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Book SynopsisThe armed conflict in Sierra Leone and the extreme violence of the main rebel faction - the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) - have challenged scholars and members of the international community to come up with explanations. Up to this point, though, conclusions about the nature of the war are mainly drawn from accounts of civilian victims and commentators who had access to only one side of the war. The present study addresses this currently incomplete understanding of the conflict by focusing on the direct experiences and interpretations of protagonists, paying special attention to the hitherto neglected, and often underage, cadres of the RUF. The data presented challenges the widely canvassed notion of the Sierra Leone conflict as a war motivated by 'greed, not grievance'. Rather, it points to a rural crisis expressed in terms of unresolved tensions between landowners and marginalized rural youth, further reinforced and triggered by a collapsing patrimonial state.Trade Review'This book goes more deeply into an understanding of RUF fighters - their beliefs and their atrocities - than previous studies. It is a very important contribution to our understanding of Sierra Leone and its war.' David Keen, London School of Economics and Political Science'What are the real motivations and goals of rebels that commit atrocities among those for whom they claim to represent? Krijn Peters offers an answer that is as simple as it is profound. Drawing on extraordinary field research in Sierra Leone among former Revolutionary United Front fighters and commanders, Peters finds a deep commitment to an egalitarian millenarian ethos borne of a rejection of a state-sanctioned system of subjugation of young men and women in rural areas. War and the Crisis of Youth in Sierra Leone is among the rare breed of books, essential for scholars and policy analysts, that is sure to make waves for all of the right reasons. It will become a classic for its sober and measured analysis that challenges conventional wisdom and for bringing a critical analysis to bear on the words and actions of members of a violent rebel group.' William Reno, Northwestern University'War and the Crisis of Youth in Sierra Leone is a startling, behind-the-scenes depiction of Sierra Leone's notorious rebel outfit, the Revolutionary United Front. With compelling clarity and a spotlight on ex-combatant perspectives, Peters challenges readers to set aside easy judgements and take a hard look at thorny wartime realities, including just how a rebel group could be profoundly brutal yet internally coherent. Illuminating links between a predatory prewar society and rationales for predation and misogyny during conflict, Peters leaves the reader with a powerful sense of how and why Sierra Leone's male youth got caught up in war and what the experience did to them. Strongly and thoroughly recommended.' Marc Sommers, The Fletcher School, Tufts University'War and the Crisis of Youth in Sierra Leone is a work of unique empirical depth and ethnographic knowledge. Peters sheds light on the RUF militia and the role they played during the Sierra Leonean civil war. He illuminates the social logics at play and clarifies the motives behind their constitution, conflict engagement, and conciliation. The book is a crucial contribution to our understanding of one of Africa's most misunderstood and demonized militias.' Henrik Vigh, University of Copenhagen'War and the Crisis of Youth in Sierra Leone is a welcome addition to the literature on the civil war in this unfortunate land. Not only is this the voice of someone who knows the country and its young people well, but by situating the aetiology of war in terms of a rural crisis as symptomatic of unresolved tensions between landed gerontocracy and déclassé youth, Peters has been able to bring political economy in from the cold, which enabled him to debunk the misguided 'greed not grievance' explanation of those intellectually remote from the problems of Sierra Leone. This is invaluable reading for policy makers and all those interested in how a land once described as the 'Athens of West Africa' slumped to the poorest of the poor.' Tunde Zack-Williams, University of Central Lancashire'… this book is a well-written summary of the debates surrounding the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone, and is a wonderfully rich representative of one camp in the debate.' Susan Shepler, African AffairsTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. Voices from the battlefield: ex-combatants' views on root causes of the war and their reasons for participation; 2. The socio-economic crisis of rural youth; 3. Conflict in Sierra Leone and recruits to the war; 4. The world of the RUF; 5. Malfunctions and atrocities; 6. Cultivating peace: RUF ex-combatants' involvement in post-war agricultural projects; 7. Footpaths to reintegration?: Agrarian solutions for the reintegration of ex-combatants; 8. Conclusion: the RUF as a rural underclass project; Epilogue; Annex I: a chronology; Annex II: overview interviewed ex-RUF combatants.

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Book SynopsisFeatures chapters on wildlife poaching in Africa, resource extraction sites around the world, the UN small arms process, small arms flows to Egypt, Libya, and Syria, stockpile management in south-east Europe, insurgent arms in northern Mali, floating armouries in the Indian Ocean, and young people in post-conflict Burundi.Trade Review'I commend the Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World for the many insights it offers into the relationship between firearms and wildlife crime, as well as other pertinent small arms issues. I have little doubt that this volume will be of great interest to those working to protect our natural heritage, as well as others involved in arms control and the promotion of peace and security.' Paula Kahumbu, Executive Director, WildlifeDirect'The catastrophic loss of wildlife has many causes, but the unsustainable exploitation of species by humans is often central to it. The Small Arms Survey 2015: Weapons and the World is a critical investigation into the threat that people pose to wildlife. The Survey scrutinizes the groups and weapons that are driving some species towards extinction and the responses mounted by governments, NGOs, and local communities, providing important evidence for the global effort to combat poaching and animal trafficking.' Inger Andersen, Director General, International Union for Conservation of NatureTable of Contents1. In the line of fire: elephant and rhino poaching in Africa; 2. Digging for trouble: violence and frontier urbanization; 3. One meeting after another: UN process update; 4. Trade update: after the 'Arab Spring'; 5. Less 'bang' for the buck: stockpile management in south-east Europe; 6. Expanding arsenals: insurgent arms in Northern Mali; 7. Waning cohesion: the rise and fall of the FDLR-FOCA; 8. Stockpiles at sea: floating armouries in the Indian ocean; 9. Unprotected: young people in post-conflict Burundi.

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Book SynopsisHow did the British Government and Civil Service shape the Northern Ireland peace process? What kind of tensions and debates were being played out between the two governments and the various parties in Northern Ireland? Addressing texts, negotiations, dialogues, space, leverage, strategy, ambiguity, interpersonal relations and convergence, this is the first volume to examine how senior British officials and civil servants worked to bring about power-sharing in Northern Ireland. With a unique format featuring self-authored inside accounts and interview testimonies, it considers a spectrum of areas and issues that came into play during the dialogues and negotiations that led to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement and political accommodation in Northern Ireland. This book provides a compelling insight into what actually happened inside the negotiating room and how the British tried to shape the course of negotiations.Trade Review'This book is an invaluable addition to examining what happened 'behind the scenes' at governmental level in the peace process. Graham Spencer has done a great service in helping us to understand the decision-making processes that went on amongst senior British civil servants and officials and this combination of authored chapters and penetrating interviews provides a wide-ranging analysis of tensions and problems that had to be dealt with before political agreement could be reached. There are many lessons to be found about negotiation in this illuminating and important study and we should thank Graham Spencer for that.' Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland, 1997–2008'Until this unique book was written most people outside the peace process will not have been aware of the key role of senior British civil servants. Let me be quite clear, they were critical to its success. Many another peace process has failed because of the absence of such a remarkable cadre of people. Insiders to the Process know every one of the contributors and will immediately reach for their accounts of those times. Others who really want to know the story could not do better than follow their lead.' John, Lord Alderdice, FRCPsych'In this valuable addition to the literature of conflict resolution we are brought right into the innards of the Northern Ireland peace process by people who grappled with it for most of their working lives. These are not the bland views from the bridge of the statesmen's memoirs, but tales told in the engine-room - of mess and dirt and doubt and compromise, of sharp changes in course, of mixed signals and messages misinterpreted, the very dynamics of conflict resolution as seen by the attendant mechanics. What we learn is that conflict resolution is a long-term business, requiring trust to be built between the most unlikely people, and a willingness, eventually, to talk to the people who are actually fighting.' Dr Maurice Hayes, former Independent Senator, Seanad Eireann, 1997–2007, Northern Ireland Ombudsman and Boundary Commissioner, and voted European Person of the Year in 2003'The British and Peace in Northern Ireland is an indispensable book for any scholar examining how the peace process was constructed in the region. Graham Spencer has assembled the frank thoughts of a formidable cast of policy-makers to explain the evolution of British thinking on Northern Ireland and how this translated into the political frameworks which underpinned the onset of relative peace. Participants chronicle the 'treading on eggshells' and regular frustrations of dealing with rival unionist and national political actors in inching towards desired British goals. This is the authentic voice of those who shaped British and Irish history at a crucial time and is a 'must-read' volume.' Jon Tonge, University of LiverpoolTable of ContentsIntroduction; 1. The terrain of discourse Sir Kenneth Bloomfield; 2. The Anglo-Irish Agreement: an interview with Sir David Goodall and Lord Armstrong of Ilminster; 3. The constitutional issue in Irish politics David Hill; 4. Negotiations and positions: an interview with Sir John Chilcot; 5. Resolving intercommunal conflict: some enabling factors Sir Quentin Thomas; 6. Tactics, strategy and space Chris Maccabe; 7. The Joint Declaration and memory David Cooke; 8. Movement and transition in 1997: Major to Blair Sir John Holmes; 9. The challenge of symmetry in dialogue: an interview with Sir Joseph Pilling; 10. Why was the Good Friday Agreement so hard to implement? Lessons from Groundhog Day, 1998–2002 Sir Bill Jeffrey; 11. Text and context: an interview with William Fittall; 12. The nature of dialogue: an interview with Sir Jonathan Phillips; 13. Managing the tensions of difference: an interview with Jonathan Powell; Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisThe expectation of reciprocity is an important factor when states consider their legal obligations in armed conflicts. Examining the history of international humanitarian law and US prisoner of war policy in Vietnam and the War on Terror, Peeler demonstrates how states continue to make use of reciprocity when considering their legal obligations.Trade Review'Best suited for political scientists and international relations scholars … balances empirical evidence and legal-political considerations with clear, accessible, and comprehensible arguments and offers a stimulating perspective for re-examining the consequences account of state compliance with IHL obligations.' Saeed Bagheri, Edinburgh Law ReviewTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Reciprocity and IHL compliance; 3. Reciprocity and the updating of the Geneva conventions; 4. The expectation of reciprocity and the war in Vietnam; 5. The expectation of reciprocity and the GWOT; 6. Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisFor decades a bitter civil war between the Colombia government and armed insurgent groups tore apart Colombian society. After protracted negotiations in Havana, a peace agreement was accepted by the Colombian government and the FARC rebel group in 2016. This volume will provide academics and practitioners throughout the world with critical analyses regarding what we know generally about the post-war peace building process and how this can be applied to the specifics of the Colombian case to assist in the design and implementation of post-war peace building programs and policies. This unique group of Colombian and international scholars comment on critical aspects of the peace process in Colombia, transitional justice mechanisms, the role of state and non-state actors at the national and local levels, and examine what the Colombian case reveals about traditional theories and approaches to peace and transitional justice.Table of ContentsIntroduction James Meernik, Jacqueline Demeritt and Mauricio Uribe-Lopez; 1. The complexity of the organizational design for implementation of a peace accord: a predictable obstacle to the Peace Agreement with the FARC? Santiago Leyva and Pablo Correa; 2. Violence, grassroots pressure, and Civil War peace processes: Insights from the Colombia-FARC conflict J. Michael Greig ; 3. Land, violence, and the Colombian peace process Jacqueline Demeritt, Amalia Pulido, David Mason and James Meernik; 4. Determinants of state strength and capacity: understanding citizen allegiance Juan Albarracín and Sarah Zukerman Daly; 5. The threat of organized crime in post-conflict Colombia Gustavo Duncan and Camila Suárez; 6. Violence after peace Jennifer S. Holmes and Viveca Pavon-Harr; 7. Two emblematic peace building initiatives in Antioquia: a comparative analysis of peace infrastructures Mauricio Uribe-López and Valeria Correa-Barrera; 8. From counterinsurgency to peacebuilding: addressing barriers to lasting peace in Colombia Oliver Kaplan and Joseph Young; 9. Transitional justice in the Colombian final accord: text, context, and implementation Jason Quinn and Madhav Joshi; 10. The comprehensive system of truth, justice, reparation, and non-repetition: precedents and prospects Onur Bakiner; 11. Una tierra inexplorada: gendering the peace process in Colombia Jacqueline Demeritt and Kimi King; 12. Leading the public to peace: trust in elites, the legitimacy of negotiated peace, and support for transitional justice Ryan E. Carlin, Jennifer L. McCoy and Jelena Suboti; 13. Securing the peace and promoting human rights in post-accord Colombia: the role of restorative, reparative, and transformative justice dimensions Rebekka Friedman, Nelson Camilo Sánchez and Eric Wiebelhaus-Brahm; 14. Achieving an unpopular balance: post-conflict justice and amnesties in comparative perspective Geoff Dancy; 15. Countering violent extremism through narrative intervention: for a decentering of the local turn in peacebuilding Carlo Tognato; 16. Geographies of truth in the Colombian transitional justice process Adriana Valderrama, Melina Ocampo, Fernando Hoyos, Mariluz Gonzalez, David Rincon, Edison Vargas and Maria Cristina Paton; Conclusion James Meernik, Jacqueline Demeritt and Mauricio Uribe.

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Book SynopsisA compelling examination of how the EU's response to the Ukraine war has had a transformative effect on the Union's constitutional, institutional and substantive law.

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Book SynopsisOn 27th May 1977, a small demonstration against the MPLA, the ruling party of Angola - led to the slaughter of thousands, if not tens of thousands, of people. These dreadful reprisals are little talked of in Angola today - and virtually unknown outside the country. In this book, journalist Lara Pawson tracks down the story of what really happened in the aftermath of that fateful day. In a series of vivid encounters, she talks to eyewitnesses, victims and even perpetrators of the violent and confusing events of the 27th May and the following weeks and months. From London to Lisbon to Luanda, she meets those who continue to live in the shadow of the appalling events of 40 years ago and who - in most cases - have been too afraid to speak about them before. As well as shedding light on the events of 1977, this book contributes to a deeper understanding of modern Angola - its people and its politics; past, present and future.Trade Review'...compelling...[her] conversational tone, her musings, and lively descriptions, make In the Name of the People as engaging as it is informative.' - Lucy Popescu, TLS; '...beautifully written, shaped by astounding imagery that keeps the reader anchored to the sights, sounds, smells and feelings Pawson encountered as she traversed the often gruesome realities of lives affected by the vinte e sete and in years that followed...the true value of Pawson's exceptional book resides in her illumination of the often ignored psychologies of post-colonial Africa...Pawson should be celebrated for embracing the complexity that is the nature of post-colonial African politics, for her willingness to discuss the ugly side of the liberation struggle in Angola, for creating a platform for those who grieve over this event to be heard. It is in the telling of these uncomfortable truths, that we can avoid the repetitions of past mistakes in the future.' - Rochelle Burgess, Africa at LSE blog; 'a variety of fascinating characters...she [Lara] succeeds in creating some kind of a true record of what happened on that terrible day and its long term effect. She also nicely evokes the ambience of Luanda.' - Nigel Watt, The Chartist; '...a towering success... brims with life, with a curiosity that is both moral and unwavering... Pawson has written an African non-fiction classic, which is the toughest kind. The book serves not as an answer, but the Answer: if we hope to understand our present circumstances, then we must go in search of the past, and what we fail to find must somehow be worked into our stories regardless... a story of an investigation into a plot that ends up revealing the soul of a people.' - Richard Poplak, Daily Maverick (South Africa); 'The recounting of encounters... are where Pawson's innovative methodology - mixing academic rigor, investigative journalism, and the prose of a non-omniscient detective-novel narrator - is most powerful. The unrelenting lack of repentance of certain MPLA-sympathizing writers who were either taken for a ride or complicit with Angola's self-serving elites is juxtaposed with Pawson's increasing willingness to question the pillars of what she had held to be self-evident truths about Angola.' - The L.A. Review of Books;'Pawson's writing style, with its vivid imagery, is captivating... Pawson supplies an illuminating account of Angola's contemporary history and politics. The book is digestible, entertaining and informative for those new to the topic and region as well as being in-depth enough to cater to those with more expertise in the region.' - Megan Smith, LSE Review of Books; '...a timely new perspective...it is testimony to Pawson's investigative eye, and also to her courage, that she has written a book about one of the biggest taboos in Angolan history...her candid conversations with survivors, widows and Angolan establishment figures draw the reader into an adventure-like study of post-colonial life in the country...a highly engaging read...' - Joana Ramiro, The New Humanist; '...drafted with poetic skill...a fascinating examination of how societies which try to lock away their traumas remain haunted by ghosts rattling their chains.' - Michela Wrong, The Spectator (chosen as a Book of the Year);Table of ContentsIntroduction PART I 1 Meeting Maria 2 In the shadow of DISA 3 The saboteurs, the parasites, the opportunists 4 When normal things don't go normally 5 Fascism was finished. Socialism had begun 6 Just like the movies 7 The brother 8 Sounds of microfiche 9 Never meet your heroes 10 Sent to Cuba 11 Closing in on the kill PART II 12 So many dragonflies 13 Saved by a poet 14 To Sambizanga 15 The little red book 16 Kilometre 14 17 Cold War paradox 18 Appearances 19 A death camp 20 Metamorphoses of the enemy 21 On the beach 22 How our heads are formed PART III 23 Loose ends 24 A Cuban connection Epilogue Notes Bibliography

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Book SynopsisThe contest to maintain and reclaim space is firmly tied to the identity and culture of a displaced population. Palestinian Citizens of Israel is a study of Palestinian communities living inside the Jewish state and their attempts to disrupt and reshape the physical and abstract boundaries that contain them. Through extensive fieldwork and numerous interviews, Sharri Plonski conducts a comparative analysis of resistance movements anchored in three key sites of the Palestinian experience: the defence of housing rights in Jaffa; the protest against settlement in the Galilee region; and the campaign for Bedouin land rights in the Naqab desert. Her research investigates the dialectical relationship between power and resistance as it relates to socio-spatial segregation and the struggle for national recognition. Plonski's examination of Palestinian activism and transgression offers valuable insight into the structures and reaches of power from within the Israeli state. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of both Middle East Studies and Palestinian-Israeli politics.Table of ContentsIntroduction Ambiguities and Antinomies Jaffa The Galilee The Naqab New Borders and Fault Lines Culminations and Conclusions Epilogue – One Last Story

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Book SynopsisAfter decades of striving to prevent international conflict, major armed conflicts in the 1990s have taken place within national boundaries. The aim of this book is to consider the root causes of these internal conflicts, and to develop long-term conflict prevention strategies from here.

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Book SynopsisIn 2009 it was ten years since the adoption of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of an Armed Conflict. To celebrate this anniversary, a variety of contributions, focussing on the legal and cultural aspects of the Protocol are presented by Van Woudenberg and Lijnzaad. The innovative aspects of the Second Protocol such as enhanced protection, criminal responsibility and jurisdiction, and the protection of cultural property in armed conflicts not of an international character are addressed. Some country-specific studies are included. It is hoped that this publication will inspire States to accede to the Protocol and that it will serve as a source of inspiration to legal advisers, military personnel and cultural property experts.Table of ContentsIntroduction Nout van Woudenberg and Liesbeth Lijnzaad; Message from Mr Koichiro Matsuura, Director-General of UNESCO; Words of Welcome; Adriaan Bos Chapter 1 The road to the 1999 Second Protocol Jiři Toman; Chapter 2 New rules for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict: The significance of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict Jean-Marie Henckaerts; Chapter 3 Military necessity under the 1999 Second Protocol Kevin Chamberlain; Chapter 4 Enhanced Protection: A new form of protection under the 1999 Second Protocol Nout van Woudenberg; Chapter 5 Great expectations? Towards an effective application of the regime of enhanced protection in the Second Protocol to the Hague Convention on the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict Ariel W. Gonzalez; Chapter 6 Enhancing individual criminal responsibility for offences involving cultural property – the road to the Rome Statute and the 1999 Second Protocol Mireille Hector; Chapter 7 Investigation and prosecution of crimes against cultural property Susan Somers; Chapter 8 Th e protection of cultural property in non-international armed conflicts Jean-Marie Henckaerts; Chapter 9 Dissemination of the 1954 Hague Convention and the 1999 Second Protocol: Embedding cultural property protection within the military Joris D. Kila; Chapter 10 Elaboration and legal implementation of the 1999 Second Protocol: The Dutch finger on the pulse Nout van Woudenberg; Chapter 11 The Dutch Ministry of Defence and the protection of cultural heritage Robert Gooren; Chapter 12 The implementation of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention in the Republic of Macedonia Lazar Sumanov and Jovan Ristov; Appendix: 2002 Ohrid Declaration; Chapter 13 Iraq and the Second Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention Marja van Heese; Chapter 14 Sleeping Beauty, the untold story of the (first) Protocol to the 1954 Hague Convention Liesbeth Lijnzaad; Documents: Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; Regulations for the Execution of the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; First Protocol to the Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1954; Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict; Act of 19 June 2003 Containing Rules Concerning Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (International Crimes Act); Act of 8 March 2007 containing rules on the taking into custody of cultural property from an occupied territory during an armed confl ict and for the initiation of proceedings for the return of such property (Cultural Property Originating from Occupied Territory (Return) Act); International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia; Excerpts from: Prosecutor v. Pavle Strugar; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis collection of essays—written by friends and colleagues of Joakim Dungel—focuses on the protection of the innocent during and after war. It is a tribute to Joakim’s life and work. Joakim made a significant contribution to international justice and the rule of law, through his service to the United Nations International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Temporary International Presence in Hebron, and the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan. He was also a prolific author and published scholarly works on a wide range of issues, including command responsibility, national security interests, the right to humanitarian assistance during internal armed conflicts, and crimes against humanity. This book continues Joakim’s work with in-depth analyses of a variety of issues arising under modern conflict, such as the application of international humanitarian law and international human rights law to aerial drone attacks, targeted sanctions, and reparations to victims. Joakim understood these complex and interlinked issues and dedicated his professional life to engaging with them. Through his work and his scholarship, he demonstrated the crucial importance of adopting victim-centred approaches to dealing with the consequences of armed conflict and to its prevention. This was also why he chose to work for the United Nations as a human rights officer in Afghanistan. This book attempts to honour and affirm Joakim’s choice.Table of ContentsExcerpt of table of contents: I. About the Authors and Editors II. Foreword III. Acknowledgements IV. Introduction Part One – Addresses from the Joakim Dungel Lectures in International Justice V. An Analysis of Whether the Actions of the 7th Cavalry at Wounded Knee Creek on 29 December 1890 Were Crimes Under the Applicable Law of the Time VI. About Responsibility VII. Drones and the Law of Armed Conflict: the State of the Art Part Two – The Protection of Non-Combatants During Armed Conflict VIII. Protecting Children in Armed Conflict Through Complementary Processes of Political Engagement and International Criminal Law IX. Target practice: Do United Nations Sanctions Protect Civilians against Al-Qaida? X. The United Nations in Afghanistan: Policy as Protection? XI. A Deterrent Effect of Domestic German Prosecutions for Crimes Committed by German Military in Afghanistan? – Protecting Civilians from Inadvertent Attacks by Friendly Foreign Forces XII. Criminalising the Denial of a Fair Trial as a Crime Against Humanity XIII. The Place of International Criminal Law Within the Context of International Humanitarian Law XIV. Disproportionate Attacks in International Criminal Law XV. Judicial ‘Law-Making’ in the Jurisprudence of the ICTY and ICTR in Relation to Protecting Civilians from Mass Violence: How Can Judge-Made Law be Brought into Coherence with the Doctrine of the Formal Sources of International Law? XVI. The African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Use of Provisional Measures for the Protection of the Civilian Population in Armed Conflict Situations Part Three – Safeguarding the Rights of Victims in Post-Conflict Society XVII. Promoting and Protecting the Long-term Needs of Victims of Armed Conflict: The Potential Role of National Human Rights Institutions XVIII. La Reconnaissance du Bénéfice de l’Indemnisation aux Victimes de Violations des Droits de l'Homme par la Cour Internationale de Justice XIX. The ICC Reparations Scheme: Promise for Victims or Recipe for Failure? – A Critical Discussion of Joakim Dungel’s Unpublished Article ‘Reparations and the ICC: Is the Court Ready for the Job?’ XX. Index.

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Book SynopsisIs violent conflict in Africa urbanizing? How do urban protests and civil war intersect? How do narratives, mechanisms and identities of contention move between urban and rural arenas? These questions constitute the basis of investigation and analysis of this unique cross-disciplinary volume. Applying diverging perspectives and methods from political science, anthropology and urban African studies, the book carefully constructs the relational and entangled nature of contemporary forms of contentious politics in Niger, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone and Ethiopia.

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Book SynopsisEduardo Wassim Aboultaif critically analyzes civil–military relations and the way armies are constructed in divided societies. To achieve that, the book looks at four case studies with deep divisions and whose armed forces have been reconstructed after civil wars. Lebanon and Bosnia-Herzegovina represent two examples of consociational power-sharing arrangements with functioning armed forces that enjoy wide popular support and neutral in internal affairs. Iraq and Burundi, however, have semi-consociational provisions that have politicized the army and made it a partisan military that has either led to disintegration (as in the case of Iraq) or politicization and loss of legitimacy (as in Burundi).Trade Review"This book opens a new door to understanding the function of armies and civil-military relations in divided societies." ——John McGarry, Professor and Canada Research Chair for Nationalism and Democracy, Queen's University, Canada "A mandatory book for anybody trying to understand how armies, societies, and modern times intersect? It is a superb book, well done!" ——Florence Gaub, Director of Research Division at Nato Defence CollegeTable of ContentsAcknowledgements List of Figures and Tables 1 Introduction  1 A Critical Approach to Armies in Divided Societies  2 Framework and Aim of the Book  3 The Significance of Armies in Divided Societies and Research Method  4 Chapters 2 Civil-Military Relations, SSR, DDR, and Power Sharing  1 Civil-Military Relations  2 DDR and Security Sector Reform (SSR)  3 Post-Conflict Power Sharing and Security Apparatuses  4 Conclusion 3 The Lebanese Armed Forces  1 Origins: The LAF during the Mandate Period  2 The Army after Independence   2.1 The Formation of the Lebanese Army   2.2 Problems and Challenges  3 Paying the Price: Disintegration during the Civil War  4 Structural and Institutional Reforms of the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF)   4.1 Structural Reforms in the LAF   4.2 The Institutional Reforms    4.2.1 The Higher Defense Council    4.2.2 The Military Office  5 Reconstructing the LAF  6 Challenges and Responses   6.1 Military Capabilities   6.2 Legitimacy and National Consensus   6.3 Confessional-Proofing in the LAF – Preserving Neutrality   6.4 Gender and Human Rights  7 Conclusion 4 Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina  1 The Yugoslav People’s Army (Jugoslovenska Narodna Armija, JNA)  2 The Making of the AFBiH  3 Institutional and Structural Reforms in the AFBiH   3.1 Institutional Reforms   3.2 Structural Reforms  4 Success and Setbacks  5 Conclusion 5 The Iraqi Armed Forces  1 Inception: The Establishment of the Iraqi Army  2 Bakr Sidqi and the Rise of as-Sabbagh  3 The Republic of Abdul-Karim Qassim  4 The Rise of the Baath and the Baathification of the Army  5 The Army and the Baath  6 Reconstructing the IAF after the 2003 Invasion   6.1 CPA Civil-Military Decisions  7 The Reconstruction Framework of the Iraqi Army   7.1 The New IAF  8 Problems and Challenges in the IAF   8.1 Professionalism   8.2 Civil-Military Ambiguity   8.3 Corruption  9 ISIS, the PMF and the Retraining of the Iraqi Military  10 Conclusion 6 The National Defense Force of Burundi  1 Burundi: The Colonial Period and Independence  2 The Army in Power   2.1 Micombero   2.2 Bagaza   2.3 Buyoya  3 The Hutu Response  4 Arusha and Pretoria  5 Institutional and Structural Changes in the Armed Forces   5.1 Institutional Reforms   5.2 Structural Reforms  6 From Success to Failure: CNDD-FDD Hegemony in Security Affairs  7 CNDD-FDD Hegemony in the Army   7.1 FDD Preferentialism and Elimination of Opponents   7.2 Alternative Chain of Command and the Imbonerakure   7.3 The National Intelligence Service (SNR) and the CNDD-FDD  8 The Dangers of CNDD-FDD Politicization of the Army  9 Conclusion 7 Armies in Consociational, Semi-Consociational, and Post-Conflict Societies: The Quest for Stability  1 Armies, Deeply Divided Societies and Non-Democratic Systems  2 CMR and Semi-Consociationalism  3 CMR in Full Consociations  4 Post-Conflict Armies and Military Power Sharing   4.1 Military Mission   4.2 Collective Decision Making and Military Power Sharing   4.3 Proportionality  5 Anomalies in Lebanon, Iraq, and Burundi: Militias  6 Conclusion 8 Conclusion  1 Armies and Consociationalism  2 Post-Conflict Military Reconstruction  3 Recommendation Bibliography Index

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