Analytical philosophy and Logical Positivism Books

Book SynopsisAn essential resource for students of Wittgenstein, this collection contains faithful, in some cases expanded and corrected, versions of many important pieces never before available in a single volume, including Notes for the ''Philosophical Lecture'', published here for the first time. Fifteen selections, with bi-lingual versions of those originally written in German, span the development of Wittgenstein''s thought, his range of interests, and his methods of philosophical investigation. Short introductions, an index, and an updated version of Georg Henrik von Wright''s The Wittgenstein Papers situate the selections within the broader context of the Wittgenstein corpus and the history of its publication.Trade ReviewA magnificent collection . . . the editors are to be congratulated. --Steven Gerrard, Williams College. . .selections make available in easily accessible form some of the most interesting smaller writings of Wittgenstein's, including the longest explanation he ever gave of the nature of the philosophical enterprise. --Jaakko Hintikka, Boston University[The editors] have usefully and skillfully assembled various writings by Wittgenstein. . . . to permit a synoptic view of his several concerns. . . . The book is an excellent source and it provides a nourishing supplement to the Investigations. --Colin McGinn, The New Republic

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewA magnificent collection . . . the editors are to be congratulated. --Steven Gerrard, Williams College. . .selections make available in easily accessible form some of the most interesting smaller writings of Wittgenstein's, including the longest explanation he ever gave of the nature of the philosophical enterprise. --Jaakko Hintikka, Boston University[The editors] have usefully and skillfully assembled various writings by Wittgenstein. . . . to permit a synoptic view of his several concerns. . . . The book is an excellent source and it provides a nourishing supplement to the Investigations. --Colin McGinn, The New Republic

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Book SynopsisThis Element presents and critically examines the relationship between metaphysics and the sciences. Section 1 provides a brief introduction. Section 2 addresses methodological issues. Section 3 describe the milder forms of naturalism about metaphysics. Section 4 reflects on pressing open problems in scientifically oriented metaphysics.

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Book SynopsisThis Element aims to introduce the different definitions of translation provided in the history of analytic philosophy. It explores the philosophical-analytic notions used to explain translation from Frege and Wittgenstein onwards. It focuses on translation equivalence, translating into another language, and the analytic philosophy of language.Table of ContentsIntroduction; 1. From Frege to carnap: translation as paraphrase; 2. Wittgenstein: translation as calculus and translation as a language game; 3. Quine and the thesis of translation indeterminacy; 4. The notion of synonymy and Davidson's theory of radical interpretation; 5. The Principle of Charity and the third dogma of Empiricism; 6. Sellars and the problem of semantic vs. pragmatic equivalence; 7. Grice and the translation of implicit meaning; 8. Kripke's translation test; 9. The translation of explicit meaning in Literalism vs. Contextualism; Conclusion; References.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides philosophers with an accessible yet technically sound treatment of modal logic and its philosophical applications. This second edition contains a new chapter on logics of conditionals, an updated and expanded bibliography, and is updated throughout. A number of technical results have also been clarified and streamlined.Table of ContentsPreface to the second edition; Introduction; 1. The System K: a foundation for modal logic; 2. Extensions of K; 3. Basic concepts of intensional semantics; 4. Trees for K; 5. The accessibility of relation; 6. Trees for extensions of K; 7. Converting trees to proofs; 8. Adequacy of propositional modal logics; 9. Completeness of using canonical models; 10. Axioms and their corresponding conditions on R; 11. Relations between the modal logics; 12. Systems of quantified modal logic; 13. Semantics for quantified modal logics; 14. Trees for quantified modal logics; 15. The adequacy of quantified modal logics; 16. Completeness of quantified modal logics using trees; 17. Completeness using canonical models; 18. Descriptions; 19. Lambda abstraction; 20. Conditionals.

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Book SynopsisThis book will appeal to readers interested in analytic philosophy and its history. Avoiding mathematical detail and locating the relevant developments in their historical context, the book explains and extends recent advances in the philosophy of mathematics and our understanding of questions about the nature of scientific reality.Trade Review'As a philosophy major at the University of Western Ontario in 1995 I was fortunate enough to enroll in Demopoulos' history of analytic philosophy class … The essays in this volume preserve the intensity and commitment to rigorous argumentation that I first encountered in that class twenty years ago. … I look forward to Demopoulos' next contribution to these important debates.' Chris Pincock, The Journal of Bertrand Russell StudiesTable of ContentsPreface; Introduction; 1. Frege's analysis of arithmetical knowledge; 2. Carnap's thesis, on extending 'empiricism, semantics and ontology' to the realism-instrumentalism controversy; 3. Carnap's analysis of realism; 4. Bertrand Russell's The Analysis of Matter: its historical context and contemporary interest with Michael Friedman; 5. On the rational reconstruction of our theoretical knowledge; 6. Three views of theoretical knowledge; 7. Frege and the rigorization of analysis; 8. The philosophical basis of our knowledge of number; 9. The 1910 Principia's theory of functions and classes; 10. Ramsey's extensional propositional functions.

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Book SynopsisLudwig Wittgenstein (1889â1951) is one of the most important and influential philosophers in modern times, but he is also one of the least accessible. In this volume, leading experts chart the development of his work and clarify the connections between its different stages. The essays, which are both expository and original, address central themes in Wittgenstein's writing on a wide range of topics, particularly his thinking about the mind, language, logic, and mathematics. The contributors illuminate the character of the whole body of work by focusing on key topics: the style of the philosophy, the conception of grammar contained in it, rule-following, convention, logical necessity, the self, and what Wittgenstein called, in a famous phrase, 'forms of life'. This revised edition includes a new introduction, five new essays - on Tractarian ethics, Wittgenstein's development, aspects, the mind, and time and history - and a fully updated comprehensive bibliography.Trade Review'The distinguished contributors take different interpretive approaches to Wittgenstein's work and cover a wide range of topics. Some essays stay within the standard range of topics, whereas others, e.g., Sluga's 'Time and History in Wittgenstein', look to extend the range.' ChoiceTable of ContentsPreface; Introduction; 1. Wittgenstein's critique of philosophy Robert J. Fogelin; 2. Pictures, logic, and the limits of sense in Wittgenstein's Tractatus Thomas Ricketts; 3. Tractarian ethics Kevin Cahill; 4. Wittgenstein in the 1930s David G. Stern; 5. A philosophy of mathematics between two camps Steve Gerrard; 6. Necessity and normativity Hans-Johann Glock; 7. Wittgenstein, mathematics, and ethics: resisting the attractions of realism Cora Diamond; 8. Notes and afterthoughts on the opening of Wittgenstein's Investigations Stanley Cavell; 9. Mind, meaning and practice Barry Stroud; 10. Body and soul Joachim Schulte; 11. The question of linguistic idealism revisited Hans Sluga; 12. Aspects of aspects Juliet Floyd; 13. Forms of life: mapping the rough ground Naomi Scheman; 14. Time and history in Wittgenstein Hans Sluga; 15. Certainties of a world picture: the epistemological investigations of On Certainty Michael Kober; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book on modal logic is especially designed for philosophy students. It provides an accessible yet technically sound treatment of modal logic and its philosophical applications. Every effort is made to simplify the presentation by using diagrams instead of more complex mathematical apparatus. These and other innovations provide philosophers with easy access to a rich variety of topics in modal logic, including a full coverage of quantified modal logic, non-rigid designators, definite descriptions, and the de-re de-dicto distinction. Discussion of philosophical issues concerning the development of modal logic is woven into the text. The book uses natural deduction systems, which are widely regarded as the easiest to teach and use. It also includes a diagram technique that extends the method of truth trees to modal logic. This provides a foundation for a novel method for showing completeness that is easy to extend to quantifiers. This second edition contains a new chapter on logics oTable of ContentsPreface to the second edition; Introduction; 1. The System K: a foundation for modal logic; 2. Extensions of K; 3. Basic concepts of intensional semantics; 4. Trees for K; 5. The accessibility of relation; 6. Trees for extensions of K; 7. Converting trees to proofs; 8. Adequacy of propositional modal logics; 9. Completeness of using canonical models; 10. Axioms and their corresponding conditions on R; 11. Relations between the modal logics; 12. Systems of quantified modal logic; 13. Semantics for quantified modal logics; 14. Trees for quantified modal logics; 15. The adequacy of quantified modal logics; 16. Completeness of quantified modal logics using trees; 17. Completeness using canonical models; 18. Descriptions; 19. Lambda abstraction; 20. Conditionals.

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Book SynopsisExploring the ethical dimension of Wittgenstein's thought, Iczkovits challenges the view that Wittgenstein had a vision of language and subsequently a vision of ethics, showing how the two are integrated in his philosophical method, and allowing us to reframe traditional problems in moral philosophy considered as external to questions of meaning.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Introduction The Rungs of the 'Ethical' Ladder Philosophical Imaginations On Certainty and Honesty World-Picture and World-View The Reality of What is Said Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book attempts to explicate and expand upon Frank Ramsey's notion of the realistic spirit. In so doing, it provides a systematic reading of his work, and demonstrates the extent of Ramsey's genius as evinced by both his responses to the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, and the impact he had on Wittgenstein's later philosophical insights.Trade Review“Methven’s book is a welcome contribution to the study of Ramsey’s philosophy. It contains a wealth of interesting analyses and sheds much light on Ramsey’s initial dependence on Wittgenstein’s Tractatus and how eventually he got beyond this. Methven’s book is probably the most thorough analysis ever published of Ramsey’s engagement with the Tractatus.” (Paolo Mancosu, Philosophia Mathematica, Vol. 29 (1), February, 2021)“This book is a welcome contribution to the history of analytic philosophy, a field that has been thriving in recent times. Obviously the author is very knowledgeable in the history of the analytic tradition. The book is written in a clear and concise style … . It is an excellent contribution to the history of analytic philosophy, and I recommend it to everyone interested in this field.” (Günther Eder, Mathematical Reviews, April, 2018)Table of ContentsTable Of Contents Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction PART I: THE REALISTIC SPIRIT 1. The Realistic Spirit 1.1. Realism And The Realistic 1.2. Playing Not-Bridge 1.2.1. Three Contrasts 1.2.2. Playing And Contravention 1.2.3. The Comfort Of Pretence 1.2.4. Parsimony And Pretending 2. Empiricism, Solipsism And The Realistic 2.1. Empiricism And The Realistic 2.1.1. Berkeley, Russell, And The Language Of God 2.1.2. The Given 2.2. Solipsism And The Realistic 3. Pragmatism And The Realistic 3.1. Probability 3.1.1. Degrees Of Belief 3.1.2. Peirce And Probability 3.1.3. Rationality, Inquiry And Reasonableness 3.2. Truth 3.2.1. On Truth 3.2.2. Truth And Inquiry 3.3. Ramsey As Pragmatist PART II: MEANING 4. Ramsey And Wittgenstein: First Encounters 4.1. Pictures 4.1.1. Representation And Sense 4.1.2. Pictorial And Logical Form 4.2. Propositions 4.2.1. Type And Token 4.2.2. Truth And Meaning 5. The Mystical 5.1. Ramsey And The Mystical 5.1.1. Internal Properties 5.1.2. Making Clear 5.2. Ramsey And Nonsense 5.2.1. Existential Statements 5.2.2. Identity Statements 5.2.3. Logical And Semantic Properties 5.2.4. Mathematical Statements 5.2.5. Ramsey And Semantics 6. Truth And Meaning 6.1. Facts And Judgement 6.2. Judgement 6.2.1. Chicken Beliefs 6.2.2. Beliefs, Private States And Representation 6.3. Belief And Representation 6.3.1. Names, Objects And Antirealism 6.3.2. Mental Signs 6.3.3. Belief And Causation 6.3.4. Belief, Language And Forms Of Life 6.4. Objections 6.4.1. Judging Nonsense 6.4.2. What Is Squiggle? 6.4.3. Realism And The Realistic PART III: MATHEMATICS 7. The Foundation Of Mathematics 7.1. Tractarian Logicism 7.2. Identity In The Tractatus 7.2.1. Wittgenstein On Identity 7.2.2. The Tractarian Convention 7.3. Ramsey's Definition Of '=' 7.3.1. The Problem Of Essential Classes 7.3.2. Identity In Principia 7.3.3. Propositional Functions In Extension 7.3.4. What Could A PFE Be? 8. Logical Revolt 8.1. Ramsey And Hilbert 8.1.1. Generalisation 8.1.2. The -Operator 8.2. The Entscheidungsproblem 8.2.1. Decidability And The Logic Of The Tractatus PART IV: INFLUENCE 9. Generality, Rules And Normativity 9.1. Generality 9.1.1. Quantification In The Tractatus 9.1.2. Ramseys' Criticisms 9.1.3. Ramsey And The Infinite 9.1.4. Wittgenstein And The Infinite 9.2. Rules And Normativity 9.2.1. Philosophical Investigations 81 9.2.1. Rules And Games 9.2.3. Normativity References

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Book SynopsisFirst published in 1990, this book consists of a detailed exposition of results of the theory of interpretation developed by G. Kreisel the relative impenetrability of which gives the elucidation contained here great value for anyone seeking to understand his work. It contains more complex versions of the information obtained by Kreisel for number theory and clustering around the no-counter-example interpretation, for number-theorectic forumulae provide in ramified analysis. It also proves the omega-consistency of ramified analysis. The author also presents proofs of Schütte's cut-elimination theorems which are based on his consistency proofs and essentially contain them these went further than any published work up to that point, helping to squeeze the maximum amount of information from these proofs.Table of ContentsPreface; Chapter I. Introduction; 1. Statement of the Problem 2. Systems Considered 3. Metamathematical Methods of Proof; Chapter II. Over-Simple Interpretations; 1. Trivial Interpretation 2. Failure of Interpretation by Recursive Satisfaction 3. Dependence of the Proof of the Verifiable Formula corresponding to a Theorem; Chapter III. Herbrand Interpretation; 1. The Concept of Herbrand Interpretation 2. Herbrand Interpretation of Elementary Number Theory without Induction 3. Properties of the Interpretation 4. Impossibility of an Herbrand Interpretation of Number Theory with Induction; Chapter IV. The No-Counter-Example Interpretation of Number Theory; 1. Non-constructive Considerations 2. No-Counter-Example Interpretation of Number Theory without Induction 3. No-Counter-Example Interpretation, 1*-Consistency, and External Consistency 4. Ordinal Recursive Functionals, 1*-Consistency of Number Theory with Induction 5. Representation of Ordinal Recursive Functionals in Elementary Number Theory; Chapter V. Ramified Analysis; 1. Description of Systems 2. Ramified Analysis without Induction 3. Recursive Well-orderings and Ordinal Recursive Functionals 4. Ramified Analysis with Induction 5. Representation of Ordinal Recursive Functionals in Ramified Analysis; Chapter VI. Ω-Consistency; 1. Critique of the Concept of ω-Consistency 2. Ω-Consistency, External Consistency, and 1*-Consistency 3. Ω-Consistency of Ramified Analysis; Appendix I. Arithmetization of Schütte’s Cut-elimination theorems; Appendix II. Ordinal Functions; Bibliography; Index of Definitions

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Book SynopsisFirst published in French in 1907, Henri Bergson's L'évolution créatrice is a scintillating and radical work by one of the great French philosophers of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This outstanding new translation, the first for over a hundred years, brings one of Bergson's most important and ambitious works to a new generation of readers.A sympathetic though critical reader of Darwin, Bergson argues in Creative Evolution against a mechanistic, reductionist view of evolution. For Bergson, all life emerges from a creative, shared impulse, which he famously terms élan vital and which passes like a current through different organisms and generations over time. Whilst this impulse remains as forms of life diverge and multiply, human life is characterized by a distinctive form of consciousness or intellect. Yet as Bergson brilliantly shows, the intellect's fragmentary and action- oriented nature, which he likens to the cinematograph, means Trade Review"I have been re-reading Bergson's books, and nothing that I have read for years has so excited and stimulated my thoughts. I am sure that his philosophy has a great future; it breaks through old frameworks and brings things to a solution from which new crystallizations can be reached." - William James (1903)"An updated translation of Bergson’s most significant and most misunderstood book was long overdue. … Landes – who has previously translated Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, another, notoriously elegant yet challenging text – more than meets these requirements. … There is no doubt that this new translation will become an absolute reference, not least because Landes has included illuminating passages from the critical apparatus of the most recent French edition of L’Evolution créatrice. But Landes’s most remarkable improvement is in his recreation of the effortless flow of Bergson’s philosophical prose." - Emily Herring, Times Literary Supplement"This new translation by Donald Landes captures the mesmerizing work that turned Henri Bergson into one of the century’s most provocative thinkers—with expert annotations, correspondence and additional material by influential thinkers from William James to Gilles Deleuze." - Jimena Canales, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"Henri Bergson, who personally oversaw the translation of all his books into English, would be delighted by this new edition of his greatest work. Donald Landes’s translation is exquisite and the extensive editorial notes are indispensable for the serious study of Creative Evolution." - Alexandre Lefebvre, University of Sydney, Australia"This splendid new translation provides an exceptional, scholarly tool for serious specialists as well as all readers interested in Bergson’s work. It will swiftly become the definitive reference text for all Anglophone Bergson scholarship." - Christina Howells, University of Oxford, UK"A major event in post-Kantian philosophy. Featuring a lucid introduction, helpful translator’s notes, and a judicious selection from Arnaud François’s illuminating critical dossier, this fine translation of Creative Evolution means that English-language Bergson scholarship has begun to gain the serious editions of his texts that it deserves." - Mark Sinclair, Roehampton University, UK"This superb translation will introduce a new generation to Bergson. Landes's cogent introduction and editorial notes and the accompanying dossier of correspondence, reception and commentaries not only situates Creative Evolution in relation to Bergson's oeuvre, but also to the myriad scientific and philosophical sources informing his thought. An outstanding achievement." - Mark Antliff, Duke University, USA"This wonderful new translation of Bergson’s classic Creative Evolution is warmly welcomed, as are the rich introduction, comprehensive editorial notes, and thoughtful selection of commentaries. There are many improvements to the original translation published over a century ago." - Emily Thomas, Durham University, UK"Creative Evolution is essential reading today. To translate it well requires a serious engagement with Bergson’s entire body of work, sustained philosophical attention, a feel for context (including discoveries in thermodynamics) and, most importantly, enormous care. Happily, this is what Donald Landes offers us here." - Suzanne Guerlac, University of California, Berkeley, USA"I have been re-reading Bergson's books, and nothing that I have read for years has so excited and stimulated my thoughts. I am sure that his philosophy has a great future; it breaks through old frameworks and brings things to a solution from which new crystallizations can be reached." - William James (1903)"An updated translation of Bergson’s most significant and most misunderstood book was long overdue. … Landes – who has previously translated Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s Phenomenology of Perception, another, notoriously elegant yet challenging text – more than meets these requirements. … There is no doubt that this new translation will become an absolute reference, not least because Landes has included illuminating passages from the critical apparatus of the most recent French edition of L’Evolution créatrice. But Landes’s most remarkable improvement is in his recreation of the effortless flow of Bergson’s philosophical prose." - Emily Herring, Times Literary Supplement"This new translation by Donald Landes captures the mesmerizing work that turned Henri Bergson into one of the century’s most provocative thinkers—with expert annotations, correspondence and additional material by influential thinkers from William James to Gilles Deleuze." - Jimena Canales, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA"Henri Bergson, who personally oversaw the translation of all his books into English, would be delighted by this new edition of his greatest work. Donald Landes’s translation is exquisite and the extensive editorial notes are indispensable for the serious study of Creative Evolution." - Alexandre Lefebvre, University of Sydney, Australia"This splendid new translation provides an exceptional, scholarly tool for serious specialists as well as all readers interested in Bergson’s work. It will swiftly become the definitive reference text for all Anglophone Bergson scholarship." - Christina Howells, University of Oxford, UK"A major event in post-Kantian philosophy. Featuring a lucid introduction, helpful translator’s notes, and a judicious selection from Arnaud François’s illuminating critical dossier, this fine translation of Creative Evolution means that English-language Bergson scholarship has begun to gain the serious editions of his texts that it deserves." - Mark Sinclair, Roehampton University, UK"This superb translation will introduce a new generation to Bergson. Landes's cogent introduction and editorial notes and the accompanying dossier of correspondence, reception and commentaries not only situates Creative Evolution in relation to Bergson's oeuvre, but also to the myriad scientific and philosophical sources informing his thought. An outstanding achievement." - Mark Antliff, Duke University, USA"This wonderful new translation of Bergson’s classic Creative Evolution is warmly welcomed, as are the rich introduction, comprehensive editorial notes, and thoughtful selection of commentaries. There are many improvements to the original translation published over a century ago." - Emily Thomas, Durham University, UK"Creative Evolution is essential reading today. To translate it well requires a serious engagement with Bergson’s entire body of work, sustained philosophical attention, a feel for context (including discoveries in thermodynamics) and, most importantly, enormous care. Happily, this is what Donald Landes offers us here." - Suzanne Guerlac, University of California, Berkeley, USATable of ContentsForeword Elizabeth Grosz Translator’s Introduction Donald A. Landes Creative Evolution, by Henri Bergson, translated by Donald A. Landes Bilingual Table of Contents Introduction 1. On the Evolution of Life. Mechanism and Finality 2. The Diverging Directions of Life: Torpor, Intellect, and Instinct 3. On the Meaning of Life, the Order of Nature, and the Form of the Intellect 4. The Cinematographic Mechanism of Thought and the Mechanistic Illusion. A Glance at the History of Systems. Real Becoming and False Evolutionism Correspondence, Reception, and Commentaries Introduction 1. Correspondence James–Bergson Correspondence (1907) Letter to H. Wildon Carr (1908) Letter to Florian Znaniecki (1911) 2. Critical Reception in Biology Bergson and Le Dantec in Dialogue Ruyer as Reader of Bergson 3. Critical Reception in Mathematics Bergson and Borel in Dialogue 4. Critical Reception in Theology Bergson and Tonquédec in Dialogue 5. Notable Commentaries Canguilhem as Reader of L’évolution créatrice Merleau-Ponty as Reader of L’évolution créatrice Deleuze as Reader of L’évolution créatrice Critical Apparatus Editorial Endnotes Bibliographies Index

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Book SynopsisDoes scepticism threaten our common sense picture of the world? Does it really undermine our deep-rooted certainties? Answers to these questions are offered through a comparative study of the epistemological work of two key figures in the history of analytic philosophy, G. E. Moore and Ludwig Wittgenstein.Table of ContentsSeries Editor's Foreword Abbreviations of Works by Moore and Wittgenstein Aknowledgements Introduction G. E. Moore: Scepticism, Certainty and Common Sense Wittgenstein: Belief, Knowledge and Certainty Wittgenstein: Doubts and the Nonsense of Scepticism Wittgenstein: Hinges, Certainty, World-Picture and Mythology Conclusion: Moore and Wittgenstein On Epistemology and Language: A Synopsis References Index

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Book SynopsisJames Robert Brown is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Toronto, Canada.Trade ReviewA well-thought complement to traditional introductions to the philosophy of science. Introduced by leading scholars in their fields, the key debates in the discipline, from inductivism to realism, are not only clarified but enlightened so as to be of interest to students and scholars alike. * Giancarlo Ianulardo, Lecturer in Economics, University of Exeter, UK *In this classic introductory textbook, now at its second edition, Jim Brown brings together a stellar array of philosophers of science. Each chapter is organised around a central theme — from conventionalism to realism and feminist philosophy of science, among several others — and introduces some classic authors in the field. Study questions and Further Reading suggestions accompany each chapter. This book will continue to be an extremely valuable resource for students approaching the field for the first time and for anyone else wishing to have an introduction to philosophy of science. * Michela Massimi, Professor of Philosophy of Science, University of Edinburgh, UK *Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Notes on Contributors Preface Introduction, James Robert Brown (University of Toronto, Canada) 1. Experience and Necessity: The Whewell and Mill Debate, Laura Snyder (St. John’s University, USA) 2. Conventionalism: Poincaré, Duhem, Reichenbach, Torsten Wilholt (Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany) 3. The Vienna Circle: Moritz Schlick, Rudolf Carnap, Otto Neurath, Friedrich Stadler (University of Vienna, Austria) 4. Carl G. Hempel: Logical Empiricist, Martin Curd (Purdue University, USA) 5. Anti-Inductivism as Worldview: The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Steve Fuller (University of Warwick, UK) 6. Historical Approaches: Kuhn, Lakatos and Feyerabend, Martin Carrier (Bielefeld University, Germany) 7. The Contingency of the Causal Nexus: Ghazali and Modern Science, Arun Bala (National University of Singapore, Singapore) 8.Sociology of Science: Bloor, Collins, Latour, Martin Kusch (University of Vienna, Austria) 9. One Cannot Be Just a Little Bit Realist: Putnam and van Fraassen, Stathis Psillos (University of Athens, Greece) 10. Beyond Theories: Hacking and Cartwright, William Seager (University of Toronto Scarborough, Canada) 11. Feminist Critiques: Harding and Longino, Janet Kourany (University of Notre Dame, USA) Afterword Index

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Book SynopsisFind out what connects logic and humor in this alternative guide to logical reasoning. Combining jokes, stories, and ironic situations, Stan Baronett shows how it is possible to ground the language of logic in everyday experience. Each chapter introduces a basic logical reasoning concept based on happenings in daily life. Using jokes as his examples, Baronett reveals the inner workings of logic. After all an effective joke often relies on an unanticipated assumption that leads to an unexpected result. The assumption changes the normal context of an everyday situation, so we are surprised by the ending. A complex mind that learns from experience, and builds a storehouse of regularly recurring patterns, is a great survival tool. But for a joke to work, the punch line has to be something our minds don't logically anticipate. The ending jolts our minds for a split second while we grasp the absurdity of the situation. This is how logic works: one part of your mind determines whether tTrade ReviewEngaging, accessible, and very clearly written, this wonderfully humorous text makes learning logic as enjoyable as a comedy show! * James Stacey Taylor, Associate Professor of Philosophy, The College of New Jersey, USA *Baronett expertly presents both logic and humor as processes moving from assumptions to inferences, helping us see how the conclusion of our neighbor’s argument can be as rigorous in its logic as it is hilarious in its unpredictability. We're also reminded how much fun it can be to thoughtfully communicate with one other on topics large and small, from the absurd to the noteworthy. * Joia Lewis, Professor of Philosophy of Science (retired), Saint Paul College, USA *How clear. How practical. How memorable. What witty illustrations! Professor Baronett’s affinity for the humorous is catchy, and it leads the reader to understand. Students, teachers, and enthusiasts alike will read with pleasure. I plan to use this as a companion to Baronett’s Logic in my classroom. * Wes Jorde, Philosophy Instructor, Dakota County Technical College, Minnesota, USA *Table of ContentsPreface 1. You Call That An Argument? 2. That Comes In Two Flavors 3. I’ve Been Meaning To Tell You 4. Origin Of The Specious 5. It’s Nothing Like That 6. Operator Assistance 7. Below Average 8. Casual Causality Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisComparing is one of the most essential practices, in our everyday life as well as in science and humanities. In this in-depth philosophical analysis of the structure, practice and ethics of comparative procedures, Hartmut von Sass expands on the significance of comparison. Elucidating the ramified structure of comparing, von Sass suggests a typology of comparisons before introducing the notion of comparative injustice and the limits of comparisons. He elaborates on comparing as practice by relating comparing to three relative practices orienting, describing, and expressing oneself to unfold some of the most important chapters of what might be called comparativism. This approach allows von Sass to clarify the idea of the incomparable, distinguish between different versions of incomparability and shed light on important ethical aspects of comparisons today. Confronting the claim that we are living in an age of comparisons, his book is an important contribution to ideTrade ReviewThis carefully argued and clearly written book is the most thorough study of the meaning and practice of comparing that I am aware of. It draws impressively in a wide range of philosophical literature and traditions as it explains the many roles of making comparisons in our thought and in our culture.’ * Douglas MacLean, Professor Emeritus, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, USA *Table of ContentsPreface Introduction: Comparisons—A Marginalised Classic Part I: Comparison as Structure and Comparing as Practice 1. Comparisons. A General Account 2. Comparisons: A Typology 3. On Comparative Injustice Part II: Three Studies in Comparativism 4. Orientation, Indexicality, and Comparisons: A Theme from Kant 5. Comparative / Descriptive: Wittgenstein and the Search for “Objects of Comparison” 6. Comparative Ironism: Richard Rorty on Plural Vocabularies and the Comparisons Between Them Part III: On Relocating Incomparability 7. Against Structural Incomparability 8. On Indexical Incomparability 9. The Curious Case of Normative Incomparability: Comparisons, Animals and the Quest for Adequacy Epilogue: Living in an “Age of Comparison”?: An Interpretation with Diagnostic Intent Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisSpanning the period between Wittgenstein's return to Cambridge in 1929 and the first version of Philosophical Investigations in 1936, Piotr Dehnel explores the middle stage in Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophical development and identifies the major issues which engrossed him, including phenomenology, philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of language. Contrary to the dominant perspective, Dehnel argues that this period was intrinsically different from the early and late stages and should not be viewed as a mere transitional phase. The distinctiveness of Wittgenstein's middle work can be seen in his philosophical thinking as it unfolds in a non-linear trajectory: thoughts do not follow upon each other, ideas do not appear sequentially one by one, and insights do not form a straight chain. Dehnel portrays the diffused and multifarious quality of Wittgenstein's middle thinking, enabling readers to form a more comprehensive view of his entire philosophy and acquire a better grasp Trade ReviewThe book sheds an interesting new light on interpretations of Ludwig Wittgenstein’s philosophy as it offers one of the first explorations of his concepts between the Tractatus and the Philosophical Investigations. The author argues that, rather than developing in a linear sequence from insight to insight and from idea to idea, Wittgenstein’s thought in the middle period expands radially, unfolding in several directions at the same time. A must-read for Wittgenstein researchers, the book is certainly of profound interest to humanities scholars and social scientists alike. * Leszek Koczanowicz, Professor of Philosophy and Cultural Studies, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Poland *This book offers broad hermeneutic explanations of Wittgenstein’s writings from 1929 to 1936. They are based on a thorough knowledge of the source material, which they place in the context of his thought and its philosophical environment. I am impressed with the scientific merit of the present work. * Herbert Hrachovec, Associate Professor at the Institute for Philosophy, University of Vienna, Austria *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. The Phenomenological Turn 2. Verification: 1929-1932 3. Wittgenstein’s Critique of Frege in the Notes of 1929-1932 4. ‘A Clever Man got Caught in this Net of Language’: Wittgenstein’s Attack on Set Theory 5. The Big Typescript as a Work of the Middle Period 6. P.S. Understanding, Expecting, Wishing 7. Magic, Rituals and Philosophy: Wittgenstein on Frazer’s The Golden Bough 8. Wittgenstein as a Philosopher of Culture Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis book centers on two dominant trends within contemporary epistemology: first, the dissatisfaction with the project of analyzing knowledge in terms of necessary and jointly sufficient conditions and, second, the surging popularity of virtue-theoretic approaches to knowledge. Church argues that the Gettier Problem, the primary reason for abandoning the reductive analysis project, cannot viably be solved, and that prominent approaches to virtue epistemology fail to solve the Gettier Problem precisely along the lines his diagnosis predicts. Such an outcome motivates Church to explore a better way forward: non-reductive virtue epistemology. In so doing, he makes room for virtue epistemologies that are not only able to endure what he sees as inevitable developments in 21st-century epistemology, but also able to contribute positively to debates and discussions across the discipline and beyond.Trade ReviewVirtue Epistemology and the Analysis of Knowledge offers a distinctive line on virtue epistemology, and in the process covers many of the core topics of contemporary epistemology. This insightful book will be required reading for anyone hoping to keep abreast of the latest work in epistemology. * Duncan Pritchard, UC Distinguished Professor of Philosophy, University of California, USA *Table of ContentsList of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: Diagnosing The Problem 1. Luck and Gettier Problems 2. Objections Part II: Applying the Diagnosis 3. Agent Reliablism 4. Agent Responsiblism 5. Proper Functionalism Part III: Exploring Alternatives 6. Prolegomena to Non-Reductive Virtue Epistemology 7. Knowledge as Virtue 8. Objections and New Directions Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisPhilosophers approach the problem of possibility in two markedly different ways: with reference to worlds, whereby an event is possible if there is a world in which it occurs, and with reference to modal properties, whereby an event is a possible manifestation of a property of some substance or object.Showing how the world-account cannot properly explain the nature of possibilities within worlds, Ferenc Huoranszki argues that the latter approach is more plausible. He develops a theory of contingent possibilities grounded in a distinction between abilities and dispositions as real, first-order modal properties of objects, with fundamentally distinct ontological roles. By understanding abilities as first-order modal properties, and by linking such modal properties to counterfactual conditionals, Huoranszki argues we can distinguish between variably generic or specific abilities and identify more or less abstract possibilities in a world. In doing so, he furthers our understandingTrade ReviewThis book makes a worthwhile contribution to a serious ongoing debate in metaphysics. At times brilliant, The Metaphysics of Contingency has novel and challenging wisdom to offer on the nature and role of dispositions and powers that will interest both the Aristotelian and the Humean alike. Huoranszki’s account provides a worthy addition to a growing contemporary literature. * Stephen Mumford, Professor of Philosophy, Durham University, UK *Your coffee mug could have gotten broken when you accidentally dropped it on the floor this morning. Thank goodness it didn’t! But what makes it the case that there was such a contingent possibility? Ferenc Huoranszki’s book offers a fresh, engaging and valiantly defended contribution to the current debate on this topic. * Anna Marmodoro, Professor of Philosophy at Durham University and Associate Member of the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Oxford, UK *Table of Contents1. Introduction: Contingency, Worlds and Properties 2. Abilities and Dispositions 3. Specificity and Intrinsicness 4. Abilities, Dispositions and Conditionals 5. Reasoning with Possibilities 6. Manifestations and Events 7. Concluding Remarks: Abilities, Qualities and the Priority of the Actual References Index

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Book SynopsisIn this illuminating guide to the criteria of rational theorizing, Michael Shepanski identifies, defends and applies W. V. Quine's epistemic norms the norms that best explain Quine's decisions to accept some theories and not others. Parts I and II set out the doctrines of this epistemology, demonstrating their potential for philosophical application. Part III is a case study in which Shepanski develops a theory of the propositional attitudes by the method of formalizing inferences to behaviour. He presents critiques of popular alternative views, including foundationalism, the centrality of knowledge and Quine's own epistemological naturalism. By reassessing Quine's normative epistemology, Shepanski advances our understanding of Quine's philosophy whilst providing a guide for our own theorizing.Trade ReviewStarting from a clear exposition of Quine's views, Shepanski develops an elegant and useful epistemology of his own. Written with personality and rigor, this is an enjoyable and intriguing read. * Paul Gregory, Professor of Philosophy, Washington and Lee University, USA *Table of ContentsPreface Acknowledgements Part I. Undogmatic Empiricism 1. Wanted: A Normative Epistemology in Working Order 2. Epistemological Dissociative Disorder 3. Empiricism Without (Even Mentioning) the Dogmas 4. Conservatism is not a Third Norm 5. Sufficient Logical Explicitness is Norm Zero Part II. Application to Philosophy 6. Touching Base 7. The Armchair 8. Adapting to Predicate Logic Part III. Case Study: Propositional Attitude Ascriptions 9. Destination and Horizon 10. Sententialism 11. From Sententialism to Russellianism 12. Sententialism with Non-Designating Names Part IV. Paths Not Taken 13. The “Two Dogmas” Argument 14. Naturalized Epistemology 15. Attitudes to Sets of Possibilia 16. The Mythical Given 17. Epistemology as the Theory of Knowledge Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume is the first English resource to shed light on the philosophy of Joseph Petzoldt (1862-1929), the main pupil of Ernst Mach and founder of the Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Philosophie, later the association of Berlin logical positivists. A central figure in the early debate on the theory of relativity, his work was praised by Einstein himself. Tracing the development of Petzoldt's ideas, starting from his early acceptance of materialism and Kantian agnosticism, Chiara Russo Krauss presents a comprehensive reconstruction of his philosophy in the context of the German milieu. She examines his attempt to develop a new philosophy following Gustav Fechner and the empiriocriticism of Richard Avenarius and Ernst Mach. In the final chapter, she sets out how Petzoldt proposed relativistic positivism as the official interpretation of Einstein's relativity. By illuminating key elements of Petzoldt's work, this is a valuable case study for students and scholars of philosTrade ReviewThis book masterfully combines history of philosophy and history of ideas. It portrays Joseph Petzoldt (1862–1929) who creatively combined elements of thought of his teacher Richard Avenarius (1843–1896) and of the physicist-physiologist and philosopher Ernst Mach (1838–1916). Petzoldt developed a philosophy of “relativistic positivism” and became an influential interpreter of Einstein’s theory of relativity. In her richly contextualized account, Chiara Russo Krauss discusses strengths and weaknesses of Petzoldt’s thought. * Klaus Hentschel, Professor for History of Science and Technology, University of Stuttgart, Germany *Russo Krauss offers a rich and fascinating picture of Petzholt’s positivism, including his accounts of the unity of science, the determinacy of law, and Einstein’s theory of relativity. She shows him to be a significant bridge from nineteenth-century German philosophy to early analytic philosophy of science. * Scott Edgar, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Saint Mary's University, Canada *Chiara Russo Krauss's book on Petzoldt should be obligatory reading for anyone interested in German intellectual history from the 1890s to the 1920s. Russo Krauss situates Petzoldt in the philosophical debates of his time, illuminating not only Petzoldt's own wide-randing oeuvre, but also the work of those authors who influenced him, or who responded to him. The book is chock-a-block with intriguing historical and systematic insights. Russo Krauss' study sets a model of how best to discuss an allegedly 'minor' figure. * Martin Kusch, Professor of Philosophy, University of Vienna, Austria *Table of ContentsAcknowledgments List of Abbreviations 1. Introduction 2. Stability and Eindeutigkeit 3. Subjectivism and Relativistic Positivism 4. Petzoldt and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity 5. Criticism of Petzoldt’s Interpretation of Relativity 6. Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisWhat is gender? What should gender look like in the 21st century? This book brings together philosophy with insights from feminist and transgender theory to argue for gender pluralism: that there should be more than two genders, and that each gender term should have multiple meanings. Developing an explicitly political version of conceptual engineering, What Gender Should Be contains novel and powerful arguments both against existing theories of gender such as family resemblance accounts and against gender abolition, underlining how each is insufficient for thinking about and doing justice to contemporary transgender identities and politics. Instead, Matthew J. Cull argues that we should be pluralists about gender, putting forward and advocating for a position that is more apt for contemporary transgender and feminist activism. The 21st century requires a new way of thinking about gender. What Gender Should Be sets out to provide it.

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Book SynopsisThis is a collection of the key articles written by renowned Wittgenstein scholar, G.P. Baker, on Wittgenstein's later philosophy, published posthumously. Following Baker's death in 2002, the volume has been edited by collaborator and partner, Katherine Morris. Contains articles previously only available in other languages, and one previously unpublished paper. Completely distinct from the widely-known work Baker did with P.M.S. Hacker in the Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell Publishing, 1980-1996). Trade ReviewGordon Baker, together with P. M . S. Hacker, was instrumental in the elaboration of what has become the standard interpretation of Wittgenstein's later work. In a dramatic turnabout, in his later years, Baker came to the conclusion that that interpretation, which he had done so much to help consolidate, was fundamentally flawed, exegetically and philosophically. He embarked on the task of putting forward a radically new interpretation of Wittgenstein's later philosophy -- an interpretation which has seemed to some to be a perverse dismantling of his life's work, while seeming to others, myself included, to open up exciting new possibilities and to help put us in a position to better understand what Wittgenstein was really up to. Baker was in the midst of developing this new interpretation in a series of articles, when his tragic early death brought the project to an abrupt halt. This volume collects those articles. Any serious student of Wittgenstein's philosophy will want to own this book. James Conant, University of Chicago `The essays in this volume are replete with a wealth of historical and linguistic detail. They contain the combination of careful textual exegesis and rigorous analysis which was characteristic of Baker's work generally.' Dr Mark Addis, International Journal of Philosophical Studies (2005) Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Introduction by Katherine J. Morris 1 Part I: Reading Wittgenstein 19 A. Methodological Concepts: 21 1. Philosophical Investigations §122: Neglected Aspects 22 2. Some Remarks on ‘Language’ and ‘Grammar’ 52 3. Wittgenstein’s ‘Depth Grammar’ 73 4. Wittgenstein on Metaphysical/Everyday Use 92 B. Applications: the ‘Private Language Argument': 108 5. The Reception of the Private Language Argument 109 6. Wittgenstein’s Method and the Private Language Argument 119 7. The Private Language Argument (extract) 130 Part II: Wittgenstein and Waismann: 141 A. The Analogy with Psychoanalysis: 143 8. ‘Our’ Method of Thinking about ‘Thinking’ 144 9. A Vision of Philosophy 179 10. Wittgenstein’s Method and Psychoanalysis 205 B. Aspects and Conceptions: 223 11. Italics in Wittgenstein 224 12. Wittgenstein: Concepts or Conceptions? 260 13. The Grammar of Aspects and Aspects of Grammar 279 Bibliography of the Works of Gordon Baker 294 General Bibliography 299 Index 305

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Book SynopsisThis popular selection of Wittgenstein's key writings has now been updated to include new material relevant to recent debates about the philosopher. Follows the evolution of Wittgenstein's philosophical thought from the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus through to the Philosophical Investigations. Excerpts are arranged by topic and introduce readers to all the central concerns of Wittgenstein's philosophy. Now includes a new chapter on Sense, Nonsense and Philosophy' incorporating material relevant to recent debates about Wittgenstein. Trade Review"This excellent selection of key passages from the voluminous writings of Wittgenstein for the first time allows him to be read systematically and continuously. I am sure it will be invaluable in the classroom and give much pleasure and enlightenment to the general reader." Rom Harré, University of Oxford and Georgetown University Anthony Kenny and Blackwell's have done it again. With an extended preface and an added chapter on the 'New Wittgensteinians', especially for undergraduate syllabi that aim to cover the breadth of Wittgenstein's philosophical concerns, this new edition of Kenny's astute selections is required reading. Richard Kortum, East Tennessee State UniversityTable of ContentsAcknowledgements. Introduction. 1. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. 2. The Rejection of Logical Atomism. 3. The Nature of Philosophy. 4. Meaning and Understanding. 5. Intentionality. 6. Following a Rule. 7. Thinking. 8. The Will. 9. Private Language and Private Experience. 10. Aspect and Image. 11. The First Person. 12. The Inner and the Outer. 13. Necessity. 14. Scepticism and Certainty. 15. Sense, Nonsense and Philosophy. 16. Ethics, Life and Faith. Notes on Sources. Index

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Book SynopsisThis volume collects the most substantial correspondence and documents relating to Wittgenstein''s long association with Cambridge between the years 1911 and his death in 1951, including the letters he exchanged with his most illustrious Cambridge contemporaries Russell, Keynes, Moore, and Ramsey (and previously published as Cambridge Letters). Now expanded to include 200 previously unpublished letters and documents, including correspondence between Wittgenstein and the economist Piero Sraffa, and between Wittgenstein and his pupils Includes extensive editorial annotations Provides a fascinating and intimate insight into Wittgenstein''s life and thought Trade Review“One could say, this book takes a close look at Wittgenstein’s face; and whether or not this will interest anyone, he was nonetheless a human being and so it may have value.” (The Dabbler, 18 May 2012) "The publication of all this new material is to be welcomed ... .[A] very handsome book, and impeccably edited. In his notes (conveniently placed after each letter and not at the end of the book), the editor gives just the right amount of background and further information to explain references to people and events in the letters." (Times Literary Supplement, March 2010) "A beautifully produced and immaculately edited volume, [McGuinness] collects together a rich mass of letters and other documents." (London Review of Books, January 2009) "Primarily a historical and biographical resource. The editor's stated aim is to picture a portion of Wittgenstein's 'pattern of ... life and work' centered on Cambridge. He has ... succeeded." (Notre Dame Reviews, October 2008)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements vi Introduction 1 List of Letters and Documents 15 Letters 29 Bibliography 481 Index of Correspondents and Document Sources 490 Index 492

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Book SynopsisThis is a collection of the key articles written by renowned Wittgenstein scholar, G.P. Baker, on Wittgenstein's later philosophy, published posthumously. Following Baker's death in 2002, the volume has been edited by collaborator and partner, Katherine Morris. Contains articles previously only available in other languages, and one previously unpublished paper. Completely distinct from the widely-known work Baker did with P.M.S. Hacker in the Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations (Blackwell Publishing, 1980-1996). Trade ReviewGordon Baker, together with P. M . S. Hacker, was instrumental in the elaboration of what has become the standard interpretation of Wittgenstein's later work. In a dramatic turnabout, in his later years, Baker came to the conclusion that that interpretation, which he had done so much to help consolidate, was fundamentally flawed, exegetically and philosophically. He embarked on the task of putting forward a radically new interpretation of Wittgenstein's later philosophy -- an interpretation which has seemed to some to be a perverse dismantling of his life's work, while seeming to others, myself included, to open up exciting new possibilities and to help put us in a position to better understand what Wittgenstein was really up to. Baker was in the midst of developing this new interpretation in a series of articles, when his tragic early death brought the project to an abrupt halt. This volume collects those articles. Any serious student of Wittgenstein's philosophy will want to own this book. James Conant, University of Chicago `The essays in this volume are replete with a wealth of historical and linguistic detail. They contain the combination of careful textual exegesis and rigorous analysis which was characteristic of Baker's work generally.' Dr Mark Addis, International Journal of Philosophical Studies (2005) Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Introduction by Katherine J. Morris 1 Part I: Reading Wittgenstein 19 A. Methodological Concepts: 21 1. Philosophical Investigations §122: Neglected Aspects 22 2. Some Remarks on ‘Language’ and ‘Grammar’ 52 3. Wittgenstein’s ‘Depth Grammar’ 73 4. Wittgenstein on Metaphysical/Everyday Use 92 B. Applications: the ‘Private Language Argument': 108 5. The Reception of the Private Language Argument 109 6. Wittgenstein’s Method and the Private Language Argument 119 7. The Private Language Argument (extract) 130 Part II: Wittgenstein and Waismann: 141 A. The Analogy with Psychoanalysis: 143 8. ‘Our’ Method of Thinking about ‘Thinking’ 144 9. A Vision of Philosophy 179 10. Wittgenstein’s Method and Psychoanalysis 205 B. Aspects and Conceptions: 223 11. Italics in Wittgenstein 224 12. Wittgenstein: Concepts or Conceptions? 260 13. The Grammar of Aspects and Aspects of Grammar 279 Bibliography of the Works of Gordon Baker 294 General Bibliography 299 Index 305

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Book SynopsisMats Bergman is a Junior Research Fellow at the Academy of Finland and the Department of Communication, University of Helsinki, Finland.Trade Review'Mats Bergman has executed a remarkable feat. He has, at once, offered a lucid exposition of Peirce's theory of signs accessible to those unfamiliar with this theory and a carefully argued, textually substantiated re-interpretation of Peirce's position ... Peirce's Philosophy of Communication makes an extremely important contribution to Peirce no less than communication studies.' - Vincent Colapietro, Liberal Arts Research Professor, Pennsylvania State University, USA 'Bergman takes a novel approach to the study of Peirce 's semeiotic by modeling it as a theory of communication, rather than as an epistemological or logical theory ... In making his case, Bergman provides a comprehensive and exciting review of the critical controversies in Peirce 's semeiotic. This is a book not only for those interested in theories of communication, but also those seeking a solid overview of Peirce's theory of signs.'-James Liszka, Professor of Philosophy, University of Alaska Anchorage, USATable of Contents1. Introduction; 2. A Social Conception of Science; 3. Beyond the Doctrine of Signs; 4. From Representation to Mediation; 5. Prospects of Communication; Bibliography; Index.

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Book SynopsisFeaturing updates and the inclusion of nine new chapters, Analytic Philosophy: An Anthology, 2nd Edition offers a comprehensive and authoritative collection of the most influential readings in analytic philosophy written over the past hundred years. Features broad coverage of analytic philosophy, including such topics as ethics, methodology, and freedom and personal identity Focuses on classic or seminal articles that were especially influential or significant New articles in this edition include Proof of an External World by G. E. Moore, Criteria, Defeasibility, and Knowledge by John McDowell, Sensations and Brain Processes by J. J. C. Smart, selections from Sense and Sensibilia by J. L. Austin, Other Bodies by Tyler Burge, Individualism and Supervenience by Jerry Fodor, Responsibility and Avoidability by Roderick Chisholm, Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility by Harry Frankfurt, and Personal Identity bTable of ContentsAcknowledgments. Introduction. Part I :Philosophy of Language. 1 “On Sense and Reference”(Gottlob Frege). 2 “Thought”(Gottlob Frege. 3 “On Denoting”(Bertrand Russell). 4 “On Referring”(P. F. Strawson). 5 “Meaning”(H. P. Grice). 6 “Truth and Meaning”(Donald Davidson). 7 “Identity and Necessity”(Saul Kripke). 8 “Meaning and Reference”(Hilary Putnam). Further Reading in Philosophy of Language. Part II: Metaphysics. 9 “On the Relations of Universals and Particulars”(Bertrand Russell). 10 From the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus(Ludwig Wittgenstein). 11 “Particular and General”(P. F. Strawson). 12 “On What There Is”(W. V. Quine). 13 “The Identity of Indiscernibles”(Max Black). Further Reading in Metaphysics. Part III: Epistemology. 14 “Proof of an External World”(E. Moore). 15 From On Certainty:( Ludwig Wittgenstein). 16 “Knowledge by Acquaintance and Knowledge by Description”(Bertrand Russell). 17 “The Problem of the Criterion”(Roderick Chisholm). 18 “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?”(Edmund Gettier). 19 “Studies in the Logic of Explanation”(Carl Hempel and Paul Oppenheim). 20 “The New Riddle of Induction”(Nelson Goodman). 21 “Epistemology Naturalized”(W. V. Quine). 22 “Criteria, Defeasibility, and Knowledge”(John McDowell). Further Reading in Epistemology. Part IV: Philosophy of Mind. 23 “Sensations and Brain Processes”(J. J. C. Smart). 24 “The Nature of Mental States”(Hilary Putnam). 25 Sense and Sensibilia(J. L. Austin). 26 “Mental Events”(Donald Davidson). 27 “What is it Like to Be a Bat?”(Thomas Nagel). 28 “Mad Pain and Martian Pain”(David Lewis). 29 “Can Computers Think?”(John Searle). 30 “Other Bodies”(Tyler Burge). 31 “Individualism and Supervenience”(Jerry Fodor). Further Reading in Philosophy of Mind. Part V: Freedom and Personal Identity. 32 “The Conceivability of Mechanism”(Normal Malcolm). 33 “Freedom and Resentment”(P. F. Strawson). 34 “Human Freedom and Self”(Roderick Chisholm). 35 “Alternative Possibilities and Moral Responsibility”(Harry Frankfurt). 36 “The Self and the Future”(Bernard Williams). 37 “Personal Identity”(Derek Parfit). 38 “Action, Reasons, and Causes”(Donald Davidson). Further Reading in Freedom and Personal Identity. Part VI :Ethics. 39 “The Subject Matter of Ethics”(G. E. Moore). 40 “The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms”(Charles Stevenson). 41 “Justice as Fairness”(John Rawls). 42 “Modern Moral Philosophy”(G. E. M. Anscombe). 43 “Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives”(Philippa Foot). Further Reading in Ethics. Part VII: Methodology. 44 “The Elimination of Metaphysics”(A. J. Ayer). 45 “Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology”(Rudolf Carnap). 46 “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”(W. V. Quine). 47 “In Defense of a Dogma”(H. P. Grice and P. F. Strawson). 48 “Philosophy and the Scientific Image of Man”(Wilfrid Sellars). 49 The Blue and the Brown Books(Ludwig Wittgenstein). Further Reading in Methodology. Index.

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Book SynopsisFrederick Kroon is Professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.Stuart Brock is Associate Professor in Philosophy at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.Jonathan McKeown-Green was Senior Lecturer in the Philosophy Department at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.Trade ReviewA Critical Introduction to Fictionalism offers enough overview and background to serve as a genuine introduction to the topic to those not already immersed in the literature, but also, by bringing together strands from debates over fictionalisms in different areas, includes enough food for thought for the more seasoned fictionalist to prompt reflection on how best to develop core fictionalist insights ... recommend[ed] to both of these groups of readers. * Philosophia Mathematica *Table of ContentsIntroduction 1. Existence examined 2. Objectivity and independence 3. Relegating existence: prefixing, prefacing, reducing and nonfactualism 4. What is fictionalism? 5. Fictionalism: a confusing past and a divided present 6. Fiction and Fictionalism 7. Fictionalism: why, where, how 8. Objections 9. Close Cousins Extended Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisPeta Mitchell is Senior Lecturer in the School of English, Media Studies, and Art History at the University of Queensland, Australia, and author of Cartographic Strategies of Postmodernity (Routledge, 2008).Trade ReviewThis book is a treasure-trove for references to ‘social contagion’ metaphors past and present and has interesting historical commentaries. * Modern Language Review *Peta Mitchell's highly readable ContagiousMetaphor explores medical and popular beliefs and practices aboutcontagion—and the metaphors that shape them. Reaching back through thenineteenth century and then ranging widely through more recent decades, sheshows how ambivalence about figurative language and misunderstanding ofmetaphor itself has shaped our responses to epidemics both imaginedand experienced. From miasma to Dionysian frenzy to memes on theinternet, Mitchell challenges our assumptions about both language andcontagion, providing engaging and provocative analyses of examples from film,philosophy, linguistics and literature. -- Pamela K. Gilbert, Department of English, University of Florida, USA'The history of medicine and metaphor come together inContagious Metaphor; Peta Mitchell perceptively chronicles the circulation ofthe metaphor of contagion and the contagion of metaphor in the current momentto show how ideas travel through language to shape lived experience. ContagiousMetaphor anatomizes the transmission of thought itself as it brings together astudy of the social phenomenon of a veritable obsession with the concept ofcontagion and a profound understanding of the role of language in creating notjust individual, but a broadly cultural consciousness. This study will enrichcontemporary understanding of the longstanding appeal of contagion as a conceptand of the power of metaphor as they circulate through, and register awidespread attempt to make sense of, the networks of contemporary social life.' -- Priscilla Wald, Department of English, Duke University, USAThisis a captivating book: interdisciplinary scholarship at its best. Moving deftlybetween meme theory and modern literature, nineteenth-century French socialscience and fifth-century theological debates, Peta Mitchell's genealogy ofcontagion metaphor reveals the intimacy, and indeed interdependency, of thesetwo concepts. The subtlety, sophistication and scholarly rigour of ContagiousMetaphor all but guarantee the spread of its ideas. -- Angela Woods, Centre for Medical Humanities, Durham University, UKTable of ContentsAcknowledgements \ Introduction: Due Preparations \ 1. Contagious metaphor \ 2. Pestilence and poison winds: Literary contagions and the endurance of miasma theory \ 3. The French fin de siècle and the birth of social contagion theory \ 4. The contagion of example \ 5. Infectious ideas: Richard Dawkins, meme theory, and the politics of metaphor \ 6. Networks of contagion \ Bibliography \ Index

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Book SynopsisMollie Gerver considers when bodies such as the UN, government agencies and NGOs ought to help refugees to return home. Drawing on original interviews with 172 refugees before and after repatriation, she resolves six moral puzzles arising from repatriation using the methods of analytical philosophy to provide a more ethical framework.

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Book SynopsisMollie Gerver considers when bodies such as the UN, government agencies and NGOs ought to help refugees to return home. Drawing on original interviews with 172 refugees before and after repatriation, she resolves six moral puzzles arising from repatriation using the methods of analytical philosophy to provide a more ethical framework.

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Book SynopsisIn these newly commissioned essays, leading Whitehead scholars ask a range of important questions about Whitehead's first year of philosophy lectures. Also included in this volume is the text of Whitehead's first lecture at Harvard, allowing for a clearer understanding of Whitehead's plans and goals for his first philosophy lectures.

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Book SynopsisIn these newly commissioned essays, leading Whitehead scholars ask a range of important questions about Whitehead's first year of philosophy lectures. Also included in this volume is the text of Whitehead's first lecture at Harvard, allowing for a clearer understanding of Whitehead's plans and goals for his first philosophy lectures.Table of ContentsAbbreviations; Acknowledgements; Preface; A Brief History of the Critical Edition of Whitehead, Brian G. Henning; Introduction; Tales from the Whitehead Mines: On Whitehead, His Students, and the challenges of Editing the Critical Edition, Joseph Petek; Part I: The First Lecture; 1. First lecture: September, 1924, Alfred North Whitehead; 2. Examining Whitehead’s ‘First lecture: September, 1924, Paul A. Bogaard; Part II: The Fitness of the Environment; 3. Whitehead and his Philosophy of Evolution, Paul A. Bogaard; 4. Some Clarifications on Evolution and Time, Maria-Teresa Teixeira; 5. Whitehead’s Biological Turn, Dennis Sölch; Part III: Physics and Relativity; 6. Quanta and Corpuscles: The Influence of Quantum Mechanical Ideas on Whitehead's Transitional Philosophy in Light of The Harvard Lectures, Gary L. Herstein; 7. From Physics to Philosophy, and from Continuity to Atomicity,Ronny Desmet; 8. Whitehead’s Highly Speculative Lectures on Quantum Theory, Ronny Desmet; 9. On Herstein’s ‘Quanta and Corpuscles’, Ronny Desmet; 10. Reply to Desmet, Gary L. Herstein; Part IV: Whitehead’s Philosophical Context; 11. Whitehead and Kant at Copenhagenm, Jason Bell, Seshu Iyengar; 12. Whitehead’s Early Harvard Period, Hartshorne, and the Transcendental Project, George W. Shields; 13. Footnotes to Plato, Aljoscha Berve; Part V: Metaphysical Reflections; 14. Diagrams and Myths, George Allan; 15. How ‘Eternity’ got ‘Thrown Forward’ into ‘Perishing’, Jude Jones; Part VI: Reinterpreting Whitehead; 16. Uncovering a ‘New’ Whitehead, George R. Lucas, Jr; 17. Whitehead in Class: Do the Harvard-Radcliffe Course Notes Change How we Understand Whitehead’s Thought?, Brian G. Henning; Notes on Contributors; Index.

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