali H. Brivanlou 10 In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. A. Henry Sathananthan and Alan Trounson 11 Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into extraembryonic cell types. Cheryle A. Séguin and Jonathan S. Draper 12 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Early endoderm cells. Kenji Osafune, Alice E. Chen and Douglas A. Melton (b) Hepatic cells. Neta Lavon and Nissim Benvenisty (c) Pancreatic cells. Hiram Chipperfield 13 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Cardiomyocytes. Christine Mummery, Robert Passier and Chris Denning (b) Endothelial cells. Carrie Soukup, Shulamit Levenberg and Ondine Cleaver (c) Osteogenic cells. Jeffrey M. Karp, Alborz Mahdavi, Lino S. Ferreira, Ali Khademhosseini and Robert Langer (d) Hematopoietic in vivo repopulating cells. Shannon McKinney-Freeman, Thorsten M. Schlaeger and George Q. Daley (e) Lymphocytes. Petter S. Woll and Dan S. Kaufman (f) Myeloid cells. Chantal Cerdan and Mickie Bhatia 14 Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into: (a) Forebrain neurons. Emily A. Davis and Lawrence S.B. Goldstein (b) Dopaminergic neuron. Jan Pruszak and Ole Isacson (c) Spinal motor neurons. Bao-Yang Hu and Su-Chun Zhang 15 (a) Gene targeting: knock out and knock in by homologous recombination. Thomas P. Zwaka (b) RNA interference in human embryonic stem cells. M. William Lensch, Asmin Tulpule and Holm Zaehres (c) Generation of gene reporters using bacterial artificial chromosome recombineering. Andrew J. Washkowitz and David A. Shaywitz Afterword. Azim Surani Index.

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Book SynopsisEdited by the winner of the 2008 Mike Price Fellowship The Cancer Clock is a comprehensive overview of cancer as a single topic and provides an all-encompassing account of the key aspects related to the disease from its causes and initial diagnosis through to treatment and care and the different support mechanisms available.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1. Socioeconomic and molecular basis of cancer (David E. G. Shuker). 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Diet and cancer. 1.3 Alcohol and cancer. 1.4 Tobacco and cancer. 1.5 Conclusions. 1.6 Self-assessment questions. 1.7 Further reading and resources. 2. Metal ions and Cancer (J. Anastassopoulou and A. Dovas). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Metal–DNA interactions. 2.3 Uranium–nucleotide interaction. 2.4 Toxicity and biological roles of copper. 2.5 Formation of free radicals by metal ions. 2.6 Radiolysis. 2.7 Biomolecular targets of free radicals. 2.8 Free radicals and metal ions in cancer. 2.9 Conclusions. 2.10 Self-assessment questions. 2.11 Further reading and resources. 3. Genetics and cancer (Sotiris Missailidis). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Genes and cancer. 3.3 Genomics. 3.3.1 Comparative genomics. 3.3.2 Oncogenomics. 3.3.3 Nutrigenomics. 3.4 Summary. 3.5 Self-assessment questions. 3.6 Further reading and resources. 4. Infection and cancer (Toni Aebischer and Thomas Rudel). 4.1 Viral infection as a cause of cancer. 4.1.1 Introduction. 4.1.2 Principles of oncogenic transformation by virus infection. 4.1.3 Human pathogenic viruses causing cancer. 4.2 Bacterial infection as a cause of cancer. 4.2.1 Introduction. 4.2.2 Bacterial infection causing malignancies: examples and evidence. 4.2.3 Common molecular machines linked to pathogenesis: Type 3 and 4 secretion systems. 4.2.4 Other bacterial effects potentially contributing to cancer. 4.2.5 Anti-infection strategies to prevent infection related cancer. 4.3 Summary. 4.4 Self-assessment questions. 4.5 Further reading and resources. 5. Inflammation and cancer (Nigel Courtenay-Luck). 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Acute inflammation. 5.1.2 Chronic inflammation. 5.2 Acute inflammation. 5.2.1 Mediators of acute inflammation. 5.3 Chronic inflammation. 5.4 Drugs used in inflammation and cancer. 5.4.1 COX-2 inhibitors. 5.4.2 Antihypertensive drugs. 5.5 Evidence for a molecular link between inflammation and cancer. 5.6 Clinical relationship between inflammatory disease and cancer. 5.6.1 Inflammatory bowel disease. 5.6.2 Prostate cancer. 5.7 Discussion. 5.8 Self-assessment questions. 5.9 Further reading and resources. 6. Cancer diagnosis (Anna Batistatou and Konstantinos Charalabopoulos). 6.1 Blood tests for tumour markers. 6.1.1 Established and novel tumour markers in serum. 6.1.2 Various types of tumour markers in use. 6.2 Urine tests for tumour markers. 6.3 Smear tests and their association with tumour development. 6.4 Histopathology. 6.4.1 Benign tumours. 6.4.2 Malignant tumours. 6.4.3 Features of cancerous cells. 6.4.4 Immunohistochemistry. 6.5 Summary. 6.6 Self-assessment questions. 6.7 Further reading and resources. 7. Tumour imaging and therapy (Alan C Perkins). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 X-ray imaging. 7.2.1 Mammography. 7.2.2 X-ray CT. 7.3 Nuclear medicine. 7.3.1 The gamma camera. 7.3.2 Positron emission tomography. 7.3.3 Intra-operative probes. 7.4 Ultrasound imaging. 7.4.1 Colour doppler imaging. 7.5 Magnetic resonance imaging. 7.6 Radiation therapy. 7.6.1 Therapeutic nuclear medicine. 7.6.2 Brachytherapy. 7.6.3 External beam radiotherapy. 7.7 Conclusions. 7.8 Acknowledgement. 7.9 Self-assessment questions. 7.10 Further reading and resources. 8. Surgery (Bassam Zeina). 8.1 Introduction. 8.1.1 What is surgery? 8.1.2 What is cancer surgery? 8.1.3 Who deals with cancer surgery? 8.1.4 Aims of cancer surgery. 8.2 Cancer surgery as a diagnostic procedure. 8.3 Cancer surgery as a preventive method against cancer. 8.4 Cancer surgery as a treatment or part of the treatment. 8.4.1 Surgery as a primary treatment. 8.4.2 Cancer staging. 8.4.3 Debulking (cytoreductive) surgery. 8.4.4 Palliative surgery (relieving symptoms or side effects). 8.5 Classic/traditional cancer surgery. 8.6 Other common techniques in cancer surgery. 8.6.1 Electrosurgery. 8.6.2 Cryosurgery. 8.6.3 Laser surgery and photo dynamic therapy (PDT). 8.6.4 Mohs’ micrographic surgery. 8.6.5 Laparoscopic surgery. 8.6.6 Image-guided surgery. 8.7 Before and after cancer surgery. 8.7.1 Preparation for the surgery. 8.7.2 Anaesthesia. 8.7.3 Recovery. 8.8 Cancer surgery associated risks. 8.9 Informed consent. 8.10 Summary. 8.11 Self-assessment questions. 8.12 Further reading and resources. 9. Anticancer therapeutics (Teni Boulikas, Nassos Alevizopoulos, Angela Ladopoulou, Maria Belimezi, Alexandros Pantos, Petros Christofis and Michael Roberts). 9.1 Introduction. 9.1.1 Problems in cancer. 9.1.2 Cancer treatments. 9.1.3 Classification of chemotherapy drugs. 9.2 Platinum drugs. 9.2.1 Cisplatin. 9.2.2 LipoplatinTM. 9.2.3 Carboplatin. 9.2.4 Oxaliplatin. 9.2.5 New platinum compounds. 9.3 Antimicrotubule agents. 9.3.1 Taxanes. 9.3.2 Vinca alkaloids. 9.4 Antimetabolites. 9.4.1 5-Fluorouracil. 9.4.2 Xeloda (capecitabine). 9.4.3 Structure of gemcitabine. 9.5 Antitumour antibiotics. 9.5.1 Actinomycin D. 9.5.2 Mitomycin C. 9.5.3 Bleomycin. 9.5.4 Anthracyclines. 9.5.5 Podophyllotoxins. 9.5.6 Camptothecins. 9.6 Alkylating agents. 9.6.1 Cyclophosphamide. 9.6.2 Ifosfamide. 9.6.3 Temozolomide (Temodal). 9.7 Other antitumour agents. 9.7.1 Tamoxifen. 9.8 Combination chemotherapy. 9.9 Growth factor signalling. 9.9.1 Tarceva. 9.9.2 Other signal transduction inhibitors. 9.10 Cell cycling and cancer. 9.11 Apoptosis and cancer. 9.12 Angiogenesis and cancer. 9.13 Cancer immunotherapy. 9.13.1 Monoclonal antibodies as anticancer drugs. 9.13.2 Cancer vaccines. 9.14 Gene therapy. 9.15 RNAi (siRNA). 9.16 Antisense. 9.17 Viruses able to kill cancer cells. 9.18 Aptamers. 9.19 Summary. 9.20 Self-assessment questions. 9.21 Further reading and resources. 10. Palliative care in oncology (Silvana dos Santos Barreto, Mariângela Freitas Lavor, Maria da Glória Nunes dos Santos, Marcelle Miranda da Silva, Benedita Maria Rego Deusdará Rodrigues and Maria Therezinha Nóbrega da Silva). 10.1 Palliative care: concept and brief history. 10.2 Cancer epidemiology and palliative care around the world. 10.3 Bioethics and palliative care. 10.4 Basic principles in palliative care. 10.5 Symptom control in oncology palliative care. 10.5.1 Pain relief in cancer. 10.6 Advanced cancer: related symptoms and interventions. 10.6.1 Fatigue. 10.6.2 Dyspnoea. 10.6.3 Cognitive aspects. 10.6.4 Constipation. 10.6.5 Anorexia. 10.6.6 Nausea and vomiting. 10.6.7 Ulcerated lesions. 10.7 Psycho-spiritual aspects in oncology palliative care. 10.8 Conclusion. 10.9 Self-assessment questions. 10.10 Further reading and resources. 11. Physiotherapy in cancer patients (Mario Bernardo-Filho, Anke Bergmann and ngela Tavares). 11.1 Physiotherapy and oncology. 11.2 The importance of studies about cancer and physiotherapy. 11.3 Possible interventions of the physiotherapist in specific types of cancer. 11.3.1 Breast cancer. 11.3.2 Gynaecological cancers. 11.3.3 Prostate cancer. 11.3.4 Head and neck cancers. 11.3.5 Melanoma and non-melanocytic skin cancers. 11.3.6 Colorectal cancer. 11.3.7 Lung cancer. 11.3.8 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. 11.4 Physiotherapy, exercise prescription and technology advances. 11.5 Physiotherapy and palliative care in oncology. 11.6 Physiotherapy in the actions, community expectations and quality of life in oncology. 11.7 Self-assessment questions. 11.8 Further reading and resources. 12. Psychosocial oncology (Ian J. McCubbin and Craig A. White). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Cancer and psychological distress. 12.3 Assessment process. 12.3.1 Integrating sources of information. 12.3.2 Using diaries for assessment. 12.4 Formulation. 12.5 Psychological interventions. 12.5.1 Processes targeted in psychological interventions. 12.5.2 Specific treatment modalities. 12.6 Does psychological intervention influence survival? 12.7 Summary. 12.8 Self-assessment questions. 12.9 Further reading and resources. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe single comprehensive treatment of the field, from the leading members of the Society of Ethnobiology The field of ethnobiology the study of relationships between particular ethnic groups and their native plants and animals has grown very rapidly in recent years, spawning numerous subfields.Trade Review"In general, in spite of some overlapping information among the chapters, this volume is well presented and provides the essential background and the research base that reveals the advancement of ethnobiology and its future as a multidisciplinary science and is a highly recommended guide for coursework." (ASBS Newsletter, 1 March 2012) "The text is clearly and concisely written and supported by numerous photographs and illustrations." (Book News, 1 October 2011) "Featured are clear, distinctive treatments of areas such as ethnozoology, linguistic ethnobiology, traditional education, ethnoecology, and indigenous perspectives." (Environment Guru, 29 September 2011) “It is a book well worth reading, and it may be one of several options in undergraduate courses in the relevant fields.” (Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 6 August 2012) Table of ContentsList of Contributors vii Acknowledgments ix 1. Ethnobiology: Overview of a Growing Field 1 2. History of Ethnobiology 15 3. Ethics in Ethnobiology: History, International Law and Policy, and Contemporary Issues 27 4. From Researcher to Partner: Ethical Challenges and Issues Facing the Ethnobiological Researcher 51 5. The World According to Is’a: Combining Empiricism and Spiritual Understanding in Indigenous Ways of Knowing 65 6. Ethnozoology 83 7. Ethnobiology, Historical Ecology, the Archaeofaunal Record, and Interpreting Human Landscapes 97 8. Ethnobiology as a Bridge between Science and Ethics: An Applied Paleozoological Perspective 115 9. Ethnobotany: The Study of People–Plant Relationships 133 10. Reconstructing Past Life-Ways with Plants I: Subsistence and Other Daily Needs 149 11. Reconstructing Past Life-Ways with Plants II: Human– Environment and Human– Human Interactions 173 12. History and Current Trends of Ethnobiological Research in Europe 189 13. Ethnomycology: Fungi and Mushrooms in Cultural Entanglements 213 14. Ethnoecological Approaches to Integrating Theory and Method in Ethnomedical Research 231 15. Assessments of Indigenous Peoples’ Traditional Food and Nutrition Systems 249 16. Ethnoecology and Landscapes 267 17. Traditional Resource and Environmental Management 285 18. Ethnobiology and Agroecology 305 19. Linguistic Ethnobiology 319 20. Cognitive Studies in Ethnobiology: What Can We Learn About the Mind as Well as Human Environmental Interaction? 335 21. The Symbolic Uses of Plants 351 22. Learning Ethnobiology: Creating Knowledge and Skills about the Living World 371 Index 389

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsContributors xvii Preface xxi About the Companion Website xxiii Part I Tools for Population Biology 1 1 How to Ask Meaningful Ecological Questions 3Charles J. Krebs 1.1 What Problems Do Population Ecologists Try to Solve? 3 1.2 What Approaches Do Population Ecologists Use? 6 1.2.1 Generating and Testing Hypotheses in Population Ecology 10 1.3 Generality in Population Ecology 11 1.4 Final Thoughts 12 References 13 2 From Research Hypothesis to Model Selection: A Strategy for Robust Inference in Population Ecology 17Dennis L. Murray, Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau, Lynne E. Beaty, Megan L. Hornseth, Jeffrey R. Row and Daniel H. Thornton 2.1 Introduction 17 2.1.1 Inductive Methods 18 2.1.2 Hypothetico-deductive Methods 19 2.1.3 Multimodel Inference 20 2.1.4 Bayesian Methods 22 2.2 What Constitutes a Good Research Hypothesis? 22 2.3 Multiple Hypotheses and Information Theoretics 24 2.3.1 How Many are Too Many Hypotheses? 25 2.4 From Research Hypothesis to Statistical Model 26 2.4.1 Functional Relationships Between Variables 26 2.4.2 Interactions Between Predictor Variables 26 2.4.3 Number and Structure of Predictor Variables 27 2.5 Exploratory Analysis and Helpful Remedies 28 2.5.1 Exploratory Analysis and Diagnostic Tests 28 2.5.2 Missing Data 28 2.5.3 Inter-relationships Between Predictors 30 2.5.4 Interpretability of Model Output 31 2.6 Model Ranking and Evaluation 32 2.6.1 Model Selection 32 2.6.2 Multimodel Inference 36 2.7 Model Validation 39 2.8 Software Tools 41 2.9 Online Exercises 41 2.10 Future Directions 41 References 42 Part II Population Demography 47 3 Estimating Abundance or Occupancy from Unmarked Populations 49Brett T. McClintock and Len Thomas 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 Why Collect Data from Unmarked Populations? 49 3.1.2 Relative Indices and Detection Probability 50 3.1.2.1 Population Abundance 50 3.1.2.2 Species Occurrence 51 3.1.3 Hierarchy of Sampling Methods for Unmarked Individuals 52 3.2 Estimating Abundance (or Density) from Unmarked Individuals 53 3.2.1 Distance Sampling 53 3.2.1.1 Classical Distance Sampling 54 3.2.1.2 Model-Based Distance Sampling 57 3.2.2 Replicated Counts of Unmarked Individuals 61 3.2.2.1 Spatially Replicated Counts 61 3.2.2.2 Removal Sampling 63 3.3 Estimating Species Occurrence under Imperfect Detection 64 3.3.1 Single-Season Occupancy Models 65 3.3.2 Multiple-Season Occupancy Models 66 3.3.3 Other Developments in Occupancy Estimation 68 3.3.3.1 Site Heterogeneity in Detection Probability 68 3.3.3.2 Occupancy and Abundance Relationships 68 3.3.3.3 Multistate and Multiscale Occupancy Models 68 3.3.3.4 Metapopulation Occupancy Models 69 3.3.3.5 False Positive Occupancy Models 70 3.4 Software Tools 70 3.5 Online Exercises 71 3.6 Future Directions 71 References 73 4 Analyzing Time Series Data: Single-Species Abundance Modeling 79Steven Delean, Thomas A.A. Prowse, Joshua V. Ross and Jonathan Tuke 4.1 Introduction 79 4.1.1 Principal Approaches to Time Series Analysis in Ecology 80 4.1.2 Challenges to Time Series Analysis in Ecology 82 4.2 Time Series (ARMA) Modeling 83 4.2.1 Time Series Models 83 4.2.2 Autoregressive Moving Average Models 83 4.3 Regression Models with Correlated Errors 87 4.4 Phenomenological Models of Population Dynamics 88 4.4.1 Deterministic Models 89 4.4.1.1 Exponential Growth 89 4.4.1.2 Classic ODE Single-Species Population Models that Incorporate Density Dependence 90 4.4.2 Discrete-Time Population Growth Models with Stochasticity 92 4.5 State-space Modeling 93 4.5.1 Gompertz State-space Population Model 94 4.5.2 Nonlinear and Non-Gaussian State-space Population Models 96 4.6 Software Tools 96 4.7 Online Exercises 97 4.8 Future Directions 97 References 98 5 Estimating Abundance from Capture-Recapture Data 103J. Andrew Royle and Sarah J. Converse 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Genesis of Capture-Recapture Data 104 5.3 The Basic Closed Population Models: M0, Mt, Mb104 5.4 Inference Strategies 105 5.4.1 Likelihood Inference 105 5.4.2 Bayesian Analysis 107 5.4.3 Other Inference Strategies 108 5.5 Models with Individual Heterogeneity in Detection 108 5.5.1 Model Mh 108 5.5.2 Individual Covariate Models 109 5.5.2.1 The Full Likelihood 109 5.5.2.2 Horvitz-Thompson Estimation 110 5.5.3 Distance Sampling 110 5.5.4 Spatial Capture-Recapture Models 110 5.5.4.1 The State-space 112 5.5.4.2 Inference in SCR Models 112 5.6 Stratified Populations or Multisession Models 112 5.6.1 Nonparametric Estimation 112 5.6.2 Hierarchical Capture-Recapture Models 113 5.7 Model Selection and Model Fit 113 5.7.1 Model Selection 113 5.7.2 Goodness-of-Fit 114 5.7.3 What to Do When Your Model Does Not Fit 115 5.8 Open Population Models 115 5.9 Software Tools 116 5.10 Online Exercises 117 5.11 Future Directions 118 References 119 6 Estimating Survival and Cause-specific Mortality from Continuous Time Observations 123Dennis L. Murray and Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau 6.1 Introduction 123 6.1.1 Assumption of No Handling, Marking or Monitoring Effects 125 6.1.2 Cause of Death Assessment 125 6.1.3 Historical Origins of Survival Estimation 126 6.2 Survival and Hazard Functions in Theory 127 6.3 Developing Continuous Time Survival Datasets 130 6.3.1 Dataset Structure 131 6.3.2 Right-censoring 133 6.3.3 Delayed Entry and Other Time Considerations 133 6.3.4 Sampling Heterogeneity 134 6.3.5 Time-dependent Covariates 135 6.4 Survival and Hazard Functions in Practice 135 6.4.1 Mayfield and Heisey–Fuller Survival Estimation 135 6.4.2 Kaplan–Meier Estimator 136 6.4.3 Nelson–Aalen Estimator 138 6.5 Statistical Analysis of Survival 138 6.5.1 Simple Hypothesis Tests 138 6.5.2 Cox Proportional Hazards 139 6.5.3 Proportionality of Hazards 140 6.5.4 Extended CPH 142 6.5.5 Further Extensions 143 6.5.6 Parametric Models 143 6.6 Cause-specific Survival Analysis 144 6.6.1 The Case for Cause-specific Mortality Data 144 6.6.2 Cause-specific Hazards and Mortality Rates 145 6.6.3 Competing Risks Analysis 146 6.6.4 Additive Versus Compensatory Mortality 147 6.7 Software Tools 149 6.8 Online Exercises 149 6.9 Future Directions 149 References 151 7 Mark-Recapture Models for Estimation of Demographic Parameters 157Brett K. Sandercock 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Live Encounter Data 158 7.3 Encounter Histories and Model Selection 159 7.4 Return Rates 163 7.5 Cormack–Jolly–Seber Models 164 7.6 The Challenge of Emigration 164 7.7 Extending the CJS Model 167 7.8 Time-since-marking and Transient Models 167 7.9 Temporal Symmetry Models 168 7.10 Jolly–Seber Model 169 7.11 Multilevel Models 169 7.12 Spatially Explicit Models 170 7.13 Robust Design Models 170 7.14 Mark-resight Models 171 7.15 Young Survival Model 172 7.16 Multistate Models 173 7.17 Multistate Models with Unobservable States 175 7.18 Multievent Models with Uncertain States 176 7.19 Joint Models 177 7.20 Integrated Population Models 178 7.21 Frequentist vs. Bayesian Methods 178 7.22 Software Tools 179 7.23 Online Exercises 180 7.24 Future Directions 180 References 180 Part III Population Models 191 8 Projecting Populations 193Stéphane Legendre 8.1 Introduction 193 8.2 The Life Cycle Graph 194 8.2.1 Description 194 8.2.2 Construction 194 8.3 Matrix Models 198 8.3.1 The Projection Equation 198 8.3.2 Demographic Descriptors 200 8.3.3 Sensitivities 200 8.4 Accounting for the Environment 202 8.5 Density Dependence 203 8.5.1 Density-dependent Scalar Models 203 8.5.2 Density-dependent Matrix Models 203 8.5.3 Parameterizing Density Dependence 204 8.5.4 Density-dependent Sensitivities 204 8.6 Environmental Stochasticity 204 8.6.1 Models of the Environment 204 8.6.2 Stochastic Dynamics 205 8.6.3 Parameterizing Environmental Stochasticity 208 8.7 Spatial Structure 208 8.8 Demographic Stochasticity 209 8.8.1 Branching Processes 209 8.8.2 Two-sex Models 210 8.9 Demographic Heterogeneity 210 8.9.1 Integral Projection Models 211 8.10 Software Tools 212 8.11 Online Exercises 212 8.12 Future Directions 212 References 212 9 Combining Counts of Unmarked Individuals and Demographic Data Using Integrated Population Models 215Michael Schaub 9.1 Introduction 215 9.2 Construction of Integrated Population Models 216 9.2.1 Development of a Population Model 216 9.2.2 Construction of the Likelihood for Different Datasets 218 9.2.3 The Joint Likelihood 220 9.2.4 Fitting an Integrated Population Model 221 9.3 Model Extensions 223 9.3.1 Environmental Stochasticity 223 9.3.2 Direct Density Dependence 224 9.3.3 Open Population Models and Other Extensions 226 9.3.4 Alternative Observation Models 226 9.4 Inference About Population Dynamics 227 9.4.1 Retrospective Population Analyses 227 9.4.2 Population Viability Analyses 227 9.5 Missing Data 229 9.6 Goodness-of-fit and Model Selection 230 9.7 Software Tools 230 9.8 Online Exercises 231 9.9 Future Directions 231 References 232 10 Individual and Agent-based Models in Population Ecology and Conservation Biology 237Eloy Revilla 10.1 Individual and Agent-based Models 237 10.1.1 What an IBM is and What it is Not 238 10.1.2 When to Use an Individual-based Model 238 10.1.3 Criticisms on the Use of IBMs: Advantages or Disadvantages 239 10.2 Building the Core Model 239 10.2.1 Design Phase: The Question and the Conceptual Model 239 10.2.2 Implementation of the Core Model 240 10.2.3 Individuals and Their Traits 240 10.2.4 Functional Relationships 244 10.2.5 The Environment and Its Relevant Properties 244 10.2.6 Time and Space: Domains, Resolutions, Boundary Conditions, and Scheduling 244 10.2.7 Single Model Run, Data Input, Model Output 246 10.3 Protocols for Model Documentation 247 10.3.1 The Overview, Design Concepts, and Details Protocol 249 10.4 Model Analysis and Inference 249 10.4.1 Model Debugging and Checking the Consistency of Model Behavior 249 10.4.2 Model Structural Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analyses 252 10.4.3 Model Selection, Validation, and Calibration 254 10.4.4 Answering your Questions 256 10.5 Software Tools 257 10.6 Online Exercises 257 10.7 Future Directions 257 References 258 Part IV Population Genetics and Spatial Ecology 261 11 Genetic Insights into Population Ecology 263Jeffrey R. Row and Stephen C. Lougheed 11.1 Introduction 263 11.2 Types of Genetic Markers 264 11.2.1 Mitochondrial DNA 264 11.2.2 Nuclear Introns 265 11.2.3 Microsatellites 265 11.2.4 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms 265 11.2.5 Next-generation Sequencing 265 11.3 Quantifying Population Structure with Individual-based Analyses 266 11.3.1 Bayesian Clustering 267 11.3.2 Multivariate Analysis of Genetic Data Through Ordinations 269 11.3.3 Spatial Autocorrelation Analysis 271 11.3.4 Population-level Considerations 273 11.4 Estimating Population Size and Trends 273 11.4.1 Estimating Census Population Size 277 11.4.2 Estimating Contemporary Effective Population Size with One Sample Methods 277 11.4.3 Estimating Contemporary Effective Population Size with Temporal Sampling 279 11.4.4 Diagnosing Recent Population Bottlenecks 280 11.5 Estimating Dispersal and Gene Flow 281 11.5.1 Estimating Dispersal and Recent Gene Flow 282 11.5.2 Estimating Sustained Levels of Gene Flow 282 11.5.3 Network Analysis of Genetic Connectivity 283 11.6 Software Tools 284 11.6.1 Individual-based Analysis 284 11.6.2 Population-based Population Size 285 11.6.3 Dispersal and Gene Flow 286 11.7 Online Exercises 286 11.8 Future Directions 286 Glossary 287 References 289 12 Spatial Structure in Population Data 299Marie-Josée Fortin 12.1 Introduction 299 12.2 Data Acquisition and Spatial Scales 302 12.3 Point Data Analysis 302 12.4 Abundance Data Analysis 304 12.5 Spatial Interpolation 306 12.6 Spatial Density Mapping 308 12.7 Multiple Scale Analysis 308 12.8 Spatial Regression 311 12.9 Software Tools 312 12.10 Online Exercises 312 12.11 Future Directions 312 Glossary 312 References 313 13 Animal Home Ranges: Concepts, Uses, and Estimation 315Jon S. Horne, John Fieberg, Luca Börger, Janet L. Rachlow, Justin M. Calabrese and Chris H. Fleming 13.1 What is a Home Range? 315 13.1.1 Quantifying Animal Home Ranges as a Probability Density Function 316 13.1.2 Why Estimate Animal Home Ranges? 318 13.2 Estimating Home Ranges: Preliminary Considerations 319 13.3 Estimating Home Ranges: The Occurrence Distribution 321 13.3.1 Minimum Convex Polygon 321 13.3.2 Kernel Smoothing 322 13.3.3 Models Based on Animal Movements 323 13.3.4 Estimation from a One-dimensional Path 324 13.4 Estimating Home Ranges: The Range Distribution 324 13.4.1 Bivariate Normal Models 324 13.4.2 The Synoptic Model 324 13.4.3 Mechanistic Models 325 13.4.4 Kernel Smoothing 326 13.5 Software Tools 326 13.6 Online Exercises 327 13.7 Future Directions 327 13.7.1 Choosing a Home Range Model 327 13.7.2 The Future of Home Range Modeling 327 References 328 14 Analysis of Resource Selection by Animals 333Joshua J. Millspaugh, Christopher T. Rota, Robert A. Gitzen, Robert A. Montgomery, Thomas W. Bonnot, Jerrold L. Belant, Christopher R. Ayers, Dylan C. Kesler, David A. Eads and Catherine M. Bodinof Jachowski 14.1 Introduction 333 14.2 Definitions 335 14.2.1 Terminology and Currencies of Use and Availability 335 14.2.2 Use-availability, Paired Use-availability, Use and Non-use (Case-control), and Use-only Designs 336 14.2.3 Differences Between RSF, RSPF, and RUF 336 14.3 Considerations in Studies of Resource Selection 338 14.3.1 Two Important Sampling Considerations: Selecting Sample Units and Time of Day 338 14.3.2 Estimating the Number of Animals and Locations Needed 338 14.3.3 Location Error and Fix Rate Bias Resource Selection Studies 339 14.3.4 Consideration of Animal Behavior in Resource Selection Studies 339 14.3.5 Biological Seasons in Resource Selection Studies 340 14.3.6 Scaling in Resource Selection Studies 340 14.3.7 Linking Resource Selection to Fitness 341 14.4 Methods of Analysis and Examples 342 14.4.1 Compositional Analysis 342 14.4.2 Logistic Regression 343 14.4.3 Sampling Designs for Logistic Regression Modeling 344 14.4.3.1 Random Sampling of Units within the Study Area 344 14.4.3.2 Random Sampling of Used and Unused Units 344 14.4.3.3 Random Sample of Used and Available Sampling Units 345 14.4.4 Discrete Choice Models 346 14.4.5 Poisson Regression 347 14.4.6 Resource Utilization Functions 348 14.4.7 Ecological Niche Factor Analysis 348 14.4.8 Mixed Models 349 14.5 Software Tools 349 14.6 Online Exercises 350 14.7 Future Directions 350 References 351 15 Species Distribution Modeling 359Daniel H. Thornton and Michael J.L. Peers 15.1 Introduction 359 15.1.1 Relationship of Distribution to Other Population Parameters 362 15.1.2 Species Distribution Models and the Niche Concept 363 15.2 Building a Species Distribution Model 366 15.2.1 Species Data 366 15.2.2 Environmental Data 368 15.2.3 Model Fitting 368 15.2.4 Interpretation of Model Output 371 15.2.5 Model Accuracy 372 15.3 Common Problems when Fitting Species Distribution Models 374 15.3.1 Overfitting 374 15.3.2 Sample Selection Bias 375 15.3.3 Background Selection 376 15.3.4 Extrapolation 377 15.3.5 Violation of Assumptions 378 15.4 Recent Advances 378 15.4.1 Incorporating Dispersal 378 15.4.2 Incorporating Population Dynamics 379 15.4.3 Incorporating Biotic Interactions 379 15.5 Software Tools 381 15.5.1 Fitting and Evaluation of Models 381 15.5.2 Incorporating Dispersal or Population Dynamics 381 15.6 Online Exercises 381 15.7 Future Directions 381 References 383 Part V Software Tools 389 16 The R Software for Data Analysis and Modeling 391Clément Calenge 391 16.1 An Introduction to R 391 16.1.1 The Nature of the R Language 391 16.1.2 Qualities and Limits 392 16.1.3 R for Ecologists 392 16.1.4 R is an Environment 393 16.2 Basics of R 393 16.2.1 Several Basic Modes of Data 394 16.2.2 Several Basic Types of Objects 395 16.2.3 Finding Help and Installing New Packages 398 16.2.4 How to Write a Function 400 16.2.5 The for loop 401 16.2.6 The Concept of Attributes and S3 Data Classes 402 16.2.7 Two Important Classes: The Class factor and the Class data.frame 404 16.2.8 Drawing Graphics 406 16.2.9 S4 Classes: Why It is Useful to Understand Them 407 16.3 Online Exercises 410 16.4 Final Directions 410 References 411 Index 413

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Book SynopsisA series of essays to mark the twenty fifth anniversary of HERU, the Health Economics Research Unit, one of the leading health economic institutes in the UK.Trade Review"...In this brief review it is not possible to do justice to the wealth of materials presented". (Health Economics, May 2003)Table of ContentsList of Contributors. About the Authors. Preface. Workshop Participants. Acknowledgements. Willingness to Pay for Health Care (C. Donaldson and P. Shackley). Using Discrete Choice Experiments in Health Economics: Moving Forward (M. Ryan and K. Gerard). Methods for Eliciting Time Preferences Over Future Health Events (M. van der Pol and J. Cairns). Economic Evaluation for Decision-making (A. Gray and L. Vale). Incentives in Health Care (A. Scott and S. Farrar). The Nursing Labour Market (R. Elliott, et al.). The Economics of the Hospital: Issues of Asymmetry and Uncertainty as they Affect Hospital Reimbursement (A. McGuire and D. Hughes). Measuring Efficiency in Dental Care (D. Parkin and N. Devlin). Ageing, Disability and Long-term Care Expenditures (P. McNamee and S. Stearns). Economic Challenges in Primary Care (A. Maynard and A. Scott). Equity in Health Care: The Need for a New Economics Paradigm? (G. Mooney and E. Russell). Economics of Health and Health Improvement (A. Ludbrook and D. Cohen).

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Book SynopsisFruit flies are "little people with wings" goes the saying in the scientific community, ever since the completion of the Human Genome Project and its revelations about the similarity amongst the genomes of different organisms. This book provides accounts of model organism research that have impacted on specific therapeutic areas.Trade Review"...an invaluable resource for an researcher in the academic or private sector...essential for any graduate level course..." (Drug Discovery Today, Vol 9(7), April 2004) "...summarised the major organisms of use in this area together with their relative strengths and weaknesses..." (British Society of Cell Biology Newsletter, Summer 2004)Table of ContentsList of contributors. Acknowledgments. 1. Introduction to Model Systems in Drug Discovery (Kevin Fitzgerald and Pamela M. Carroll). 2. Growing Yeast for Fun and Profit: Use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Model System in Drug Discovery (Petra Ross-Macdonald). 3. Caenorhabditis elegans Functional Genomics in Drug Discovery: Expanding Paradigms (Titus Kaletta, Lynn Butler and Thierry Bogaert). 4. Drosophila as a Tool for Drug Discovery (Hao Li and Dan Garza). 5. Drosophila – a Model System for Targets and Lead Identification in Cancer and Metabolic Disorders (Corina Schütt, Barbara Froesch and Ernst Hafen). 6. Mechanism of Action in Model Organisms: Interfacing Chemistry, Genetics and Genomics (Pamela M. Carroll, Kevin Fitzgerald and Rachel Kindt). 7. Gene tics and Genomics in the Zebrafish: from Gene to Function and Back (Stefan Schulte-Merker). 8. Lipid Metabolism and Signaling in Zebrafish (Shiu-Ying Ho, Steven A. Farber and Michael Pack). 9. Chemical Mutagenesis in the Mouse: a Powerful Tool in Drug Target Identification and Validation (Andreas Russ, Neil Dear, Geert Mudde, Gabriele Stumm, Johannes Grosse, Andreas Schröder, Reinhard Sedlmeier, Sigrid Wattler and Michael Nehls). 10. Saturation Screening of the Druggable Mammalian Genome (Hector Beltrandelrio, Francis Kern, Thomas Lanthorn, Tamas Oravecz, James Piggott, David Powell, Ramiro Ramirez-Solis, Arthur T. Sands and Brian Zambrowicz). Index.

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Book SynopsisThe development and application of bioinformatics tools to basic and translational cancer research is, in fact, a rapidly expanding field that deserves a timely review. Therefore, a publication of this type is needed. The editors have done an excellent job in recruiting well-established scientists to author the various chapters of the book. Dieter Naf, Jackson Laboratory, USA Cancer bioinformatics is now emerging as a new interdisciplinary field, which is facilitating an unprecedented synthesis of knowledge arising from the life and clinical sciences. This groundbreaking title provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the enormous range of bioinformatics for cancer therapy development from the laboratory to clinical trials. It functions as a guide to integrated data exploitation and synergistic knowledge discovery, and support the consolidation of the interdisciplinary research community involved.Trade Review"…recommended for purchase for medical, academic or special libraries serving basic or clinical cancer researchers and bioinformaticists." (E-STREAMS, September 2007) "…good reading for anyone entering into some aspect of cancer research, whether it is biological, mathematical, or computational…" (Biometrics, December 2006) "Overall … an excellent and well-edited book that could be read from cover to cover or used as a reference." (British Journal of Healthcare Computing and Information Management, July 2006)Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. SECTION I CANCER SYSTEMS. 1 A Path to Knowledge: from Data to Complex Systems Models of Cancer (Sylvia Nagl). 1.1 Conceptual foundations: biological complexity. 1.2 A taxonomy of cancer complexity. 1.3 Modelling and simulation of cancer systems. 1.4 Data standards and integration. 1.5 Concluding remarks. 2 Theory of Cancer Robustness (Hiroaki Kitano). 2.1 Robustness: the fundamental organizational principle of biological systems. 2.2 Underlying mechanisms for robustness. 2.3 Intrinsic features of robust systems: evolvability and trade-offs. 2.4 Cancer as a robust system. 2.5 Therapy strategies. 2.6 A proper index of treatment efficacy. 2.7 Computational tools. 2.8 Conclusion. 3 Developing an Integrated Informatics Platform for Cancer Research (Richard Begent). 3.1 Background. 3.2 The challenge. 3.3 The UK National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) informatics platform. 3.4 Developing the informatics platform. 3.5 Benefits of the platform. 3.6 Conclusions. SECTION II In silico MODELS. 4 Mathematical Models of Cancer (Manish Patel and Sylvia Nagl). 4.1 Growth models. 4.2 A very brief tour of cellular automata. 4.3 Angiogenesis models. 4.4 Treatment response models. 4.5 Dynamic pathways models. 4.6 Other models. 4.7 Simulations of complex biological systems. 4.8 Concluding remarks. 5 Some Mathematical Modelling Challenges and Approaches in Cancer (Philip Maini and Robert A. Gatenby). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Multiscale modelling. 5.3 Tumour vascular modelling. 5.4 Population models. 5.5 Conclusion. 6 Computer Simulation of Tumour Response to Therapy (Georgios S. Stamatakos and Nikolaos Uzunoglu). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Tumour growth simulation. 6.3 Radiotherapy response simulation. 6.4 Chemotherapy response simulation. 6.5 Simulation of tumour response to other therapeutic modalities. 6.6 Simulation of normal tissue response to antineoplastic interventions. 6.7 Integration of molecular networks into tumour behaviour simulations. 6.8 Future directions. 7 Structural Bioinformatics in Cancer (Stephen Neidle). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Macromolecular crystallography. 7.3 Molecular modelling. 7.4 Conclusions. SECTION III In vivo MODELS. 8 The Mouse Tumour Biology Database: an Online Resource for Mouse Models of Human Cancer (Carol J. Bult, Debra M. Krupke, Matthew J. Vincent, Theresa Allio, John P. Sundberg, Igor Mikaelian and Janan T. Eppig). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Background. 8.3 Database content. 8.4 Data acquisition. 8.5 Using the MTB database. 8.6 Connecting the MTB database with related databases. 8.7 Summary. 9 Bioinformatics Approaches to Integrate Cancer Models and Human Cancer Research (Cheryl L. Marks and Sue Dubman). 9.1 Background. 9.2 The MMHCC Informatics at the outset of the programme. 9.3 Initial NCI bioinformatics infrastructure development. 9.4 Future directions for informatics support. 9.5 Summary. SECTION IV DATA. 10 The FAPESP/LICR Human Cancer Genome Project: Perspectives on Integration (Ricardo Brentani, Anamaria A. Camargo, Helena Brentani and Sandro J. De Souza). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 The FAPESP/LICR Human Cancer Genome Project. 10.3 An integrated view of the tumour transcriptome. 10.4 Summary. 11 Today’s Science, Tomorrow’s Patient: the Pivotal Role of Tissue, Clinical Data and Informatics in Modern Drug Development (Kirstine Knox, Amanda Taylor and David J. Kerr). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 A new national strategy for the provision of tissue annotated with clinical information to meet current and future needs of academic researchers and industry. 11.3 The NCRI National Cancer Tissue Resource for cancer biology and treatment development. 11.4 A potential future world-class resource integrating research and health service information systems and bioinformatics for cancer diagnosis and treatment. 11.5 A proposed information system architecture that will meet the challenges and deliver the required functionality: an overview. 11.6 Consent and confidentiality: ensuring that the NCTR is embedded in the UK’s legal and ethical framework. 11.7 Concluding remarks: future challenges and opportunities. SECTION V ETHICS. 12 Software Design Ethics for Biomedicine (Don Gotterbarn and Simon Rogerson). 12.1 The problem: software and research. 12.2 Risk identification. 12.3 Biomedical software example. 12.4 Is an ethical risk analysis required? 12.5 Details of SoDIS. 12.6 A SoDIS analysis of the biomedical software example. 12.7 Conclusion. 13 Ethical Issues of Electronic Patient Data and Informatics in Clinical Trial Settings (Dipak Kalra and David Ingram). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Ethical aspects of using patient-identifiable health data. 13.3 Legislation and policies pertaining to patient-identifiable health data. 13.4 Using anonymized and pseudonymized data. 13.5 Protecting personal health data. 14 Pharmacogenomics and Cancer: Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (Mary Anderlik Majumder and Mark Rothstein). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Getting pharmacogenomic tests and drugs to market. 14.3 Cost and coverage issues. 14.4 Ethical challenges of pharmacogenomics. 14.5 Conclusion. Index

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Book SynopsisOsteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disease associated with joint pain and loss of joint function. It has an estimated incidence of 4 out of every 100 people and significantly reduces the quality of life in affected individuals. The major symptoms are chronic pain, swelling and stiffness; severe, chronic joint pain is often the central factor that causes patients to seek medical attention. Within the affected joint, there is focal degradation and remodelling of articular cartilage, new bone formation (osteophytes) and mild synovitis. Several mechanisms are thought to contribute to osteoarthritic joint pain. These include mild synovial inflammation, bone oedema, ligament stretching, osteophyte formation and cartilage-derived mediators. Changes in joint biomechanics and muscle strength also influence the severity and duration of joint pain in osteoarthritis. Within the nervous system, the relative contributions of peripheral afferent nociceptive fibres and central mechanisms remTable of ContentsChair's Introduction (D. Felson). Spinal mechanisms contributing to joint pain (H. Schaible). Activation of sensory neurons in the arthritic joint (B. Grubb). Neuromuscular aspects of osteoarthritis: a perspective (K. Brandt). Current perspectives on the clinical presentation of joint pain in human osteoarthritis (P. Creamer). Joint mechanics in osteoarthritis (W. Herzog, et al.). General discussion I Developing animal models of RA. Characterization of joint pain in human osteoarthritis (G. Ordeberg). The role of inflammatory mediators on nociception and pain in arthritis (B. Kidd, et al.). Molecular events of chronic pain: from neurone to whole animal in an animal model of osteoarthritis (J. Henry). Phantoms of rheumatology (C. McCabe, et al.). Bone pain and pressure in osteoarthritic joints (P. Simkin). Structural associations of osteoarthritis pain: lessons from magnetic resonance imaging (P. Conaghan & D. Felson). The role of TRP channels in sensory neurons (M. Koltenberg) Mechanisms that generate and maintain bone cancer pain (P. Mantyh & S. Hunt). Symmetry, T cells and neurogenic arthritis (N. Shenker, et al.). Lessons from fibromyalgia: abnormal pain sensitivity in knee ostheoarthritis (L. Bradley, et al.). Chair's summing up (D. Felson). Index of contributors. Subject index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisFocuses on giraffes to appear in the last fifty years. This title presents a magnificent portrait of a group of animals who, in spite of their legendary elegance and astonishing gentleness, may not entirely survive this century.Trade Review"In this stunning collection of Ammann's photographs, Peterson offers an engaging natural history of giraffes, as well as a look at their behavior and beauty... Ammann's exquisite photos portray the giraffes' majesty and just how impoverished our world would be if they 'march into a night of nonexistence.'" Publishers Weekly "Giraffe Reflections is a stunning compendium of animal photography and entertaining history... The real point of the book is Ammann's gorgeous photos of giraffes, both atmospheric shots and more prosaic ones of the animals going about their business. With Peterson's entertaining text as a filigree, the combination is an emotionally satisfying presentation." -- Bob Holmes New Scientist "An elegant and comprehensive volume. In a series of lushly visual essays, the authors delve into the evolution of giraffes' strange anatomy and the intricacies of their behavior, as well as their possible futures alongside humans. Marvelously-and despite the book's encyclopedic presentation-giraffes become even more mysterious by the tome's end than they were at its beginning." -- Lee Billings Scientific American "A magnificent book... Throughout, the story of the giraffe is told as much with images as with text. Each chapter concludes with a series of Ammann's breathtaking photographs, which have been selected and sequenced to illustrate specific themes. This is engrossing natural history about one of nature's most intriguing animals. Highly recommended for all who enjoy learning about African wildlife." STARRED REVIEW -- Cynthia Lee Knight Library Journal "'Giraffe Reflections' is a rare breed in that it excels both as a photography book and a work of natural history. Karl Ammann's photographs are riveting, but so is Peterson's text. Each enhances the other." -- Jan Gardner Boston Globe "Informative and strangely mesmerizing." Giraffe Reflections "This is, without a doubt, one of the most beautiful books of the year." -- Alan Petrucelli Examiner.com "Striking full-page photographs are highlights in this comprehensive text on the biology and behavior of giraffes." Science NewsTable of Contents1. Spirits 2. Chimeras 3. Unicorns 4. Zarafas 5. Giraffids 6. Bodies 7. Behaviors 8. Mothers 9. Others 10. Kinds Acknowledgments Notes References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book is the first systematic survey of morphometric methods for landmark data. It combines conventional multivariate statistical analysis with themes from plane and solid geometry and from biomathematics to support biological insights into the features of many different organs and organisms.Trade Review"...will certainly be a landmark volume in this difficult but important field of shape analysis." K.V. Mardia, International Statisical Institute Short Book Reviews"The new geometric morphometry, as epitomized in Bookstein's text, is a fully rounded scientific achievement. I recommend this well-written book to all biometricians concerned with the analysis of shape." R.A. Reyment, Biometrics"...specialists working in this field may find the book to be a useful collation of methods for the study of shape." Shumei Guo, Journal of the American Statistical Association"...a serious and wide-ranging effort to systematize morphometrics...Bookstein has done an admirable job in bringing together the tools needed to reach this goal and, consequently, in building his case about the importance of landmarks in morphometrics...will clearly be important in morphometrics for some time." Scott Ferson, The Quarterly Review of Biology"...this is essential reading for quantitative morphologists." Miriam Zelditch, BioScience"Bookstein, through his strong personality and energy, has made the field of morphometrics very visible and has particulary made statisticians aware of the potential of the field for both statistical as well as scientific research...I would like to praise the author for making statisticians aware of the important field of morphometrics and for 'making us think'." Subhash Lele, Journal of the American Statistical AssociationTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Preliminaries; 3. Landmarks; 4. Distance measures; 5. Shape coordinates; 6. Principal axes of shape change for triangles; 7. Features of shape comparison; 8. Retrospect and prospect.

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisHomology - a similar trait shared by different species and derived from common ancestry, such as a seal's fin and a bird's wing - is one of the most fundamental yet challenging concepts in evolutionary biology. This book provides a mechanistically based theory of what homology is and how it arises in evolution.Trade Review"Homology, Genes, and Evolutionary Innovation makes a seminal contribution to evolutionary biology. As Wagner argues, his view provides an opportunity for a major research program on the study of novelty as distinct from adaptation."--Carl Simpson and Douglas H. Erwin, Science "There is much information that is good here."--Choice "The book is beautifully written, in a precise yet conversational and often humorous tone; still, it is not light reading. Like the chocolate tortes of the author's native Vienna, it requires time to savor. Buy it, and find a seat in your favorite library or cafe in which to appreciate its richness."--J. A. Bolker, Evolution and Development "This is a book I've waited for all of my professional life (plus a bit--I'm 80)."--Gorkana Group, Biologist "[A]s a treatise on the homology concept in relation to evolutionary morphological novelties, we cannot think of a better current treatment. We congratulate the author for having written a truly inspiring book that will influence the field for many years to come."--Lennart Olsson, Systematic Biology "It is with great pleasure that readers may learn in the pages of Gunter Wagner's book how to solve such recalcitrant de Beerian puzzles by their own, guided by the author's expertise both as a gifted philosopher and first rank scientist... Wagner's beautifully written four hundred and twenty five pages are full of important qualifications of the framework and excellent illustrations of each and every of the author's points."--Guillermo Lorenzo Gonzalez, Theorema "[A]s a treatise on the homology concept in relation to evolutionary morphological novelties, we cannot think of a better current treatment. We congratulate the author for having written a truly inspiring book that will influence the field for many years to come."--Systematic Biology "Deeply thought provoking... This survey of homology in the light of modern genetic research ... is timely and helpful."--Peter Moore, The BulletinTable of ContentsPreface xi Introduction What This Book Aims to Do and What It Is Not 1 PART I: Concepts and Mechanisms CHAPTER 1 The Intellectual Challenge of Morphological Evolution: A Case for Variational Structuralism 7 Contrasting Ontologies 9 Facts and Ideas about Bodies 20 Re-focusing on the Role of Development 26 The Emergence of Molecular Structuralism 29 The Enigma of Developmental Variation 37 CHAPTER 2 A Conceptual Roadmap to Homology 39 Two Observations: Sameness and Continuity 40 A Detour into Genetics: Homologous Genes 44 Character Identity and Character States 51 Characters and Character States: Who Is Who? 54 Variational Modalities: More Than One Way of Being a Certain Character 58 Character Identity and Repeated Body Parts: Serial Homology 65 Character Swarms: Persistent Cases of Partial Individuality 71 Alternative Conceptualizations of Homology 71 A Case for Conceptual Liberalism 78 Sorting Patterns of Morphological Variation 79 CHAPTER 3 A Genetic Theory of Homology 82 Why Continuity of Genetic Information Is Not Enough 82 Lessons from the Variable Development of Homologs 90 Homeotic Genes and Character Identity 93 A Model: Character Identity Networks 96 Variation and Conservation of Segment Development 98 Eye Development and the ey/so/eya/dac (ESED) Networks 102 The Role of Protein-Protein Interactions 114 Characteristics of Character Identity Networks 117 CHAPTER 4 Evolutionary Novelties: The Origin of Homologs 119 Modes of Evolution 120 Revisiting the Conceptual Roadmap: Which Way to Novelty? 123 Phenomenological Modes for the Origin of Type I Novelties 127 From Phenomenology to Explanation 135 Explaining Robustness and Canalization 151 Natural Selection and the Origin of Novelties: A Roundup 156 CHAPTER 5 Developmental Mechanisms for Evolutionary Novelties 158 The Environment's Role in Evolutionary Innovations 158 Where Does the Positional Information for Novel Characters Come From? 164 Derived Mechanical Stimuli and the Origin of Novelties in the Avian Hind Limb Skeleton 170 The Origin of Character Identity Networks 173 The Evolution of Novel Signaling Centers 175 The Developmental Biology of Novelties: Reflections 184 CHAPTER 6 The Genetics of Evolutionary Novelties 186 Evolution of cis-Regulatory Elements 187 Are Novel Pigment Spots Novelties, and Why Does It Matter? 195 Sex Combs: The Origin of a ChIN 199 Origin of Novel cis-R egulatory Elements: Transposable Elements 204 The Role of Gene Duplications 209 Evolution of Transcription Factor Proteins 213 The Evolution of miRNAs 224 A Material Difference between Innovation and Adaptation? 227 CHAPTER 7 The Long Shadow of Metaphysics on Research Programs 229 Metaphysics as the Sister of Science 230 Classes and Individuals 232 Individuals and Natural Kinds 238 Definitions and Models 240 PART II : Paradigms and Research Programs CHAPTER 8 Cell Types and Their Origins 250 Developmental Genetics of Cell Types 253 The Evolutionary Origin of Cell Types 272 Case Studies of Cell Typogenesis 280 Concluding Reflections 292 CHAPTER 9 Skin and a Few of Its Derivatives 294 Developmental Evolution of Amniote Skin and Skin Appendages 296 Mammalian Skin Derivatives: Hairs and Breasts 304 Devo-Evo of Bird Skin: Scales into Feathers 308 Origin of Feathers 313 CHAPTER 10 Fins and Limbs 327 Paired Fins 327 From Fins to Limbs 333 Concluding Reflection on the Nature of Character Identity 354 CHAPTER 11 Digits and Digit Identity 356 The Origin of Digits 356 Digits Come and Go: Is There a Pentadactyl Ground Plan? 357 Developmental and Morphological Heterogeneity of the Tetrapod Hand 359 Digit Loss and Re-evolution in Amniotes 365 The Pentadactyl Autopodium (PDA) Type 366 Developmental Genetics of Digit Identity 369 Digit Identity: Real or Imaginary? 374 A Fingerpost on the Nature of Character Identity 382 CHAPTER 12 Flowers 385 What Is a Flower? 386 Angiosperm Phylogeny and Flower Character Evolution 389 Genetics of Canonical Flower Development 391 The Developmental Genetic Architecture of the Flower Bauplan 396 Flower Variation and Novel Flower Organ Identities 398 The Origin of the Bisexual Flower Developmental Type 401 Perianth Evolution and the Origin of Petals 407 Genetics of Organ Identity: Challenges from Gene Duplication 412 Summary and Conclusions 414 CHAPTER 13 Lessons and Challenges 416 What Are the Core Claims of This Model of Homology? 416 Characters Are Real But Historically Limited 418 Homology Is Not Hierarchical 420 The Quasi-C artesian Model of Character Identity 421 Character Individuality and Gene Regulatory Network Cooperativity 422 Open Questions and Difficulties 423 Population, Tree, and Homology Thinking 424 References 427 Index 467

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Winner of the History of Sociology and Social Thought Book Award, American Sociological Association""Bortolini's weaving of biography with the interpretation of a lifetime's intellectual labor into a narrative culminates in a picture of Bellah that brings together large‐scale themes with telling detail both familiar and unfamiliar ... [this] terrific book is likely to be the first one to which scholars turn for a rich examination of Bellah's life for a very long time."---Susan E. Henking, Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences"Bortolini has produced what one imagines will prove to be a matchless achievement."---Bryan S. Turner, Journal of Classical Sociology"Matteo Bortolini has written the definitive biography of the American sociologist Robert Neelly Bellah."---Chad Alan Goldberg, Civic Sociology"Bortolini weaves the strands together effortlessly. Personal loss, friendship, love, and grief are neither afterthoughts nor drivers of this narrative of a life. Rather we come to appreciate how the life and the mind worked together—sometimes in conflict, sometimes in sync. In a standard intellectual biography, life is often the background for thought. In this book, there is no distinction between them."---Joan Scott, Civic Sociology"Robert Neely Bellah makes an excellent subject for a biography, and Matteo Bortolini has written a fascinating biography of him that illuminates his life, his work, and his times all at once."---Philip Gorski, The Hedgehog Review"Bortolini's terrific book is likely to be the first one to which scholars turn for a rich examination of Bellah's life for a very long time."---Susan E. Henking, Journal of the History of Behavioral Sciences"A helpful and enjoyable biography of the American scholar Robert Bellah."---Evan Kuehn, Reading Religion"Bortolini's account of [Bellah's] life is a major achievement for its author, an invaluable companion to Bellah's writings, and indispensable reading for anyone who wants to understand Bellah, his thought, and his times."---Chad Alan Goldberg, Sociological Forum"Matteo Bortolini has made a remarkable contribution to postwar intellectual and social history, using as its prism the trajectory of one scholar to show some of the complex and conflicting tendencies of the time. I believe his book is a resource that any future intellectual or social history of the period would find relevant, and perhaps even indispensable."---Arvind Rajagopal, Civic Sociology"While the book presents a persuasive, if subtle, plea to revive [Bellah’s] hermeneutic insights, another of its many virtues—likely to ruffle far fewer feathers—is that it serves to make vivid what it is about the sociological imagination that makes it so dazzlingly irresistible. For this alone, A Joyfully Serious Man deserves a wide readership."---Galen Watts, Contemporary Sociology"As Matteo Bortolini’s beautiful biography shows over and over, the importance of intellectual curiosity is the ultimate lesson of Bellah’s life and work."---David Yamane, International Sociology Reviews"Bortolini, in this outstanding biography, introduces the readers to not only the oeuvre of a distinguished public intellectual, but also to his personhood, which, amidst personal calamity, could still pave a way as a fierce and passionate independent intellectual."---Alisha Saikia, Religious Studies Review"To my knowledge, very few, if any, sociologists born in the 20th century have so far been the subject of a more documented biography than Matteo Bortolini’s A Joyfully Serious Man, which is additional evidence of Bellah’s importance for new generations of sociologists."---Federico Brandmayr, The American Sociologist"One of the richest aspects of Bortolini’s book is the way in which it enables us to see Robert Bellah against the backdrop of his times, to see his intellectual projects and his character shaped by the events and institutions he lived through."---Laura Ford, The American Sociologist"Reading Bortolini on how Bellah first formulated, then had to defend, and then finally abandoned civil religion, encouraged me to think more systematically about issues that I find inherent in the public-ness of certain types of ideas generally."---Rhys Williams, The American Sociologist"On a second outsider puzzle of interest – Bellah as an emblematic case of mid-century American academic – Bortolini is conspicuously successful. Bellah’s life provides an exceedingly well-documented example of a particular generation of social scientists in America: those who were born in the interwar period and educated in the immediate postwar decades; who were wafted by the explosive growth of academia during the period 1945–1970; and who suffered in their academic primes the rapid transformations of America that took place from 1960 to 1980."---Andrew Abbott, The American Sociologist"A Joyfully Serious Man: The Life of Robert Bellah will be the envy of social scientists and historians who write in the genre of biography, and it will long set the gold-standard for scholarship of this kind."---Charles Camic, The American Sociologist"I think that you will relish the encounter that is available here with Bob Bellah. We owe a debt of gratitude to Matteo Bortolini for his wonderful portrait of this joyfully serious man."---Peter Blum, Tradition and Discovery"Bortolini skillfully and compassionately balances the personal, academic, and cultural elements that comprised Bellah’s life, and presents his theories in understandable and accessible terms."---Brian Bromberger, Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide

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Book SynopsisHistorical Studies in the Physical Sciences is a continuing series of volumes comprising articles that elucidate the intellectual and social history of the physical sciences from the eighteenth century to the present. The articles offered in Volume 5 share a common theme: a concern with modern physics and its relation to other scientific disciplineTable of Contents*Frontmatter, pg. i*Editor's Foreword, pg. viii*Contents, pg. 1*Introduction, pg. 3*A. Number of Academic Physicists, pg. 10*B. Personal Income, pg. 40*C. Laboratory Expenditures, pg. 57*D. New Plant, pg. 90*E. Productivity, pg. 115*Bibliography, pg. 129*Notes on Contributors, pg. 187

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Book SynopsisTake a front row seat with Professor Luke O'Neill on a high-octane year. Luke has become one of the most well-known and trusted voices of Ireland's COVID-19 pandemic. A world-renowned immunologist, he was thrust into the spotlight as we struggled to make sense of a crisis that saw the country grind to a halt. In these compelling diaries, Luke reveals what life was like behind the scenes as he endeavoured to keep calm and trust that the science would save us.Set against a national backdrop of banana-bread baking, TikTok dancing and outdoor bingo, as well as the devastation to life and livelihood suffered by many, Luke's lockdown diaries reveal the highs and lows of work at the cutting edge of science in his Trinity College lab along with how he coped personally with the pressures of public life.Shot through with the natural positivity and humour that have made Luke a home-grown hero, Keep Calm and Trust the Science is an unputdownable account of one of the most

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