Applied physics Books

Book SynopsisDesign, Analysis, and Simulation of materials and structures.- Processing Techniques and Composite Tooling.- High-Temperature Composites, Carbon-Carbon Composites, and Ultra High-Temperature Composites.- Nano and Smart CompositesStructural Health Monitoring and Material Characterization.- Non-Destructive Evaluation of composite and nanocomposite structures.- Damage Tolerance in materials and nanomaterials.- Composite Process Modelling and Simulation.- Composite Repair Technology.- The role of AI in Composites and Additive Manufacturing of composites.- Start-up Ideas in composite technology and its applications.

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Book Synopsis1The Evaluation of Music’s Effect on Pain Tolerance and perception using EEG.-  MElodious MEmory (MEME): Syncing Music and Electroencephalogram (EEG) Neurofeedback to Enhance Short Term Memory Retention and Recall.- Halcyon An AI Powered Forum with Automated Hate Speech Detection.- Assessment of the umami flavour of commercial meat and plant-based meat analogues.- Comparative study of tying a surgical knot using conventional instrumentation and haptic feedback enabled forceps.

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Book SynopsisHarnessing the Potential of Smart Nanomaterials Addressing Healthcare Challenges through Advanced Mechanical Properties.- Exploring the Mechanical Behavior of Nanomaterials Elasticity Strength and Deformation for Biomedical Applications.- Tribological Innovations in Nanomaterials Friction Wear and Lubrication for Enhanced Biomedical Performance. Understanding Phase Transformations in Nanomaterials Thermal Dynamics and Shape Memory Alloys in Medicine.- Advancing Biomedical Science Bioactive Nanomaterials and Their Interactions with Living Systems.

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Book SynopsisLasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity. Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possible lasers and laser wavelengths to choose from, but no single, comprehensive source to help them make that choice.The Handbook of Lasers provides an authoritative compilation of lasers, their properties, and original references in a readily accessible form. Organized by lasing media-solids, liquids, and gases-each section is subdivided into distinct laser types. Each type carries a brief description, followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host, lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, primary literature citations, and, for broadband lasers, reported tuning ranges.The importance and value of the Handbook of Lasers cannot be overstated. Serving as both an archive and as an indicator of emerging trends, it reflects the state of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtaining reference data, and offers a pathway to the literature. It contains data useful for comparison with predictions and for developing models of processes, and may reveal fundamental inconsistencies or conflicts in the data.Trade Review"The Handbooks are particularly valued for their breadth and authority…their success has undoubtedly been due to the most professional approach and guidance of the Editor-in-Chief, Marvin Weber, who has had a most distinguished and active research career in the laser field."-C.L.M. Ireland in Optics & Laser Technology, 30, 1998Table of ContentsSolid State Lasers. Liquid Lasers. Gas Lasers. Other Lasers. Appendices.

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Book SynopsisThis text first deals with the crystal structure of new materials, discussing point defects both qualitatively and quantitatively. Focusing on quantum physics, the next chapter examines the dual nature of particles and the Schrodinger equation. The authors then cover the free electron theory of metals and semiconductors. They also study the details of photoconductors and photovoltaic cells as well as the magnetization factor for various magnetic materials, which offers an understanding of the controlling parameter responsible for the origin of magnetization within the material. The final chapter focuses on the exciting phenomenon of superconductivity.Table of ContentsPreface. Crystal Structure. Quantum Physics. Free Electron Theory. Band Theory. Photoconductivity and Photovoltaics. Magnetic Materials. Superconductivity. Numerical Problems. Index.

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Book SynopsisAuthored by two highly respected experts in this specialist area, The Fundamentals of Radiation Thermometers is an essential resource for anyone intending to measure the temperature of an object using the radiated energy from that object. This readable, user-friendly book gives important background knowledge for anyone working in the field of non-contact thermometry.The book begins with an accessible account of how temperature scales are set up and defined, and explores the historic development of temperature scales and Planck's radiation law. Through explaining the reliability of both emissivity values and extrapolation to different wavelengths and temperatures, the book provides a foundation for understanding when a valid measurement with realistic uncertainties has been made, or if an inappropriate emissivity value has been used with consequent unknown errors. The book also presents the hardware of radiation thermometers, allowing the reader tTrade Review"‘The Fundamentals of Radiation Thermometers’ starts by giving a thorough introduction to the basics of thermometry and the fundamental thermal radiation laws, providing clear explanations that will be useful for any undergraduate studying thermodynamics. Having established a solid set of foundations, the book then describes what is needed to make world-leading temperature measurements, providing design considerations when building radiation thermometers and reminding the reader of techniques that will help to attain optimum performance. Clearly written and meticulous, this book provides a wealth of information that can be utilised by any radiation thermometrist - from new scientists taking their first steps in this field to those with more experience. This is a great book that I wish had been available when I first started!"—Martin Dury, National Physical Laboratory"Coates and Lowe aim to provide a firm theoretical background for radiation thermometry and radiation thermometer design and they manage to perform this task successfully and to a very high standard. Diverse areas of physics and engineering are pulled together cohesively, in addition to the authors’ own contributions which are specific to radiation thermometry. Assembling this information would otherwise be a huge task even for the most experienced of radiation thermometer users, designers or researchers to do themselves.Providing a theoretical basis for radiation thermometers and thermometry, this book explores the link between the local measurements and traceability back to the SI in addition to a survey of the techniques for reducing measurement uncertainty and dealing with the variety of challenges found when using these devices to make measurements outside the controlled conditions of a lab.This text will be of great use to many professionals and academics. In particular, workers at the National Measurement Institutes will find this book provides sufTable of ContentsThe Basis of Temperature Measurement. The Fundamental Laws of Radiation Thermometry. Optical Properties of Real Surfaces. Thermometer Design. Detectors. Analytical Techniques for Narrow Band Thermometers. Ratio and Multi-Wavelength Thermometry. Emissivity Correction Methods.

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Book SynopsisOne of the world's foremost authorities on magnetism, Professor Louis Neel was the recipient of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics. With all but ten of Neel's 150 original papers being written in French, the aim of this English edition is to bring this important work to a wider readership. Table of ContentsPreface to the English Edition, Preface to the French Edition, Louis Néel - Chronology, I General theory of magnetism, II Ferrimagnetism, III Antiferromagnetism, IV Magnetic interactions and their variations, V Approach to saturation in ferromagnets, VI Elementary domains; phases and modes, VII Bloch and Neel walls, VIII Weak fields and anhysteretic magnetization, IX Coercive force; magnets, X Random fields; reptation and tilting, XI Magnetic after-effects, XII Directional order; irradiation, XIII Rocks and baked clays, XIV Surface problems, XV Antiferromagnetic hysteresis, XVI Apparatus and Techniques, XVII Experimental work, Index

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Book SynopsisExamines several key semiconductor deep centers, all carefully chosen to illustrate a variety of essential concepts. A deep center is a lattice defect or impurity that causes very localized bound states and energies deep in the band gap. For each deep center chosen, a scientist instrumental in its development discusses the theoretical and experimental techniques used to understand that center. The second edition contains four new sections treating recent developments, including a chapter on hydrogen in crystalline semiconductors.Table of ContentsPerspectives in the Past Present and Future, Chalcogen Impurities in Silicon, The Lattice Vacancy in Silicon, Oxygen and Oxygen Associates in Gallium, The Two Dominant Recombination Centers, The MidGap Donor Level EL2 in Gallium, DX Centers in IIIV Alloys, Iron Impurity Centers in IIIV Semiconductors, Chromium in Gallium Arsenide, The Optoelectronic Properties of Copper, Hydrogen in Crystalline Semiconductors

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Book SynopsisBased on lectures by the author, this volume is designed as a textbook on general ultrasonics. The text provides coverage of the propagation of ultrasonic waves in media with different elastic properties and under conditions close to those encountered in scientific and practical applications of ultrasound.Table of ContentsForeword to the English Edition, Preface, List of Symbols, I. BASIC EQUATIONS OF THE THEORY OF ELASTICITY, II. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES IN LIQUIDS AND GASES, III. SINUSOIDAL PLANE WAVES WITH INFINITESIMAL AMPLITUDE, IV. FINITE-AMPLITUDE PLANE WAVES, V. STEADY FORCES ARISING IN AN ULTRASONIC FIELD, VI. ULTRASONIC CAVITATION, VII. REFLECTION, REFRACTION AND SCATTERING OF ULTRASONIC WAVES, VIII. TRANSMISSION OF PLANE WAVES THROUGH LAYERS. ELECTRO ACOUSTICAL ANALOGIES. RADIATION OF PLANE WAVES, IX. SPHERICAL WAVES, X. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN AN ISOTROPIC SOLID, XI. PROPAGATION OF ULTRASOUND IN CRYSTALS, PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS, REFERENCES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, SUBJECT INDEX

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Book SynopsisDynamical systems provide powerful methods for the study of profound properties of many-dimensional nonlinear systems. In this unique book, the authors offer a consistent geometrical treatment of observational cosmology from the concepts of the theory of dynamical systems. The dynamics of clusters of galaxies differ drastically from stellar dynamics, thus requiring a mathematical approach to large-scale problems. Since mathematical techniques are not a familiar tool in this field, a full summary of the elementary ideas of differential geometry, ergodic theory and catastrophe theory are also considered in this exploratory text. Readership: Mathematicians, astrophysicists, and cosmologists, as well as anyone interested in the many subject disciplines related to geometrical and topological aspects of the large-scale universe.Table of ContentsThe problem of large-scale structure of the universe; geometry, dynamical systems, catastrophes; definition of a galaxy cluster; the bound-tree technique; appearance of matter distribution; statistical methods; filaments and light-travel effects; the cosmic background radiation as a tracer of geometry of the universe.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides researchers at the forefront of nonlinear optical technologies with robust procedures and software for the systematic investigation of the fundamental phenomena in nonlinear optical waveguide structures. A full vectorial electromagnetic formulation is adopted and the conditions under which simplification to a scalar formulation is possible are clearly indicated. The need to model the dielectric saturation properly is identified, and improved algorithms are presented for obtaining the complete power dispersion curve of structures exhibiting bistability. As the stability analysis of nonlinear modes is crucial to the development of nonlinear model methods, an effective procedure to investigate the propagation of the scalar nonlinear waves in 3D is another important feature of the book. All of the procedures described, as well as an automatic mesh generator for the finite element method, are incorporated into a software package which is included with this book.Table of ContentsIntroduction to the Series, Preface, 1. Introduction, 2. Formulation of Electromagnetic Wave Equations for Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, 3. Vector finite Element Approach, 4. Automatic Mesh Generation, 5. Solution of Nonlinear Generalised Eigenvalue Problems, 6. Applications to Nonlinear Optical Waveguides, 7. Weak-Guidance Approximation and Propagation Stability Analysis, 8. Coupled Optical Waveguides, Appendix A: ANOWS Contents, Appendix B: ANOWS Documentation, Appendix C: ANOWS Usage and Examples, Appendix D: Common Errors in Using ANOWS, Bibliography, Index, License Agreement

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Book SynopsisThe manipulation of light at the nanometer scale is highly pursued for both fundamental sciences and wide applications. The diffraction limit of light sets the limit for the smallest size of photonic devices to the scale of light wavelength. Fortunately, the peculiar properties of surface plasmons in metal nanostructures make it possible to squeeze light into nanoscale volumes and enable the manipulation of light and light–matter interactions beyond the diffraction limit. Studies on surface plasmons have led to the creation of a booming research field called plasmonics. Because of its various scientific and practical applications, plasmonics attracts researchers from different fields, making it a truly interdisciplinary subject.Nanophotonics: Manipulating Light with Plasmons starts with the general physics of surface plasmons and a brief introduction to the most prominent research topics, followed by a discussion of computational techniques for light scattering by small particles. Then, a few special topics are highlighted, including surfaceenhanced Raman scattering, optical nanoantennas, optical forces, plasmonic waveguides and circuits, and gain-assisted plasmon resonances and propagation. The book discusses the fundamental and representative properties of both localized surface plasmons and propagating surface plasmons. It explains various phenomena and mechanisms using elegant model systems with well-defined structures, is illustrated throughout with excellent figures, and contains an extensive list of references at the end of each chapter. It will help graduate-level students and researchers in nanophotonics, physics, chemistry, materials science, nanoscience and nanotechnology, and electrical and electronic engineering get a quick introduction to this field.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Plasmonics. Light Scattering by Small Particles: Computational Approaches. Electromagnetic Field Enhancement in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Plasmonic Antennas. Plasmon-Assisted Optical Force. Plasmonic Nanowire Waveguides and Circuits. Gain-Assisted Surface Plasmon Resonances and Propagation.

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Book SynopsisThe Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security is an essential and timely collection of resources designed to support the effective communication of homeland security research across all disciplines and institutional boundaries. Truly a unique work this 4 volume set focuses on the science behind safety, security, and recovery from both man-made and natural disasters has a broad scope and international focus. The Handbook: Educates researchers in the critical needs of the homeland security and intelligence communities and the potential contributions of their own disciplines Emphasizes the role of fundamental science in creating novel technological solutions Details the international dimensions of homeland security and counterterrorism research Provides guidance on technology diffusion from the laboratory to the field Supports cross-disciplinary dialogue in this field between operational, R&D and consuTable of Contents1 INTRODUCTORY AND OVERVIEW. 2 CROSS-CUTTING THEMES AND TECHNOLOGIES. 2.1 Risk Modeling and Vulnerability Assessment. Terrorism Risk: Characteristics and Features. Risk Analysis Frameworks for Counterterrorism. Logic Trees: Fault, Success, Attack, Event, Probability, and Decision Trees. Bayesian Networks. Using Risk Analysis to Inform Intelligence Analysis. Vulnerability Assessment. Multi-objective Decision Analysis. Risk Communication. Experience with Expert Judgment: the TU Delft Expert Judgment Data. Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA). Deterrence: An Empirical Psychological Model. Scenario Analysis, Cognitive Maps, And Concept Maps. Policy Development. Consequence Mitigation: Current Research and Future Trends. Time-Domain Probabilistic Risk Assessment Method for Interdependent Infrastructure Failure and Recovery Modeling. Social and Psychological Aspects. Risk Transfer and Insurance: Insurability Concepts and Programs for Covering Extreme Events. Quantitative Representation of Risk. Qualitative Representation of Risk. Terrorist Organizations and Modeling Trends. Cyber-Security. Defeating Surprise Through Threat Anticipation and Possibility Management. Memetics for Threat Reduction in Risk Management. High Consequence Threats: Electromagnetic Pulse. High Consequence Events: Nuclear Explosions. Modeling Population Dynamics for Homeland Security Applications. 2.2 Sensing and Detection. Protecting Security Sensors and Systems. Threat Signatures of Explosive Materials. Radioactive Materials Sensors. Knowledge Extraction from Surveillance Sensors. Sensing Dispersal of Chemical and Biological Agents in Urban Environments. Sensing Releases of Highly Toxic and Extremely Toxic Compounds. 2D-to-3D Face Recognition Systems. Eye and Iris Sensors. Dynamic Load Balancing for Robust Distributed Computing in the Presence of Topological Impairments. 2.3 Cyber Security. Advanced Attacker Detection and Understanding with Emerging Honeynet Technologies. Attack Traceback and Attribution. Authentication, Authorization, Access Control, and Privilege Management. Classes of Vulnerabilities and Attacks. Cyber Forensics. Cyber Security for the Banking and Finance Sector. Cyber Security Policy Specification and Management. Cyber Security Standards. Cyber Security Technology Usability and Management. Detection of hidden information, covert channels and information flows. High Assurance: Provably Secure Systems and Architectures. Industrial Process Control System Security. Multilevel Security. Security of Distributed, Ubiquitous, and Embedded Computing Platforms. Trusted Platforms: The Root of Security. 2.4 Protection and Prevention. Protection and Prevention: an Overview. Less-Lethal Payloads for Robotic and Automated Response Systems. Protection and Prevention: Security Assessment Methodologies for US Ports and Waterways. Homeland Security Perspective on Threats and Challenges. The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness. Defending Against Directed Energy Weapons: RF Weapons and Lasers. The Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST). Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Overview. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Australia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Austria. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Brazil. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Canada. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Estonia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Finland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, France. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Germany. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Hungary. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, India. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Italy. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Japan. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Malaysia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, New Zealand. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Norway. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Poland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Republic of Korea. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Russia. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Singapore. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Spain. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Sweden. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Switzerland. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, the Netherlands. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United Kingdom. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United Nations. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, United States. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, the World Bank Group. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, European Union. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, NATO. Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, Group of Eight (G8). Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2.5 Human Social and Behavioral Research. Audience sensing and tailoring for preferred and forced decision style. Behavioral screening. Biometrics Sensors. Consequence attribution (forward and reverse). Deception detection, tools for counterterrorism and homeland security. Human behavior and how it adjusts our actions in complex events in both positive and negative ways. Human emotion and its involvement in overt events for both observer and victim. Human perception and attention in information-rich and event-overloa situations. Information analysis and distillation under time constraints. Information Collection and presentation in high data volume and multiple timescale situations. Information repurposing and fusion. Temporal analysis and synchronization for proper understanding of real event sequences. 2.6 System and Sector Interdependencies. System and Sector Interdependencies: An Overview. The Genesis of Interdependencies Concepts. Analysis of Cascading Infrastructure Failures. Characterizing Infrastructure Failure Interdependencies to Inform Systemic Risk. Critical Infrastructure Protection Decision Making. Cyber Security Metrics and Measures. Geospatial Data Support for Infrastructure Interdependencies Analysis. Implications of Regulation on the Protection of Critical Infrastructures. Infrastructure Dependency Indicators. Inherently Secure Next-Generation Computing and Communication Networks for Reducing Cascading Impacts. Input-Output Modeling for Interdependent Infrastructure Sectors. Interdependent Energy Infrastructure Simulation System. Managing Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies: The Ontario Approach. Network Flow Approaches for Analyzing and Managing Disruptions to Interdependent Infrastructure Systems. Object-Oriented Approaches for Integrated Analysis of Interdependent Energy Networks. President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and Presidential Decision Directive 63. Vulnerability Assessment Methodologies for Interdependent Systems. Water Infrastructure Interdependencies. 2.7 Human Information Systems. Human Sensation and Perception. Naturalistic Decision Making, Expertise, and Homeland Security. Security and Safety Synergy: Advancing Security with Human Factors Knowledge. Human Behavior and Deception Detection. Speech and Video Processing for Homeland Security. Classification and Clustering for Homeland Security Applications. Training and Learning Development for Homeland Security. 3 KEY APPLICATION AREAS. 3.1 Agriculture and Food Supply. Carcass Disposal Options. Decontamination and Disposal of Contaminated Foods. Developing Risk Metrics to Estimate Risks of Catastrophic Biological and Bioterrorist Events: Applications to the Food Industry. Early Detection and Diagnosis of High-Consequence Plant Pests in the United States. Insects As Vectors Of Foodborne Pathogens. Livestock Agroterrorism and the Potential Public Health Risk. Microbial Forensics and Plant Pathogens: Attribution of Agricultural Crime. Mid-Infrared Sensors for The Rapid Analysis of Select Microbial Food Borne Pathogens. Mitigating Consequences of Pathogen Inoculation into Processed Food. Mitigating Public Health Risks from an Agroterror Attack. Optimal Investments in Mitigating Agroterrorism Risks. Potential for Human Illness from Animal Transmission or Food-Borne Pathogens. Pulsenet: A Program to Detect and Track Food Contamination Events. Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Preventive Best Practices for Retailers and Foodservice Establishments. Risk Communication: An Overlooked Tool in Combating Terrorism. Social, Psychological, and Communication Impacts of an Agroterrorism Attack. The EDEN Homeland Security Project: Educational Opportunities in Food and Agrosecurity. The Global Food Supply Chain. The Role of Food Safety in Food Security/Defense. The Use of Threat, Vulnerability, and Consequence (TVC) Analysis for Decision Making on The Deployment of Limited Security Resources. Vulnerability of the Domestic Food Supply Chain. 3.2 Water. Decontamination methods for drinking water treatment and distribution systems. Decontamination Methods for Wastewater and Stormwater Collection and Treatment Systems. Designing an Optimum Water Monitoring System. Drinking Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution Practice in the United States. Emergency response planning for drinking water systems. Health Risk Assessment for Radiological, Chemical, and Biological Attacks. Homeland Security and Wastewater Treatment. Protecting Water Infrastructure in the United States? Setting Priorities, Conducting Research, and Sharing Results. Roles of Federal, State, and Local Authorities in Water Infrastructure Security. Surveillance Methods and Technologies for Water and Wastewater Systems. Treatability of Contaminants in Conventional Systems. Understanding the Implications of Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies for Water. Water Infrastructure and Water Use in the United States. Water Supply and Wastewater Management Regulations, Standards, and Guidance. 3.3 Communications and Information Infrastructure. Wireless Security. Critical Infrastructure Protection: Telecommunication. 3.4 Energy Systems. Comparative Risk Assessment for Energy Systems: A Tool for Comprehensive Assessment of Energy Security. Large-Scale Electricity Transmission Grids: Lessons Learned from the European Electricity Blackouts. 3.5 Public Health. Biodefense Priorities in Life-science Research: Chemical Threat Agents. Biodefense Workforce. Biosurveillance Tradecraft. Developing a Threat List--Emerging Infectious Diseases. Development of Radiation Countermeasures. Farm Level Control of Foreign Animal Disease and Food-Borne Pathogens. Importation of Foreign Dengue Virus Presents Low Risk to US Homeland; Spread Will Not Parallel that of West Nile Virus. North Carolina Biosurveillance System. Practical Systems for Biosurveillance: The Military Perspective and Essence. 3.6 Transportation Security. Harden Security of High-Risk and Critical Supply Chains. Population Evacuations. Roles and Implications of Transportation Systems in Homeland Security. The Nation's Transportation System as a Security Challenge. Transportation Operations and Control. Transportation Security Performance Measures. 3.7 Intelligence Systems. Craniofacial Aging. File Forensics and Conversion. Finding Inadvertent Release of Information. Nano-Enabled Power Sources. New Approaches to IRIS Recognition: One-Dimensional Algorithms. Spectrally Adaptive Nanoscale Quantum Dot Sensors.

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Book SynopsisA clearly written and organized text on the production, propagation, and perception of the sound we call music. Organized into six major parts (each with three chapters) treating the sources of sound and production of musical sound; the propagation of sound and those environmental features that have an immediate influence on the sound that is propagated; and the perceptual aspects of the musical sound. The second edition includes new material on the human voice as a musical instrument, digital recording, and the use of the computer in composing music.Table of ContentsPartial table of contents: THE SOUND OF MUSIC. The Physics of Music. A PURE TONE--A CAPPELLA. The Origin of Musical Sound. The Transmission of Musical Sound. TWO PURE TONES TOGETHER. The Superposition of Vibrations. The Superposition of Waves. ARCHETYPAL INSTRUMENTS: THE TROMBA MARINA, THE FIFE, THE COACHHORN, AND THE DRUM. The Origin of Complex Tones: Strings, Tubes, and Membranes. THE WHOLE ORCHESTRA. The Instruments of Musical Sound. The Musical Environment. SOUND REPRODUCTION. Sound System Components. ELECTRONIC MUSIC. Synthesized and Digital Sound.

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Book SynopsisThe Anatomy of the Aeroplane is the first of a trilogy of textbooks, including The Design of the Aeroplane and Flying Qualities and Flight Testing of the Aeroplane, which have been described internationally as classics and required reading for professionals and students of aeronautics around the world. Together, they link theory and practical experience in the areas of aeronautical form and function, design, flying qualities and flight testing. The Anatomy concentrates on a broad landscape of physical principles and technological advances, among aeroplanes designed to meet specific operational requirements, from military strike to disaster relief. The new edition has been extensively updated since its first publication in 1966. It discusses critically the advantages and disadvantages of different subsonic and supersonic aerodynamic, propulsive and structural configurations of light to heavy aircraft; stealth technology; design for operation in surface (ground) effeTable of ContentsPart 1 - Environment. The atmosphere; The operational environment; Part 2 - Requirements. Requirements and the specification; Interpretation of requirements; Part 3 - Aerodynamic Shape. The 'Classical' generation of aerodynamic forces; The control of lift and drag; Engine-airframe matching; Balancing the aerodynamic sum; Part 4 - Ground and Water Operations. Landplanes; Seaplanes; The structure; The final aeroplane; Appendices; References and further reading; Index.

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Book SynopsisWhatever it reveals, the results arising from the Large Hadron Collider will profoundly alter our understanding of the cosmos and the atom and stimulate amateur and professional scientists for years to come.Trade Review[A] practical attitude is typical of The Quantum Frontier... a useful experimental companion to the many theory-oriented books on particle physics. Physics World 2010 What Lincoln does brilliantly is dispel the popular myth that the LHC was built solely to discover the Higgs boson, or 'God particle'. This is a project with a far wider reach... His fresh analogies and insights make this book very readable. -- Valerie Jamieson New Scientist 2009 I deeply enjoyed Lincoln's very accessible discussions of antimatter and Cerenkov radiation. And the in-depth explanations of what the different calorimeters and solenoids do inside the LHC's vast underground accelerator are fascinating. -- Sally Adee IEEE Spectrum Magazine 2009 The Quantum Frontier: The Large Hadron Collider should be in every physics library: it offers an exciting assessment of the Large Haldron Collider, which runs between France and Switzerland, and surveys just why its opening is so significant. You needn't be a physicist to appreciate its importance, and the clear explorations in layman's terms imparts excitement. Perfect for any general lending library strong in science. Midwest Book Review 2009 A Fermilab scientist conveys the excitement surrounding the LHC. Science News 2009 The Quantum Frontier... prepares readers with what they can anticipate when the LHC becomes operational. -- John S. Rigden and Roger H. Stuewer Physics in Perspective 2009 Don Lincoln's playful, energetic style took me from the fundamentals of contemporary physics through to the extremely complex and sophisticated guts of the LHC experiments, touching on everything from the Earth's 'inevitable' destruction by black holes to speculated future physics experiements in a post-LHC era. Cracking it open for the first time, I was worried that a book taking under 200 pages to cover such an ambitious topic would be riddled with sterile facts listed on after the other. But the contrary is what I found. -- Jordan Juras CERN Courier 2009 The book is written in a very readable and entertaining style, and I can warmly recommend it to anyone with more than a passing interest in science. -- John L. Hutchison infocus 2010Table of ContentsForeword, by Leon LedermanAcknowledgmentsPrologue1. What We Know: The Standard Model2. What We Guess: Theories We Want to Test3. How We Do It: The Large Hadron Collider4. How We See It: The Enormous Detectors5. Where We're Going: The Big Picture, the Universe, and the FutureEpilogueSuggested ReadingIndex

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Book SynopsisThis book emphasises the physical and practical aspects of fatigue and fracture. It covers mechanical properties of materials, differences between ductile and brittle fractures, fracture mechanics, the basics of fatigue, structural joints, high temperature failures, wear, environmentally-induced failures, and steps in the failure analysis process. Separate chapters are devoted to fatigue and fracture of steels, aluminum alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, ceramics, polymers and continuous fiber polymer matrix composites.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the problems of Geocosmos and provides a snapshot of the current research in a broad area of Earth Sciences carried out in Russia and elsewhere. The themes covered include solar physics, physics of magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, solar-terrestrial coupling links, seismology, geoelectricity, paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, as well as cross-disciplinary studies. The proceedings are carefully edited, providing a panoramic outlook of a broad area of Earth Sciences. The readership includes colleague researchers, students and early career scientists. The proceedings will help the readers to look at their research fields from various points of view. Problems of Geocosmos conferences are held by Earth Physics Department, St. Petersburg University bi-annually since 1994. It is the largest forum of this kind in Russia/former Soviet Union attracting up to 200 researchers in Earth and magnetospheric physics.

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Book SynopsisThis book is based on the lectures given at the “Euroschool on Exotic Beams” and collects contributions which address topics from the traditional core of the field of exotic nuclei like nuclear structure far from stability, discussing recent theoretical developments and state-of-the-art experimental methods. It provides also new perspectives in nuclear astrophysics and in applied areas such as gamma-ray emission imaging. The contributions are written with a pedagogical approach and carefully edited in order to provide the readership with a clear and fluent reading. The book is intended for PhD students and young researchers who are approaching the new research lines in nuclear physics with exotic nuclei. Only basics concepts on quantum mechanics and nuclear physics are requested to follow and master the covered arguments.Table of ContentsChapter 1: Nuclear structure at the limits of stability. The theory view.Authors: Frederic Nowacki and Alfredo Poves Introduction The Shell Model as Unified View of Nuclear Structure; A primer Shell Evolution and Correlations N=40: from 68Ni to 80Zr N=50: from 78Ni to 100Sn Islands of inversion and their mergings Conclusions Chapter 2: Low-energy Coulomb excitation and nuclear deformation Author: Magda ZielinskaAbstract: Coulomb excitation is one of the rare methods available to obtain information on static electromagnetic moments of short-lived exited nuclear states. In the scattering of two nuclei, the electromagnetic field that acts between them causes their excitation. The process selectively populates low-lying collective states and is therefore ideally suited to study nuclear collectivity. While these experiments used to be restricted to stable isotopes, the advent of new facilities, providing intense beams of short-lived radioactive species has opened the possibility to apply this powerful technique to a much wider range of nuclei. In this chapter, we will discuss observables that can be measured in a Coulomb-excitation experiment, and their relation to nuclear structure parameters and, in particular, nuclear shape. Selected examples of recent low-energy Coulomb excitation studies will be presented to illustrate the potential of this technique to investigate phenomena such as shape coexistence and octupole collectivity.Introduction Semiclassical approximation of low-energy Coulomb excitation Nuclear deformation and quadrupole sum rules Reorientation effect Relative signs of electromagnetic matrix elements Experimental considerations Beam and target requirements Particle detectors for stable and radioactive beam experiments Normalization of experimental Coulomb-excitation cross sections Recent results Shape coexistence Octupole collectivity Summary and outlookChapter 3: Ab Initio Approaches to Nuclear Structure Author: Robert Roth Abstract: I will present an overview of modern ab initio approaches to nuclear structure, focusing on basis expansion methods, such as the no-core shell model. Starting from interactions derived within chiral effective field theory, the individual stages on an ab initio calculation will be discussed, starting from a pre-processing stage based on the similarity renormalization group, followed by the solution of the many-body Schrödinger equation in a finite model space, and completed by a post-processing stage including the quantification of theory uncertainties using Bayesian methods. I will put particular emphasis on the recent advances in the context of hybrid methods that use another many-body scheme, such as many-body perturbation theory or the in-medium similarity renormalization group to accelerate the convergence of the no-core shell model. In order to demonstrate the potential and the perspectives of such ab initio approaches, I will highlight several recent applications. Introduction Nuclear Hamiltonian Pre-Processing: Similarity Renormalization Group Many-Body Solution: No-Core Shell Model Hybrid Methods: In-Medium No-Core Shell Model Post-Processing: Theory Uncertainties Recent Applications Conclusion & Outlook Chapter 4: Nuclear data and experiments for astrophysics Authors: Stephan Goriely and Anu Kankainen Abstract: Nuclear astrophysics aims to understand the origin of elements and the role of astrophysical processes in astrophysical events. Nuclear reactions and reaction rates depend strongly on nuclear properties and on the astrophysical environment. Nuclear inputs for stellar reaction rates involve a variety of nuclear properties, theoretical models and experimental data. Experiments providing data for nuclear astrophysics range from stable ion beam direct measurements to radioactive beam experiments employing inverse kinematics or indirect methods. Many properties relevant for astrophysical calculations, such as nuclear masses and beta decays, have also been intensively studied. This contribution shortly introduces selected astrophysical processes, discusses the related nuclear data needs and gives examples of recent experimental efforts in the field. Introduction: Origin of elements and astrophysical processes Nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest Data needed for various nucleosynthesis processes Experiments for nuclear astrophysics Nuclear reactions Nuclear properties (focus on masses and beta-decay studies) Summary and Outlook Chapter 5: State-of-the-art gamma-ray spectrometers for in-beam measurements Authors: Caterina Michelagnoli and Francesco Recchia Abstract: The nuclear structure of nuclei in different regions of the nuclear chart is a still unresolved puzzle for nuclear theory. The quest for a comprehensive understanding of the structure of all nuclei as well as for precise observables important for nuclear astrophysics needs precise observables. Those have been obtained in the last decades by using the resolution and efficiency of arrays of HPGe detectors. In those Notes a review of the main spectroscopy techniques will be reported. After an historical overview of the main spectrometers that contributed to our nowadays knowledge in nuclear structure, the principles of advanced gamma-ray tracking will be described. The setup and functioning of array based on this technique will be thus reported and some first results introduced.Introduction Generalities History Advanced gamma-ray tracking General Idea Digital signal processing Count-rate capabilities Position resolution and pulse shape analysis Gamma-ray tracking Selected highlights from instrumental point of view Doppler correction capabilities Lifetime measurements with Doppler techniques Chapter 6: Nuclear structure studies with active targets Author: Riccardo Raabe Abstract: The use of gaseous detectors in nuclear structure studies presents several challenges and interesting opportunities. In the last twenty years, active targets have been developed to address those challenges. In this paper we will review the characteristics of these instruments and how they can be used to great effect in a wide range of physics cases. Introduction Principles of active targets Physics cases and examples Chapter 7: Gamma ray emission imaging in the medical and nuclear safeguards fieldsAuthor: Peter Dendooven Abstract: Gamma rays can penetrate through a substantial amount of material. Therefore, the locations within an object from where gamma rays originate can be imaged by measuring the gamma rays escaping from the object. This technique of gamma ray emission imaging is introduced on the basis of its application in three different fields: nuclear medicine, particle beam radiotherapy and nuclear safeguards. To set the stage, the role and power of gamma ray emission imaging in these fields is demonstrated. Next, the principles of gamma ray emission imaging are reviewed. It will become clear how the basic principles lead to the essential instrument design considerations. Iterative image reconstruction will be explained in a non-mathematical way. Implementation of gamma ray emission imaging will be illustrated by discussing in some detail its state-of-the-art application in the three fields considered here.Applications of gamma ray emission imaging Nuclear medicine Particle beam radiotherapy Nuclear safeguards Principles of gamma ray emission imaging Basic principles Essential instrument design considerations Iterative image reconstruction Examples of gamma ray emission imaging Nuclear medicine Particle beam radiotherapy Nuclear safeguards Conclusions

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Book SynopsisThis complete introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion by one of the pioneering scientists in this expanding field offers both a simple and intuitive discussion of the basic concepts of this subject and an insight into the challenging problems of current research. In a wholly lucid manner the work covers single-particle motions, fluid equations for plasmas, wave motions, diffusion and resistivity, Landau damping, plasma instabilities and nonlinear problems. For students, this outstanding text offers a painless introduction to this important field; for teachers, a large collection of problems; and for researchers, a concise review of the fundamentals as well as original treatments of a number of topics never before explained so clearly. This revised edition contains new material on kinetic effects, including Bernstein waves and the plasma dispersion function, and on nonlinear wave equations and solitons. For the third edition, updates was made throughout each existing chapter, and two new chapters were added; Ch 9 on “Special Plasmas” and Ch 10 on Plasma Applications (including Atmospheric Plasmas). Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Single-particle motions.- Plasmas as fluids.- Waves in plasmas.- Diffusion and resistivity.- Equilibrium and stability.- Kinetic theory .- Nonlinear effects.- Special plasmas.- Plasma applications.

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Book SynopsisThis book is open access under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license.The third edition of this indispensable book in radio interferometry provides extensive updates to the second edition, including results and technical advances from the past decade; discussion of arrays that now span the full range of the radio part of the electromagnetic spectrum observable from the ground, 10 MHz to 1 THz; an analysis of factors that affect array speed; and an expanded discussion of digital signal-processing techniques and of scintillation phenomena and the effects of atmospheric water vapor on image distortion, among many other topics.With its comprehensiveness and detailed exposition of all aspects of the theory and practice of radio interferometry and synthesis imaging, this book has established itself as a standard reference in the field. It begins with an overview of the basic principles of radio astronomy, a short history of the development of radio interferometry, and an elementary discussion of the operation of an interferometer. From this foundation, it delves into the underlying relationships of interferometry, sets forth the coordinate systems and parameters to describe synthesis imaging, and examines configurations of antennas for multielement synthesis arrays. Various aspects of the design and response of receiving systems are discussed, as well as the special requirements of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), image reconstruction, and recent developments in image enhancement techniques and astrometric observations. Also discussed are propagation effects in the media between the source and the observer, and radio interference, factors that limit performance. Related techniques are introduced, including intensity interferometry, optical interferometry, lunar occultations, tracking of satellites in Earth orbit, interferometry for remote Earth sensing, and holographic measurements of antenna surfaces. This book will benefit anyone who is interested in radio interferometry techniques for astronomy, astrometry, geodesy, or electrical engineering.Trade Review“The authors of the book under review here to present a comprehensive discussion of the principles and applications of ‘Interferometry and Synthesis in Radio Astronomy.’ … the book delivers a comprehensive treatment of all aspects of interferometry and synthesis in a lucid and flowing tale that is a pleasure to read. The historical notes that are scattered throughout the text add flavor to the reading. … For all working in this field, the book is invaluable.” (Jacob W. M. Baars, The Radio Science Bulletin, Issue 361, June, 2017)Table of ContentsPreface.- Introduction and Historical Review.- Introductory Theory of Interferometry and Synthesis Imaging.- Analysis of the Interferometer Response.- Geometric Relationships and Polarimetry.- Antennas and Arrays.- Response of the Receiving System.- Design of the Analog Receiving System.- Digital Signal Processing.- Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry.- Calibration and Fourier Transformation of Visibility Data.- Deconvolution, Adaptive Calibration and Applications.- Interferometer Techniques for Astrometry and Geodesy.- Propagation Effects.- Van Cittert-Zernike Theorem, Spatial Coherence and Scattering.- Radio Interference.- Related Techniques.- Principal Symbols.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first textbook to include the matrix continued-fraction method, which is very effective in dealing with simple Fokker-Planck equations having two variables. Other methods covered are the simulation method, the eigen-function expansion, numerical integration, and the variational method. Each solution is applied to the statistics of a simple laser model and to Brownian motion in potentials. The whole is rounded off with a supplement containing a short review of new material together with some recent references. This new study edition will prove to be very useful for graduate students in physics, chemical physics, and electrical engineering, as well as for research workers in these fields.Table of Contents1. Introduction.- 1.1 Brownian Motion.- 1.1.1 Deterministic Differential Equation.- 1.1.2 Stochastic Differential Equation.- 1.1.3 Equation of Motion for the Distribution Function.- 1.2 Fokker-Planck Equation.- 1.2.1 Fokker-Planck Equation for One Variable.- 1.2.2 Fokker-Planck Equation for N Variables.- 1.2.3 How Does a Fokker-Planck Equation Arise?.- 1.2.4 Purpose of the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 1.2.5 Solutions of the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 1.2.6 Kramers and Smoluchowski Equations.- 1.2.7 Generalizations of the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 1.3 Boltzmann Equation.- 1.4 Master Equation.- 2. Probability Theory.- 2.1 Random Variable and Probability Density.- 2.2 Characteristic Function and Cumulants.- 2.3 Generalization to Several Random Variables.- 2.3.1 Conditional Probability Density.- 2.3.2 Cross Correlation.- 2.3.3 Gaussian Distribution.- 2.4 Time-Dependent Random Variables.- 2.4.1 Classification of Stochastic Processes.- 2.4.2 Chapman-Kolmogorov Equation.- 2.4.3 Wiener-Khintchine Theorem.- 2.5 Several Time-Dependent Random Variables.- 3. Langevin Equations.- 3.1 Langevin Equation for Brownian Motion.- 3.1.1 Mean-Squared Displacement.- 3.1.2 Three-Dimensional Case.- 3.1.3 Calculation of the Stationary Velocity Distribution Function.- 3.2 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process.- 3.2.1 Calculation of Moments.- 3.2.2 Correlation Function.- 3.2.3 Solution by Fourier Transformation.- 3.3 Nonlinear Langevin Equation, One Variable.- 3.3.1 Example.- 3.3.2 Kramers-Moyal Expansion Coefficients.- 3.3.3 Itô’s and Stratonovich’s Definitions.- 3.4 Nonlinear Langevin Equations, Several Variables.- 3.4.1 Determination of the Langevin Equation from Drift and Diffusion Coefficients.- 3.4.2 Transformation of Variables.- 3.4.3 How to Obtain Drift and Diffusion Coefficients for Systems.- 3.5 Markov Property.- 3.6 Solutions of the Langevin Equation by Computer Simulation.- 4. Fokker-Planck Equation.- 4.1 Kramers-Moyal Forward Expansion.- 4.1.1 Formal Solution.- 4.2 Kramers-Moyal Backward Expansion.- 4.2.1 Formal Solution.- 4.2.2 Equivalence of the Solutions of the Forward and Backward Equations.- 4.3 Pawula Theorem.- 4.4 Fokker-Planck Equation for One Variable.- 4.4.1 Transition Probability Density for Small Times.- 4.4.2 Path Integral Solutions.- 4.5 Generation and Recombination Processes.- 4.6 Application of Truncated Kramers-Moyal Expansions.- 4.7 Fokker-Planck Equation for N Variables.- 4.7.1 Probability Current.- 4.7.2 Joint Probability Distribution.- 4.7.3 Transition Probability Density for Small Times.- 4.8 Examples for Fokker-Planck Equations with Several Variables.- 4.8.1 Three-Dimensional Brownian Motion without Position Variable.- 4.8.2 One-Dimensional Brownian Motion in a Potential.- 4.8.3 Three-Dimensional Brownian Motion in an External Force.- 4.8.4 Brownian Motion of Two Interacting Particles in an External Potential.- 4.9 Transformation of Variables.- 4.10 Covariant Form of the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 5. Fokker-Planck Equation for One Variable; Methods of Solution.- 5.1 Normalization.- 5.2 Stationary Solution.- 5.3 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process.- 5.4 Eigenfunction Expansion.- 5.5 Examples.- 5.5.1 Parabolic Potential.- 5.5.2 Inverted Parabolic Potential.- 5.5.3 Infinite Square Well for the Schrüdinger Potential.- 5.5.4 V-Shaped Potential for the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 5.6 Jump Conditions.- 5.7 A Bistable Model Potential.- 5.8 Eigenfunctions and Eigenvalues of Inverted Potentials.- 5.9 Approximate and Numerical Methods for Determining Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions.- 5.9.1 Variational Method.- 5.9.2 Numerical Integration.- 5.9.3 Expansion into a Complete Set.- 5.10 Diffusion Over a Barrier.- 5.10.1 Kramers’ Escape Rate.- 5.10.2 Bistable and Metastable Potential.- 6. Fokker-Planck Equation for Several Variables; Methods of Solution.- 6.1 Approach of the Solutions to a Limit Solution.- 6.2 Expansion into a Biorthogonal Set.- 6.3 Transformation of the Fokker-Planck Operator, Eigenfunction Expansions.- 6.4 Detailed Balance.- 6.5 Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Process.- 6.6 Further Methods for Solving the Fokker-Planck Equation.- 6.6.1 Transformation of Variables.- 6.6.2 Variational Method.- 6.6.3 Reduction to an Hermitian Problem.- 6.6.4 Numerical Integration.- 6.6.5 Expansion into Complete Sets.- 6.6.6 Matrix Continued-Fraction Method.- 6.6.7 WKB Method.- 7. Linear Response and Correlation Functions.- 7.1 Linear Response Function.- 7.2 Correlation Functions.- 7.3 Susceptibility.- 8. Reduction of the Number of Variables.- 8.1 First-Passage Time Problems.- 8.2 Drift and Diffusion Coefficients Independent of Some Variables.- 8.2.1 Time Integrals of Markovian Variables.- 8.3 Adiabatic Elimination of Fast Variables.- 8.3.1 Linear Process with Respect to the Fast Variable.- 8.3.2 Connection to the Nakajima-Zwanzig Projector Formalism.- 9. Solutions of Tridiagonal Recurrence Relations, Application to Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations.- 9.1 Applications and Forms of Tridiagonal Recurrence Relations.- 9.1.1 Scalar Recurrence Relation.- 9.1.2 Vector Recurrence Relation.- 9.2 Solutions of Scalar Recurrence Relations.- 9.2.1 Stationary Solution.- 9.2.2 Initial Value Problem.- 9.2.3 Eigenvalue Problem.- 9.3 Solutions of Vector Recurrence Relations.- 9.3.1 Initial Value Problem.- 9.3.2 Eigenvalue Problem.- 9.4 Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations with Multiplicative Harmonic Time-Dependent Parameters.- 9.4.1 Ordinary Differential Equations.- 9.4.2 Partial Differential Equations.- 9.5 Methods for Calculating Continued Fractions.- 9.5.1 Ordinary Continued Fractions.- 9.5.2 Matrix Continued Fractions.- 10. Solutions of the Kramers Equation.- 10.1 Forms of the Kramers Equation.- 10.1.1 Normalization of Variables.- 10.1.2 Reversible and Irreversible Operators.- 10.1.3 Transformation of the Operators.- 10.1.4 Expansion into Hermite Functions.- 10.2 Solutions for a Linear Force.- 10.2.1 Transition Probability.- 10.2.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions.- 10.3 Matrix Continued-Fraction Solutions of the Kramers Equation.- 10.3.1 Initial Value Problem.- 10.3.2 Eigenvalue Problem.- 10.4 Inverse Friction Expansion.- 10.4.1 Inverse Friction Expansion for K0(t), G0,0(t) and L0(t).- 10.4.2 Determination of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.- 10.4.3 Expansion for the Green’s Function Gn,m(t).- 10.4.4 Position-Dependent Friction.- 11. Brownian Motion in Periodic Potentials.- 11.1 Applications.- 11.1.1 Pendulum.- 11.1.2 Superionic Conductor.- 11.1.3 Josephson Tunneling Junction.- 11.1.4 Rotation of Dipoles in a Constant Field.- 11.1.5 Phase-Locked Loop.- 11.1.6 Connection to the Sine-Gordon Equation.- 11.2 Normalization of the Langevin and Fokker-Planck Equations.- 11.3 High-Friction Limit.- 11.3.1 Stationary Solution.- 11.3.2 Time-Dependent Solution.- 11.4 Low-Friction Limit.- 11.4.1 Transformation to E and x Variables.- 11.4.2 ‘Ansatz’ for the Stationary Distribution Functions.- 11.4.3 x-Independent Functions.- 11.4.4 x-Dependent Functions.- 11.4.5 Corrected x-Independent Functions and Mobility.- 11.5 Stationary Solutions for Arbitrary Friction.- 11.5.1 Periodicity of the Stationary Distribution Function.- 11.5.2 Matrix Continued-Fraction Method.- 11.5.3 Calculation of the Stationary Distribution Function.- 11.5.4 Alternative Matrix Continued Fraction for the Cosine Potential.- 11.6 Bistability between Running and Locked Solution.- 11.6.1 Solutions Without Noise.- 11.6.2 Solutions With Noise.- 11.6.3 Low-Friction Mobility With Noise.- 11.7 Instationary Solutions.- 11.7.1 Diffusion Constant.- 11.7.2 Transition Probability for Large Times.- 11.8 Susceptibilities.- 11.8.1 Zero-Friction Limit.- 11.9 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions.- 11.9.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions in the Low-Friction Limit.- 12. Statistical Properties of Laser Light.- 12.1 Semiclassical Laser Equations.- 12.1.1 Equations Without Noise.- 12.1.2 Langevin Equation.- 12.1.3 Laser Fokker-Planck Equation.- 12.2 Stationary Solution and Its Expectation Values.- 12.3 Expansion in Eigenmodes.- 12.4 Expansion into a Complete Set; Solution by Matrix Continued Fractions.- 12.4.1 Determination of Eigenvalues.- 12.5 Transient Solution.- 12.5.1 Eigenfunction Method.- 12.5.2 Expansion into a Complete Set.- 12.5.3 Solution for Large Pump Parameters.- 12.6 Photoelectron Counting Distribution.- 12.6.1 Counting Distribution for Short Intervals.- 12.6.2 Expectation Values for Arbitrary Intervals.- Appendices.- A1 Stochastic Differential Equations with Colored Gaussian Noise.- A2 Boltzmann Equation with BGK and SW Collision Operators.- A3 Evaluation of a Matrix Continued Fraction for the Harmonic Oscillator.- A4 Damped Quantum-Mechanical Harmonic Oscillator.- A5 Alternative Derivation of the Fokker-Planck Equation.- A6 Fluctuating Control Parameter.- S. Supplement to the Second Edition.- S.1 Solutions of the Fokker-Planck Equation by Computer Simulation (Sect. 3.6).- S.2 Kramers-Moyal Expansion (Sect. 4.6).- S.3 Example for the Covariant Form of the Fokker-Planck Equation (Sect. 4.10).- S.4 Connection to Supersymmetry and Exact Solutions of the One Variable Fokker-Planck Equation (Chap. 5).- S.5 Nondifferentiability of the Potential for the Weak Noise Expansion (Sects. 6.6 and 6.7).- S.6 Further Applications of Matrix Continued-Fractions (Chap. 9).- S.7 Brownian Motion in a Double-Well Potential (Chaps. 10 and 11).- S.8 Boundary Layer Theory (Sect. 11.4).- S.9 Calculation of Correlation Times (Sect. 7.12).- S.10 Colored Noise (Appendix A1).- S.11 Fokker-Planck Equation with a Non-Positive-Definite Diffusion Matrix and Fokker-Planck Equation with Additional Third-Order-Derivative Terms.- References.

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Book SynopsisAccretion flows, winds and jets of compact astrophysical objects and stars are generally described within the framework of hydrodynamical and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows. Analytical analysis of the problem provides profound physical insights, which are essential for interpreting and understanding the results of numerical simulations. Providing such a physical understanding of MHD Flows in Compact Astrophysical Objects is the main goal of this book, which is an updated translation of a successful Russian graduate textbook. The book provides the first detailed introduction into the method of the Grad-Shafranov equation, describing analytically the very broad class of hydrodynamical and MHD flows. It starts with the classical examples of hydrodynamical accretion onto relativistic and nonrelativistic objects. The force-free limit of the Grad-Shafranov equation allows us to analyze in detail the physics of the magnetospheres of radio pulsars and black holes, including the Blandford-Znajek process of energy extraction from a rotating black hole immersed in an external magnetic field. Finally, on the basis of the full MHD version of the Grad-Shafranov equation the author discusses the problems of jet collimation and particle acceleration in Active Galactic Nuclei, radio pulsars, and Young Stellar Objects. The comparison of the analytical results with numerical simulations demonstrates their good agreement. Assuming that the reader is familiar with the basic physical and mathematical concepts of General Relativity, the author uses the 3+1 split approach which allows the formulation of all results in terms of physically clear language of three dimensional vectors. The book contains detailed derivations of equations, numerous exercises, and an extensive bibliography. It therefore serves as both an introductory text for graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “The volume primarily addresses the Grad-Shafranov approach to describe axisymmetric stationary flows around astrophysical objects, including ones where General Relativity is important. … Each chapter has an abstract and an introduction to the kinds of sources to which its equations apply. … the astrophysics-group … able to make more use of it than I can.” (Viginia Trimble, The Observatory, Vol. 130 (1214), June, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface.............................................................. 5 Introduction......................................................... 9 Chapter 1 Hydrodynamic limit - classical problems of accretion and ejection.... 13 1.1 Astrophysical introduction - accretion onto compact objects.... 13 1 1 1 Accretion disks........................................... 14 1.1.2 Standard model............................................ 17 1.1.3 ADAF, ADIOS, etc.......................................... 20 1.2 Basic properties of transonic hydrodynamical flows............. 22 1.2.1 Basic equations........................................... 22 1.2.2 Spherically symmetric flow................................ 24 1.2.3 Plane potential flow...................................... 27 1.3 Axisymmetric stationary flows - nonrelativistic case........... 34 1.3.1 Basic equations........................................... 34 1.3.2 Mathematical interlude - covariant language............... 35 1.3.3 Structure of the two-dimensional flow..................... 37 1.3.4 Bondi-Hoyle accretion..................................... 45 1.3.5 Ejection from slowly rotating star........................ 49 1.4 Axisymmetric stationary accretion onto black hole.............. 57 1.4.1 Physical interlude - (3+1)-split in the Kerr metric....... 57 1.4.2 Basic equations........................................... 61 1.4.3 Exact solutions........................................... 65 1.4.4 Bondi-Hoyle accretion - relativistic limit................ 67 1.4.5 Accretion onto slowly rotating black hole................. 70 1.4.6 Accretion of a gas with small angular momentum onto nonrotating black hole......... 71 1.4.7 Thin transonic disk....................................... 77 1.5 Conclusion..................................................... 87 1 Chapter 2 Force-free limit - radio pulsar magnetosphere........................ 89 2.1 Astrophysical introduction..................................... 89 2.2 Main physical processes........................................ 92 2.2.1 Vacuum approximation...................................... 92 2.2.2 Particle creation in a strong magnetic field.............. 96 2.2.3 Structure of the magnetosphere............................ 99 2.3 Generation of secondary plasma.................................104 2.3.1 'Internal gap'............................................104 2.3.2 Neutron star surface......................................109 2.3.3 Propagation of gamma-quanta in superstrong magnetic field......................110 2.3.4 Effects of the general relativity.........................111 2.3.5 Particle generation in the magnetosphere................. 113 2.3.6 'Hollow cone' model...................................... 114 2.3.7 Particle generation - 'external gap'..................... 119 2.4 Pulsar equation............................................... 119 2.4.1 Force-free approximation. Magnetization parameter........ 119 2.4.2 Electromagnetic field. Integrals of motion............... 121 2.4.3 Grad-Shafranov equation.................................. 124 2.4.4 Mathematical interlude - quasi stationary approach....... 127 2.5 Energy loss of radio pulsars.................................. 130 2.5.1 Current loss mechanism................................... 130 2.5.2 Braking of inclined and orthogonal rotator............... 133 2.6 Structure of the magnetosphere................................ 141 2.6.1 Exact solutions.......................................... 141 2.6.2 Structure of the magnetosphere with longitudinal currents 158 2.6.3 Models of th

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Book SynopsisUnderstanding star formation is one of the key fields in present-day astrophysics. This book treats a wide variety of the physical processes involved, as well as the main observational discoveries, with key points being discussed in detail. The current star formation in our galaxy is emphasized, because the most detailed observations are available for this case. The book presents a comparison of the various scenarios for star formation, discusses the basic physics underlying each one, and follows in detail the history of a star from its initial state in the interstellar gas to its becoming a condensed object in equilibrium. Both theoretical and observational evidence to support the validity of the general evolutionary path are presented, and methods for comparing the two are emphasized. The author is a recognized expert in calculations of the evolution of protostars, the structure and evolution of disks, and stellar evolution in general. This book will be of value to graduate students in astronomy and astrophysics as well as to active researchers in the field.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This is an absolutely superb book, from the beginning of the preface, where the author provides a basic definition of star formation, to the last section where he reminds us that ‘efficiency’ of star formation can mean at least three different things, with three different numerical value … . The book concentrates on the interpretation of observations in star-forming regions relatively nearby, in our own Galaxy, at the present time, where the most detailed and accurate results can be obtained.” (Virginia Trimble, The Observatory, Vol. 132 (1226), February, 2012)Table of ContentsOverview.- Molecular Clouds and the Onset of Star Formation.- Protostar Collapse.- Rotating Protostars and Accretion Disks.- Massive Star Formation.- Formation of Binary Systems.- The Formation of the First Stars.- Pre-main-sequence Evolution.- Summary: Issues in Galactic Star Formation.- References.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis atlas is based on the lunar global Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of Chang'E-1 (CE-1), and presents CCD stereo image data with digital photogrammetry. The spatial resolution of the DEM in this atlas is 500m, with horizontal accuracy of 192m and vertical accuracy of 120m. Color-shaded relief maps with contour lines are used to show the lunar topographical characteristics. The topographical data gathered by CE-1 can provide fundamental information for the study of lunar topographical, morphological and geological structures, as well as for lunar evolution research.Trade Review“This lovely, featured book will have you easily finding your way about the lunar surface. … I recommend ‘The Chang’E-1 Topographic Atlas of the Moon’ by Chunlai Li, Jianjun Liu, Lingli Mu, Xin Ren and Wei Zuo. It may guide you to all sorts of interesting features and finds.” (Mark Mortimer, Universe Today, universetoday.com, March, 2016)Table of ContentsPart I Introduction of the CCD Stereo Camera.- Part II Global topographic map of the Moon by CD-1.- Part III Subdivision topographic maps of the Moon.- Appendix – Gazetteer.

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Book SynopsisThis book discusses how the increased emanation of radon and other gases from the Earth’s crust in the vicinity of active tectonic faults triggers a chain of physical processes and chemical reactions in the atmospheric boundary layer and the Earth’s ionosphere over an earthquake area several days/hours before strong seismic shocks occur. It presents the two main concepts involved in this mechanism: atmosphere ionization and the global electric circuit. The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC) concept is strongly supported by experimental data showing the atmospheric and ionospheric precursors for major recent earthquakes including 2004 Sumatra; 2008 Sichuan, China; 2011 Tohoku, Japan; and 2015 Nepal. The book not only addresses the theoretical considerations but also includes information on experimental techniques used for precursor observations based on the space-borne systems. Providing practical methods of precursor identification and interpretation, it is an excellent textbook for graduate courses in geophysics, earthquake science, atmospheric physics and remote sensing. Moreover, it offers a wealth of information for scientists and experts from governmental and international agencies working in the fields of natural-disaster mitigation, response and recovery.Table of ContentsThe basic concepts.- Atmospheric phenomena.- Ionospheric phenomena.- Methods of observation.- Practical applications for short-term prediction.- Supplement.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents the design requirements of antenna integration for modern commercial devices such as smartphones, dongles, and access points. Practical use-case scenarios of smartphone and the design process of the antenna system for the same are highlighted. The feasibility of scaling up sub-6GHz to mmWave antennas is also discussed in detail followed by a plethora of design examples which could be panel mounted to modern-day commercial smartphones. The unique requirement of gain switchability is introduced with feasible practical antenna designs. High efficiency antennas for 5G base stations is introduced along with a design example on planar all-metallic antenna. Beam switchability requirement for base station is illustrated with a couple of compact antenna system examples. Variety of feeding techniques for mmWave antennas is elaborated in this book. Finally, low-cost antenna designs for future wireless devices are illustrated.​Table of Contents1. Introduction to Future Wireless Devices 1.1 Taxonomy of wireless devices in the market 1.2 Evolution of carrier frequencies 1.3 Why millimeter waves hold the key to future? 1.4 Feasibility of millimeter waves for data links: A reality check 1.5 Remedies for establishing the mmWave data link 1.5.1 Power Constraints 1.5.2 Gains of the antennas of the radios 1.5.3 Distance between the radios 1.5.4 The optimal recipe for mmWave 5G: A case study 1.6 Outline of the book References 2. Antenna Design Requirements 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Antennas of the previous generations of wireless devices 2.3 Breakout of a typical smartphone 2.3.1 Detailed characteristics of antennas for smartphones 2.3.2 Generic examples and implementation details 2.4 Antenna requirements of a wireless dongle 2.5 Antenna requirements for wearable devices 2.6 Antenna requirements for base stations and access points 2.7 Conclusion References 3. Mobile Terminal Antenna Designs for Data Modes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Need for Orthogonal data modes 3.3 Desired characteristics of the antenna system for data modes 3.4 Why Phased arrays fail? 3.5 A conformal antenna module with Shared ground 3.5.1 Conformal mmWave array 3.5.2 Conformal printed Yagi 3.5.3 Shared ground beam switching module 3.6 Ultra compact vertically mounted end-fire antennas 3.6.1 Compact Yagi antenna 3.6.2 Orthogonal beam switching module 3.7 Conclusion References 4. Co-design of Sub 6 GHz and Millimeter Wave Antennas for Mobile Terminals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Desired characteristics of co-designed antennas 4.3 Why multiband antennas would fail for sub-6GHz and mmWave operations? 4.4 Co-design of CPS-fed sub-6GHz antenna with a mmWave conformal array 4.4.1 CPS-fed sub-6GHz antenna 4.4.2 Electrically close integrated design 4.5 Co-design with a compact monopole 4.5.1 Panel mountable microstrip fed sub-6GHz antenna 4.5.2 Orthogonal placement of sub-6GHz and mmWave array 4.6 Overlapped co-design of sub-6GHz and mmWave element 4.6.1 mmWave wideband radiator 4.6.2 Microstrip fed sub-6GHz monopole 4.6.3 Overlapped co-design for sub-6GHz and mmWave operations 4.7 Conclusion References 5. Gain Switchable Antenna Modules 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Need for gain switchability 5.3 A three port antenna module design 5.4 A dual conformal shared radiator 5.5 Conclusion References 6. Highly Efficient Antennas for the Base Stations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification of all-metallic antennas 6.3 Additively manufactured antennas 6.4 Subtractively manufactured antennas 6.5 Cavity based antennas 6.6 Wire or wire based radiators 6.7 Design example of a planar all-metallic antenna 6.8 Conclusion References 7. Pattern Diversity Architecture for Base Stations 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Need for beam switching in 5G base stations 7.3 High aperture efficiency wideband antenna 7.3.1 Metamaterial loaded design 7.3.2 A stacked approach for base stations 7.4 ACS fed antennas for base stations 7.4.1 Compact ACS fed antenna 7.4.2 Shared ground two port design 7.4.3 A quasi stacking design for base stations 7.5 Conclusion References 8. Feeding Techniques for Ka-band Antennas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classification of feeding techniques 8.2.1 Microstrip feed 8.2.2 CPW feed 8.2.3 ACS feed 8.2.4 Waveguide feed 8.2.5 SIW feed 8.2.6 Coaxial or probe feed 8.2.7 Aperture coupled feed 8.3 Conclusion References 9. Fabrication Technology for Low Cost Antennas 9.1 Introduction 9.2 What drives up the cost of manufacturing a modern antenna? 9.3 A 3D-printed slide-on horn antenna 9.4 Polycarbonate based co-design of mmWave and sub-6GHz antenna 9.5 Conclusion References Index

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Book SynopsisThis book presents state-of-the-art trends in reconfigurable active and passive planar antennas and their applications in wireless communication systems operating in the frequency band 5-6 GHz. Due to various key features such as multifunction antenna design, compactness, planar nature, and low cost, these technologies are becoming popular for current and future wireless applications. This book discusses different novel antenna designs and their working principles in detail. The modern and future wireless systems require wideband antennas to accommodate various channels in a single band or in separate bands. The carrier aggregation (CA) has been introduced in the modern wireless systems such as LTE-advanced systems and 5G./6G. In CA, a device can use several channels for transmission and reception. The used channels can exist in the same frequency band (intra-band CA) or in distinct bands (inter-band CA). To accommodate more channels, more bandwidth is required within the operating band. For portable devices, circularly polarized (CP) antennas are more advantageous over linearly polarized antennas since in CP antennas, there is low risk of misalignment and, hence encountering interference. Circularly polarized antenna also provides higher link reliability for the portable devices. To provide high data rates, more bandwidth is needed to accommodate more channels. Various multifunction, compact, and wideband antennas for plethora of applications are addressed in detail in this book. The scope of developing reconfigurable active antennas for application in beam switching, beam steering, wireless charging, security systems, etc., is described. This book concludes by giving glimpses of antenna requirements for future wireless communication systems.Table of Contents1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Planar Antennas 1.2.1 Passive Antennas 1.2.2 Active Antennas 1.3 Advantages of Planar Antennas 1.4 RF Switches and Their Performance 1.5 Switch Modeling Techniques 1.6 Conclusion References 2. 2 Principles of Re-configurability 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic Theory of Reconfigurability 2.3 Frequency Reconfigurability 2.4 Polarization Reconfigurability 2.5 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability 2.6 Compound Reconfigurability 2.7 Conclusion References 3. Active Integrated Antennas and Their Modeling 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Oscillator Type Active Antennas 3.3 Condition of Oscillation 3.4 Negative Resistance Type Oscillator antennas 3.5 Feedback Type Oscillator Antennas 3.6 Advantages of Feedback Type Oscillator Antennas 3.7 Conclusion References 4. Frequency Reconfigurable Passive and Active Antennas 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Passive Reconfigurable Antenna using different approaches 4.3 Discrete Frequency Switchable Antennas 4.4 Continuous Frequency switchable Antennas 4.5 Concept of Obtaining Higher and Lower Resonance 4.6 Active Reconfigurable Antennas using different approaches 4.7 Conclusion References 5. Polarization Switchable Passive and Active Antennas 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Concept of polarization 5.3 Passive Reconfigurable Microstrip Antennas 5.3.1 Design with a Pair of Diagonally Truncated Corners 5.3.2 Design with a Single Truncated Corner 5.3.3 Design with a Stub Placed at Corner 5.3.4 Design with an additional Patch 5.4 Passive reconfigurable Slot Antennas 5.4.1 Design of Narrow band antennas 5.4.2 Design of Wideband Antennas 5.5 Active Reconfigurable Microstrip Antenna using different approaches 5.6 Conclusion References 6. Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Passive and Active Antennas 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Concept of Radiation Beam Reconfigurability in Antennas 6.3 Passive Beam Reconfigurable Antennas 6.4 Approaches in Beam Reconfigurability in Active Antennas 6.5 Active Beam Reconfigurable Antennas 6.6 Conclusion References 7. Radiation Pattern Switchable Passive and Active Antennas 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Beam Switchable Antennas 7.3 Passive Beam Switchable Antennas 7.4 Null steering Passive antennas 7.5 Active Beam Switchable Antennas 7.6 Conclusion References 8. Compound Reconfigurable Passive and Active Antennas 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Frequency and Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 8.2.1 Polarization Switching at Dual-Frequencies 8.2.2 Polarization Switching at Triple-Frequencies 8.2.3 Polarization Switching at Quadruple-Frequencies 8.3 Radiation Pattern and Polarization Reconfigurable Antennas 8.4 Frequency and Radiation Pattern Reconfigurable Antennas 8.5 Summary References 9. Applications of Reconfigurable Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Compound Reconfigurable Antennas Applications 9.3 Compact Reconfigurable Antennas Applications 9.4 Active reconfigurable Antennas Applications 9.5 Conclusion References 10. Future Directions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Scope of Active Antennas in Power Combining Arrays 10.3 Use of More Reliable and High Power Handling Switches 10.4 Use of a Low Insertion Loss and highly Isolated Switches 10.5 Non-Linearity of Switches at High RF Power 10.6 Conclusion References Index ​

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Overview and Challenges of Wireless Communications System.- Chapter 2. Introduction to wireless communication evolution.- Chapter 3. Challenges faced in modern wireless systems.- Chapter 4. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing System and Peak to Average Power Ratio Issues.- Chapter 5. Fundamentals of OFDM and its significance.- Chapter 6. Detailed analysis of PAPR issues.- Chapter 7. System Model of OFDM System.- Chapter 8. Mathematical modelling of OFDM systems.- Chapter 9. Performance analysis through PAPR metrics.- Chapter 10. PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM System.- Chapter 11. Exploration of various PAPR reduction methods.- Chapter 12. Comparative analysis of techniques.- Chapter 13. PAPR in MIMO-OFDM System.- Chapter 14. Examination of PAPR challenges in MIMO-OFDM.- Chapter 15. Strategies for addressing these challenges.- Chapter 16. Diversity Techniques.- Chapter 17. Introduction to diversity schemes.- Chapter 18. Impact of diversity on PAPR and system performance.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction to Self-Healing Materials.- Chapter 2. Mechanisms of Self-Healing.- Chapter 3. Classification of Self-Healing Materials.- Chapter 4. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Healing.- Chapter 5. Physics in Self-Healing Materials.- Chapter 6. Chemistry of Self-Healing.- Chapter 7. Biomimetic Inspirations for Self-Healing.- Chapter 8. Applications in Energy Systems.- Chapter 9. Applications in Structural Materials.- Chapter 10. Biomedical Applications.- Chapter 11. Challenges and Limitations in Self-Healing Materials.- Chapter 12. Future Directions and Opportunities.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a survey of the latest research and developments in plasma technology. In an easy and comprehensive manner, it explores what plasma is and the technologies utilized to produce plasma. It then investigates the main applications and their benefits. Different from other books on the topic that focus on specific aspects of plasma technology, the intention is to provide an introduction to all aspects related to plasma technologies. This book will be an ideal resource for graduate students studying plasma technologies, in addition to researchers in physics, engineering, and materials science.Features Accessible and easy to understand Provides simple yet exhaustive explanations of the foundations Explores the latest technologies and is filled with practical applications and case studies Table of Contents1. Introduction. 2. Plasma Reactors. 3. Plasma Applications. 4. Concluding Remarks.

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