Automotive technology and trades Books

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Book SynopsisAbout our author Andrew A. Rezin is Emeritus Chair of Automotive and Applied Technologies at Columbus State Community College and Director of the Midwest Hydrogen Center of Excellence located at The Ohio State University Center for Automotive Research. Dr. Rezin brings a unique perspective to the subject of service management based on his diverse automotive background. Drawing upon 20 years of private sector experience working for major automotive manufacturers and as a manager in large retail service departments combined with his extensive experience as college instructor and department chair, he provides a unique and informed perspective based on real-life experience of the critical topics so necessary to be successful in the modern automotive service industry.Table of Contents1. The Automotive Service Industry2. Physical Resources3. Human Resources4. The Repair System5. Repair Documents6. Classic Management7. The Quality Movement8. Leadership9. The Complex Role of Management10. Ethics and Stewardship11. Vision, Mission, and Values12. Strategic Planning13. Developing Goals14. Decision Making15. Income, Expenses, and Profit16. Compensation Plans17. Staffing and Shop Capacity18. Analysis and Action19. Financial Forecasting20. Managing Yourself21. Organizing Tips and Tools22. The Value of Satisfied Customers23. Building Basic Communication Skills24. Resolving Customer Disputes25. Recruiting and Selection26. Motivating Employees27. Progressive Discipline28. Marketing and Mass Media29. Target Marketing and Building an Identity30. Point-of-Purchase Merchandising31. Selling Service32. Legal Guidelines for Service Operations33. Warranties and Service Agreements34. Workplace Safety

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Book SynopsisThis title was first published in 2001. The emergence and development of automobile production in Australia was a long, drawn out and costly business for car buyers and taxpayers. Wheels and Deals, is the story of some of the causes and effects of Australian Government policies on the local development of one of the most significant industries of the 20th century.Trade Review'... a fascinating and lively account of the development of the automobile manufacturing industry in Australia... an important contribution to Australian economic history... Conlon and Perkins have provided a valuable industry-level study...' Business HistoryTable of ContentsContents: Introduction: The Automobile Industry in Australia: A century of auto industry policy; False Start: The Early Years of Motoring and Automotive Manufacturing: The supply side; The demand side; The model T Ford in Australia; The tariff and the ’spoke-shave and hammer brigade’; Acceleration: The Accretion Model of Automotive Industry Development in Australia, 1919-1939: Tariffs as a source of revenue; The lobby; The role of the bureaucracy; Industry structure and performance; Tariffs and the ’motorization’ of society; The outcome of interwar ’policy’; Stalled: Politics and Government Policies of the Later 1930s: Trade diversion and the motor vehicle engine bounty proposal; National interest or self interest? Conflict and cooperation among the leading firms; Political conflict and the bounty scheme; War and the Motor Vehicles Agreement Act; A patriotic duty: Australian Consolidated Industries and the so-called monopoly; The end of the affair; Evaluation; The Canadian Connection: Early development of the industry in Canada; Market conditions; Trade barriers and foreign ownership; Trade barriers, automobile production and exports; Evaluation; Britain and Empire: Regaining the Australian market; Australian trade policy in the 1930s; British producers and Australian production; Post-Second World War: From proposal to manufacture: the establishment of an industry; The development of the industry in the 1950s; The local content plans, 1964-1983; The ’Button’ Car Plan and the Post-1992 Environment: A selective look at the post-Button Plan industry; A Summing-up: The 1990s and beyond; How protection shaped the Australian automotive industry in the 20th century; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents Automotive Background and Overview Careers in the Automotive Service Industry Starting a Career in the Automotive Industry Working as a Professional Service Technician Technician Certification Shop Safety Environmental and Hazardous Materials Fasteners and Thread Repair Hand Tools Power Tools and Shop Equipment Vehicle Lifting and Hoisting Measuring Systems and Tools Scientific Principles and Materials Math, Charts, and Calculations Service Information Vehicle Identification and Emission Ratings Preventative Maintenance and Service Procedures Gasoline Engine Operation, Parts, and Specifications Diesel Engine Operation and Diagnosis Coolant Cooling System Operation and Diagnosis Engine Oil Lubrication System Operation and Diagnosis Intake and Exhaust Systems Turbocharging and Supercharging Engine Condition Diagnosis In-Vehicle Engine Service Engine Removal and Disassembly Engine Cleaning and Crack Detection Cylinder Head and Valve Guide Service Valve and Seat Service Camshafts and Valve Trains Pistons, Rings, and Connecting Rods Engine Blocks Crankshafts, Balance Shafts, and Bearings Gaskets and Sealants Engine Assembly and Dynamometer Testing Engine Installation and Break-in Electrical Fundamentals Electrical Circuits and Ohm's Law Series, Parallel, and Series-Parallel Circuits Circuit Testers and Digital Meters Oscilloscopes and Graphing Multimeters Automotive Wiring and Wire Repair Wiring Schematics and Circuit Testing Capacitance and Capacitors Magnetism and Electromagnetism Electronic Fundamentals CAN and Network Communications Batteries Battery Testing and Service Cranking System Cranking System Diagnosis and Service Charging System Charging System Diagnosis and Service Lighting and Signaling Circuits Driver Information and Navigation Systems Comfort and Convenience Accessories Security and Immobilizer Systems Airbag and Pretensioner Circuits Autonomous Vehicles: Operation and Service Procedures Audio System Operation and Diagnosis Heating and Air-Conditioning Components and Operation Air Management System Automatic Air-Conditioning System Operation Heating and Air-Conditioning System Diagnosis Heating and Air-Conditioning System Service Gasoline Alternative Fuels Diesel and Biodiesel Fuels Ignition System Components and Operation Ignition System Diagnosis and Service Computer Fundamentals Temperature Sensors Throttle Position (TP) Sensors MAP/BARO Sensors Mass Air Flow Sensors Oxygen Sensors Fuel Pumps, Lines, and Filters Fuel-Injection Components and Operation Gasoline Direct-Injection Systems Electronic Throttle Control System Fuel-Injection System Diagnosis and Service Vehicle Emission Standards and Testing Evaporative Emission Control Systems Exhaust Gas Recirculation Systems Positive Crankcase Ventilation and Secondary Air-Injection Systems Catalytic Converters On-Board Diagnosis Scan Tools and Engine Performance Diagnosis Introduction to Hybrid Vehicles Hybrid Vehicle High-Voltage Batteries Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Safety and Service Procedures Fuel Cells and Advanced Technologies Braking System Components and Performance Standards Braking System Principles and Friction Materials Brake Hydraulic Systems Hydraulic Valves and Switches Brake Fluid and Lines Brake Bleeding Methods and Procedures Wheel Bearings and Service Drum Brakes Drum Brake Diagnosis and Service Disc Brakes Disc Brake Diagnosis and Service Parking Brake Operation, Diagnosis, and Service Machining Brake Drums and Rotors Power Brake Unit Operation, Diagnosis, and Service ABS Components and Operation ABS Diagnosis and Service Electronic Stability Control Systems Tires and Wheels Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems Tire and Wheel Service Suspension System Principles and Components Front Suspensions and Service Rear Suspensions and Service Electronic Suspension Systems Steering Columns and Gears Steering Linkage and Service Hydraulic Power Steering Systems Electric Power Steering Systems Wheel Alignment Principles Alignment Diagnosis and Service Clutches Manual Transmissions/Transaxles Drive Shafts and CV Joints Drive Shafts and CV Joint Service Drive Axles and Differentials Four-Wheel-Drive and All-Wheel Drive Vibration and Noise Diagnosis and Correction Automatic Transmission/Transaxle Principles Hydraulic Components and Control Systems Automatic Transmission/Transaxle Diagnosis and In-Vehicle Service Automatic Transmission/Transaxle Unit Repair

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Book Synopsis'A fascinating hybrid. Part freewheeling history of the rise of the modern autonomous vehicle, part intimate memoir from an insider who was on the front lines for much of that history, Autonomy will more than bring readers up to speed on one of today's most closely watched technologies' Brian Merchant, author of The One DeviceFrom the ultimate insider a former General Motors executive and current advisor to the Google Self-Driving Car project comes the definitive story of the race between Google, Tesla and Uber to create the driverless car.We stand on the brink of a technological revolution. In the near future, most of us will not own automobiles, but will travel instead in driverless electric vehicles summoned at the touch of an app. We will be liberated from driving, so that the time we spend in cars can be put to more productive use. We will prevent more than 90 percent of car crashes, provide freedom of mobility to the elderly and disabled and decrease our dependence on fossil fuTrade Review‘If you want a glimpse of how the future is being engineered today, there is no better book’ Jeffrey Sachs, author of The End of Poverty ‘An entertaining and accessible account of the biggest disruption in the history of the auto industry, and indeed the entire transportation industry’ Rick Wagoner, Former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, General Motors ‘An insider’s view into the thrilling who-will-win-it race to invent and control driverless cars – and the radically altered future that will follow in their wake’ Robin Chase, Cofounder, Zipcar, and author of Peers Inc ‘A rich and entertaining insider’s account . . . required reading for anyone interested in the future of mobility’ Roger Martin, coauthor of Playing to Win ‘Tells the remarkable story of innovators who are changing transportation as we know it’ Clayton M. Christensen, author of The Innovator’s Dilemma ‘Takes us inside the auto industry as it is today – and what may be a very different industry tomorrow’ Daniel Yergin, author of The Prize and The Quest ‘Essential reading’ The Times

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Book SynopsisInnovations by Bosch in the field of diesel-injection technology have made a significant contribution to the diesel boom in Europe in the last few years. These systems make the diesel engine at once quieter, more economical, more powerful, and lower in emissions. This reference book provides a comprehensive insight into the extended diesel fuel-injection systems and into the electronic system used to control the diesel engine. This book also focuses on minimizing emissions inside of the engine and exhaust-gas treatment (e.g., by particulate filters). The texts are complemented by numerous detailed drawings and illustrations. This 4th Edition includes new, updated and extended information on several subjects including: History of the diesel engine Common-rail system Minimizing emissions inside the engine Exhaust-gas treatment systems Electronic Diesel Control (EDC) Start-assist systems Diagnostics (On-Board DiagnosisTrade Review"This book provides a comprehensive insight into the extended diesel fuel-injection systems and into the electronic system used to control the diesel engine". (Motor Industry Magazine, 1 May 2011) "A comprehensive insight into the extended diesel fuel-injection system … .This 4th edition includes new, updated and extended information on several subjects." (Motor Industry Magazine, September 2008) Table of ContentsImprint. Foreword. History of the diesel engine. Areas of use for diesel engines. Basic principles of the diesel engines. Fuels. Cylinder-charge control systems. Basic principles of diesel fuel-injections. Overview of diesel fuel-injection systems. Fuel supply system to the lo-pressure stage. Overview of in-line fuel-injection pump systems. Presupply pumps for in-line fuel-injection pumps. Type PE standard in-line fuel-injection pumps. Governors and control systems for in-line fuel-injection pumps. Control-sleeve in-line fuel-injection pumps. Overview of distributor fuel-inject pump systems. Helix and port-controlled distributor injection pumps. Auxiliary control modules for distributor injection pumps. Solenoid-Valve-controlled distributor injection pumps. Sensors. Fault diagnostics. Service technology. Exhaust0gas emissions. Emission-control legislation.486 Exhaust-gas measuring techniques. Index of technical terms. Editorial boxes.

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Book SynopsisWritten by practising Road Safety Auditors, who between them have carried out over 2,000 Road Safety Audits, this book will teach, inform and guide all practitioners commissioning audits, those carrying them out, and those whose schemes are being audited.Table of ContentsIntroduction Road Safety Audit procedures Road Safety Audit process Road Safety Audit control data Problems identified within Road Safety Audit reports Other types of design audit International experience Legal implications of the Road Safety Audit process The future of Road Safety Audit

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Book SynopsisDavid Lowe has been actively involved in the road transport industry for many years and is an experienced consultant and freelance writer. Well respected in the industry, particularly for his involvement with training for the CPC exam, he is the author of many transport books including The Transport Manager's and Operator's Handbook.Table of Contents Chapter - 00: Introduction; Chapter - 01: Civil law; Chapter - 02: Commercial law; Chapter - 03: Social law; Chapter - 04: Fiscal law; Chapter - 05: Business and financial management; Chapter - 06: Access to the market; Chapter - 07: Technical standards and aspects of operation; Chapter - 08: Road safety

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Book SynopsisTake hold of the ultimate reference resource on one of the world's most loved and respected sports cars.

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Book SynopsisGet the official story behind the eighth generation of Chevrolet’s legendary sports car in this licensed book featuring engaging text and photography from GM’s archives and Corvette team members. This updated edition of Corvette Stingray is revised to cover the C8’s latest developments, including the 70th Anniversary model, high-performance Z06, and the all-new hybrid E-Ray. Corvette is Chevrolet’s iconic performance car. Its importance and status in the performance-car world cannot be overstated. Thus each new Corvette generation is sweated by Chevy’s designers, engineers, marketing staff, and executives to ensure that it sets the bar higher than the preceding version. With the eighth generation, Chevrolet did more than raise the bar or move the goalpost—they tore down the stadium and rebuilt it from scratch. For the first time ever in a production version, the

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Book SynopsisControl systems have come to play an important role in the performance of modern vehicles with regards to meeting goals on low emissions and low fuel consumption. To achieve these goals, modeling, simulation, and analysis have become standard tools for the development of control systems in the automotive industry.Table of ContentsPreface xvii Series Preface xix Part I VEHICLE – PROPULSION FUNDAMENTALS 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Trends 4 1.1.1 Energy and Environment 4 1.1.2 Downsizing 4 1.1.3 Hybridization 6 1.1.4 Driver Support Systems and Optimal Driving 6 1.1.5 Engineering Challenges 8 1.2 Vehicle Propulsion 8 1.2.1 Control Enabling Optimal Operation of Powertrains 9 1.2.2 Importance of Powertrain Modeling and Models 10 1.2.3 Sustainability of Model Knowledge 11 1.3 Organization of the Book 11 2 Vehicle 15 2.1 Vehicle Propulsion Dynamics 15 2.2 Driving Resistance 16 2.2.1 Aerodynamic Drag 17 2.2.2 Cooling Drag and Active Air-Shutters 18 2.2.3 Air Drag When Platooning 19 2.2.4 Rolling Resistance – Physical Background 20 2.2.5 Rolling Resistance–Modeling 21 2.2.6 Wheel Slip (Skid) 24 2.2.7 Rolling Resistance – Including Thermal Modeling 25 2.2.8 Gravitation 27 2.2.9 Relative Size of Components 28 2.3 Driving Resistance Models 28 2.3.1 Models for Driveline Control 29 2.3.2 Standard Driving Resistance Model 30 2.3.3 Modeling for Mission Analysis 31 2.4 Driver Behavior and Road Modeling 32 2.4.1 Simple Driver Model 32 2.4.2 Road Modeling 33 2.5 Mission Simulation 34 2.5.1 Methodology 34 2.6 Vehicle Characterization/Characteristics 34 2.6.1 Performance Measures 35 2.7 Fuel Consumption 36 2.7.1 Energy Density Weight 36 2.7.2 From Tank to Wheel – Sankey Diagram 37 2.7.3 Well-to-Wheel Comparisons 38 2.8 Emission Regulations 39 2.8.1 US and EU Driving Cycles and Regulations 39 3 Powertrain 45 3.1 Powertrain Architectures 45 3.1.1 Exhaust Gas Energy Recovery 47 3.1.2 Hybrid Powertrains 47 3.1.3 Electrification 48 3.2 Vehicle Propulsion Control 50 3.2.1 Objectives of Vehicle Propulsion Control 50 3.2.2 Implementation Framework 51 3.2.3 Need for a Control Structure 52 3.3 Torque-Based Powertrain Control 52 3.3.1 Propagation of Torque Demands and Torque Commands 52 3.3.2 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driver Interpretation 54 3.3.3 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Vehicle Demands 55 3.3.4 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline management 55 3.3.5 Torque-Based Propulsion Control – Driveline–Engine Integration 55 3.3.6 Handling of Torque Requests – Torque Reserve and Interventions 56 3.4 Hybrid Powertrains 58 3.4.1 ICE Handling 58 3.4.2 Motor Handling 59 3.4.3 Battery Management 59 3.5 Outlook and Simulation 60 3.5.1 Simulation Structures 60 3.5.2 Drive/Driving Cycle 60 3.5.3 Forward Simulation 61 3.5.4 Quasi-Static Inverse Simulation 61 3.5.5 Tracking 61 3.5.6 Inverse Dynamic Simulation 62 3.5.7 Usage and Requirements 64 3.5.8 Same Model Blocks Regardless of Method 65 Part II ENGINE – FUNDAMENTALS 4 Engine – Introduction 69 4.1 Air, Fuel, and Air/Fuel Ratio 69 4.1.1 Air 69 4.1.2 Fuels 70 4.1.3 Stoichiometry and (A/F) Ratio 71 4.2 Engine Geometry 73 4.3 Engine Performance 74 4.3.1 Power, Torque, and Mean Effective Pressure 74 4.3.2 Efficiency and Specific Fuel Consumption 75 4.3.3 Volumetric Efficiency 76 4.4 Downsizing and Turbocharging 77 4.4.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging 78 5 Thermodynamics and Working Cycles 81 5.1 The Four-Stroke Cycle 81 5.1.1 Important Engine Events in the Cycle 84 5.2 Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis 85 5.2.1 Ideal Models of Engine Processes 86 5.2.2 Derivation of Cycle Efficiencies 89 5.2.3 Gas Exchange and Pumping Work 91 5.2.4 Residual Gases and Volumetric Efficiency for Ideal Cycles 93 5.3 Efficiency of Ideal Cycles 98 5.3.1 Load, Pumping Work, and Efficiency 99 5.3.2 (A/F) Ratio and Efficiency 100 5.3.3 Differences between Ideal and Real Cycles 103 5.4 Models for In-Cylinder Processes 105 5.4.1 Single-Zone Models 105 5.4.2 Heat Release and Mass Fraction Burned Analysis 107 5.4.3 Characterization of Mass Fraction Burned 109 5.4.4 More Single-Zone Model Components 111 5.4.5 A Single-zone Cylinder Pressure Model 113 5.4.6 Multi-zone Models 114 5.4.7 Applications for Zero-dimensional Models 117 6 Combustion and Emissions 119 6.1 Mixture Preparation and Combustion 119 6.1.1 Fuel Injection 119 6.1.2 Comparing the SI and CI Combustion Process 120 6.2 SI Engine Combustion 121 6.2.1 SI Engine Cycle-to-Cycle Variations 121 6.2.2 Knock and Autoignition 122 6.2.3 Autoignition and Octane Number 124 6.3 CI Engine Combustion 126 6.3.1 Autoignition and Cetane Number 126 6.4 Engine Emissions 128 6.4.1 General Trends for Emission Formation 128 6.4.2 Pollutant Formation in SI Engines 130 6.4.3 Pollutant Formation in CI Engines 134 6.5 Exhaust Gas Treatment 137 6.5.1 Catalyst Efficiency, Temperature, and Light-Off 137 6.5.2 SI Engine Aftertreatment, TWC 139 6.5.3 CI Engine Exhaust Gas Treatment 140 6.5.4 Emission Reduction and Controls 142 Part III ENGINE – MODELING AND CONTROL 7 Mean Value Engine Modeling 145 7.1 Engine Sensors and Actuators 146 7.1.1 Sensor, System, and Actuator Responses 146 7.1.2 Engine Component Modeling 149 7.2 Flow Restriction Models 149 7.2.1 Incompressible Flow 151 7.2.2 Compressible Flow 154 7.3 Throttle Flow Modeling 156 7.3.1 Throttle Area and Discharge Coefficient 157 7.4 Mass Flow Into the Cylinders 159 7.4.1 Models for Volumetric Efficiency 159 7.5 Volumes 162 7.6 Example – Intake Manifold 166 7.7 Fuel Path and (A/F) Ratio 168 7.7.1 Fuel Pumps, Fuel Rail, Injector Feed 168 7.7.2 Fuel Injector 169 7.7.3 Fuel Preparation Dynamics 171 7.7.4 Gas Transport and Mixing 174 7.7.5 A/F Sensors 174 7.7.6 Fuel Path Validation 178 7.7.7 Catalyst and Post-Catalyst Sensor 178 7.8 In-Cylinder Pressure and Instantaneous Torque 180 7.8.1 Compression Asymptote 180 7.8.2 Expansion Asymptote 182 7.8.3 Combustion 183 7.8.4 Gas Exhange and Model Compilation 184 7.8.5 Engine Torque Generation 184 7.9 Mean Value Model for Engine Torque 186 7.9.1 Gross Indicated Work 187 7.9.2 Pumping Work 190 7.9.3 Engine Friction 190 7.9.4 Time Delays in Torque Production 192 7.9.5 Crankshaft Dynamics 193 7.10 Engine-Out Temperature 193 7.11 Heat Transfer and Exhaust Temperatures 196 7.11.1 Temperature Change in a Pipe 196 7.11.2 Heat Transfer Modes in Exhaust Systems 197 7.11.3 Exhaust System Temperature Models 197 7.12 Heat Exchangers and Intercoolers 203 7.12.1 Heat Exchanger Modeling 204 7.13 Throttle Plate Motion 206 7.13.1 Model for Throttle with Throttle Servo 210 8 Turbocharging Basics and Models 211 8.1 Supercharging and Turbocharging Basics 211 8.2 Turbocharging Basic Principles and Performance 214 8.2.1 Turbochargers in Mean Value Engine Models 214 8.2.2 First Law Analysis of Compressor Performance 216 8.2.3 First Law Analysis of Turbine Performance 218 8.2.4 Connecting the Turbine and Compressor 219 8.2.5 Intake Air Density Increase 219 8.3 Dimensional Analysis 220 8.3.1 Compressible Fluid Analysis 221 8.3.2 Model Structure with Corrected Quantities 223 8.4 Compressor and Turbine Performance Maps 223 8.4.1 The Basic Compressor Map 223 8.4.2 The Basic Turbine Map 225 8.4.3 Measurement Procedures for determining Turbo Maps 226 8.4.4 Turbo Performance Calculation Details 227 8.4.5 Heat Transfer and Turbine Efficiency 230 8.5 Turbocharger Models and Parametrizations 232 8.5.1 Map Interpolation Models 232 8.6 Compressor Operation and Modeling 232 8.6.1 Physical Modeling of a Compressor 233 8.6.2 Compressor Efficiency Models 237 8.6.3 Compressor Flow Models 239 8.6.4 Compressor Choke 241 8.6.5 Compressor Surge 244 8.7 Turbine Operation and Modeling 249 8.7.1 Turbine Mass Flow 249 8.7.2 Turbine Efficiency 252 8.7.3 Variable Geometry Turbine 253 8.8 Transient Response and Turbo Lag 254 8.9 Example – Turbocharged SI Engine 255 8.10 Example – Turbocharged Diesel Engine 257 9 Engine Management Systems – An Introduction 263 9.1 Engine Management System (EMS) 263 9.1.1 EMS Building Blocks 264 9.1.2 System for Crank and Time-Based Events 265 9.2 Basic Functionality and Software Structure 266 9.2.1 Torque Based Structure 266 9.2.2 Special Modes and Events 267 9.2.3 Automatic Code Generation and Information Exchange 267 9.3 Calibration and Parameter Representation 267 9.3.1 Engine Maps 268 9.3.2 Model-Based Development 270 10 Basic Control of SI Engines 271 10.1 Three Basic SI Engine Controllers 272 10.1.1 Production System Example 273 10.1.2 Basic Control Using Maps 274 10.1.3 Torque, Air Charge, and Pressure Control 275 10.1.4 Pressure Set Point from Simple Torque Model 275 10.1.5 Set Points from Full Torque Model 276 10.1.6 Pressure Control 277 10.2 Throttle Servo 279 10.2.1 Throttle Control Based on Exact Linearization 280 10.3 Fuel Management and Control 282 10.3.1 Feedforward and Feedback Control Structure 283 10.3.2 Feedforward Control with Basic Fuel Metering 283 10.3.3 Feedback Control 284 10.3.4 Fuel Dynamics and Injector Compensation 289 10.3.5 Observer Based Control and Adaption 290 10.3.6 Dual and Triple Sensor Control 293 10.4 Other Factors that Influence Control 294 10.4.1 Full Load Enrichment 295 10.4.2 Engine Overspeed and Overrun 296 10.4.3 Support Systems that Influence Air and Fuel Calculation 296 10.4.4 Cold Start Enrichment 298 10.4.5 Individual Cylinder -control 298 10.5 Ignition Control 299 10.5.1 Knock Control – Feedback Control 301 10.5.2 Ignition Energy – Dwell Time Control 304 10.5.3 Long-term Torque, Short-term Torque, and Torque Reserve 305 10.6 Idle Speed Control 306 10.7 Torque Management and Idle Speed Control 307 10.8 Turbo Control 308 10.8.1 Compressor Anti-surge Control 308 10.8.2 Boost Pressure Control 309 10.8.3 Boost Pressure Control with Gain Scheduling 312 10.8.4 Turbo and Knock Control 314 10.9 Dependability and Graceful Degradation 315 11 Basic Control of Diesel Engines 317 11.1 Overview of Diesel Engine Operation and Control 317 11.1.1 Diesel Engine Emission Trade-Off 318 11.1.2 Diesel Engine Configuration and Basics 319 11.2 Basic Torque Control 320 11.2.1 Feedforward Fuel Control 322 11.3 Additional Torque Controllers 322 11.4 Fuel Control 323 11.4.1 Control signal – Multiple Fuel Injections 324 11.4.2 Control Strategies for Fuel Injection 326 11.5 Control of Gas Flows 327 11.5.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) 328 11.5.2 EGR and Variable Geometry Turbine (VGT) 329 11.6 Case Study: EGR and VGT Control and Tuning 332 11.6.1 Control Objectives 333 11.6.2 System Properties that Guide the Control Design 334 11.6.3 Control Structure 336 11.6.4 PID Parameterization, Implementation, and Tuning 340 11.6.5 Evaluation on European Transient Cycle 343 11.6.6 Summing up the EGR VGT Case Study 346 11.7 Diesel After Treatment Control 346 12 Engine–Some Advanced Concepts 349 12.1 Variable Valve Actuation 349 12.1.1 Valve Profiles 351 12.1.2 Effects of Variable Valve Actuation 352 12.1.3 Other Valve Enabled Functions 354 12.1.4 VVA and Its Implications for Model Based Control 355 12.1.5 A Remark on Air and Fuel Control Strategies 355 12.2 Variable Compression 356 12.2.1 Example – The SAAB Variable Compression Engine 357 12.2.2 Additional Controls 358 12.3 Signal Interpretation and Feedback Control 361 12.3.1 Ion-sense 361 12.3.2 Example – Ion-sense Ignition Feedback Control 365 12.3.3 Concluding Remarks and Examples of Signal Processing 369 Part IV DRIVELINE – MODELING AND CONTROL 13 Driveline Introduction 373 13.1 Driveline 373 13.2 Motivations for Driveline Modeling and Control 373 13.2.1 Principal Objectives and Variables 374 13.2.2 Driveline Control vs. Longitudinal Vehicle Propulsion Control 375 13.2.3 Physical Background 375 13.2.4 Application-driven Background 375 13.3 Behavior without Appropriate Control 376 13.3.1 Vehicle Shuffle, Vehicle Surge 376 13.3.2 Traversing Backlash–shunt and Shuffle 377 13.3.3 Oscillations After Gear Disengagement 377 13.4 Approach 380 13.4.1 Timescales 380 13.4.2 Modeling and Control 380 14 Driveline Modeling 381 14.1 General Modeling Methodology 381 14.1.1 Graphical Scheme of a Driveline 382 14.1.2 General Driveline Equations 382 14.2 A Basic Complete Model – A Rigid Driveline 384 14.2.1 Combining the Equations 385 14.2.2 Reflected Mass and Inertias 386 14.3 Driveline Surge 386 14.3.1 Experiments for Driveline Modeling 386 14.3.2 Model with Driveshaft Flexibility 387 14.4 Additional Driveline Dynamics 391 14.4.1 Influence on Parameter Estimation 391 14.4.2 Character of Deviation in Validation Data 392 14.4.3 Influence from Propeller-shaft Flexibility 393 14.4.4 Parameter Estimation with Springs in Series 394 14.4.5 Sensor Dynamics 395 14.5 Clutch Influence and Backlash in General 396 14.5.1 Model with Flexible Clutch and Driveshaft 396 14.5.2 Nonlinear Clutch and Driveshaft Flexibility 400 14.5.3 Backlash in General 403 14.6 Modeling of Neutral Gear and Open Clutch 404 14.6.1 Experiments 404 14.6.2 A Decoupled Model 405 14.7 Clutch Modeling 406 14.7.1 Clutch Modes 409 14.8 Torque Converter 409 14.9 Concluding Remarks on Modeling 411 14.9.1 A Set of Models 411 14.9.2 Model Support 411 14.9.3 Control Design and Validating Simulations 412 15 Driveline Control 413 15.1 Characteristics of Driveline Control 414 15.1.1 Inclusion in Torque-Based Powertrain Control 414 15.1.2 Consequence of Sensor Locations 415 15.1.3 Torque Actuation 415 15.1.4 Transmissions 416 15.1.5 Engine as Torque Actuator 417 15.1.6 Control Approaches 418 15.2 Basics of Driveline Control 419 15.2.1 State-Space Formulation of the Driveshaft Model 419 15.2.2 Disturbance Description 420 15.2.3 Measurement Description 420 15.2.4 Performance Output 420 15.2.5 Control Objective 421 15.2.6 Controller Structures 421 15.2.7 Notation for Transfer Functions 422 15.2.8 Some Characteristic Feedback Properties 422 15.2.9 Insight from Simplified Transfer Functions 425 15.3 Driveline Speed Control 427 15.3.1 RQV control 427 15.3.2 Formulating the Objective of Anti-Surge Control 429 15.3.3 Speed Control with Active Damping and RQV Behavior 430 15.3.4 Influence from Sensor Location 435 15.3.5 Load Estimation 436 15.3.6 Evaluation of the Anti-Surge Controller 438 15.3.7 Demonstrating Rejection of Load Disturbance 439 15.3.8 Experimental Verification of Anti-Surge Control 440 15.3.9 Experiment Eliminating a Misconception 443 15.4 Control of Driveline Torques 443 15.4.1 Purpose of Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 444 15.4.2 Demonstration of Potential Problems in Torque Control 444 15.4.3 Approaches to Driveline Torque Control for Gear Shifting 447 15.5 Transmission Torque Control 448 15.5.1 Modeling of Transmission Torque 448 15.5.2 Transmission-Torque Control Criterion 452 15.5.3 Gear-shift Condition 452 15.5.4 Final Control Criterion 454 15.5.5 Resulting Behavior–Feasible Active Damping 454 15.5.6 Validating Simulations and Sensor Location Influence 456 15.6 Driveshaft Torsion Control 459 15.6.1 Recalling Damping Control with PID 460 15.6.2 Controller Structure 460 15.6.3 Observer for Driveshaft Torsion 461 15.6.4 Field Trials for Controller Validation 464 15.6.5 Validation of Gear Shift Quality 464 15.6.6 Handling of Initial Driveline Oscillations 466 15.7 Recapitulation and Concluding Remarks 467 15.7.1 General Methodology 467 15.7.2 Valuable Insights 468 15.7.3 Formulation of Control Criterion 468 15.7.4 Validation of Functionality 468 15.7.5 Experimental Verification of Torque Limit Handling 469 15.7.6 Benefits 469 Part V DIAGNOSIS AND DEPENDABILITY 16 Diagnosis and Dependability 473 16.1 Dependability 474 16.1.1 Functional Safety–Unintended Torque 474 16.1.2 Functional Safety Standards 476 16.1.3 Controller Qualification/Conditions/Prerequisites 477 16.1.4 Accommodation of Fault Situations 478 16.1.5 Outlook 478 16.1.6 Connections 479 16.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts 479 16.2.1 Fault and Failure 480 16.2.2 Detection, Isolation, Identification, and Diagnosis 481 16.2.3 False Alarm and Missed Detection 481 16.2.4 Passive or Active (Intrusive) 482 16.2.5 Off-Line or On-Line (On-Board) 482 16.3 Introducing Methodology 482 16.3.1 A Simple Sensor Fault 482 16.3.2 A Simple Actuator Fault 483 16.3.3 Triple Sensor Redundancy 483 16.3.4 Triple Redundancy Using Virtual Sensors 485 16.3.5 Redundancy and Model-Based Diagnosis 486 16.3.6 Forming a Decision–Residual Evaluation 488 16.3.7 Leakage in a Turbo Engine 491 16.4 Engineering of Diagnosis Systems 494 16.5 Selected Automotive Applications 494 16.5.1 Catalyst and Lambda Sensors 495 16.5.2 Throttle Supervision 496 16.5.3 Evaporative System Monitoring 497 16.5.4 Misfire 501 16.5.5 Air Intake 507 16.5.6 Diesel Engine Model 517 16.6 History, Legislation, and OBD 520 16.6.1 Diagnosis of Automotive Engines 520 16.7 Legislation 521 16.7.1 OBDII 521 16.7.2 Examples of OBDII Legislation Texts 523 A Thermodynamic Data and Heat Transfer Formulas 527 A.1 Thermodynamic Data and Some Constants 527 A.2 Fuel Data 528 A.3 Dimensionless Numbers 528 A.4 Heat Transfer Basics 529 A.4.1 Conduction 535 A.4.2 Convection 536 A.4.3 Radiation 537 A.4.4 Resistor Analogy 537 A.4.5 Solution to Fourth-order Equations 539 References 541 Index 555

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Book SynopsisThis new edition includes approximately 30% new materials covering the following information that has been added to this important work: extends the contents on Li-ion batteries detailing the positive and negative electrodes and characteristics and other components including binder, electrolyte, separator and foils, and the structure of Li-ion battery cell. Nickel-cadmium batteries are deleted. adds a new section presenting the modelling of multi-mode electrically variable transmission, which gradually became the main structure of the hybrid power-train during the last 5 years. newly added chapter on noise and vibration of hybrid vehicles introduces the basics of vibration and noise issues associated with power-train, driveline and vehicle vibrations, and addresses control solutions to reduce the noise and vibration levels. Chapter 10 (chapter 9 of the first edition) is extended by presenting EPA and UN newly required test drive scTable of ContentsPreface xiv List of Abbreviations xviii Nomenclature xxii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classification of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.1 Micro Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.2 Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicles 2 1.1.3 Full Hybrid Electric Vehicles 3 1.1.4 Electric Vehicles 3 1.1.5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 4 1.2 General Architectures of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 4 1.2.1 Series Hybrid 4 1.2.2 Parallel Hybrid 5 1.2.3 Series–Parallel Hybrid 6 1.3 Typical Layouts of the Parallel Hybrid Electric Propulsion System 7 1.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Components 8 1.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Analysis 10 1.5.1 Power Flow of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 10 1.5.2 Fuel Economy Benefits of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 11 1.5.3 Typical Drive Cycles 11 1.5.4 Vehicle Drivability 11 1.5.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fuel Economy and Emissions 13 1.6 Controls of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 13 References 14 2 Basic Components of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 15 2.1 The Prime Mover 15 2.1.1 Gasoline Engines 15 2.1.2 Diesel Engines 17 2.1.3 Fuel Cells 17 2.2 Electric Motor with a DC–DC Converter and a DC–AC Inverter 20 2.3 Energy Storage System 21 2.3.1 Energy Storage System Requirements for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21 2.3.2 Basic Types of Battery for Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Applications 25 2.3.3 Ultracapacitors for Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Applications 34 2.4 Transmission System in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 35 References 37 3 Hybrid Electric Vehicle System Modeling 38 3.1 Modeling of an Internal Combustion Engine 38 3.1.1 Cranking (Key Start) 39 3.1.2 Engine Off 41 3.1.3 Idle 41 3.1.4 Engine On 41 3.1.5 Engine Fuel Economy and Emissions 44 3.2 Modeling of an Electric Motor 48 3.2.1 Operation in the Propulsion Mode 48 3.2.2 Operation in the Regenerative Mode 49 3.2.3 Operation in Spinning Mode 49 3.3 Modeling of the Battery System 53 3.3.1 Modeling Electrical Behavior 54 3.3.2 SOC Calculation 56 3.3.3 Modeling Thermal Behavior 56 3.4 Modeling of the Transmission System 59 3.4.1 Modeling of the Clutch and Power Split Device 60 3.4.2 Modeling of the Torque Converter 67 3.4.3 Modeling of the Gearbox 69 3.4.4 Modeling of the Transmission Controller 70 3.5 Modeling of a Multi-mode Electrically Variable Transmission 73 3.5.1 Basics of One-mode ECVT 73 3.5.2 Basics of Two-mode ECVT 78 3.6 Lever Analogy as a Tool for ECVT Kinematic Analysis 85 3.6.1 Lever System Diagram Set-up 85 3.6.2 Lever Analogy Diagram for ECVT Kinematic Analysis 87 3.7 Modeling of the Vehicle Body 91 3.8 Modeling of the Final Drive and Wheel 92 3.8.1 Final Drive Model 92 3.8.2 Wheel Model 92 3.9 PID-based Driver Model 94 3.9.1 Principle of PID Control 95 3.9.2 Driver Model 96 References 96 4 Power Electronics and Electric Motor Drives in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 97 4.1 Basic Power Electronic Devices 97 4.1.1 Diodes 98 4.1.2 Thyristors 99 4.1.3 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 101 4.1.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 103 4.1.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) 105 4.2 DC–DC Converters 107 4.2.1 Basic Principle of a DC–DC Converter 107 4.2.2 Step-down (Buck) Converter 109 4.2.3 Step-up (Boost) Converter 117 4.2.4 Step-down/up (Buck-boost) Converter 121 4.2.5 DC–DC Converters Applied in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Systems 125 4.3 DC–AC Inverters 129 4.3.1 Basic Concepts of DC–AC Inverters 129 4.3.2 Single-phase DC–AC Inverters 134 4.3.3 Three-phase DC–AC Inverters 137 4.4 Electric Motor Drives 141 4.4.1 BLDC Motor and Control 141 4.4.2 AC Induction Motor and Control 152 4.5 Plug-in Battery Charger Design 162 4.5.1 Basic Configuration of a PHEV/BEV Battery Charger 162 4.5.2 Power Factor and Correcting Techniques 164 4.5.3 Controls of a Plug-in Charger 168 References 168 5 Energy Storage System Modeling and Control 169 5.1 Introduction 169 5.2 Methods of Determining the State of Charge 171 5.2.1 Current-based SOC Determination Method 172 5.2.2 Voltage-based SOC Determination Method 177 5.2.3 Extended Kalman-filter-based SOC Determination Method 183 5.2.4 SOC Determination Method Based on Transient Response Characteristics (TRCs) 186 5.2.5 Fuzzy-logic-based SOC Determination Method 189 5.2.6 Combination of SOCs Estimated Through Different Approaches 191 5.2.7 Further Discussion on SOC Calculations in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications 192 5.3 Estimation of Battery Power Availability 196 5.3.1 PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Method 198 5.3.2 Revised PNGV HPPC Power Availability Estimation Method 199 5.3.3 Power Availability Estimation Based on the Electrical Circuit Equivalent Model 200 5.4 Battery Life Prediction 207 5.4.1 Aging Behavior and Mechanism 207 5.4.2 Definition of the State of Life 209 5.4.3 SOL Determination under Storage Conditions 210 5.4.4 SOL Determination under Cycling Conditions 214 5.4.5 Lithium Metal Plating Issue and Symptoms in Li-ion Batteries 223 5.5 Cell Balancing 224 5.5.1 SOC Balancing 224 5.5.2 Hardware Implementation of Balancing 224 5.5.3 Cell-balancing Control Algorithms and Evaluation 227 5.6 Estimation of Cell Core Temperature 236 5.6.1 Introduction 236 5.6.2 Core Temperature Estimation of an Air-cooled, Cylinder-type HEV Battery 237 5.7 Battery System Efficiency 241 References 242 6 Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles 243 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Rule-based Energy Management Strategy 244 6.3 Fuzzy-logic-based Energy Management Strategy 245 6.3.1 Fuzzy Logic Control 246 6.3.2 Fuzzy-logic-based HEV Energy Management Strategy 253 6.4 Determination of the Optimal ICE Operational Points of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 261 6.4.1 Mathematical Description of the Problem 261 6.4.2 Procedures of Optimal Operational Point Determination 263 6.4.3 Golden Section Searching Method 264 6.4.4 Finding the Optimal Operational Points 265 6.4.5 Example of the Optimal Determination 265 6.4.6 Performance Evaluation 269 6.5 Cost-function-based Optimal Energy Management Strategy 278 6.5.1 Mathematical Description of Cost-function-based Optimal Energy Management 279 6.5.2 An Example of Optimization Implementation 282 6.6 Optimal Energy Management Strategy Incorporated with Cycle Pattern Recognition 282 6.6.1 Driving Cycle/Style Pattern Recognition Algorithm 282 6.6.2 Determination of the Optimal Energy Distribution 285 References 287 7 Other Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Problems 288 7.1 Basics of Internal Combustion Engine Control 288 7.1.1 SI Engine Control 288 7.1.2 Diesel Engine Control 289 7.2 Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Through the Electric Motor 289 7.2.1 Sliding Mode Control 293 7.2.2 Engine Torque Fluctuation Dumping Control Based on the Sliding Mode Control Method 296 7.3 High-voltage Bus Spike Control 298 7.3.1 Bang-Bang Control Strategy of Overvoltage Protection 300 7.3.2 PID-based ON/OFF Control Strategy for Overvoltage Protection 301 7.3.3 Fuzzy-logic-based ON/OFF Control Strategy for Overvoltage Protection 301 7.4 Thermal Control of an HEV Battery System 304 7.4.1 Combined PID Feedback with Feedforward Battery Thermal System Control Strategy 306 7.4.2 Optimal Battery Thermal Control Strategy 308 7.5 HEV/EV Traction Motor Control 311 7.5.1 Traction Torque Control 311 7.5.2 Anti-rollback Control 313 7.6 Active Suspension Control in HEV/EV Systems 313 7.6.1 Suspension System Model of a Quarter Car 314 7.6.2 Active Suspension System Control 318 7.7 Adaptive Charge-sustaining Setpoint and Adaptive Recharge SOC Determination for PHEVs 325 7.7.1 Scenarios of Battery Capacity Decay and Discharge Power Capability Degradation 326 7.7.2 Adaptive Recharge SOC Termination Setpoint Control Strategy 326 7.8 Online Tuning Strategy of the SOC Lower Bound in CS Operational Mode 333 7.8.1 PHEV Charge-sustaining Operational Characteristics 333 7.8.2 PHEV Battery CS-operation SOC Lower Bound Online Tuning 335 7.9 PHEV Battery CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint Online Tuning 343 7.9.1 PHEV CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint Determination at BOL 343 7.9.2 Online Tuning Strategy of PHEV CS-operation Nominal SOC Setpoint 345 References 347 8 Plug-in Charging Characteristics, Algorithm, and Impact on the Power Distribution System 348 8.1 Introduction 348 8.2 Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Battery System and Charging Characteristics 349 8.2.1 AC-120 Plug-in Charging Characteristics 349 8.2.2 AC-240 Plug-in Charging Characteristics 350 8.2.3 DC Fast-charging Characteristics 353 8.3 Battery Life and Safety Impacts of Plug-in Charging Current and Temperature 355 8.4 Plug-in Charging Control 355 8.4.1 AC Plug-in Charge Control 355 8.4.2 DC Fast-charging Control 358 8.5 Impacts of Plug-in Charging on the Electricity Network 360 8.5.1 Impact on the Distribution System 360 8.5.2 Impact on the Electric Grid 362 8.6 Optimal Plug-in Charging Strategy 364 8.6.1 The Optimal Plug-in Charge Back Point Determination 364 8.6.2 Cost-based Optimal Plug-in Charging Strategy 366 References 372 9 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Vibration, Noise, and Control 373 9.1 Basics of Noise and Vibration 373 9.1.1 Sound Spectra and Velocity 373 9.1.2 Basic Quantities Related to Sound 374 9.1.3 Frequency Analysis Bandwidths 380 9.1.4 Basics of Vibration 382 9.1.5 Basics of Noise and Vibration Control 389 9.2 General Description of Noise, Vibration, and Control in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 391 9.2.1 Engine Start/Stop Vibration, Noise, and Control 392 9.2.2 Electric Motor Noise, Vibration, and Control 400 9.2.3 Power Electronics Noise and Control 405 9.2.4 Battery System Noise, Vibration, and Control 408 References 411 10 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Performance Analysis 412 10.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation System 412 10.2 Typical Test Driving Cycles 414 10.2.1 Typical EPA Fuel Economy Test Schedules 414 10.2.2 Typical Supplemental Fuel Economy Test Schedules 418 10.2.3 Other Typical Test Schedules 421 10.3 Sizing Components and Vehicle Performance Analysis 430 10.3.1 Drivability Calculation 431 10.3.2 Preliminary Sizing of the Main Components of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle 433 10.4 Fuel Economy, Emissions, and Electric Mileage Calculation 454 10.4.1 Basics of Fuel Economy and Emissions Calculation 454 10.4.2 EPA Fuel Economy Label Test and Calculation 457 10.4.3 Electrical Energy Consumption and Miles per Gallon Gasoline Equivalent Calculation 463 References 478 Appendix A 480 Appendix B 520 Index 553

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Book SynopsisVIBROACOUSTIC SIMULATION Learn to master the full range of vibroacoustic simulation using both SEA and hybrid FEM/SEA methods Vibroacoustic simulation is the discipline of modelling and predicting the acoustic waves and vibration of particular objects, systems, or structures. This is done through finite element methods (FEM) or statistical energy analysis (SEA) to cover the full frequency range. In the mid-frequency range, both methods must be combined into a hybrid FEM/SEA approach. By doing so, engineers can model full frequency vibroacoustic simulations in complex technical systems used in aircraft, trains, cars, ships, and satellites. Indeed, hybrid approaches are increasingly used in the automotive, aerospace, and rail industries. Previously covered primarily in scientific journals, Vibroacoustic Simulation provides a practical approach that helps readers master the full frequency range of vibroacoustic simulation. Through a systematic approach, the Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 Linear Systems, Random Process and Signals 1 1.1 The Damped Harmonic Oscillator 1 1.2 Forced Harmonic Oscillator 5 1.3 Two Degrees of Freedom Systems (2DOF) 15 1.4 Multiple Degrees of Freedom Systems MDOF 20 1.5 Random Process 27 1.6 Systems 34 1.7 Multiple-input--multiple-output Systems 37 2 Waves in Fluids 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Wave Equation for Fluids 43 2.3 Solutions of the Wave Equation 48 2.4 Fundamental Acoustic Sources 53 2.5 Reflection of Plane Waves 59 2.6 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves 60 2.7 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation 62 2.8 Units, Measures, and levels 72 3 Wave Propagation in Structures 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Basic Equations and Definitions 76 3.3 Wave Equation 83 3.4 Waves in Infinite Solids 87 3.5 Beams 88 3.6 Membranes 99 3.7 Plates 101 3.8 Propagation of Energy in Dispersive Waves 115 3.9 Findings 116 4 Fluid Systems 119 4.1 One-dimensional Systems 119 4.2 Three-dimensional Systems 128 4.3 Numerical Solutions 139 4.4 Reciprocity 142 5 Structure Systems 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 One-dimensional Systems 146 5.3 Two-dimensional Systems 151 5.4 Reciprocity 155 5.5 Numerical Solutions 156 6 Random Description of Systems 159 6.1 Diffuse Wave Field 160 6.2 Ensemble Averaging of Deterministic Systems 169 6.3 One-Dimensional Systems 169 6.4 Two-Dimensional Systems 178 6.5 Three-Dimensional Systems -- Cavities 182 6.6 Surface Load of Diffuse Acoustic Fields 188 6.7 Mode Wave Duality 189 6.8 SEA System Description 192 7 Coupled Systems 201 7.1 Deterministic Subsystems and their Degrees of Freedom 202 7.2 Coupling Deterministic Systems 202 7.3 Coupling Random Systems 206 7.4 Hybrid FEM/SEA Method 213 7.5 Hybrid Modelling in Modal Coordinates 220 8 Coupling Loss Factors 223 8.1 Transmission Coefficients and Coupling Loss Factors 224 8.2 Radiation Stiffness and Coupling Loss Factors 227 9 Deterministic Applications 271 9.1 Acoustic One-Dimensional Elements 271 9.2 Coupled One-Dimensional Systems 286 9.3 Infinite Layers 296 9.4 Acoustic Absorber 302 9.5 Acoustic Wall Constructions 308 10 Application of Random systems 319 10.1 Frequency Bands for SEA Simulation 319 10.2 Fluid Systems 320 10.3 Algorithms of SEA 323 10.4 Coupled Plate Systems 324 10.5 Fluid-Structure Coupled Systems 327 11 Hybrid Systems 343 11.1 Hybrid SEA Matrix 343 11.2 Twin Chamber 343 11.3 Trim in Hybrid Theory 350 12 Industrial Cases 359 12.1 Simulation Strategy 359 12.2 Aircraft 361 12.3 Automotive 372 12.4 Trains 380 12.5 Summary 394 13 Conclusions and Outlook 399 13.1 Conclusions 399 13.2 What Comes Next? 399 13.3 Experimental Methods 399 13.4 Further Reading on Simulation 404 13.5 Energy Flow Method and Influence Coefficient 404 13.6 Vibroacoustics Simulation Software 406 A Basic Mathematics 411 A.1 Fourier Analysis 411 A.2 Discrete Signal Analysis 418 A.3 Coordinate Transformation of Discrete Equation of Motion 423 Bibliography 424 B Specific Solutions 425 B.1 Second Moments of Area 425 B.2 Wave Transmission 426 B.3 Conversion Formulas of Transfer Matrix 436 Bibliography 437 C Symbols 439 Index 445

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Book SynopsisA penetrating look at near-future disruption as truly autonomous vehicles arrive.Trade Review"Today, Townsend foresees a future of “ghost roads” full of driverless corporate vehicles satisfying a growing appetite for instant delivery of goods..." -- Nature"Some readers will feel that Townsend has sketched out a future with vast possibilities; to other it will seem like a nightmarish vision where robots effectively control our movements. Both groups, however, will learn a lot." -- Alistair Dalton - Scotland on Sunday

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Book SynopsisErgonomics often seems to be involved too late in commercial project development processes to have substantive impact on design and usability. However, in the automotive industry, and specifically in relation to In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS), a lack of attention to usability can not only lead to poor customer satisfaction, it can also present a significant risk to safe and efficient driving.Usability Evaluation for In-Vehicle Systems describes how to apply a range of usability evaluation methods for IVIS. The authors explore the driving context and the range of driver-IVIS interactions, using case studies that show how Ergonomics methods can add considerable value throughout the product development process. They emphasize practical approaches that can be used to predict and analyze driver behavior with IVIS. The authors also present validation evidence for the methods covered.The book has three key obTrade Review" 'Ergonomics now more than ever has the potential to exert significant positive influence on the safety, efficiency, and enjoyment of driving.' This observation in Harvey and Stanton's conclusion succinctly sums up the perceptive material presented in this book which uses IVIS as a case study to describe how ergonomics methods can be put to good use. The book is a must read for students, practitioners and most importantly designers who bombard vulnerable users with what technology can offer rather than what it should offer in the context of use and human variability." -Professor Brian Peacock, PhD, National University of Singapore and SIM University " 'A surprise ending.' 'A real thriller.' None of these statements about Harvey and Stanton's Usability Evaluation for In-Vehicle Systems are true. This is, however, a very interesting, informative and useful book. Those involved in automotive user interface research and practice really should read and use it. The book nicely complements the existing literature, considering driver interfaces from a non-traditional human-computer interaction perspective. It gives due attention to activities in Europe of which non-Europeans may be unaware. It also provides balanced coverage of both evaluation and computational methods. I give it 10 thumbs up (for those that are all thumbs)." -Professor Paul Green, PhD, University of Michigan, USA " ... embeds the underlying science in a real-world context, giving readers an understanding of how this technology got into cars in the first place, why intended consequences don't always emerge in practice, and why. ... twists and pokes everything from BMW's iDrive system through to future technologies such as pre-collision avoidance and head-up displays. For engineers and designers, at last, here we have a book that goes further by providing actual methods that can be applied straight away, enabling you to link this rich state-of-the-art evidence-base to real-world practice. -Dr Guy Walker, Heriot-Watt University, EdinburghTable of ContentsIntroduction. Context-of-Use as a Factor in Determining the Usability of In-Vehicle Information Systems. In-Vehicle Information Systems to Meet the Needs of Drivers. A Usability Evaluation Framework for In-Vehicle Information Systems. The Trade-Off between Context and Objectivity in an Analytic Evaluation of In-Vehicle Interfaces. To Twist or Poke? A Method for Identifying Usability Issues with Direct and Indirect Input Devices for Control of In-Vehicle Information Systems. Modelling the Hare and the Tortoise: Predicting IVIS Task Times for Fast, Middle, and Slow Person Performance using Critical Path Analysis. Visual Attention on the Move: There Is More to Modelling than Meets the Eye. Summary of Contributions and Future Challenges. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisBe prepared for exam day with Barron’s. Trusted content from CDL experts!Barron’s CDL: Commercial Driver’s License Truck Driver’s Test includes in-depth content review and practice. It’s the only book you’ll need to be prepared for exam day.Written by Experienced Educators Learn from Barron’s--all content is written and reviewed by CDL experts Build your understanding with comprehensive review tailored to the most recent written and driving tests Get a leg up with tips, strategies, and study advice for exam day--it’s like having a trusted tutor by your side Be Confident on Exam Day Sharpen your test-taking skills with 2 sample Knowledge Tests, a diagnostic test for assessing strengths and areas for improvement, and practice for the Skills Test Strengthen your knowledge with in-depth review covering all topics CDL drivers need to know, including federal motor carrier safety regulations, basic vehicle control, vehicle inspection, and much more Reinforce your learning with hundreds of practice questions covering all tested topics Deepen your understanding with expert advice about commercial driver licensing, dozens of detailed diagrams that demonstrate proper driving procedures, and a series of appendices with state-specific transportation resources  

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Book SynopsisA very powerful, well-researched and thoughtful argument in support of the ecological versus the economic way of thinking and acting. Paul Nieuwenhuis is no 'Fachidiot' but sees clearly the bigger picture. His book takes you on a fascinating journey through the worlds of philosophy and ecology to an in-depth understanding of the evolution of car manufacturing, its past and future. A fascinating read even for a 'tree-hugger' and public transportation fan like me.'- Georgios Kostakos, Independent Consultant on global challenges and sustainability, governance and UN affairsIf we are part of nature, then so is everything we make. This unique book explores this notion using the example of the car, how it is made and used and especially how we relate to it, with a view to creating a more sustainable automobility.We have been trying to make cars cleaner and more efficient, but has this really made them more sustainable? This book argues, within the context of sustainable consumption and production, that we should see the car as a natural system, subject to natural laws and processes. As part of this new perspective we need to change our attitude to cars, building more durable relationships and co-evolving with them. Revolutionary, perhaps; but if we get it right, this approach will allow us to enjoy motoring - albeit in modified form - into the future. The book draws on a range of disciplines, including industrial ecology, engineering, philosophy, anthropology, consumer psychology and object-oriented ontology, as well as providing industry examples to support its innovative case.This ground-breaking book will be of interest to academics of sustainability, socio-technical transition, management of change, engineering, biomimicry and business. It will also be of interest to automotive consultancies and those working in the car and oil industries. Paul Nieuwenhuis' innovative suggestions will certainly be of interest to government workers in industry, business and the environment, as well as various environmental NGOs.Contents: 1. Introduction - A Natural History of the Car 2. The Problem with Cars is… 3. What is Sustainability and what is Sustainable? 4. The History of the Car and the History of Car Production 5. A Changing Industry 6. Regulating the Car to Save our Environment; Emptying the Ashtrays on the Titanic? 7. Supply Chains…, or Loops, Tiers, Webs, or Flows? 8. Freedom to Tinker: The True Ownership Model 9. Consumers: SCP and Sustainable Car Use; Learning to Love your Car 10. How Does Change Happen? 11. The Ecological Model of Business 12. Automotive Evolution - the Car of the Future; a Future for the Car? 13. The Automotive Industry; an Ecosystem Perspective 14. Making the Transition; Ecodiversity at the Sector Level; Industry as Ecosystem 15. Concluding Remarks ReferencesTrade Review‘A very powerful, well-researched and thoughtful argument in support of the ecological versus the economic way of thinking and acting. Paul Nieuwenhuis is no “Fachidiot” but sees clearly the bigger picture. His book takes you on a fascinating journey through the worlds of philosophy and ecology to an in-depth understanding of the evolution of car manufacturing, its past and future. A fascinating read even for a “tree-hugger” and public transportation fan like me.’ -- Georgios Kostakos, Independent Consultant on global challenges and sustainability, governance and UN affairsTable of ContentsContents: 1. Introduction – A Natural History of the Car 2. The Problem with Cars is… 3. What is Sustainability and what is Sustainable? 4. The History of the Car and the History of Car Production 5. A Changing Industry 6. Regulating the Car to Save our Environment; Emptying the Ashtrays on the Titanic? 7. Supply Chains…, or Loops, Tiers, Webs, or Flows? 8. Freedom to Tinker: The True Ownership Model 9. Consumers: SCP and Sustainable Car Use; Learning to Love your Car 10. How Does Change Happen? 11. The Ecological Model of Business 12. Automotive Evolution – the Car of the Future; a Future for the Car? 13. The Automotive Industry; an Ecosystem Perspective 14. Making the Transition; Ecodiversity at the Sector Level; Industry as Ecosystem 15. Concluding Remarks References

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Book SynopsisThis research review discusses the most significant papers to have been published over the past fifteen years on the use of Global Positioning System (GPS) devices to measure person and vehicle travel. The carefully selected papers track developments in the use of GPS devices to record travel and document some of the latest applications in which GPS is starting to replace conventional self-report surveys.Table of ContentsContents: Introduction Peter Stopher Acknowledgements xiii Introduction Peter Stopher xix PART I INITIAL EXPLORATION 1. Wayne A. Sarasua and Michael D. Meyer (1996), ‘New Technologies for Household Travel Surveys’, in Transportation Research Board/National Research Council: Conference Proceedings 10, Washington, DC, USA: National Academy Press, 170–82 2. Cesar A. Quiroga and Darcy Bullock (1998), ‘Travel Time Studies with Global Positioning and Geographic Information Systems: An Integrated Methodology’, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 6 (1–2), February, 101–27 3. E. Murakami and D.P. Wagner (1999), ‘Can Using Global Positioning System (GPS) Improve Trip Reporting?’, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 7 (2–3), April–June, 149–65 4. Jean Wolf, Shauna Hallmark, Marcelo Oliveira, Randall Guensler and Wayne Sarasua (1999), ‘Accuracy Issues with Route Choice Data Collection by Using Global Positioning System’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1660, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 66–74 5. Lalit Yalamanchili, Ram M. Pendyala, N. Prabaharan and Pramodh Chakravarthy (1999), ‘Analysis of Global Positioning System-Based Data Collection Methods for Capturing Multistop Trip-Chaining Behavior’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1660, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 58–65 6. Geert Draijer, Nelly Kalfs and Jan Perdok (2000), ‘Global Positioning System as Data Collection Method for Travel Research’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1719, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 147–53 7. Elaine Murakami, David P. Wagner and David M. Neumeister (2000), ‘Using Global Positioning Systems and Personal Digital Assistants for Personal Travel Surveys in the United States’,Transportation Research Circular E-C008 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, III-B/1–III-B/21 8. Sean T. Doherty, Nathalie Noël, Martin-Lee Gosselin, Claude Sirois and Mami Ueno (2001), ‘Moving beyond Observed Outcomes: Integrating Global Positioning Systems and Interactive Computer-Based Travel Behavior Surveys’, Transportation Research Circular E-C026 — Personal Travel: The Long and Short of It , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 449–66 9. Peter R. Stopher, Philip Bullock and Frederic Horst (2002), ‘Exploring the Use of Passive GPS Devices to Measure Travel’, in Kelvin C.P. Wang, Samer Madanat, Shashi Nambisan and Gary Spring (eds), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation, Reston, VA, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 959–67 PART II DEVELOPING PROCESSING SOFTWARE 10. Jean Wolf, Randall Guensler and William Bachman (2001), ‘Elimination of the Travel Diary: Experiment to Derive Trip Purpose from Global Positioning System Travel Data’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1768 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 125–34 11. J. Wolf, S. Schönfelder, U. Samaga, M. Oliveira and K.W. Axhausen (2004), ‘Eighty Weeks of Global Positioning System Traces: Approaches to Enriching Trip Information’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1870 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 46–54 12. Stefan Schönfelder, Kay W. Axhausen, Nicolas Antille and Michel Bierlaire (2002), ‘Exploring the Potentials of Automatically Collected GPS Data for Travel Behaviour Analysis – A Swedish Data Source’, GI-Technologien für Verkehr und Logistik , Institut für Geoinformatik, Universität Münster, No. 13 13. Eui-Hwan Chung and Amer Shalaby (2005), ‘A Trip Reconstruction Tool for GPS-based Personal Travel Surveys’, Transportation Planning and Technology , 28 (5), 381–401 14. Timothy L. Forrest and David F. Pearson (2005), ‘Comparison of Trip Determination Methods in Household Travel Surveys Enhanced by a Global Positioning System’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1917 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 63–71 15. F. Marchal, J. Hackney and K.W. Axhausen (2005), ‘Efficient Map Matching of Large Global Positioning System Data Sets: Tests on Speed-Monitoring Experiment in Zürich’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1935 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 93–100 16. Jianhe Du and Lisa Aultman-Hall (2007), ‘Increasing the Accuracy of Trip Rate Information from Passive Multi-day GPS Travel Datasets: Automatic Trip End Identification Issues’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice , 41 (3), March, 220–32 17. Zhigang Jason Li and Amer S. Shalaby (2008), ‘Web-Based GIS System for Prompted Recall of GPS-assisted Personal Travel Surveys: System Development and Experimental Study’, Transportation Research Board: 87th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers DVD , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 1–15 18. Wendy Bohte and Kees Maat (2009), ‘Deriving and Validating Trip Purposes and Travel Modes for Multi-day GPS-Based Travel Surveys: A Large-Scale Application in the Netherlands’, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies , 17 (3), June, 285–97 19. Nadine Schuessler and Kay W. Axhausen (2009), ‘Processing Raw Data from Global Positioning Systems Without Additional Information’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2105 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 28–36 20. Peter R. Stopher (2009), ‘Collecting and Processing Data from Mobile Technologies’, in Patrick Bonnel, Martin Lee-Gosselin, Johanna Zmud and Jean-Loup Madre (eds), Transport Survey Methods: Keeping up with a Changing World , Chapter 21, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 361–91 21. Anastasia Moiseeva, Joran Jessurun and Harry Timmermans (2010), ‘Semiautomatic Imputation of Activity Travel Diaries: Use of Global Positioning System Traces, Prompted Recall, and Context-Sensitive Learning Algorithms’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2183, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 60–68 PART III PROMPTED RECALL SURVEYS 22. Prashanth K. Bachu, Trisha Dudala and Sirisha M. Kothuri (2001), ‘Prompted Recall in Global Positioning System Survey: Proof-of-Concept Study’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1768, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences,106–13 311 23. Stephen Greaves, Simon Fifer, Richard Ellison and George Germanos (2010), ‘Development of a Global Positioning System Web-Based Prompted Recall Solution for Longitudinal Travel Surveys’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2183, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 69–77 PART IV VALIDATING CONVENTIONAL SURVEYS 24. Jean Wolf, Michael Loechl, Miriam Thompson and Carlos Arce (2003), ‘Trip Rate Analysis in GPS-Enhanced Personal Travel Surveys’, in Peter Stopher and Peter Jones (eds), Transport Survey Quality and Innovation, Chapter 28, Oxford, UK: Permagon, 483–98 25. Jean Wolf, Marcelo Oliveira and Miriam Thompson (2003), ‘Impact of Underreporting on Mileage and Travel Time Estimates: Results from Global Positioning System-Enhanced Household Travel Survey’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1854, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 189–98 26. Johanna Zmud and Jean Wolf (2003), ‘Identifying the Correlates of Trip Misreporting – Results from the California Statewide Household Travel Survey GPS Study’, Conference Paper, Session XXX, Moving through Nets: The Physical and Social Dimensions of Travel, 10th International Conference on Travel Behaviour Research, 10–15 August, Lucerne, Switzerland, i, 1–16 27. Matthias Kracht (2006), ‘Using Combined GPS and GSM Tracking Information for Interactive Electronic Questionnaires’, in Peter Stopher and Cheryl Stecher (eds), Travel Survey Methods: Quality and Future Directions, Chapter 30, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 545–60 28. Stacey Bricka and Chandra R. Bhat (2006), ‘Comparative Analysis of Global Positioning System-Based and Travel Survey-Based Data’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1972, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 9–20 29. Jean Wolf (2006), ‘Applications of New Technologies in Travel Surveys’, in Peter Stopher and Cheryl Stecher (eds), Travel Survey Methods: Quality and Future Directions , Chapter 29, Oxford, UK: Elsevier, 531–44 30. Peter Stopher, Camden FitzGerald and Min Xu (2007), ‘Assessing the Accuracy of the Sydney Household Travel Survey with GPS’, Transportation , 34 (6), November, 723–41 31. Tom Bellemans, Bruno Kochan, Davy Janssens, Geert Wets and Harry Timmermans (2008), ‘Field Evaluation of Personal Digital Assistant Enabled by Global Positioning System: Impact on Quality of Activity and Diary Data’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2049, Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 136–43 32. Peter Stopher and Stephen Greaves (2009), ‘Missing and Inaccurate Information from Travel Surveys – Pilot Results’, Paper Presented to the 32nd Australasian Transport Research Forum, The Growth Engine: Interconnecting Transport Performance, the Economy and the Environment, Auckland, New Zealand, September PART V APPLICATIONS OF GPS TO TRAVEL MEASUREMENT 33. Jennifer Ogle, Randall Guensler, William Bachman, Maxim Koutsakand Jean Wolf (2002), ‘Accuracy of Global Positioning System for Determining Driver Performance Parameters’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1818 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 12–24 34. Cesar Quiroga, Michael Perez and Steve Venglar (2002), ‘Tool for Measuring Travel Time and Delay on Arterial Corridors’, in Kelvin C.P. Wang, Samer Madanat, Shashi Nambisan and Gary Spring (eds), Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation , Reston, VA, USA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 600–607 35. Philip Bullock, Qingjian Jiang and Peter R. Stopher (2005), ‘Using GPS Technology to Measure On-Time Running of Scheduled Bus Services’, Journal of Public Transportation , 8 (1), 21–40 36. Jungwook Jun, Jennifer Ogle and Randall Guensler (2007), ‘Relationships between Crash Involvement and Temporal-Spatial Driving Behavior Activity Patterns Using GPS Instrumented Vehicle Data’, Transportation Research Board: 86th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers DVD , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 2–17 37. Peter Stopher and Christine Prasad (2012), ‘Analysis of Child Diaries – Can GPS Traces of Parents Movements Provide Sufficient Travel Data for Children?’, Paper Presented to the 35th Australasian Transport Research Forum, Perth, Australia, September, 1–11 38. Roger Mackett, Belinda Brown, Yi Gong, Kay Kitazawa and James Paskins (2007), ‘Children’s Independent Movement in the Local Environment’, Built Environment , 33 (4), December, 454–68 39. Stephen P. Greaves and Miguel A. Figliozzi (2008), ‘Collecting Commercial Vehicle Tour Data with Passive Global Positioning System Technology: Issues and Potential Applications’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2049 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 158–66 40. Dominik Papinski, Darren M. Scott and Sean T. Doherty (2009), ‘Exploring the Route Choice Decision-Making Process: A Comparison of Planned and Observed Routes Obtained Using Person-Based GPS’, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour , 12 (4), July, 347–58 41. Andrew F. Clark and Sean T. Doherty (2010), ‘A Multi-Instrumented Approach to Observing the Activity Rescheduling Decision Process’, Transportation, 37 (1), January, 165–81 42. Peter Stopher, Yun Zhang, Jun Zhang and Belinda Halling (2009), ‘Results of an Evaluation of TravelSmart in South Australia’, Paper Presented to the 32nd Australasian Transport Research Forum, The Growth Engine: Interconnecting Transport Performance, the Economy and the Environment, Auckland, New Zealand, September PART VI REPLACING THE TRAVEL DIARY 43. Stacey Bricka, Johanna Zmud, Jean Wolf and Joel Freedman (2009), ‘Household Travel Surveys with GPS: An Experiment’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2105 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 51–6 44. Peter R. Stopher, Christine Prasad, Laurie Wargelin and JasonMinser (2013), ‘Conducting a GPS-only Household Travel Survey’, in Johanna Zmud, Martin Lee-Gosselin, Marcela A. Munizaga and Juan Antonio Carrasco (eds), Transport Survey Methods: Best Practice for Decision Making , Chapter 5, Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 91–113 45. Marcelo G. Simas Oliveira, Peter Vovsha, Jean Wolf, Yehoshua Birotker, Danny Givon and Julie Paasche (2011), ‘Global Positioning System Assisted Prompted Recall Household Travel Survey to Support Development of Advanced Travel Model in Jerusalem, Israel’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2246 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 16–23 PART VII THE FUTURE 46. Peter R. Stopher and Stephen P. Greaves (2007), ‘Household Travel Surveys: Where are We Going?’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice , 41 (5), June, 367–81 47. Peter R. Stopher and Stephen P. Greaves (2007), ‘Guidelines for Samplers: Measuring a Change in Behaviour from Before and After Surveys’, Transportation , 34 (1), January, 1–16 48. Peter R. Stopher, Kara Kockelman, Stephen P. Greaves and Eoin Clifford (2008), ‘Reducing Burden and Sample Sizes in Multiday Household Travel Surveys’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2064 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 12–18 49. Marcelo G. Simas Oliveira and Jesse Casas (2010), ‘Improving Data Quality, Accuracy, and Response in On-Board Surveys: Application of Innovative Technologies’, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2183 , Washington, DC, USA: Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, 41–8 50. Martin Lee-Gosselin, Sean T. Doherty and Amer Shalaby (2010), ‘Data Collection on Personal Movement Using Mobile ICTs: Old Wine in New Bottles?’, in Monica Wachowicz (ed.), Movement- Aware Applications for Sustainable Mobility: Technologies and Approaches , Chapter 1, Hershey, VA, USA: Information Science Reference (IGI Global), 1–14 Index

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Book SynopsisMokka mini-SUV with two- and four-wheel-drive. Petrol: 1.4 litre (1364cc) & 1.6 litre (1598cc). Diesel: 1.6 litre (1598cc) & 1.7 litre (1686cc). Does NOT cover ‘Mokka X’ range introduced October 2016 or dual fuel (LPG) models.

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Book SynopsisCars are one of the most significant human creations. They changed our cities. They changed our lives. They changed everything. But in the next thirty years, this technology will itself change enormously. If Google get their way, are we all going to be ferried around in tiny electric bubble-cars? Or will we watch robots race a bionic Lewis Hamilton? And what about the future of classic cars?In Autopia, presenter of The Gadget Show and former executive producer of Top Gear Jon Bentley celebrates motoring's rich heritage and meets the engineers (and coders) who are transforming cars forever. From mobile hotel rooms to electric battery technology; from hydrogen-powered cars to jetpacks, Autopia is the essential guide to the future of our greatest invention. Fully designed with illustrations and photographs, this will be the perfect Christmas gift for car and technology enthusiasts everywhere.Trade ReviewAn interesting read... thorough enough to delight even those who consider themselves to be on the ball with industry developments. * Auto Express *Jon is a passionate, articulate and characteristic car man who has a canny knack of capturing the very essence of the sector I love so much! Exactly what he has done with Autopia. Brilliant. * Ant Anstead, presenter of Channel 4's For the Love of Cars *Jon Bentley is a true petrolhead. In Autopia, Jon makes even complex automotive innovations easy to understand. I couldn't put it down. * Mike Brewer, presenter of Wheeler Dealers *An enjoyable, fact-filled conversation with uncle Jon, taking us on a road trip through the speed bumps and detours on our journey towards an Autopian future. * Edd China, TV presenter and author of Grease Junkie *Intelligent, honest, and extremely interesting. Just like Jon. * Richard Porter, founder of Sniff Petrol, and script editor of The Grand Tour *Fascinating and entertaining. No one is better placed than Jon Bentley to open up the past, present and future of the motor car. * Tiff Needell, former presenter of Top Gear and Fifth Gear *Table of Contents0: Introduction: Why the Car Matters 1: Connected and Autonomous: the Rise of the Robot Cars 2: Sparking Innovation: Alternative Power and the Future of the Internal Combustion Engine 3: Designing the Future: How the Shape of Cars will Change 4: Speeding Ahead: the Future of Performance Cars and Motorsport 5: Hackers and Crash-Test Dummies: Safety and the Age of Automation 6: The Future of the Past: Classic Cars and Enthusiast Drivers 7: Conclusion: Is the Car Dead?

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Book SynopsisWe may be standing at the precipice of a revolution in propulsion not seen since the internal combustion engine replaced the horse and buggy. The proliferation of electric cars will change the daily lives of motorists, boost some regional economies and hurt others, reduce oil insecurity but create new insecurities about raw materials, and impact urban air quality and climate change. If you want to understand how quickly the transition is likely to occur, and the factors shaping the pace of the transition, this book delivers with a candid, illuminating style.The invention of the lithium-ion battery and its adaptation to the auto sector set the stage for the exciting proliferation of electric cars, beginning with California and Norway. This book focuses on the period from the oil crises of the 1970s to the present, tracing the development of this entirely new industry and its critical supply chain. John Graham delves into the major societal concerns, economic rationales, governmental policies and corporate strategies. He emphasizes that consumer concerns slowed the pace of the transition while spurring more innovation and new policies to persuade reluctant consumers. And he explains why the transition is now occurring much faster in China and Europe than in Japan and the United States. More broadly, the book tells the story of many successes and failures in public policy, technological innovation and corporate strategy.This book provides an in-depth understanding of how people on every continent in the world are contributing to the new electric-vehicle industry, including the raw materials, battery components, electric motors and charging stations. Faculty, students and researchers will appreciate the integrated treatment of the technical, economic, political and international issues. For the practitioner in industry, government and civil society, the book is an engaging look at the roles of key decision makers and organizations, both those favoring electric cars and those opposed.Trade Review‘I highly recommend this book for two reasons: First, it is an excellent compendium on an emerging topic of great economic, environmental, and political importance. And second, it is a model for other “deep dives” into similar complex problems associated with the transition away from fossil fuels. For someone working on the energy and environmental risk issues associated with vehicles, this book will be an excellent reference as well as a way to become broadly informed. For an academic leading seminars and guiding research, this book provides an in-depth summary for students and colleagues to enhance dis- cussion and debate as events evolve in the transition to electrified vehicles.’ -- D. Warner North, Risk Analysis‘This is a thoroughly researched book and the only offering that wholly encapsulates the development of the electric vehicle in the early 21st century, which is one of the most important technological developments and policy interventions for transportation in the last 20 years and promises to wield the same influence for at least another 20.’ -- Bradley W Lane, Journal of Policy Analysis & Management‘For those who have limited acquisition budgets and can purchase only one book that deals with electric vehicles in all their aspects, this is the book. The 13 chapters, each supported by more than 100 notes/references, quickly add up to a very high quality, useful volume. A smart student will find out what these people have written and use the primary sources. Weighty information with a physical weight that will make any backpack uncomfortable but well worth reading and transporting. Every teacher should read chapter 1 - it's full of relevant information that will probably come up in the classroom, and this is painless preparation.’ -- C J Myers, CHOICE‘Policymakers (both in areas where PEVs are becoming established and in areas where there is currently low penetration of the market), as well as scientists, engineers, and economists, should take note of this incredibly in-depth and comprehensive study. By taking a broad look backwards, Graham has identified the key origins of the emergence of modern PEVs, the supporting policies that increase the rate of transition, and the potential obstructions that may delay the transition from conventional powertrains going forwards. The book, whilst incredibly detailed, is split into clear sections that can be read and referenced separately; such that it serves as an essential basis for modern PEV research across many different disciplines.’ -- Maeve Carys McLoughlin, Journal of Risk Research‘This book is literally electrifying. John Graham connects all the circuits to deliver an exciting and edifying analysis of the seemingly imminent transformation of our transportation system to electric vehicles. Drawing on his deep expertise in automobile science, safety and politics, Graham shows how technological advances, charismatic leaders, and energy and environmental policies have driven the EV competition among the United States, Europe, Japan, China and others. This detailed and thorough book will ground a serious discussion and spark a provocative debate on the future of our cars and our societies.’ -- Jonathan B. Wiener, Duke University, US'A new age may be dawning, in which plug-in electric cars and light trucks will largely replace those powered by oil. John Graham provides a magisterial and comprehensive overview of the technologies, consumer demand, production supply chains, and government policies that shape the differing pace of change in the US, Europe, Japan, and China.'Table of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Rise of the modern electric vehicle 2. Consumer perspectives 3. Energy security 4. Urban air quality 5. Global climate change 6. Prelude to China’s leapfrog gambit 7. Rescuing the auto industry 8. The supply chain: produce or outsource? 9. Securing raw materials 10. From cheater to innovator 11. Charging networks and the grid 12. Persuading consumers 13. Predicting the pace of the transition Index

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Book SynopsisTransport is responsible for a growing share of global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, emerging as an economic sector for which technical solutions have shown limited benefits and a shift to electric mobility is seen as an essential part of tackling both problems. However, despite electric motive power being older technology than internal combustion engines and having many advantages, both inherent disadvantages and the inertia of not being the dominant road transport technology mean that it is only recently that electric vehicles (EVs) have attracted serious policy attention. Electrifying Mobility: Realising a Sustainable Future for the Car examines the basis of this electric mobility ‘turn’, considering the drivers, barriers to adoption and the current lived experience of EV use, drawing upon this experience to inform planning for mass EV adoption and how regulation might change to reflect the specific needs and challenges raised. Considering future transport policy, practice, and management where EVs become an important part of the road transport fleet, and, it is assumed, eventually come to dominate it, chapters study how EV and Connected and Autonomous Vehicle (CAV) technologies relate, and whether there are synergies with shared mobility. The Transport and Sustainability series addresses the important nexus between transport and sustainability containing volumes dealing with a wide range of issues relating to transport, its impact in economic, social, and environmental spheres, and its interaction with other policy sectors.Table of ContentsPart 1: The Political-Economic Context and Environmental Imperative Chapter 1. Introduction: The Electrification of Automobility; Graham Parkhurst Chapter 2. Easy Street for Low-Carbon Mobility? The Political Economy of Mass Electric Car Adoption; Cameron Roberts Chapter 3. The Energy and Emissions Case and The Lifecycle Impact of Electric Cars; Eckard Helmers Part 2: Overcoming Inertia: From Internal Combustion Engine to Electric Car Chapter 4. Producing the Electric Car; Peter Wells and Jean-Paul Skeete Chapter 5. Making the Market: The Transformation Pathway to Electric Car Mobility in The Netherlands; Marc Dijk Chapter 6. Choosing the Electric Car; Colin Whittle and Lorraine Whitmarsh Part 3: Living with the Electric Car Chapter 7. The Effect of Electric Car Adoption on Travel Patterns; Craig Morton Chapter 8. Becoming an Electric Car Owner: User Experience and the EV Community; William Clayton Chapter 9. Planning for Electric Car Charging: A Review of Technologies, Criteria and Methods; Stefania Boglietti, Martina Carra, Massimiliano Sotgiu, Benedetto Barabino, Michela Bonera, and Giulio Maternini Part 4: Electric Cars in the Future Chapter 10. Electric Cars: The Future Technological Potential; Javier Turienzo, Jesús F. Lampón, Roberto Chico-Tat, and Pablo Cabanelas Chapter 11. Americans’ Plans for Acquiring and Using Electric, Shared and Self-Driving Cars; Neil Quarles, Kara M. Kockelman, and Jooyong Lee Chapter 12. Conclusion: The Electric Car as a Component of Future Sustainable Mobility; Graham Parkhurst and William Clayton

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Book SynopsisThis is an authoritative collection of previously published articles on important aspects of the 'automobile age'.The volume has been divided into five areas of interest. Part I focuses on supply side issues related to the car industry, technological change in the transport sector and future developments of automobile technology. Parts II, III and IV deal with the demand for automobile transport within the overall transport system. The final section deals with private and social costs, externalities such as accidents, congestion and pollution, and policy interventions.Rapidly growing car ownership has brought about a remarkable increase in mobility. The mobility and travel choices need to be analysed within complex networks. The strong mutual interactions between transport and spatial developments have led to an intense debate on 'car dependence' and related spatial systems analyses.This collection will be an invaluable source of reference to students, teachers and researchers in the field of transport studies and the history of the car industry.Trade Review'The book succeeds very well in its objective of collecting renowned articles on different automobile-related topics. The approach of mixing old and new material; spanning four decades (1961-2000), is well thought-out, because some of the important basic works are somewhat older and too often the wheel is reinvented. Moreover, the structure is logical and clear.' -- Pascal Lammar, International Journal of Environment and PollutionTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction: Perspectives on the Automobile Lars Lundqvist, Kenneth Button and Peter Nijkamp PART I INDUSTRY, TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEM PERSPECTIVES 1. Alan Altshuler, Martin Anderson, Daniel Jones, Daniel Roos and James Womack (1984), ‘The Automobile and Its Industry Under Siege’ and ‘A Century of Transformations’ 2. James J. Flink (1988), ‘Epilogue: The Future of the Automobile’ 3. Nebojsa Nakicenovic (1986), ‘The Automobile Road to Technical Change: Diffusion of the Automobile as a Process of Technological Substitution’ 4. Ambuj D. Sagar (1995), ‘Automobiles and Global Warming: Alternative Fuels and Other Options for Carbon Dioxide Emissions Reduction’ 5. William F. Powers and Paul R. Nicastri (2000), ‘Automotive Vehicle Control Challenges in the 21st Century’ PART II MOBILITY AND CAR OWNERSHIP PERSPECTIVES 6. T. Hägerstrand (1987), ‘Human Interaction and Spatial Mobility: Retrospect and Prospect’ 7. P.M. Jones (1987), ‘Mobility and the Individual in Western Industrial Society’ 8. Melvin M. Webber (1992), ‘The Joys of Automobility’ 9. Andreas Schafer and David G. Victor (2000), ‘The Future Mobility of the World Population’ 10. Jan Owen Jansson (1989), ‘Car Demand Modelling and Forecasting. A New Approach’ 11. Kenneth Button, Ndoh Ngoe and John Hine (1993), ‘Modelling Vehicle Ownership and Use in Low Income Countries’ PART III ANALYSING THE AUTOMOBILE IN NETWORKS: TRAVEL CHOICE PERSPECTIVES 12. Robert B. Dial (1971), ‘A Probabilistic Multipath Traffic Assignment Model Which Obviates Path Enumeration’ 13. Larry J. LeBlanc, Edward K. Morlok and William P. Pierskalla (1975), ‘An Efficient Approach to Solving the Road Network Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Problem’ 14. Terry L. Friesz (1985), ‘Transportation Network Equilibrium, Design and Aggregation: Key Developments and Research Opportunities’ 15. David E. Boyce, Larry J. LeBlanc and Kyung S. Chon (1988), ‘Network Equilibrium Models of Urban Location and Travel Choices: A Retrospective Survey’ 16. K. Nabil Ali Safwat and Thomas L. Magnanti (1988), ‘A Combined Trip Generation, Trip Distribution, Modal Split, and Trip Assignment Model’ 17. David Bernstein and Terry L. Friesz (1998), ‘Infinite Dimensional Formulations of Some Dynamic Traffic Assignment Models’ PART IV THE AUTOMOBILE AND SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVES 18. Edwin S. Mills (1972), ‘Markets and Efficient Resource Allocation in Urban Areas’ 19. P. Hall (1985), ‘Urban Transportation: Paradoxes for the 1980s’ 20. Jeffrey R. Kenworthy and Felix B. Laube (1999), ‘Patterns of Automobile Dependence in Cities: An International Overview of Key Physical and Economic Dimensions with Some Implications for Urban Policy’ 21. Michael Wegener (1996), ‘Reduction of CO2 Emissions of Transport by Reorganisation of Urban Activities’ 22. Robert A. Johnston and Tomas de la Barra (2000), ‘Comprehensive Regional Modeling for Long-range Planning: Linking Integrated Urban Models and Geographic Information Systems’ 23. Marlon G. Boarnet and Sharon Sarmiento (1998), ‘Can Land-use Policy Really Affect Travel Behaviour? A Study of the Link Between Non-work Travel and Land-use Characteristics’ PART V COSTS, EXTERNALITIES AND POLICY PERSPECTIVES 24. A.A. Walters (1961), ‘The Theory and Measurement of Private and Social Cost of Highway Congestion’ 25. William S. Vickrey (1963), ‘Pricing in Urban and Suburban Transport’ 26. Mark A. Delucchi (2000), ‘Environmental Externalities of Motor-Vehicle Use in the US’ 27. Mark K. Dreyfus and W. Kip Viscusi (1995), ‘Rates of Time Preference and Consumer Valuations of Automobile Safety and Fuel Efficiency’ 28. Kenneth A. Small (1997), ‘Economics and Urban Transportation Policy in the United States’ 29. Peter Jones and Arild Hervik (1992), ‘Restraining Car Traffic in European Cities: An Emerging Role for Road Pricing’ 30. Peter Nijkamp (1994), ‘Roads Toward Environmentally Sustainable Transport’ 31. Inge Mayeres (2000), ‘The Efficiency Effects of Transport Policies in the Presence of Externalities and Distortionary Taxes’ Name Index

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Book SynopsisThis reference collects the latest information from the International Conference on Heavy Vehicles, specifically as it relates to Heavy Vehicle Transport Technology. Among the topics detailed are: interactions between heavy vehicles or trains and the infrastructure, environment and other system users; heavy vehicle and road management information-measurements, data quality, data management; freight mobility and safety; vehicle classification, size and weight evaluation, regulations, and enforcement; and traffic and road safety.Table of ContentsForeword 1 – P. COURTIER 1 Avant-Propos 1 – P. COURTIER 3 Foreword 2 – J. ROUDIER 5 Avant-Propos 2 – J. ROUDIER 7 Preface (in English) – B. JACOB 9 Préface (en français) – B. JACOB 12 International Forum for Road Transport Technology 15 International Society for Weigh-in-Motion 17 Panel Discussion 19 Plenary Session 21 The EU’s rules on weights and dimensions and the realities of sustainable mobility – J. BERRY 23 A history of freight transport prior to the modern truck – M. LAY 35 Intelligent freight – J.-F. JANIN 49 Measures promoting intermodal transport as an alternative to pure road transport H. SILBORN 57 Session 1. Performance Based Standards 71 An initiative to introduce a performance-based standards (pbs) approach for heavy vehicule design and operations in South Africa – P. NORDENGEN, H. PREM, and L. MAI 73 A discussion of the high-speed offtracking perfromance standard J. BILLING and J. PATTEN 85 Development of an innovative steerable double extendable trailer under performance based standard (pbs) – M. JOHNSTON and L. BRUZSA 97 Session 2. European Modular Concept 109 Working group on longer and heavier goods vehicles: A multidisciplinary approach to the issue – W. DEBAUCHE 111 Experiences with longer and heavier vehicles in the Netherlands L. AARTS and G. FEDDES 123 Driving dynamics and stability issues of the European road train concepts G. BÓZSVÁRI, T. FÜLEP and L. PALKOVICS 137 Session 3. Vehicle Road Interaction 145 Pavement building costs allocation to HGV comparison betwwen the French case and the eurovignette directive recommendations – G. DURAND, P. COUSIN and H. GUIRAUD 147 A brief review of tyre-pavement interaction and an insight on new regulation on tyre rolling resistance in Europe – C. PENANT 159 Effect of axle configurations on fatigue and faulting of concrete pavements K. CHATTI, A. MANIK, and N. BRAKE 171 The danger of ramps for heavy goods vehicles – V. CEREZO, M. GOTHIÉ and G. DUPRÉ 185 A new vehicle-pavement interaction test facility at BASt – K.-P. GLAESER 195 Steady state flow algorithm for modeling the impact of trucks on road S. MAÏOLINO, H. MAÏTOURNAM and V. CEREZO 203 How can the binder properties influence the road surface durability? An advanced method based on the bearing ration curve – M. ECH, S. YOTTE, D. BREYSSE and B. POUTEAU 211 Session 4. Safety 223 Rollover crash analysis of a road tanker with self-steer axles – H. PREM, L. MAI, G. GORHAM, D. HUTCHINSON and J. LONG 225 Oversize/overweight commercial vehicle safety – D. TURNER, L.A. NICHOLSON and K. AGENT 243 Heavy vehicle driver involvment in road safety and multiple vehicle accidents in Bangladesh – T. ANJUMAN, C. KAWSAR AREFIN SIDDIQUI, S. HASANAT-E-RABBI and MD. MAZHARUL HOQUE 257 Crash compatibility between heavy goods vehicles and passenger cars: structural interaction analysis and in-depth accident analysis – A. KRUSPER and R. THOMSON 269 Improvement of safety barriers on German bridges - results of impact test with heavy lorries – J. KUEBLER 281 Rollover risk prevention of heavy vehicles by reliability-based analysis Y. SELLAMI, H. IMINE, B. JACOB, F. BERNARDIN and J. C. CADIOU 293 Analysis of heavy truck accidents with regard to yaw and roll instability – using LTCSS database – S. KHARRAZI and R. THOMSON 305 Relationship between road infrastructure characterisitcs and HGV accidents M. GOTHIÉ, V. CEREZO and F. CONCHE 319 Session 5. Routing 333 Heavyroute – intelligent route guidance for heavy vehicles A. IHS, D. OMASITS and G. LINDBERG 335 Australia’s intelligent access program – J. BARING and C. KONIDITSIOTIS 349 Methodology and effects of heavy goods vehicle transport management in urban areas – E. TANIGUCHI and Y. IMANISHI 359 A generic software architecture for a driver information system to organize and operate truck platoons – A. FRIEDRICHS, P. MEISEN and K. HENNING 375 A data-mining technique for the planning and organization of truck platoons P. MEISEN, T. SEIDL and K. HENNING 389 HGV guidance, road data and applications – L. SJÖGREN and M. ÖGREN 403 Session 6. Vehicle Performance 411 A new steerable wheel system for road transport applications H. PREM, L. MAI and G. DAVEY 413 Design concept for an alternative heavy vehicle slip control brake actuator J. MILLER, F. KIENHOFER and D. CEBON 429 Compatibility of long and heavy cargo vehicles with the geometric design standards of Brazilian rural roads and highways – W. PEREIRA NETO and J. WIDMER 443 The effect of wind on heavy vehicles – J. BILLING 455 Tyre scuffing forces from multi-axle groups – J. DE PONT and N. TARAMOEROA 467 Implementation of active rear steering of a tractor – semi-trailer B. JUJNOVICH, R. ROEBUCK, A. ODHAMS and D. CEBON 479 Improved brakes on heavy commercial vehicles – M. JOHANSSON 493 Session 7. Road Transport Policies and Operation 503 Vehicle infrastructure integration (VII) for heavy trucks: a new perspective of truck research – P. SWEATMAN 505 Heavy goods vehicle overtaking bans some information to assist decision-making – M. BERENI 517 Correctly loaded heavy commercial vehicles – M. JOHANSSON 531 Transportation of raw forest products in northern Ontario by trucks J. HAJEK, D. HEIN and D. SWAN 541 Optimising log truck configurations – J. DE PONT 553 A proposal of an international vehicle designation structure for cargo combination vehicles – J. WIDMER 567 Index of authors 581

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Book SynopsisPassive and active safety systems (ABS, ESP, safety belts, airbags, etc.) represent a major advance in terms of safety in motoring. They are increasingly developed and installed in cars and are beginning to appear in twowheelers. It is clear that these systems have provenefficient, although there is no information about their actual operation by current users. The authors of this book present a state of the art on safety systems and assistance to driving and their two-wheeled counterparts. The main components constituting a driving simulator are described, followed by a classification of robotic architectures. Then, a literature review on driving simulators and two-wheeled vehicles is presented. The aim of the book is to point out the differences of perspectives between motor vehicles and motorcycles to identify relevant indicators to help in choosing the mechanical architecture of the motorcycle simulator and appropriate controls. Contents 1. Driving Simulation.2. Architecture of Driving Simulators.3. Dynamics of Two-Wheeled Vehicles.4. Two-Wheeled Riding Simulator: From Design to Control.Table of ContentsACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION xi CHAPTER 1. DRIVING SIMULATION 1 1.1. Objectives of driving simulation 1 1.2. A short history of driving simulators 3 1.2.1. Fixed-base platforms 3 1.2.2. Platforms with a serial structure 5 1.2.3. Platforms with parallel structure 5 1.2.4. Hybrid structured platforms 10 1.2.5. “Low-cost” generation 14 1.3. Driving simulation objectives 16 CHAPTER 2. ARCHITECTURE OF DRIVING SIMULATORS 19 2.1. Architecture of driving simulators 19 2.2. Motion cueing and haptic feedback 26 2.2.1. The human motion perception system 27 2.2.2. Mathematical description 30 2.2.3. Motion cueing algorithm 33 2.3. The evolution of simulators: from the automobile to the motorcycle 48 2.3.1. Honda simulators 48 2.3.2. Tokyo university simulator 51 2.3.3. MORIS simulator 52 2.3.4. SafeBike simulator 53 2.3.5. Bicycle simulator – Kaist 55 2.3.6. Discussion 55 CHAPTER 3. DYNAMICS OF TWO-WHEELED VEHICLES 57 3.1. Modeling aspect 57 3.1.1. Vehicle motion 59 3.1.2. Road–tire interface 60 3.1.3. Direction system 65 3.1.4. Suspensions 67 3.1.5. Motorization and traction chain 67 3.2. The literature on existing models 69 3.2.1. Models of the automobile 69 3.2.2. Two-wheeled vehicle models 71 3.3. Dynamic behavior of automobiles 77 3.4. Dynamic behavior of two-wheeled vehicles 77 3.5. Summary 82 CHAPTER 4. TWO-WHEELED RIDING SIMULATOR: FROM DESIGN TO CONTROL 85 4.1. Introduction 85 4.2. The design and mechanical aspects of the simulator 86 4.3. The mechatronics of the simulator 92 4.3.1. Description of the simulation loop 92 4.3.2. Platform instrumentation 94 4.3.3. Sequencing and synchronization 99 4.4. Specification of the simulator 101 4.4.1. Inverse kinematic of the simulator platform 101 4.4.2. Dynamic modeling of the platform 107 4.4.3. Identification 109 4.5. Multi-sensory integration: washout and force feedback 116 4.5.1. Localization of the washout 116 BIBLIOGRAPHY 125 INDEX 135

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Book Synopsis A fascinating exploration of VW, one of the most revered and enduring international car brands, with dynamic photography and insightful text that explains why we love them and why you should want to own one. With a second-to-none reputation for reliability, innovation and style, Volkswagen is one of the world''s best-loved car manufacturers. From the adorable and unforgettable Type One, otherwise known as the Beetle or Bug, which reached huge heights of popularity in the 1960s, to today''s groundbreaking hybrid and electric vehicles, good design has always been at the forefront of VW''s philosophy. This fascinating book, written by a long-time VW fanatic who is also an expert in art and design, traces the development of Volkswagen design throughout the years, examining the most exciting and stylish models not only the Beetle but the huge range of family cars, camper vans, SUVs and modern city cars the company has produced throughout the years, and not forget

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Book SynopsisExploring the link between design and construction The Handbook of Automotive Body Construction and Design Analysis provides detailed guidance on all aspects of design feasibility and pre-construction checks. Examination of body design as it related to construction techniques is a critical step in bringing concepts to market, and this book provides essential guidance on topics including structural design, fabrication techniques, material, finishing, safety considerations, and more. Examples a case studies provide real-world context, and expert insight provides value to readers in any automotive setting.Table of ContentsBody fabrication, jointing and assembly; panel cutting and forming; body finishing and hardware manufacture; polymer sytems; metallic materials; structure design - applying classic theory; open/closed structures; safety under impact; occupant protection/restraint; NVH; structural applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book, together with its companion volume Theory of Engine Manifold Design – Wave Action Methods for IC Engines aims to report upon the significant developments that have occurred over the last twenty years and show how mature the calculation of one-dimensional flow has become. In particular the volumes show how many of the limitations of the Method of Characteristics can be removed by the application of finite volume techniques, resulting in more accurate simulations and giving the further benefit of more rapid and more robust calculations. TOPICS COVERED: Summary of equations for compressible flow in pipes and at the boundaries Measuring the characteristics of valves and turbochargers Design of engine gas flow systems Case studies of flow in engines Noise generation in engines, and silencing techniques Future developments. Design Techniques for Engine Manifolds is aimed at practising engineers and students, who wish to get a good understanding of how wave action in the inlet and exhaust manifolds of reciprocating engines affects the performance of the engine. A variety of numerical techniques are presented in some depth, yet the material is considered from an engineering perspective and the use of specialised mathematical notation has been kept to a minimum.Table of ContentsSummary of equations for compressible flow in pipes and at the boundaries; measuring the characteristics of valves and turbocharges; design of engine gas flow systems; case studies of flow engines; noise generation in engines, and silencing techniques; future developments.

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Book SynopsisRoad Vehicle Suspensions gives a comprehensive survey of the kinematics, elasto-kinematics, and design methods for vehicle wheel suspensions. Available for the first time in English (from the second edition in German), this book will serve as an invaluable reference source for automotive design, test, and development engineers, as well as a useful student text. CONTENTS INCLUDE Basic characteristics of wheel suspensions Kinematic analysis of wheel suspensions The tyre Springs and dampers Traction and braking Cornering The steering Elasto-kinematics Synthesis and design Motorcycle suspensions Independent wheel suspensions Rigid-axle suspensions Compound suspensions References Index Table of ContentsBasic characteristics of wheel suspensions: degrees of freedom of wheel suspensions; elements of wheel suspensions; basic types of wheel suspensions. Kinematic analysis of wheel suspensions: basic rules of planar kinematics; basic rules of vector calculation; considerations of wheel-suspension systematics; motion analysis of the wheel carrier; external and internal forces; influence of driveshafts and reduction gears; attitude and motion of the wheel. The tyre. Springs and dampers: purpose of springing and damping; vehicles vibrations; interaction of springs; interaction of springs suspension; vehicle springs; hydraulic dampers; controlled suspension systems; the wheel-travel angle. Traction and braking: steady-state accelerating and braking; the support angle; traction and braking pitching; tandem axles. Cornering: Camber and steering angle with wheel displacement; forces and moments under lateral acceleration; the roll centre; vehicles attitude in steady-state cornering; kinematic self-steering; driving stability of two-track vehicles; cornering of motorcycles. The steering: basic systems; steering boxes; characteristics of steering geometry; the steering linkage; self-aligning steering systems. Elasto-kinematics: principal considerations; elasto-kinematics of independent wheel suspensions; synthesis and design: general remarks; planar wheel suspensions; spatial wheel suspensions; design considerations. Motorcycle suspensions. Independent wheel suspensions: general remarks; front suspensions; rear suspensions. Rigid-axle suspensions: general remarks; kinematically exact systems; over-constrained systems. Compound suspensions. Final remarks.

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Book SynopsisAn Engineering Research Series title. This excellent and long awaited book is based upon extensive research carried out by the Institute of Tribology at the University of Leeds in the UK and the Ford Motor Company Ltd. It is concerned with both the theoretical and experimental study of the tribological performance of an automobile valve train, having an offset taper cam and a domed follower, incorporated with an hydraulic lash adjuster, with particular reference to the ZETA engine valve train. A sophisticated theoretical model has been developed that predicts the tribological performance of the valve train, and also provides a useful tool for the consideration of the tribological design of valve trains. Additionally the model can estimate the instantaneous and average rotational frequency of the follower, and the performance of the hydraulic lash adjuster. In order to validate the theoretical model, the experimental measurements have been correlated with the theoretical predictions that simulate the test conditions of the valve train. The agreement between the measurements and the predictions show that the model is very reliable. This gives readers great confidence in using the model when dealing with novel and alternative designs of the valve train. COMPLETE CONTENTS: Part One – Theoretical Formulation. Kinematics and dynamics of the cam and follower Hydraulic lash adjuster The maximum hertzian stresses Asperity interactions The oil film thickness Friction and power loss of the valve train The rotation of the follower The overall solution procedure and input/output data An example of the tribological analysis of a valve train. Part Two – Experimental Study. Test apparatus and the instrumentation Calibration of the instrumentation and commissioning tests Test procedure Data processing Experimental results and discussions Part Three – Correlation of theory and experiments. Experimental evidences Theoretical predictions Comparison of results and discussions Overall conclusions. Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Foreword xi Authors' Preface xiii Notation 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 5 Part I Theoretical Formulation Chapter 2 Kinematics and Dynamics of the Cam and Follower 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Kinematic analysis of a cam and domed flower pair 11 2.3 The load at the cam/follower interface 13 2.4 The solution procedure 15 2.5 References 15 Chapter 3 Hydraulic Lash Adjuster 17 3.1 Introduction 17 3.2 Check valve closed 17 3.2.1 The dynamics of the plunger 17 3.2.2 The governing equation of the displacement 19 3.2.3 Numerical analysis 20 3.3 Check valve open 21 3.3.1 The dynamics of the plunger 21 3.3.2 The governing equation of the displacement 23 3.3.3 Numerical analysis 24 3.4 The numerical solution procedure 24 Chapter 4 The Maximum Hertzian Stresses 25 4.1 Introduction 25 4.2 The contact geometry 25 4.3 The maximum Hertzian stress 27 4.4 The pressure distribution 27 4.5 The solution procedure 27 4.6 References 28 Chapter 5 Asperity Interactions 29 5.1 Introduction 29 5.2 The asperity contact force 29 5.3 The real area of contact 29 5.4 The asperity contact functions 30 5.5 The solution procedure 30 5.6 References 31 Chapter 6 The Oil Film Thickness 33 6.1 Introduction 33 6.2 The lubricant entraining velocity 33 6.3 The central and the minimum film thickness 35 6.4 The solution procedure 35 6.5 References 36 Chapter 7 Friction and Power Loss of the Valve Train 37 7.1 Introduction 37 7.2 The friction of the cam and follower interface 37 7.2.1 The friction due to shear of the lubricant 37 7.2.2 The friction due to asperity contact 38 7.3 The friction of the follower and bush interface 38 7.3.1 The tilting of the follower 39 7.3.2 The friction model 41 7.4 The friction of the valve and guide interface 42 7.5 The friction of the valve stem and valve seal interface 43 7.6 Power loss of the valve train 43 7.7 The solution procedure 44 7.8 References 44 Chapter 8 The Rotation of Follower 45 8.1 Introduction 45 8.2 The governing equation of the follower rotation 45 8.2.1 The Diving torque of the cam/follower interface 46 8.2.2 The resisting torque of the follower/bush interface 48 8.2.3 The resisting torque of the valve stem/plunger interface 49 8.3 The solution procedure 49 8.4 References 50 Chapter 9 The Overall Solution Procedure and Input and Output Data 51 9.1 Introduction 51 9.2 Input data 51 9.3 The kinematic analysis 51 9.4 The analysis of the hydraulic lash adjuster 51 9.5 Estimating the initial value of the follower rotational frequency 52 9.6 The tribological analysis of the valve train 54 9.7 The friction torque of the camshaft and average power loss 54 9.8 The output data 54 Chapter 10 An Example of the Tribological Analysis of a Valve Train 57 10.1 Introduction 57 10.2 Parameters of the intake valve train of the ZETEC engine 57 10.3 Results of the tribological analysis 59 10.4 A brief discussion of the results 59 10.5 References 60 Part II Experimental Study Chapter 11 Introduction to Experimental Study 87 11.1 Preamble 87 11.2 The background of the current experimental study 88 11.3 The aim of the experimental study 88 11.4 References 89 Chapter 12 Test Apparatus and the Instrumentation 91 12.1 Introduction 91 12.2 The hydraulic lash adjuster 91 12.3 The data acquisition system 91 12.4 Monitoring the follower rotation 93 12.5 Locating the cam position 94 12.6 Sampling the torque of the camshaft 94 12.7 References 95 Chapter 13 Calibration of the Instrumentation and Commissioning Tests 97 13.1 Introduction 97 13.2 Calibration of the instrumentation 97 13.2.1 The Calibration to the torque measurement system 97 13.2.2 The parasitic friction of the test apparatus 99 13.2.3 The calibration for monitoring the follower rotation 99 13.3 Commissioning tests 100 13.3.1 Improving the signal for the follower rotation100 13.3.2 Tests at different camshaft rotational frequencies 101 13.4 References 101 Chapter 14 The Test Procedure 103 14.1 Introduction 103 14.2 The running-in of the valve train 103 14.3 The loop test 103 14.4 The duration test 104 14.5 Tests at different bulk temperatures References 105 14.6 References 106 Chapter 15 The Data Processing 107 15.1 Introduction 107 15.2 The torque on the camshaft 107 15.3 The rotational frequency of the follower 107 15.4 The camshaft trigger signal 108 15.5 References 109 Chapter 16 Experimental Results and Discussions 111 16.1 Introduction 111 16.2 Experimental variables and the test condition 111 16.3 Experimental results and discussions 112 16.3.1 The friction torque and power loss of the valve train 112 16.3.2 The rotational frequency of the follower 113 16.3.3 Inspection of the cam and the follower 121 16.4 Conclusions 122 16.5 References 124 Part III Correlation Of Theory And Experiments Chapter 17 Introduction to Correlation of Theory and Experiments 127 Chapter 18 The Experimental Evidence 129 Chapter 19 The Theoretical Predictions 131 19.1 Introduction 131 19.2 Kinematics and dynamics 131 19.3 The cam/follower interface 131 19.4 The follower/bore interface 132 19.5 The hydraulic lash adjuster 133 19.6 The rotation of the follower 133 19.7 References 133 Chapter 20 The Comparison of Results and Discussions 135 20.1 Introduction 135 20.2 The input data of the model simulating the test conditions 135 20.3 The results of comparison and discussions 137 20.3.1 The average friction torque 137 20.3.2 The instantaneous torque on the camshaft 140 20.3.3 The instantaneous friction torque on the camshaft 140 20.3.4 The average follower rotational frequency 145 20.3.5 The instantaneous follower rotational frequency 146 20.4 Conclusions 149 20.5 References 149 Chapter 21 Overall Conclusions 151 Index 153

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Book SynopsisAn invaluable overview of the latest powertrain technology Integrated Powertrains and Their Control provides an overview of the latest in powertrain technology from an expert in the field. Based on current and ongoing research, this book updates the field's body of knowledge by highlighting new advances in design, modeling, and simulation as well as implementation considerations dictated by new and evolving legal requirements. Relevant to mechanical engineers in both research and industry, this book provides valuable insight and directions for future investigations.Table of ContentsAuthors' Details ix About the Editor xi Foreword N D Vaughan xiii Chapter 1 Introduction to Advances in Powertrain Technology N S Jackson 1 Chapter 2 Control of an Integrated IVP Powertrain S Murray 3 Chapter 3 Driveability Control of the ZI Powertrain A F A Serrarens 19 Chapter 4 Performance of Integrated Engine-CVT Control, Considering Powertrain Loss and CVT Response Lag T Kim and H Kim 31 Chapter 5 Shifting Dynamics of Metal Pushing V-Belt - Rapid Speed Ratio Variations G Carbone, L Mangialardi, and G Mantriota 47 Chapter 6 Cylinder Balancing Control Of Direct Injection Engines G N Heslop and J Dixon 67 Chapter 7 Continuously variable transmission with electromechanical power splitting G Avery and P Tenberge 79 Chapter 8 The Design of a Parallel Hybrid Transmission Control System J Marco, R Ball, and R P Jones 93 Authors' Index 111 Subject Index 113 Details of contributing authors are listed below. Chapter 1 - Introduction to Advances in Powertrain Technology Neville S Jackson Ricardo, UK Chapter 2 - Control of an Integrated IVT Powertrain S Murray Powertrain Control Department, Torotrak (Development) Limited, Leyland, UK Chapter 3 - Driveability Control of the ZI Powertrain Alex F A Serrarens Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Section Systems, and Control, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands Chapter 4 - Performance of Integrated Engine-CVT Control, Considering Powertrain Loss and CVT Response Lag T Kim and H Kim School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea Chapter 5 - Shifting Dynamics of Metal Pushing V-Belt - Rapid Speed Ratio Variations G Carbone and L Mangialardi Dipartimento di Progettazione e Produzione Industriale, Politecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy G Mantriota Dipartimento di Ingegneria e Fisica dell'Ambiente, Universita della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy Chapter 6 - Cylinder Balancing Control of Direct Injection Engines G N Heslop and J Dixon Visteon UK Limited, (Visteon Automotive Systems), Basildon, UK Chapter 7 - Continuously Variable Transmission with Electromechanical Power Splitting G Avery and Peter Tenberge TU Chemnitz, Germany Chapter 8 - The Design of a Parallel Hybrid Transmission Control System J Marco Pi Technology, Cambridge, UK R Ball Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK R P Jones School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

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Book SynopsisThis important collection of papers from a conference organised by the University of Sussex presents you with twenty-four papers, which Peter Childs and Richard Stobart have collectively drawn together. They present you with distinct areas of automotive design and engineering in order to broaden the perspectives of designers frequently engaged in narrow, specialized activities and therefore, contribute to the advancement of vehicle technology. The papers individually address aspects of: Vehicle dynamics and control Control and design of the power train Vehicle safety Human centered design Environmental vehicle propulsion Vehicle design Experimental techniques Control systems technology. Table of ContentsAbout the Editors. Preface. Vehicle Dynamics and Control. Vehicle Safety. Human-Centered Design. Developing Vehicle Propulsion for the Environment. Vehicle Design. Experimental Techniques. Control Systems Technology. Author's Index.

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