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Book SynopsisAmino Acid Metabolism, 3rd Edition covers all aspects of the biochemistry and nutritional biochemistry of the amino acids. Starting with an overview of nitrogen fixation and the incorporation of inorganic nitrogen into amino acids, the book then details other major nitrogenous compounds in micro-organisms, plants and animals. Contents include a discussion of the catabolism of amino acids and other nitrogenous compounds in animals, and the microbiological reactions involved in release of nitrogen gas back into the atmosphere. Mammalian (mainly human) protein and amino acid requirements are considered in detail, and the methods that are used to determine them. Chapters consider individual amino acids, grouped according to their metabolic origin, and discussing their biosynthesis (in plants and micro-organisms for those that are dietary essentials for human beings), major metabolic roles (mainly in human metabolism) and catabolism (again mainly in human metabolTrade Review“Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals.” (Choice, 1 March 2013) “Bender writes succinctly and clearly, in a manner which serves well for quick referencing or for reading whole chapters at a time. The chapters are well organised and arranged logically.” (Phenotype, 1 February 2013) Table of ContentsFigures xiii Tables xvii Preface xix 1 Nitrogen Metabolism 1 1.1 Nitrogen fixation 3 1.1.1 Nitrogenase 5 1.1.1.1 The nitrogen fixation gene cluster 7 1.1.1.2 Regulation of nitrogenase by the availability of fixed nitrogen and ATP 7 1.1.1.3 Protection of nitrogenase against oxygen 9 1.1.1.4 Respiratory protection in aerobic microorganisms 9 1.1.1.5 Conformational changes in nitrogenase 10 1.1.1.6 Heterocyst formation in filamentous cyanobacteria 10 1.1.1.7 Symbiotic Rhizobium spp. in root nodules 10 1.2 Nitrification and denitrification 11 1.2.1 The anammox (ANaerobic AMMonium OXidation) reaction 12 1.3 The incorporation of fi xed nitrogen into organic compounds 12 1.3.1 Utilization of nitrite and nitrate in plants 12 1.3.2 Incorporation of ammonium into organic compounds 13 1.3.2.1 Reductive amination – the glutamate pathway of ammonium incorporation 14 1.3.2.2 Glutamate dehydrogenase 16 1.3.2.3 Mammalian glutamate dehydrogenase 17 1.3.2.4 Glutamate synthase – the glutamine pathway of ammonium incorporation 18 1.3.2.5 Synthesis of aspartate and asparagine 21 1.4 The synthesis and catabolism of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides 23 1.4.1 Purine synthesis 26 1.4.1.1 Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase 28 1.4.1.2 PRPP amidotransferase 30 1.4.2 Purine catabolism and salvage 31 1.4.2.1 Adenosine deaminase deficiency – severe combined immune deficiency 34 1.4.2.2 Gout and hyperuricaemia 35 1.4.2.3 HGPRT deficiency – the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome 37 1.4.3 Pyrimidine synthesis 38 1.4.3.1 Orotic aciduria 42 1.4.4 Pyrimidine catabolism and salvage 43 1.5 Deamination of amino acids 45 1.5.1 Amino acid oxidases 45 1.5.2 Amine oxidases 47 1.5.3 Glutamate and alanine dehydrogenases 48 1.5.4 Non-oxidative deamination of amino acids 49 1.5.5 Glutaminase and asparaginase 50 1.6 Excretion of nitrogenous waste 51 1.6.1 Uricotelic and purinotelic species 51 1.6.2 Ureotelic species 52 1.6.2.1 Urea synthesis 52 1.6.2.2 Inborn errors of metabolism affecting the urea synthesis cycle 57 1.6.2.3 Entero-hepatic circulation of urea 59 1.6.2.4 Canavanine 60 1.7 Other nitrogenous compounds in human urine 61 1.7.1 Aminoacidurias 62 Further reading 65 2 Nitrogen Balance and Protein Turnover – Protein and Amino Acids in Human Nutrition 67 2.1 Nitrogen balance and protein requirements 67 2.1.1 Protein digestion and absorption 69 2.1.2 Protein digestibility and unavailable amino acids in dietary proteins 74 2.1.3 Obligatory nitrogen losses 75 2.1.4 Dynamic equilibrium and tissue protein turnover 76 2.1.5 Tissue protein catabolism 77 2.1.5.1 Lysosomal autophagy 78 2.1.5.2 Ubiquitin and the proteasome 79 2.1.5.3 Active site proteolysis of apo-enzymes 81 2.1.6 Whole body protein turnover 81 2.1.6.1 The constant infusion, labelled precursor method 82 2.1.6.2 The constant infusion, labelled end product method 82 2.1.6.3 Rates of whole-body protein turnover 83 2.1.6.4 The catabolic drive and amino acid oxidation 83 2.1.6.5 The energy cost of protein turnover 84 2.1.6.6 Diurnal variation in protein turnover 85 2.2 Requirements for individual amino acids 86 2.2.1 Nitrogen balance studies 89 2.2.2 Isotope tracer studies 90 2.2.3 Control of protein synthesis by the availability of amino acids 91 2.2.4 Protein quality (protein nutritional value) 92 2.2.4.1 Biological assays of protein quality 93 2.2.4.2 Chemical analysis and protein quality 94 2.3 The fate of amino acid carbon skeletons and the thermic effect of protein 94 2.4 Inter-organ metabolism of amino acids 99 2.5 Transport of amino acids across membranes 100 2.5.1 Families of amino acid transporters 101 2.5.1.1 Dipeptide transport 104 Further reading 104 3 The Role of Vitamin B6 in Amino Acid Metabolism 105 3.1 Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent reactions 106 3.1.1 Families of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes 111 3.2 Amino acid racemases 112 3.2.1 Bacterial alanine racemase 112 3.2.2 Eukaryotic serine racemase 113 3.2.3 D-Aspartate in eukaryotes 114 3.2.4 D-Amino acids in aquatic invertebrates 115 3.2.5 D-Amino acids in gene-encoded peptides and proteins 115 3.3 Transamination 117 3.3.1 Dual substrate recognition in transaminases 120 3.3.2 Aspartate transaminase and the malate-aspartate shuttle 120 3.4 Decarboxylation and side-chain elimination and replacement reactions 122 3.4.1 Transamination of decarboxylases and enzymes catalyzing side-chain limination reactions 122 3.5 Pyruvate-containing enzymes 124 3.6 Vitamin B6 defi ciency and dependency 125 Further reading 128 4 Glycine, Serine and the One-Carbon Pool 129 4.1 Sources of glycine 130 4.1.1 Choline as a source of glycine 130 4.1.2 Glycine transaminase 132 4.2 The interconversion of glycine and serine 132 4.2.1 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 133 4.2.2 The glycine cleavage system 135 4.2.3 Serine hydroxymethyltransferase and the glycine cleavage system in photosynthetic tissue 136 4.2.4 Non-ketotic and ketotic hyperglycinaemia 137 4.3 Glycine oxidase and glyoxylate metabolism 138 4.3.1 Primary hyperoxaluria 140 4.4 One-carbon metabolism 141 4.5 Serine biosynthesis 141 4.6 Serine catabolism 144 4.6.1 Serine transamination 144 4.6.2 Serine deaminase 145 4.7 Peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide α-amidase) 146 4.8 5-Aminolevulinic acid and porphyrin synthesis 147 4.8.1 Porphyrias – diseases of porphyrin synthesis 151 4.9 Selenocysteine 152 Further reading 154 5 Amino Acids Synthesized from Glutamate: Glutamine, Proline, Ornithine, Citrulline and Arginine 157 5.1 Synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid from glutamate in plants 159 5.2 The catabolism of glutamate 160 5.3 Glutamine 161 5.3.1 Indirect formation of glutamine-tRNA 163 5.3.2 Glutaminases 164 5.3.2.1 Glutamine-dependent amidotransferases 164 5.3.3 Transglutaminases 165 5.4 Glutathione and the γ-glutamyl cycle 168 5.4.1 Glutathione peroxidases 170 5.4.2 Glutathione reductase 171 5.4.3 Glutathione S-transferases 171 5.4.4 Glutathione synthesis 174 5.4.4.1 Glutamate cysteine ligase 174 5.4.4.2 Glutathione synthetase 175 5.4.5 The γ-glutamyl cycle 176 5.5 Glutamate decarboxylase and the GABA shunt 178 5.5.1 Glutamate decarboxylase 180 5.5.2 Alternative pathways of GABA synthesis 181 5.5.3 GABA catabolism 183 5.6 Glutamate carboxylase and vitamin K-dependent post-synthetic modification of proteins 184 5.6.1 Vitamin K-dependent proteins in blood clotting 187 5.6.2 Osteocalcin and matrix Gla protein 189 5.6.3 Vitamin K-dependent proteins in cell signalling – Gas-6 and protein S 190 5.7 Proline 190 5.7.1 Proline synthesis and catabolism 192 5.7.1.1 Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase and proline oxidase 192 5.7.1.2 Hydroxyproline catabolism 194 5.7.2 Peptide prolyl hydroxylase 196 5.7.2.1 The hypoxia-inducible factor 198 5.8 The polyamines 198 5.8.1 Ornithine decarboxylase 199 5.8.2 S-Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase and polyamine synthesis 201 5.8.3 Polyamine catabolism and the interconversion pathway 203 5.8.4 Hypusine 204 5.9 Arginine, citrulline and ornithine 205 5.9.1 Arginine biosynthesis 206 5.9.1.1 The role of citrulline in arginine biosynthesis in mammals 208 5.9.2 Arginine catabolism in microorganisms 209 5.9.3 Nitric oxide 210 5.9.3.1 Nitric oxide synthase 211 5.9.3.2 Arginase and the control of arginine availability for nitric oxide synthesis or polyamine synthesis 214 5.9.4 Agmatine 216 5.9.5 Post-synthetic methylation of arginine in proteins 217 5.9.6 Post-synthetic formation of citrulline in proteins 218 5.9.7 Creatine 219 Further reading 222 6 Amino Acids Synthesized from Aspartate: Lysine, Methionine (and Cysteine), Threonine and Isoleucine 225 6.1 Regulation of the pathway of amino acid synthesis from aspartate 227 6.1.1 Aspartate kinase 228 6.1.1.1 Aspartate kinase in post-synthetic modification of proteins 230 6.1.1.2 Aspartic semialdehyde dehydrogenase 230 6.1.2 Homoserine dehydrogenase 230 6.1.3 Homoserine kinase 231 6.1.4 Threonine synthase 232 6.1.5 Threonine catabolism 232 6.1.5.1 Threonine deaminase 234 6.2 Lysine 235 6.2.1 Lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants – the diaminopimelate pathway 236 6.2.1.1 Diaminopimelate and dipicolinate in sporulating bacteria 238 6.2.2 Lysine biosynthesis in yeasts and fungi – the α-amino adipic acid pathway 239 6.2.3 Lysine catabolism 242 6.2.3.1 The saccharopine pathway of lysine catabolism 243 6.2.3.2 The pipecolic acid pathway of lysine catabolism 245 6.2.4 Post-synthetic modifi cation of lysine in proteins 245 6.2.4.1 Hydroxylysine, lysine aldehyde (allysine) and cross-links in collagen and elastin 247 6.2.4.2 Methyl lysine 249 6.2.4.3 Pyrrolysine 251 6.2.5 Carnitine 252 6.3 Methionine and cysteine 255 6.3.1 Methionine biosynthesis 256 6.3.1.1 Cystathionine γ-synthase and cystathionine β-lyase 258 6.3.1.2 Methionine synthase 259 6.3.1.3 S-Methylmethionine in plants 260 6.3.2 S-Adenosylmethionine and the methylation cycle 260 6.3.2.1 Glycine N-methyltransferase 263 6.3.2.2 Megaloblastic anaemia and the methyl folate trap 264 6.3.2.3 Methionine γ-lyase 264 6.3.3 Transsulphuration and cysteine synthesis in animals 265 6.3.3.1 Homocystinuria, hyperhomocysteinaemia and cardiovascular disease 266 6.3.4 Ethylene synthesis in plants 268 6.3.5 Radical SAM enzymes 271 6.3.6 Hydrogen sulphide 272 6.3.7 Taurine and the catabolism of cysteine 273 Further reading 276 7 The Branched-Chain Amino Acids: Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine 279 7.1 Synthesis of the branched-chain amino acids 280 7.1.1 Acetohydroxyacid synthase 282 7.1.2 Acetohydroxyacid reducto-isomerase, dihydroxyacid dehydratase and transamination of the oxo-acids 283 7.1.3 Leucine synthesis 284 7.1.3.1 The pyruvate pathway of isoleucine synthesis 286 7.2 Mammalian catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids 287 7.2.1 Branched-chain amino acid transaminases 289 7.2.2 Branched-chain 2-oxo-acid dehydrogenase 290 7.2.2.1 Maple syrup urine disease 293 7.2.3 Branched-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenases 293 7.2.4 Leucine catabolism 295 7.2.5 Isoleucine catabolism 296 7.2.6 Valine catabolism 297 7.2.7 Biotin-dependent carboxylation reactions 299 7.2.7.1 Multiple carboxylase deficiency 300 Further reading 302 8 Histidine 305 8.1 Biosynthesis of histidine 306 8.2 Histidine catabolism 310 8.2.1 The urocanic acid pathway of histidine catabolism 311 8.2.1.1 The histidine load test (FIGLU test) for folate nutritional status 314 8.2.2 The hydantoin propionate pathway 315 8.2.3 The transaminase pathway of histidine catabolism 316 8.3 Histamine 316 8.3.1 Bacterial histamine poisoning (scombroid poisoning) 317 8.3.2 Histidine decarboxylase 318 8.3.3 Histamine catabolism 319 8.4 Methylhistidine 321 8.5 Carnosine and related histidine-containing peptides 321 Further reading 322 9 The Aromatic Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine and Tryptophan 323 9.1 Biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan 324 9.1.1 The shikimate pathway 325 9.1.2 Synthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine 328 9.1.3 Synthesis of tryptophan 331 9.1.3.1 The trp operon 333 9.2 Metabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 335 9.2.1 Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and lignin biosynthesis in plants 335 9.2.2 Polyphenol biosynthesis in plants 338 9.2.3 Phenylalanine hydroxylase and phenylketonuria 339 9.2.4 The catecholamines: dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline 342 9.2.4.1 Parkinson’s disease and inhibitors of dopa decarboxylase 346 9.2.4.2 Catabolism of the catecholamines 346 9.2.5 Tyrosinase and melanin synthesis 349 9.2.6 The thyroid hormones, thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine 352 9.3 Catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine 355 9.4 Metabolism of tryptophan 357 9.4.1 Auxin (indoleacetic acid) 357 9.4.2 Indole formation 358 9.4.3 Serotonin and melatonin 359 9.4.3.1 Melatonin synthesis and catabolism 362 9.4.4 The kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism 363 9.4.4.1 Regulation of tryptophan dioxygenase 365 9.4.4.2 Kynurenine metabolism 367 9.4.4.3 Kynureninase and the tryptophan load test for vitamin B6 nutritional status 368 9.4.4.4 De novo synthesis of NAD 369 9.4.5 Pellagra 370 9.4.5.1 The pellagragenic effect of excess dietary leucine 372 9.4.5.2 Inborn errors of tryptophan metabolism 372 9.4.5.3 Carcinoid syndrome 373 9.4.5.4 Drug-induced pellagra 373 9.5 Quinone cofactors in amine oxidases 374 Further reading 375 Bibliography 377 Index 431

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Book SynopsisProteins Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2e is a definitive source of information for all those interested in protein science, and particularly the commercial production and isolation of specific proteins, and their subsequent utilization for applied purposes in industry and medicine.Table of ContentsPreface xi About the Companion Website xiii Chapter 1 Proteins and proteomics 1 1.1 Proteins, an introduction 1 1.2 Genes, genomics and proteomics 2 1.3 Bioinformatics 12 1.4 Proteomics: goals and applications 14 Further reading 22 Chapter 2 Protein structure and engineering 25 2.1 Primary structure 25 2.2 Higher-level structure 36 2.3 Protein classification on the basis of structure 41 2.4 Protein structural stability 45 2.5 Higher-order structure prediction 47 2.6 Protein folding 48 2.7 Intrinsically disordered proteins 50 2.8 Protein engineering 51 2.9 Protein post-translational modification 54 Further reading 62 Chapter 3 Protein sources 65 3.1 Recombinant versus non-recombinant production 65 3.2 Approaches to recombinant protein production 67 3.3 Heterologous protein production in E. coli 72 3.4 Heterologous production in bacteria other than E. coli 77 3.5 Heterologous protein production in yeast 77 3.6 Heterologous protein production in fungi 78 3.7 Proteins from plants 80 3.8 Animal tissue as a protein source 84 3.9 Heterologous protein production in transgenic animals 85 3.10 Heterologous protein production using animal cell culture 86 3.11 Insect cell culture systems 87 Further reading 88 Chapter 4 Protein purification and characterization 91 4.1 Protein detection and quantification 93 4.2 Initial recovery of protein 95 4.3 Removal of whole cells and cell debris 98 4.4 Concentration 103 4.5 Chromatographic purification 107 4.6 Protein inactivation and stabilization 128 4.7 Protein characterization 137 Further reading 139 Chapter 5 Large-scale protein production 141 5.1 Upstream processing 141 5.2 Downstream processing 154 5.3 Therapeutic protein production: some special issues 163 5.4 Range and medical significance of impurities potentially present in protein-based therapeutic products 166 Further reading 175 Chapter 6 Therapeutic proteins: blood products, vaccines and enzymes 177 6.1 Blood products 177 6.2 Anticoagulants 184 6.3 Thrombolytic agents 186 6.4 Additional blood-related products 189 6.5 Vaccine technology 190 6.6 Therapeutic enzymes 194 Further reading 202 Chapter 7 Therapeutic antibodies 205 7.1 Antibodies 205 7.2 IgG structure and activity 205 7.3 Antibody therapeutics: polyclonal antibody preparations 209 7.4 Antibody therapeutics: monoclonal antibodies 211 7.5 Therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies 220 7.6 Antibody conjugates 223 7.7 Bispecific antibodies 224 7.8 Antibody fragments 225 7.9 Engineering the antibody glycocomponent 228 7.10 Fc fusion proteins 229 Further reading 230 Chapter 8 Hormones and growth factors used therapeutically 233 8.1 Insulin 233 8.2 Glucagon 240 8.3 Gonadotrophins 240 8.4 Growth hormone 243 8.5 Erythropoietin 246 8.6 Other hormones 247 8.7 Growth factors 249 Further reading 253 Chapter 9 Interferons, interleukins and tumour necrosis factors 257 9.1 Regulatory factors: cytokines versus hormones 257 9.2 Interferons 258 9.3 Interleukins 264 9.4 Tumour necrosis factors 271 Further reading 274 Chapter 10 Proteins used for analytical purposes 277 10.1 The IVD sector 279 10.2 The basis of analyte detection and quantification 280 10.3 Enzymes as diagnostic/analytical reagents 281 10.4 Biosensors 289 10.5 Antibodies as analytical reagents 295 Further reading 309 Chapter 11 Industrial enzymes: an introduction 311 11.1 Sales value and manufacturers 313 11.2 Sources and engineering 314 11.3 Environmental benefits 315 11.4 Enzyme detection and quantification 315 11.5 Immobilized enzymes 316 11.6 Extremophiles 319 11.7 Enzymes in organic solvents 324 11.8 Industrial enzymes: the future 325 Further reading 325 Chapter 12 Industrial enzymes: proteases and carbohydrases 327 12.1 Proteolytic enzymes 327 12.2 Carbohydrases 340 Further reading 367 Chapter 13 Additional industrial enzymes 371 13.1 Lipases 371 13.2 Penicillin acylase 375 13.3 Amino acylase and amino acid production 378 13.4 Cyclodextrins and cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase 380 13.5 Enzymes and animal nutrition 382 13.6 Enzymes in molecular biology 387 Further reading 390 Chapter 14 Non-catalytic industrial proteins 393 14.1 Functional properties of proteins 393 14.2 Milk and milk proteins 397 14.3 Animal-derived proteins 408 14.4 Plant-derived proteins 411 14.5 Sweet and taste-modifying proteins 412 Further reading 414 Index 417

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Book SynopsisThis is a modern introductory book on sensors, combining underlying theory with bang up to date topics such as nanotechnology. The text is suitable for graduate students and research scientists with little background in analytical chemistry. It is user-friendly, with an accessible theoretical approach of the basic principles, and referencesfor further reading. Thebook covers up-to-date advances in the sensor field, e.g. nanotechnology and quantum dots. It includes calculation exercises and solutions, andthe accompanying website contains Powerpoint slides.Trade Review“Summary In conclusion it can be stated that this book is very suitable for students and a sound didactic means of learning the basics of chemo and biosensors . . . The organization of the content and the quantity of material presented are highly suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for newcomers to this field; it can, therefore, be recommended for those wishing to gain both a first insight into, and a comprehensive overview of, this still growing topic.” (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1 March 2013)Table of Contents1 What are Chemical Sensors? 1 2 Protein Structure and Properties 21 3 Enzymes and Enzymatic Sensors 28 4 Mathematical Modeling of Enzymatic Sensors 50 5 Materials and Methods in Chemical-Sensor Manufacturing 66 6 Affinity-Based Recognition 101 7 Nucleic Acids in Chemical Sensors 118 8 Nanomaterial Applications in Chemical Sensors 135 9 Thermochemical Sensors 157 10 Potentiometric Sensors 165 11 Chemical Sensors Based on Semiconductor Electronic Devices 217 12 Resistive Gas Sensors (Chemiresistors) 246 13 Dynamic Electrochemistry Transduction Methods 258 14 Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 314 15 Mathematical Modeling of Mediated Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 332 16 Electrochemical Affinity and Nucleic Acid Sensors 347 17 Electrical-Impedance-Based Sensors 367 18 Optical Sensors – Fundamentals 404 19 Optical Sensors – Applications 435 20 Nanomaterial Applications in Optical Transduction 454 21 Acoustic-Wave Sensors 473 22 Microcantilever Sensors 507 23 Chemical Sensors Based on Microorganisms, Living Cells and Tissues 518

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Book SynopsisThis is a modern introductory book on sensors, combining underlying theory with bang up to date topics such as nanotechnology. The text is suitable for graduate students and research scientists with little background in analytical chemistry.Trade Review“Summary In conclusion it can be stated that this book is very suitable for students and a sound didactic means of learning the basics of chemo and biosensors . . . The organization of the content and the quantity of material presented are highly suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and for newcomers to this field; it can, therefore, be recommended for those wishing to gain both a first insight into, and a comprehensive overview of, this still growing topic.” (Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 1 March 2013)Table of Contents1 What are Chemical Sensors? 1 2 Protein Structure and Properties 21 3 Enzymes and Enzymatic Sensors 28 4 Mathematical Modeling of Enzymatic Sensors 50 5 Materials and Methods in Chemical-Sensor Manufacturing 66 6 Affinity-Based Recognition 101 7 Nucleic Acids in Chemical Sensors 118 8 Nanomaterial Applications in Chemical Sensors 135 9 Thermochemical Sensors 157 10 Potentiometric Sensors 165 11 Chemical Sensors Based on Semiconductor Electronic Devices 217 12 Resistive Gas Sensors (Chemiresistors) 246 13 Dynamic Electrochemistry Transduction Methods 258 14 Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 314 15 Mathematical Modeling of Mediated Amperometric Enzyme Sensors 332 16 Electrochemical Affinity and Nucleic Acid Sensors 347 17 Electrical-Impedance-Based Sensors 367 18 Optical Sensors -- Fundamentals 404 19 Optical Sensors -- Applications 435 20 Nanomaterial Applications in Optical Transduction 454 21 Acoustic-Wave Sensors 473 22 Microcantilever Sensors 507 23 Chemical Sensors Based on Microorganisms, Living Cells and Tissues 518 Index 531

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Book SynopsisAs will be seen, there is not much missing here. I thought that the sections were well balanced, with rarely too much or too little on a given topic...This is a text to be welcomed by both teachers and students. BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION (on the first edition) The second edition of this successful textbook explains the basic principles behind the key techniques currently used in the modern biochemical laboratory and describes the pros and cons of each technique and compares one to another. It is non-mathematical, comprehensive and approachable for students who are not physical chemists. A major update of this comprehensive, accessible introduction to physical biochemistry. Includes two new chapters on proteomics and bioinformatics. Introduces experimental approaches with a minimum of mathematics and numerous practical examples. Provides a bibliography at the end of each chapter. Written by an author with Table of ContentsPreface. Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1 Special Chemical Requirements of Biomolecules. 1.2 Factors Affecting Analyte Structure and Stability. 1.3 Buffering Systems Used in Biochemistry. 1.4 Quantitation, Units and Data Handling. 1.5 The Worldwide Web as a Resource in Physical Biochemistry. 1.6 Objectives of this Volume. References. Chapter 2 Chromatography. 2.1 Principles of Chromatography. 2.2 Performance Parameters Used in Chromatography. 2.3 Chromatography Equipment. 2.4 Modes of Chromatography. 2.5 Open Column Chromatography. 2.6 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). 2.7 Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography. 2.8 Perfusion Chromatography. 2.9 Membrane-Based Chromatography Systems. 2.10 Chromatography of a Sample Protein. References. Chapter 3 Spectroscopic Techniques. 3.1 The Nature of Light. 3.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum. 3.3 Ultraviolet/Visible Absorption Spectroscopy. 3.4 Fluorescence Spectroscopy. 3.5 Spectroscopic Techniques Using Plane-Polarized Light. 3.6 Infrared Spectroscopy. 3.7 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy. 3.8 Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy. 3.9 Lasers. 3.10 Surface Plasmon Resonance. References. Chapter 4 Mass Spectrometry. 4.1 Principles of Mass Spectrometry. 4.2 Mass Spectrometry of Proteins/Peptides. 4.3 Interfacing MS with other Methods. 4.4 Uses of Mass Spectrometry in Biochemistry. References. Chapter 5 Electrophoresis. 5.1 Principles of Electrophoresis. 5.2 Nondenaturing Electrophoresis. 5.3 Denaturing Electrophoresis. 5.4 Electrophoresis in DNA Sequencing. 5.5 Isoelectric Focusing (IEF). 5.6 Immunoelectrophoresis. 5.7 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic Acids. 5.8 Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis. 5.9 Capillary Electrophoresis. 5.10 Electroblotting Procedures. 5.11 Electroporation. References. Chapter 6 Three-Dimensional Structure Determination of Macromolecules. 6.1 The Protein-Folding Problem. 6.2 Structure Determination by NMR. 6.3 Crystallization of Biomacromolecules. 6.4 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals. 6.5 Calculation of Electron Density Maps. 6.6 Other Diffraction Methods. 6.7 Comparison of X-Ray Crystallography with Multi-Dimensional NMR. 6.8 Structural Databases. References. Chapter 7 Hydrodynamic Methods. 7.1 Viscosity. 7.2 Sedimentation. 7.3 Methods for Varying Buffer Conditions. 7.4 Flow Cytometry. References. Chapter 8 Biocalorimetry. 8.1 The Main Thermodynamic Parameters. 8.2 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry. 8.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry. 8.4 Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters by Non-Calorimetric Means. References. Chapter 9 Bioinformatics. 9.1 Overview of Bioinformatics. 9.2 Sequence Databases. 9.3 Tools for Analysis of Primary Structures. 9.4 Tertiary Structure Databases. 9.5 Programs for Analysis and Visualization of Tertiary Structure Databases. 9.6 Homology Modelling. References. Chapter 10 Proteomics. 10.1 Electrophoresis in Proteomics. 10.2 Mass Spectrometry in Proteomics. 10.3 Chip Technologies in Proteomics. 10.4 Post-Translational Modification Proteomics. Further Reading. References. Appendix 1 SI Units. Appendix 2 The Fourier Transform. Index.

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Book SynopsisOffers a study guide which describes the basic principles of pharmaceutical physicochemical characterisation. This text introduces the basic concepts and discusses their wider implication for pharmaceutical development, with reference to many case examples of drugs and drug products.Table of ContentsPreface xiii List of Abbreviations xv 1 Basic Principles of Preformulation Studies 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Assay design 2 1.2.1 Assay development 3 1.3 Concentrations 5 1.3.1 Units of concentration 5 1.4 UV spectrophotometry 9 1.4.1 Method development for UV assays 11 1.5 Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 14 1.5.1 TLC method development 15 1.5.2 High-performance TLC 17 1.6 High-performance liquid chromatography 19 1.6.1 Normal- and reverse-phase HPLC 20 1.6.2 HPLC method development 21 1.7 Differential scanning calorimetry 22 1.7.1 Interpreting DSC data 23 1.7.2 Modulated-temperature DSC 27 1.7.3 DSC method development 30 1.8 Dynamic vapour sorption 32 1.8.1 DVS method development 32 1.9 Summary 33 References 33 Answer to study question 34 Additional study questions 35 2 Ionisation Constants 36 2.1 Introduction 36 2.2 Ionisation 36 2.2.1 Percent ionisation 42 2.3 Buffers 44 2.4 Determination of pKa 44 2.4.1 Determination of pKa by potentiometric titration 45 2.4.2 Determination of pKa in nonaqueous solvents 45 2.4.3 Other factors affecting measurement of pKa 47 2.5 Summary 48 References 48 Answers to study questions 49 Additional self-study questions and answers 50 3 Partition Affinity 52 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Partitioning 52 3.2.1 Effect of partitioning 54 3.2.2 Determination of log P 55 3.2.3 Effect of salt formation on partitioning 62 3.3 Summary 63 References 63 Answers to study questions 64 4 Solubility 65 4.1 Introduction 65 4.2 Intrinsic solubility 67 4.2.1 Ideal solubility 69 4.2.2 Solubility as a function of temperature 73 4.2.3 Solubility and physical form 74 4.2.4 Measurement of intrinsic solubility 77 4.2.5 Calculation of pKa from solubility data 83 4.3 Summary 83 References 84 Answer to study question 84 Additional self-study questions and answers 84 5 Dissolution 86 5.1 Introduction 86 5.2 Models of dissolution 86 5.3 Dissolution testing 87 5.3.1 Intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) 92 5.3.2 IDR as a function of pH 93 5.3.3 IDR and the common ion effect 94 5.4 Summary 96 References 96 6 Salt Selection 98 6.1 Introduction 98 6.2 Salt formation 99 6.2.1 Selection of a salt-forming acid or base 104 6.2.2 Salt screening 108 6.3 Salt solubility 110 6.3.1 Solubility of basic salts 111 6.3.2 Solubility of acidic salts 112 6.3.3 The importance of pHmax 114 6.4 Dissolution of salts 117 6.4.1 Modification of pHm 120 6.5 Partitioning of salts 121 6.6 Summary 123 References 124 Answers to study questions 126 7 Physical Form I – Crystalline Materials 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Crystal formation 127 7.2.1 Crystal formation from the melt 128 7.2.2 Crystal growth from solution 129 7.3 Crystal structure 130 7.4 Polymorphism 131 7.4.1 Thermodynamics of polymorphism 133 7.4.2 Physicochemical properties of polymorphs 137 7.5 Pseudopolymorphism 139 7.6 Polymorph screening 141 7.7 Characterisation of physical form 141 7.7.1 Characterisation of polymorphs 142 7.7.2 Characterisation of pseudopolymorphs 149 7.8 Summary 152 References 152 Answers to study questions 153 8 Physical Form II – Amorphous Materials 156 8.1 Introduction 156 8.2 Formation of amorphous materials 156 8.3 Ageing of amorphous materials 160 8.4 Characterisation of amorphous materials 162 8.4.1 Measurement of ageing 164 8.5 Processing and formation of amorphous material 168 8.5.1 Spray-drying 168 8.5.2 Freeze-drying 168 8.5.3 Quench-cooling 169 8.5.4 Milling 170 8.5.5 Compaction 171 8.6 Amorphous content quantification 171 8.6.1 Calibration standards 172 8.6.2 DSC for amorphous content quantification 173 8.6.3 DVS for amorphous content quantification 175 8.7 Summary 177 References 178 Answers to study questions 179 9 Stability Assessment 181 9.1 Introduction 181 9.2 Degradation mechanisms 183 9.2.1 Hydrolysis 185 9.2.2 Solvolysis 187 9.2.3 Oxidation 188 9.2.4 Photolysis 190 9.3 Reaction kinetics 191 9.3.1 Solution-phase kinetics 191 9.3.2 Zero-order reactions 192 9.3.3 First-order kinetics 193 9.3.4 Second-order reactions 194 9.3.5 Solid-state kinetics 195 9.4 The temperature dependence of reaction kinetics 198 9.5 Stress testing 203 9.5.1 Stress testing in solution 203 9.5.2 Stress testing in the solid-state 204 9.5.3 Drug–excipient compatibility testing 205 9.6 Summary 208 References 208 Answers to study questions 209 10 Particle Properties 211 10.1 Introduction 211 10.2 Microscopy 211 10.2.1 Light microscopy 212 10.2.2 Hot-stage microscopy 213 10.2.3 Electron microscopy 214 10.2.4 Atomic force microscopy 214 10.3 Particle shape 215 10.3.1 Habit 215 10.3.2 Particle sizing 219 10.3.3 Particle size distributions 222 10.4 Summary 227 References 227 Answer to study question 227 11 Powder Properties 228 11.1 Introduction 228 11.2 Powder flow and consolidation 228 11.2.1 Carr’s index 230 11.2.2 Hausner ratio 232 11.2.3 Angle of repose 232 11.2.4 Mohr diagrams 235 11.3 Compaction properties 240 11.3.1 Compaction simulators 242 11.4 Summary 243 References 243 Answers to study questions 243 Index 247 Companion website This book is accompanied by a companion website at: ttp://www.wiley.com/go/gaisford/essentials Visit the website for: • Figures and tables from the book • Multiple choice questions

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Book SynopsisMany medical applications could benefit from system theory, if only instrumentation designers understood systems theory and signal processing academics had a better understanding of practical medical applications. This book bridges those gaps in a practical manner, with suggestions for coursework included.Trade Review"…this is a useful addition to the library of those who are involved in product development of technologies using complex signal processing." (Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology, May/June 2004) "...an excellent contribution to the current literature...well written..." (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, July/August 2002) "The approach chosen by Dr. Baura is original and is to be congratulated for its ambitiousness. I would recommend the book to existing biomedical engineering experts working in environment where solving practical problems is the issue...in addition it could be very useful as a class text..." (IFMBE News, No. 61, July 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Nomenclature. I FILTERS. 1 System Theory and Frequency-Selective Filters. 2 Low Flow Rate Occlusion Detection Using Resistance Monitoring. 3 Adaptive Filters. 4 Improved Pulse Oximetry. 5 Time-Frequency and Time-Scale Analysis. 6 Improved Impedance Cardiography. II MODELS FOR REAL TIME PROCESSING. 7 Linear System Identification. 8 External Defibrillation Waveform Optimization. 9 Nonlinear System Identification. 10 Improved Screening for Cervical Cancer. 11 Fuzzy Models. 12 Continuous Noninvasive Blood Pressure Monitoring: Proof of Concept. III COMPARTMENTAL MODELS. 13 The Linear Compartmental Model. 14 Pharmacologic Stress Testing Using Closed-Loop Drug Delivery. 15 The Nonlinear Compartmental Model. 16 The Role of Nonlinear Compartmental Models in Development of Antiobesity Drugs. IV SYSTEM THEORY IMPLEMENTATION. 17 Algorithm Implementation. 18 The Need for More System Theory in Low-Cost Medical Applications. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroduces the fundamental biological processes that influence these sophisticated, procedures. This text provides details about molecular-level events that happen at the tissue-implant interface and explores material, biological, and physiological consequences of these events. It emphasizes the importance of the body's wound-healing response.Trade Review"...well illustrated with a glossary, end-chapter summaries, and references...materials, scientists, medical device designers and manufacturers, corrosion researchers and practitioners, surgeons, and clinicians will profit from reading this book." (CORROSION, February 2006) "…a concise, topical, and not overly technical hardbound…the strengths of this book are its crisp information and condensed summaries. The jewels of this book are the diagrams and tables." (Annals of Biomedical Engineering, Issue 31:11) "...delivers precisely what the authors intended...excellent book...great introduction...nicely complements existing texts..." (Advanced Materials, Vol 16(4), 17 Feb 2004) "This text would be of great use for faculty teaching courses on tissue-biomaterial interactions." (IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology, May/ June 2003) "...a pleasure to read...highly recommendable..." (Biomateria.com) "...excellent attention to detail…recommended for graduate students, faculty and researchers, and bioengineers and physicians." (Choice, Vol. 40, No. 6, February 2003)Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Introduction. Biomaterials. Proteins. Protein-Surface Interactions. Blood-Biomaterial Interactions and Coagulation. Inflammation and Infection. The Immune System and Inflammation. Wound Healing. Biomaterial Surface and the Physiological Environment. Biocompatibility. Example 1: Opening Occluded Vessels: Vascular Grafts, Intimal Hyperplasia. Example 2: Replacing Joints and Teeth. Answers to Quiz Questions. Gloassry. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is a revised and expanded edition of a major reference work offering complete coverage of Russian chemical terms, along with their English translations.Table of ContentsNot Obtainable.

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Book SynopsisThis Second Edition of the well--received work on design, construction, and operation of heat exchangers. Demonstrates how to apply theories of fluid mechanics and heat transfer to practical problems posed by design, testing, and installation of heat exchangers.Table of ContentsHeat Exchanger Types and Construction. Heat Exchanger Fabrication. Heat Transmission and Fluid Flow. Performance Estimation. Boiling Heat Transfer and Flow Stability. Heat Pipes. Fluidized Beds. Flow Distribution Problems. Stress Analysis. Service Life, Reliability, and Maintenance. General Design Considerations and Approaches. Liquid-to-Liquid Heat Exchangers. Gas-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Liquid-to-Gas Heat Exchangers. Steam Generators. Condensers. Heat Exchangers for Liquid Metals and Molten Salts. Heat Exchangers Operating on Radiant Energy. Cooling Towers. Heat Exchanger Tests. Handbook. Nomenclature, Constants, and Conversion Factors. Physical Properties Affecting Heat Transfer. Fluid Flow and Pressure Drop. LMTD and Thermal Effectiveness. Heat Transfer. Geometric Data for Tube Bundles and Header Sheets. Dimensional and Related Data for Pipes, Tubes, and Fins. Stress Analysis. Cost Estimation. Index.

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive, up-to-date treatment of the biochemistry essential for an understanding of molecular and cellular biological processes. This third edition offers new units covering the chemistry of life, bioenergetics, energy transfer molecules, regulation of enzymes and reaction sequences, lab techniques for purification of proteins and nucleic acids, and lab techniques of molecular genetics. Also, each unit contains more applications to biological systems. The text provides a well-organized and rigorous approach suitable for classroom use or self-instruction. Each unit begins with a 1- to 2-page presentation of basic concepts, followed by about 20 questions and problems with sample responses. Self-tests appear after every 2 to 3 units and there is a cumulative self-test at the end of the book.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Chemistry of Life. Particles, Atoms, and Molecules. Chemical Groups. Ions, Ionic Bonds, and Crystals. Polarity, Hydrogen Bonds, Solubility, and HydrophobicInteractions. Chemical Equilibrium. Carbohydrates I: Monosaccharides and Related Molecules. Carbohydrates II: Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides. Amino Acids. Proteins I: Peptide Bonding and Polypeptides. Proteins II: Levels of Structure and Conjugated Proteins. Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, Sterols, and Prostaglandins. Nucleic Acids. Bioenergetics. Energy Transfer Molecules. Enzymes. Regulation of Enzymes and Reaction Sequences. Molecular Weight and Molar, Percent, Mg Percent, and ppmSolutions. pH and H?+ Concentration. Weak Acids, Dissociation Constants, and Buffers. Self-Test. Laboratory Methods. Cumulative Self-Test. Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsThe Use of Plant Remedies in Indigenous Medical Systems. Presentation of Results. Preparation of Plant Material. The Gastro-Intestinal Tract. The Liver and Biliary System. The Cardiovascular System. The Respiratory System. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity. Diabetes Mellitus. The Nervous System. Endocrine Activity: Antifertility and Sex Hormones. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisEndocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Edited by Philip W. Harvey, Kevin C. Rush and Andrew Cockburn AgrEvo UK Ltd, Saffron Walden, UK This is the first book to consider the integrated role of the classical endocrine system and hormones (including those from tissues outside the classical endocrine system) in toxicological responses. Although focusing on the latest knowledge on endocrine glands as target organs and the mechanistic and molecular basis for toxicity in these organs, Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology has been written to cover toxicological responses at the whole body level mediated by endocrine or hormonal mechanisms. This whole body, multi-organ approach significantly broadens the relevance of this volume to toxicologists. Following an introductory section on the types of endocrine toxicity including primary, secondary and indirect mechanisms, the next section deals with endocrine organs as toxicological targets. International contributions focus on the pituitary, thyroid and pTrade Review"section III of this book is a classic" (Clinical Endocrinology, No.53 2000)Table of ContentsSection 1: An Integrated Approach to Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology Section 2: Endocrine Organs as Toxicological Targets Section 3: Endocrine and Hormonal Toxicology: A Target System Approach Section 4: Endocrine Toxicology: Human and Environmental Health Perspectives

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Book SynopsisCurrent Toxicology Series Series Editors Diana Anderson BIBRA Toxicology International, Surrey, UK Michael D Waters Consultant, Chapel Hill, NC, USA Timothy C Marrs Department of Health, London, UK Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity Edited by Costas Ioannides, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK An enormous amount of research is currently devoted to evaluating the role of nutrition in the aetiology of major human diseases and to clarifying the underlying mechanisms. This resurgent interest reflects the realisation that carcinogens may be generated during the normal cooking of food and that they may play a role in human carcinogenesis. Moreover, during the last decade it has become apparent that naturally occurring chemicals in food, primarily of plant origin, can afford effective protection against human cancer and heart disease. As a result, the need for up-to-date information in this subject area has never been greater. Nutrition and Chemical Toxicity deals in depth with the various toxTrade Review"The book is a well structured reference source for nutritional toxicologists, with many clear and concise diagrams, and a comprehensive bibliography at the end of each chapter." (British Toxicology Society Newsletter)Table of ContentsToxicants in Food: Naturally Occurring (H. Mori, et al.). Toxicants in Food: Fungal Contaminants (J.-S. Wang, et al.). Toxicants in Food: Generated During Cooking (K. Skog & M. Jägerstad). Toxicants in Food: Food Allergens (G. Reese & S. Lehrer). Nutritional Modulation of Cytochromes P450 (C. Ioannides). Interactions between Drugs and Diet (J. Thomas, et al.). Glutathione, Sulphur Amino Acids and Chemical Detoxication (T. Bray, et al.). Modulation of the Carcinogenic Response by Caloric Restriction (A. Turturro, et al.). Lipotropes and Chemical Carcinogenesis (E. Farber & A. Ghoshal). Expression of Chemical Toxicity in Vitamin Deficiency and Supplementation (G. Williamson). Safety Evaluation of Vitamins and Minerals (J. Hathcock). Naturally Occurring Organosulphur Compounds as Potential Anticarcinogens (H. Mori & A. Nishikawa). Cancer Chemoprevention by Tea Polyphenols (N. Ahmad, et al.). Animal Diets in Safety Evaluation Studies (G. Rao & J. Knapka). Index.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisA catalyst is a substance which alters rate at which a chemical reaction occurs but is itself unchanged at the end of the reaction. This book includes approximately 40 proceduces describing the use of different catalysts.Trade Review"Everyone who is concerned with...pure compounds will be able to use this handy book..." (Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, Vol. 42, 2003) "...the book clearly fulfills its purpose to provide a practical introduction?it will be useful..." (CATTECH, August 2003)Table of ContentsSeries Preface. Preface to Volume 1. Abbreviations. PART I: REVIEW. 1. The Integration of Biotransformations into the Catalyst Portfolio. PART II: PROCEDURES. 2. General Information. 3. Asymmetric Epoxidation. 4. Epoxidation of , -Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. 5. Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols. 6. Epoxidation of Unfunctionalized Alkenes and , -Unsaturated Esters. 7. Asymmetric Hydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation. 8. Asymmetric Sulfoxidation. 9. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Organometallic Catalysts. 10. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Baker's Yeast. 11. Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones Using Nonmetallic Catalysts. 12. Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds Using Organometallic Cataluysts. 13. Employment of Catalysts Working in Tandem. Index.

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Book SynopsisQuantitative Molecular Pharmacology and Informatics in Drug Discovery Michael Lutz, Section Head, Cheminformatics Group and Terry Kenakin, Principal Research Scientist, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Quantitative Molecular Pharmacology and Informatics in Drug Discovery combines pharmacology, genetics and statistics to provide a complete guide to the modern drug discovery process. The book discusses the pharmacology of drug testing and provides a detailed description of the statistical methods used to analyze the resulting data. Application of genetic and genomic tools for identification of biological targets is reviewed in the context of drug discovery projects. Covering both the theoretical principles upon which the techniques are based and the practicalities of drug discovery, this informative guide. * outlines in step-by-step detail the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and approach and links these to the type of chemicalTrade Review"...a timely and important book..." "I recommend this book to pharmaceutical company statisticians..." --Biometrics, September 2000 "...covers a tremendous amount of ground....I recommend this book to pharmaceutical statisticians..." --Technometrics, 2000Table of ContentsDrug Discovery. Measurement of Drug Affinity. Efficacy. Pharmacological Assays Used in Screening for Therapeutic Ligands. Finding the Optimal Assay Format for the Chemical Target. Mathematical and Statistical Framework for Problems in Drug Discovery. Statistical Methods for Target Identification and Validation. Experimental Design. Analysis and Interpretation of Data. Index.

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Book SynopsisBioenergetics is the study of the way biological systems, usually at the molecular level, utilize and convert energy in order to drive the biochemical reactions that constitute life. However, because of its often quantitative basis and the amount of technical jargon, the subject tends to alienate and intimidate students. This beautifully illustrated text has a lucid and logical approach to the subject. The text uses the modern perspective throughout so that the student is given an easily assimilable, logical introduction to the important concepts of the subject, particulary the core concept, the ''chemiosmotic theory''. It has been specifically designed to make information easily accessible by devoting each double-page spread to one topic. Within the spread, a variety of carefully constructed diagrams present information in a concise and innovative manner. The text is further enhanced by a comprehensive guide to additional reading. Original, easily understood combinatioTable of ContentsScope of bioenergetics. The 'universal' view of energy. The 'local' view of energy. Equilibrium and equilibrium constants. Sources of biological energy - quantitation. Direct coupling of oxidation to anhydride formation. Oxygen as an oxidising agent. Respiratory carriers. Respiratory chain (mitochondrial). Respiratory assemblages (mitochondrial). Mechanism of electron flow between proteins. Variations within respiratory chains. Light trapping and water splitting in chloroplasts. Reaction centre structure. Organisation of membrane proteins (chloroplast). Photosynthetic bacteria. Concepts of energy transduction- redox-anhydride bond energy. Transfer via H+gradient -. I. Qualitative aspects. II. Kinetic aspects. Quantitative aspects -. I. H+/O ratio. II. DGp/DMH+. How does electron transfer generate H+ (I) + (II). ATP synthase complex. F1 structure. F0 structure. Coupling H+ gradient to ATP synthesis - energetics. structural aspects. Integration with cytoplasm - mitochondria. Aspects of control - qualitative:quantitative. Integration of cytoplasm/control - chloroplasts. Uncouplers and ionophores in studies of phosphorylation. Mitochondrial defects. Alternative uses of H+ gradient. Alternative gradient production. ATP driven ion pumps - a broader perspective. E-P pumps. Evolution of pumps. Evolution of organelles

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Book SynopsisOffers guidelines that can reduce the risk or mitigate the severity of accidents associated with storing and handling reactive materials. Necessary elements of a reliable system to prevent equipment or human failures that might lead to a reactive chemical incident are sound and responsible management policies.Table of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Introduction. 1. Chemical Reactivity Hazards. 1.1 Framework for Understanding Reactivity Hazards. 1.1.1 Grouping of Reactivity Hazards into General Categories. 1.1.2 Key Parameters That Drive Reactions. 1.1.3 Types of Runaway Reactions. 1.1.4 How Reactive Chemical Storage and Handling Accidents Are Initiated. 1.2 Self-Reactive Polymerizing Chemicals. 1.2.1 Thermal Instability. 1.2.2 Induction Time. 1.2.3 Example. 1.3 Self-Reactive Decomposing Chemicals. 1.3.1 Peroxides. 1.3.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 1.3.3 Predicting Instability Potential. 1.3.4 Deflagration and Detonation of Pure Material. 1.3.5 Slow Gas-Forming Reactions. 1.3.6 Heat of Compression. 1.3.7 Minimum Pressure for Vapor Decomposition. 1.3.8 Shock Sensitivity. 1.3.9 Examples of Shock Sensitivity. 1.4 Self-Reactive Rearranging Chemicals. 1.4.1 Isomerization. 1.4.2 Disproportionation. 1.5 Reactivity with Oxygen. 1.5.1 Spontaneous Ignition and Pyrophoricity. 1.5.2 Pyrophoricity versus Hypergolic Properties. 1.5.3 Accumulation and Explosion of Pyrophoric Materials. 1.5.4 Competition between Air and Atmosphere Moisture. 1.5.5 Peroxide Formation. 1.6 Reactivity with Water. 1.6.1 Water Reactivity: Fast and Slow Reactions. 1.6.2 Water-Reactive Structures. 1.7 Reactivity with Other Common Substances. 1.7.1 Reactions with Metals. 1.7.2 Surface Area Effects. 1.7.3 Catalyst Deactivation and Surface Passivation. 1.8 Reactive with Other Chemicals Incompatibility. 1.8.1 Oxidizing and Reducing Properties. 1.8.2 Acidic and basic Properties. 1.8.3 Formation of Unstable Materials. 1.8.4 Thermite-Type Reactions. 1.8.5 Incompatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids and Refrigerants. 1.8.6 Adsorbents. References. 2. Chemical Reactivity Classifications. 2.1 NFPA Reactivity Hazard Signal. 2.1.1 NFPA 704 Rating System for Overall Reactivity. 2.1.2 Definitions for Reactivity Signal Ratings. 2.1.3 Reactivity Hazards Not Identified by NFPA 704. 2.1.4 NFPA Reactivity Ratings for Specific Chemicals. 2.2 NPCA Hazardous Materials Identification System. 2.3 Classifications of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.1 SPI 19A Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.3.2 NFPA 43B Classification of Organic Peroxides. 2.4 Classification of Materials That Form Peroxides. 2.5 Classification of Water-Reactive Materials. 2.5.1 Materials That React Violently with Water. 2.5.2 Materials That React Slowly with Water. References. 3. Materials Assessment. 3.1 Prior Experience Review. 3.1.1 Common Knowledge. 3.1.2 Analogy. 3.1.3 Safety Data and Literature. 3.2 Theoretical Evaluations. 3.2.1 Unstable Atomic Groups. 3.2.2 Oxygen Balance. 3.2.3 Thermodynamics: Heat of 3.2.4 Thermodynamics: Heats of Reaction and Self-Reaction. 3.2.5 Thermodynamics: Equilibrium Considerations. 3.2.6 CHETAH. 3.2.7 Example Evaluation. 3.3 Expert Determination. 3.3.1 Expert Committees. 3.3.2 Kinetics Determination Factors. 3.4 Reactivity Screening Tests. 3.4.1 Thermal Stability Screening Tests. 3.4.2 Shock Sensitivity Screening. 3.4.3 Pyrophoricity Screening. 3.4.4 Water Reactivity Screening. 3.4.5 Peroxide Formation Screening. 3.4.6 Compatibility Screening. References. 4. Consequence Analysis. 4.1 Identifying Potential Accident Scenarios. 4.1.1 Process Hazard Analysis. 4.1.2 Checklist of Potentially Hazardous Events. 4.1.3 Chemical Interaction Matrix. 4.1.4 Industry Experience. 4.1.5 Local Size Experience. 4.2 Severity Testing. 4.2.1 Calorimetric Testing for Consequence Analysis. 4.2.2 Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature. 4.2.3 Isoperibolic Calorimetry. 4.2.4 Assessment of Maximum Pressure and Temperature. 4.3 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Consequences. 4.3.1 Reactive Chemical Explosions. 4.3.2 Reactive Chemical Fires. 4.3.3 Toxic Releases. 4.4 Where to Find Methods for Estimating Immediate Impact. 4.4.1 Explosion Effect Models. 4.4.2 Thermal Effect Models. 4.4.3 Toxic Gas Effect Models. 4.4.4 Modeling Systems. 4.4.5 Caveats. 4.5 Applications of Consequence Analysis. 4.5.1 Selection of Size, Quantity, and Location of Facilities. 4.5.2 Selection of Dedicated Safeguard Systems. 4.5.3 Basis for Emergency Response Systems and Planning. 4.5.4 Better Understanding of the Hazard and the Consequences. 4.5.5 Significant Step toward a Well-Managed Operating Facility. References. 5. General Design Considerations. 5.1 Summary of General Design Strategies. 5.1.1 Reduce the Inherent Hazards. 5.1.2 Build Reliable Safety Layers. 5.1.3 Conduct In-Depth Reviews. 5.1.4 Use Previous Experience. 5.2 Compatibility. 5.2.1 Identifying Potential Incompatibility Problems. 5.2.2 Compatibility with Process Materials/Reagents. 5.2.3 Compatibility with Impurities. 5.2.4 Compatibility with Heat Transfer Fluids. 5.2.5 Compatibility with Materials of Construction and Corrosion Products. 5.2.6 Compatibility with Insulation. 5.2.7 Compatibility with Fire-Extinguishing Agents. 5.2.8 Compatibility with Other Materials. 5.2.9 Other Compatibility-Related Practices. 5.3 Storage Time and Shelf Life. 5.3.1 Storage Time Limitations. 5.3.2 Practices for Increasing Shelf Life. 5.3.3 Handling and Disposal of Too-Old Material. 5.4 Storage Quantity and Configuration. 5.4.1 Determining Maximum Inventory. 5.4.2 Storage Configurations. 5.4.3 Top versus Bottom Discharge. 5.4.4 Facility Siting. 5.4.5 Restrictions on Container Shape or Configuration. 5.4.6 Mixing and Recirculation. 5.5 Air and Moisture Exclusion. 5.5.1 Air Exclusion Practices. 5.5.2 Moisture Exclusion Practices. 5.6 Monitoring and Control. 5.6.1 Oxygen Concentration Monitoring. 5.6.2 Humidity/Moisture Content Monitoring. 5.6.3 Pressure Monitoring. 5.6.4 Temperature Monitoring. 5.6.5 Temperature Control. 5.7 Handling and Transfer. 5.7.2 Piping Specifications and Layout. 5.7.3 Fittings and Connections. 5.7.4 Pumps and Pump Seals. 5.7.5 Valves. 5.7.6 Drain Systems. 5.7.7 Cleaning Equipment. 5.7.8 Transfer Systems Operating and Maintenance Practices. 5.8 Last-Resort Safety Features. 5.8.1 Inhibitor Injection. 5.8.2 Quench System. 5.8.3 Dump System. 5.8.4 Depressuring System. 5.8.5 Emergency Relief Configuration. 5.8.6 Emergency Relief Sizing Basis. 5.8.7 Emergency Relief Headers. 5.8.8 Emergency Relief Treatment Systems. 5.8.9 Explosion Suppression. 5.9 Passive Mitigation. 5.9.1 Flow-Limiting Orifices. 5.9.2 Fire-Resistant/Explosion-Resistant Construction. 5.9.3 Weak Seams and Explosion Venting. 5.9.4 Bunkers, Blast Walls and Barricades. 5.9.5 Secondary Containment. 5.9.6 Separation Distances. 5.10 Detections, Warning and Isolation. 5.10.1 Release Detection. 5.10.2 Release Warning. 5.10.3 Release Isolation. 5.11 Fire Prevention and Protection. 5.11.1 Ignition Source Control. 5.11.2 Fireproofing and Insulation. 5.11.3 Extinguishing Systems. 5.12 Postrelease Mitigation. 5.12.1 Reactive Release Countermeasures. 5.12.2 Reactive Chemicals Personal Protective Equipment. 5.12.3 Reactive Chemicals Emergency Response. 5.13 Hazard Reviews. 5.13.1 Hazard Severity Categories. 5.13.2 Reactive Chemicals Hazard Reviews. 5.14 Codes and Standards. References. 6. Process Safety Management of Reactive Material Facilities. 6.1 Accountability: Objective and Goals. 6.2 Process Knowledge and Documentation. 6.3 Capital Project Review and Design Procedures. 6.4 Process Risk Management. 6.5 Management of Change. 6.6 Process and Equipment Integrity. 6.7 Human Factors. 6.8 Personnel Training and Performance. 6.9 Incident Investigation. 6.10 Standards, Codes, and Regulations. 6.11 Audits and Corrective Actions. 6.12 Enhancement of Process Safety Knowledge. 6.13 Other Elements Required by Regulatory Authorities. Bibliography. References. 7. Specific Design Considerations. 7.1 Polymerizable Materials: Acrylic Acid. 7.2 Polymerizable Materials: Styrene. 7.3 Organic Peroxides. 7.4 Organic Peroxides: Dibenzoyl Peroxide. 7.5 Organic Peroxides: MEK Peroxide. 7.6 Temperature-Sensitive Materials: Ethylene Oxide. 7.7 Pyrophoric Materials: Aluminum Alkyls. 7.8 Peroxide Formers: 1,3-Butadiene. 7.9 Water-Reactive Materials: Sodium. 7.10 Water-Reactive Materials: Chlorosulfonic Acid. References. Appendix A. Reactive Chemicals Literature Sources. Procedures for Hazard Evaluation and Testing. Accident and Loss Prevention. Data Sources and Compilations. Material Safety Data Sheets. Computerized On-line Databases. Educational and Training Materials. Appendix B. Industry Practice Survey Results. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisConsolidates the lore of the older dyers with the author's own first-hand experience to produce both a history of natural dyes and a practical manual for using pre-synthetic era processes on all the natural fibres - cotton, linen, silk, and wool.

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Book SynopsisThere has been a rapid evolution in the field of inhalation drug therapy, including new drugs, increased regulation and quality control, and strong pressure from generics. Inhalation Drug Therapy brings together the most current inhalation drug research, as well as practical developments and processes, into one essential guide. Focusing on inhalation products and specific equipment and techniques used in manufacturing and quality control, the book balances research with the industrial aspects of creating the drugs, and features a highly regarded author team with both academic and industry experience.Table of ContentsList of contributors xi Series foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Inhalation drug delivery 1Daniela Traini 2 Inhalation and nasal products 15 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 3 Formulation of inhalation medicines 31 Daniela Traini and Paul M. Young 4 Novel particle production technologies for inhalation products 47 Hak-Kim Chan and Philip Chi Lip Kwok 5 Methods for understanding, controlling, predicting, and improving drug product performance 63 David A. V. Morton 6 Aerodynamic assessment for inhalation products: fundamentals and current pharmacopoeial methods 91 Francesca Buttini, Gaia Colombo, Philip Chi Lip Kwok and Wong Tin Wui 7 Proteins, peptides, and controlled-release formulations for inhalation 121 Philip Chi Lip Kwok, Rania Osama Salama and Hak-Kim Chan 8 Pharmaceutical development studies for inhalation products 145 Gaia Colombo, Chiara Parlati and Paola Russo 9 Quality of inhalation products: specifications 169 Paolo Colombo, Francesca Buttini and Wong Tin Wui Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on the chemistry of marine polymers, waterborne polymers, and water-resistant polymers, as well as the special applications of these materials. After the chemistry of marine polymers and their types are discussed, the uses of these polymers are detailed, as well as various analytical and characterization testing methods. The book also emphasizes the polymers that are most environmentally-friendly along with their origin and industrial applications. The polymers from these 3 types serve a variety of industries including medical equipment and devices, outdoor coatings and corrosion protection, food packaging, saltwater and freshwater marine purposes such as marine ropes, boat coatings, pipeline protection, and marine well application, to name just a few.Table of ContentsPreface ix 1 Marine Polymers 1 1.1 Marine Microbes 1 1.2 Marine Microgels 2 1.3 Polymer Production from Marine Algae 2 1.3.1 Recovery of Lipids Algae 5 1.3.2 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Hydrocarbons 6 1.3.3 Conversion of Algal Lipids into Polymers 6 1.3.4 Crosslinking of Phenolic Polymers 6 1.4 Marine Bioadhesive Analogs 7 1.5 Medical Applications 8 1.5.1 Metalloproteinases 9 1.5.2 Fucoidans 10 1.6.3 Chitosan 12 1.5.4 Collagen 14 1.5.5 Shark Collagen for Cell Culture and Zymography 15 1.5.6 Glycosaminoglycans 16 1.5.7 Anticholinesterase 16 1.5.8 Terpenoids 18 1.5.9 Membrane-Active Peptides 19 1.6 Polymer Production from Marine Sponge 19 1.7 Chitin and Chitosan from Marine Origin 20 1.8 Carbohydrates 22 1.8.1 Polysaccharides of Marine Origin 23 1.8.2 Oligosaccharides 23 1.9 Poly(3-hydroxy butyrate) from Marine Bacteria 25 1.10 Metal Ion Absorption 26 1.11 Fish Elastin Polypeptide 26 1.12 Cosmetic Uses 27 1.13 Protein Hydrolyzate 28 References 28 2 Marine Applications 35 2.1 Marine Polymer Coatings 35 2.1.1 Dextrine-Modified Chitosan Marine Polymer Coatings 35 2.1.2 Marine Structure Coated with an Acrylic Water-Swellable Polymer 36 2.1.3 Styrene Copolymer Compositions 43 2.1.4 Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Emulsion Copolymers 43 2.1.5 Epoxy Coatings 45 2.1.6 Composites from Plant Oils 48 2.1.7 Inherently Metal Binding Poly(amine) Quinone Polymers 56 2.2 Foams 61 2.2.1 Polyimide Foams 61 2.3 Antifouling 63 2.3.1 Fouling Problems 63 2.3.2 Mechanism of Fouling 64 2.3.3 Fouling Control 65 2.3.4 Nontoxic Polymer Surfaces 66 2.3.5 Amphiphilic Polymers 66 2.3.6 Fouling Release Properties of Metal Surfaces 67 2.3.7 Copper Marine Cladding Composition 68 2.3.8 Preventive Agents against Adhesion of Marine Organisms 70 2.3.9 Self-Polishing Paint 71 2.3.10 Copper-Nickel Epoxy Coating 73 2.3.11 Antifouling Paint 74 2.3.12 Cationic Poly(siloxane)s 75 2.4 Electrochemical Impedance and Noise Data for PolymerCoated Steel 78 2.5 Seawater Immersion Ageing of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Laminates 78 2.6 Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Marine Polymer Composites 79 2.7 Corrosion 80 2.7.1 Iron-Containing Substrata 80 2.7.2 Polymethylenepolyamine dipropionamides 80 2.7.3 Thioheterocyclic Rust and Corrosion-Inhibiting Agents 81 2.7.4 Epoxy Compounds 82 2.7.5 Poly(aniline) Graft Copolymers 82 2.7.6 Imidazolines 83 2.8 Marine Ropes 84 2.9 Marine Diesel Engine Lubricants 85 2.9.1 Dispersant Additive Composition 85 2.9.2 Overbased Alkyphenates 85 2.9.3 Overbased Metal Salts 86 2.9.4 Alkylsalicylate Lubricant Compositions 87 2.9.5 Biodegradable Lubricants 88 2.10 Lubricant for Smoothing Caulking Joints 89 2.11 Marine Well Applications 89 2.11.1 Marine Oil Spills Oil Separation and Disposal Systems 89 2.11.2 Marine Umbilicals 91 2.11.3 Hagfish Slime 94 2.11.4 Adhesive Compositions 94 2.11.5 Bit Lubricants 95 References 96 3 Waterborne Polymers 103 3.1 Analytical and Characterization Techniques 103 3.1.1 Surface Tension 104 3.2 Synthesis Methods 104 3.2.1 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 104 3.3 Aqueous Dispersions of Pigments 105 3.4 Waterborne Coatings 106 3.4.1 Food Packaging 107 3.4.2 Unsaturated Polyesters 109 3.4.3 Coatings with Pendant Allyl Groups 109 3.4.4 UV-Curable Latex Coating 114 3.4.5 Poly(urethane)s 122 3.4.6 Acrylic Coatings 145 3.4.7 Epoxy Coatings 148 3.4.8 Phenol Resins 148 3.4.9 Amide Resins 149 3.4.10 Poly(carbodiimide)s 149 3.4.11 Silicones 152 3.5 Special Applications 153 3.5.1 Waterborne Silicone Mold Release Agents 153 3.5.2 Stabilizers for Sandy Soil 154 3.5.3 Water, Oil, and Stain Repellency 154 3.5.4 Protective Coatings for Culturally Significant Objects 155 3.5.5 Waterborne Adhesives 155 3.5.6 Latex 156 3.5.7 Wet Labeling 159 3.5.8 Aqueous Polymeric Dispersions 161 3.5.9 Waterborne Soft-Feeling Coatings 163 3.5.10 Waterborne Polymeric Photoinitiators 165 References 166 4 Water-Resistant Polymers 173 4.1 Coatings 173 4.1.1 Polyolefin Coatings 173 4.1.2 Adherent Coatings 176 4.1.3 Wire Coatings 177 4.2 Biodegradable Resins 178 4.3 Water-Based Printing Inks 179 4.4 Reinforcing Fibers 181 4.5 Paper Industry Applications 183 4.5.1 Ketene Dimers 183 4.5.2 Anhydrides for Sizing 184 4.5.3 Epoxidized Soybean Oil 185 4.6 Masonry Products 186 4.7 Medical Uses 189 4.7.1 Tissue Engineering 189 4.7.2 Tooth Cleaning 189 4.8 Membranes 192 4.8.1 Microfiltration Membranes 192 4.8.2 Biobased Nanofiber Membranes 193 4.9 Personal Care Compositions 194 4.10 Package Uses 195 4.10.1 Adhesives for Beverage Labels 195 4.11 Grouting Compositions 197 4.11.1 Alginates 198 4.11.2 Dopamine 198 4.12 Xerogels 200 References 202 Index 207 Acronyms 207 Chemicals 209 General Index 218

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface xi 1 Materials for Extreme Environments 1 References 23 2 Aqueous Environments 29 2.1 Water Purification 29 2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes 29 2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment 31 2.1.3 Removal of Phenolic Compounds 36 2.2 Polymer Membranes 36 2.2.1 Functional Polymer Membranes 39 2.2.2 Membranes with Intrinsic Microporosity 41 2.2.3 Transport Mechanisms 44 2.2.4 Materials for Membranes 45 2.2.5 Robeson Plot 49 References 50 3 Extreme Pressure Environments 57 3.1 Engine Oils 57 3.1.1 Block Copolymer Nanoparticles 57 3.1.2 Heavy Duty Applications 59 3.1.3 Oil Degradation in a Combustion Engine 59 3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives 60 3.2.1 Inorganic Polymers 63 3.3 Deep Drilling 66 3.3.1 Surfactants 67 3.3.2 Scale Inhibitors 68 3.3.3 Foaming Agents 69 3.3.4 Defoamers 69 3.3.5 Crosslinking Agents 70 3.3.6 Gel Stabilizers 72 3.3.7 Gel Breakers 72 3.3.8 Biocides 73 3.3.9 Proppants 73 3.3.10 Fracturing Fluids 73 3.3.11 Thickeners 74 3.3.12 Friction Reducers 74 3.3.13 Fluid Loss Additives 76 3.3.14 Emulsifiers 77 3.3.15 Demulsifiers 78 3.3.16 Clay Stabilization 78 3.3.17 pH Control Additives 79 3.4 Automotive Applications 80 3.4.1 Airbags 80 3.4.2 Silicone Rubber Sponge 103 References 107 4 Extreme Temperature 117 4.1 High-Temperature Environments 117 4.1.1 Solvent-Resistant Elastomers 117 4.1.2 Processable Silicone Composites 118 4.1.3 Polymer-Derived Ceramics 120 4.1.4 Membrane Fuel Cells 121 4.2 Low-Temperature Environments 124 4.2.1 Cold Weather Articles 124 4.2.2 Low-Temperature Thermal Insulation Garment 128 4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile 132 4.3.1 Integrated Garment System 134 References 135 5 Electrical Applications 137 5.1 Ionic Liquids 137 5.1.1 Monomers 138 5.1.2 Carbon Dioxide Separation 141 5.1.3 Polymeric Ionic Liquids 142 5.1.4 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids 146 5.1.5 Computer Simulation 147 5.2 Solar Cell Devices 148 5.2.1 History of Photovoltaics 148 5.2.2 High-Performance Organic Photovoltaics 149 5.2.3 Naphthodithiophene 153 5.2.4 Stability 154 5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators 159 5.3.1 Triboelectric Polymers 161 5.3.2 Paper-Based Generator 164 5.3.3 Spherical Triboelectric Nanogenerator 165 5.4 Fuel Cell Applications 168 5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites 170 5.6 Electrochromic Materials 170 5.7 Batteries 171 5.7.1 Cathode Polymers 171 5.7.2 Polymeric Electrolytes 175 5.7.3 Polymer Interlayers 177 5.7.4 Polymer Separators 178 5.7.5 Protective Polymers 180 References 181 6 Medical Applications 197 6.1 Contact Lenses 197 6.1.1 History of Contact Lenses 197 6.1.2 Materials 198 6.1.3 Monomers 199 6.1.4 Soft Lenses 205 6.1.5 Functional Contact Lenses 238 6.1.6 Fabrication Methods 258 6.2 Tissue Engineering 272 6.2.1 Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering 275 6.2.2 Coating of an Implantable Device 275 6.3 Drug Delivery Systems 276 6.3.1 Pharmaceutical Cocrystals 277 6.3.2 Drug-Eluting Stents 278 6.3.3 Microchamber for Bacteria-Based Drug Delivery 278 6.3.4 Polymer Microspheres 279 6.3.5 Inhalable Particles 287 6.3.6 Microfabricated Drug Delivery Systems 287 6.3.7 Oral Drug Delivery 288 6.3.8 Nasal Delivery and Diagnostics 290 6.3.9 Transdermal Drug Delivery Devices 291 6.3.10 Drop-on-Demand System 296 6.3.11 Pulmonary Drug Delivery 297 6.3.12 Microchip Drug Delivery 298 6.3.13 Microchannels Drug Delivery 298 6.3.14 Printing Poorly Soluble Drugs 299 6.3.15 Fabrication of Personalized Doses 300 6.3.16 Pharmaceutical Bilayer Tablets 300 6.3.17 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 301 6.3.18 Three-Dimensional Printing 302 6.3.19 Bioabsorbable Stent with Prohealing Layer 303 6.3.20 Electrolytic Deposition 304 6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification 304 6.4.1 Porous Polymer Particles 311 6.5 Nanomaterials 312 6.5.1 Photosensitive Nanoparticles 314 6.5.2 Crosslinked Polymeric Nanoparticles 317 6.6 Other Fabrication Methods 320 6.6.1 Controlled Spreading 320 6.6.2 Thermal Inkjet Spray Freeze-Drying 321 6.6.3 Drug-Loaded Polymer Microparticles with Arbitrary Geometries 322 6.6.4 Microarray Technology 322 6.6.5 Biphasic Inks 322 6.6.6 Contact Lenses 329 6.6.7 Dip-Pen Nanolithography 333 6.6.8 Direct-Write Lithographic Printing of Peptides and Proteins 333 References 334 7 Drug Delivery 347 7.1 Biodegradable Polymers 347 7.2 Sustained Release Technology 347 7.2.1 Acacia 350 7.2.2 Carrageenan 353 7.2.3 Cellulose 354 7.2.4 Chitosan 355 7.2.5 Gellan Gum 355 7.2.6 Guar Gum 355 7.2.7 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 356 7.2.8 Khaya Gum 357 7.2.9 Locust Bean Gum 357 7.2.10 Pectin 358 7.2.11 Xanthan Gum 359 7.2.12 Electrospinning 359 7.2.13 Drug Release from Electrospun Fibers 360 7.3 Tissue Engineering 362 7.3.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 363 7.4 Tissue Markers 364 7.5 Hydrogels 366 7.6 Microporous Materials 367 7.7 Implants 370 7.7.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 370 7.7.2 Eye Implants 371 7.7.3 Thermosetting Implants 372 7.7.4 Neurotoxin Implants 380 7.7.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 380 7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers 380 7.8.1 Shape-Memory Polyesters 382 7.9 Stents 383 7.9.1 Surface Erosion 384 7.9.2 Tubular Main Body 385 7.9.3 Multilayer Stents 386 7.10 Thermogelling Materials 386 7.11 Wound Dressings 387 7.12 Bioceramics 387 7.13 Conjugates 389 References 390 8 Aero and Space Applications 397 8.1 Technical Standards 397 8.2 Aerospace Applications 403 8.2.1 Components for Airplanes 403 8.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composites 405 8.2.3 Nanocomposites 405 8.2.4 Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 406 8.2.5 Sealants for Aerospace Fuel Tanks 411 8.2.6 Leak Detection 418 8.2.7 Antistatic Applications 418 8.2.8 Electroactive Polymers 419 8.2.9 Shape-Memory Polymers 419 8.3 Outer Space Applications 427 8.3.1 Disadvantages of Polymers 428 8.3.2 Solar Cells 430 8.3.3 Antenna Reflector 433 8.3.4 Polymeric Coating 434 8.3.5 Space Suits 439 8.3.6 Electrostactic Dissipative Coatings 440 References 444 9 Other Environments 455 9.1 Adhesives 455 9.1.1 Lignin 455 9.1.2 Mussel-Inspired Adhesives 456 9.1.3 Supramolecular Polymer Adhesives 457 9.2 Extreme pH 457 9.2.1 Hydrolytic Degradation 457 9.2.2 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes 458 9.2.3 Pulp and Paper Production 460 9.2.4 Polymeric Micelles 462 9.2.5 pH-Stable Stationary Phases 463 9.3 Concrete 467 9.3.1 Metakaolin and Polymers 467 9.3.2 Polymer-Modified Mortar 469 9.3.3 Functionalized Poly(vinyl alcohol) 469 9.3.4 Polymer Concrete 470 9.3.5 Influence of Humidity 471 9.3.6 Polymer Emulsions and Fibers 473 9.3.7 Lightweight Cement 475 9.3.8 Recycling Control 476 References 477 Index 483 Acronyms 483 Chemicals 487 General Index 505

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses polymeric and composite materials for aerospace industries and discusses some general qualities of aviation materials, e.g., strength, density, malleability, ductility, elasticity, toughness, brittleness, fusibility, conductivity, and thermal expansion. Metals and alloys have so far been best able to utilize their qualities almost to the maximum. The latest advancements in polymers and composites have opened up a new area of conjecture about how to modify airplanes and shuttles to be more polymeric and less metallic. Polymeric materials have been the focus of exploration due to their high strength-to-weight ratio, low cost, and a greater degree of freedom in strengthening the needed qualities. Strength, density, malleability, ductility, elasticity, toughness, brittleness, fusibility, conductivity, and thermal expansion are some of the general qualities of aviation materials that are taken into account. Aerospace Polymeric Materials discusses a wide range of methods Table of ContentsPreface xi 1 Tuning Aerogel Properties for Aerospace Applications 1Catherine Tom, Shubham Sinha, Nidhi Joshi and Ravi Kumar Pujala 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Synthesis 3 1.3 Aerospace Missions 6 1.3.1 Stardust Mission 6 1.3.2 MARS Pathfinder Mission 7 1.3.3 Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator 7 1.3.4 Mars Science Laboratory 7 1.3.5 Cryogenic Fluid Containment 8 1.4 Property Tuning of Aerogels 8 1.4.1 During Synthesis 9 1.4.2 Post-Synthesis 12 1.4.3 Aerogel Composites 13 1.5 Tuning Properties for Aerospace Applications 15 1.5.1 Thermal Conductivity 15 1.5.1.1 Minimizing Solid Conductivity 16 1.5.1.2 Modification of IR Absorption Properties 16 1.5.1.3 Minimizing Gaseous Conductivity 16 1.5.2 Mechanical Property 17 1.5.3 Optical Transmittance 18 1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 2 Welding of Polymeric Materials in Aircraft 29İdris Karagöz 2.1 Introduction 30 2.2 Major Polymer Welding Methods Applied in Aviation 32 2.2.1 Hot Gas Welding 34 2.2.2 Hot Plate Welding 36 2.2.3 Extrusion Welding 38 2.2.4 Infrared Welding 39 2.2.5 Laser Welding 41 2.2.6 Vibration Welding 44 2.2.7 Friction Welding 45 2.2.8 Friction Stir Welding 46 2.2.9 Friction Stir Spot Welding 47 2.2.10 Ultrasonic Welding 48 2.2.11 Resistance Implant Welding 50 2.2.12 Induction Welding 51 2.2.13 Dielectric Welding 51 2.2.14 Microwave Welding 54 2.3 Conclusion 55 References 55 3 Carbon Nanostructures for Reinforcement of Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 61Mahdi ShayanMehr 3.1 Introduction 62 3.2 Common Carbon Nanoparticles 63 3.2.1 Graphene 63 3.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 63 3.2.3 Fullerenes 64 3.3 Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles 64 3.4 Modeling of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 65 3.5 Preparation of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 69 3.6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 70 3.6.1 Graphene Family/Polymer 72 3.6.1.1 Graphite Nanosheets/Polymer 73 3.6.1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide/Polymer 75 3.6.2 CNT/Polymer 75 3.6.3 Fullerene/Polymer 76 3.7 Application of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 78 3.8 Conclusions 80 References 81 4 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers for Aerospace Applications 85Surawut Chuangchote and Methawee Nukunudompanich 4.1 General Principle of Self-Healing Composites 86 4.1.1 Extrinsic Healing 86 4.1.2 Intrinsic Self-Healing 88 4.2 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 90 4.2.1 Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) 90 4.2.2 Healing Efficiency 94 4.3 Manufacturing Techniques 95 4.4 Recent Development of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Aerospace Applications 99 4.4.1 Engines 101 4.4.2 Fuselage 102 4.4.3 Aerostructure 104 4.4.4 Coating 106 4.4.5 Other Application 108 4.5 Disposal and Recycling of Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 108 4.6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 111 References 112 5 Advanced Polymeric Materials for Aerospace Applications 117Anupama Rajput, Upma, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Nitika Thakur, Anamika Debnath and Bindu Mangla 5.1 Introduction 118 5.2 Types of Advanced Polymers 119 5.2.1 Copolymers 121 5.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composite 121 5.2.3 Properties of Reinforced Materials 122 5.3 Thermoplastics 125 5.4 Thermosetting 126 5.5 Polymeric Nanocomposites 126 5.6 Glass Fiber 130 5.7 Polycarbonates 131 5.8 Applications 131 5.9 Conclusion 133 References 133 6 Self-Healing Composite Materials 137Hüsnügül Yilmaz Atay 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Self-Healing Mechanism 140 6.3 Types of Self-Healing Coatings 142 6.3.1 Passive Self-Healing for External Techniques 142 6.3.1.1 Microencapsulation 142 6.3.1.2 Hollow-Fiber Approach 143 6.3.1.3 Microvascular Network 143 6.3.2 Active Self-Healing Methodology Based on Intrinsic 144 6.3.2.1 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 144 6.3.2.2 Reversible Polymers 144 6.4 Research Areas of Self-Healing Materials 145 6.5 Aerospace Applications of Polymer Composite Self-Healing Materials 146 6.5.1 Aircraft Fuselage and Structure 146 6.5.2 Coatings 148 6.6 Conclusion 150 References 151 7 Conducting Polymer Composites for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 155Sonali Priyadarsini Pradhan, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee, Pooja Mohapatra, Patitapaban Mohanty, Bigyan Ranjan Jali, Priyaranjan Mohapatra and Aruna Kumar Barick 7.1 Introduction 156 7.2 Conducting Polymer Composites (CPCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 158 7.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites (CPNCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 165 7.4 Conclusions 178 References 179 8 Electroactive Polymeric Shape Memory Composites for Aerospace Application 189Mamata Singh, Taha Gulamabbas, Benjamin Ahumuza, N.P. Singh and Vivek Mishra 8.1 Introduction 190 8.1.1 Electroactive Polymer 191 8.1.1.1 Electronic EAPs 192 8.1.1.2 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) 193 8.1.1.3 Piezoelectric Polymer 193 8.1.1.4 Ferroelectric EAPs 194 8.1.2 Ionic Polymers 194 8.1.2.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Actuators 194 8.1.2.2 Ionic Polymer Metal Composites 194 8.1.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 195 8.1.2.4 Ionic Polymer Gels 195 8.2 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) 195 8.2.1 Properties of Shape Memory Polymers 196 8.2.1.1 Classification of SMPs by Stimulus Response 197 8.2.2 Shape Memory Polymer Composites 200 8.2.3 Electroactive Shape Memory Polymers 201 8.2.4 Applications of Electroactive Shape Memory Polymer Composites in Aerospace 201 8.2.5 Hybrid Electroactive Morphing Wings 201 8.2.6 Paper-Thin CNT 202 8.2.7 SMPC Hinges 202 8.2.8 SMPC Booms 202 8.2.9 Foldable SMPC Truss Booms 202 8.2.9.1 Coilable SMPC Truss Booms 203 8.2.9.2 SMPC STEM Booms 203 8.2.10 SMPC Reflector Antennas 203 8.2.11 Expandable Lunar Habitat 204 8.2.12 Super Wire 204 References 204 9 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics for High-Temperature Applications 211Dipika Meghnani and Rajendra Kumar Singh 9.1 Introduction 211 9.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics (PNCD) 214 9.2 Crucial Factor in Framing the High-Temperature Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials 215 9.2.1 Dielectric Permittivity 215 9.2.2 Thermal Stability 216 9.3 Application of Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric at Elevated Temperature and Their Progress 223 9.4 Conclusion 225 References 225 10 Self-Healable Conductive and Polymeric Composite Materials 231M. Ramesh, V. Bhuvaneswari, D. Balaji and L. Rajeshkumar 10.1 Introduction 231 10.2 Self-Healing Materials 235 10.2.1 Self-Healing Polymers 237 10.2.2 Self-Healing Polymer Composite Materials 237 10.3 Mechanically Induced Self-Healing Materials 239 10.3.1 Self-Healing Induction Grounded on Gel 240 10.3.2 Self-Healing Induction Based on Crystals 242 10.3.3 Self-Healing Induction Based on Corrosion Inhibitors 244 10.4 Self-Healing Elastomers and Reversible Materials 245 10.5 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 247 10.5.1 Self-Healing Conductive Polymers 247 10.5.2 Self-Healing Conductive Capsules 248 10.5.3 Self-Healing Conductive Liquids 249 10.5.4 Self-Healing Conductive Composites 249 10.5.5 Self-Healing Conductive Coating 250 10.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 251 References 252 Index 259

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Book Synopsis>Biotechnology and Competitive Advantage investigates the development of biotechnology in Europe and the United States. It examines why Europe has fallen behind in applying biotechnology, when its scientific capabilities are largely comparable to those in the US. In addition it sheds new light on the wider context of the theory of growth of new technologies.This innovative book brings together a wide range of material concerning socio-economic aspects of the development of biotechnology in Europe and the US. Issues discussed include: European policy for biotechnology, in individual countries and at the European Union level risk regulation and the ways in which industry, regulators and non-government organizations manage risk regulation and the perception of risk the formation and roles of biotechnology firms in Europe and the US and their relative capabilities gene therapy development in Europe and the US the impact on Europe of overseas biotechnology research by European multinationals. This book argues in favour of developing an integrated research and development system which will strengthen the research and development capabilities of all the actors involved.This book will be of great interest to science policymakers; businesses and academics studying the development of biotechnology and students of economics and business studies throughout Europe and the US.Trade Review'I found that this volume presented a good many facts and some interesting analyses of the biotechnology industries of Europe and America . . . I suspect that policymakers and business managers will also find the factual base and discussions in this volume to be a catalyst for clearer thinking about a number of issues which confront them.'Table of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction (R. van Vilet) 2. Biotechnology: the external environment (J. Senker) 3. Industrial Structure and the Dynamics of Knowledge Generation in Biotechnology (P.P. Saviotti) 4. Risk Perception, Regulation and the Management of Agro-biotechnologies (J. Chataway and G. Assouline) 5. The Creation of European Dedicated Biotechnology Firms (P.P. Saviotti, P.-B. Joly, J. Estades, S. Ramani and M.-A. de Looze) 6. The Evolution of European Biotechnology and its future Competitiveness (R. Acharya, A. Arundel and L. Orsenigo) 7. Biotechnology and Europe’s chemical/pharmaceutical Multinationals (J. Senker, P.-B. Joly and M. Reinhard) 8. The ‘Commercialization Gap’ in Gene Therapy: Lessons for European Competitiveness (P. Martin and S. Thomas) 9. Conclusions – Biotechnology and European Competitiveness (R. Acharya) Bibliography

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Book SynopsisAromatic compounds are a diverse and fascinating class of compounds with wide-ranging importance. This book provides an overview of the synthesis and reactivity of aromatic compounds. The publication covers the many important reaction types, such as electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution, the reactivity of benzynes, aryllithium chemistry, and transition metal-mediated reactions. It also includes a discussion of the synthesis of heteroaromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, and nonplanar aromatic systems. This book focusses on reaction mechanisms and numerous examples of applications in multistep synthesis of aromatic compounds.

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Book SynopsisThis book is a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of self-reinforced polymer composites (SRCs) science and technology. After introducing the fundamental characteristics of SRCs, ample space is given to manufacturing, processing, characterization and application techniques. The approach is didactic and focused on formulations, illustrations and applications, which makes the book ideal for students, teachers and practitioners alike.

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Book SynopsisFormation of products by paste flow and extrusion occurs in a multitude of industries including the manufacture of a broad range of ceramics, foods and pharmaceuticals. This unique text is the first to demonstrate, to suppliers and users of paste flow equipment, a scientific means of approaching design and operation. It will be indispensable in developing new products and processes in addition to enhancing existing ones. All types of equipment are considered and particular emphasis is given to paste characterization and die design. Based on 25 years'' indusrial experience and research work, the text blends theory and practice, with emphasis on the practical applications, for anyone with a background in engineering or science.Trade ReviewThis is an attractive book that is easy to read ... They have captured both the practice and the principles in a way that will lead a newcomer past the usual barriers to entry, and will refresh the experienced with a broader perspective ... This book brings a rational and simplifying approach, and will be welcomed by teachers and practitioners alike. The Chemical Engineering Journal, 55 (1994) 97 - 100Table of ContentsIntroduction ; 1. Paste extrusion and other processes ; 2. Types of extruder ; 3. Fundamentals of paste flow ; 4. Laboratory evaluation methods ; 5. Paste formulation ; 6. Flow defects and phase migration ; 7. Die design and construction ; 8. Screw extruders ; 9. An overview ; 10. Worked example

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Book SynopsisChemical Biophysics provides an engineering-based approach to biochemical system-analysis for graduate level courses on systems biology, computational bioengineering and molecular biophysics. It was the first textbook to apply rigorous physical chemistry principles to mathematical and computational modelling of biochemical systems for an interdisciplinary audience.Trade ReviewReview of the hardback: 'There are a growing number of physicists, engineers, mathematicians and chemists who are interested in joining the post-genomics party and addressing cutting-edge problems in molecular and cell biology. The barrier to entry can be high and prohibitive. This marvelous new book opens the door for the quantitively inclined. Beard and Qian, in an accessible and clear style, present fundamental methods that can be used to model and analyze an array of biomolecular systems and processes, ranging from enzyme kinetics to gene regulatory networks to cellular transport. This book will appeal to autodidacts as well as professors looking for course texts.' J. J. Collins, Professor of Biomedical Engineering and MacArthur Fellow, Boston UniversityReview of the hardback: 'This is one of the most useful and readable accounts of biochemical thermodynamics that I have seen for a long time, if indeed ever. It is very definitely a book that I shall want to have on my shelves and to refer others to, because it contains a considerable amount of information not easy to find elsewhere.' Athel Cornish-Bowden, Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, MarseillesReview of the hardback: 'Dan Beard's and Hong Qian's Chemical Biophysics is a masterful portrayal of a critically important new area of science. The success of genomics now makes it imperative to understand the relationships between proteomics, biochemical systems behavior and the physiology of the intact animal or human. This book provides the path. Its clarity of description, making the complexities seem simple by adhering to fundamental principles, avoiding cluttering detail while painting the broad picture to great depth, makes it a pleasure to read and a treasure to study. It's a must for scientists and scholars working to understand integrative biology.' James B. Bassingthwaighte, Professor of Bioengineering, Biomathematics and Radiology at the University of Washington, SeattleReview of the hardback: 'This wonderful book will be indispensable to specialists in the fields of systems biology, biochemical kinetics, cell signaling, genetic circuits and quantitative aspects of biology, and also to undergraduate and graduate students. It presents a systematic approach to analyzing biochemical systems. The complex subjects are described in a clear style, with carefully crafted definitions and derivations. This unique book is an important step in the development and dissemination of systems biology approaches.' Aleksander S. Popel, Professor of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins UniversityReview of the hardback: 'Chemical Biophysics: Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Systems by Daniel Beard and Hong Qian fills a significant niche. The text is a concise yet clear exposition of the fundamentals of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics, aimed specifically at practitioners of the new science of systems biology. It is marvellously illustrated with biochemical examples that will aid those who aim to analyze and model the workings of biological cells.' David Eisenberg, Director UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics & Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteReview of the hardback: 'As computational biology moves into a more integrative and multi-scale phase, to provide the quantitative framework for linking the mass of experimental data generated by molecular techniques at the subcellular level to tissue and organ scale physiology, it is vitally important that models are based on quantitative approaches that incorporate, wherever possible, thermodynamically constrained biophysical mechanisms. This new book on the Chemical Biophysics of Cellular Processes by Dan Beard and Hong Qian does a wonderful job of formulating models for metabolic pathways, gene regulatory networks and protein interaction networks on the well-established principles of physical chemistry. Topics include enzyme catalyzed reactions, reaction-diffusion modelling, membrane transport, the chemical master equation and much more. This book will be of lasting value to computational biologists and bioengineers.' Professor Peter J Hunter, Auckland Bioengineering Institute at the University of AucklandReview of the hardback: 'It is recommended for institutional or personal purchase as it comprises a substantial reference textbook.' Microbiology TodayTable of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Part I. Background Material: 1. Concepts from physical chemistry; 2. Conventions and calculations for biochemical systems; 3. Chemical kinetics and transport processes; Part II. Analysis and Modeling of Biochemical Systems: 4. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions; 5. Biochemical signaling modules; 6. Biochemical reaction networks; 7. Coupled biochemical systems and membrane transport; Part III. Special Topics: 8. Spatially distributed systems and reaction-diffusion modeling; 9. Constraint-based analysis of biochemical systems; 10. Biomacromolecular structure and molecular association; 11. Stochastic biochemical systems and the chemical master equation; 12. Appendix: the statistical basis of thermodynamics; Bibliography; Index.

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