Armed conflict Books

Book SynopsisThis review of the new situation proposes a broader remit for strategic studies than ever before. A prime concern is that Space not be weaponised in pursuance of missile defence.The interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq are assessed. The Holy Land, Southern Africa, Indonesia, China and the Arctic are also foci of special concern. Other themes include ''terror'' redefined; lethal lasers; internal arms control; regional pacts; Marshall Plans; climate change; instabilities in advanced societies; a two-tier EU; pre-emption doctrine; and Space exploration.Table of Contents1. Through 11 September2. The Poverty of Strategy3. A War on Terror?4. Saddam, Slow Decline and Rapid Fall5. Social Instability6. Macabre Lethality7. The Ascent of the Missile8. Ballistic Encounter9. Terrestrial Coverage10. The Hevens Subverted?11. Pax Atlantica12. Arms in Moderation13. Planetary Internationalism14. Strategy Transcended

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Book SynopsisWith a diverse range of authors, thoughtful reviews and review essays, Survival is scholarly in depth while vivid, well-written and policy-relevant in approach. Shaped by its editors to be both timely and forward-thinking, the journal encourages writers to challenge conventional wisdom and bring fresh, often controversial, perspectives to bear on the strategic issues of the moment.Table of ContentsCommentary -- Iraq: Back to the Future /Raad Alkadiri -- The Korean Crises and Sino-American Rivalry /Benjamin Schreer and Brendan Taylor -- Noteworthy -- The New Cyber Threat -- Stuxnet and the Future of Cyber War /James P. Farwell and Rafal Rohozinski -- Mobilising Cyber Power /Alexander Klimburg -- Progress and Politics -- Can Bad Governance be Good for Development? /Sam Wilkin -- The Socio-economics of Geopolitical Change /Peter J. Munson -- Al-Qaeda and the Struggle for Yemen /Sarah Phillips -- Climate Change and Security at the Third Pole /Katherine Morton -- Policing the Waves: Maritime Paramilitaries in the Asia-Pacific /Christian Le Miere -- Review Essays -- The Art of Grand Strategy /Braz Baracuhy -- Mad Men? /Adrian Lyttelton -- More Than Muddling Through /Ben Barry -- Book Reviews -- Arms, Arms Control and Technology /Bruno Tertrais -- Politics and International Relations /Gilles Andreani -- Asia-Pacific /Lanxin Xiang -- Brief Notices -- Letter to the Editor -- Closing Argument -- Leaks and Lessons /Frangois Heisbourg.

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Book SynopsisA contemporary history of political violence and grassroots struggles in Syria since 2011Trade Review'A forceful critique of the distorted narratives about Syria prevalent in the West’ -- Democratic LeftTable of ContentsAcknowledgments Introduction 1. Necropolitics: The Taxonomies of Death in Syria 2. The Geography of Death in Aleppo 3. Nation Against State: Popular Nationalism and the Syrian Uprising 4. The Politics of Bread and Micropolitical Resistance 5. Participatory Democracy and Micropolitics in Manbij: An Unthinkable Revolution Conclusion Notes Index

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Book Synopsis* A new volume in Polity s successful War and Conflict in the Modern World series. * Offers a comprehensive analysis of the causes and consequences of sexual violence across a range of conflict zones.Trade Review"An impressive and important book, gripping but very readably written in a clear style. It should be read by all interested in international politics and human rights." Medicine, Conflict and Survival "Because of its clear and accessible style, gripping content, and intersectional focus, this book should be required reading for scholars and policy-makers as well as students in a number of different areas. While it seems targeted at peace and conflict courses, it would also be excellent in gender studies (clearly introducing gender in the context of armed conflict), human rights (highlighting women's human rights), and international relations generally, (addressing the 'new wars')."Journal of Women, Politics and Policy "An excellent introduction to the broad issues around gender-based violence and armed conflict which will appeal to readers in political science, sociology, development, criminology, peace-building/war studies."Sociological Review "Using richly detailed case studies, Janie Leatherman's Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict presents an important examination of sexual violence in conflict and suggests new ways of conceptualizing and understanding the complex causes and implications of such violence." Journal of the American Medical Association "An important read for researchers and students alike interested in understanding the causes and consequences of wartime sexual violence."Acta Politica"The argument is clear and concise, moving from simple binaries towards a more complex analysis of the causes of sexual violence in armed conflict. Despite the difficult content that is addressed, the book is accessible and would be useful for anyone interested or working in conflict areas."Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict "An essential work dealing with sexual violence in armed conflict, as its argumentation is very strong and does not leave much space for doubting the danger of the phenomenon and the necessity of action." Central European Journal of International and Security Studies "An impressive piece of work. This book deserves its position as the megaphone helping those working in the field to give it its voice."Kelvingrove Review "An important provocation for academics and practitioners working on issues associated with organised political violence." Global Change, Peace and Security "A nuanced, readable and compelling account."Resilience"Leatherman not only reframes our concept of war, but of politics in general. She offers innovative insights in her explorations of legal accountability and social responsibility, of prevention and healing for sexual violence. A must-read book: courageous, groundbreaking, riveting, essential."Carolyn Nordstrom, University of Notre Dame "This is international relations at its best. Conceptually sophisticated, Janie Leatherman's book elucidates the factors that lie behind sexual violence in armed conflict: inequalities, structural injustices, and hyper-masculinity. I recommend it highly."Valentine Moghadam, Purdue University "This book makes a valuable contribution to understanding the complexity of sexual violence in modern war and to countering the silence and denial associated with it."Patrick W. Kelley, Director, Boards on Global Health and African Science Academy Development, Institute of MedicineTable of ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations 1. Ending the Silence2. Dimensions of Sexual Violence in Conflict3. Sexual Violence and the Onset of Armed Conflict 4. Seeking Safe Space 5. Sexual Violence and the Global Political Economy of War6. From Protection and Accountability to an Ethic of Caring Notes Selected ReadingsIndex

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Book SynopsisThe perspectives of academics and practitioners are brought together in this insightful work, which examines the war on terrorism, the Iraq war and the roles of NATO and the EU. The book analyzes the new threats posed by terrorist strikes and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction despite the total failure of Cold War conceptions of deterrence. It also delineates the key issues and problems that have arisen from the NATO and EU double enlargement and from the new NATO-Russian relationship. Casting light on the global and regional ramifications of the crisis, as well as the tensions in the transatlantic relationship caused by the war with Iraq, NATO and the European Union addresses the key policy questions that concern the maintenance of global peace and security.Trade Review’Written in the interval between 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq, the book offers a rich variety of insights into the evolving nature of the new international system - one where "state terror" contends with "anti-state terror, but with no clear end in sight"...The book is notable for including a broad presentation of European and Russian views. It is a useful study for anyone trying to gain a longer-term perspective on today's swirling events.’ Professor David P. Calleo, The Johns Hopkins University, USATable of ContentsContents: Introduction: alliances, 'War on Terrorism' and weapons of mass destruction, Hall Gardner. Part I: The Strategic Impact of September 11: Asymmetrical conflict: a critical assessment, Marwan Bishara; From 'balance' to 'imbalance' of terror, Hall Gardner. Part II: The Future of NATO: Thinking about and beyond NATO, Simon Serfaty; NATO's 2002 enlargement: US-allied views on European security, Marco Rimanelli; Looking down the road: NATO-EU relations in the age of intelligence and 'age of access', Alexis Debat; The EU and NATO enlargement: a Russian view, Nadia Alexandrova Arbatova; A MAP for Russia, Ira Straus. Part III: NATO, The EU and The 'War on Terrorism': Toward new Euro-Atlantic Euro-Mediterranean security communities, Hall Gardner; Dealing with terrorism: the EU and NATO, Karsten D. Voigt; German perceptions on the 'War against Terrorism' in a historical perspective, Norbert Baas; Six dimensions of the growing Transatlantic divide: are the US and Europe definitively driving themselves apart?, Marcel Van Herpen. Part IV: 'War on Terrorism': Regional and Global Ramifications: Central Asia and the West after September 11, Robert M. Cutler; Russia and the US in the new balance of power in Central Asia, Anton Koslov; Kashmir and a new Cold War, Sten Widmalm; Iran and the new threats in the Persian Gulf and Middle East since 9/11, Steven Ekovich; Preclusive war with Iraq: regional and global ramifications, Hall Gardner; Index.

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Book SynopsisMilitarized conflicts between states appear to occur repeatedly in the same geographic regions. Both World Wars and a series of interstate disputes in the post-Cold War system had their origins in the Balkans region of Eastern Europe. This study introduces the concept of a conflict hot spot to the broader empirical literature on conflict processes. It devotes considerable time to identifying the common causes and consequences of conflict hot spots across many regions globally, offering a theoretical and empirical contribution to the emerging literature on the spatiality of conflict processes. Rather than merely controlling for spatial dependence between episodes of conflict, the book incorporates this spatial dependence within a series of models of conflict behaviours and is, therefore, able to directly model the process of conflict diffusion.Trade Review'Many have examined geographical characteristics of conflict, but largely disregard whether states fight on home territory or elsewhere. Using new dispute location data, Braithwaite distinguishes conflict hosting from general participation. He convincingly demonstrates important differences between territorial security risks and decisions to fight, as well as how proximity to conflict clusters can create important security challenges.' Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, University of Essex, UK and International Peace Research Institute, Norway 'Conflict Hot Spots concerns an oft-ignored feature of contemporary conflicts: their tendency to cluster in time and space. Through efficient use of state-of-the-art data and methodology, it offers an impressive account of the origin, nature, and consequences of conflict hot spots. It is a must-read for students of international conflict and political geography alike.' Halvard Buhaug, International Peace Research Institute, Norway 'Alex Braithwaite’s Conflict Hot Spots resurrects the study of political geography and interstate conflict. His combination of cutting-edge geographic-information-systems and spatial statistics breathes new life into important questions about how place and conflict interact. It will be of great interest to both the specialist and the general reader.' Douglas Lemke, Pennsylvania State University, USA '... a welcome addition to the literature on international conflict... All in all, Alex Braithwaite’s volume makes a notable contribution to the study of conflict. It lays out a research agenda that the author - or other scholars interested in the subject - can pursue in a particularly understudied niche of the discipline. It is recommended for anyone interested in the academic pursuit of its subject matter.' The Cyprus ReviewTable of ContentsIntroduction; Chapter 1 The Emergence of Conflict Hot Spots; Chapter 2 A Location- and Neighborhood-Based Account of Conflict Hosting and Hot Spots; Chapter 3 The Hosting of International Conflicts; Chapter 4 The Causes of Conflict Hot Spots; Chapter 5 Hot Spots and the Diffusion of International Conflict; Chapter 6 The Consequences of Conflict Hot Spots; Chapter 101 Conclusion;

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Book SynopsisIn 1994, almost one million ethnic Tutsis were killed in the genocide in Rwanda. In the aftermath of the genocide, some of the top-echelon Hutu officers who had organized it fled Rwanda to the eastern Congo (DRC) and set up a new base for military operation, with the goal of retaking power in Kigali, Rwanda. More than twenty years later, these rebel forces comprise a diverse group of refugees, rebel fighters, and civilian dependents who operate from mountain areas in the Congo forests and have a long and complex history of war and violence. While media and human rights reports typically portray this rebel group as one of the most brutal rebel factions operating in the eastern Congo region, Hutu Rebels paints a more complex picture.Having conducted ethnographic fieldwork in a rebel camp located deep in the Congo forest, Anna Hedlund explores the micropolitics and practices of everyday life among a community of Hutu rebel fighters and their families, living under the harsTrade Review"[A]n authoritative ethnographic study of life in a military camp controlled by the Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda...Important in its scope, empirics, and insight." * H-Genocide *"A fabulous book. Hutu Rebels is the first to provide an in-depth analysis of Hutu rebels and to present their own perspectives on the war and on their own situations. Anna Hedlund handily refutes stereotypes of rebel life as one defined by chaos and violence while also highlighting the boredom, normalcy, and everydayness that accompanies such a life. It is based on extraordinary ethnographic research and firsthand material, and the analysis is as nuanced as it is convincing and insightful." * Séverine Autesserre, author of The Trouble with the Congo: Local Violence and the Failure of International Peacebuilding *Table of ContentsList of Abbreviations Preface Introduction. Conflict and Violence in the Congo Chapter 1. Rwandan Rebels in the Congo War: Power, Politics, and Exile Chapter 2. Rainbow Brigade: Life in a Rebel Camp Chapter 3. Politics in the Forest: Retelling History in Exile Chapter 4. Captivity and Commitment Chapter 5. The Forest of Volcanoes: Rebel-Civilian Interactions Chapter 6. From Bare Life to Bare Violence References Notes Index Acknowledgments

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Book SynopsisThe book is the first to discuss in detail the extensive external involvement in the Liberian civil war, a war that claimed up to 200,000 lives, created a massive refuge crisis and brought West Africa to the tribunal of international attention. The book is conceived against the background that the international response to the conflict has features that are unprecedented in the management of civil conflicts in the post-cold war era. For example, the regional peacekeeping mission was the first after the end of the cold war, while the dispatch of UN Observer mission was the first ever joint peacekeeping mission between the UN and a regional organisation. The extensive involvement of international organisations in the conflict has not been witnessed in the region since the Biafran war of 1967-1970.Trade Review’...a fascinating study which illuminates our understanding of the failed state and the role of external actors in coping with its implications. The author’s pioneering study is a model of scholarly endeavour providing a host of valuable insights, based on extensive fieldwork in difficult circumstances.’ Professor J.E. Spence, Royal Institute of International Affairs, UK ’...this new study helps to fill gap in our understanding of the international involvement in the Liberian conflict, the forces that shaped it and the degree of success in the outcome. The author argues that the extensive international response (mainly West African ECOMG forces) offers important lessons for the management of complex emergencies in Africa.’ African Book Centre ’...this unprecedented case...is therefore particularly welcome and represents the first attempt to assess the international involvement in the entire civil war. he deals competently and painstakingly with the tortuous peacemaking process...’ International AffairsTable of ContentsContents: State failure, international intervention and the collapse of the Liberian state; The politics and economics of the Liberian civil war; Regional involvement in the Liberian conflict: ECOWAS and ECOMOG in Liberia; The United Nations and the Liberian conflict; Allies as rivals: ECOMOG and UNOMIL in Liberia; Non-governmental organizations and the Liberian emergency; Whither the Godfather? the United States and the Liberian civil war; The international community and post-conflict Liberia.

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Book SynopsisIn a world dominated by nation-states, expressions of private violence have generally been neglected: either as relics of a more disorganised world or as marginal nuisances to states themselves. The prevalence and centrality of private violence in the past and present warns against such complacency. An increasing academic interest in 'non-state' or private violence in International Relations has been mirrored in the world of policy as terrorists, insurgents, private military companies, and more recently pirates, have all become the focus of international security. Despite the increasing interest, the historical analysis of such actors has not been at a premium. This volume seeks to rectify this gap. Setting private violence in an historical context the contributors consider the development of private violence in time, as well as offering a comparative analysis of its unfolding across different geographical planes. The nine chapters that form the volume critically explore the lives of pirates, privateers, mercenaries, warlords, bandits and smugglers - groups of men (and occasionally women) that have sustained themselves and their kin principally through recourse to violence, but generally from outside or on the margins of public, state authority. They underline ways in which private violence acts both as a threat to existing forms of social order, and as a vehicle of empowerment for the established political authorities.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive account of the mysterious story of Pakistan's attempt to develop nuclear weapons in the face of severe odds. Hassan Abbas profiles the politicians and scientists involved, and the role of China and Saudi Arabia in supporting Pakistan's nuclear infrastructure. Abbas also unravels the motivations behind the Pakistani nuclear physicist Dr A.Q. Khan's involvement in nuclear proliferation in Iran, Libya and North Korea, drawing on extensive interviews. He argues that the origins and evolution of the Khan network were tied to the domestic and international political motivations underlying Pakistan's nuclear weapons project, and that project's organisation, oversight and management. The ties between the making of the Pakistani bomb and the proliferation that then ensued have not yet been fully illuminated or understood, and this book's disclosures have important lessons. The Khan proliferation breach remains of vital importance for understanding how to stop such transfers of sensitive technology in future.Finally, the book examines the prospects for nuclear safety in Pakistan, considering both Pakistan's nuclear control infrastructure and the threat posed by the Taliban and other extremist groups to the country's nuclear assets.Trade Review'Abbas’ diligent scrutiny of public sources and his intimate knowledge of Pakistani politics make this the most authoritative study yet written of Khan’s complicated story.''Drawing on the recollections of former decision-makers, Hassan Abbas offers the most complete account yet of how [Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme] worked, and what it meant: a source of national pride, and a source of cash.' -- London Review of Books‘This judicious study of Pakistan's acquisition of nuclear weapons, and their proliferation to Iran and North Korea . . . rigorously assesses the motives and actions of the relevant state actors as well as Khan and his largely European network of proliferators.’'As good a general analysis as you can get of Pakistan’s nuclear ambitions, its nuclear weapons programme and the prevailing security mindsets and world view of its military, bureaucratic, scientific and political elites.''An important contribution to history . . . measured and objective.''Abbas pulls back the veil on a largely un-known, illicit trade … [his] intense historical analysis … offers much needed clarity to a frightening and convoluted situation.’ -- NYU’s Journal of International Law and Politics'Abbas brilliantly outlines how the country’s nuclear program graduated and matured across phases and decades. … While many scholarly examinations of the A. Q. Khan network provide detailed insights into the workings of the network, Abbas’s study makes an important contribution to the literature on Pakistan’s role as a proliferator state, with varying degrees of civilian and military complicity, in the examined cases of proliferation with North Korea, Libya, and Iran.' -- Journal of Asian StudiesA masterly history of Pakistan's nuclear weapons programme. Abundant with new historical evidence and theoretically nuanced (challenging traditional dogmas), Abbas has produced what may well be a definitive account of Islamabad and the bomb. -- Amitabh Mattoo, Professor in Disarmament Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityThis is the most comprehensive study to date of why and how Pakistan got the bomb and proliferated. Beyond state actors—including China, Iran, North Korea and Libya--Abbas scrutinises the role of individuals, including A. Q. Khan, in the making of Pakistan's nuclear programme and its 'dissemination'. -- Christophe Jaffrelot, Visiting Professor of Indian Politics and Sociology at the King’s India Institute and author of 'The Pakistan Paradox'An important, realistic book that addresses many issues, and one major international problem in particular: Pakistan’s proliferation of nuclear technology. Focusing on both the activities of the state as well as A. Q. Khan, this research deserves wide scholarly and policy attention. -- Thomas H. Johnson, Professor and Director of the Naval Postgraduate School’s Program for Culture and Conflict Studies, and author of 'Taliban Narratives'Hassan Abbas presents one of the best defences of Pakistan's military as he lays out details of Dr A. Q. Khan's personal network, selling nuclear knowledge and technology to Iran and North Korea. Whets the reader's appetite for more investigation into nuclear proliferation by Pakistan. -- Ayesha Siddiqa, Research Associate, SOAS South Asia Institute

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Book SynopsisThis study contributes to the debate on whether defense spending encourages or hinders economic growth. The effect of politics on economic growth in developing societies is assessed, with a focus on the Middle East. The study is the first to add conflict variables to the production function defense-growth model and test them empirically across countries and regions, and provide robust empirical evidence on the differential effects of interstate and intrastate conflicts on economic growth. The study provides compelling empirical evidence and guidelines to policy decision makers on how to allocate the resources of their states and adopt policies that promote political economic development. The study urges Third World leaders to improve levels of freedom, democracy, and openness of their political systems because the results confirm that political factors are at least as important as economic factors in promoting economic growth. Furthermore, the results attest that the reallocation of resources from military to the civilian sector is the sine qua non to improve the performance of developing countries' economies.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 The political economy of the Middle East. Chapter 3 Arab Israeli conflict. Chapter 4 Arms in the middle east. Chapter 5 Theories and models. Chapter 6 The model. Chapter 7 Data and estimation and results. Chapter 8 Conclusion. References. List of Tables. List of Figures. Appendix A. Appendix B. Appendix C. Contributions to Conflict Management, Peace Economics and Development. Arms and Conflict in the Middle East. Copyright page. Subject Index. Foreword.

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Book SynopsisProtestant numbers in France fell from ten per cent of the population in 1598, when Henri IV gave protection by the Edict of Nantes, to a persecuted two per cent in 1700 following its revocation in 1685 by Louis XIV. The destruction of Protestantism in France succeeded best in the cities where Huguenots were vulnerable and could only remain faithful to their beliefs in secret; but in the mountains of the Cevennes in Languedoc there were hidden sites for unlawful religious assemblies, isolated villages and farms, and a people of Celtic origin passionately devoted to their form of Christianity with leanings to mysticism and trance-induced biblical prophecy. The persecution-torture, execution, confiscation of children, imposition of ruinous fines - and the violent hostility of the Catholic clergy combined to create conditions of terror and misery in the Cevennes that would one day end in explosion. When it came, the court and civil servants with unlimited power but mediocre intelligence were taken by surprise.No one conceived that the Camisards, bands of shepherds, farm labourers and wool combers chanting psalms as they went ill-armed into battle and led by daring men without education or status, could successfully ambush and sometimes destroy well-armed troops of the crown - but they did so. David Crackanthorpe reveals how the uprising raged from 1702 to 1704 with atrocities on both sides, a huge increase in military numbers, and the burning of hundreds of villages in the Cevennes. Inevitably, Camisard force was finally broken and by a rare act of intelligence an amnesty allowed survivors to leave the country. French Protestantism and the Camisard memory survived in the traditions of a world-wide Huguenot diaspora, while at the Revolution, which finally brought religious toleration, many French families that had nominally abjured their faith safely returned to it and have continued to play an important part in French life and history.

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Book SynopsisIn Conflict and Human Security Threats in Africa, South African scholar Victor Ojakorotu unravels the dynamics of conflicts and human security threats now affecting numerous African nations. While some of these conflicts are local, others are national and international. This current and highly engaging study captures multiple cases of insecurity, presenting discussions of terrorism, kidnapping, militia activities, human trafficking, political violence, teenage pregnancy, civil war, and armed conflicts, as well as strategies for their future management. Ojakorotu documents a philosophical assessment of African politics as well as the place of the “new” media in the politics of human security and the development of an African worldview in the post-modern intellectual arena. This book is a must-read for all students of African and global politics, as well as policy makers and diplomats working with Africa, which will soon be home to more than three billion people and a center of global growth.

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Book SynopsisInternational law has long differentiated between international and non-international armed conflicts, traditionally regulating the former far more comprehensively than the latter. This is particularly stark in the case of detention, where the law of non-international armed conflict contains no rules on who may be detained, what processes must be provided to review their detention, and when they must be released. Given that non-international armed conflicts are now the most common form of conflict, this is especially worrying, and the consequences of this have been seen in the detention practices of states such as the US and UK in Iraq and Afghanistan. This book provides a comprehensive examination of the procedural rules that apply to detention in non-international armed conflict, with the focus on preventive security detention, or ''internment''. All relevant areas of international law, most notably international humanitarian law and international human rights law, are analysed in deTable of ContentsPART I: CONTEXT ; PART II: INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW ; PART III: INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW ; PART IV: DEVELOPING THE LAW

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Book SynopsisBurma faces a complex of interlinked humanitarian, social, and political crises. The situation is especially grave in areas populated by ethnic minorities, many of which have been affected by decades of armed conflict, and in the Irrawaddy Delta, where in May 2008 some 130,000 people were killed and over two million made homeless by Cyclone Nargis.The military government is deeply unpopular, and further episodes of mass protest similar to those that occurred in August and September 2007 cannot be ruled out. However, strategic options for elite-level regime change in the country remain limited. Therefore, local and international actors should focus on incremental approaches to democratisation, and in particular on the roles of local communities and NGOs. The past decade has seen an expansion of previously dormant civil society networks, especially within and between ethnic nationality communities. This development has been particularly significant in areas affected by ceasefires between armed ethnic groups and the military government. The capacities and strategic importance of local NGOs were demonstrated by the impressive civil society responses to the cyclone.At the local level, models of community participation and the promotion of democracy from below can help to transform state-society relations and patterns of governance, including in ceasefire areas. At the national/elite level, the development of civil society is a prerequisite for sustainable democratic change.Although the promotion of civil society is necessary, it is not sufficient to achieve social and political transition in Burma. Furthermore, community networks are vulnerable to suppression by the militarised state and by armed nonstate actors. Such tendencies were demonstrated during the national referendum of May 2008, when the government engineered the endorsement of a new constitution designed to consolidate and perpetuate military rule. The challenge for the international community is to work within the constricted environment of military-ruled Burma in ways that promote positive change - but without exposing local partners to unacceptable risks.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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