Zoology: fishes (ichthyology) Books

Book SynopsisLaurence A. MoranAfter earning his PhD from Princeton University in 1974, Professor Moran spent four years at the Université dè Geneve in Switzerland. He has been a member of the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Toronto since 1978, specializing in molecular biology and molecular evolution. His research findings on heat-shock genes have been published in many scholarly journals. H. Robert HortonDr. Horton, who received his PhD from the University of Missouri in 1962, is William Neal Reynolds Professor Emeritus and Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biochemistry at North Carolina State University, where he served on the faculty for over 30 years. Most of Professor Horton's research was in protein and enzyme mechanisms. K. Gray ScrimgeourProfessor Scrimgeour received his doctorate from the University of Washington in 1961 and has been a faculty member at the University Table of ContentsBrief Contents Introduction. Form and Movement. Respiration. Blood and its Circulation. Buoyancy and Thermal Regulation. Hydronuneral Balance. Feeding, Nutrition, Digestion, and Excretion. Growth. Reproduction. Sensory Perception. Behavior and Communication. Systematics, Genetics and Speciation. Evolution. Hagfishes and Lampreys. Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras. Relict Bony Fishes. Bonytongues, Eels and Herrings. Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes. Smelt, Salmon and Pike. Angler Fish, Barracudinas, Cods, and Dragonfishes. Mullets, Silversides, Flying Fish, and Killifish. Opahs, Squirrelfish, Dories, Pipefish, and Sculpins. Perciformes: Snooks to Snakeheads. Flounders, Puffers, and Molas. Zoogeography of Freshwater Fishes. Zoogeography of Marine Fishes. Introduction to Ecology. Temperate Streams. Temperate Lakes and Reservoirs. Tropical Freshwater Lakes and Streams. Estuaries. Coastal Habitats. Tropical Reefs. Epipelagic Zone. Deep Sea Habitats. Polar Regions. Conservation.

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Book SynopsisThe karst landforms of China are renowned around the world for the beauty of their landscapes, but it is less well appreciated that they also contain extensive cave systems with very significant underwater habitats. China also has an extremely high level of biodiversity, including over 1,500 freshwater fish species. Unsurprisingly, some of these species inhabit the karst cave systems and have flourished and diversified under unique environmental conditions. As a result, cave fishes in China are particularly abundant and diverse when compared to those of other countries of the world. These remarkable fishes have received considerable research attention from Chinese ichthyologists and, for the first time, this book makes their resulting findings directly accessible to the English-speaking world through a remarkable endeavour of Sino-British collaboration.

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Book SynopsisThis book offers a comprehensive review of current systems for fish protection and downstream migration. It offers the first systematic description of the currently available technologies for fish protection at hydropower intakes, including accurate and timely data collected by the authors and other researchers. It describes how to design and test them in agreement with the guidelines established from the EU Water Framework Directive. The book includes important information about fish biology, with a special focus on swimming and migration mechanisms. It offers a robust bridge between concepts in applied ecology and civil hydraulic engineering, thus providing biologists and hydraulic engineers with an authoritative reference guide to both the theory and practice of fish protection. It is also of interest for planners, public authorities as well as environmental consultants Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Basic reqirements of fish protection and downstream passage.- Impact of Downstream passability.- Fish protection facilities.- Fishways for downstream migration.- Fish-friendly turbines.- Fish-friendly operational management.- Species-specific requirements.- Habitat measures.- Open questions and knowledge deficits.

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Book SynopsisThe Amazon Basin's rivers, estuaries and tributaries are home to as many as 1000 species of Catfish. In this work, two scientists offer a natural history of the Amazon giant catfish and its central place as a source of food and income within the ecology and economy of the Amazon Basin.

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Book SynopsisLake Michigan, winding creeks, sprawling swamps, and one of the world's great rivers--Illinois's variety of aquatic habitats makes the Prairie State home to a diverse array of fishes. The first book of its kind in over forty years, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes is a combination of nature guide and natural history. It provides readers with an authoritative resource based on the extensive biological data collected by scientists since the mid-1850s. Each of the entries on Illinois's 217 current and extirpated fish species offers one or more color photographs; maps depicting distributions at three time periods; descriptions of identifying features; notes on habitat preference; and comments on distribution. In addition, the authors provide a pictorial key for identifying Illinois fishes. Scientifically up-to-date and illustrated with over 240 color photos, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes is a benchmark in the study of Illinois's ever-changing fish communities and the habitats that support them.Trade Review"There are identification keys, photos, range maps, conservation information and more. This one fills a welcome need in my fish reference library. Any fish nerd would enjoy it." --Nature"'An Atlas of Illinois Fishes' joins the pantheon on the shelf left of my desk, within easy reach. " -- Dale Bowman, Chicago Sun-Times "The authors have done an excellent job in tracking down a tremendous amount of great information, both published and unpublished, about fish distribution in Illinois, and the thoroughness of their analyses and the detail they provide are impressive."--John Lyons, Curator of Fishes, University of Wisconsin Zoological Museum"What a monumental endeavor--to capture all that has changed in Illinois fish diversity and distribution in recent times. The result is a reference that will be enjoyed by scientist and naturalist alike."--Brant Fisher, Indiana Department of Natural Resources"If you are an amateur naturalist, An Atlas of Illinois Fishes: 150 Years of Change will be a welcome addition to your home library. If you are a professional biologist, the book will be a welcome addition to your office bookshelf. And, that’s just what the authors had in mind when they decided to write the book. It’s the first definitive book written on Illinois fish in 40 years." --Les Winkeler, Southern IllinoisanTable of Contentsxv Acknowledgments1 Purpose and Scope3 Setting the Scene12 A Historical Perspective of Illinois Fishes17 Fish Morphology20 Organization of Illinois Family and Species Accounts21 Methods for Mapping Species Distributions26 Key to the Families of Illinois Fishes41 LAMPREYS (Family Petromyzontidae)42 Key to the Lampreys46 Ohio Lamprey, Itchthyomyzon bdellium47 Chestnut Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon castaneus48 Northern Brook Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon fossor49 Silver Lamprey, Ichthyomyzon unicuspis50 Least Brook Lamprey, Lampetra aepyptera51 American Brook Lamprey, Lethenteron appendix52 Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus53 STURGEONS (Family Acipenseridae)54 Key to the Sturgeons56 Lake Sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens57 Pallid Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus albus58 Shovelnose Sturgeon, Scaphirhynchus platorynchus59 PADDLEFISHES (Family Polyodontidae)60 Paddlefish, Polyodon spathula61 GARS (Family Lepisosteidae)62 Key to the Gars64 Alligator Gar, Atractosteus spatula65 Spotted Gar, Lepisosteus oculatus66 Longnose Gar, Lepisosteus osseus67 Shortnose Gar, Lepisosteus platostomus68 BOWFINS (Family Amiidae)69 Bowfin, Amia calva70 FRESHWATER EELS (Family Anguillidae)71 American Eel, Anguilla rostrata72 MOONEYES (Family Hiodontidae)73 Key to the Mooneyes74 Goldeye, Hiodon alosoides75 Mooneye, Hiodon tergisus76 SHADS AND HERRINGS (Family Clupeidae)77 Key to the Shad and Herrings79 Alabama Shad, Alosa alabamae80 Skip Jack Herring, Alosa chrysochloris81 Alewife, Alosa pseudoharengus82 Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma cepedianum83 Threadfin Shad, Dorosoma petenense84 SUCKERS (Family Catostomidae)85 Key to the Suckers94 River Carpsucker, Carpiodes carpio95 Quillback, Carpiodes cyprinus96 Highfin Carpsucker, Carpiodes velifer97 Longnose Sucker, Catostomus catostomus98 White Sucker, Catostomus commersonii99 Blue Sucker, Cycleptus elongatus100 Western Creek Chubsucker, Erimyzon claviformis101 Lake Chubsucker, Erimyzon sucetta102 Northern Hog Sucker, Hypentelium nigricans103 Smallmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus104 Bigmouth Buffalo, Ictiobus cyprinellus105 Black Buffalo, Ictiobus niger106 Spotted Sucker, Minytrema melanops107 Silver Redhorse, Moxostoma anisurum108 River Redhorse, Moxostoma carinaturm109 Black Redhorse, Moxostoma duquesnei110 Golden Redhorse, Moxostoma erythrurum111 Shorthead Redhorse, Moxostoma macrolepidotum112 Greater Redhorse, Moxostoma valenciennesi113 BARBS AND CARPS (Family Cyprinidae)114 Key to the Barbs and Carps115 Goldfish, Carassius auratus116 Common Carp, Cyprinus carpio117 SHARPBELLIES (Family Xenocyprididae)118 Key to the Sharpbellies120 Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella121 Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix122 Bighead Carp, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis123 Black Carp, Mylopharyngodon piceus124 MINNOWS (Family Leuciscidae)125 Key to the Minnows153 Central Stoneroller, Campostoma anomalum154 Largescale Stoneroller, Campostoma oligolepis155 Southern Redbelly Dace, Chrosomus erythrogaster156 Redside Dace, Clinostomus elongatus157 Lake Chub, Couesius plumbeus158 Red Shiner, Cyprinella lutrensis159 Spotfin Shiner, Cyprinella spiloptera160 Blacktail Shiner, Cyprinella venusta161 Steelcolor Shiner, Cyprinella whipplei162 Silverjaw Minnow, Ericymba buccata163 Gravel Chub, Erimystax x-punctatus164 Western Silvery Minnow, Hybognathus argyritis165 Brassy Minnow, Hybognathus hankinsoni166 Cypress Minnow, Hybognathus hayi167 Mississippi Silvery Minnow, Hybognathus nuchalis168 Plains Minnow, Hybognathus placitus169 Bigeye Chub, Hybopsis amblops170 Pallid Shiner, Hybopsis amnis171 Striped Shiner, Luxilus chrysocephalus172 Common Shiner, Luxilus cornutus173 Bleeding Shiner, Luxilus zonatus174 Scarlet Shiner, Lythrurus fasciolaris175 Ribbon Shiner, Lythrurus fumeus176 Redfin Shiner, Lythrurus umbratilis177 Sturgeon Chub, Macrhybopsis gelida178 Shoal Chub, Macrhybopsis hyostoma179 Sicklefin Chub, Macrhybopsis meeki180 Silver Chub, Macrhybopsis storeriana181 Hornyhead Chub, Nocomis biguttatus182 River Chub, Nocomis micropogon183 Golden Shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas184 Pugnose Shiner, Notropis anogenus185 Emerald Shiner, Notropis atherinoides186 River Shiner, Notropis blennius187 Bigeye Shiner, Notropis boops188 Ghost Shiner, Notropis buchanani189 Ironcolor Shiner, Notropis chalybaeus190 Bigmouth Shiner, Notropis dorsalis191 Blackchin Shiner, Notropis heterodon192 Blacknose Shiner, Notropis heterolepis193 Spottail Shiner, Notropis hudsonius194 Taillight Shiner, Notropis maculatus195 Ozark Minnow, Notropis nubilus196 Carmine Shiner, Notropis percobromus197 Silver Shiner, Notropis photogenis198 Rosyface Shiner, Notropis rubellus199 Silverband Shiner, Notropis shumardi200 Sand Shiner, Notropis stramineus201 Weed Shiner, Notropis texanus202 Mimic Shiner, Notropis volucellus203 Channel Shiner, Notropis wickliffi204 Pugnose Minnow, Opsopoeodus emiliae205 Suckermouth Minnow, Phenacobius mirabilis206 Bluntnose Minnow, Pimephales notatus207 Fathead Minnow, Pimephales promelas208 Bullhead Minnow, Pimephales vigilax209 Flathead Chub, Platygobio gracilis210 Bluehead Shiner, Pteronotropis hubbsi211 Longnose Dace, Rhinichthys cataractae212 Western Blacknose Dace, Rhinichthys obtusus213 Creek Chub, Semotilus atromoculatus214 SPINED LOACHES (Family Cobitidae)215 Oriental Weatherfish, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus216 NORTH AMERICAN CATFISHES (Family Ictaluridae)217 Key to the North American Catfishes224 White Catfish, Ameiurus catus225 Black Bullhead, Ameiurus melas226 Yellow Bullhead, Ameiurus natalis227 Brown Bullhead, Ameiurus nebulosus228 Blue Catfish, Ictalurus furcatus229 Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus230 Mountain Madtom, Noturus eleutherus231 Slender Madtom, Noturus exilis232 Stonecat, Noturus flavus233 Tadpole Madtom, Noturus gyrinus234 Brindled Madtom, Noturus miurus235 Freckled Madtom, Noturus nocturnus236 Northern Madtom, Noturus stigmosus237 Flathead Catfish, Pylodictis olivaris238 PIKES AND MUDMINNOWS (Family Esocidae)239 Key to the Pikes and Mudminnows241 Grass Pickerel, Esox americanus242 Northern Pike, Esox lucius243 Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy244 Central Mudminnow, Umbra limi245 TROUTS, SALMONS, AND WHITEFISHES (Family Salmonidae)246 Key to the Trouts, Salmon, and Whitefishes251 Cisco, Coregonus artedi252 Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis253 Bloater, Coregonus hoyi254 Blackfin Cisco, Coregonus nigripinnis255 Coho Salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch256 Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss257 Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha258 Round Whitefish, Prosopium cylindraceum259 Brown Trout, Salmo trutta260 Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis261 Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush262 SMELTS (Family Osmeridae)263 Rainbow Smelt, Osmerus mordax264 TROUT-PERCHES (Family Percopsidae)265 Trout-perch, Percopsis omiscomaycus266 PIRATE PERCHES (Family Aphredoderidae)267 Pirate Perch, Aphredoderus sayanus268 CAVEFISHES (Family Amblyopsidae)269 Shawnee Hills Cavefish, Forbesichthys papilliferus270 CUSKFISHES (Family Lotidae)271 Burbot, Lota lota272 GOBIES (Family Gobiidae)273 Round Goby, Neogobius melanostomus274 NEW WORLD SILVERSIDES (Family Atherinopsidae)275 Key to the New World Silversides276 Brook Silverside, Labidesthes sicculus277 Inland Silverside, Menidia beryllina278 TOPMINNOWS (Family Fundulidae)279 Key to the Topminnows281 Northern Studfish, Fundulus catenatus282 Banded Killifish, Fundulus diaphanus283 Starhead Topminnow, Fundulus dispar284 Blackstripe Topminnow, Fundulus notatus285 Blackspotted Topminnow, Fundulus olivaceus286 LIVEBEARERS (Family Poeciliidae)287 Western Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis288 MULLETS (Family Mugilidae)289 Striped Mullet, Mugil cephalus290 SUNFISHES (Family Centrarchidae)291 Key to the Sunfishes301 Rock Bass, Ambloplites rupestris302 Flier, Centrarchus macropterus303 Green Sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus304 Pumpkinseed, Lepomis gibbosus305 Warmouth, Lepomis gulosus306 Orangespotted Sunfish, Lepomis humilis307 Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus308 Longear Sunfish, Lepomis megalotis309 Redear Sunfish, Lepomis microlophus310 Northern Sunfish, Lepomis peltastes311 Spotted Sunfish, Lepomis punctatus312 Bantam Sunfish, Lepomis symmetricus313 Smallmouth Bass, Micropterus dolomieu314 Spotted Bass, Micropterus punctulatus315 Largemouth Bass, Micropterus salmoides316 White Crappie, Pomoxis annularis317 Black Crappie, Pomoxis nigromaculatus318 PYGMY SUNFISHES (Family Elassomatidae)319 Banded Pygmy Sunfish, Elassoma zonatum320 WHITE BASSES (Family Moronidae)321 Key to the White Basses323 White Perch, Morone americana324 White Bass, Morone chrysops325 Yellow Bass, Morone mississippiensis326 Striped Bass, Morone saxatilis327 DRUMS AND CROAKERS (Family Sciaenidae)328 Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens329 DARTERS AND PERCHES (Percidae)330 Key to the Darters and Perches345 Western Sand Darter, Ammocrypta clara346 Eastern Sand Darter, Ammocrypta pellucida347 Crystal Darter, Crystallaria asprella348 Mud Darter, Etheostoma asprigene349 Greenside Darter, Etheostoma blennioides350 Rainbow Darter, Etheostoma caeruleum351 Bluebreast Darter, Etheostoma camurum352 Bluntnose Darter, Etheostoma chlorosoma353 Fringed Darter, Etheostoma crossopterum354 Iowa Darter, Etheostoma exile355 Fantail Darter, Etheostoma flabellare356 Slough Darter, Etheostoma gracile357 Harlequin Darter, Etheostoma histrio358 Stripetail Darter, Etheostoma kennicotti359 Least Darter, Etheostoma microperca360 Johnny Darter, Etheostoma nigrum361 Cypress Darter, Etheostoma proeliare362 Orangethroat Darter, Etheostoma spectabile363 Spottail Darter, Etheostoma squamiceps364 Banded Darter, Etheostoma zonale365 Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens366 Logperch, Percina caprodes367 Channel Darter, Percina copelandi368 Gilt Darter, Percina evides369 Blackside Darter, Percina maculata370 Slenderhead Darter, Percina phoxocephala371 Dusky Darter, Percina sciera372 River Darter, Percina shumardi373 Stargazing Darter, Percina uranidea374 Sauger, Sander canadense375 Walleye, Sander vitreum376 STICKLEBACKS (Family Gasterosteidae)377 Key to the Sticklebacks378 Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans379 Threespine Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus380 Ninespine Stickleback, Pungitius pungitius381 SCULPINS (Family Cottidae)382 Key to the Sculpins384 Spoonhead Sculpin, Cottus ricei385 Deepwater Sculpin, Myoxocephalus thompsonii386 Mottled Sculpin, Uranidea bairdii387 Banded Sculpin, Uranidea carolinae388 Slimy Sculpin, Uranidea congnata389 Photo Credits and Locations394 Glossary397 Literature Cited401 Index of Common and Scientific Names

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Book Synopsis Timely title assembling the combined knowledge of some of the leading authorities in the field of small fish reproduction - an important topic for risk assessment and registration of chemical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical compounds Provides guidance on the microscopic structure of living tissue and evaluation of the reproductive glands of small laboratory fish Includes state-of-the-art science along with sufficient anatomical and physiological background for understanding and interpreting test results Helps standardize the interpretation of results from aquatic bioassays and field observations, which will also clarify inconsistencies in the current scientific literature Note: CD-ROM/DVD and other supplementary materials are not included as part of eBook file.Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Contributing Authors xv 1 Introduction 1 References 3 2 Fish Species of Interest 7 2.1 Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) 8 2.2 Medaka (Oryzias latipes) 10 2.3 Zebrafish (Danio rerio) 12 2.4 Other Fish Species 13 References 15 3 Sexual Determination, Differentiation, and Gonadal Development 19 3.1 Primordial Germ Cells in the Primordial (Primary) Gonad 22 3.1.1 Differentiation and Number of PGCs 22 3.1.2 Molecular Markers of PGCs 25 3.2 Reproductive Strategies 26 3.3 Differentiation of the Primordial Gonad into Ovary or Testis 27 3.4 Gonadal Duct Formation 32 3.5 Endocrinology: Influence on Gonadogenesis 40 3.6 Critical Period of Sexual Differentiation in Developing Fish 45 3.7 Bi-Potentiality of Germ Cells in Adult Fish 47 References 51 4 Female Gonad Anatomy and Morphology 66 4.1 Gonadogenesis: Ovary 66 4.1.1 Location and Gross Organization 66 4.1.2 Anatomy of the Ovary 67 4.2 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Ovarian Axis 69 4.3 Cellular Structure of the Ovary 69 4.3.1 Germ Cells (Oogenesis) 69 4.3.2 Female Somatic Supportive Tissue 78 4.3.2.1 Theca Cells 78 4.3.2.2 Granulosa Cells 81 References 81 5 Male Gonad Anatomy and Morphology 88 5.1 Gonadogenesis: Testes 88 5.1.1 Location and Gross Organization 88 5.1.2 Anatomy of the Testes 89 5.1.3 Germinal Epithelium 93 5.1.4 Male Germ Cells (Spermatogenesis) 95 5.1.5 Male Somatic Supportive Tissue 99 5.1.5.1 Sertoli Cells 99 5.1.5.2 Leydig Cells 103 5.1.5.3 Lobule Boundary Cells 104 5.1.5.4 Sex Steroid Control of Spermatogenesis 104 References 108 6 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds 115 6.1 Individual Effects 117 6.1.1 Inhibition of Gametogenesis 117 6.1.2 Necrosis and Apoptosis (Gamete and Stromal Cells) 119 6.1.3 Atretic Follicles 121 6.1.4 Sertoli Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 123 6.1.5 Leydig Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 129 6.1.6 Fibrosis 129 6.1.7 Gonadal Duct Formation 132 6.2 Effects Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 133 Table 6.1 Overt Testicular Changes in Male Fish, 134 Table 6.2 Testis–Ova in Male Fish, 148 Table 6.3 Testicular Fibrosis in Male Fish, 161 Table 6.4 Germ Cell Effects in Male Fish, 165 Table 6.5 Somatic Cell Effects in Male Fish, 181 Table 6.6 Testicular Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Male Fish, 186 Table 6.7 Overt Ovarian Changes in Female Fish, 187 Table 6.8 Ovo–Testis in Female Fish, 195 Table 6.9 Ovarian Fibrosis in Female Fish, 196 Table 6.10 Germ Cell Effects in Female Fish, 197 Table 6.11 Germ Cell Atresia in Female Fish, 206 Table 6.12 Ovarian Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Female Fish, 214 6.2.1 Effects in Male Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 215 6.2.1.1 Testis Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance 215 6.2.1.2 Testis–Ova 215 6.2.1.3 Fibrosis 216 6.2.1.4 Germ Cell Effects 217 6.2.1.5 Somatic Cell Effects 219 6.2.1.6 Testicular Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration 219 6.2.2 Effects in Female Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes 220 6.2.2.1 Ovary Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance 220 6.2.2.2 Ovo–Testis 221 6.2.2.3 Fibrosis 221 6.2.2.4 Germ Cell Effects 222 6.2.2.5 Germ Cell Atresia 223 6.2.2.6 Germ Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration 225 6.3 Population Effects 225 6.3.1 Fecundity and Fertility 226 6.3.2 Breeding and Reproductive Behavior of Fishes 230 6.3.3 Transgenerational Effects 230 References 232 7 Determination of Effects of Exogenous Hormones and Endocrine-like Active Compounds 247 7.1 Histological Processing: Microdissection versus Whole-Fish Sectioning 247 7.2 Optimal Tissue Preparation and Histological Techniques 250 7.3 Plane of Gonad Sectioning for Optimal Organ Representation 251 References 252 8 Evaluation of Effects in Fish Gonads 254 8.1 Qualitative (Semiquantitative) versus Quantitative Evaluation 254 8.2 Gonadal Staging in the Testis 255 8.2.1 Qualitative Staging in the Testis 255 8.2.2 Quantitative Staging in the Testis 257 8.3 Gonadal Staging in the Ovary 262 8.3.1 Qualitative Staging in the Ovary 262 8.3.2 Quantitative Staging in the Ovary 264 8.4 Qualitative Assessment of Histopathological Changes 265 References 267 9 Experimental Design and Statistics 270 9.1 Basic Considerations in Experimental Design 270 9.1.1 Defining the Objectives 271 9.1.2 Asking Precise Questions 271 9.1.3 The Principal Question: Is There an Effect or Is There Not? 272 9.1.4 Basic Mechanistic Research, Risk Assessment, and the NOEC, LOEC, and ECx Question 272 9.2 Variables to be Determined and Their Inherent Biological and Mathematical Characteristics 274 9.2.1 Biological Characteristics 274 9.2.2 Mathematical Characteristics 278 9.3 Prerequisite Statistical Concepts 282 9.3.1 Sample Independence: The Experimental Unit 282 9.3.2 One- or Two-Sided Testing 283 9.3.3 Observable Effect Size: Minimum Observable Effect 283 9.3.4 Power (1 b) to Detect an Effect 284 9.3.5 Replication and Pseudoreplication 286 9.3.6 Minimum Significant Difference 287 9.4 Statistical Tests and Testing Situations Encountered Routinely 288 9.4.1 Significance Level of Multiple Comparisons: Variable-wise Significance 288 9.4.2 Significance Level for Many Different Comparisons: Simultaneous Significance 288 9.4.3 Multivariate Tests 289 9.4.4 Parametric Versus Nonparametric Testing 289 References 289 10 Conclusions 295 References 297 Appendix: Fish Preparation and Microdissection of Organs 301 A.1 Fish Preparation 301 A.2 Microdissection of Organs 302 A.3 Tissue Fixation 303 A.3.1 Neutral Buffered Formalin 304 A.3.2 Bouin’s Fixative 304 A.3.3 Lillie’s Fixative 305 A.3.4 Davidson’s Fixative 305 A.3.5 Dietrich’s Fixative 306 A.3.6 Glutaraldehyde 306 A.4 Embedding 307 A.4.1 Paraffin 307 A.4.2 Glycolmethacrylate (GMA) 309 A.5 Tissue Sectioning 310 A.6 Sample Mounting 311 A.7 Tissue Slide Staining 312 A.7.1 Hematoxylin and Eosin 312 A.7.2 Masson’s Trichrome Stain 314 A.8 Final Processing 315 A.9 Examples 316 A.10 Summary 317 References 318 Index 319

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Book SynopsisPacific salmon inhabit a vast ecosystem that encompasses the rivers within and the ocean between coastal countries. From steep, cold snowmelt streams to major tributaries, from estuaries to the deep ocean, the range of Pacific salmon includes the Tachia River in Taiwan, the permafrost zone of Chukotka that flows to the Chukchi Sea, the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean between Japan and California, the streams and rivers of the Yukon Territory and British Columbia, and the myriad waterways in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California, as far south as Rio Santo Domingo in Baja California. The North Pacific Rim nations--the United States, Canada, Russia, Japan, China, and the Koreas--enjoy vastly different economic, ecological, and cultural relationships with salmon and, until now, the types of data available to assess the abundance and biodiversity of these fish were almost as varied as the scientists who collect them. Atlas of Pacific Salmon is the first book to apply a common, newly calibrated yardstick to measure, across this broad ecosystem, the state of Pacific salmon, which have suffered precipitous declines in abundance and diversity in recent decades. The only map-based assessment of distribution and risk of extinction for seven species of Pacific salmon at one consistent scale, under one authorship, the Atlas is the result of five years' work by Xanthippe Augerot and other foremost experts in the field. Using state-of-the-art GIS mapping tools, this book offers a multidimensional view of Pacific salmon populations from a watershed perspective, through the natural boundaries in which the fish migrate, spawn, and mature. More than three dozen stunning full-page maps overlay the human, climatic, geological, and environmental impacts on salmon populations.Trade Review"Salmon are the world's most complex fishes, and no other swimming creatures have so affected peoples' view of themselves and their place in the world. This excellent Atlas is the most illuminating overview ever conceived about these miraculous creatures and their human and biological context." - Carl Safina, author of Song for the Blue Ocean "This atlas is no less than a guide to salmon conservation from California to Japan. The maps are works of art and their message is urgent: salmon populations need help everywhere." - Peter B. Moyle, author of Inland Fishes of California "Finally, a book that recognizes the true size and scope of the Pacific salmon ecosystem and the biological, cultural, and economic importance of salmon in that vast area. Such a bold and holistic approach has been needed for a long time." - Jim Lichatowich, author of Salmon without Rivers"

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Book SynopsisThis text describes fisheries exploitation, biology, conservation and management, and reflects many recent and important changes in fisheries science, including growing concerns about the environmental impact of fisheries.Trade Review"The book is indeed a boon to both the student and teaching communities." Pashudhan "...this book, better than any other single volume I know at present, covers topics that will be important in future ecosystem-based management of fisheries." Fish and Fisheries "Well-written and thoughtfully put together" Professor Terry Quinn (Alaska, Fairbanks) "This book will be widely read and cited" Professor Jeremy Collie (Rhode Island) "Marine Fisheries Ecology is a work of art that provides a broad, ecosystem-level understanding of the biological, economic, and social factors affecting and motivating diverse fisheries at global scales. This "must-read" is an extremely well-written and expertly organized treatise. It will have significant appeal for the established fisheries professional and the student and lecturer alike, including informed members of the public interested in marine ecology and production processes, patterns of fisheries exploitation, socioeconomics, and the complexities of aquatic resource politics and decisionmaking..." Carl V. Burger Past President, American Fisheries Society -and- Chair of the Executive Committee, 4th World Fisheries Congress, Vancouver, B.C. CanadaTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgements xii 1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Fisheries of the world 1 1.2.1 History of fisheries 1 1.2.2 Fishery science 6 1.2.3 Diversity of fisheries 7 1.3 Patterns of exploitation 9 1.3.1 Boom and bust 9 1.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns 14 1.4 Why manage fisheries? 14 1.5 Objectives of management 15 1.5.1 Range of objectives 15 1.5.2 Balancing objectives 16 1.5.3 From objective to action 17 1.6 Meeting management objectives 17 1.7 Structure of this book 18 Summary 20 2 Marine ecology and production processes 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude 21 2.3 Phytoplanktonic production 22 2.3.1 Links between production and physical processes 22 2.3.2 Upwellings and fronts 24 2.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production 25 2.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production 28 2.4.1 Macroalgae 28 2.4.2 Mangroves 29 2.4.3 Coral reef algae 29 2.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants 30 2.4.5 Microphytobenthos 31 2.5 Heterotrophic production 31 2.5.1 The fate of primary production 31 2.5.2 Transfer along the food chain 32 2.5.3 Production of fished species 34 2.5.4 Linking primary production and landings 37 Summary 38 3 Fished species life histories and distribution 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Fishes 39 3.3 Invertebrates 41 3.4 Life histories 55 3.4.1 Sex sex reversal and sex ratios 55 3.4.2 Growth maturity and longevity 56 3.4.3 Egg size fecundity and reproduction 59 3.5 Distribution in space and time 62 3.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures 62 3.5.2 Migration 62 3.5.3 Larval transport retention and dispersal 65 3.5.4 Metapopulations 68 Summary 69 4 Population structure in space and time 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Recruitment 70 4.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships 71 4.2.2 Mortality during the early life history 78 4.2.3 Depensation 83 4.2.4 Regulation in fish populations 85 4.3 Density-dependent habitat use 86 Summary 88 5 Fishing gears and techniques 90 5.1 Introduction 90 5.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites 90 5.3 Modern commercial fishing gears 94 5.3.1 Towed fishing gear 95 5.3.2 Static fishing gear 103 5.4 Other fishing techniques 106 5.5 Conservation methods 108 Summary 111 6 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology 112 6.1 Introduction 112 6.2 Motivations for fishing 112 6.2.1 Food 112 6.2.2 Income 113 6.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour 115 6.3.1 Social 115 6.3.2 Religion 117 6.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution 118 6.4.1 Competing for fish 118 6.4.2 Fish wars 121 6.4.3 Fishers in the political process 122 6.4.4 Traditional management systems 123 6.4.5 Customary marine tenure 124 6.4.6 Co-management 125 Summary 126 7 Single-species stock assessment 127 7.1 Introduction 127 7.2 Balancing birth and death 127 7.3 Surplus production models 128 7.3.1 Stability 128 7.3.2 Models of population growth 130 7.3.3 Fitting models to data 130 7.3.4 Surplus production models in action 132 7.4 Delay–difference models 135 7.4.1 Delay–difference models in action 137 7.5 Virtual population analysis 138 7.5.1 Age-based cohort analysis 140 7.5.2 Length-based cohort analysis 143 7.6 Statistical catch-at-age methods 144 7.7 Yield-per-recruit models 145 7.7.1 Yield-per-recruit models in action 146 7.8 Incorporating recruitment 149 7.8.1 Replacement lines 149 7.8.2 Replacement lines in action 150 7.9 Confronting risk and uncertainty 152 7.9.1 Bayesian analysis 153 7.9.2 Resampling methods 154 7.10 Biological reference points 155 Summary 157 8 Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling 159 8.1 Introduction 159 8.2 Multispecies surplus production 159 8.2.1 Multispecies surplus production in action 160 8.3 Multispecies yield per recruit 162 8.3.1 Multispecies yield per recruit in action 162 8.4 Multispecies virtual population analysis 162 8.4.1 Multispecies VPA in action 164 8.4.2 Applying MSVPA data to single-species model 169 8.5 Predators prey and competitors 169 8.5.1 Predator–prey dynamics 169 8.5.2 Competition an unexpected result 170 8.5.3 Management implications 171 8.6 Size spectra 171 8.7 Ecosystem models 173 8.7.1 Ecosystem models in action 174 Summary 177 9 Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics 178 9.1 Introduction 178 9.2 Stock identification 178 9.2.1 The stock concept 178 9.2.2 Methods of stock identification 178 9.3 Stock dynamics 184 9.3.1 Sampling 184 9.3.2 Length weight and age 189 9.3.3 Growth 195 9.3.4 Maturity 199 9.3.5 Fecundity 199 9.3.6 Mortality 201 9.4 The impact of errors 203 Summary 204 10 Getting the data: abundance catch and effort 205 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Abundance 205 10.2.1 Survey design 205 10.2.2 Visual census methods 206 10.2.3 Acoustic methods 209 10.2.4 Trawl surveys 210 10.2.5 Depletion methods 213 10.2.6 Mark–recapture methods 214 10.2.7 Egg production methods 214 10.3 The fishery 219 Summary 221 11 Bioeconomics 223 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 The value of fisheries 223 11.2.1 Trade in fished species 223 11.2.2 Catch values and employment 224 11.3 Bioeconomic models 225 11.3.1 Descriptive bioeconomics 226 11.3.2 Optimal fishing strategies 230 11.3.3 Bayesian methods 235 11.4 Economic vs. social management objectives 237 11.4.1 Subsidies 237 11.4.2 The case for economic efficiency 237 Summary 238 12 Fishing effects on populations and communities 239 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Vulnerability to fishing 239 12.2.1 Behaviour 239 12.2.2 Life histories 241 12.3 Intraspecific effects 242 12.3.1 Age and size structure 242 12.3.2 Reproduction 243 12.3.3 Genetic structure 244 12.4 Community effects 245 12.4.1 Diversity 245 12.4.2 Community structure 250 12.4.3 Size structure 251 12.4.4 Competition and trophic interactions 252 Summary 256 13 Bycatches and discards 258 13.1 Introduction 258 13.2 Catches discards and bycatches 258 13.2.1 Definitions 258 13.2.2 Reasons for discarding 258 13.3 Alternatives to discarding 260 13.4 Fisheries and bycatches 260 13.5 Incidental captures 262 13.5.1 Seabirds 262 13.5.2 Sea turtles 264 13.5.3 Sea snakes 265 13.5.4 Marine mammals 265 13.6 Methods to reduce bycatches 267 13.7 Ghost fishing 267 13.8 Sociocultural differences 270 Summary 271 14 Impacts on benthic communities habitats and coral reefs 272 14.1 Introduction 272 14.2 Fishing disturbance 272 14.2.1 Fishing vs. natural disturbance 272 14.2.2 Distribution of fishing disturbance 273 14.3 Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed 276 14.3.1 Towed fishing gear 276 14.3.2 Direct effects on the substratum 277 14.3.3 Effects on infauna 277 14.3.4 Effects on epifauna 281 14.3.5 Meta-analysis 284 14.4 Effects of static fishing gears 284 14.5 Long-term effects 285 14.6 Fishing as a source of energy subsidies 288 14.6.1 Have population changes occurred? 290 14.7 Indirect effects on habitats 290 14.7.1 Loose seabeds 290 14.7.2 Coral reefs 291 Summary 293 15 Fishery interactions with birds and mammals 294 15.1 Introduction 294 15.2 Birds 294 15.2.1 Competition between birds and fisheries 296 15.2.2 Benefits of discarding 300 15.2.3 Waders and shellfish 301 15.3 Mammals 303 15.3.1 Competition between mammals and fisheries 304 15.3.2 Prey release 307 Summary 309 16 A role for aquaculture? 310 16.1 Introduction 310 16.2 Aquaculture past and present 310 16.3 What is cultivated? 312 16.4 Production systems 313 16.5 Feeding constraints 314 16.6 Prospects for expansion 314 16.6.1 Cage cultivation 316 16.6.2 Stock enhancement and ranching 318 16.7 Case studies 319 16.7.1 Shrimp farming 319 16.7.2 Bivalve mariculture 322 Summary 326 17 Management and conservation options 327 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Management objectives strategies and actions 327 17.2.1 From objective to action 327 17.2.2 Catch control 328 17.2.3 Effort control 331 17.2.4 Technical measures 331 17.2.5 Management in action 332 17.3 Improving management 335 17.3.1 Enforcement and compliance 335 17.3.2 Co-management 337 17.3.3 Ownership of resources and harvesting rights 338 17.3.4 Uncertainty and the precautionary approach 338 17.3.5 Role of science 339 17.4 Multispecies and ecosystem-based management 341 17.4.1 What are the objectives? 341 17.4.2 What can be achieved? 341 17.5 Managing fisheries for conservation 342 17.5.1 Endangered species 342 17.5.2 Habitats 343 17.5.3 Protected areas and no-take zones 344 17.6 Future trends 346 17.6.1 Fisheries science 346 17.6.2 Fisheries management 346 Summary 347 References 348 Appendices 1 List of symbols 380 2 Fisheries websites 385 3 Geographic index 389 Index 393

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Book SynopsisRecent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fish Biology, reviews a broad variety of topics from evolutionary relationships and global biogeography to physiology, recrTrade Review"It is a nicely produced book that can be recommended without reservation to both aspiring and established fisheries biologists who wish to learn about modern ideas and findings concerning the biology of fish." Journal of Fish Biology, "...this work is useful as a current, state-of-the-art review source in its field." Library Journal "A must for any library maintaining holdings on fish, fisheries, fish management, or conservation. It is the best review of the state of the art available and should be mandatory review reading for fish managers everywhere." G L Hendrickson, Humboldt State University for CHOICE "...an excellent starting point for graduate students, and a good handbook to have in a reference collection that stresses fish biology and fisheries management." E-Streams "This will be an invaluable reference tool for students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries." Reference ReviewsTable of Contents1. Banishing Ignorance: Underpinning Fisheries with Basic Biology (P. J. B. Hart and J. D. Reynolds). 2. Phylogeny and Systematics of Fishes (A. C. Gill and R.D. Mooi). 3. Historical Biogeography of Fishes (R. D. Mooi and A. C. Gill). 4. The Physiology of Living in Water (O. Brix). 5. Environmental Factors and Rates of Development and Growth (M. Jobling). 6. Recruitment: Understanding Density-dependence in Fish Populations (R. A. Myers). 7. Life Histories of Fish (J. A. Hutchings). 8. Migration (J. Metcalfe, G. Arnold and R. McDowall). 9. Genetics of Fish Populations (R. D. Ward). 10. Behavioural Ecology of Reproduction in Fish (E. Forsgren, J. D. Reynolds and A. Berglund). 11. Fish Foraging and Habitat Choice: A Theoretical Perspective (G. G. Mittelbach). 12. Feeding Ecology of Piscivorous Fishes (F. Juanes, J. A. Buckel and F. S. Scharf). 13. Fish as Prey (J. Krause, E. M. A. Hensor and G. D. Ruxton). 14. Trophic Ecology and the Structure of Marine Food Webs (N. V.C. Polunin and J.K. Pinnegar). 15. Community Ecology of Freshwater Fishes (L. Persson). 16. Comparative Ecology of Marine Fish Communities (K. Martha M. Jones, D. G. Fitzgerald and P. F. Sale). 17. Interactions Between Fish, Parasites and Disease (I. Barber and R. Poulin)

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Book SynopsisRecent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fisheries, focuses on a wide range of topics, including the history of fisheries science, methods of capture, marketing, ecTrade Review"...this work is useful as a current, state-of-the-art review source in its field." Library Journal, February 2003 "A must for any library maintaining holdings on fish, fisheries, fish management, or conservation. It is the best review of the state of the art available and should be mandatory review reading for fish managers everywhere." G L Hendrickson, Humboldt State University for CHOICE, May 2003 "...an excellent starting point for graduate students, and a good handbook to have in a reference collection that stresses fish biology and fisheries management." E-Streams, June 2003 "This will be an invaluable reference tool for students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries." Reference Reviews, Volume 17 (5), July 2003Table of Contents1. The Human Dimension Of Fisheries Science: (P. J. B. Hart And J. D. Reynolds). 2. Fish Capture Devices In Industrial And Artisanal Fisheries And Their Influence On Management (O. A. Misund, J. Kolding and P. Freon). 3. Marketing Fish (J. A. Young And J. F. Muir). 4. A History Of Fisheries And Their Science And Management (T. D. Smith). 5. Gathering Data For Resource Monitoring And Fisheries Management (D. Evans and R. Grainger). 6. Surplus Production Models (J. T. Schnute And L. Richards). 7. Dynamic Pool Models I: Interpreting The Past Using Virtual Population Analysis (J. G. Shepherd And J. G. Pope). 8. Dynamic Pool Models II: Short-Term And Long-Term Forecasts Of Catch And Biomass (J. G. Shepherd And J. G. Pope). 9. A Bumpy Old Road: Size-Based Methods In Fisheries Assessment (T. J. Pitcher). 10. Ecosystem Models (D. Pauly And V. Christensen). 11. Individual-Based Models (G. Huse, J. Giske And A. G. V. Salvanes). 12. The Economics Of Fisheries (R. Hannesson). 13. Choosing The Best Model For Fisheries Assessment (P. Sparre And P. J. B. Hart). 14. Marine Protected Areas, Fish And Fisheries (N. V. C. Polunin). 15. Exploitation And Other Threats To Fish Conservation (J. D. Reynolds, N. K. Dulvy And C. M. Roberts). 16. Ecosystem Effects Of Fishing (M. J. Kaiser And S. Jennings). 17. Recreational Fishing (I. G. Cowx)

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Book SynopsisThe Lizards, Crocodiles, and Turtles of Honduras is the final installment of a series by James R. McCranie documenting the amphibians and reptiles of Honduras. The book is thoroughly illustrated by color photographs and maps, with discussion of conservation status and identification keys in both English and Spanish.

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Book SynopsisIf you travel the open ocean anywhere in the tropics, you are very likely to see flyingfish. These beautifully colored "ocean butterflies" shoot out of the water and sail on majestic, winglike pectoral fins to escape from predators such as dolphins, swordfish, and tuna. This book presents flyingfish.Trade Review"Ornithologist Steve Howell's engrossing natural history is embellished with 90 superb colour photographs of the ornate goldwing and other beauties among these 'ocean butterflies'."--Nature "A mesmerizing natural history."--Scott Shalaway, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette "Beautiful... Informative as Howell's book is, the best thing about it are the photographs. The pictures of the different varieties of flyingfish captured in flight are truly spectacular."--Asbury Park Press "Charming... [A] great book for any fan of natural history and anyone who still remembers they day they discovered some fish can fly!"--Gabriel Thoumi, Mongabay.com "Watching flyingfish is one of my favorite things about pelagic trips. If you'd like to find out more about these strange fish, this tiny, but attractive, book is for you."--Grant McCreary, Birder's Library "This slim book is filled with fascinating facts, interesting anecdotes and lovely photographs about a widespread family of fishes that are almost completely unknown. Fishkeepers, fishermen, globetrotters and nature lovers--whether an adult or a young person--will enjoy this book. Hopefully, it will help inspire both research and conservation efforts focused upon these essential animals."--Devorah Bennu, GrrlScientist, Guardian "Delightful... Answers many questions about these interesting fish."--Gerry Rising, Buffalo News "The Amazing World of Flyingfish ... is amazing. Once I opened it I did not put it down... I now have a strong urge to be back on the bow, looking at the deep blue water, waiting for that mysterious explosion of gossamer and silver. Fish enthusiasts, travelers, naturalists and photographers will love this book, so buy it for friends and family. Most of all buy a copy for yourself."--Roy John, Canadian Field-Naturalist "I highly recommend this wonderful book to anyone interested in the diversity of life and/or sea creatures."--DRK, Wildlife Activist "It is a beautiful little book."--DOB, Flying Fish "This book is the kind of fare that, when consumed at a young age, can instill a lifelong fascination and concern for all things marine--perfect propaganda for seabird biologists to pass along to the nestlings on their gift list. It could easily be a book for children or adults. But make sure you take a look at it before you give it away--you may want to buy another copy!"--Robert Pitman, Marine OrnithologyTable of ContentsPreface ix WHAT IS A FLYINGFISH? 1 WHERE DO FLYINGFISH LIVE? 5 HOW MANY KINDS ARE THERE? 7 HOW BIG ARE THEY? 10 HOW DO THEY FLY? 12 WHY DO THEY FLY? 19 WHAT COLORS ARE THEY? 27 HOW CAN I IDENTIFY THEM? 34 A Note on the Photos 39 Acknowledgments 41 References 43 Index 45

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"This gem of a book by marine biologist Stephen Palumbi and his son, science writer Anthony Palumbi, finds enough weirdness in the ocean to feed creativity for generations to come. . . . The Palumbis' writing is a wonderful mix of meticulous science and creative panache. . . . A joy whether read at one sitting, or dipped in and out of to prolong the pleasure."---Callum Roberts, Nature"From 'immortal' jellyfish that age in reverse, to zombie bone worms that eat the skeletons of dead whales, the ocean is full of bizarre characters. Biologist Stephen Palumbi and his science writer son, Anthony, profile the most unusual specimens. Chapters cover the smallest, the oldest, the hottest and the coldest species, among others, and the landscape of strange creatures is brought to life by charming writing."---Clara Moskowitz, Scientific American"The Palumbis probe life in the depths of the oceans and in tide waters in successive chapters spotlighting the long-lived Bowhead whale; sea species that adapt to extremely high temperatures and others to cold; clownfish, which change gender, becoming male or female as circumstances dictate; and much more. The authors end with a warning that the oceans contain a complex ecology in which each species 'thrives in its easily disrupted specialized niche.'. . . A sparkling appreciation of the wonderful variety of marine life that also communicates an important message." * Kirkus Reviews *"The book reads like an action-adventure novel. . . . This approach is a pleasant departure from dull textbook prose. It will delight readers who lack scientific credentials but yearn to understand the diversity of life in the oceans. The text demystifies, mystifies, and amazes."---Geraldine Richards, ForeWord Reviews"Highlighting the strangest cases in animate sea life, marine ecologist S.R. Palumbi exudes a palpable and contagious sense of delight as he enlists his writer son's help to fill the 'gap in character development' in the story of the ocean's robust yet fragile ecosystems. . . . By showing how each creature is so tightly tied to its environment, the authors are able to effectively demonstrate how small human-driven changes to the oceans disrupt a complex system developed over millions of years. The Palumbis encourage a childlike curiosity by showing us the amazing diversity of life down below, and perhaps our inner children will pester our grownup selves into doing what needs to be done to keep these habitats intact." * Publishers Weekly *"A giddy scientific tour of weird underwater life."---Richard Conniff, TakePart"The Palumbis give us the sense that although some parts of nature are more romantically wondrous than others--those sponges, giant squids doing epic battle with sperm whales--it is the variety that is wonderful."---Owen Richardson, Sydney Morning Herald"The whole safari is conducted with a verve and joy that only comes from a deep love of the subject, a life-long dedication to its exploration and a true communicator's sense of the mot juste. This experience and range means the Palumbis can write comfortably about research and researchers, and about the physical and mental exploration of the ocean's ecology. . . . [A] splendid book . . . a dynamic text."---Adrian Barnett, New Scientist"Stephen and Anthony Palumbi--father and son; biologist and science writer--are brilliant guides to this realm about which we as a species have been remarkably incurious. . . . The Palumbis père et fils give us the new stories in succinct prose beautifully freighted with apt similes and metaphors."---Peter Forbes, Independent"The Extreme Life of the Sea is less narrative and more an enthusiastic sharing of cool things in the sea, which are loosely tied together in thematic sections. It is not, however, just a collection of 'gee whiz' facts. The compelling vignettes help to convey broader concepts of science and nature with excitement and enthusiasm. . . . It reminds us that science and the natural world are really cool."---Josh Witten, Finch and the Pea"Highlighting the strangest cases of marine life, the authors give us a hint of the ocean's robust yet fragile ecosystems. . . . In their delightful, vivid description about the struggle for existence in the sea, the Palumbis do manage to communicate a vital message: even the extreme conditions in the deep sea are not immune from disruptive and destructive human greed."---Wan Lixin, Shanghai Daily"Who doesn't like reading about the fantastical creatures that stalk the inky depths of the world's oceans? In The Extreme Life of the Sea, it's the marine environment's superlatives that are on display." * Scientist Magazine *"The uniqueness of this book is due to the combination of a novel's flair utilizing figurative language and analogies with scientific concepts. . . . The authors seek to help us understand the value, complexity, and vastness of the ocean and the importance of consequences of their actions. I think that this would be an excellent book in a seminar for high school students and biology majors in college."---Jean Worsley, NSTA Recommends"[The Palumbis] have written about some of the most alien creatures you will ever encounter, and for many of them it is far more pleasant to encounter them on these pages than in real life. Yet as strange as they are, many of them are vital to keeping the oceans in balance, or as indicators of oceans out of balance, and so we ought to know them better. Brightly written, with footnotes but without ponderousness, the Palumbis' book succeeds in inspiring what they say they in their preface that they set out to produce: 'a sense of guiltless wonder about how wonderful the ocean's life actually is.'"---Rob Hardy, Columbus Dispatch"[A] stimulating and enjoyable read." * Diver Magazine *"Steve Palumbi has got a gift for summarizing complicated issues related to his field, making them both relatable and entertaining. . . . The Extreme Life of the Sea plunges readers into the world of 'the fastest and deepest, the hottest and oldest creatures of the oceans.'. . . At the heart of the book, though, the Palumbis stress how marine creatures have managed to adapt and thrive in some of the most punishing environments imaginable. Obviously, there's plenty we can learn from them."---Crystal Chow, San Jose Mercury News"Extremophiles are fun! Basically, they're the biggest, smallest, hardiest and definitely the oddest bunch of beasties to be found anywhere on this planet. The Palumbi father and son team--one scientist and one writer--bring us this fun little book on the extremophiles of the sea. . . . The best part of the book is that the authors do more than just recite oddball trivia, they really tell the stories of the animals in the book. . . . This is a solid book, very informative and very entertaining but with a strong message."---John Dupuis, Confessions of a Science Librarian"This engaging book eloquently captures the long history and immense variety of life in the world's oceans, and provides a glimpse into what makes the seas so special. . . . Better than science fiction, this book is filled with amazing stories about amazing creatures. . . . Sweetly enthusiastic, enlightening and witty and, at times, inspired. . . . Regardless of your level of knowledge, this quietly joyful and informative book has something of value for everyone." * GrrlScientist *"Drawing on decades of scientific research as well as a knack for storytelling, the authors convey what happens at the ocean depths without sugarcoating it. . . . It doesn't just shed light on some of the most mysterious workings of the sea; it does so with vivid prose while managing to convey scientists' current understanding of how and why these phenomena operate. If that doesn't make people more invested in preserving the ocean, it's hard to know what will."---Juliet Eilperin, Washington Post"A rare hybrid: a funny and easy-to-read book full of accurate science."---Susan Scott, Honolulu Star-Advertiser"Marine biologists as well as lay readers with more than a casual interest in marine science will find this an engrossing discussion of what lies beneath the waters, how it's adapted, and threats to this adaptation process."---James A. Cox, California Bookwatch"Simply a tour de force, a splendid must read for any natural history enthusiast."---Gabriel Thoumi, Mongabay.com"This book about sea creatures is perfect for the curious person with limited time for reading. . . . [T]he authors investigate all sorts of oddities, including whale falls, the bizarre sex life of angler fish, and the amazing aerodynamic design of humpback whale fins. They have conducted research in all sorts of odd corners of marine science and are wonderfully up-to-date, and end their text the necessary final chapter on how humans might be affecting all this diversity." * Choice *"While packed with scientific information, this book is an easy read. The average chapter is just over ten pages long, and each is divided into clearly labeled subsections. It is fairly generously illustrated and written in a light, conversational style--as seen by the references to Volkswagen Beetles and the population of India. These characteristics make this an easy book to dip into, but once you get started, you'll probably want to immerse yourself."---Tom Baker, Japan News"The chapters are informative and interesting and altogether well written."---Tom Fenchel, Marine Biology Research"Every page of this wonderful book is filled with nuggets of information. It becomes quite clear that we all must strive to protect this vast pool of life that enables our own lives to continue." * Explorers Journal *"One of the most informative books I've ever read."---Al Ristori, Newark Star-Ledger"Only the strong survive, it is said, but The Extreme Life of the Sea makes a good case for the strange, the efficient, and the ugly. . . . [A]n engaging blend. Stanford professor Stephen serves up the heavier science of DNA and physiology, seasoned with a sprightly narrative, some scene-setting and humor from novelist Anthony. Extreme Life uses Guinness Record-like chapters to discuss the smallest, the deepest, the shallowest and the coldest marine life-forms."---Melissa Davis, Seattle Times"[B]eautifully descriptive and refreshingly free of technical terms. Here is a book that will be enjoyed by anyone with an interest in the biology of the seas, whatever their level of scientific education."---Anthony O'Toole, Sherkin Comment"This is a scientifically rich book that is also a good read and would be appropriate for a wide range of audiences." * AAAS *"Incredibly accessible and frankly a joy to read. . . . It is refreshing to see writing that is trying, successfully, to convey challenging biological concepts with fun and humour. . . . It is a great and enjoyable book that will inspire readers and leave them with an incredible sense of appreciation of the natural world."---Dr. Alan Jamieson, Underwater Technology

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Book SynopsisPacific Salmon Life Histories gives detailed descriptions of the different life phases through which each of the seven species pass.Trade ReviewGroot and Margolis have compiled a timely classic, beautifully illustrated with 21 color plates. The text is the current, ultimate review of the life histories of the seven Pacific salmon species. Anyone wanting the definitive word in one volume, this is it - right now. -- Charlie Powell * Pullman Daily News *This is a timely, up-to-date synthesis of our knowledge of the life histories of the seven species of Pacific salmon. * Canadian Society of Zoologists *The quantity of information contained within this volume is immense, and the book is unrivalled as a compendium of data and references on Pacific salmon life histories ... it is an excellent review and the culmination of a major effort by acknowledged experts on each of the species ... This book is destined to become a classic library reference and will probably also adorn the personal shelves of most salmon researchers and many others besides. -- John Armstrong * Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology *Table of ContentsPreface / C. Groot and L. MargolisLife History of Sockeye Salmon / Robert L. Burgner, University of WashingtonLife History of Pink Salmon / William R. Heard, Auke Bay Fisheries Laboratory, AlaskaLife History of Chum Salmon / E.O. Salo, University of WashingtonLife History of Chinook Salmon / M.C. Healey, University of British ColumbiaLife History of Coho Salmon / F.K. Sandercock, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, CanadaLife Histories of Masu and Amago Salmon / Fumihiko Kato, National Institute of Fisheries Science, JapanIndexes

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Book SynopsisA home aquarium seems a peaceful place. Gazing at its inhabitants as they swim slowly through their small universe is a soothing, even hypnotic, experience. But this seeming tranquillity is only surface deep. Like their wild counterparts, these tiny...Trade Review'A book written for hobbyists that is also useful for professionals.' Well, yes, this might be one: written by an ethnologist to popularize facts from the scientific literature. * Fisheries *Although serious and scientific in tone, the book is written in a way that even high school students working on a science project could understand. Reebs also describes some experiments that could be replicated in a home aquarium... Recommended for all public libraries as well as high school and college libraries where there is interest in behavioral ecology or fishes. * Library Journal *Stephan Reebs provides a delightful, brief, and accessible answer to any who may doubt the complexity and sophistication of the behavior of fishes.... I found the book thoroughly enjoyable and highly educational. I imagine it will appeal to both aquarists and academicians and to anyone else captivated by the behavior of our aquatic relatives. Reebs does an excellent job of describing the academic research that has generated our current knowledge and does so with an infectious sense of wonder at the remarkable behavior of fishes. -- Tamra C. Mendelson, University of Maryland * Copeia *Another top book for inquisitive anglers. Reebs is a professor of biology at the Universite de Moncton, Canada, and an avid fish collector, experimenter, and aquarium hobbyist. Through Reebs describes the sensory systems of fish, he dwells primarily on social aspects of fish behavior, including their learning abilities, feeding behavior, and spawning. Though directed to a broad audience of fish fans, this book hold many insights into understanding game fish. -- Steve Quinn * In-Fisherman *The acoustic world of fishes, their sense of touch at a distance and the ability of some to interpret and exploit electric and geo-magnetic fields will be unfamiliar to many, but no longer to anyone with access to this book... Many reading Reebs's book will be struck by the parallels between the behavior of fish and those of 'higher' organisms such as birds and mammals. Fish Behavior is a fine and well-referenced book; it teaches us to look at our fellow vertebrates with a new respect. -- Richard Shelton * Times Literary Supplement *This attractive little book was written by Reebs primarily for the benefit of aquarium owners and other fish fanciers.... Reebs, through his superb writing ability and clever illustrations, has done an outstanding job. * Choice *

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Book SynopsisReaders who want answers to specific questions or just want to expand their knowledge about these unique and interesting animals will find the information they seek in this essential reference.Trade ReviewA good general introduction to turtle biology and ecology. -- Ian Paulsen Birdbooker Report 2009 The wide ranging questions are answered in a very readable style, with specific scientific explanations where necessary. -- Christine Tilley British Chelonia Group Newsletter 2010 Gibbons and Greene have done a masterful job of assembling questions of great interest to many readers and providing detailed, interesting, and informative answers... Highly recommended. Choice 2010Table of ContentsAcknowledgmentsIntroduction1. Introducting TurtlesWhat are turtles?What is the difference between turtles, terrapins, and tortoises?How many kinds of turtles are there?Why are turtles important?Why should people care about turtles?Where do turtles live?What is the current classification of turtles?What characterizes the major groups of turtles?When did turtles first evolve?What is the oldest fossil turtle?What is the largest fossil turtle?2. Form and FunctionWhat are the largest and smallest living turtles?What is the metabolism of a turtle?Do turtles have teeth?Do turtles sleep?Can turtles see color?Do all turtles have hard shells?Can a turtle emerge from its shell?Can turtles run?Can all turtles swim?Do all aquatic turtles have flippers?Can turtles breathe under water?Can you tell whether a fossil turtle lived in the sea, in freshwater, or on land?3. Turtle ColorsWhy do so many turtles have yellow stripes on their neck?What causes the different shell and skin colors of turtles?What color are a turtle's eyes?Is there a reason for the patterns on the shell?Do a turtle's colors change as it grows?Do a turtle's colors change in different seasons?Is there much geographic variation within a single turtlespecies?4. Turtle BehaviorAre turtles social?Do turtles fight?Are snapping turtles the only ones that bite?How smart are turtles?Do turtles play?Do turtles talk?How do turtles avoid predators?5. Turtle EcologyWhere do turtles sleep?Do turtles migrate?How many turtle species live in rivers?How many turtle species live in lakes?How many turtle species live in the ocean?Which geographic regions have the most species of turtles?How do turtles survive in the desert?How do turtles survive the winter?How do turtles survive droughts?What is hibernation?Do all turtles bask?Do turtles have enemies?Do turtles get sick?How can you tell if a turtle is sick?Are turtles good for the environment?6. Reproduction and DevelopmentHow do turtles reproduce?Do all turtles lay eggs?Why do sea turtles lay so many eggs but box turtles lay only afew?How long do female turtles hold eggs in their body?Where do turtles lay their eggs?Does a turtle nest at the same time and in the same place every year?Do turtles nest only one time per year?How many eggs do turtles lay?Are all hatchlings in a turtle nest full siblings?How is the sex of a turtle determined?Do turtles care for their young?How fast do turtles grow?How can you tell the age of a turtle?How long do turtles live?7. Foods and FeedingWhat do turtles eat?Do turtles chew their food?How do turtles find food?Are any turtles scavengers?How do turtles eat hard-shelled animals?Do turtles store their food?8. Turtles and HumansDo turtles make good pets?How do you take care of a pet turtle?Are turtles dangerous?Do turtles feel pain?What should I do if I find an injured turtle?What should I do if I find a turtle crossing the road?What should I do if I find a turtle laying eggs?What should I do if I find a baby turtle?How can I see turtles in the wild?Should people feed turtles in lakes?9. Turtle Problems (from a human viewpoint)Are turtles pests?Do turtles reduce the number of fish in lakes and rivers?Do turtles kill ducks in ponds?Do turtles have diseases and are they contagious?Is it safe to eat turtles?What should I do if I get bitten by a turtle?10. Human Problems (from a turtle's viewpoint)Are any turtles endangered?Will turtles be affected by global warming?Are turtles affected by pollution?Why do people hunt and eat turtles?Are "tortoiseshell" items actually made from turtle shells?Why do so many turtles get hit by cars?Are boats dangerous for aquatic turtles?How are turtles affected by litter?What can an ordinary citizen do to help turtles?11. Turtles in Stories and LiteratureWhat roles do turtles play in religion and mythology?Are turtles depicted at all in the Christian religion?Did any early philosophers/naturalists mention turtles in their writings?What are the roles turtles have played in children's literature?What roles do turtles play in popular culture?What about turtles and math?What roles have turtles played in poetry and famoussayings?12. "Turtleology"Who studies turtles?Which species are best known?Which species are least known?How do scientists tell turtles apart?Appendix A: Scientific and Common Names of Living TurtlesAppendix B: Organizations and Societies for Turtle ConservationBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisTilapia culture is currently practised in 95 countries all over the world and the number is expected to increase. This book discusses in detail the principles and practices of tilapia culture in the world. It covers all the vital issues of farmed tilapia including: the biology, environmental requirements, semi-intensive culture, intensive culture systems, feed and feeding, reproduction and breeding, spawning and larval rearing, stress and diseases, harvesting and marketing and the role of tilapia culture in rural development. It also highlights and presents the experiences of leading countries in tilapia culture.Trade Review"Tilapia Culture does a very good job of covering all aspects of the subject and should quickly become the standard reference work on the topic." R R Stickney, Texas A&M University, USA"Table of Contents1: Current State and Future Potential 2: Basic Biology and Ecology 3: Environmental Requirements 4: Semi-intensive Culture 5: Intensive Culture 6: Nutrition and Feeding 7: Reproduction and Seed Production 8: Stress and Diseases 9: Harvesting, Processing and Economics 10: The role of Tilapia Culture in Rural Development 11: Recent Technological Innovations 12: Environmental Impacts

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