Water supply and treatment Books

Book SynopsisClimate change poses a variety of challenges for water management, and there is a need to develop methods for understanding and managing risk. While much has been written about the projected impacts of climate change at the continental or regional scale, scientists are quick to caution decision makers about using projections based on global circulation models (GCMs) for local decision making. This uncertainty about specific impacts on local systems has raised concern about the ability of water resource managers to plan for climate and hydrological changes at the local scale, and has spurred recent activity to develop methods for understanding vulnerabilities, including how to downscale climate models. This book examines and documents the steps taken by some of the leading utilities in an attempt to identify the emergent characteristics of water utility climate change vulnerability assessments.

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Book SynopsisMuch progress has been made in achieving the ambitious goals that Congress established more than 35 years ago in the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation''s waters. However, long-standing problems persist, and new problems have emerged. Water quality problems are diverse, ranging from pollution runoff from farms and ranches, city streets, and other diffuse or "non-point" sources, to toxic substances discharged from factories and sewage treatment plants. This book provides an overview of water quality issues in the 112th Congress with a focus on pesticide use and water quality; animal waste and water quality; and a summary of the Clean Water Act.

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Book SynopsisWastewater treatment represents a continuous challenge for engineers, environmental scientists and regulators. Today, an increasing number of new contaminants are being found such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and nanomaterials. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biological methods, technology and environmental impact of wastewater treatment processes. Topics include anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment; ecotoxicological approaches to assess wastewater''s environmental impact to saltwater; EBPR for wastewater treatment; innovative sequencing batch reactors for industrial wastewater treatment; PAHs in the water environment; and cationic tannins as a coagulatnt/flocculant agent.

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Book SynopsisIn this book a brief description of monitoring systems of the most developed countries of the world (the USA, Canada, European states) and Global Environment Monitoring System (GEMS/WATER) is given. A structure of a state monitoring system of inland surface waters of the Russian Federation including the subsystems of surveillance, operational and special types of monitoring is considered in detail. A large section of the book is dedicated to the results of full-scale ecological modelling and a study of intrabasin processes as a basis for ecological standardisation. A methodology for complex assessment of water quality is analysed and the most recognised and official method in Russia for complex assessments of ISW pollution level is described.

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Book SynopsisWater quality is fundamental for our health and affects the environment we share with other animals including marine, freshwater and terrestrial species. Water quality is often managed based on indicators for levels of bacteria and other chemical/physical contents. To assist in better management and monitoring of water quality, this book provides an overview of state of the art assessments of water quality; with an understanding how water quality is affected, and improving water quality for irrigation, drinking and recreation activities.

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Book SynopsisAccording to a 2012 report released by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children''s Fund (UNICEF), roughly 780 million people around the world lack access to clean drinking water and an estimated 2.5 billion people (roughly 40% of the world''s population) are without access to safe sanitation facilities. The United States has long supported efforts to improve global access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). In 2000, for example, the United States signed on the Millennium Development Goals, one of which includes a target to halve the proportion of people without access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. This book focuses on the bilateral WASH programs authorized by the Water for the Poor Act. These programs are monitored and reported by the Department of State and implemented primarily by USAID and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC).

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Book SynopsisForty years after the Clean Water Act set a national goal of eliminating the discharge of pollutants into navigable U.S. waters, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has made significant progress in reducing pollution from industrial facilities; nevertheless, pollution from these facilities continues to cause concern. EPA''s actions to reduce this pollution have included establishing national technology-based regulations, or effluent guidelines, for separate industrial categories, such as petroleum refining, fertiliser manufacturing, coal mining, and metal finishing. Relatively few effluent guidelines have been revised or created in recent years and environmental advocacy groups continue to raise concerns because industrial facilities annually discharge hundreds of billions, and perhaps trillions of pounds of pollutants to U.S. waters. This book examines water pollution controls with a focus on effluent guidelines, total maximum daily loads and stormwater permits.

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Book SynopsisCongress has enacted hundreds of federal laws affecting the nation''s water resources and continues to address numerous water-related issues annually. From responding to natural disasters such as droughts and floods, to improving water resources and water quality infrastructures and protecting fish and wildlife, many congressional committees are involved in legislating, funding, and overseeing the water-related activities of numerous federal agencies. Nearly two centuries of such activity have resulted in a complex web of federal involvement in water resource management and use. This book provides an overview of select federal water activities with a focus on agencies, authorities, and congressional committees.

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Book SynopsisPlanning and obtaining financing for water utility capital projects. This edition addresses both traditional and innovative utility financing alternatives to meet both short-and long-term capital requirements

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Book SynopsisAdequate supplies of water are essential to people, the economy and the environment. Yet the Nation faces an increasing set of water resource challenges. Aging infrastructure, rapid population growth, depletion of groundwater resources, impaired water quality associated with particular land uses and covers, reservoir sedimentation, water needed for human and environmental uses, increased domestic energy development, and climate variability and change all play a role in determining the amount of fresh water available at any given place and time. It is increasingly recognised that water is the primary means through which climate change impacts the earth and people''s livelihoods and well being. This book examines the WaterSMART initiative, a program that recognises the U.S. Department of Interior''s role in providing Federal leadership in the pursuit of sustainable water supply for people, the economy, and the environment.

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Book SynopsisThis book provides an overview of the Environmental Protection Agency''s (EPA) National Water Program (NWP). Despite the ongoing effects of climate change, the National Water Program continues to achieve its mission to protect and restore our waters to ensure that drinking water is safe; and that aquatic ecosystems sustain fish, plants, and wildlife, as well as economic, recreational, and subsistence activities. Some of the programs and activities already underway throughout the NWP include protecting healthy watersheds and wetlands; managing stormwater with green infrastructure; and improving the efficiency and sustainability of water infrastructure, including promoting energy and water efficiency, reducing pollutants, and protecting drinking water and public health.

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Book SynopsisAdverse impacts of climate change are evident in many regions of the world and are likely to get worse in the future. Ever increasing urbanisation is also adding to the magnitude of severity in regards to both quantity and quality. Urban water resources and components of water cycles are likely to be affected severely. To minimise consequences on world water resources, a sustainable water resources management strategy is inevitable. Water conservation in general is a salient part of sustainable water resources management. This book describes several water conservation and recycling options, practices, consequences and future implications showing case studies in different countries around the world. Among all the water recycling options, stormwater and greywater recycling is easily achievable. Initial chapters of the book deal with stormwater harvesting options through rainwater tanks in household scale; design optimisation, and water savings and reliability of such systems around different cities of the world. A review of traditional design practice and future efficient design methodology is also outlined. Also, a scientific approach for selecting an appropriate stormwater system at the authority/institutional level has been proposed. Later chapters describe public acceptance, reuse potentials and benefits of greywater recycling options. In addition, non-structural measures (water pricing and restrictions on water usage) of water conservation have been investigated through a case study. Moving downward, to look at water quality issues, impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on lake water conservation have been presented. Eventually, to be able achieve the final goal, real-life challenges in the transition towards adaptive water governance have been presented with a case study in the USA.

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Book SynopsisDuring the next 10 years, many countries important to the United States will experience water problems (shortages, poor water quality, or floods) that will risk instability and state failure, increase regional tensions, and distract them from working with the United States on important U.S. policy objectives. Between now and 2040, fresh water availability will not keep up with demand absent more effective management of water resources. Water problems will hinder the ability of key countries to produce food and generate energy, posing a risk to global food markets and hobbling economic growth. As a result of demographic and economic development pressures, North Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia will face major challenges coping with water problems. This book provides an overview of selected issues in water resources and management with a focus on global water security; the causes and issues of drought in the United States; green infrastructure and issues in managing urban stormwater and stormwater permits; water resource issues in the 113th Congress; and regulation of power plant wastewater discharges.

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Book SynopsisIn this book, the role of biological assessments in a variety of water quality management program applications is discussed, including reporting on the condition of aquatic biota, establishing biological criteria, and assessing the effectiveness of Total Maximum Daily Load determinations and pollutant source controls. This book provides a brief discussion of technical tools and approaches for developing strong biological assessment programs and presents examples of successful application of those tools. The objective of the Clean Water Act (CWA), and water quality management programs generally, is "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation''s waters." Although we have achieved major water quality improvements over the past four decades and have reduced the discharge of many toxic chemicals into our nation''s waters, many environmental challenges remain, such as loss and fragmentation of habitat, altered hydrology, invasive species, climate change, discharge of new chemicals, stormwater, and nitrogen or phosphorus (nutrient) pollution. Measuring the condition of the resident biota in surface waters using biological assessments and incorporating that information into management decisions can be an important tool to help federal, state, and tribal water quality management programs meet many of their challenges.

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Book SynopsisContamination of groundwater sources is a global phenomenon and it is becoming evident that unregulated human activity will lead to further deterioration of the resource in many countries of the world. There is therefore an increasing need for research and informed policies to strategically manage groundwater along with other natural resources. This book has been structured into ten chapters, including an introductory background and contextual material for its contributions, with case studies from US, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Serbia, India, Malaysia, Netherlands, and South Africa. Contributions in this book range from hydrogeochemical investigations and evaluation of groundwater usability for water supply as well as for agricultural purposes to groundwater quality descriptions and characterisation. Issues on groundwater overdevelopment and the consequent quality degradation; flow and recharge processes with management implications; groundwater dependent ecosystems and ecological implications are well covered in its content. A number of simulation variants from numerical modelling to characterise groundwater conditions and estimate groundwater resources potential in large basins are presented to support technical decisions and policy making. The prospects and problems of groundwater development are addressed in this book and novel bioremediation technology with more than 10 years of successful application in remediating groundwater contaminated with chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) concludes the content. This book will be useful to all within the groundwater community, researchers and policy makers alike.

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Book SynopsisEvery day in the United States, at least 2 billion gallons of fluids are injected into over 172,000 wells to enhance oil and gas production, or to dispose of fluids brought to the surface during the extraction of oil and gas resources. These wells are subject to regulation to protect drinking water sources under EPA''s UIC class II program and approved state class II programs. Because much of the population relies on underground sources for drinking water, these wells have raised concerns about the safety of the nation''s drinking water. This book examines EPA and state roles, responsibilities, and resources for the program; safeguards to protect drinking water; EPA oversight and enforcement of class II programs; and the reliability of program data for reporting. GAO reviewed federal and state laws and regulations.

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Book SynopsisOne of the most exciting new trends in water quality management today is the movement by many cities, counties, states, and private-sector developers toward the increased use of Low Impact Development (LID) to help protect and restore water quality. LID comprises a set of approaches and practices that are designed to reduce runoff of water and pollutants from the site at which they are generated. By means of infiltration, evapotranspiration, and reuse of rainwater, LID techniques manage water and water pollutants at the source and thereby prevent or reduce the impact of development on rivers, streams, lakes, coastal waters, and ground water. This book summarizes 17 case studies of developments that include Low Impact Development (LID) practices and concludes that applying LID techniques can reduce project costs and improve environmental performance. This book also compares green energy programs and policies in China and the United States.

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Book SynopsisThe 114th Congress faces many water resource development, management, and protection issues. Congressional actions shape reinvestment in aging federal infrastructure (eg: dams, locks, and levees) and federal and nonfederal investment in new infrastructure, such as water supply augmentation, hydropower projects, navigation improvements, and efforts to restore aquatic ecosystems. These issues often arise at the regional or local levels but frequently have a federal connection. Ongoing issues include competition over water, drought and flood responses and policies, competitiveness and efficiency of U.S. harbors and waterways, and innovative and alternative financing approaches. This book provides an overview of the federal role in water resources development, management, and protection, with a focus on projects of the two major federal water resources agencies -- Reclamation and the U.S. Army Corps -- and related legislation. It also discusses overarching policy issues, such as drought and flood management and response, project funding and authorisation priorities, and aquatic ecosystem restoration.

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Book SynopsisThe Water Resources Reform & Development Act of 2014 became law on 10 June 2014. Its conference report resolved differences between the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2013 and the Water Resources Development Act of 2013. Policy makers have recently been considering several legislative options to help finance water infrastructure projects, including projects to build and upgrade wastewater and drinking water treatment systems. This book examines one particular option, a "Water Infrastructure Finance & Innovation Act", or WIFIA, program, which Congress included in the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014. This book also summarises congressional authorisation and appropriations processes for the U.S. Army Corps and discusses agency activities under general authorities.

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Book SynopsisAccording to the Census Bureau, approximately 27 percent of the U.S. population lives in a rural area. The smallest water systems account for 77 percent of all systems, and many water systems are not in compliance with drinking water regulations. Seven federal agencies provide funding or technical assistance to rural communities in developing drinking water and wastewater systems and complying with federal regulations. The nation faces costly upgrades to aging and deteriorating drinking water and wastewater infrastructure. Many rural communities face significant challenges in financing the costs of replacing or upgrading aging and obsolete drinking water and wastewater infrastructure. This book focuses on the federal agencies that provide funding or technical assistance to rural communities and fiscal year 2014 funding; and issues identified that affect rural communities'' ability to obtain funding for water and wastewater infrastructure. Furthermore, this book summarises the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs and regulatory requirements. 

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Book SynopsisOver 100 irrigation projects and systems can be found on Indian reservations primarily across the western United States. The scarcity of water in much of the western United States makes irrigation critical to agricultural activities. The Department of the Interior''s Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) manages 16 irrigation projects on Indian reservations in the western United States. This book focuses on BIA''s estimated deferred maintenance cost for its irrigation projects; shortcomings that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) identified in BIA''s management of its irrigation projects; and issues GAO identified that needed to be addressed to determine the long-term direction of BIA''s irrigation program.

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Book SynopsisFreshwater management challenges are increasingly common. Allocation of limited water resources between agricultural, municipal and environmental uses now requires the full integration of supply, demand, water quality and ecological considerations. Water is the scarcest resource. The importance of the resource for the survival of the modern society - sustaining agricultural and industrial growth, and the retardation of environmental degradation needs no elaboration. Sustainable development and management of the resource require scientific and systematic approaches. This book covers the major aspects of water resources development and management such as the assessment of such resources, estimation of groundwater recharge, water-well construction and groundwater hydraulics, management of the resources, water contamination, protection of the resources, economics in water resources, statistical methods in water resources, and use of models in water resource management. When necessary, workout problems are provided to explain the application of theory/methodology in practice. This comprehensive and compact presentation of the book will serve as a textbook for undergraduate students in Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Water Resources Engineering, and Geotechnical/Geo-science Engineering. Students of other relevant branches such as Hydrology, Geology, Hydrogeology, Geochemistry, Bio-Science Engineering, and engineers working in the field and at research institutes will also benefit from the lessons within its pages. Although the target audience of the book is undergraduate students, post-graduate students will also learn from this book. Considering the topics and depth covered, engineers, scientists, practitioners, and educators will find this book a valuable resource as well.

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Book SynopsisOne of the main challenges faced by humans today is finding a balance between economic development of respective countries and sustainable utilisation of Earths resources. With the increase in the human population, demand for water resources is increasing globally. One of the challenges for water conservation in the future is the sustainability of current and future water resource allocation. Finding a balance between what is needed by humans and what is needed in the environment is an important step in the sustainability of water resources. With this in mind, sustainable utilisation of water resources, and conservation and management of aquatic ecosystems on Earth is an essential step towards the sustainable management of global water resources. This book discusses the current status of water resources on Earth and challenges water resource conservation in the first chapter. The second chapter of the book describes the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, and the biological indicators that can be used as water quality indicators. The third chapter of the book discusses how water becomes polluted, factors contributing to water pollution, as well as types and sources of water pollutants. The fourth chapter discusses the importance of water quality monitoring programmes and the methods of water quality monitoring programmes. Chapters Five and Six discuss the characteristics of lotic and lentic systems, factors affecting lotic and lentic systems and possible management options for each category. Chapter Seven discusses the aspects related to watershed management and water pollution control. The final chapter discusses agricultural and urban watershed management options, common issues related to their management, and strategies to reduce waste generation and pollution control.

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Book SynopsisIn 2000, a transformative climate-driven “megadrought” swept over the Colorado River watershed. By the early 2020s, levels on the river’s two largest reservoirs were hitting record lows and threatening the water supply for forty million people. Outside the West, water stocks are stressed even in states with bountiful rainfall such as Florida. From coast to coast, conventional measures to sustain the most fundamental natural resource on earth—drinking water—are coming up short. Recycled water could help close that gap. In Purified: How Recycled Sewage Is Transforming Our Water, veteran journalist Peter Annin shows that wastewater has become a surprising weapon in America’s war against water scarcity. Annin probes deep into the water reuse movement in five water-strapped states—California, Texas, Virginia, Nevada, and Florida. He drinks beer made from purified sewage, visits communities where purified sewage came to the rescue, and examines how one of the nation’s largest wastewater plants hopes to recycle one hundred percent of its wastewater by 2035. At each stop, readers come face to face with the people who are struggling for, and against, recycled water. While the current filtration technology transforms sewage into something akin to distilled water—free of chemicals and safe to drink—water recycling’s challenge isn’t technology. It’s terminology. Concerns about communities being used as “guinea pigs,” sensationalist media coverage, and taglines like “toilet to tap” have repeatedly crippled water recycling efforts. Potable water recycling has become the hottest frontier in the race for expanded water supply options. But can public opinion turn in time to avoid the worst consequences? Purified’s fast-paced narrative cuts through the fearmongering and misinformation to make the case that recycled water is direly needed in the climate-change era. Water cannot be taken for granted anymore—and that includes sewage.Table of ContentsAuthor’s Note Prologue Chapter 1. Dead Pool Chapter 2. Gulp! Chapter 3. Orange County Sets the Bar Chapter 4. San Diego Bounces Back Chapter 5. Future Water in Virginia Chapter 6. Running Dry (Almost) in Texas Chapter 7. El Paso's Quiet Leadership Chapter 8. Hot Tempers in Tampa Chapter 9. Going Beyond Purple Pipe in Florida Chapter 10. LA Goes All-In Chapter 11. Pure Water SoCal and Operation Next Chapter 12. Water Diversion, or Water Reuse? Epilogue Acknowledgments Notes About the Author Index

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Book SynopsisIn recent decades, scientific insight into the chemistry of water has increased enormously, leading to the development of advanced wastewater and water purification technologies. However, the quality of freshwater resources has continually deteriorated worldwide, both in industrialised countries and in developing countries. Although traditional wastewater technologies are focused on the removal of suspended solids, nutrients and bacteria, hundreds of organic pollutants occur in wastewater and affected urban surface waters. These new pollutants are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals that are not often monitored in the environment but have the potential to penetrate the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological and/or human health effects. These contaminants are collectively referred to as the "Emerging Contaminants" and are mostly derived from domestic use and occur in trace concentrations ranging from pico to micrograms per litre. Environmental contaminants are recalcitrant for conventional wastewater treatment processes and most of them remain unaffected, leading to the contamination of receiving water. This scenario leads to the need for an advanced wastewater treatment process that can remove environmental contaminants to safely monitor fresh water sources. This book explains the technologies of biological and chemical wastewater treatment processes. The biological wastewater treatment processes presented include: (1) bioremediation of wastewater that includes aerobic treatment (oxidation ponds, aerating lagoons, aerobic bioreactors, active sludge, percolation or drip filters, biological filters, rotating biological contactors, biological removal of nutrients) and anaerobic treatment (anaerobic bioreactors), anaerobic lagoons); (2) phytoremediation of waste water consisting of engineered wetlands, rhizofiltration, rhizodegradation, phytodegradation, phytoaccumulation, Phyto transformation and hyperaccumulators; and (3) mycoremediation of wastewater. The chemical wastewater treatment processes discussed include chemical precipitation (coagulation, flocculation), ion exchange, neutralisation, adsorption, and disinfection (chlorination / dechlorination, ozone, UV light). In addition, this chapter explains the wastewater treatment plants and illustrates them in terms of plant size, plant layout, and plant design and installation location.Table of ContentsPreface; Persistent Organic Pollutants: An Environmental Menace; Removal of Emerging Contaminants Present in Wastewater by Using Advanced Oxidation Processes; Nanoremediation of Industrial Heavy Metal Effluents Using Carbon Nanomaterials as Superb Nanoadsorbents; Emerging Pollutants: Occurrence, Fate, Impacts and Removal Technologies; Nanotechnological Interventions to Tackle Heavy Metal Pollution; Bioremediation: A Novel Way to Deal with Petroleum Sludge for Sustainable Environment; Advanced Oxidation Process in Wastewater Reuse; Photocatalysis as Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment; Role of Fungal and Plant Systems in Wastewater Treatment: Mechanisms and Applications; Insights into a Novel Technology of Limestone-Sawdust-Bacteria and Nano TIO2 for Treatment of Acid Mine Drainage; Different Approaches for Bioremediation of Harmful Pollutants; Nitrate Problems and Its Remediation; Emerging Contaminants; Bioremediation of Soils Polluted with Hexavalent Chromium using Bacteria; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe overall wellbeing of a society depends on access to uncontaminated drinking water. However, the treatment of the water supply is made more complex by the presence of difficult-to-remove contaminants, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which pose threats to human health. This volume includes five chapters that discuss water purification from several perspectives, including strategies for improving drinking water infrastructure and point-of-use water treatment applications. Chapter One provides a review of current knowledge of copper and silver ions, free chlorine, and N-chloramines in point-of-use drinking water treatment applications, including kinetics and mechanisms of inactivation of pathogens, toxicity, and synergistic effects produced by combinations of these chemical disinfectants. Chapter Two addresses the adsorptive removal of water pollutants such as organic dyes, heavy metal ions, oil, and pharmaceutical products by carbonaceous adsorbents such as activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon aerogels, and biochars in detail. Chapter Three includes information on recent advancements in bio-based polymer membranes for water purification, as well as various modification techniques, limitations, and future remarks. Chapter Four deals with the emerging green technology of solar-driven water purification, reviewing current challenges and future perspectives of commercialising such technologies. Finally, Chapter Five covers the processes and units involved in the dairy industry, characteristics and composition of the dairy effluent and its effect on health, the environment, and the water supply if discharged without treatment.

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Book SynopsisThis book includes diverse perspectives on the water scarcity problem for global communities. The agriculture sector is one of the most affected sectors in the world. The authors in this book explore the adaptation techniques used by agriculture farmers to mitigate the water crisis and increase food production. This book aims to depict the main global problems and challenges that have a negative impact on water insecurity, human health, and food security, with the underlying objective of highlighting the need for reinforcing its full application in all contexts and countries.

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Book SynopsisUN studies show that high-income, developed nations treat about 70 percent of their wastewater. However, in low-income developing nations, only 8 percent of wastewater undergoes any kind of treatment. Inadequate water treatment has serious consequences for both human health and the environment. The articles in this compendium provide a representative cross sample of both developing and developed nations' water treatment facilities. Included are the following topics: Reclaimed water for irrigation reuse in developing countries Sludge-handling practices in Micronesia The removal of phthalate esters from Chinese water sources Disposal of domestic wastewater in Nigeria Ameba-enrichment in a South African water treatment plant Bioenergy from wastewater produced by a Brazilian meat-processing plant The presence of various pharmaceutical contaminants in the River Thames Wastewater recycling in Greece The impact on surface water from contaminants released from German water treatment plants A Canadian constructed wetland's effectiveness for the removal of various contaminants from wastewater Accessing irrigation from treated wastewater in the United States The spacial distribution of fecal indicator bacteria in the groundwater beneath two American water treatment plants Detection of contamination from retinoid acid reception agonists in Japanese water treatment plants The editor, a respected international expert in the field, has selected investigations that offer essential information for ongoing research at the graduate and professional levels, as well as for environmental engineers and others responsible for choosing the most efficient water treatment technologies.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Developing Countries. Part II: Developed Nations. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis new volume in the Innovations and Challenges in Micro Irrigation series covers an array of technologies to estimate evapotranspiration and to evaluate parameters that are needed in the management of micro irrigation, with worldwide applicability to irrigation management in agriculture. Topics include recent evapotranspiration research, performance evaluation of filters and emitters, evaluation of fertigation and ground water with treated wastewater effluent, performance of pulse drip irrigated potato under organic agriculture practices in sandy soils, impact of polyethylene mulch on micro irrigated cabbage, and tree injection irrigation. Table of ContentsPrinciples of Micro Irrigation. Recent Evapotranspiration Research in Puerto Rico. Modeling of Evaporation from Bare Soil. Tree Injection Irrigation: Principles, Perspectives, and Problems. Evaluation of Micro Irrigation. Evaluation of Filters and Emitters under Domestic Treated Sewage Water. Evaluation of Drip Irrigation Systems for Water Management in Orchards. Fertigation and Ground Water Quality with Treated Wastewater Effluent. Micro Irrigation Practices in Agricultural Crops. Performance of Pulse Drip Irrigated Potato under Organic Agriculture Practices in Sandy Soils. Impact of Polyethylene Mulch on Micro Irrigated Cabbage. Performance of Garlic under Different Irrigation Systems. Appendixes. Index.

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Book SynopsisDue to increasing demand for potable and irrigation water, new scientific research is being conducted to deal with wastewater from a variety of sources. Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes presents a selection of research related to applications of chemical processes for wastewater treatment, separation techniques, and modeling and simulation of chemical processes.Among the many topics are: degradation of herbicide removal of anionic dye efficient sun-light driven photocatalysis removal of copper and iron using green activated carbon defluoridation of drinking water removal of calcium and magnesium from wastewater using ion exchange resins degradation of vegetable oil refinery wastewater novel separation techniques, including microwave-assisted extraction and more The volume presents selected examples in wastewater treatment, highlighting some recent examples of processes such as photocatalytic degradation, emulsion liquid membrane, novel photocatalyst for degradation of various pollutants, and adsorption of heavy metals. The book goes on to explore some novel separation techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, anhydrous ethanol through molecular sieve dehydration, batch extraction from leaves of Syzygium cumini (known as jambul, jambolan, jamblang or jamun), and reactive extraction. These novel separation techniques have proved be advantageous over conventional methods.The volume also looks at modeling and simulation of chemical processes, including chapters on flow characteristics of novel solid-liquid multistage circulating fluidized bed, mathematical modeling and simulation of gasketed plate heat exchangers, optimization of the adsorption capacity of prepared activated carbon, and modeling of ethanol/water separation by pervaporation, along with topics on simulation using CHEMCAD software. The diverse chapters share and encourage new ideas, methods, and applications in ongoing advances in this growing area of chemical engineering and technology. It will be a valuable resource for researchers and faculty and industrialists as well as for students. Trade Review "This edited book, Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes, by Dr. Bhanvase, Dr. Ugwekar, and Dr. Mankar, brings out important information on various aspects of water treatment technologies. With the increase in global population, water has now been a primary focus for geopolitics in water-starved nations. It is important, therefore, to preserve, recycle, and reuse water. The book provides insights into the importance of water and various methods of water treatment. . . . In the initial sections of the book, details on various techniques for water treatment have been provided. Subsequently, the book deals with novel separation processes and modeling and simulation of various chemical processes involved in water treatment technologies. I strongly feel that the book provides a complete package for researchers and practicing engineers working in the field of water treatment technologies."—Dr. Jitendra Sangwai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India"This edited book, Novel Water Treatment and Separation Methods: Simulation of Chemical Processes, by Dr. Bhanvase, Dr. Ugwekar, and Dr. Mankar, brings out important information on various aspects of water treatment technologies. With the increase in global population, water has now been a primary focus for geopolitics in water-starved nations. It is important, therefore, to preserve, recycle, and reuse water. The book provides insights into the importance of water and various methods of water treatment. . . . In the initial sections of the book, details on various techniques for water treatment have been provided. Subsequently, the book deals with novel separation processes and modeling and simulation of various chemical processes involved in water treatment technologies. I strongly feel that the book provides a complete package for researchers and practicing engineers working in the field of water treatment technologies."—Dr. Jitendra Sangwai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, IndiaTable of ContentsPhotocatalytic Degradation of Herbicide by Using Aeroxide®P-90 Tio2 Photocatalyst and Photo-Fenton Process in the Presence of Artificial and Solar Radiation. Studies on Removal of Anionic Dye Using Emulsion Liquid Membrane. Zinc Oxide Microarchitectures with Exposed Crystal Face for Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity. Sonochemical Synthesis of Mg-Doped for Efficient Sun-Light Driven Photocatalysis. Intensified Removal of Cu2+ and Fe2+ Using Green Activated Carbon Derived from Lantana camara Stem and Soya Hull and Its Comparison with Commercial Activated Carbon. Defluoridation of Drinking Water Using Fe-Al Mixed Metal Hydroxides. Adsorption of Hexavalent Chromium by Using Sweetlime and Orange Peel Powder. Investigation on Elimination of Cr (Vi) from Waste Water by Powdered Shell of Peas as Adsorbent. Removal of Calcium and Magnesium from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Resins. Degradation of Vegetable Oil Refinery Wastewater Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation: A Process Intensification Technique. Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Coralene Dark Red 2B. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Carvone from Carum Carvi. Kinetic Model for Extraction of Betulic Acid by Batch Extraction from Leaves of Syzygium cumini (Jamun). Reactive Extraction of Propionic Acid. Flow Characteristics of Novel Solid-Liquid Multistage Circulating Fluidized Bed. Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Gasketed Plate Heat Exchanger. Optimization of Adsorption Capacity of Prepared Activated Carbon Using Response Surface Methodology. Modeling of Ethanol/Water Separation by Pervaporation Membrane Process. Modeling and Simulation of Crystallizer Using Copper Oxide Based Nanofluids. Sensitivity Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using CHEMCAD. Extractive Distillation Simulation for the Separation of Methylcyclohexane and Toluene Mixture with Phenol as an Extractor Using CHEMCAD. An Experimental Review of Non-Destructive Testing Methods for Fruits and Vegetables. Novel Technology for Essential Fatty Acids: An Experimental Review.

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, the awareness and concept of wastewater treatment processes have progressed extensively. Wastewater treatment processes have developed from empirically-based methods to multidisciplinary approaches embracing microbiology, chemistry, bioprocess and physical engineering, and applied mathematics. Many of these developments have ripened to the extent that they have been collated into mathematical simulation models with computers. This book provides a brief overview of the basics of biological water treatment processes along with the description of mechanisms for modeling and integrating biological stages into different industrial processes.The book essentially covers the physical, biological and chemical basics, including microbial metabolism, wastewater characteristics, wastewater treatment processes (including aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes). It also includes detailed information on membrane technology, micropollutants' removal, activated sludge processes, membrane bioreactors (MBRs) and the evaluation and selection of different aeration systems. This book is equally important for students and teachers in the field of water treatment technologies. Moreover, this book can be regarded a ready reference for engineers, microbiologists, chemists, environmental officers, consultants and agencies in the field of water treatment.

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Book SynopsisThe focus of municipalities has been on the supply of sufficient water quantities to the public with less attention paid to water quality. The deteriorating quality of raw water sources necessitates increased attention to water quality, with professional scientists playing a central role at municipalities and water boards together with professional engineers.With many stringent regulations on the quality of drinking water and recreational water bodies, the young municipal chemist needs a handy manual to assist in the often neglected and complicated field of municipal water management. Grounded in solid science, Introduction to Municipal Water Quality Management not only links theory and regulations in practice but also offers simple numerical examples to better understand the rules and encourage a quantitative application to everyday problems. Developed from a series of lectures between 2015 and 2019, Introduction to Municipal Water Quality Management will give young professionals the confidence to analyse their results and apply their knowledge in a numerical fashion.

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Book SynopsisWater is critical to all human activities, but access to this crucial resource is increasingly limited by competition and the effects of climate change. In agriculture, water management is key to ensuring good and sustained crop yields, maintaining soil health, and safeguarding the long-term viability of the land. Water management is especially challenging on smallholder farms in resource-poor areas, which tend to be primarily rainfed and thus highly dependent on unreliable rainfall patterns. Sustainable practices can help farmers promote the development of soils, plants and field surfaces to allow maximum retention of water between rains, and encourage the efficient use of each drop of water applied as irrigation. Using simplified concepts and easy-to-understand language, this book: - outlines the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable water management in agriculture, -introduces a range of beneficial practices, including the enhancement of soil water retention, water loss reduction, rainwater harvesting, conservation agriculture, and small-scale irrigation -provides schematic diagrams, and resources for further reading to help readers put theory into practice Especially useful for farmers' groups, agricultural extension workers, NGOs, students and researchers working with farmers in dryland areas, this comprehensive yet concise book is a practical and accessible resource for anyone interested in sustainable water management.Table of Contents1: Theoretical Foundations of Water Management in Agriculture 1: Key Concepts 2: Goals of Agricultural Water Management 3: Soil and Water 4: Plants and Water 5: Climate Outlook 2: Improving Water Productivity in Rainfed Agriculture 6: Soil-focused Strategies: Reducing Water Loss 7: Rainwater Harvesting 8: Crop-focused Strategies: Using Available Water Wisely 9: Conservation Agriculture 3: Irrigation 10: Irrigation 11: Irrigation Scheduling 12: Water Sources for Agriculture -: Summary of Key Points

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Book SynopsisWater is critical to all human activities, but access to this crucial resource is increasingly limited by competition and the effects of climate change. In agriculture, water management is key to ensuring good and sustained crop yields, maintaining soil health, and safeguarding the long-term viability of the land. Water management is especially challenging on smallholder farms in resource-poor areas, which tend to be primarily rainfed and thus highly dependent on unreliable rainfall patterns. Sustainable practices can help farmers promote the development of soils, plants and field surfaces to allow maximum retention of water between rains, and encourage the efficient use of each drop of water applied as irrigation. Using simplified concepts and easy-to-understand language, this book: - outlines the theoretical underpinnings of sustainable water management in agriculture, -introduces a range of beneficial practices, including the enhancement of soil water retention, water loss reduction, rainwater harvesting, conservation agriculture, and small-scale irrigation -provides schematic diagrams, and resources for further reading to help readers put theory into practice Especially useful for farmers' groups, agricultural extension workers, NGOs, students and researchers working with farmers in dryland areas, this comprehensive yet concise book is a practical and accessible resource for anyone interested in sustainable water management.Table of Contents1: Theoretical Foundations of Water Management in Agriculture 1: Key Concepts 2: Goals of Agricultural Water Management 3: Soil and Water 4: Plants and Water 5: Climate Outlook 2: Improving Water Productivity in Rainfed Agriculture 6: Soil-focused Strategies: Reducing Water Loss 7: Rainwater Harvesting 8: Crop-focused Strategies: Using Available Water Wisely 9: Conservation Agriculture 3: Irrigation 10: Irrigation 11: Irrigation Scheduling 12: Water Sources for Agriculture -: Summary of Key Points

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Book SynopsisAgriculture in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia represents a controversial 'policy experiment' comprising large capital investments, innovation and enterprise across a hundred-year period. This book, which contains contributions from some of Australia's foremost economic, social science and public policy researchers and writers, examines the evolution of public policy frameworks that transformed water management from initial exploitation for irrigation as a dominant single use to a dynamic multiple use resource system. Water Policy Reform provides both analytical insights and examples of successes and failures in developing water policy in a complex and politically-contested environment. As such, this work attempts to develop a comprehensive management plan for the Basin and provides novel and invaluable lessons for an increasingly global problem. This well-researched study will interest both economists and those with public policy interest in academia and the public sector, including development agencies concerned with sustainable water resource management. Contributors: D. Adamson, O. Banerjee, J. Bennett, S. Chambers, J. Connor, L. Crase, T. Cummins, S. Driml, T. Goesch, P. Gooday, D. Hatton MacDonald, T. Mallawaarachchi, A. McClintock, M. Morrison, N. Nguyen, D. Pannell, J. Quiggin, H. Ross, A. Ryan, P. Schrobback, S. Tapsuwan, A. Watson, M. Young, Z. ZarezadehTrade ReviewManaging the water of the Murray Darling Basin has emerged as one of the greatest challenges for Australia's scientists, social scientists and policy makers. This book brings together some of Australia's leading economists and social scientists to discuss ideas and solutions for a national problem that is both intriguing and exasperating. Readers will enjoy the candid discussion of both the distant and recent history of this issue, plus the innovative solutions. From a philosophical perspective the reader may wish to muse on the relative merits of different degrees of free market and private property approaches vs top-down control as they pertain to the past, present and future of Australia's largest river basin. --Hugh Possingham, University of Queensland, AustraliaThis book is a must read for anyone interested in how to ensure sustainability while effectively addressing social and economic issues. The contributors are all well recognised in their areas of expertise and their chapters are highly informative. The book's focus is on policy reform in the Murray Darling Basin. It offers a ''window to the future'' and important insights for other parts of the world that also face the dilemma of the overextraction of water and what to do about it. I highly recommend it. --Quentin Grafton, The Australian National University[T]he book is a major addition to the literature on water policy and river basin management, and should be widely circulated, read and discussed. --Sailen Routray, Current ScienceTable of ContentsContents: Foreword Introduction PART I: POLICY 1. A Hundred-Year Policy Experiment: The Murray–Darling Basin in Australia Tim Cummins and Alistair Watson 2. Water Markets, Property Rights and Managing Environmental Water Reserves Lin Crase 3. Why the Guide to the Proposed Basin Plan Failed, and What Can Be Done to Fix It John Quiggin PART II: AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION 4. Assessing the Regional Impacts of the Basin Plan and the Water for the Future Program in the Murray–Darling Basin Nga Nguyen, Tim Goesch and Peter Gooday 5. Variability and Uncertainty: Implications for Water Policy Impact Analysis Thilak Mallawaarachchi, David Adamson, Sarah Chambers, Peggy Schrobback and John Quiggin 6. Investment as an Adaptation Response to Water Scarcity Thilak Mallawaarachchi, Anthea McClintock, David Adamson and John Quiggin PART III: ENVIRONMENT 7. Chewing on the CEWH: Options for Improving Management of Environmental Water in the Murray–Darling Basin Mike Young 8. Maximising Benefits from Murray–Darling Basin Water Resource Management Jeff Connor, Onil Banerjee, Darla Hatton MacDonald, Sorada Tapsuwan, Mark Morrison and Anthony Ryan PART IV: COMMUNITY 9. Informing Tough Trade-offs in the Murray–Darling Basin Jeff Bennett 10. Water Allocation, Social Change and Resilience Helen Ross, Sally Driml and Zohreh Zarezadeh Conclusion Appendices Index

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Book SynopsisOur four volumes propose to present innovative thematic applications implemented using the open source software QGIS. These are applications that use remote sensing over continental surfaces. The four volumes detail applications of remote sensing over continental surfaces, with a first one discussing applications for agriculture. A second one presents applications for forest, a third presents applications for the continental hydrology, and finally the last volume details applications for environment and risk issues.Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Chapter 1. Monitoring Coastal Bathymetry Using Multispectral Satellite Images at High Spatial Resolution 1Bertrand LUBAC 1.1. Definition, context and objective 1 1.2. Description of the methodology 3 1.2.1. Step 1: selection and preprocessing of MSI images 5 1.2.2. Step 2: calibration of the bathymetry inversion model 7 1.2.3. Step 3: preparation and application of the masks 8 1.2.4. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main sedimentary structures 9 1.3. Practical application 10 1.3.1. Software and data 10 1.3.2. Step 1: extraction of the region of interest and preprocessing 13 1.3.3. Step 2: calculation of bathymetry 20 1.3.4. Step 3: preparation and application of masks 25 1.3.5. Step 4: characterization of the morphological evolution of the main submarine sedimentary structures 31 1.4. Bibliography 33 Chapter 2. Contribution of the Integrated Topo-bathymetric Model for Coastal Wetland Evolution: Case of Geomorphologic and Biological Evolution of Ichkeul Marshes (North Tunisia) 35Zeineb KASSOUK, Zohra LILI-CHABAANE, Benoit DEFFONTAINES, Mohammad EL HAJJ and Nicolas BAGHDADI 2.1. Coastal wetland dynamic 35 2.2. Ichkeul marshes wetland 36 2.3. Object-oriented classification method integrating the topo-bathymetric terrain model 39 2.3.1. Construction of the topo-bathymetric DTM 40 2.3.2. Image preprocessing 44 2.3.3. Segmentation 48 2.3.4. Classification 49 2.3.5. Limitations of the methodology 51 2.3.6. Case example of topo-bathymetric transect with the associated vegetation communities 51 2.3.7. Conclusion 53 2.4. From a practical point of view in QGIS 53 2.4.1. Software and data 53 2.4.2. Computation of the topo-bathymetric DTM 55 2.4.3. Image preprocessing 58 2.4.4. Segmentation 65 2.4.5. Classification 71 2.5. Bibliography 76 Chapter 3. Reservoir Hydrological Monitoring by Satellite Image Analysis 77Paul PASSY and Adrien SELLES 3.1. Context and scientific issue 77 3.1.1. Scientific issue 77 3.1.2. Physical and human context 77 3.1.3. The importance of water resources in Central India 78 3.2. Methods and data set 78 3.2.1. Methods 78 3.2.2. Data set 79 3.2.3. Data set preparation 80 3.3. Extraction and quantification of the Singur reservoir area 82 3.3.1. Calculation of the AWEI Index. 82 3.3.2. Construction of the water–land binary raster 83 3.3.3. Vectorization of the binary raster 84 3.3.4. Selection of water polygons 85 3.3.5. Calculation of the water area of the reservoir 86 3.4. Characterization of vegetation 88 3.4.1. Choosing an indicator of the state of vegetation 88 3.4.2. Calculation of the SAVI on the study area 88 3.4.3. Creating a land–water mask 89 3.4.4. Statistics of the SAVI land surface index 90 3.5. Automation of the processing chain via the construction of a QGIS model 91 3.5.1. Model setting 91 3.5.2. Construction of the chain of treatments for the extraction of the reservoir 92 3.6. Conclusions 103 3.7. Bibliography 103 Chapter 4. Network Analysis and Routing with QGIS 105Hervé PELLA and Kenji OSE 4.1. Introduction 105 4.2. General notions 105 4.2.1. Definition of a network 105 4.2.2. Network topology 106 4.2.3. Topological relationships 107 4.2.4. Graph traversal – example of the shortest path (Dijkstra) 109 4.3. Examples of development and analysis of hydrographic networks 109 4.4. Thematic analysis 111 4.4.1. Introduction 111 4.4.2. Useful data 112 4.4.3. Step 1: verification of network consistency 113 4.4.4. Step 2: routes organization 119 4.4.5. Step 3: alignment of points on a network 121 4.4.6. Step 4: network classification 123 4.4.7. Step 5: stations characterization 124 4.4.8. Step 6: distance calculation between observation points 129 4.4.9. Step 7: upstream path and drainage basins calculation 133 4.4.10. Step 8: downstream path 135 4.4.11. Step 9: calculation of availability areas 140 4.5. Bibliography 144 Chapter 5. Representation of the Drainage Network in Urban and Peri-urban Areas Using a 2D Polygonal Mesh Composed of Pseudo-convex Elements 145Pedro SANZANA, Sergio VILLAROEL, Isabelle BRAUD, Nancy HITSCHFELD, Jorge GIRONAS, Flora BRANGER, Fabrice RODRIGUEZ, Ximena VARGAS and Tomas GOMEZ 5.1. Definitions and context 145 5.1.1. General context and objectives 145 5.1.2. Derivation of input GIS layers 148 5.1.3. Identification of badly-shaped HRUs and methodology to improve the model mesh quality 149 5.2. Implementation of the TriangleQGIS module and general methodology 153 5.2.1. Used technologies 153 5.2.2. Context and general methodology 153 5.2.3. Structure of the QGIS plugin 155 5.2.4. Basic used library: MeshPy 156 5.2.5. Installation of the plugin in Windows 156 5.2.6. Installation of the virtual box, QGIS plugin and Geo-PUMMA 160 5.3. Illustration of the TriangleQGIS plugin and some Geo-PUMMA scripts 167 5.3.1. Insertion of nodes for long and thin polygons 168 5.3.2. Triangulation using the TriangleQGIS plugin 169 5.3.3. Dissolution of tirangulated elements 178 5.3.4. Effect of the model mesh improvement 181 5.4. Acknowledgments 182 5.5. Bibliography 183 Chapter 6. Mapping of Drought 185Mohammad EL HAJJ, Mehrez ZRIBI, Nicolas BAGHDADI and Michel LE PAGE 6.1. Context 185 6.2. Satellite data 186 6.2.1. MODIS products 186 6.2.2. Land cover map 187 6.3. Drought index based on satellite NDVI data 187 6.4. Methodology 188 6.4.1. Preprocessing of MOD13Q1 images (step 1) 189 6.4.2. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 189 6.4.3. Calculate the area of agricultural, urban and forest zones affected by the drought (step 6) 190 6.5. Implementation of the application via QGIS 191 6.5.1. Download MODIS MOD13Q1 data 191 6.5.2. Preprocessing of MODIS MOD13Q1 data (step 1) 193 6.5.3. Calculate VCI index (steps 1 and 2) 195 6.5.4. Delimitation of drought zones (steps 2–5) 199 6.5.5. Calculation of agricultural, forest and urban areas affected by drought (step 6) 204 6.5.6. Visualization of results (step 7) 206 6.6. Drought map 212 6.7. Bibliography 213 Chapter 7. A Spatial Sampling Design Based on Landscape Metrics for Pest Regulation: The Millet Head Miner Case Study in the Bambey Area, Senegal 215Valérie SOTI 7.1. Definition and context 215 7.2. The spatial sampling methodology 217 7.2.1. Step 1: quantification of landscape metrics 218 7.2.2. Step 2: sampling plan production 221 7.2.3. Step 3: exportation of selected sampling sites to a GPS 223 7.3. Practical application 223 7.3.1. Software and data 223 7.3.2. Step 1: landscape variables calculation 224 7.3.3. Step 2: sampling plan production 232 7.3.4. Step 3: integrating sampling points into a GPS device 238 7.3.5. Limits of the method 241 7.4. Bibliography 242 Chapter 8. Modeling Erosion Risk Using the RUSLE Equation 245Rémi ANDREOLI 8.1. Definition and context 245 8.2. RUSLE model 246 8.2.1. Climatic factor: rainfall aggressiveness R 248 8.2.2. Topographic factor: slope length and gradient 249 8.2.3. Soil types and land cover factors 251 8.2.4. Estimation of soil losses A 254 8.2.5. Limits of the method considered 254 8.3. Implementation of the RUSLE model 255 8.3.1. Software and data 255 8.3.2. Step 1: R factor calculation 257 8.3.3. Step 2: LS factor calculation 263 8.3.4. Step 3: preparation of the K factor 274 8.3.5. Step 4: C factor creation 275 8.3.6. Step 5: soil loss A calculation from the RUSLE equation 280 8.4. Bibliography 281 List of Authors 283 Index 285 Scientific Committee 289

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Book SynopsisToday, hundreds of millions of people drink contaminated water without knowing it. Yet water treatment technologies can effectively eliminate contamination and can supply urban and rural populations with safe drinking water in a secure way. For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations. This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life. The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Physicochemical and Microbiological Composition of Raw Water 9 2.1 Water resources 9 2.1.1 Physicochemical parameters 10 2.1.2 Algae (including cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins) 18 2.1.3 Tastes and odors 22 2.1.4 Micropollutants 24 2.2 Microbiology 28 2.2.1 Bacteria 29 2.2.2 Viruses 30 2.2.3 Parasites (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) 32 2.3 Quality of water intended for human consumption 34 2.3.1 Microbiological parameters 35 2.4 References 42 Chapter 3 Aeration and Stripping 43 3.1 Cascade aeration 43 3.1.1 Characteristics 44 3.2 Operating principle of a cascade aerator system 45 3.2.1 Data 49 3.2.2 Goals 49 3.2.3 Results 49 3.3 Aeration by fine bubble diffusers 51 3.3.1 Air diffusers 52 3.3.2 Air insufflation by oxytube 52 3.4 Stripping 53 3.4.1 Stripping tower design 54 3.4.2 Description 58 3.4.3 CO 2 removal 60 3.4.4 Tetrachlorethylene and trichlorethylene removal 61 3.5 Synthesis of aeration systems 61 3.6 References 62 Chapter 4 Coagulation–flocculation 63 4.1 Colloidal matter 63 4.2 Coagulation 65 4.2.1 Double-layer compression 70 4.2.2 Adsorption and interparticle bridging (flocculation) 71 4.3 Flocculation 74 4.3.1 Perikinetic flocculation 74 4.3.2 Orthokinetic flocculation 76 4.3.3 The influence of agitation 79 4.3.4 G and t 81 4.4 Coagulants 85 4.4.1 Metallic coagulants 85 4.4.2 Synthetic organic coagulants 97 4.5 Flocculants 99 4.5.1 Natural organic and synthetic flocculants 99 4.5.2 Flocculation adjuvants 105 4.6 Factors affecting coagulation and flocculation 105 4.6.1 Influence of water temperature 105 4.6.2 Influence of pH 106 4.6.3 Coagulation and flocculation times 111 4.7 How to choose the best coagulant? 111 4.7.1 How to choose the optimal dose of coagulant? 113 4.8 Residual aluminum 115 4.9 Alkalinity consumption 116 4.9.1 Aluminum and alkalinity 117 4.9.2 Iron and alkalinity 120 4.10 Reduction efficiency of some water constituents 125 4.10.1 Turbidity and SS 125 4.10.2 Microorganism removal 128 4.11 Jar tests 130 4.11.1 The specific case of jar test for Actiflo ® 134 4.12 References 138 Chapter 5 Settling 143 5.1 The principles of settling 143 5.2 Horizontal settlers 145 5.2.1 Principle 145 5.2.2 Design 149 5.2.3 Implementation 150 5.3 Lamella settlers 152 5.3.1 Theory and principle 153 5.3.2 Basic design for lamella settlers 156 5.3.3 Implementation 162 5.4 Veolia technologies 165 5.4.1 Lamella settlers: Multiflo ® settler 165 5.4.2 Ballasted floc settlers 176 5.5 References 198 Chapter 6 Flotation 203 6.1 The scope of DAF 204 6.2 The main stages of a flotation process 205 6.2.1 Coagulation 205 6.2.2 Flocculation 206 6.2.3 Flotation 206 6.3 The fundamental mechanisms of flotation 207 6.3.1 Coagulation 209 6.3.2 Flocculation 209 6.3.3 Contact zone 210 6.3.4 Separation zone 228 6.4 Design parameters 232 6.4.1 Coagulation 233 6.4.2 Flocculation 233 6.4.3 Flotation zone 234 6.4.4 Contact time 239 6.4.5 Temperature 239 6.4.6 Air saturation tank 239 6.4.7 Mass balance 243 6.4.8 Recirculation and injection nozzles 244 6.5 Operating parameters affecting flotation performance 245 6.5.1 Choice of coagulant 245 6.5.2 Rise velocity 248 6.5.3 Contact time 248 6.5.4 Bubble volume concentration 248 6.5.5 Gas solubility 249 6.5.6 Hydraulic efficiency 249 6.5.7 Air/water ratio 249 6.6 Performance and monitoring 250 6.6.1 Treatment monitoring 250 6.6.2 Performance of DAF systems in relation to algae removal 252 6.6.3 Performance against parasites 253 6.6.4 Performance with the addition of PAC 253 6.7 Veolia technologies using flotation 254 6.7.1 Spidflow ® : principle 254 6.7.2 Advantages and limitations of DAF systems 271 6.7.3 Spidflow ® filter 273 6.7.4 Ozoflot ® 279 6.7.5 Flottazone ® 282 6.7.6 Packaged solutions: Spidflow ® Pack 284 6.8 References 287 Index 293 Summaries of other volumes 295

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Book SynopsisToday, hundreds of millions of people drink contaminated water without knowing it. Yet water treatment technologies can effectively eliminate contamination and can supply urban and rural populations with safe drinking water in a secure way.For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations.This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life.The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.Table of ContentsChapter 7 Removal of Natural Organic Matter 1 7.1 Natural organic matter: humic substances 1 7.2 Methods of quantification and assessment of organic substances in water 8 7.2.1 Total organic carbon 9 7.2.2 Absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV 254) 12 7.2.3 Specific UV absorbance 13 7.2.4 Liquid chromatography 16 7.2.5 Hydrophobic organic carbon 18 7.2.6 Fluorescence 25 7.3 Conditions for the removal of NOM 26 7.4 NOM removal techniques 29 7.4.1 Coagulation–flocculation 30 7.5 Adsorption on activated carbon 72 7.5.1 Mechanism of NOM removal by activated carbon 72 7.5.2 Implementation of activated carbon adsorption for NOM removal 75 7.6 Ozonation 103 7.6.1 Preozonation 103 7.6.2 Interozonation 106 7.7 Biological treatment 109 7.7.1 Biological treatment with PAC: operating principle of the Opaline ® B process (Veolia) 109 7.7.2 Biological treatment combining ozone and GAC 114 7.8 Treatment of ion exchange resins 124 7.8.1 Use of resins for NOM removal: mechanism of NOM removal 124 7.8.2 Parameters affecting the performance of resins for the removal of NOM 125 7.8.3 Resin regeneration 127 7.8.4 The Opalix ® process 127 7.9 NOM removal by high-pressure membranes 133 7.10 References 137 Chapter 8 Filtration 143 8.1 Rapid filters and very high-rate filters (TGV) 144 8.2 Multimedia filters 145 8.3 Direct filtration 148 8.4 Pressurized filters 150 8.5 Filtration mechanisms 151 8.5.1 General principle 151 8.5.2 Mechanisms involved in filtration 152 8.6 Implementation parameters 156 8.6.1 Materials 156 8.6.2 Material height/d 10 ratio 161 8.6.3 ES ratio 164 8.7 Sizing parameters: filtration rate and material height 165 8.8 Operating parameters 168 8.8.1 Pressure loss in a clean filter 168 8.8.2 Pressure loss during clogging 171 8.8.3 Estimation of the turbidity of filtered water in single-layer filters 174 8.8.4 Retention capacity 175 8.8.5 Filter washing conditions: theory and calculations 178 8.8.6 Cycle time 192 8.8.7 Main parameters involved in filter sizing 192 8.9 Veolia filtration technologies: general information 193 8.9.1 Characteristics of open gravity filters 197 8.10 Regulation systems 222 8.10.1 Hydraulic regulators 222 8.10.2 Control valves 224 8.11 Recycling and microbiological risks 224 8.12 Monitoring the operation and performance of filters 226 8.12.1 Turbidity 226 8.12.2 Particle count 228 8.12.3 Problems with the operation of filters 229 8.13 References 232 Chapter 9 Adsorption on Activated Carbon 235 9.1 Activation processes of activated carbon 235 9.1.1 Chemical activation 236 9.1.2 Physical activation 237 9.2 Physicochemical properties of activated carbon 238 9.2.1 Parameters influencing adsorption 239 9.3 Transport process in activated carbon: mass transfer 251 9.3.1 Adsorption mechanisms and isotherms 255 9.4 The different forms of conditioning of activated carbons 267 9.4.1 Powdered activated carbon 267 9.4.2 Micrograin activated carbon (µgrain) 268 9.4.3 Granular activated carbon 270 9.5 Adsorption reactors on activated carbon: removal process 270 9.6 PAC reactors: description of PAC reactors 272 9.6.1 Mass balance 275 9.6.2 GAC reactors in adsorption mode: GAC filters 283 9.6.3 Fluidized bed activated carbon reactors 296 9.6.4 GAC-µgrain-PAC comparison 304 9.6.5 Hybrid process with a PAC reactor associated with UF membranes 306 9.7 Veolia technologies: treatment process with PAC reactors 307 9.7.1 Implementation in a settler without PAC recirculation 308 9.7.2 Implementation with PAC recirculation 309 9.7.3 Opaline ® C process: PAC-membrane hybrid 329 9.8 Micrograin activated carbon reactors 333 9.8.1 Integration of µgrain activated carbon in the treatment process 333 9.8.2 The Filtraflo ® Carb 334 9.8.3 Opacarb ® FL 342 9.8.4 Opacarb ® MG 348 9.9 Fixed bed reactors – GAC filters 352 9.9.1 The GAC filter (Veolia) 354 9.9.2 GAC filters in series 361 9.9.3 Implementation modes for GAC filters 362 9.10 Pressurized GAC filters (Opacarb™ filters) 366 9.11 References 368 Index 373 Summaries of other volumes 375

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Book SynopsisToday, hundreds of millions of people drink contaminated water without knowing it. Yet water treatment technologies can effectively eliminate contamination and can supply urban and rural populations with safe drinking water in a secure way. For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations. This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life. The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.Table of ContentsChapter 17 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration 1 17.1 UF and MF: cut-off 2 17.2 UF and MF: materials 6 17.2.1 Cellulose acetate 6 17.2.2 Polypropylene 7 17.2.3 Polyacrylonitrile 7 17.2.4 Polyether sulfone/polysulfone 7 17.2.5 Polyvinylidene fluoride 8 17.3 UF and MF: membrane types 8 17.4 UF and MF: implementation of membranes under pressure 11 17.4.1 Horizontal-vertical configuration 13 17.4.2 Submerged membranes 17 17.5 Filtration modes: frontal or tangential 19 17.5.1 Batch operation: filtration-backwash 21 17.5.2 Filtration direction 21 17.6 Sizing parameters: membrane selection 22 17.7 Sizing parameters: horizontal or vertical configuration 25 17.8 Sizing parameters: flow 25 17.8.1 Instantaneous flow and net flow 26 17.8.2 Transmembrane pressure 31 17.8.3 Resistance 33 17.8.4 Permeability 33 17.8.5 Principle of the calculation of the membrane surface and water losses 35 17.8.6 Pre-filters 37 17.9 Operating parameters 37 17.9.1 Evolution of the permeability 37 17.9.2 Clogging 38 17.9.3 Frequency and conditions of hydraulic and chemical backwashing 46 17.9.4 Frequency and conditions of CIP 53 17.9.5 Membrane integrity 56 17.10 MF and UF’s place in a treatment process 62 17.10.1 Turbidity and SS 63 17.10.2 TOC (and UV254) 63 17.10.3 Algae 63 17.10.4 Iron and manganese 63 17.11 Combination of coagulation and UF membranes 71 17.12 Combination of PAC and UF 75 17.13 Performance and guarantees 76 17.13.1 Turbidity 76 17.13.2 Supplier warranty on the life of the membranes 86 17.14 Advantages of MF and UF 87 17.15 Veolia’s experience 87 17.16 Appendix: sheets 92 17.17 References 107 Chapter 18 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis 111 18.1 Membranes 112 18.1.1 Materials 112 18.1.2 Membrane element configurations 115 18.2 Principles of operation and separation 119 18.2.1 Conceptual principle 119 18.2.2 Molecular weight cut-off 124 18.3 Treatment process including high-pressure membranes and parameters to be considered 127 18.3.1 Particulates and SS 127 18.3.2 Particle count 128 18.3.3 Conductivity 128 18.3.4 The SDI or MFI: clogging indices 128 18.3.5 The SDI 128 18.3.6 The MFI 130 18.3.7 Salts and metals 131 18.3.8 Biological clogging 132 18.3.9 Undesirable substances 133 18.3.10 Limit values of compounds at the inlet of high-pressure membranes 133 18.4 Sizing parameters 134 18.4.1 Temperature 134 18.4.2 Implementation configuration 134 18.4.3 Calculation of the osmotic pressure 138 18.4.4 Mass flow diagram 139 18.4.5 Salt passage 140 18.4.6 Concentration factor 140 18.4.7 Hydraulic pressure loss 140 18.4.8 Pressure tubes and number of modules per tube 141 18.5 Chemical conditioning of pre-treated water 143 18.5.1 Calculation of saturation indices and antiscalant dosage 143 18.5.2 Choice and implementation of the antiscalant 146 18.5.3 pH adjustment at the membrane inlet 147 18.5.4 Choice and application of the acid 148 18.5.5 Influence of sulfates 148 18.6 Design and implementation 148 18.6.1 Pre-treatment 148 18.6.2 Treatment processes 149 18.6.3 Membrane station 152 18.6.4 Post-treatment 158 18.6.5 Cleaning units in place 159 18.7 Functional and operating parameters 162 18.7.1 Basic principles 162 18.7.2 Permeability (Lp) 166 18.7.3 Longitudinal pressure drop (ΔPfc) 166 18.7.4 Hydraulic resistance 167 18.7.5 Energy 167 18.7.6 Sdi 168 18.7.7 Chemical cleaning 168 18.7.8 The fate of concentrates and used washing solutions 168 18.7.9 Methods for assessing the impact of concentrate discharges in the natural environment 171 18.8 High-pressure membrane performance 174 18.8.1 Organic matter 175 18.8.2 Pesticides, drug residues, endocrine disruptors and industrial residues 176 18.8.3 Various toxic and undesirable substances 177 18.8.4 Salts 177 18.8.5 Micro-organisms 178 18.8.6 Overall performance 179 18.9 Lifetime warranties 179 18.10 Parameters affecting the performance of NF membranes 180 18.10.1 Taking clogging into account 181 18.11 Monitoring and control parameters: standardization of raw data 182 18.12 Veolia’s experience: examples of treatment processes 184 18.12.1 Surface water No 1 184 18.12.2 Surface water No 2 188 18.12.3 Groundwater No 1 193 18.12.4 Groundwater No 2 195 18.13 References 200 Chapter 19 Desalination by Reverse Osmosis 205 19.1 Characterization of the water to be treated 205 19.1.1 Physical characteristics 207 19.1.2 Chemical composition: ionic content 214 19.1.3 Chemical composition: organic substances 224 19.2 Fields of application 234 19.3 Operating principle of RO 234 19.4 The membranes used in desalination 237 19.5 Sizing parameters 238 19.5.1 Flow 239 19.5.2 Concentration polarization 240 19.5.3 Conversion rate 240 19.5.4 Passage rate and rejection rate in salts 241 19.5.5 Influence of the temperature 242 19.5.6 Determining the number of modules and pressure tubes 243 19.6 Implementation 244 19.6.1 Membranes 244 19.6.2 Pressure tube 245 19.6.3 Pass 246 19.7 Pre-treatment 246 19.7.1 Pre-treatment selection 246 19.7.2 Pre-treatment systems 250 19.8 Pre-chlorination 254 19.8.1 Pre-chlorination and development of micro- and macro-organisms 254 19.8.2 Implementation of chlorination 257 19.8.3 pH adjustment 263 19.8.4 Direct filtration 263 19.8.5 Chemical conditions of implementation 273 19.8.6 Flotation 276 19.8.7 Settling 281 19.8.8 Membranes (UF and MF) 282 19.8.9 Conclusions on pre-treatment with UF membranes 291 19.9 Energy consumption 292 19.9.1 Energy consumption without recovery 292 19.9.2 Energy consumption with recovery 293 19.9.3 Hydraulic exchanger systems 293 19.10 Operating parameters 305 19.10.1 Relationship between conductivity and salt concentration 305 19.10.2 Controlling RO membrane clogging 306 19.11 Performance of RO membranes used in desalination 307 19.11.1 Boron removal 307 19.12 Post-treatment 315 19.12.1 Indicators characterizing the aggressiveness or corrosiveness of the water 317 19.12.2 Application to desalinated water 320 19.12.3 Treatments 322 19.13 Monitoring and control parameters 336 19.13.1 Standardization of raw data 336 19.13.2 Bromates 338 19.14 Veolia’s new processes applied to seawater desalination 339 19.14.1 Flotation with the Spidflow® process 339 19.14.2 Spidflow® filter process applied to seawater desalination 344 19.14.3 BiopROtector 349 19.14.4 Barrel (SIDEM Veolia) 353 19.14.5 Hiprode 355 19.15 Packaged solutions in desalination 358 19.16 Veolia’s experience (HP membranes) 360 19.17 References 374 Index 385 Summaries of other volumes 387

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Book SynopsisToday, hundreds of millions of people drink contaminated water without knowing it. Yet water treatment technologies can effectively eliminate contamination and can supply urban and rural populations with safe drinking water in a secure way. For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations. This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life. The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.Table of ContentsChapter 20 Calco-carbonic Equilibrium, Correction of Aggressivity and Remineralization 1 20.1 Characteristics of water leading to calco-carbonic equilibrium 2 20.1.1 Chemical equilibria 2 20.1.2 Aggressive water 12 20.1.3 Scaling water 12 20.1.4 Corrosive water 12 20.2 The equilibrium reactions of water’s constituents 15 20.2.1 Equilibrium pH 16 20.2.2 Langelier equation 20 20.3 Hallopeau–Dubin diagram 25 20.4 Indicative criteria to determine the aggressivity or corrosivity of water 29 20.4.1 Indicators of aggressivity: concrete pipelines 29 20.4.2 Corrosivity indicators 32 20.5 The calco-carbonic equilibrium of water 36 20.5.1 Water quality and regulations 38 20.5.2 The correction of aggressivity 38 20.5.3 Aggressivity correction treatments 39 20.6 Remineralization treatments 60 20.6.1 Graphic method 61 20.6.2 Processes for implementing remineralization: chemical reactions in tanks 62 20.7 Characteristics of the various reagents used 85 20.7.1 Lime 85 20.7.2 “Micronized” lime 86 20.7.3 Caustic soda 86 20.7.4 Caustic soda at 50% 87 20.7.5 Caustic soda flakes or grains 87 20.7.6 Sodium carbonate 88 20.7.7 Sodium bicarbonate 89 20.7.8 Calcium carbonate 89 20.7.9 Acticalmag limestone 90 20.7.10 Magno 90 20.7.11 Calcium sulfate 91 20.7.12 Calcium chloride 92 20.7.13 Carbon dioxide 92 20.7.14 Sulfuric acid (90–98%) 93 20.7.15 Hydrochloric acid 94 20.8 References 96 Chapter 21 Disinfection 99 21.1 Microorganisms present in the water 99 21.1.1 Bacteria 99 21.1.2 Indicator microorganisms or test germs 102 21.1.3 Viruses 104 21.1.4 Parasites 105 21.1.5 Micro-algae 107 21.2 Quality of potable water 108 21.2.1 French regulations 108 21.3 General rules of chemical disinfection 110 21.3.1 Disinfection mechanisms 110 21.3.2 The mode of action of chemical disinfectants 111 21.3.3 Inactivation kinetics 112 21.3.4 The notion of Ct 113 21.4 Factors affecting the efficiency of chemical disinfection 117 21.4.1 Contact time 117 21.4.2 Turbidity 118 21.4.3 Presence of oxidizable matter 118 21.4.4 pH 119 21.4.5 Injection mode and injection point 119 21.4.6 Design of the contact tank 119 21.5 Qualities of a good disinfectant 120 21.6 Chlorine disinfection 121 21.6.1 Gaseous chlorine 122 21.6.2 Hypochlorite 124 21.6.3 Chlorine application points 128 21.6.4 Oxidant demand 132 21.6.5 The implementation of chlorination 137 21.6.6 Disinfection performances with chlorine 146 21.6.7 Synthesis of chlorine reactions 148 21.7 Calcium hypochlorite 149 21.8 Chlorine dioxide disinfection 150 21.8.1 Chlorine dioxide preparation 151 21.8.2 Chlorine dioxide performances 155 21.8.3 Dechlorination 157 21.8.4 The advantages of dioxide over chlorine 159 21.8.5 The special case of the use of chlorine dioxide at a station equipped with ozone 160 21.8.6 Advantages and drawbacks of using chlorine dioxide 160 21.9 Chloramination 161 21.9.1 Principle 161 21.9.2 Implementation 163 21.9.3 Performances of monochloramine 164 21.9.4 Dechloramination 165 21.9.5 Advantages and drawbacks of chloramination 166 21.10 Proportion of chlorine in chlorine disinfectants 167 21.11 Disinfection with ozone 168 21.11.1 General remarks on ozone 168 21.11.2 Ozone production 170 21.11.3 Ozone demand 172 21.11.4 The implementation of ozonation 174 21.11.5 Performances of ozone disinfection 181 21.11.6 De-ozonation 183 21.12 Criteria for choosing a chemical disinfection technique 184 21.12.1 Practical implementation of chemical disinfection 184 21.12.2 Comparative efficiency of the main techniques 185 21.13 Another chemical disinfectant used: bromine (Br 2) 187 21.14 Disinfection by ultraviolet radiation 187 21.14.1 General remarks on UV radiation 187 21.14.2 Inactivation mechanisms 189 21.14.3 Lethal dose and inactivation kinetics 190 21.14.4 Implementation 194 21.14.5 UV disinfection design parameters 199 21.14.6 Factors affecting the efficiency of a UV treatment 200 21.14.7 UV radiation performances 204 21.14.8 Photoreactivation 208 21.14.9 Advantages and drawbacks of UV disinfection 209 21.14.10 Conclusions on UV disinfection 209 21.15. Comparative criteria between the various chemical disinfectants 210 21.16 References 212 Chapter 22 Disinfection By-products 217 22.1 General aspects 217 22.2 Reaction by-products 218 22.3 Formation and evolution of chlorination by-products 222 22.4 Kinetics and formation mechanisms 224 22.4.1 Formation kinetics 224 22.4.2 Mechanisms 226 22.4.3 Chlorination of HS 228 22.4.4 Chlorination of carboxylic acids 230 22.4.5 Factors influencing the formation of DBPs 230 22.5 Regulations 238 22.6 Predictive models of CBPs 239 22.7 Removal of THMs and HAAs 240 22.7.1 Aeration 240 22.7.2 Activated carbon 242 22.7.3 Biofiltration 246 22.7.4 High-pressure membranes 246 22.8 The case of nitrosamines and NDMA 247 22.8.1 Nitrosation mechanism with HOCl 247 22.9 Oxidation by-products related to chlorine dioxide 248 22.10 Ozonation by-products 251 22.11 Recommendations 254 22.12 References 255 Chapter 23 Sludge Treatment 261 23.1 Choosing a treatment chain 262 23.2 Characteristics of drinking water sludge 263 23.2.1 The quantity of sludge produced 263 23.2.2 Sludge concentration estimate at different stages of the chain 265 23.2.3 Sludge quality: physical and chemical properties 266 23.3 Handling and storage: shovelable and stackable nature 268 23.4 Different classes of sludge 269 23.4.1 Hydroxide sludge 269 23.4.2 Softening sludge 269 23.4.3 Metal species sludge treatment 270 23.4.4 Biological sludge 270 23.4.5 The case of mixed sludge 270 23.5 Sludge composition depending on the characteristics of raw water 271 23.5.1 Surface water sludge 271 23.5.2 Treatment sludge with coagulants (Fe or Al) 272 23.5.3 Borehole sludge 272 23.6 Thickening of drinking water sludge 273 23.6.1 Function and criteria for choosing a thickener 273 23.6.2 Thickener design 275 23.6.3 Implementation of thickeners 281 23.6.4 Flotation 286 23.7 Drinking water sludge dewatering 288 23.7.1 Plate filter 288 23.7.2 Centrifugation 291 23.7.3 Belt filters 294 23.7.4 Filter bags 295 23.7.5 Drying beds 296 23.7.6 Sludge lagoon treatment 302 23.8 Advantages and drawbacks of the different sludge dewatering treatments 304 23.9 References 305 Chapter 24 The Treatment Chain: Conception and Design 307 24.1 The treatment chain 309 24.2 The definition of a treatment chain 310 24.3 The stages of a treatment chain 313 24.4 The renovation of water treatment plants 315 24.4.1 Adaptation of new goals 316 24.4.2 The choice of treatment technologies 317 24.5 References 324 Chapter 25 The Future of Water 327 25.1 The major elements of the future of water 327 25.2 Will there be enough water? 330 Index 333 Summaries of other volumes 335

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Book SynopsisProviding an extensive comparative and international study of water innovations and the issues that arise in their implementation, David Lewis Feldman analyses the technical, economic, health and environmental impacts of water innovations and their policy implications.Discussing desalination, rainwater harvesting, wastewater reuse, and demand-side innovations as well as emerging cyber-infrastructure issues, The Governance of Water Innovations analyses the historical and contemporary challenges involved in water innovations. With a global reach, exploring water innovations across The Americas, Asia, Australia and Europe, chapters consider potential areas of contention involving land use, aesthetics, recreational impacts, user costs, and environmental quality. Illuminating the importance of these challenges and determining the most effective and equitable ways of meeting them, Feldman advises how innovations should be deployed, governed and implemented democratically in ways that harbour public acceptance, trust, and engagement for a water resilient future.A comprehensive study of the governance of water innovations, this book will prove invaluable to students and scholars of public policy, environmental and water studies and geopolitics. With its pioneering analysis of adaptive governance, it will also prove an essential reference guide to practitioners, professionals and policymakers working in water governance and management, including water agency officials and water resource legislators.Trade Review‘David Feldman has done it again. With his latest book, The Governance of Water Innovations, he reminds us of the limits of technology in governing water. In a time when we are searching for solutions to solve our water woes, Feldman appropriately calls for a more democratic, public engaged process.’ -- Andrea K. Gerlak, University of Arizona, USTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction to the governance of water innovations: the global need for water alternatives 2. Solutions and problems: the promise and pitfalls of water alternatives 3. Water governance: historical themes and relevance today 4. Adaptive governance: new solutions to new challenges 5. Public acceptance: trust, confidence, engagement 6. Future prospects: toward a water-resilient future References Index

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Book SynopsisElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas.Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy highlights various aspects of economic and policy considerations as they are applied to water decision-making and evaluation in a comprehensive and clear manner.Key Features: Presents example-based simplified descriptions of water problems and economic principles used to address them Provides examples from different countries and analysis of main water-using sectors Highlights emerging topics in water economics that address water scarcity and discusses economic and policy aspects related to the management of water at local, regional and international scales Researchers and students will appreciate the comprehensive, straightforward presentation of critical information in this Advanced Introduction that does not get lost in technical jargon.Trade Review‘A very well written book that helps readers understand the issues framing relevant theories and practice. Most chapters provoke further thoughts about the issues. Practical applications make the book relevant for non-specialists as does the understandable, less technical language. One can learn much about water economics and policy problems in this relatively short book.’ -- Petr Sauer, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czech Republic‘As a world-class water resources economist, Professor Ariel Dinar is always at the edge of the discipline. The book is another outstanding contribution to the application of economics in hot water issues around the world.’ -- Dajun Shen, Renmin University, ChinaTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction to Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy 2. Past and future trends in water availability and use 3. Management of water in the agricultural sector 4. Management of water in the residential sector 5. Environment-water interactions and management 6. Economic and policy considerations in groundwater management 7. Economics of water pollution regulation 8. Economics and politics of international water management 9. Climate change and water resources 10. Emerging topics in water economics and policy 11. Summary and concluding remarks to Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy Index

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Book SynopsisElgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world’s leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas.Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy highlights various aspects of economic and policy considerations as they are applied to water decision-making and evaluation in a comprehensive and clear manner.Key Features: Presents example-based simplified descriptions of water problems and economic principles used to address them Provides examples from different countries and analysis of main water-using sectors Highlights emerging topics in water economics that address water scarcity and discusses economic and policy aspects related to the management of water at local, regional and international scales Researchers and students will appreciate the comprehensive, straightforward presentation of critical information in this Advanced Introduction that does not get lost in technical jargon.Trade Review‘A very well written book that helps readers understand the issues framing relevant theories and practice. Most chapters provoke further thoughts about the issues. Practical applications make the book relevant for non-specialists as does the understandable, less technical language. One can learn much about water economics and policy problems in this relatively short book.’ -- Petr Sauer, Prague University of Economics and Business, Czech Republic‘As a world-class water resources economist, Professor Ariel Dinar is always at the edge of the discipline. The book is another outstanding contribution to the application of economics in hot water issues around the world.’ -- Dajun Shen, Renmin University, ChinaTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Introduction to Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy 2. Past and future trends in water availability and use 3. Management of water in the agricultural sector 4. Management of water in the residential sector 5. Environment-water interactions and management 6. Economic and policy considerations in groundwater management 7. Economics of water pollution regulation 8. Economics and politics of international water management 9. Climate change and water resources 10. Emerging topics in water economics and policy 11. Summary and concluding remarks to Advanced Introduction to Water Economics and Policy Index

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Book SynopsisThe authors of this in-depth study describe the theory and techniques that can be applied to the specific case of valuing potable water provided by groundwater supplies. The theory and techniques can be extended to valuing drinking water provided by surface water supplies, and also to valuing alternative levels of water quality. The theory and case studies discussed in the book suggest that important determinants of the economic value of water quality include: the probability of contamination measured objectively and subjectively, information on actual levels of contamination in household water supplies, socioeconomic characteristics of households, and the extent to which the values of water quality people hold include non-use components. The case study results also suggest that empirical valuation results are sensitive to study design effects such as the particular statistical technique used to estimate mean or median values. These results suggest that estimating water quality values using benefits transfer techniques is problematic, but perhaps feasible with improved data and valuation models.Government agencies, private consulting firms and NGOs involved in water quality policy as well as academic researchers, professors and students will find this volume of theory, application and technique an invaluable reference.Trade Review'. . . the book is of immediate policy significance. Those developing ground water management strategies in the USA will find the value estimates useful.' -- Jeff Bennett, Australian Journal of Environmental ManagementTable of ContentsContents: Preface 1. Economic Value of Water Quality: Introduction and Conceptual Background 2. Determinants of Ground Water Quality Values: Georgia and Maine Case Studies 3. Information and the Valuation of Nitrates in Ground Water, Portage County, Wisconsin 4. Measuring the Value of Protecting Ground Water Quality from Nitrate Contamination in Southeastern Pennsylvania 5. Ground Water, Surface Water, and Wetlands Valuation in Ohio 6. Assessing the Accuracy of Benefits Transfers: Evidence From a Multi-Site Contingent Valuation Study of Ground Water Quality 7. Benefits Transfer: The Case of Nitrate Contamination in Pennsylvania, Georgia and Maine 8. A Preliminary Meta Analysis of Contingent Values for Ground Water Quality Revisited 9. Summary and Conclusions Index

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Book SynopsisThe Economics of Industrial Water Use presents an authoritative collection of the most important articles to have applied economic models and measurement techniques to the topic of industrial water use over the last thirty years. It includes an original introductory chapter which summarizes and critically assesses the literature on this important subject.These papers employ a range of modelling approaches including econometric estimation, linear programming, input-output models, non-market valuation and integrated river basin planning models. They also provide empirical evidence of the significant role played by economic forces in determining industrial water intake, discharge and recirculation.This comprehensive volume will be an indispensable reference source for those with an interest in water's role in industrial applications.Trade Review'As water becomes scarcer and as the industrial sector expands in many countries, the competition over the resource among sectors is more difficult. Industrial water consumption has doubled over the past decade in several countries, and is expected to rise more as industry expands. Economic instruments play an important role in efficient allocation of scarce water resources. This book demonstrates how knowledge of features of industrial water use coupled with economic instruments may enhance efficient water management. Reading this book is a fascinating voyage through the existing economic literature that was published in the last 30 years. The book combines the work of the most authoritative scholars in this field. All together it provides the reader with the necessary technical and economic background that can be used to address various industrial water use issues.' -- Ariel Dinar, The World BankTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction Steven Renzetti PART I EARLY PAPERS 1. Blair T. Bower (1966), ‘The Economics of Industrial Water Utilization’ 2. George O.G. Löf and Allen V. Kneese (1968), ‘The Water Technology of the Industry’ 3. Judith Anne Rees (1969), ‘Inter-industry Variations in the Demand for Water’ 4. Stephen J. Turnovsky (1969), ‘The Demand for Water: Some Empirical Evidence on Consumers’ Response to a Commodity Uncertain in Supply’ PART II WATER DEMAND IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR: ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF SELF-SUPPLY 5. Jacob De Rooy (1974), ‘Price Responsiveness of the Industrial Demand for Water’ 6. Joseph A. Ziegler and Stephen E. Bell (1984), ‘Estimating Demand for Water Intake by Self-Supplied Firms’ 7. Ronald Teeples and David Glyer (1987), ‘Comments on "Estimating Demand by Self-Supplying Firms" by Joseph A. Ziegler and Stephen E. Bell’ 8. Steven Renzetti (1992), ‘Estimating the Structure of Industrial Water Demands: The Case of Canadian Manufacturing’ 9. Steven Renzetti (1993), ‘Examining the Differences in Self- and Publicly Supplied Firms’ Water Demands’ PART III COST FUNCTION MODELS OF MANUFACTURING WATER DEMANDS 10. Frederick G. Babin, Cleve E. Willis and P. Geoffrey Allen (1982), ‘Estimation of Substitution Possibilities between Water and Other Production Inputs’ 11. Charles R. Grebenstein and Barry C. Field (1979), ‘Substituting for Water Inputs in U.S. Manufacturing’ PART IV PROGRAMMING MODELS OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE 12. J.C. Stone and D. Whittington (1984), ‘Industrial Water Demands’ 13. F.D. Singleton, Jr., James A. Calloway and Russell G. Thompson (1975), ‘An Integrated Power Process Model of Water Use and Waste Water Treatment in Chlor-Alkali Production’ PART V NON-EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIAL WATER USE 14. Richard C. Zuker and Glenn P. Jenkins (1984), Blue Gold: Hydro-Electric Rent in Canada 15. Thomas C. Brown, Benjamin L. Harding and Elizabeth A. Payton (1990), ‘Marginal Economic Value of Streamflow: A Case Study for the Colorado River Basin’ PART VI ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF INDUSTRIAL WATER POLLUTION 16. Clifford S. Russell (1973), Residuals Management in Industry: A Case Study of Petroleum Refining 17. William A. Sims (1979), ‘The Response of Firms to Pollution Charges’ 18. Ajit K. Dasgupta and M.N. Murty (1985), ‘Economic Evaluation of Water Pollution Abatement: A Case Study of Paper and Pulp Industry in India’ PART VII THE VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL WATER USE 19. Robert A. Young (1996), ‘Applications 1: The Case of Water Used in Intermediate Goods’ 20. Diana C. Gibbons (1986), ‘Industry’ PART VIII REGULATING AND FORECASTING INDUSTRIAL WATER USE 21. Jack B. Carmichael and Kenneth M. Strzepek (1984), ‘Modelling and Forecasting Industrial Water Use Treatment Practices’ 22. Gardner M. Brown and Ralph W. Johnson (1984), ‘Pollution Control by Effluent Charges: It Works in the Federal Republic of Germany, Why Not in the U.S.’ 23. D.M. Tate (1986), ‘Structural Change Implications for Industrial Water Use’ 24. Steven Renzetti and Diane Dupont (1999), ‘An Assessment of the Impact of Charging for Provincial Water Use Permits’ Name Index

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Book SynopsisThis important collection reprints the most significant papers and case studies on the prevention and resolution of conflict over water resources. It focuses in particular on the human dynamics that are involved when conflicts over water resources impact on different interest groups, economic sectors and legal or political boundaries. It addresses key issues which arise at both the local and the international level, including amongst others: How do people interact in these situations of conflict? What methods do they use to find a compromise? What institutions do they create - either jointly or unilaterally - to help overcome problems in the future?This interdisciplinary collection will be essential reading for professional water practitioners throughout the world, including engineers, economists, geographers, geologists, and political scientists concerned with water disputes and conflict resolution. It will make a significant contribution to the study of water as an essential theme in the increasingly important topic of environmental security.Trade Review'. . . this volume . . . is certainly a valuable addition to university and research libraries.' -- Claudia Ringler, Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture'Overall, I believe that Dr Wolf has edited a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners who are interested in responsibly managing and equitably resolving conflicts over water and the environment. This reference furnishes informative background information for both graduate and undergraduate courses in water management and provides guidance for future research on conflict resolution in water resources . . . Dr. Wolf's well-organized book on water conflict brings together under one cover a wealth of valuable information from a wide variety of sources that would be difficult to obtain otherwise.' -- Keith W. Hipel, Journal of Water Resources Planning and ManagementTable of ContentsContents: Acknowledgements Introduction Aaron T. Wolf PART I WHO AFFECTS WHOM?: HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS IN WATER RESOURCES 1. Karl A. Wittfogel (1956), ‘The Hydraulic Civilizations’ 2. Arnold J. Toynbee (1946), ‘The Challenge of the Environment’ 3. Harold Sprout and Margaret Sprout (1957), ‘Environmental Factors in the Study of International Politics’ 4. Thomas Homer-Dixon and Valerie Percival (1996), ‘Key Findings’ 5. Thomas Homer-Dixon, Marc Levy, Gareth Porter and Jack Goldstone (1996), ‘Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: Debate’ 6. Jerome Delli Priscoli (1998), ‘Water and Civilization: Using History to Reframe Water Policy Debates and to Build a New Ecological Realism’ PART II WATER AND FIRE: HYDROCONFLICTS 7. Sandra Postel (1999), ‘Water Wars I: Farms Versus Cities and Nature’ 8. Jon Martin Trolldalen (1992), ‘International River Systems’ 9. Peter H. Gleick (1993), ‘Water and Conflict: Fresh Water Resources and International Security’ PART III QUENCHED TENSIONS: HYDROCOOPERATION 10. Aaron T. Wolf (1998), ‘Conflict and Cooperation Along International Waterways’ 11. Bertram Spector (2001), ‘Transboundary Disputes: Keeping Backyards Clean’ 12. An Painter (1995), ‘Resolving Environmental Conflicts Through Mediation’ 13. Edwin H. Clark, II, Gail Bingham and Suzanne Goulet Orenstein (1991), ‘Resolving Water Disputes: Obstacles and Opportunities’ PART IV WATER ACROSS BOUNDARIES: CASE STUDIES FROM AROUND THE WORLD 14. Habib Attia (1985), ‘Water-Sharing Rights in the Jerid Oases of Tunisia’ 15. John J. Pigram and Warren F. Musgrave (1998), ‘Sharing the Waters of the Murray-Darling Basin: Cooperative Federalism Under Test in Australia’ 16. Álvaro Carmo Vaz and Arnaldo Lopes Pereira (2000), ‘The Incomati and Limpopo International River Basins: A View from Downstream’ 17. Asit K. Biswas (1992), ‘Indus Water Treaty: The Negotiating Process’ 18. Arnon Soffer (1994), ‘The Relevance of Johnston Plan to the Reality of 1993 and Beyond’ 19. I. Mustafa (1994), ‘The Arab-Israeli Conflict Over Water Resources’ 20. Dale Whittington, John Waterbury and Elizabeth McClelland (1995), ‘Toward a New Nile Waters Agreement’ 21. Hans-Peter Nachtnebel (2000), ‘The Danube River Basin Environmental Programme: Plans and Actions for a Basin Wide Approach’ 22. Raj Krishna and Salman M.A. Salman (1999), ‘International Groundwater Law and the World Bank Policy for Projects on Transboundary Groundwater’ 23. Ariel Dinar, Peter Seidl, Harvey Olem, Vanja Jorden, Alfred Duda and Robert Johnson (1995), in Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs PART V CATCHING WATER WITH A SIEVE: INSTITUTIONAL APPROACHES 24. Stanley Crawford (1988), in Mayordomo: Chronicle of an Acequia in Northern New Mexico 25. Elinor Ostrom (1992), ‘Crafting Institutions’ 26. Mikiyasu Nakayama (1997), ‘Successes and Failures of International Organizations in Dealing with International Waters’ 27. Arun Agrawal and Clark C. Gibson (1999), ‘Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation’ 28. A.R. Turton (1999), Water and State Sovereignty: The Hydropolitical Challenge for States in Arid Regions PART VI WORLDVIEWS OF WATER: DISCIPLINARY APPROACHES A Law 29. Lynne Lewis Bennett and Charles W. Howe (1998), ‘The Interstate River Compact: Incentives for Noncompliance’ 30. James L. Wescoat, Jr. (1996), ‘Main Currents in Early Multilateral Water Treaties: A Historical-Geographic Perspective, 1648–1948’ 31. Stephen McCaffrey (1998), ‘The UN Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses: Prospects and Pitfalls’ B Economics and Game Theory 32. Charles W. Howe, Dennis R. Schurmeier and W. Douglass Shaw, Jr. (1986), ‘Innovative Approaches to Water Allocation: The Potential for Water Markets’ 33. Peter Rogers (1993), ‘The Value of Cooperation in Resolving International River Basin Disputes’ C Engineering 34. Charles L. Lancaster (1990), ‘Dispute Resolution Experiences: The Engineer’s Role’ 35. Ann Solomon Bleed (1990), ‘Platte River Conflict Resolution’ D Political Economy 36. Richard E. Just, George Frisvold, Verna Harrison, Joe Oppenheimer and David Zilberman (1998), ‘Using Bargaining Theory and Economic Analysis as an Aid to Trans-Boundary Water Cooperation’ 37. J.A. Allan (1998), ‘"Virtual Water": An Essential Element in Stabilizing the Political Economies of the Middle East’ E Geography 38. Gilbert F. White (1986), ‘The Role of Scientific Information in Anticipation and Prevention of Environmental Disputes’ F Decision Support Systems 39. Slobodan P. Simonovic (1996), ‘Decision Support Systems for Sustainable Management of Water Resources: 1. General Principles’ PART VII THE VOICE LEAST HEARD: THE RIVER ITSELF 40. John Kolars (2000), ‘The Spatial Attributes of Water Negotiation: The Need for a River Ethic and River Advocacy in the Middle East’ 41. Sandra Postel (1992), ‘A Water Ethic’ PART VIII APPENDICES 42. Aaron T. Wolf, Jeffrey A. Natharius, Jeffrey J. Danielson, Brian S. Ward and Jan K. Pender (1999), ‘International River Basins of the World’ 43. (1998), ‘Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses’ 44. (1999), ‘The Bellagio Draft Treaty Agreement Concerning the Use of Transboundary Groundwaters’ Name Index

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