Water supply and treatment Books

Book SynopsisThis book provides a balanced discussion about the wastewater generated by hydraulic fracturing operations, and how to manage it. It includes an in-depth discussion of the hydraulic fracturing process, the resulting water cycle, and the potential risks to groundwater, soil, and air. The fracking process involves numerous chemicals that could potentially harm human health and the environment, especially if they enter and contaminate drinking water supplies. Treatment, reuse, and disposal options are the focus, and several case studies will be presented. The book also discusses the issues of the large amounts of water required for drilling operations, the impacts on water-sensitive regions.Trade Review"This book provides an introduction to typical types of borehole design and fracking fluid practice. The information is founded upon extensive referencing from industry technical publications from the past 20 years and the authors own experience. This provides an introductory text to an interested professional reader, written in an informal yet communicative style." — Stuart Haszeldine, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom"The format is very well organized, I like the ‘Did You Know?’ features, and the figures are clear"— Andrew Barron, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA"Having in recent years been a geology student and professional in the oil and gas field (both as a regulator and consultant), I can attest to the book being a suitable and timely resource for these audiences, as well as individuals in the engineering sciences and the interested environmentalist."—Groundwater, November-December 2017Table of ContentsPreface. Hydraulic Fracturing. Environmental Impacts of Fracking. Fracking Wastewater. Hydraulic Fracking Water Cycle. Impacts of Hydraulic Fracking on Drinking Water Resources. Treatment of Fracking Wastewater. Disposal of Fracking Wastewater. Reuse of Fracking Wastewater. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisAn essential look at the unknown story of how Israel has avoided the coming water crisis despite being mostly desert.

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Book SynopsisNew York Times bestselling author Seth M. Siegel shows how our drinking water got contaminated, what it may be doing to us, and what we must do to make it safe. If you thought America's drinking water problems started and ended in Flint, Michigan, think again. From big cities and suburbs to the rural heartland, chemicals linked to cancer, heart disease, obesity, birth defects, and lowered IQ routinely spill from our taps. Many are to blame: the EPA, Congress, a bipartisan coalition of powerful governors and mayors, chemical companies, and drinking water utilities-even NASA and the Pentagon. Meanwhile, the bottled water industry has been fanning our fears about tap water, but bottled water is often no safer.The tragedy is that existing technologies could launch a new age of clean, healthy, and safe tap water for only a few dollars a week per person. Scrupulously researched, Troubled Water is full of shocking stories about contamin

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Book SynopsisNew York Times bestselling author Seth M. Siegel shows how our drinking water got contaminated, what it may be doing to us, and what we must do to make it safe. If you thought America's drinking water problems started and ended in Flint, Michigan, think again. From big cities and suburbs to the rural heartland, chemicals linked to cancer, heart disease, obesity, birth defects, and lowered IQ routinely spill from our taps. Many are to blame: the EPA, Congress, a bipartisan coalition of powerful governors and mayors, chemical companies, and drinking water utilities-even NASA and the Pentagon. Meanwhile, the bottled water industry has been fanning our fears about tap water, but bottled water is often no safer.The tragedy is that existing technologies could launch a new age of clean, healthy, and safe tap water for only a few dollars a week per person. Scrupulously researched, Troubled Water is full of shocking stories about contamin

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Book SynopsisThis volume considers how Greco-Roman authorities manipulated water on the practical, technological, and political levels. Water was controlled and harnessed with legal oversight and civic infrastructure (e.g., aqueducts). Waterways were improved' and made accessible by harbors, canals, and lighthouses. The Mediterranean Sea and Outer Ocean (and numerous rivers) were mastered by navigation for warfare, exploration, settlement, maritime trade, and the exploitation of marine resources (such as fishing). These waterways were also a robust source of propaganda on coins, public monuments, and poetic encomia as governments vied to establish, maintain, or spread their identities and predominance. This first complete study of the ancient scientific and public engagement with water makes a major contribution to classics, geography, hydrology and the history of science alike. In the ancient Mediterranean Basin, water was a powerful tool of human endeavor, employed for industry, trade, hunting Trade ReviewThe major contribution of this project may well be that it reminds us forcefully of how crucial water was to our Greco-Roman ancestors, how dangerous it could be when things went wrong and how much ingenuity was developed by them to use it productively. * Classics for All *Conceptions of the Watery-World in Greco-Roman Antiquity together with Using and Conquering the Watery-World in Greco-Roman Antiquity aim to be a definitive resource on all things ‘watery’ in the ancient Mediterranean. The sheer scope and level of detail makes these works incredibly useful for scholars of water in the ancient environment, while the careful discussion of water in its context is relevant for anyone with a broader interest in the natural environment ... If you need anything to do with water in Graeco-Roman antiquity, chances are you can find it in these two volumes! * The Classical Review *[T]he book will serve as a useful resource of first resort for student research topics or for instructors seeking a quick knowledge boost across the vastness of the watery landscape in Greek and Roman studies. * Technology and Culture *Table of ContentsAbbreviations Figures and Maps Acknowledgements 1: Introduction: Using and Conquering the Watery World Controlling and Harnessing Water 2: Water Rights 3: Water Quality and Urban Planning 4: Urban Hydraulic Engineering 5: Maritime Hydraulic Engineering Engaging with the Watery World 6: Sailing and Navigating 7: Maritime Trade and Travel 8: Harvesting the “Barren” Sea The Sea and “National” Identity: The political manipulation of the Watery World 9: Minoan Thalassocracy, Archaic Expansion, and Maritime Iconography 10: Hellenic and Hellenistic Thalassocracies 11: Rome: Oceanus Domitus 12: Conclusion Appendix of Major Writers and Thinkers Notes Bibliography Index

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Book SynopsisProvides a detailed introduction to a wide range of specific water treatment processes, providing the reader with a good knowledge of how the techniques work, what they achieve and how they can be implemented in a range of situations Contains detailed case studies which show how these processes have actually been employed in practice.Trade ReviewIt is inexpensive, a good size to carry around and can be consulted in minutes.[The] chapters are excellent with good diagrams, photographs and summarising tables. This is an excellent book, ideally suited to its purpose and it is already on our recommended reading list. We strongly recommend it as the best currently available. 'This is an excellent book, ideally suited to its purpose and it is already on our recommended reading list. We strongly recommend it as the best currently available.' A. WHEATLEY, Loughborough University. Proceedings of ICE September 2006Table of Contents1 WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS. 1.1 INTRODUCTION. 1.2 WATER QUALITY REGULATIONS. 1.3 COMMON CONTAMINANTS. 1.4 REFERENCES. 2 WATER SOURCES AND DEMAND. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 2.2 WATER CYCLE. 2.3 WATER SOURCES. 2.4 WATER DEMAND. 2.5 REFERENCES. 3 COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 3.3 COAGULATION. 3.4 FLOCCULATION. 3.5 APPLICATIONS. 3.6 TEST METHODS. 3.7 REFERENCES. 4 CLARIFICATION PROCESSES. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 4.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 4.4 APPLICATIONS. 4.5 REFERENCES. 5 DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 5.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 5.4 APPLICATIONS. 5.5 REFERENCES. 6. FILTRATION PROCESSES. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 6.3 TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS. 6.4 APPLICATIONS. 6.5 REFERENCES. 7 MEMBRANE PROCESSES. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 PROCESS SCIENCES. 7.3 MEMBRANE INTEGRITY. 7.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION. 7.5 REFERENCES. 8 ADSORPTION PROCESSES. 8.1 INTRODUCTION. 8.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 8.3 ACTIVATED CARBON. 8.4 APPLICATIONS. 8.5 ADSORBERS. 8.6 OZONE/GAC. 8.7 REFERENCES. 9 DISINFECTION. 9.1 INTRODUCTION. 9.2 PROCESS SCIENCE. 9.3 CHLORINE. 9.4 CHLORAMINATION. 9.5 OZONE. 9.6 CHLORINE DIOXIDE. 9.7 ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. 9.8 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS. 9.9 REFERENCES. 10 ORGANICS REMOVAL. 10.1 INTRODUCTION. 10.2 DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS. 10.3 MICROPOLLUTANTS. 10.4 ALGAE. 10.5 TASTE AND ODOUR. 10.6 REFERENCES. 11 INORGANICS REMOVAL. 11.1 INTRODUCTION. 11.2 NITRATE. 11.3 BROMATE. 11.4 ARSENIC. 11.5 IRON AND MANGANESE. 11.6 FLUORIDE. 11.7 LEAD. 11.8 REFERENCES. 12 SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL. 12.1 INTRODUCTION. 12.2 SLUDGE CHARACTERISATION. 12.3 SLUDGE TREATMENT. 12.4 SLUDGE DISPOSAL. 12.5 REFERENCES. Index

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Book SynopsisThis fascinating and unique study of essential utilities in the early modern period will interest business historians and historians of science and technology alike.Trade ReviewFor me, Tomory’s book is relevant to the current water debate: is water a human right that is foundational to other human rights including access to food and sanitation, for example, or is water a commodity like chocolate or coal that should be fully monetized? Examining London’s water industry provides insights into how for-profit water companies worked (and might still work in some cases) and certain inherent problems associated with limiting public access to water, including disease, that led to government takeovers and buyouts of water suppliers in many parts of the world, including London, in the nineteenth century.—MetascienceThe History of the London Water Industry is a well-written book that will reward anyone interested in the development of urban infrastructure, London’s growth as a world city, or the broader innovations surrounding Britain’s industrial revolution.—Business History ReviewTable of ContentsIntroductionTechnological and industrial change1.1 London1.2 Late Medieval and Early Modern Urban Water Supply1.3 New Water Technology1.4 A Thirsty City1.5 Patents1.6 Peter Morris and the London Bridge Waterworks1.7 Other Water EntrepreneursConclusion2.1 Corporations and Joint-Stock Companies2.2 Myddelton's Politics and the New River Company2.3 Supplying LondonConclusion3.1 Slow Growth and Stabilization, 1625-16603.2 Growth of the New River, 1660-17003.3 Improving and joint-stock companies, 1660-17003.4 New Attempts, 1700-1730Conclusion4.1 The Scale of the New River4.2 Wren's and Lowthorp's Reports4.3 Reform of Operations4.3.1 Maintaining Adequate Supply4.3.2 The Pipe Network4.3.3 Controlling Customers4.3.4 Manufacturing Pipes4.3.5 Maintenance4.3.6 Legal DimensionConclusion5.1 The Nature of Competition: Dominance of the New River and the LBWW5.2 The New LBWW to 17505.2.1 The Engines5.2.2 The Water Tower and the Mains5.2.3 The Employees and Operations5.3 The LBWW After 1750Conclusion6.1 Supplying Houses6.2 Brewers and Other Large Users6.3 Geography of Consumption6.4 Municipal Uses: Fire and CleaningConclusion7.1 The New River Company's Efforts to Maintain Water Quality7.2 Bathing in the New RiverConclusion8.1 Transformations in London to 18208.2 Legacy of the London Water NetworkConclusion

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Book SynopsisAquatic Chemistry Concepts, Second Edition, is a fully revised and updated textbook that fills the need for a comprehensive treatment of aquatic chemistry and covers the many complicated equations and principles of aquatic chemistry. It presents the established science of equilibrium water chemistry using the uniquely recognizable, step-by-step Pankow format, which allows a broad and deep understanding of aquatic chemistry. The text is appropriate for a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, industry professionals, consultants, and regulators. Every professional using water chemistry will want this text within close reach, and students and professionals alike will expect to find at least one copy on their library shelves. Key FeaturesExtremely thorough, one-of-a-kind treatment of aquatic chemistry which considers: a) chemical thermodynamics fundamentals; b) acid/base, titration, and buffer calculaTrade ReviewThere’s a lot to like about a book on water chemistry that lays it out simply. Einstein said that everything should be as simple as it can be, but not simpler. Wise advice. And that is what James F. Pankow has accomplished in the second edition of his textbook, Aquatic Chemistry Concepts. It covers the “waterfront” of essential inorganic chemistry topics, and it supplies enough examples to lead the student toward problem solving. Pankow appropriately begins in the Introduction (Part I) with definitions and the theoretical basis for solving chemical equilibrium problems—thermodynamics. Part II of the book on Acid/Base Chemistry is a tour de force, from mass balances to the chemistry of dissolved carbon dioxide. Pankow’s Aunt Fatima injects humor along the way, and flashbacks from his college chemistry instructors are especially pertinent. Acid/base examples from household vinegar to ammonia illuminate the path, while “Geek Optional” boxes lend additional insight. I especially enjoyed Chapter 9, which includes problems on acid rain, acidification of lakes, and “the most worrisome” example of all, ocean acidification. When Professor Pankow published the first edition of Aquatic Chemistry Concepts in 1991, the global atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide, a weak acid, stood at 354 parts per million (ppm). Today it is 415 ppm, a 17% increase in concentration in less than 30 years. Likewise, the pH of the surface of the ocean off Hawaii has declined from 8.12 to 8.05 – meaning a similar 17% increase in H+ concentration (see Example 9.13). Imagine … we have increased [H+] in the ocean, the base of the food chain for all aquatic life, by 17% in one generation. Aquatic chemistry concepts don’t lie. We have known since 1862 and John Tyndall’s famous experiments that CO2 absorbs back radiation and heats the atmosphere. Our real-life planetary experiment verifies the physics every year, and the average global temperature is now 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) warmer than when the first edition was published. If we fail to rein in our fossil fuel emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, the signal will continue to grow ever hotter in coming decades. This textbook teaches an urgent lesson. Today, all the “master variables” that control aquatic chemistry are changing—pH, temperature, salinity, and oxidation-reduction potential. Part III explains Metal/Ligand Chemistry, and Part IV discusses the topic of Mineral Solubility. Changing ocean salinity, temperature, and pH render all these reactions in a state of planetary flux. Even the quality of our drinking water is subject to change as the master variables change. Fortunately, foundational concepts in Pankow’s book allow us to make the relevant calculations. Part V on Redox Chemistry and Part VI on Effects of Electrical Charges on Solution Chemistry further elucidate systems that are strong functions of the changing state variables of pe and pH. Although some of the most difficult chemical concepts are contained in these final chapters, Pankow lays them bare—as simple as possible, but not simpler. In the Preface to Aquatic Chemical Concepts, 1st Edition, Pankow warned, “The scope of local, regional, and global environmental problems seems to grow with each passing day. We are in a race which we do not wish to lose.” That was certainly true in 1991, and it is even more cogent today. Our list of environmental nightmares is enduring and growing—climate change, toxic chemicals, eutrophication, harmful algal blooms, and unsafe drinking water. This book, the 2nd Edition, is an advance in stating the problems simply so we can analyze them quantitatively. Only then can we effect change. -Jerald L. Schnoor, Foreword to the Second Edition Table of ContentsPart I: Introduction 1. Overview 2. Thermodynamic Principles Part II: Acid/Base Chemistry 3. The Proton (H+) in Aquatic Chemistry 4. The Electroneutrality Equation, Mass Balance Equations, and the Proton Balance Equation 5. Quantitative Acid/Base Calculations for Any Solution of Acids and Bases 6. Dependence of α Values on pH, and the Role of Net Strong Base 7. Titrations of Acids and Bases 8. Buffer Intensity β 9. Chemistry of Dissolved CO2 Part III: Metal/Ligand Chemistry 10. Complexation of Metal Ions by Ligands Part IV: Mineral Solubility 11. Simple Salts and Metal Oxides/Hydroxides/Oxyhydroxides 12. Solubility Behavior of Calcium Carbonate and Other Divalent Metal Carbonates in Closed and Open Systems 13. Metal Phosphates 14. Which Solid Is Solubility Limiting? Examples with Fe(II) for FeCO3(s) vs. Fe(OH)2(s) Using Log pCO2 vs. pH Predominance Diagrams 15. The Kelvin Effect: The Effect of Particle Size on Dissolution and Evaporation Equilibria 16. Solid/Solid and Liquid/Liquid Solution Mixtures Part V: Redox Chemistry 17. Redox Reactions, EH, and pe 18. Introduction to pe–pH Diagrams: The Cases of Aqueous Chlorine, Hydrogen, and Oxygen 19. pe–pH Diagrams for Lead (Pb) with Negligible Dissolved CO2 20. pe–pH Diagrams for Lead (Pb) in the Presence of CO2 with Fixed CT, and Fixed CT and Phosphate 21. pe and Natural Systems 22. Redox Succession (Titration) in a Stratified Lake during a Period of Summer Stagnation Part VI: Effects of Electrical Charges on Solution Chemistry 23. The Debye–Huckel Equation and Its Descendent Expressions for Activity Coefficients of Aqueous Ions 24. Electrical Double Layers in Aqueous Systems 25. Colloid Stability and Particle Double Layers

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Book SynopsisIlluminating opportunities to develop a more integrated approach to municipal water system design, Natural and Engineered Solutions for Drinking Water Supplies: Lessons from the Northeastern United States and Directions for Global Watershed Management explores critical factors in the decision-making processes for municipal water system delivery. The book offers vital insights to help inform management decisions on drinking water supply issues in other global regions in our increasingly energy- and carbon-constrained world.The study evaluates how six cities in the northeastern United States have made environmental, economic, and social decisions and adopted programs to protect and manage upland forests to produce clean drinking water throughout their long histories. New York, New York; Boston and Worcester, Massachusetts; New Haven and Bridgeport, Connecticut; and Portland, Maine have each managed city watersheds under different state regulations, plannTable of ContentsGray to Green: An Introduction to Four Case Studies on Drinking Water Supply in the Northeastern United States. An Assessment of Drinking Water Systems in Connecticut: Optimizing Natural and Engineered Systems for Protecting the Quality of Surface Drinking Waters. Source Water Protection in Massachusetts: Lessons from and Opportunities for Worcester and Boston. New York City Watershed Management: Past, Present, and Future. The Crooked River Watershed, Sebago Lake, and the Drinking Water Supply for the City of Portland, Maine. Comparing Drinking Water Systems in the New England/New York Region: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future. Global Relevance of Lessons Learned in Watershed Management and Drinking Water Treatment from the Northeastern United States. Index.

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisWater resources in the Middle East are barely enough to cope with human demand, and their scarcity is a matter of discussion in many conclaves. However, it must be clarified that Lebanon has a rugged topography that sets it apart from the surrounding regions. Its small area of 10,452 km2 is characterised by a mountainous terrain marked by several valley systems. Two mountain chains (Mount Lebanon to the west and Anti-Lebanon to the east) extend parallel to the Mediterranean Sea, and are separated by the Bekaa Plain, which comprises a relatively wide depression. Hence, Lebanon has many sources of surface water including rivers, springs, snowfalls and lakes; besides, many aquiferous rock formations and karstic conduits exist where groundwater can accumulate via seeping. However, complaints concerning the lack of understanding about the imbalanced water supply/demand in Lebanon are often a matter of debate, and the water budget is also not well-formulated yet. Added to the matter of water shortage and deterioration in quality thereof, challenges for water resources have only exacerbated. Thus, there are parallel paths stemming from both natural and human driving forces leading to increasing water stress. Climate change, pollution, over-exploitation and the mismanagement of trans-boundary water resources are amongst the geo-environmental problems that affect these resources. In particular, shared water is one of the major water problems in Lebanon. To put this issue into perspective, more than 74% of Lebanons border is shared with neighbouring countries, which makes the surface and groundwater intermingle with neighbouring regions; thus, no volumetric measures are known. Two shared rivers exist between Lebanon and its neighbours: one with Syria in the north, and the other with the Palestinian Territory (PT) in the south. In addition, the three major aquiferous rock formations of Lebanon are interrelated with neighbouring regions. To date, there is no credible study to assess and allocate the shared water resources. Consequently, geo-political conflicts frequently arise due to the obscure nature of the hydrologic conditions. In addition, the absence of treaties and agreements is another reason affecting water sharing, which constitutes the principal cause of water loss. This is totally governed by the unstable political situation in the region. This book aims to highlight the principles of Lebanons water resources with new numeric measures. It will also reveal the major elements of the striking challenges. Thus, the fundamental hydrologic aspects of shared water resources in Lebanon, including quantitative measures and the spatial extent of these resources will be illustrated.

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Book SynopsisWhat constitutes safe drinking water? For more than a century, the US government has attempted to answer this question by setting national standards for drinking water quality. In a federal system of governance, however, national standards only go so far. State and local governments have long considered it their prerogative to select water supplies and treatment technologies decisions that largely determine whether or not national standards will ever be met. Tragedies like the drinking water crisis in Flint, MI remind us that there are definite limits to what federal power can achieve. Nevertheless, the quest to raise the quality of drinking water through national standards remains an important and underappreciated episode in the history of US public health policy. In this book, Michael Zarkin traces the development of US drinking water standards, beginning with the earliest efforts by the US Public Health Service to craft national standards, and ending with the EPAs most recent efforts to implement the Safe Drinking Water Act. Along the way, Dr Zarkin tells the story of the ideas, political battles, and scientific controversies that shaped our nations drinking water regulations. In the end, Dr Zarkin concludes that drinking water regulation is made through an unconventional style of politics not found in other areas of US environmental policy.

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Book SynopsisMuch progress has been made in achieving the ambitious goals that Congress established in 1972 in the Clean Water Act (CWA) to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nations waters. However, long-standing problems persist, and new problems have emerged. Water quality problems are diverse, ranging from pollution runoff from farms and ranches, city streets, and other diffuse or nonpoint sources, to toxic substances discharged from factories and sewage treatment plants. Since the early 2000s, increased oil and gas production across the nation has resulted in a corresponding increase in wastewater that must be managed, reused, or disposed of properly. In particular, the hydraulic fracturing process has also raised concerns about potential effects to human health and the environment, including the potential contamination of underground drinking water sources by injecting wastewater associated with the production of oil and gas.

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Book SynopsisThe Columbia River Basin is one of the nations largest watersheds and extends mainly through four Western states and into Canada. Activities such as power generation and agricultural practices have impaired water quality in some areas, so that human health is at risk and certain species, such as salmon, are threatened or extinct. Chapter 1 reports on the actions related to restoration efforts in the Basin. The San Francisco Bay Delta watershed -- which drains a vast area of California from the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the Pacific Ocean -- supplies drinking water for 25 million people and provides irrigation for about half the nations fruit and vegetable production. Decades of development and agriculture have led to large reductions in water quality and supply, natural flood protection, and habitats across the watersheds three major regions: the Bay, the Delta, and the upper watershed. As described in chapter 2, federal entities have been working with nonfederal entities for decades to protect and restore the watershed. The Long Island Sound, an estuary bordered by Connecticut and New York, provides numerous economic and recreational benefits. However, development and pollution have resulted in environmental impacts, such as the degradation of water quality. Chapter 3 focuses on the Study to restore and protect the Sound. Puget Sound is the nations second-largest estuary and serves as an important economic engine in Washington State, supporting millions of people, major industries, and a wide variety of species. However, according to the CCMP, human use and development have degraded water quality and habitats and harmed critical species such as salmon. Chapter 4 reviews the efforts to restore Puget Sound.

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Book SynopsisThis book focuses on water purification by micelle-clay nano-particles. The micelle-clay complex is composed of an organic cation (surfactant) with a long alkyl chain, e.g., ODTMA (octadecyltrimethylammonium) that spontaneously forms micelles of several nm in diameters at small concentrations. The positively charged micelles interact with a negatively charged clay (bentonite) at optimal ratios. The resulting complex has a large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge. The complex is insensitive to higher temperatures (50 0C), to pH values in the range of 2-11, or ionic strengths. Production of powdered and granulated complexes is described. The material characteristics of the micelle-clay complex differ from those of organo-clay of the same composition, which is formed by the interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay (Chapters One and Two). Model calculations enable simulations and predictions of removal of pollutants from water in batch or filtration experiments, and can yield cost estimates (Chapter Three). Laboratory and pilot experiments (Chapter Four) yield efficient removal from the water of (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules: herbicides, humic acid, dissolved organic matter, and pharmaceuticals; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate; and (iii) microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites, e.g., cryptosporidium, which is resistant to chlorination. The (above) use of a micelle-clay complex indicated a big advantage in comparison with activated carbon. Low cost regeneration of used filters after bacteria adsorption is described. Biocidal effects of cations, e.g., ODTMA are demonstrated; released cations during filtration enhanced the filter efficiency. The released cations are removed from water before consumer use by another filter containing activated carbon. Drinking water from lakes is forbidden during cyanobacteria bloom due to harmful toxins. Filtration by the granulated micelle-clay complex and killing of cyanobacteria by ODTMA cations are described. Water purification by other clay-composites such as liposome- and polymer-clay is described in Chapter Five. Collaboration between technologies of water purification are found in Chapter Six: (i) Incubation of grey water in a moving bed biological reactor followed by filtration by the micelle-clay granulated complex enables water reuse at low cost. (ii) Filtration combined with degradation by solar photo-Fenton processes is a promising tertiary treatment of wastewater, including efficient removal of problematic pharmaceuticals. (iii) A new design of the micelle-clay complex may yield enhanced capacity for removal of microorganisms from water by combining filtration with biocidal action of free cations. This book describes inventions in material science and developments of computational procedures for simulations and predictions, and is an authoritative and stimulating reference for researchers, engineers and students involved in water treatment and adsorption processes.

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Book SynopsisIn the past few years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of new and emerging pollutants in the limited water resources around the world, posing a serious threat to human health and the ecosystems. These pollutants, which are also referred to as new chemicals without regulatory status, are poorly understood and therefore not properly monitored or effectively removed from wastewater using conventional methods. Relevant topics addressing these challenges are presented in this book containing 12 chapters, which are consequently divided into two sections (Section 1: Pollutants in Wastewater; Section 2: Wastewater Remediation Strategies). The first section provides a systematic review of recent detection methods suitable for the rapid and accurate identification of some emerging pollutants from wastewater. Further development in the book fairly complement the first part by providing solutions for the removal of the emerging pollutants from wastewater and restoration of usable water; innovative approaches encompassing inter-disciplinary processes supported by sustainable technologies are therefore the focus of the second part of the book. The enhancement of bioreactor systems with consideration of volumetric organic loads, membrane configurations and reactor types has been highlighted by authors as strategies to ensure increased biomass proliferation, high effluent production rates and high quality effluents. The development of smart materials for pollutants removal from wastewater being a promising trend for remediation of water pollution, could not be ignored in this book, which aims to emphasize on the latest sustainable and effective technologies. This has been taken care in a few chapters which explore the synthesis of nanocomposite for various applications; in one, the synthesis of nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) has been contemplated to produce adsorbents with improved thermomechanical, electrical, optical, swelling properties and adsorption capacity contrasted with the traditional polymeric hydrogel; while a separate chapter covers a brilliant approach consisting to combine nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and organic polymers to develop effective antimicrobial compounds with the potential to exhibit microbicidal activities against bacteria and fungi. The ability to predict and assess the performance of the treatment process is very important to ensure that the system remains effective. This is the topic of two chapters that cover the use of models to predict the feasibility of reactions and the structural suitability of adsorbents. The book therefore covers a complete set of information for an inter-disciplinary approach to wastewater monitoring and treatment.Table of ContentsFor more information, please visit our website at:https://novapublishers.com/shop/new-horizons-in-wastewaters-management-emerging-monitoring-and-remediation-strategies/

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Book SynopsisThe United States uses 42 billion gallons of water a day-treated to meet Federal drinking water standards-to support a variety of needs. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) not only contains Federal authority for regulating contaminants in drinking water delivery systems, it also includes the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program. The DWSRF was created to provide financing for infrastructure improvements of drinking water systems. Chapter 1 looks at our Nation's drinking water infrastructure structure and examine questions as to what is necessary for the Federal Government to do in the way of planning, reinvestment, and technical support of these systems to meet future needs. Drinking Water System Improvement Act of 2017 amended the Safe Drinking Water Act to improve public water systems as discussed in chapter 2.Table of ContentsPrefaceDrinking Water System Improvement Act and Related Issues of Funding, Management, and Compliance Assistance under the Safe Drinking Water ActDrinking Water System Improvement Act of 2017Index.

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Book SynopsisThe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Environmental Health Mission Area (EHMA) is providing comprehensive science on sources, movement, and transformation of contaminants and pathogens in watershed and aquifer drinking-water supplies and in built water and wastewater infrastructure in the Greater Chicago Area. The focus of chapter 1 is on assessing point-of-use (tapwater) drinking-water exposure pathways for a broad range of potential environmental contaminants and exploring infrastructure-related factors that could alter or transform chemical constituents or microbial communities in drinking water (such as treatment plant technology, distribution system characteristics, private plumbing components, and point-of-use treatment) Pennsylvania has the second highest number of residential wells of any state in the Nation with approximately 2.4 million residents that depend on groundwater for their domestic water supply. The groundwater used for domestic water supply in Bradford County is obtained primarily from shallow bedrock and from unconsolidated (glacial) deposits that overlie the bedrock. As reported in chapter 2, data for 72 domestic wells were collected and analyzed for a wide range of constituents that could be evaluated in relation to drinking water health standards, geology, land use, and other environmental factors. The occurrence of arsenic and uranium in groundwater at concentrations that exceed drinking-water standards is a concern because of the potential adverse effects on human health. The Connecticut Department of Public Health reported that there are about 322,600 private wells in Connecticut. The State does not require that existing private wells be routinely tested for arsenic, uranium, or other contaminants. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) completed an assessment in 2016 on the distribution of concentrations of arsenic and uranium in groundwater from bedrock in Connecticut. Chapter 3 presents the major findings for arsenic and uranium concentrations from water samples collected from 2013 to 2015 from private wells. The circumstances and response to Flint's drinking water contamination involved implementation and oversight lapses at the EPA, the state of Michigan, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ), and the city of Flint. Chapter 4 evaluates additional matters concerning the agency's management controls when responding to the Flint contamination incident. Federal agencies have identified several billion dollars in existing and future tribal drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs. Chapter 5 examines the extent to which selected federal agencies identified tribes' drinking water and wastewater infrastructure needs and funded tribal water infrastructure projects, including tribes' most severe sanitation deficiencies.Table of ContentsPreface; Concentrations of Lead and Other Inorganic Constituents in Samples of Raw Intake and Treated Drinking Water From the Municipal Water Filtration Plant and Residential Tapwater in Chicago, Illinois, and East Chicago, Indiana, July-December 2017; Drinking Water Health Standards Comparison and Chemical Analysis of Groundwater for 72 Domestic Wells in Bradford County, Pennsylvania, 2016; Arsenic and Uranium in Private Wells in Connecticut, 2013-15; Management Weaknesses Delayed Response to Flint Water Crisis; Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure: Opportunities Exist to Enhance; Index.

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Book SynopsisPopulation growth, increasing living standards, and rapidly changing climate have resulted in an increasing demand for freshwater, accelerating the water degradation challenges. There is a compelling need to minimize water consumption and develop approaches to effectively manage existing water resources. On a positive note, water resource management strategies discussed in this book present innovative ways to conserve both quality and quantity. Chapter 1 discusses decentralized water management approaches for intervening the urban water cycle to minimize the environmental and socioeconomic impacts. This chapter concludes with a need to use a suite of tools based on decision support systems for managing urban water resources. Chapter 2 discusses the need for assessing suitability of various types of models for a specific scenario based on the required level of complexity. This chapter discusses in detail the underlying criteria behind model selection, validation, and uncertainty analysis. Urban watersheds can be more challenging compared to natural watersheds. The urban watersheds include parking lots, roads, and developed structures, all of which contribute to a myriad of anthropogenic pollutants through stormwater runoff. Computer-based models can be used to study water quality issues and to develop a plan to manage watershed level resources. Chapter 3 compares pros and cons of the state-of-the-art watershed models used for managing water resources. Numerical simulations can be performed to compare the current and future water quality scenarios of a given watershed and to estimate the impact of potential water resource management strategies. Chapter 4 presents a case study of an urban region in Hanoi, Vietnam. Water evaluation and planning simulation tool was used to predict the trends and drivers of wastewater generation. Considering rapidly changing climate and associated weather impacts, it is critical to secure water resources in addition to dealing with the water quality issues. Chapter 5 suggests that climate change models and watershed and precipitation models should be jointly used in order to capture uncertainties in ecological functions, energy and food production and water supply sources. Chapter 6 presents a water use estimation and management tool that examines the effect of climate change and drought conditions on water supplies to ensure adequate buffalo forage. Sustaining both buffalo forage and water supplies during drought conditions requires preparedness and adaptation in response to unfavorable conditions. Finally, water reuse can alleviate the stress on available water resources. For example, effluents from wastewater treatment plants and desalination plants can be treated and reused for managing water crisis. Chapter 7 emphasizes that it is critical to optimize both economical and sustainability parameters during treatment of wastewater effluents and desalination concentrate. In certain cases, valuable metals can be recovered from the concentrate.Table of ContentsPreface; Integrated Approaches toward Sustainable Urban Water Resources Management; Water Resources Modeling: Model Selection, Validation and Uncertainty Analysis; Computer Tools for Urban Hydrology and Water Quality Management; Numerical Simulation to Quantify Present Status and Future Prediction of Water Quality of To-Lich River, Hanoi, Vietnam; Uncertainties in Water Supplies Due to Changing Climate and Extreme Weather Events; Buffalo Forage and Water Estimation: Management Decisions and Assisting Climate Change Vulnerability Assessments and Drought Management Adaptation; Resource Recovery from Reverse Osmosis Concentrate as a Solution to Water Crisis: A Technological Assessment; Index.

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Book SynopsisCongress has long deliberated on the condition of drinking water infrastructure and drinking water quality as well as the financial and technical challenges some public water systems face in ensuring the delivery of safe and adequate water supplies. Several events and circumstances-including source water contamination incidents; water infrastructure damage from natural disasters, such as hurricanes; detection of elevated lead levels in tap water in various cities and schools; and the nationwide need to repair or replace aging drinking water infrastructure-have increased national attention to these issues. America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018. Chapter 1 focuses on the drinking water provisions of Title II and Title IV of AWIA, which authorize appropriations for several drinking water and wastewater infrastructure programs for projects that promote compliance, address aging drinking water infrastructure and lead in school drinking water, and increase drinking water infrastructure resilience to natural hazards. Chapter 2 summarizes the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and its major programs and regulatory requirements. The quality of water delivered by public water systems has been regulated at the federal level since enactment of the 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). Since then, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued regulations for more than 90 contaminants, and all states (except Wyoming) have assumed primary responsibility for administering the federal drinking water program and overseeing public water system compliance. Congress last broadly amended the law in 1996. Among the key provisions, the 1996 amendments authorized a Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) program to help public water systems finance improvements needed to comply with federal drinking water regulations and to address the most serious risks to human health as reported in chapter 3. Drinking water contaminated with lead in Flint, Michigan, renewed awareness of the danger lead poses to the nation's drinking water supply. Lead exposure through drinking water is caused primarily by the corrosion of plumbing materials, such as pipes, that carry water from a water system to pipes in homes. EPA set national standards to reduce lead in drinking water with the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). Chapters 4-7 review the issue of elevated lead in drinking water. According to DOD, about 3 million people in the United States receive drinking water from DOD public water systems, which are to comply with EPA and state health-based regulations. EPA and DOD have detected elevated levels of two unregulated, DOD-identified emerging contaminants found in firefighting foam-PFOS and PFOA-in drinking water at or near installations. Perchlorate, an unregulated chemical used by DOD in rocket fuel, can also be found in drinking water. Chapters 8-11 review DOD management of these drinking water contaminants.Table of ContentsPreface; Americas Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (P.L. 115-270): Drinking Water Provisions; Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): A Summary of the Act and Its Major Requirements; Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF): Overview, Issues, and Legislation; Drinking Water: Additional Data and Statistical Analysis May Enhance EPA's Oversight of the Lead and Copper Rule; Drinking Water Approaches for Identifying Lead Service Lines Should Be Shared with All States; Regulating Lead in Drinking Water: Issues and Developments; Controlling Lead in Public Drinking Water Supplies; Drinking Water: DOD Has Acted on Some Emerging Contaminants but Should Improve Internal Reporting on Regulatory Compliance; Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions; PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions; Drinking Water: Status of DOD Efforts to Address Drinking Water Contaminants Used in Firefighting Foam; Index.

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Book SynopsisDesalination is imperative to mitigate the global water scarcity as it produces drinking water from unpotable water. Currently, reverse osmosis membrane processes are widely used and account for 60% of desalination plants globally as they have lower energy requirements than other techniques, such as thermal desalination. Another promising alternative to desalination is membrane distillation (MD), which has been highlighted as one of the most promising and cost-effective desalination technologies over the last five decades. MD is a thermally driven desalination process that uses microporous and hydrophobic membranes through which only vapor can pass. Because non-volatile ions cannot pass through the membrane, MD theoretically achieves 100% salt rejection. In addition, MD is superior to other techniques as it is conducted at relatively low temperature and pressure, and is less sensitive to the feed concentration. MD is a desalination process that uses the vapor pressure difference between the feed and permeate as the driving force through the membranes. Over 2,800 scientific publications appeared in Web of Science as of September 2019 (over 400 just in 2019) describing the current state of development and potential future applications of MD. Although these publications provide excellent knowledge regarding MD, they are rather fragmented, and it is difficult to gain a complete overview of the basic principles and functions of membranes for MD configurations and their application to real plants. In this book, we introduce MD from the invention of this technique to the recent developments in membranes and processes. The membrane materials and configurations of MD processes are systematically discussed, along with an introduction to real pilot plants that have been installed and tested in the field, and an economic analysis of MD. The objective of this book is to provide a short, but reasonably comprehensive, introduction to MD to graduate students and persons with an engineering or natural science background, to gain a basic understanding of MD, and the associated materials, configurations, and applications, without studying a large number of different reference books.Table of ContentsPreface; Introduction; Introduction to Membrane Distillation; Properties and Fabrication Methods of Membranes for Membrane Distillation; Polymeric Membranes for Membrane Distillation; Ceramic Membranes for Membrane Distillation; Recent Progress in the Preparation and Modification of Omniphobic Membranes for Membrane Distillation; Use of Antiscalants in Membrane Distillation; Membrane Modules for Membrane Distillation; Configuration of Membrane Distillation; Hybrid Configuration of Membrane Distillation: Vacuum Multi-Effect Membrane Distillation; Hybrid Configuration of Membrane Distillation: Pressure-Retarded Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis with Membrane Distillation; Membrane Distillation Powered by Solar Thermal Energy: Pilot Projects; Economic Analysis of Membrane Distillation; Perspectives in Membrane Distillation; Index.

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Book SynopsisHydrogeochemistry is of great application in reconstructing the previous groundwater circulation under ice sheets due to meltwater recharging the subsurface having a geochemical signature that could be discriminated from the other sources of water produced under warmer climates. Many hydrogeological factors could affect the geochemical composition of groundwater. These include the climate conditions, the lithology of the substrate and its hydraulic conductivity, the weathering, the length of the flow path, the penetration depth, the groundwater flow velocity and the residence time of groundwater. In recent years, hydrogeochemistry advances in analytical technology have allowed hydrogeochemical surveys to become a very powerful exploration technique. The new research works in this area are very broad and extensive. In this mini book, it is impossible to bring all of these novel techniques. The current Advances in Hydrogeochimistry Research book is limited to some diverse examples in different regions of the earth. As an introduction, chemical interaction between surface water and groundwater has been explained and discussed. A hydrogeochemical perspective of the wetland systems is then drawn. It has been combined with the biological remediation. Contaminant fate and transport in both groundwater and soil are also studied using different image analysis techniques. A case study in an Arab region of the world is comprehensively undertaken and the impact of groundwater pollution and quality on regional economics has been investigated. The concepts, classifications and applications of the groundwater modeling for solute transport simulation have been defined in the saturated porous media of the earth. An African analysis was done on assessing the microbiological quality of potable groundwater from the selected protected and unprotected wells in Zimbabwe. 36Cl for dating groundwater was contributed on the Guarani Aquifer System, located beneath the surface of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay and is the second largest known aquifer system in the world and is attributed as an important source of freshwater. For semi-arid and arid zones of Iran, geospatial techniques in hydrogeochemistry have been used by intersecting the layers and statistical analysis. Then, a hydrochemical analysis of the bottled mineral waters has been comparatively studied. In another part of Africa, a semiarid part of North Eastern Nigeria, physicochemical characteristics of groundwater are widely determined. It has been also shown that the hydraulic fracking associated with the coalbed methane production has a great impact on water resources. Finally, various case studies have been done on the environmental state of freshwater, natural resources and mine waters in the some parts of Serbia, Spain and Central Asia. In addition, the implications on regional water resources management have been indicated. This book is intended primarily as a textbook at the graduate/research level and as a guide for field engineers, enabling them to remain current with scientific developments. As a simple prerequisite, the readers should have basic background knowledge in groundwater engineering and a general understanding of environmental and geological processes.Table of ContentsPreface; Chemical Interaction between Groundwater and Surface Waters; Biological Remediation Using Wetland Systems: A Hydro-Geochemical Perspective; Impact of Groundwater Pollution-Quality on Regional Economics: A Case Study in the Arab Region; Groundwater Modeling and Its Concepts, Classifications, and Applications for Solute Transport Simulation in Saturated Porous Media; Assessing the Microbiological Quality of Potable Groundwater from Selected Protected and Unprotected Wells in Murehwa District, Zimbabwe; 36Cl Contribution for Dating Groundwaters from the Guarani Aquifer System; Geospatial Techniques in Hydrogeochemistry by Intersecting the Layers and Statistical Analysis, Mashhad, Iran; A Comparative Hydrochemical Study of Bottled Mineral Waters; Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality in a Semiarid Part of North East Nigeria; Impact on Water Resources by Hydraulic Fracking Associated with Coalbed Methane Production; The Environmental State of Freshwater Resources in Man-Made Lakes of Serbia; Hydrogeochemistry of Circum-Neutral Mine Waters in the Anglès Old Mining Area, North Eastern Spain; Evaluation of Natural Water Quality in the Jungar Basin in Central Asia and Its Implications on Regional Water Resource Management; Evolution and Characteristics of Natural Waters under Arid Climate in Northern Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia; Index.

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Book SynopsisDrinking Water: Quality Control, Distribution Systems and Treatment focuses on some of the technologies involved in water treatment processes, such as adsorption, co-precipitation, flocculation, and coagulation. The authors emphasize the newest easy processes, inadequacies, and prospects of drinking water treatment. In one study, a simple effective intervention for biochanin A in influent water using ZSM-5, a nano-porous crystalline zeolite, is described. In closing, a Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain isolated from an Indian drinking water system was evaluated for its ability to co-aggregate and form mixed biofilms with Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Escherichia coli O57:H7.Table of ContentsPreface; New Generation Materials for the Adsorption of Toxic Metal Ion from Drinking Water; Water Treatment Methods for Detoxification of Metal Ions: State-of-the-Art, Future Scenario and Challenges; A Rapid, Nanoporous Zeolite Based Approach for Removal of Biochanin A in Potable Water Destined for Distribution; The Role of Sphingomonas paucimobilis in Intergeneric Co-Aggregation and Mixed Biofilm Formation with Water Borne Pathogenic Bacteria in the Distributed Drinking Water System: Implications of Public Health Risk; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book proposes the development of solar water heating applications. The theme is topical since it is linked not only to its economic advantages, but above all to considerations relating to environmental protection. Indeed, the operation of water heating systems, industrial or domestic, by this solar energy, is characterised by the absence of polluting discharges (fumes containing CO2 and Nox), radioactive dangers and bulky waste (nuclear centre). Overall, this book deals with the description of solar energy sources (thermal and photovoltaic), the structures of innovative water heating systems by these energy sources, the thermal and electrical modelling of water heating and the estimation of the yields of the different proposed systems. The proposed knowledge makes it possible to discover the field of renewable energy and to have knowledge of the applications of innovative solar heating systems currently marketed or under development in research laboratories. Also, it allows young researchers, doctoral students, academics and engineers to innovate in the field of solar energy and to develop efficient and hybrid solar water heating systems (thermal and photovoltaic energies). The experimental results, numerical simulations and economic studies proposed will be used by design offices to size and propose the appropriate installations for industrial and domestic applications.Table of ContentsPreface; Water Heating with a Multi-Stage Hybrid Solar System MSDH; Adoption Potential, Thermal Engineering and Economic Viability of Solar Water Heating Systems; Daily Comparison Energy and Exergy and Energy Analysis and Thermal Energy Storage Performance of Solar Collectors; Steam Generation for Process Applications Using Solar Water Heating Enabled by Nanofluids; Influence of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) on the Performance of Solar Water Heater; Thermal Model and Simulations of Solar Water Heating; Thermal Performance Evaluation of a Modified Solar Water Heater Integrated With Parabolic Trough Concentrator; Hydrogen Production and Space Heating Using Water Heated by Solar Radiation; Photovoltaic Solar Water Heating System; Potential Techniques for Thermal Performance Enhancement for Solar Water Heaters; Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Through Solar Water Heating System; Influence of Various Nanofluids on the Performance of Solar Water Heaters; Index.

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Book SynopsisThis manual describesjar testing, particle counting, and other techniques and processes for monitoring, optimizing, and controlling water treatment processes.

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Book SynopsisPopulation growth and unchallenged water use have brought us to the brink of a worldwide water crisis. This fascinating book presents scenarios for the broad trends that will have a significant impact upon future water challenges. Examine what the next 100 years may bring to water use, prices, and availability--and how individuals, water utilities, industries, and countries can change the future of water.Your time machine into the future The Future of Water: A Startling Look Ahead is an intriguingly realistic look at–The future of water use at homeGrass species that live on common seawater, clothes washers that use a cup of water per load--or no water at all, UV-light dishwashers, and toilets that flush with reused bathwater...all these are closer than you think.–The future of agricultural water useLearn the many innovative ways farmers are growing more food with less water. In coming years, don’t be surprised if you see on packaging, “Irrigated with natural rainfall, no fossil waters used.” –The future of industrial water useWe will see industry increasingly move to where water is plentiful. Old industrial cities in the rainy northeast US that have been shrinking and decaying for decades may experience revitalization.–The future sources of waterReclamation and reuse of wastewater and stormwater will be commonplace sources of water for drinking, energy production, agriculture, and industry. Climate changes and global warming will increase precipitation in some locales and decrease it in others.–The future of water storage America is tearing down many old dams, while China and Africa are on dam-building binges. How will the US meet its water storage needs with fewer dams? What do these new Chinese and African dams–some the biggest ever built–mean for the future of water?–The future of water utilitiesWatch for widespread consolidation of small utilities for efficiency and cost-savings. Many water utilities will follow Singapore’s lead to become better at educating the public of the true value of water.–The future of water businessLearn about innovative solutions to the challenges of water scarcity, storage, treatment, and distribution. –The future role of waterRivers, lakes, and aquifers cross political borders, creating conflicts. Learn about many innovative technologies and creative solutions to water problems.""Steve Maxwell takes us straight into the realities of the water crisis that is now spreading through all parts of the country, and indeed the entire world.""Bruce Babbitt, Former US Secretary of the Interior""An excellent and somewhat startling book. Concise...with an amazing amount of information.""Bernard P. Kryzs, President and Publisher, Water Utility Infrastructure Management

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Book SynopsisTroubleshooting granular filters can take hours and frustrate even the most experienced water operators. Find and solve filter problems fast with this handbook. Authored by a filter designer and consultant who holds several patents in filtration, this book has all the information needed to troubleshoot granular media filters, understand how they work, and maintain optimum filter performance.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Driving Head3. Plenum/Flume Hydraulics4. Filter Support Gravel5. Filter Media6. Underdrain7. Optimizing Backwash8. Filter Controls9. Gravity Filter Troubleshooting Procedures10. Pressure Filters11. Filter Maintenance12. SummaryAppendix: Water Treatment Chemistry and Jar Testing ProceduresAppendix: Troubleshooting ChecklistsAppendix: Historical Records

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Book SynopsisSelection, design, construction, and maintenance of steel tanks for potable water storage.

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Book SynopsisThe Drinking Water Book takes a level-headed look at the serious issues surrounding America''s drinking water supply. In the completely revised comprehensive guide to making tap and bottled water safer, you''ll find unbiased reporting on what''s in your water and how to drink safely. Featuring the latest scientific research, Ingram evaluates the different kinds of filters and bottled waters and rates specific products on the market. The Drinking Water Book: ·   Honestly and thoroughly tackles a subject vital to ongoing environmental, health, and safety concerns ·   Shows how to avoid bogus safety tests, scams, and unnecessary expenditures·   Explains the toxins in our water, how to test for them, and how to get rid of them ·   Details which toxins aren''t regulated by federal and state water standards

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Book SynopsisArsenic is a widely distributed, naturally occurring element in the Earth''s crust and is present in trace amounts in all living organisms. Higher levels of arsenic tend to be found more frequently in ground water than in surface water. Because small water systems typically rely on wells for drinking water, while the largest systems typically rely on surface-water sources, arsenic tends to occur in higher levels more often in water used by small communities. In the United States, the average level measured in ground-water samples is less than or equal to 1 part per billion; however, higher levels are not uncommon. Compared to the rest of the United States, Western states have more water systems with levels exceeding 10 ppb, and levels exceed 50 ppb in some locations. Parts of the Midwest and New England also have some water systems with arsenic levels exceeding 10 ppb, but most systems have lower levels. EPA projects that 5.5% of water systems, serving 11 million people, are likely to exceed the 10 ppb level. Sources of arsenic in water include natural sources, and releases from its use as a wood preservative, in semi-conductors and paints, and from agriculture and mining. A question of ongoing scientific debate concerned whether significant adverse health effects occur from ingesting arsenic at very low levels. This book reviews EPA efforts to develop a new arsenic rule and summarises key provisions and subsequent events. Included are different ways of actually removing the arsenic and maintaining the healthy level that is required by the EPA.

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Book SynopsisThe Bureau of Reclamation is responsible for the construction of most of the large irrigation and water resources infrastructure in the West. Reclamation manages water resource facilities in 17 western states with an original development cost of over $20.0 billion. Furthermore, Reclamation is over 100 years old. This ageing infrastructure requires increased maintenance and replacement efforts and expenditures. This book describes Reclamation''s approach to managing ageing infrastructure. There is also a discussion of four specific approaches to managing Reclamation''s ageing infrastructure through legislative action. Furthermore, the principal federal program to aid municipal wastewater treatment plant construction is authorised in the Clean Water Act (CWA). This book explores the funding for EPA wastewater assistance and some of the funded projects which are not authorised in the Clean Water Act nor the Safe Drinking Water Act. This book also examines the urgent actions needed to be taken for additional funding to resolve any deficiencies in dams. While dams have multiple benefits, they can also present a risk to public safety and economic infrastructure. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

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Book SynopsisWastewater treatment plants usually generate millions of tons of sewage sludge every year. Sewage sludge results from the accumulation of solids from chemical coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation during wastewater treatment. Worldwide, sludge production is steadily increasing, driven by the increasing percentage of households connected to central treatment plants, the increasing tightening of pollution limits on the effluent discharged, as well as the availability of technologies capable of achieving higher efficiency of wastewater treatment. Sewage sludge contains undesirable hazardous substances such as trace elements, pesticides and endocrine disruptors, pathogens and other microbiological pollutants. Therefore, sludge has to be properly treated and disposed of to prevent environmental contamination and health risk. Sludge processing is intended to improve dewatering characteristics, eliminate disease-causing bacteria, reduce smell and decrease the quantity of organic solids. In this way, the end product can be treated further or disposed of with less handling problems and environmental consequences. This new important book gathers the latest research from around the globe on this issue.

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Book SynopsisHal Crimmel has brought scientific research together with the experienced voices of environmental social scientists, humanists, and activists to provide a broad perspective on Utah water issues. The matters discussed are relevant beyond this one state, as similar conditions and concerns—especially over supply and demand in the face of demographic and climate change—exist throughout the West. Some of the essays are scientific and analytical; others literary and personal. Together they draw attention to problems that Utah residents and legislators must address but also emphasize ways to build solutions. Desert Water will help citizens, policy makers, and anyone interested in Utah’s water supply and use understand the real challenges—and ethics—involved in managing this vital, finite resource. By increasing awareness, these essays should create a sense of urgency for finding workable solutions.Trade Review"Extremely well-rounded, representing a variety of approaches to water in arid Utah." —Michael D. Burke, professor of English, Colby College. "The contributors to Desert Water present a clear-eyed look at history and the unreal present in hopes of averting the coming train wreck of waste, climate change, and intractable politics. Yet everywhere the love of Utah's rivers and landscapes seeps through, inspiring a sense of urgency and hope that we can do better. This examination of Utah's particulars is relevant wherever water is precious and finite—that is, everywhere in the West." —Bradley John Monsma, author of The Sespe Wild: Southern California's Last Free River. “For anyone interested in learning more about the condition of water resources in Utah, Desert Water is an overall valuable resource.... It offers a fair evaluation of pressing issues and conservation motivations from a multitude of perspectives.”–University of Denver Water Law Review

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Book SynopsisThe bottled water industry is the second largest commercial beverage category by volume in the U.S. Nearly all bottled water sold in the US is sourced domestically. Only approximately two percent of the total volume is comprised of imported bottled water. This book evaluates the extent to which FDA regulates and ensures the quality and safety of bottled water, evaluates the extent to which federal and state authorities regulate the accuracy of labels and identifies the environmental and other impacts of bottled water. To address these objectives, the authors reviewed relevant FDA documents, policies and guidelines as well as related laws and regulations pertinent to the oversight of bottled water at the federal and state levels, and analyzed data from the FDA databases and track inspections, import examinations and recalls. Bottled water labels were also examined and companies were contacted to determine the information they provide to customers. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

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Book SynopsisWater scarcity is spreading and intensifying in many regions of the world, with dire consequences for local communities, economies, and freshwater ecosystems. Current approaches tend to rely on policies crafted at the state or national level, which on their own have proved insufficient to arrest water scarcity. To be durable and effective, water plans must be informed by the culture, economics, and varied needs of affected community members. International water expert Brian Richter argues that sustainable water sharing in the twenty-first century can only happen through open, democratic dialogue and local collective action. In Chasing Water, Richter tells a cohesive and complete story of water scarcity: where it is happening, what is causing it, and how it can be addressed. Through his engaging and non-technical style, he strips away the complexities of water management to its bare essentials, providing information and practical examples that will empower community leaders, activists, and students to develop successful and long-lasting water programmes. Chasing Water will provide local stakeholders with the tools and knowledge they need to take an active role in the watershed-based planning and implementation that are essential for water supplies to remain sustainable in perpetuity.

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Book SynopsisKeep your lawn and garden lush without wasting resources by capturing and recycling the greywater that drains from your sink, shower, and washing machine. This accessible and detailed guide walks you through each step of planning for and installing a variety of greywater systems, including laundry-to-landscape and branched drain gravity-fed systems. After identifying greywater sources in your home and estimating flow rate, you’ll learn to pinpoint where to redirect the wastewater for the greatest benefit. No matter which system you decide to build, you'll have the information to construct it yourself or move forward with confidence to hire a professional.

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Book SynopsisThe results discussed in this book are interesting and useful for a wide range of specialists and scientists working in the field of applied mathematics, and in the modelling and monitoring of pollution of natural waters, ecology, hydrology, power engineering and building of different structures of water objects. Their importance and practical value are submitted in the friendly form for comprehension and are ready for direct application for the solution of practical tasks. Advantages of the elaborated methods and algorithms are shown not only through theoretical judgements and calculations, but also through the demonstration of results of particular calculus and modelling.

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Book SynopsisThirty years ago, Low Life appeared to universal acclaim and secured Luc Sante's status as the author of that cult classic of alternative New York City history. Now, he returns with another sidelong NYC history-here, the making of the upstate reservoir system that reliably supplies one of the world's greatest metropolises with its fresh water, and without which the city would almost certainly have faded into insignificance. This meticulously detailed book is both an immersive history and a meditation on the significance of these willed-from-nature bodies of water to the city-past, present, and future.

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