Applied physics Books
Taylor & Francis Ltd Microwave Dielectric Spectroscopy of Ferroelectrics and Related Materials
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£58.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Introduction to Sustainable Energy Transformation
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£80.74
Taylor & Francis Ltd Introduction to Sustainable Energy Transformation
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£204.25
Taylor & Francis Ltd ElectronIonPlasma Modification of a Hypoeutectoid AlSi Alloy
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£68.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd MultiComponent Force Sensing Systems
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£25.38
Taylor & Francis Ltd An Introduction to Experimental Nuclear Reactions
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£84.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Nanoscale Quantum Materials
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£84.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Plasma Gasification and Pyrolysis
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£175.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Nanotechnology
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£45.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd An Introduction to UltraFast Silicon Detectors
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£171.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Harnessing Synthetic NanotechnologyBased Methodologies for Sustainable Green Applications
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£76.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Chemical Sensors
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£120.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Analysis of Residual Stress by Diffraction using Neutron and Synchrotron Radiation
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£209.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Integrating Organizational Behavior Management with Industrial and Organizational Psychology
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£135.00
Taylor & Francis Comedy
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£96.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Relativity In Our Time
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£58.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Quantities For Generalized Dosimetry Of Ionizing Radiations in Liquid Water Quantities for Dosimetry
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£453.63
Taylor & Francis Ltd Entropy And Its Physical Meaning 2nd Edition
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£71.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd J.J. Thompson And The Discovery Of The Electron
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£171.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Exotic Kondo Effects in Metals Magnetic Ions in a Crystalline Electric Field and Tunelling Centres
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£209.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Nuclear Fusion
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£135.00
Taylor & Francis Ltd Practical Density Measurement and Hydrometry Series in Measurement Science and Technology
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£152.56
Taylor & Francis Ltd Computational Accelerator Physics 2003
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£387.51
Taylor & Francis Ltd Sensors and Their Applications XII 12 Series in Sensors
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£387.51
Taylor & Francis Ltd Introductory Special Relativity
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£76.42
Taylor & Francis Ltd Universe Dynamics
Book SynopsisCHOICE Recommended Title, June 2019Brought together in one focused and exclusive treatment, this book provides an elementary introduction to the important role and use of the least action principle and the resulting Lagrange's equations in the analysis of the laws that govern the universe. It is an ideal complimentary resource to accompany undergraduate courses and textbooks on classical mechanics.Features: Uses mathematics accessible to beginners Brings together the Principle of Least Action, Lagrange''s equations, and variational principles in mechanics in one cohesive text Written in a clear and easy-to-understand manner Trade Review"In the preface and introduction to this text, Vanier and Tomescu (both, Univ. of Montreal) rightfully argue that much can be learned about dynamics in all areas of physics through the application of the least action principle. Despite this fact, most undergraduate curricula limit the discussion of this principle to just part of an upper-division mechanics course. The aim of this text is to remedy that. Before looking at the principle of least action, the text presents a review of mechanics, relativity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The authors' aim in this section is to see how these areas are typically studied without the use of the least action principle. The principle is then presented and tied directly to Lagrange’s equations. The second half of the text consists of various examples of applying the principle to the areas that were discussed in the initial review. Though not all problems of interest are considered, these are good examples that can be used to see how to apply the principle broadly. This is not an introductory text; it assumes a familiarity with differential calculus and is probably best suited for upper-division undergraduates. Summing Up: Recommended. Advanced undergraduates and graduate students."—E. Kincanon, Gonzaga University in CHOICE, June 2019Table of ContentsCHAPTER I ■ Introduction CHAPTER II ■ Selected Elements of Classical and Quantum Physics CHAPTER III ■ Search for a Universal Principle CHAPTER IV ■ Selected Applications of Lagrange’s Equations CHAPTER V ■ Fields and Quantum Physics CHAPTER VI ■ Conclusion
£58.99
Taylor & Francis Ltd Geometrical Optics of Weakly Anisotropic Media
Book SynopsisThis book explores recent developments in QIA and describes the application of the theory to different branches of wave physics, from plasma physics, quantum physics, and ionospheric radio wave propagation to acoustics, optics, and astrophysics. This is an up-to-the-minute exposition of the latest developments in an important new area, written by authors of outstanding reputation. A rich source of both theoretical methods and practical applications, it covers a wide range of problems of general physical significance. Until recently, there was no effective method for describing waves in weakly anisotropic inhomogeneous media. The method of quasi-isotropic approximation (QIA) of geometrical optics was developed to overcome this problem. The QIA approach bridges the gap between geometrical optics of isotropic media (Rytov method) and that of anisotropic media (Courant-Lax approach), thus providing a complete picture of the geometrical optics of inhomogeneous media.Table of Contents1. Geometrical Optics of Inhomogeneous Media 2. Modifications and Generalizations of QIA 3. Electromagnetic Waves in Magnetized Plasmas 4. Quasi-Isotropic Approximation in Quantum Mechanics 5. Geometrical Acoustics of Weakly Anisotropic Media 6. Optical Effects in Weakly Anisotropic Media
£145.00
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Semiconductor Devices For Computing and Telecommunications Applications
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£62.69
Cambridge University Press A Students Guide to Vectors and Tensors
Book SynopsisAdopting the same approach used in his highly popular A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations, Fleisch explains vectors and tensors in plain language to give undergraduate and beginning graduate students a better understanding of how to use vectors and tensors to solve problems in physics and engineering.Trade Review'This is both helpful and innovative … Fleisch's book is an excellent and challenging resource for students in this subject area.' Optics and Photonics News'In the reviewer's experience it takes students a long time to get a feeling for what vectors and especially tensors are, and in this respect this book is very useful: it helps them become confident in using and applying these concepts … Each chapter concludes with a section of problems and, moreover, the author supplies an interactive website and a series of audio podcasts. In the reviewer's opinion this book will certainly become as popular as the author's book A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations which uses the same approach.' Rabe von Randow, Zentralblatt MATH'This highly readable introductory book will be of great assistance to those taking undergraduate or graduate courses and meeting tensors for the first time.' George Matthews, Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (ima.org.uk)Table of Contents1. Vectors; 2. Vector operations; 3. Vector applications; 4. Covariant and contravariant vector components; 5. Higher-rank tensors; 6. Tensor applications; Index.
£57.95
Cambridge University Press Carbon Nanotube and Graphene Device Physics
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£72.19
Cambridge University Press Introduction to Semiconductor Devices For Computing and Telecommunications Applications
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£121.60
Cambridge University Press Python for Chemists
Book SynopsisThis accessible and self-contained guide provides a comprehensive introduction to the popular programming language, Python, with a focus on applications in chemistry and chemical physics. End of chapter problems are included throughout, with worked solutions available, and additional resources are provided on a companion website.Trade Review'This book is a very useful addition to the library of python books, and is squarely directed at chemists, covering all the main aspects of python that they will find useful, without getting bogged down in programming detail. The clear focus on chemistry examples from the start means that students will be able to quickly perform useful, Python-based tasks without having to invest time in learning abstract syntax. Python for chemists will be a valuable resource for chemists who wish to add an element of programming to their skills base.' John McGrady, University of Oxford'I used the author's previous book, 'Learning Scientific Programming with Python' as the textbook for my course for senior undergraduate and beginning graduate students in chemistry. This new book is targeted specifically towards chemistry and includes many new and useful examples and applications. The least squares optimization examples are particularly well-suited to advanced physical chemistry spectroscopy experiments and I like the way the individual topics are split into manageable bite-sized chapters. Overall, this will be a very useful book as a reference for researchers and instructors, advanced undergraduates and graduate students who need to learn modern numerical computation, data analysis, and graphical presentation techniques.' Trevor Sears, Stony Brook University'The ability to write code is becoming an essential skill for chemistry students. Python is widely used in chemistry research and is increasingly taught in undergraduate courses, but it has lacked a comprehensive textbook tailored to chemistry students. Python for Chemists addresses this need by providing detailed coverage of the basics of the Python language and presenting a range of practical examples across the standard chemistry syllabus. This book will be useful for undergraduate and graduate students interested in learning and using Python in their studies and research and for instructors looking to teach Python in a chemistry context.' Benjamin J. Morgan, University of BathTable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. Basic Python usage; 3. Strings; 4. Lists and loops; 5. Comparisons and flow control; 6. Functions; 7. Data structures; 8. File input/output; 9. Basic numpy; 10. Graph plotting with Matplotlib; 11. The steady-state approximation; 12. Liquid-vapour equilibrium; 13. Jupyter notebook; 14. LaTeX; 15. Chemistry databases and file formats; 16. More NumPy and Matplotlib; 17. Thermodynamic cycles; 18. Vectors, matrices and linear algebra; 19. Linear least squares fitting I; 20. Linear least squares fitting II; 21. Numerical integration; 22. Optimization with scipy.optimize; 23. Vibrational spectroscopy; 24. The morse oscillator; 25. Solving ordinary differential equations; 26. The oregonator; 27. Root-finding with scipy.optimize; 28. Rotational spectroscopy; 29. Peak finding; 30. Fitting the vibrational spectrum of CO; 31. pandas; 32. Simulating a powder diffraction spectrum; 33. The Hückel approximation; 34. Nonlinear fitting and constrained optimization; 35. SymPy; 36. Molecular orbital theory for H2+; 37. Approximations of the helium atom electronic energy; 38. Computational chemistry with Psi4 and Python; 39. Atomic structure; 40. Solutions.
£37.99
Cambridge University Press Data Analysis Techniques for Physical Scientists
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£31.34
Cambridge University Press Transmission Lines
Book SynopsisThis rigorous treatment of transmission lines presents all the necessary concepts in a clear and straightforward manner. Key principles are demonstrated by numerous practical worked examples and illustrations, and complex mathematics is avoided throughout. An invaluable resource for students, researchers and professionals in electrical, RF and microwave engineering.Trade Review'… presents the theory from three perspectives: equivalent circuit model, electromagnetics, and photons … The end-of-chapter bibliographies are nicely categorized by subject to allow an easier review … Recommended.' B. Kordi, ChoiceTable of Contents1. Pulses on transmission lines; 2. Sine waves and networks; 3. Coupled transmission lines and circuits; 4. Transmission lines and electromagnetism; 5. Guided electromagnetic waves; 6. Attenuation in transmission lines; 7. Transmission lines and photons; 8. Further discussion of photons and other topics.
£52.20
John Wiley & Sons Inc Efficiency of Biomass Energy
Book SynopsisDetails energy and exergy efficiencies of all major aspects of bioenergy systems Covers all major bioenergy processes starting from photosynthesis and cultivation of biomass feedstocks and ending with final bioenergy products, like power, biofuels, and chemicals Each chapter includes historical developments, chemistry, major technologies, applications as well as energy, environmental and economic aspects in order to serve as an introduction to biomass and bioenergy A separate chapter introduces a beginner in easy accessible way to exergy analysis and the similarities and differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are underlined Includes case studies and illustrative examples of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd generation biofuels production, power and heat generation (thermal plants, fuel cells, boilers), and biorefineries Traditional fossil fuels-based technologies are also described in order to cTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi PART I | Background and Outline Chapter 1 | Bioenergy Systems: An Overview 3 1.1 Energy and the Environment 3 1.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Source 13 1.3 Biomass Conversion Processes 22 1.4 Utilization of Biomass 27 1.5 Closing Remarks 34 References 34 Chapter 2 | Exergy Analysis 37 2.1 Sustainability and Efficiency 37 2.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Processes 42 2.3 Exergy Concept 52 2.4 Exergetic Evaluation of Processes and Technologies 67 2.5 Renewability of Biofuels 81 2.6 Closing Remarks 86 References 86 PART II | Biomass Production and Conversion Chapter 3 | Photosynthesis 93 3.1 Photosynthesis: An Overview 93 3.2 Exergy of Thermal Radiation 99 3.3 Exergy Analysis of Photosynthesis 106 3.4 Global Photosynthesis 116 3.5 Closing Remarks 120 References 120 Chapter 4 | Biomass Production 123 4.1 Overview 123 4.2 Efficiency of Solar Energy Capture 133 4.3 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Cultivation and Harvesting 140 4.4 Fossil Inputs for Biomass Logistics 146 4.5 Closing Remarks 150 References 150 Chapter 5 | Thermochemical Conversion: Gasification 153 5.1 Gasification: An Overview 153 5.2 Gasification of Carbon 171 5.3 Gasification of Biomass 183 5.4 Gasification of Typical Fuels 191 5.5 Closing Remarks 198 References 198 Chapter 6 | Gasification: Parametric Studies and Gasification Systems 203 6.1 Effect of Fuel Chemical Composition on Gasification Performance 203 6.2 Effect of Biomass Moisture Content, Gasification Pressure, and Heat Addition on Gasification Performance 211 6.3 Improvement of Gasification Exergetic Efficiency 215 6.4 Gasification Efficiency Using Equilibrium versus Nonequilibrium Models 230 6.4.1 Quasi-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Models 231 6.4.2 Comparison of Gasification Efficiency 231 6.5 Performance of Typical Gasifiers 233 6.5.1 Comparison of FICFB and Viking Gasifiers 233 6.5.2 Fluidized-Bed Gasifiers for the Production of H2-Rich Syngas 238 6.5.3 Downdraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 241 6.5.4 Updraft Fixed-Bed Gasifier 242 6.6 Plasma Gasification 244 6.6.1 Plasma Gasification Technology 244 6.6.2 Plasma Gasification of Sewage Sludge 244 6.7 Thermochemical Conversion in Sub- and Supercritical Water 246 6.7.1 Conversion of Wet Biomass in Hot Compressed Water 246 6.7.2 Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) 247 6.7.3 Hydrothermal Upgrading (HTU) under Subcritical Water Conditions 251 6.8 Closing Remarks 253 References 253 PART III | Biofuels First-Generation Biofuels Chapter 7 | Biodiesel 261 7.1 Biodiesel: An Overview 261 7.1.1 Introduction 261 7.1.2 Historical Development 262 7.1.3 Chemistry 263 7.1.4 Feedstocks 265 7.1.5 Production Process 266 7.1.6 Biodiesel as Transport Fuel 268 7.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 269 7.2 Biodiesel from Plant Oils 272 7.2.1 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification 272 7.2.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 275 7.3 Biodiesel from Used Cooking Oil 278 7.3.1 Exergy Analysis of Biodiesel Production 278 7.3.2 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain 281 7.4 Biodiesel from Microalgae 281 7.4.1 Introduction 281 7.4.2 Exergy Analysis of Transesterification of Algal Oil 282 7.4.3 Exergy Analysis of Overall Production Chain of Algal Biodiesel 284 7.5 Closing Remarks 286 References 286 Chapter 8 | Bioethanol 289 8.1 Bioethanol: An Overview 289 8.1.1 Introduction 289 8.1.2 Historical Development 290 8.1.3 Ethanol as Transport Fuel 291 8.1.4 Chemistry 293 8.1.5 Bioethanol Production Methods 295 8.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 302 8.2 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 305 8.2.1 Introduction 305 8.2.2 Ethanol from Sugarcane 306 8.2.3 Exergetic Performance of Sugarcane Ethanol Plants for Various Cogeneration Configurations 310 8.2.4 Ethanol from Sugar Beets 313 8.2.5 Renewability of Ethanol from Sugar Crops 315 8.3 Exergy Analysis of Ethanol from Starchy Crops 317 8.3.1 Introduction 317 8.3.2 Corn Ethanol: Exergy Analysis 317 8.3.3 Corn Ethanol: Cumulative Exergy Consumption (CExC) and Renewability 319 8.3.4 Wheat Ethanol 322 8.4 Exergy Analysis of Lignocellulosic Ethanol (Second Generation) 323 8.4.1 Introduction 323 8.4.2 Ethanol from Wood (NREL Process) 324 8.4.3 Impact of Biomass Pretreatment and Process Configuration 328 8.4.4 Comparison of Exergetic Efficiency 330 8.4.5 Renewability of Lignocellulosic Ethanol from Tropical Tree Plantations 331 8.5 Alternative Ethanol Processes 332 8.5.1 Fossil Ethanol from Mineral Oil 332 8.5.2 Ethanol via Water Electrolysis 333 8.6 Closing Remarks 334 References 334 Second-Generation Liquid Biofuels Chapter 9 | Fischer–Tropsch Fuels 341 9.1 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: An Overview 341 9.1.1 Introduction 341 9.1.2 Historical Development 342 9.1.3 Process Chemistry 343 9.1.4 Comparison of F-T Fuels to Conventional Transport Fuels 345 9.1.5 Process Design 346 9.1.6 Process Performance 348 9.2 Exergy Analysis of Coal-to-Liquid (CTL) Process 351 9.2.1 Description of CTL Process 351 9.2.2 Mass Balance and Energy Analysis 353 9.2.3 Exergy Analysis 354 9.3 Exergy Analysis of Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Processes 355 9.3.1 GTL Process with Tail Gas Recycling: Internal and External 356 9.3.2 Impact of Reformer Temperature on GTL Efficiency: External Tail Gas Recycling 361 9.4 Exergy Analysis of Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) Processes 365 9.4.1 Introduction 365 9.4.2 Once-Through F-T Process 366 9.4.3 Impact of Biomass Feedstock on Process Efficiency 373 9.4.4 Reforming and Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas 377 9.4.5 Recycling of F-T Reactor Tail Gas to Biomass Gasifier 382 9.5 Closing Remarks 383 References 383 Chapter 10 | Methanol 387 10.1 Methanol: An Overview 387 10.1.1 Introduction 387 10.1.2 Historical Development 388 10.1.3 Chemistry 389 10.1.4 Methanol as Transport Fuel 390 10.1.5 Process Design 392 10.1.6 Process Performance 393 10.2 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 396 10.2.1 Methanol from Natural Gas 396 10.2.2 Methanol from Coal 400 10.3 Methanol from Biomass 405 10.3.1 Methanol from Waste Biomass (Sewage Sludge) 405 10.3.2 Other Biomass-Based Methanol Processes 413 10.4 Closing Remarks 414 References 415 Chapter 11 | Thermochemical Ethanol 419 11.1 Thermochemical Ethanol: An Overview 419 11.1.1 Introduction 419 11.1.2 Process Chemistry 420 11.1.3 Catalysts for Ethanol Synthesis 422 11.1.4 Process Design 423 11.1.5 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 426 11.2 Exergy Analysis 427 11.2.1 Process Description 428 11.2.2 Mass and Energy Balances (Rh-Based Catalyst) 431 11.2.3 Exergy Analysis (Rh-Based Catalyst) 433 11.2.4 Impact of Ethanol Synthesis Catalyst (MoS2-Based Target Catalyst) 435 11.2.5 Impact of Gasification Temperature 438 11.3 Closing Remarks 439 References 440 Chapter 12 | Dimethyl Ether (DME) 445 12.1 Dimethyl Ether: An Overview 445 12.1.1 Introduction 445 12.1.2 Historical Development 446 12.1.3 Process Chemistry 447 12.1.4 DME as Energy Carrier 448 12.1.5 Production Technology 449 12.1.6 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Aspects 451 12.2 Dimethyl Ether from Fossil Fuels 452 12.2.1 DME from Natural Gas 452 12.2.2 DME from Coal 458 12.2.3 DME from Co-Feed of Natural Gas and Coal 462 12.3 Dimethyl Ether from Biomass 462 12.3.1 DME via Indirect Steam Gasification 462 12.3.2 Influence of Syngas Preparation Method on Process Efficiency 468 12.4 Closing Remarks 472 References 472 Chapter 13 | Hydrogen 475 13.1 Hydrogen: An Overview 475 13.1.1 Introduction 475 13.1.2 History: from Discovery to Hydrogen Economy 476 13.1.3 Chemistry of Hydrogen Production 477 13.1.4 Hydrogen Use 479 13.1.5 Hydrogen Storage 480 13.1.6 Production Methods 481 13.1.7 Energy, Environmental, and Economic Performance 482 13.2 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 485 13.2.1 Hydrogen from Natural Gas 485 13.2.2 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Natural Gas Processes 489 13.2.3 Hydrogen-from-Coal Gasification 490 13.2.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Coal Processes 493 13.3 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Water Electrolysis 494 13.3.1 Process Description 494 13.3.2 Mass and Energy Balances 495 13.3.3 Exergy Analysis 495 13.4 Exergy Analysis of Future Hydrogen Production Processes 496 13.4.1 Thermochemical Cycles 497 13.4.2 Geothermal Energy 499 13.4.3 Solar Energy 500 13.5 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen Production from Biomass Gasification 501 13.5.1 Exergy Analysis of Hydrogen from Wood 501 13.5.2 Influence of Biomass Feedstocks on Exergetic Efficiency 506 13.5.3 Influence of Gasification System Configurations on Exergetic Efficiency 507 13.5.4 Comparison of Efficiency for Hydrogen-from-Biomass Gasification 511 13.6 Exergy Analysis of Biological Hydrogen Production 512 13.6.1 Process Description 512 13.6.2 Mass and Energy Balances 514 13.6.3 Exergy Analysis 515 13.7 Closing Remarks 517 References 517 Chapter 14 | Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) 523 14.1 Substitute Natural Gas: An Overview 523 14.1.1 Introduction 523 14.1.2 Historical Development 524 14.1.3 Chemistry of Methanation 526 14.1.4 Natural Gas as Energy Carrier 527 14.1.5 SNG Production Technology 529 14.1.6 Energy, Environmental and Economic Aspects 530 14.2 SNG from Coal 533 14.2.1 Description of Coal-to-SNG Process 533 14.2.2 Process Modeling 537 14.2.3 Mass and Energy Balances 537 14.2.4 Exergy Analysis 538 14.2.5 Overview of Coal-to-SNG Processes 540 14.3 SNG from Biomass Gasification 540 14.3.1 SNG via Wood Gasification 540 14.3.2 Comparison of SNG Production from Various Biomass Feedstocks 550 14.3.3 Overview of Biomass-to-SNG Processes 555 14.4 Closing Remarks 555 References 556 PART IV | Bioenergy Systems Chapter 15 | Thermal Power Plants, Heat Engines, and Heat Production 561 15.1 Biomass-Based Power and Heat Generation: An Overview 561 15.1.1 Introduction 561 15.1.2 Historical Development 563 15.1.3 Technologies for Power Generation from Biomass 564 15.1.4 Biofuels in Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 567 15.1.5 Biomass Heating Systems 568 15.1.6 Performance and Cost of Power Generation Systems 569 15.1.7 Environmental Aspects 571 15.2 Biomass Combustion Power Systems 571 15.2.1 Introduction 571 15.2.2 Biomass Steam Cogeneration Plant 572 15.2.3 Externally Fired Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle 575 15.2.4 Biomass-Fired Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) 580 15.3 Biomass Gasification Power Systems 584 15.3.1 Introduction 584 15.3.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification Gas Turbine–Combined Cycle (BIG/GT-CC) 585 15.3.3 Improving Efficiency BIG/GT-CC Plants 588 15.3.4 Biomass Integrated Gasification Internal Combustion Engine–Combined Cycle (BIG/ICE-CC) 589 15.4 Comparison of Various Biomass-Fueled Power Plants 591 15.4.1 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine Simple Cogeneration Cycles 592 15.4.2 Internally and Externally Fired Gas Turbine: Simple and Combined Cycles 597 15.4.3 Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification CHP Plants 602 15.5 Biomass-Fueled Internal Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines 608 15.5.1 Ethanol-Fueled Spark-Ignition Engines 609 15.5.2 Biodiesel-Fueled Compression-Ignition Engines 610 15.5.3 Biofuel-Fired Gas Turbines 612 15.6 Polygeneration of Electricity, Heat, and Chemicals 615 15.6.1 Introduction 615 15.6.2 Methanol Synthesis 615 15.6.3 Ethanol Production 621 15.7 Biomass Boilers and Heating Systems 624 15.7.1 Introduction 624 15.7.2 Biomass Boilers 625 15.7.3 Energy Utilization in Buildings 627 15.8 Closing Remarks 628 References 628 Chapter 16 | Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems 633 16.1 Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Systems: An Overview 633 16.1.1 Introduction 633 16.1.2 Historical Development 634 16.1.3 Fuel Cell Fundamentals 635 16.1.4 Fuel Cell Types 636 16.1.5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics 638 16.1.6 Overview of Biomass-Based Fuel Cell Configurations 640 16.1.7 Energy Efficiency, Cost, and Environmental Impact 642 16.2 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (BIG/SOFC) Systems 642 16.2.1 Central Power Production Using BIG/SOFC/GT Systems 643 16.2.2 Other Central Power Production Studies Using BIG/SOFC Systems 647 16.2.3 Distributed Power Production Using BIG/SOFC Systems 648 16.2.4 Integration of Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) with SOFC/GT Hybrid System 650 16.3 Biomass Integrated Gasification–Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (BIG/PEMFC) Systems 652 16.3.1 Distributed Combined Heat and Power Generation Based on Central Hydrogen Production 652 16.3.2 Effect of Hydrogen Quality on Efficiency of Distributed CHP Systems 659 16.4 Fuel Cell Systems Fed with Liquid Biofuels 660 16.4.1 Introduction 660 16.4.2 Maximum Electricity Obtainable from Various Fuels 661 16.4.3 Integrated Fuel Processor–Fuel Cell (FP-FC) System 663 16.4.4 Direct Liquid Fuel Cell Systems 668 16.5 Closing Remarks 669 References 669 Chapter 17 | Biorefineries 673 17.1 Biorefineries: An Overview 673 17.1.1 Introduction 673 17.1.2 Historical Development 674 17.1.3 Chemical Value of Biomass 675 17.1.4 Biorefinery Systems 677 17.1.5 Biorefinery Technology 679 17.2 Comparison of Various Biomass Utilization Routes 681 17.2.1 Biomass Utilization Routes 681 17.2.2 Power Generation 682 17.2.3 Biofuels Production 683 17.2.4 Chemical Biorefinery 683 17.3 Exergy Inputs to Basic Biorefinery Steps 684 17.3.1 Biorefinery Model 684 17.3.2 Processing Simple Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686 17.3.3 Processing Complex Carbohydrates into Fermentable Sugars 686 17.3.4 Processing Fermentable Sugars into Ethanol 688 17.3.5 Processing Ethanol into Ethylene 689 17.3.6 Fatty Acids Processing 690 17.3.7 Amino Acids Processing 692 17.3.8 Lignin Processing 695 17.3.9 Ash and Residuals Processing 695 17.4 Optimal Biomass Crops as Biorefinery Feedstock 696 17.4.1 Biomass versus Petrochemical Route for the Production of Bulk Chemicals 696 17.4.2 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Biomass Route 697 17.4.3 Cumulative Fossil Fuel Consumption in the Petrochemical Route 698 17.4.4 Fossil Fuel Savings 699 17.4.5 Optimal Crops for Biorefineries 699 17.5 Closing Remarks 702 References 702 Postface 707 Appendixes Appendix A – Conversion Factors 709 Appendix B – Constants 711 Appendix C – SI Prefixes 713 Glossary of Selected Terms 715 Notation 721 Acknowledgments for Permission to Reproduce Copyrighted Material 729 Author Index 733 Subject Index 745
£160.50
