Thermodynamics and heat Books

Book SynopsisThis book provides a complete and accurate atomic level statistical mechanical explanation of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It assumes only a basic knowledge of mechanics and requires no knowledge of calculus. The treatment uses primarily geometric arguments and college level algebra. Quantitative examples are given at each stage to buttress physical understanding. This text is of benefit to undergraduate and graduate students, as well as educators and researchers in the physical sciences (whether or not they have taken a thermodynamics course) who want to understand or teach the atomic/molecular origins of entropy and the second law. It is particularly aimed at those who, due to insufficient mathematical background or because of their area of study, are not going to take a traditional statistical mechanics course.Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the atmosphere of our planet, and discusses historical and contemporary achievements in meteorological science and technology for the betterment of society. The book explores many significant atmospheric phenomena and physical processes from the local to global scale, as well as from the perspective of short and long-term time scales, and links these processes to various applications in other scientific disciplines with linkages to meteorology. In addition to addressing general topics such as climate system dynamics and climate change, the book also discusses atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric waves, atmospheric chemistry, optics/photometeors, electricity, atmospheric modeling and numeric weather prediction. Through its interdisciplinary approach, the book will be of interest to researchers, students and academics in meteorology and atmospheric science, environmental physics, climate change dynamics, air pollution and human health impacts of atmospheric aerosols. Table of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction.- Chapter 2-Meteorology as the science.- Chapter 3-Historical background.- Chapter 4-Atmospheric structure and composition.- Chapter 5-Energy and radiation.- Chapter 6-The basics of atmospheric thermodynamics. Chapter 7-Air temperature.- Chapter 8-Atmospheric static.- Chapter 9-Atmospheric moisture.- Chapter 10-Clouds and precipitation.- Chapter 11-Air pressure and wind.- Chapter 12-Atmospheric motion.- Chapter 13-Atmospheric waves.- Chapter 14-Planetary boundary layer.- Chapter 15-General atmospheric circulation.- Chapter 16-Air masses and fronts.- Chapter 17-Cyclones and anticyclones.- Chapter 18-Tropical cyclones.- Chapter 19-Thunderstorms and tornadoes.- Chapter 20-Meteorological hazards.- Chapter 21-Atmospheric optical phenomena.- Chapter 22-Atmospheric chemistry.- Chapter 23-Weather forecast.- Chapter 24-Climate system and climate change.- Chapter 25-Earth and planetary observation and monitoring.

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Book SynopsisMany people, including physicists, are confused about what the Second Law of thermodynamics really means, about how it relates to the arrow of time, and about whether it can be derived from classical mechanics. They also wonder what entropy really is: Is it all about information? But, if so, then, what is its relation to fluxes of heat?One might ask similar questions about probabilities: Do they express subjective judgments by us, humans, or do they reflect facts about the world, i.e. frequencies. And what notion of probability is used in the natural sciences, in particular statistical mechanics?This book addresses all of these questions in the clear and pedagogical style for which the author is known. Although valuable as accompaniment to an undergraduate course on statistical mechanics or thermodynamics, it is not a standard course book. Instead it addresses both the essentials and the many subtle questions that are usually brushed under the carpet in such courses. As one of the most lucid accounts of the above questions, it provides enlightening reading for all those seeking answers, including students, lecturers, researchers and philosophers of science.Table of ContentsWhat We Need from Thermodynamics.- What Are Probabilities?.- Dynamical Systems.- Statistical Mechanics 1 : The Nature of Equilibrium.- Statistical Mechanics 2: Irreversibility.- Demystifying Entropy.- Comparison with Quantum Mechanics.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1: Introduction to Optimal Mass Transport.- Chapter 2: Introduction to Stochastic Thermodynamics.- Chapter 3: Stochastic thermodynamic systems subject to anisotropic fluctuations.- Chapter 4: Energy harvesting from anisotropic temperature fields.- Chapter 5: Minimal entropy production in anisotropic temperature fields.- Chapter 6: Application: thermodynamic engine powered by anisotropic fluctuations.- Chapter 7: Conclusion.

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Book SynopsisMechanics and Dynamics of Quantum Systems.- Statistical Mechanics: Basic Principles.- Statistical Mechanics: Application to Chemical Thermodynamics.- Statistical Mechanics: Application to Chemical Kinetics.- Appendix.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Energy in the History of Science and Philosophy.- The Historical Roots of Maximum Power.- Lotka and the Principle of Maximum Energy Flux.- Odum and the Synthesis of Power.- Nietzsche's Will to Power.- Odum and Nietzsche: Parallel, Differences, and Implications.- Conclusion.

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Table of ContentsFrontmatter -- List of authors -- Preface -- Contents -- I. General Problems of Biological Thermodynamics -- Introduction -- Application of the Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics in Biology -- The Second Law, Negentropy, Thermodynamics of Linear Irreversible Processes -- Formalism of Non-Equilibrium Phenomenolagical Thermodynamics -- II. Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of the Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Experimental Basis for Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Theoretical Basis for a Qualitative Phenomenological Theory of Development -- Stochastic Consideration of Constitutive Processes and of the Evolution Criterion -- Strengthened Evolution Criterion in Developmental Biology -- III. Quantitative Phenomenological Theory of Development of Organisms -- Introduction -- Non-Linear Phenomenological Equations -- Differential Equations of Developmental Biology -- Computer Analysis of Non-Linear Growth Equations -- Modern Theories Concerning the Growth Equations -- IV. Heat Production of Living Systems -- Introduction -- Heat Production in Life Processes -- The Change of ?? the Function During the Growth of Microbial Cultures -- Changes of ?? and ?? Functions During Oogenesis of Xenopus Laevis -- Heat Production and Respiration During Development and Growth of two Insects -- Heat Production and Respiration of Axolotle at the Early Stages of Growth -- Relationship Between Heat Production and Body Weight in Growing Organisms -- V. Some Problems of Energetics of Developmental Processes -- Introduction -- Changes in Mitochondria During Development and Growth of Animals -- The Role of Mitochondria in Regulation of Respiration During Oogenesis -- The Energetics of Regeneration Processes -- VI. Dissipative Structures -- Introduction -- Review of the Theory of Dissipative Structures -- Stationary Dissipative Structures -- Dynamic Dissipative Structures -- Dissipative Structures and ?? Function -- The Role of Cyclization of Free Energy in Bio-Physico-Chemical Processes -- VII. Probability State and Orderliness of Biological Systems -- Introduction -- Possible Mechanism of the Origin of Bacteria -- Direction of the Evolutionary Progress of Organisms -- Criterion of Orderliness and some Problems of Taxonomy -- The Questions of Non-Linearity for Using Criterion of Orderliness -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- Backmatter

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Book SynopsisThis concise treatment embraces, in four parts, all the main aspects of theoretical physics. Recent topics such as holography and quantum cryptography are included. The book summarizes what a graduate student, physicist working in industry, or a physics teacher should master during his or her degree course. It will also be useful for deepening one’s insight and it adds new dimensions to understanding of these elemental concepts.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "A comprehensive work covering the material that graduate students in physics typically would study in preparing for doctoral candidacy examinations. … This book would be very useful for self-study by motivated students, or for preparation for candidacy exams. … Practicing physicists may find that the brief, accessible treatments of many topics will earn this book a place on a convenient bookshelf. Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates through professionals." (M. C. Ogilvie, CHOICE, Vol. 45 (7), 2008) "The book, written by two … ‘working physicists’, contains what the authors regard as being ‘basic knowledge’ in the standard courses of theoretical physics (yet) held at German Universities. … is primarily intended to cover the ‘Basic Theoretical Physics’ in a single and handy volume. … Hence, the book should be considered as being a kind of ‘compendium’ of … formulas used in theoretical physics where the formulas are filled in between with some remarks." (Jürgen Tolksdorf, Zentralblatt MATH, Vol. 1134 (12), 2008)Table of ContentsFrom the contents: Part I: Mechanics and Aspects of Relativity.- Space and Time.- Force and Mass.- Basic tasks of Mechanics for one-dimensional motions.-The damped and driven harmonic oscillator.- The three fundamental conservation laws.- Motion in central force fields.- The Rutherford scattering cross section.- Lagrange formalism I : The Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian.- Relativity I: Einstein's principle of the shortest proper time and Hamilton's principle of least-action momentum.- Coupled small oscillations.- Rigid bodies.- Remarks on non-integrable systems.- Lagrange formalism II: Constraints.- Accelerated reference frames.- Relativity II: E=mc².- Part II: Electrodynamics and aspects of optics.- Opening: Literature, internet, contents, purpose.- Introduction: units and (mathematical) prelimaries.- Electrostatics and magnetostatics.- Magnetic field of steady electric currents.- The general Maxwell equations I: Faraday's 'law of induction.- Maxwell's displacement current.- The general Maxwell equations II: Electromagnetic waves.- Applications of the electrodynamics in the field of optics.- Conclusion.- Part III: Quantum mechanics.- Introductory remarks.- References and internet.- On the history of quantum mechanics.- Quantum mechanics: Foundations.- One-dimensional problems.- The harmonic oscillator in the wave mechanics.- The hydrogen atom in the wave mechanics.- Abstract quantum mechanics (algebraic methods).- Spin momentum and Pauli's principle (the spin-statistics theorem).- Spin-orbit interaction.- The minimisation principle of Ritz.- Schrödinger's perturbation theory for the statics.- Time-dependent perturbations.- Magnetism as an essentially quantum-mechanical phenomenon.- Cooper pairs.- On the interpretation of quantum mechanics.- Conclusion: Repetition and summary on the history of quantum mechanics.- Looking back and looking forward.- Appendix: On cryptography and quantum cryptography.- Part IV: Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics.- Introductionand overview.- Phenomenological thermodynamics: Temperature and heat.- The fundamental theorems I and II.- Phase transitions, van der Waals theory and related problems.- Kinetic gas theory.- Statistical Physics.- From quantum statistics to the classical statistical physics.- Deepening of the fundamental theorem II.- Shannon's information entropy.- The set of canonical ensembles in the phenomenological thermodynamics.- The relation of Clausius and Clapeyron.- Generation of low and ultralow temperatures, and the fundamental theorem III.- General statistical physics (formal completion): The statistical operator and the trace formalism.- Ideal Bose and Fermi gases.- Applications I.- Applications II.- Conclusion

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Book SynopsisComputer Aided Engineering may be defined as an approach to solving tech­ nological problems in which most or all of the steps involved are automated through the use of computers, data bases and mathematical models. The success of this ap­ proach, considering hot forming, is tied very directly to an understanding of material behaviour when subjected to deformation at high temperatures. There is general agreement among engineers that not enough is known about that topic -and this gave the initial impetus for the project described in the present study. The authors secured a research grant from NATO (Special Research Grant #390/83) with a mandate to study the "State-of-the-Art of Controlled Rolling". What follows is the result of that study. There are five chapters in this Monograph. The first one, entitled "State-of-the­ Art of Controlled Rolling" discusses industrial and laboratory practices and research designed to aid in the development of microalloyed steels of superior quality. Follow­ ing this is the chapter "Methods of Determining Stress-Strain Curves at Elevated Temperatures". The central concern here is the material's resistance to deformation or in other words, its flow strength, the knowledge of which is absolutely essential for the efficient and economical utilization of the computers controlling the rolling process.Table of Contents1 State-of-the-Art of Controlled Rolling.- 2 Methods of Determining Stress-Strain Curves at Elevated Temperatures.- 3 Metallurgical Study of the Hot Upsetting of 1035 Steel.- 4 Computer-Aided Analysis and Modelling of Plastic Behaviour of Steels at Elevated Temperatures.- 5 Mapping Dynamic Material Behaviour.- Appendix Flow Curves of Microalloyed Steels.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Flow Curves of Steel #1.- 3. Flow Curves of Steel #2.- 4. References.- Author Index.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is the result of many years of teaching quantum and statistical mechanics, drawing on exercises and exam papers used on courses taught by the authors. The subjects of the exercises have been carefully selected to cover all the material which is most needed by students. Each exercise is carefully solved in full details, explaining the theory behind the solution with particular care for those issues that students often find difficult, or which are often neglected in other books on the subject. The exercises in this book never require extensive calculations but tend to be somewhat unusual and force the solver to think about the problem starting from first principles, rather than by analogy with some previously solved exercise.Table of ContentsIntroduction to Quantum Mechanics.- Problems on Quantum Mechanics.- Problems on Statistical Mechanics.

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Book SynopsisThermal-hydraulic instability can potentially impair thermal reliability of reactor cores or other power equipment components. Thus it is important to address stability issues in power equipment associated with thermal and nuclear installations, particularly in thermal nuclear power plants, chemical and petroleum industries, space technology, and radio, electronic, and computer cooling systems. Coolant Flow Instabilities in Power Equipment synthesizes results from instability investigations around the world, presenting an analysis and generalization of the published technical literature.The authors include individual examples on flow stability in various types of equipment, including boilers, reactors, steam generators, condensers, heat exchangers, turbines, pumps, deaerators, bubblers, and pipelines. They also present information that has not been widely available until recently, such as thermal-acoustic instability, flow instability with supercritical paraTable of ContentsPhase Flow Oscillatory Thermal-Hydraulic Instability. Oscillatory Stability Boundary in Hydrodynamic Interaction of Parallel Channels and Requirements to Simulate Unstable Processes on Test Facilities. Simplified Correlations for Determining the Two-Phase Flow Thermal-Hydraulic Oscillatory Stability Boundary. Some Notes on the Oscillatory Flow Stability Boundary. Static Instability. Thermal-Acoustic Oscillations in Heated Channels. Instability of Condensing Flows. Some Cases of Flow Instability in Pipelines. References.

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Book SynopsisBasierend auf langjährige experimentelle Erfahrungen werden elementare physikalische Ansätze verwendet. Damit lassen sich die Zusammenhänge der Pkw-Klimatisierung transparent darstellen. Beschrieben werden typische Betriebsarten eines Pkw im Winter und Sommer. Hierzu ist auch ein Kapitel der Klimaphysiologie gewidmet. Ausführliche Beispiele dienen zur Vertiefung der gelesenen Kapitel. Mathematisch aufwändige Berechnungen und Tabellen sind im Anhang zusammengestellt.Zu den besonderen Themen gehören z.B.:· Luft- und Wärmeströme· Sonneneinstrahlung· Wärmeübertrager· Prüfstände· Energieersparnis· Elektrisch betriebene Pkw Eine Zusammenstellung wichtiger Normen und Richtlinien erleichtert deren SucheTable of ContentsGrundlagen.- Klimaphysiologie.- Luftstrom durch den Fahrgastraum.- Wärmestrom durch den Fahrgastraum.- Winterbetrieb.- Sommerbetrieb.- Stofftransport.- Wärmeübertrager.- Kältemittelkreislauf.- Komforterhöhung und Energieersparnis.- Prüfstände.- Straßenversuche.- Elektrisch betriebene Pkw.- Anhang.- Sachverzeichnis.

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Book SynopsisDas modern gestaltete Lehrbuch zur Experimentalphysik lädt Studierende der Physik und der Nachbardisziplinen dazu ein, die Mechanik zu erlernen. Mit anschaulichen Beispielen, einer reichen Bebilderung und modernen Aufgaben führt das Buch durch den Stoff der Bachelorvorlesung. Die Autoren legen dabei den Schwerpunkt auf Experimente, die sie anhand vieler Abbildungen erklären, und erleichtern somit das Verständnis der physikalischen Phänomene. Das Buch behandelt die Mechanik des Massenpunktes und des starren Körpers, elastische Körper, Aero- und Hydrodynamik sowie Schwingungen und Wellen.Table of ContentsVorwort.- Teil I Einleitung.- 1 Was ist Physik,- 2 Physikalische Größen.- 3 Messfehler.- 4 Methodik.- Teil II Mechanik der Massenpunkte.- 5 Kinematik des Massenpunktes.- 6 Dynamik eines Massenpunktes.- 7 Arbeit und Energie.- 8 Impuls.- 9 Reibung.- 10 Scheinkräfte.- 11 Himmelsmechanik.- Teil III Mechanik starrer Körper.- 12 Der starre Körper.-13 Drehbewegungen.- Teil IV Elastische Körper.- 15 Hydro- und Aerostatik.- 16 Hydro- und Aerodynamik.- Teil V Schwingungen und Wellen.- 17 Schwingungen.- 18 Wellen.- 19 Akustik.- Anhänge.

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Book SynopsisSpace–time transformations as a design tool for a new class of composite materials (metamaterials) have proved successful recently. The concept is based on the fact that metamaterials can mimic a transformed but empty space. Light rays follow trajectories according to Fermat’s principle in this transformed electromagnetic, acoustic, or elastic space instead of laboratory space. This allows one to manipulate wave behaviors with various exotic characteristics such as (but not limited to) invisibility cloaks. This book is a collection of works by leading international experts in the fields of electromagnetics, plasmonics, elastodynamics, and diffusion waves. The experimental and theoretical contributions will revolutionize ways to control the propagation of sound, light, and other waves in macroscopic and microscopic scales. The potential applications range from underwater camouflaging and electromagnetic invisibility to enhanced biosensors and protection from harmful physical waves (e.g., tsunamis and earthquakes). This is the first book that deals with transformation physics for all kinds of waves in one volume, covering the newest results from emerging topical subjects such as transformational plasmonics and thermodynamics.Table of ContentsPart 1: Non-Classical, Non-Linear Transport. Properties of quantum transport. Non-equilibrium transport. Resonant tunneling. Longitudinal transport of superlattices. Mesoscopic transport. Transport in quantum dots. Silicon single electron transistor. Silicon single electron memory. Part 2: Quantum Waveguide Theory. Properties of quantum transport. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory. Two-dimensional quantum waveguide theory. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electron. One-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electrons in curved circuits. Spin polarization of Rashba electron with mixed state. Two-dimensional quantum waveguide theory of Rashba electrons.

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Book SynopsisFundamentals of the Finite Element Method for Heat and Mass Transfer, Second Edition is a comprehensively updated new edition and is a unique book on the application of the finite element method to heat and mass transfer. Addresses fundamentals, applications and computer implementation Educational computer codes are freely available to download, modify and use Includes a large number of worked examples and exercises Fills the gap between learning and researchTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii Series Editor’s Preface xiv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Importance of Heat and Mass Transfer 1 1.2 Heat Transfer Modes 2 1.3 The Laws of Heat Transfer 3 1.4 Mathematical Formulation of Some Heat Transfer Problems 5 1.4.1 Heat Transfer from a Plate Exposed to Solar Heat Flux 5 1.4.2 Incandescent Lamp 7 1.4.3 Systems with a Relative Motion and Internal Heat Generation 8 1.5 Heat Conduction Equation 10 1.6 Mass Transfer 13 1.7 Boundary and Initial Conditions 13 1.8 Solution Methodology 15 1.9 Summary 15 1.10 Exercises 16 References 17 2 Some Basic Discrete Systems 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Steady-state Problems 20 2.2.1 Heat Flow in a Composite Slab 20 2.2.2 Fluid Flow Network 23 2.2.3 Heat Transfer in Heat Sinks 26 2.3 Transient Heat Transfer Problem 28 2.4 Summary 31 2.5 Exercises 31 References 36 3 The Finite Element Method 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Elements and Shape Functions 42 3.2.1 One-dimensional Linear Element 43 3.2.2 One-dimensional Quadratic Element 46 3.2.3 Two-dimensional Linear Triangular Element 49 3.2.4 Area Coordinates 53 3.2.5 Quadratic Triangular Element 55 3.2.6 Two-dimensional Quadrilateral Elements 58 3.2.7 Isoparametric Elements 63 3.2.8 Three-dimensional Elements 72 3.3 Formulation (Element Characteristics) 76 3.3.1 Ritz Method (Heat Balance Integral Method – Goodman’s Method) 78 3.3.2 Rayleigh–Ritz Method (Variational Method) 79 3.3.3 The Method of Weighted Residuals 82 3.3.4 Galerkin Finite ElementMethod 86 3.4 Formulation for the Heat Conduction Equation 89 3.4.1 Variational Approach 90 3.4.2 The GalerkinMethod 93 3.5 Requirements for Interpolation Functions 94 3.6 Summary 100 3.7 Exercises 100 References 102 4 Steady-State Heat Conduction in One-dimension 105 4.1 Introduction 105 4.2 PlaneWalls 105 4.2.1 Homogeneous Wall 105 4.2.2 CompositeWall 107 4.2.3 Finite Element Discretization 108 4.2.4 Wall with Varying Cross-sectional Area 110 4.2.5 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Linear Elements 112 4.2.6 Plane Wall with Heat Source: Solution by Quadratic Elements 115 4.2.7 Plane Wall with a Heat Source: Solution by Modified Quadratic Equations (Static Condensation) 117 4.3 Radial Heat Conduction in a Cylinder Wall 118 4.4 Solid Cylinder with Heat Source 120 4.5 Conduction – Convection Systems 123 4.6 Summary 126 4.7 Exercises 127 References 129 5 Steady-state Heat Conduction in Multi-dimensions 131 5.1 Introduction 131 5.2 Two-dimensional Plane Problems 132 5.2.1 Triangular Elements 132 5.3 Rectangular Elements 142 5.4 Plate with Variable Thickness 145 5.5 Three-dimensional Problems 146 5.6 Axisymmetric Problems 148 5.6.1 Galerkin Method for Linear Triangular Axisymmetric Elements 150 5.7 Summary 153 5.8 Exercises 153 References 155 6 Transient Heat Conduction Analysis 157 6.1 Introduction 157 6.2 Lumped Heat Capacity System 157 6.3 Numerical Solution 159 6.3.1 Transient Governing Equations and Boundary and Initial Conditions 159 6.3.2 The GalerkinMethod 160 6.4 One-dimensional Transient State Problem 162 6.4.1 Time Discretization-Finite Difference Method (FDM) 163 6.4.2 Time Discretization-Finite ElementMethod (FEM) 168 6.5 Stability 169 6.6 Multi-dimensional Transient Heat Conduction 169 6.7 Summary 171 6.8 Exercises 171 References 173 7 Laminar Convection Heat Transfer 175 7.1 Introduction 175 7.1.1 Types of Fluid Motion Assisted Heat Transport 176 7.2 Navier-Stokes Equations 177 7.2.1 Conservation of Mass or Continuity Equation 177 7.2.2 Conservation ofMomentum 179 7.2.3 Energy Equation 183 7.3 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 184 7.4 The Transient Convection-Diffusion Problem 188 7.4.1 Finite Element Solution to the Convection-Diffusion Equation 189 7.4.2 A Simple Characteristic Galerkin Method for Convection-Diffusion Equation 191 7.4.3 Extension to Multi-dimensions 197 7.5 Stability Conditions 202 7.6 Characteristic Based Split (CBS) Scheme 202 7.6.1 Spatial Discretization 208 7.6.2 Time-step Calculation 211 7.6.3 Boundary and Initial Conditions 211 7.6.4 Steady and Transient Solution Methods 213 7.7 Artificial Compressibility Scheme 214 7.8 Nusselt Number, Drag and Stream Function 215 7.8.1 Nusselt Number 215 7.8.2 Drag Calculation 216 7.8.3 Stream Function 217 7.9 Mesh Convergence 218 7.10 Laminar Isothermal Flow 219 7.11 Laminar Nonisothermal Flow 231 7.11.1 Forced Convection Heat Transfer 232 7.11.2 Buoyancy-driven Convection Heat Transfer 238 7.11.3 Mixed Convection Heat Transfer 240 7.12 Extension to Axisymmetric Problems 243 7.13 Summary 246 7.14 Exercises 247 References 249 8 Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer 253 8.1 Introduction 253 8.1.1 Time Averaging 254 8.1.2 Relationship between 𝜅, 𝜖, 𝜈T and 𝛼T 256 8.2 Treatment of Turbulent Flows 257 8.2.1 Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) 257 8.2.2 One-equation Models 258 8.2.3 Two-equation Models 259 8.2.4 Nondimensional Form of the Governing Equations 260 8.3 Solution Procedure 262 8.4 Forced Convective Flow and Heat Transfer 263 8.5 Buoyancy-driven Flow 272 8.6 Other Methods for Turbulence 275 8.6.1 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 275 8.7 Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and Monotonically Integrated LES (MILES)278 8.8 Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) 278 8.9 Summary 279 References 279 9 Heat Exchangers 281 9.1 Introduction 281 9.2 LMTD and Effectiveness-NTU Methods 283 9.2.1 LMTD Method 283 9.2.2 Effectiveness – NTU Method 285 9.3 Computational Approaches 286 9.3.1 System Analysis 286 9.3.2 Finite Element Solution to Differential Equations 289 9.4 Analysis of Heat Exchanger Passages . 289 9.5 Challenges 297 9.6 Summary 299 References 299 10 Mass Transfer 301 10.1 Introduction 301 10.2 Conservation of Species 302 10.2.1 Nondimensional Form 304 10.2.2 Buoyancy-driven Mass Transfer 305 10.2.3 Double-diffusive Natural Convection 306 10.3 Numerical Solution 307 10.4 TurbulentMass Transport 317 10.5 Summary 319 References 319 11 Convection Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Media 321 11.1 Introduction 321 11.2 Generalized Porous Medium Flow Approach 324 11.2.1 Nondimensional Scales 327 11.2.2 Limiting Cases 329 11.3 Discretization Procedure 329 11.3.1 Temporal Discretization 330 11.3.2 Spatial Discretization 331 11.3.3 Semi- and Quasi-Implicit Forms 332 11.4 Nonisothermal Flows 333 11.5 PorousMedium-Fluid Interface 342 11.6 Double-diffusive Convection 347 11.7 Summary 349 References 349 12 Solidification 353 12.1 Introduction 353 12.2 Solidification via Heat Conduction 354 12.2.1 The Governing Equations 354 12.2.2 Enthalpy Formulation 354 12.3 Convection During Solidification 356 12.3.1 Governing Equations and Discretization 358 12.4 Summary 363 References 364 13 Heat and Mass Transfer in Fuel Cells 365 13.1 Introduction 365 13.1.1 Fuel Cell Types 367 13.2 Mathematical Model 368 13.2.1 Anodic and Cathodic Compartments 371 13.2.2 Electrolyte Compartment 373 13.3 Numerical Solution Algorithms 373 13.3.1 Finite ElementModeling of SOFC 374 13.4 Summary 378 References 378 14 An Introduction to Mesh Generation and Adaptive Finite Element Methods 379 14.1 Introduction 379 14.2 Mesh Generation 380 14.2.1 Advancing Front Technique (AFT) 381 14.2.2 Delaunay Triangulation 382 14.2.3 Mesh Cosmetics 387 14.3 Boundary Grid Generation 390 14.3.1 Boundary Grid for a Planar Domain 390 14.3.2 NURBS Patches 391 14.4 Adaptive Refinement Methods 392 14.5 Simple Error Estimation and Mesh Refinement 393 14.5.1 Heat Conduction 394 14.6 Interpolation Error Based Refinement 397 14.6.1 Anisotropic Adaptive Procedure 398 14.6.2 Choice of Variables and Adaptivity 399 14.7 Summary 401 References 402 15 Implementation of Computer Code 405 15.1 Introduction 405 15.2 Preprocessing 406 15.2.1 Mesh Generation 406 15.2.2 Linear Triangular Element Data 408 15.2.3 Element Area Calculation 409 15.2.4 Shape Functions and Their Derivatives 410 15.2.5 Boundary Normal Calculation 411 15.2.6 MassMatrix and Mass Lumping 412 15.2.7 Implicit Pressure or Heat Conduction Matrix 414 15.3 Main Unit 416 15.3.1 Time-step Calculation 416 15.3.2 Element Loop and Assembly 419 15.3.3 Updating Solution 420 15.3.4 Boundary Conditions 421 15.3.5 Monitoring Steady State 422 15.4 Postprocessing 423 15.4.1 Interpolation of Data 424 15.5 Summary 424 References 424 A Gaussian Elimination 425 Reference 426 B Green’s Lemma 427 C Integration Formulae 429 C.1 Linear Triangles 429 C.2 Linear Tetrahedron 429 D Finite Element Assembly Procedure 431 E Simplified Form of the Navier–Stokes Equations 435 F Calculating Nodal Values of Second Derivatives 437 Index 439

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Book SynopsisA thorough exploration of the atomic structures and properties ofthe essential engineering interfaces--an invaluable resourcefor students, teachers, and professionals The most up-to-date, accessible guide to solid-vapor,solid-liquid, and solid-solid phase transformations, thisinnovative book contains the only unified treatment of these threecentral engineering interfaces. Employing a simple nearest-neighborbroken-bond model, Interfaces in Materials focuses on metal alloysin a straightforward approach that can be easily extended to alltypes of interfaces and materials. Enhanced with nearly 300illustrations, along with extensive references and suggestions forfurther reading, this book provides: * A simple, cohesive approach to understanding the atomicstructure and properties of interfaces formed between solid,liquid, and vapor phases * Self-contained discussions of each interface--allowingseparate study of each phase transformation * A comparative look at the differeTable of ContentsINTRODUCTORY MATERIAL. Atomic Bonding. Regular Solution (Quasi-Chemical) Model. SOLID-VAPOR INTERFACES. Surface Energy. Surface Structure. Crystal Growth from the Vapor. Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Systems and SurfaceSegregation. Surface Films. SOLID-LIQUID INTERFACES. Liquids. Interfacial Structure and Energy. Crystal Growth from the Liquid. Solute Partitioning and Morphological Stability. SOLID-SOLID INTERFACES. Introduction to Solid-Solid Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Homophase Interfaces. Structure and Energy of Heterophase Interfaces. Growth of Solid-Solid Heterophase Interfaces. Morphological Stability and Segregation. References and Additional Reading. Appendices. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe accurate measurement of temperature is a vital parameter in many fields. A critically important aspect of applying any temperature sensor is that of traceable calibration - a concept that has been developed to ensure that all measurements made are accurate and legally valid.Table of ContentsPreface to First Edition. Preface to Second Edition. General Reading for First Edition. Acknowledgements for First Edition. Acknowledgements for Figures and Tables. 1. Measurement and Traceability. 2. Uncertainty in Measurement. 3.The ITS-90 Temperature Scale. 4. Use of Thermometers. 5. Calibration. 6. Platinum Resistance Thermometry. 7. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry. 8. Thermocouple Thermometry. 9. Radiation Thermometry. Appendix A: Further Information for Least-Squares Fitting. Appendix B: The Differences Between ITS-90 and IPTS-68. Appendix C: Resistance Thermometer Reference Tables. Appendix D: Thermocouple Reference Tables. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe only text to cover both thermodynamic and statistical mechanics----allowing students to fully master thermodynamics at the macroscopic level. Presents essential ideas on critical phenomena developed over the last decade in simple, qualitative terms.Table of ContentsGENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS. The Problem and the Postulates. The Conditions of Equilibrium. Some Formal Relationships, and Sample Systems. Reversible Processes and the Maximum Work Theorem. Alternative Formulations and Legendre Transformations. The Extremum Principle in the Legendre Transformed Representations. Maxwell Relations. Stability of Thermodynamic Systems. First-Order Phase Transitions. Critical Phenomena. The Nernst Postulate. Summary of Principles for General Systems. Properties of Materials. Irreversible Thermodynamics. STATISTICAL MECHANICS. Statistical Mechanics in the Entropy Representation: The Microanonical Formalism. The Canonical Formalism; Statistical Mechanics in Helmholtz Representation. Entropy and Disorder; Generalized Canonical Formulations. Quantum Fluids. Fluctuations. Variational Properties, Perturbation Expansions, and Mean Field Theory. FOUNDATIONS. Postlude: Symmetry and the Conceptual Foundations of Thermostatistics. Appendices. General References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe accurate measurement of temperature is a vital parameter in many fields of engineering and scientific practice. Responding to emerging trends, this classic reference has been fully revised to include coverage of the latest instrumentation and measurement methods.Table of ContentsTemperature Scales and Classification of Thermometers Non-Electric Thermometers Thermoelectric Thermometers Resistance Thermometers Semiconductor Thermometers Fibre Optic Thermometers Quartz, Ultrasonic and Noise Thermometers and Distributed Parameter Sensors Pyrometers Classification and Radiation Laws Manually Operated Pyrometers Automatic Pyrometers Practical Applications of Pyrometers Conditioning of Temperature Sensor Output Signals Computerised Temperature Measuring Systems Imaging of Temperature Fields of Solids Dynamic Temperature Measuement Temperature Measurment of Solid Bodies by Contact Method Temperature Measurement of Fluids Temperature Measurment of Transparent Solid Bodies Temperature Measurement of Moving Bodies Temperature Measurement in Industral Appliances Temperature Measurement in Medicine Calibration and Testing of Temperature Measuring Instruments Auxiliary Tables Author and Organisation Index Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics of irreversible Processes provides a thoroughtreatment of the basic axioms of irreversible systems and dealswith specific applications to diffusion of liquids and matter inflow. This volume will prove to be invaluable reading for anyoneworking in the field of irreversible phenomena. Thermodynamics ofIrreversible Processes, presents :- * A lucid review of classical thermodynamics * Rigorous derivations of the fundamental principles ofirreversible thermodynamics * In-depth studies of multicomponent diffusion, with applicationsto non-ideal systems * Thorough treatments of relaxation phenomena and linearviscoelasticity * An essential text for anyone working with irreversiblethermodynamics, rheology and multi-component mixtures Thermodynamics of irreversible Processes is the first advanced textdealing with the applications of irreversible thermodynamics tomulticomponent diffusion and viscoelasticity. Gerard Kuiken haswritten a book which will appeal toTable of ContentsThe Continuum View of Matter. Classical Thermodynamics. Basic Axioms of the TIP. Multicomponent Simple Fluids. Statistical Foundation of the Onsager Casimir Reciprocal Relationsfor Homogeneous Systems. Multicomponent Diffusion. Rheology. Appendices. Indexes.

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Book SynopsisThe fifth edition has been issued to incorporate two new tables -- Data of Refrigerant 134a and a table containing for selected substances, molar enthalpies and molar Gibbs functions of formation, Equilibirum constants of formation, as well as molar heat capacities and absolute entropies.Table of Contents1. Notation and Units. 2. Saturated Water and Steam. 3. Superheated and Supercritical Steam. 4. Further Properties of Water and Steam. 5. Mercury – Hg. 6. Ammonia – NH3 (Refrigerant 717). 7. Dichlorodifluoromethane – CF2-Cl3 (Refrigerant 12). 8. Tetrafluoroethane – CH2F-CF3 (Refrigarent 134a). 9. Dry Air at Low Pressure. 10. Specific Heat Capacity cp/[kJ/kgK] of Some gases and Vapours. 11. Molar Properties of Some Gases and Vapours. 12. Enthalpies of Reaction and Equilibrium Constants. 13. A Selection of Chemical Thermodynamic Data. 14. Miscellaneous Liquids, Vapours and Gases. 15. International Standard Atmosphere. 16. SI – British Conversion Factors. 17. General Information. 18. Principal Sources.

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Book SynopsisExplores geochemical kinetics - the application of chemical kinetics to geological problems. This book examines advanced theories developed by geochemists, such as nonisothermal kinetics and inverse theories, including geochronology (isotopic dating), thermochronology (temperature-time history), and geospeedometry (cooling rates).Trade ReviewOne of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2009 "This is the most comprehensive, authoritative account of geochemical kinetics published to date. Writing in a remarkably accessible style, considering the complexity of the subject, Zhang, one of the leading experts in the field, covers every conceivable area of geochemical kinetics."--B. Ransom, Choice "[T]his is a very good textbook, which I would recommend to anyone wanting to be informed about the kinetic aspects of geochemistry. The book is well organized and well written--Professor Zhang's English style makes it easy to read. Interesting sets of carefully thought-out problems at the end of each chapter contribute to making this an excellent introductory text, one that may be used in teaching. The book is remarkably free of errors, which is impressive given the extensive mathematical formulation throughout. The publisher is also to be commended for the easy-to-read font size and the clarity and simplicity of the figures. This book has a nice 'feel' about it."--Terry M. Seward, ElementsTable of ContentsList of Figures xi List of Tables xvii Preface xix Notation xxii Physical Constants xxv Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview 1 1.1 Thermodynamics versus Kinetics 3 1.2 Chemical Kinetics versus Geochemical Kinetics 6 1.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 7 1.3.1 Reaction progress parameter x 11 1.3.2 Elementary versus overall reactions 12 1.3.3 Molecularity of a reaction 13 1.3.4 Reaction rate law, rate constant, and order of a reaction 14 1.3.5 Concentration evolution for reactions of different orders 19 1.3.6 Dependence of reaction rate constant on temperature; Arrhenius equation 25 1.3.7 Nonisothermal reaction kinetics 29 1.3.8 More complicated homogeneous reactions 31 1.3.9 Determination of reaction rate laws, rate constants, and mechanisms 32 1.4 Mass and Heat Transfer 36 1.4.1 Diffusion 37 1.4.2 Convection 46 1.5 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions 47 1.5.1 Controlling factors and"reaction laws" 48 1.5.2 Steps in heterogeneous reactions 55 1.6 Temperature and Pressure Effect on Reaction Rate Coefficients and Diffusivities 58 1.6.1 Collision theory 59 1.6.2 Transition state theory 61 1.7 Inverse Problems 66 1.7.1 Reactions and diffusion during cooling 66 1.7.2 Geochronology, closure age, and thermochronology 71 1.7.3 Geothermometry, apparent equilibrium temperature, and geospeedometry 77 1.7.4 Geospeedometry using exchange reactions between two or more phases 81 1.7.5 Concluding remarks 83 1.8 Some Additional Notes 83 1.8.1 Mathematics encountered in kinetics 83 1.8.2 Demystifying some processes that seem to violate thermodynamics 84 1.8.3 Some other myths 86 1.8.4 Future research 87 Problems 88 Chapter 2: Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions 95 2.1 Reversible Reactions 97 2.1.1 Concentration evolution for first-order reversible reactions 97 2.1.2 Concentration evolution for second-order reversible reactions 99 2.1.3 Reversible reactions during cooling 104 2.1.4 Fe-Mg order-disorder reaction in orthopyroxene 113 2.1.5 Hydrous species reaction in rhyolitic melt 122 2.2 Chain Reactions 130 2.2.1 Radioactive decay series 131 2.2.2 Chain reactions leading to negative activation energy 144 2.2.3 Thermal decomposition of ozone 145 2.3 Parallel Reactions 147 2.3.1 Electron transfer between Fe2yFE and Fe3yFE in aqueous solution 147 2.3.2 From dissolved CO2 to bicarbonate ion 148 2.3.3 Nuclear hydrogen burning 150 2.4 Some Special Topics 155 2.4.1 Photochemical production and decomposition of ozone, and the ozone hole 155 2.4.2 Diffusion control of homogeneous reactions 157 2.4.3 Glass transition 160 Problems 167 Chapter 3: Mass Transfer: Diffusion and Flow 173 3.1 Basic Theories and Concepts 175 3.1.1 Mass conservation and transfer 175 3.1.2 Conservation of energy 183 3.1.3 Conservation of momentum 183 3.1.4 Various kinds of diffusion 183 3.2 Diffusion in a Binary System 189 3.2.1 Diffusion equation 189 3.2.2 Initial and boundary conditions 190 3.2.3 Some simple solutions to the diffusion equation at steady state 192 3.2.4 One-dimensional diffusion in infinite or semi-infinite medium with constant diffusivity 194 3.2.5 Instantaneous plane, line, or point source 205 3.2.6 Principle of superposition 207 3.2.7 One-dimensional finite medium and constant D, separation of variables 209 3.2.8 Variable diffusion coefficient 212 3.2.9 Uphill diffusion in binary systems and spinodal decomposition 221 3.2.10 Diffusion in three dimensions; different coordinates 224 3.2.11 Diffusion in an anisotropic medium; diffusion tensor 227 3.2.12 Summary of analytical methods to obtain solution to the diffusion equation 231 3.2.13 Numerical solutions 231 3.3 Diffusion of a Multispecies Component 236 3.3.1 Diffusion of water in silicate melts 238 3.3.2 Diffusion of CO2 component in silicate melts 245 3.3.3 Diffusion of oxygen in melts and minerals 249 3.4 Diffusion in a Multicomponent System 251 3.4.1 Effective binary approach 252 3.4.2 Modified effective binary approach 254 3.4.3 Multicomponent diffusivity matrix (concentration-based) 255 3.4.4 Multicomponent diffusivity matrix (activity-based) 263 3.4.5 Concluding remarks 263 3.5 Some Special Diffusion Problems 265 3.5.1 Diffusion of a radioactive component 266 3.5.2 Diffusion of a radiogenic component and thermochronology 267 3.5.3 Liesegang rings 270 3.5.4 Isotopic ratio profiles versus elemental concentration profiles 271 3.5.5 Moving boundary problems 273 3.5.6 Diffusion and flow 280 3.6 Diffusion Coefficients 284 3.6.1 Experiments to obtain diffusivity 285 3.6.2 Relations and models on diffusivity 298 Problems 317 Chapter 4: Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions 325 4.1 Basic Processes in Heterogeneous Reactions 331 4.1.1 Nucleation 331 4.1.2 Interface reaction 342 4.1.3 Role of mass and heat transfer 350 4.1.4 Dendritic crystal growth 361 4.1.5 Nucleation and growth of many crystals 362 4.1.6 Coarsening 366 4.1.7 Kinetic control for the formation of new phases 371 4.1.8 Some remarks 372 4.2 Dissolution, Melting, or Growth of a Single Crystal, Bubble, or Droplet Controlled by Mass or Heat Transfer 373 4.2.1 Reference frames 375 4.2.2 Diffusive crystal dissolution in an infinite melt reservoir 378 4.2.3 Convective dissolution of a falling or rising crystal in an infinite liquid reservoir 393 4.2.4 Diffusive and convective crystal growth 406 4.2.5 Diffusive and convective bubble growth and dissolution 412 4.2.6 Other problems that can be treated similarly 417 4.2.7 Interplay between interface reaction and diffusion 417 4.3 Some Other Heterogeneous Reactions 418 4.3.1 Bubble growth kinetics and dynamics in beer and champagne 418 4.3.2 Dynamics of explosive volcanic eruptions 423 4.3.3 Component exchange between two contacting crystalline phases 426 4.3.4 Diffusive reequilibration of melt and fluid inclusions 430 4.3.5 Melting of two crystalline phases or reactions between them 434 4.4 Remarks About Future Research Needs 439 Problems 441 Chapter 5: Inverse Problems: Geochronology, Thermochronology, and Geospeedometry 445 5.1 Geochronology 447 5.1.1 Dating method 1: The initial number of parent nuclides may be guessed 449 5.1.2 Dating method 2: The initial number of atoms of the daughter nuclide may be guessed 461 5.1.3 Dating method 3: The isochron method 468 5.1.4 Dating method 4: Extinct nuclides for relative ages 480 5.1.5 Requirements for accurate dating 483 5.2 Thermochronology 485 5.2.1 Closure temperature and closure age 486 5.2.2 Mathematical analyses of diffusive loss and radiogenic growth 490 5.2.3 More developments on the closure temperature concept 505 5.2.4 Applications 512 5.3 Geospeedometry 516 5.3.1 Quantitative geospeedometry based on homogeneous reactions 517 5.3.2 Cooling history of anhydrous glasses based on heat capacity measurements 529 5.3.3 Geospeedometry based on diffusion and zonation in a single phase 531 5.3.4 Geospeedometry based on diffusion between two or more phases 541 5.3.5 Cooling history based on other heterogeneous reactions 547 5.3.6 Comments on various geospeedometers 553 Problems 555 Appendix 1 Entropy Production and Diffusion Matrix 561 Appendix 2 The Error Function and Related Functions 565 Appendix 3 Some Solutions to Diffusion Problems 570 Appendix 4 Diffusion Coefficients 580 Answers to Selected Problems 587 References 593 Subject Index 623

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Book Synopsis

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisThis textbook introduces chemistry and chemical engineering students to molecular descriptions of thermodynamics, chemical systems, and biomolecules. Equips students with the ability to apply the method to their own systems, as today''s research is microscopic and molecular and articles are written in that language Provides ample illustrations and tables to describe rather difficult concepts Makes use of plots (charts) to help students understand the mathematics necessary for the contents Includes practice problems and answers Table of ContentsPreface xiii Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix Symbols and Constants xxi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Classical Thermodynamics and Statistical Thermodynamics 1 1.2 Examples of Results Obtained from Statistical Thermodynamics 2 1.2.1 Heat Capacity of Gas of Diatomic Molecules 2 1.2.2 Heat Capacity of a Solid 3 1.2.3 Blackbody Radiation 3 1.2.4 Adsorption 4 1.2.5 Helix–Coil Transition 5 1.2.6 Boltzmann Factor 6 1.3 Practices of Notation 6 2 Review of Probability Theory 9 2.1 Probability 9 2.2 Discrete Distributions 11 2.2.1 Binomial Distribution 12 2.2.2 Poisson Distribution 13 2.2.3 Multinomial Distribution 14 2.3 Continuous Distributions 15 2.3.1 Uniform Distribution 19 2.3.2 Exponential Distribution 19 2.3.3 Normal Distribution 21 2.3.4 Distribution of a Dihedral Angle 21 2.4 Means and Variances 22 2.4.1 Discrete Distributions 22 2.4.2 Continuous Distributions 26 2.4.3 Central Limit Theorem 27 2.5 Uncertainty 28 Problems 31 3 Energy and Interactions 35 3.1 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Atoms and Ions 35 3.1.1 Kinetic Energy 35 3.1.2 Gravitational Potential 36 3.1.3 Ion in an Electric Field 36 3.1.4 Total Energy of Atoms and Ions 37 3.2 Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of Diatomic Molecules 37 3.2.1 Kinetic Energy (Translation, Rotation, Vibration) 37 3.2.2 Dipolar Potential 42 3.2.2.1 Potential of a Permanent Dipole 42 3.2.2.2 Potential of an Induced Dipole 44 3.3 Kinetic Energy of Polyatomic Molecules 46 3.3.1 Linear Polyatomic Molecule 46 3.3.2 Nonlinear Polyatomic Molecule 48 3.4 Interactions Between Molecules 50 3.4.1 Excluded-Volume Interaction 52 3.4.2 Coulomb Interaction 52 3.4.3 Dipole–Dipole Interaction 53 3.4.4 van der Waals Interaction 54 3.4.5 Lennard-Jones Potential 55 3.5 Energy as an Extensive Property 57 3.6 Kinetic Energy of a Gas Molecule in Quantum Mechanics 58 3.6.1 Quantization of Translational Energy 58 3.6.2 Quantization of Rotational Energy 61 3.6.3 Quantization of Vibrational Energy 63 3.6.4 Electronic Energy Levels 65 3.6.5 Comparison of Energy Level Spacings 66 Problems 67 4 Statistical Mechanics 69 4.1 Basic Assumptions, Microcanonical Ensembles, and Canonical Ensembles 69 4.1.1 Basic Assumptions 69 4.1.2 Microcanonical Ensembles 73 4.1.3 Canonical Ensembles 75 4.2 Probability Distribution in Canonical Ensembles and Partition Functions 77 4.2.1 Probability Distribution 77 4.2.2 Partition Function for a System with Discrete States 79 4.2.3 Partition Function for a System with Continuous States 81 4.2.4 Energy Levels and States 83 4.3 Internal Energy 88 4.4 Identification of 𝛽 89 4.5 Equipartition Law 91 4.6 Other Thermodynamic Functions 93 4.7 Another View of Entropy 97 4.8 Fluctuations of Energy 99 4.9 Grand Canonical Ensembles 100 4.10 Cumulants of Energy 107 Problems 110 5 Canonical Ensemble of Gas Molecules 113 5.1 Velocity of Gas Molecules 113 5.2 Heat Capacity of a Classical Gas 116 5.2.1 Point Mass 117 5.2.2 Rigid Dumbbell 117 5.2.3 Elastic Dumbbell 118 5.3 Heat Capacity of a Quantum-Mechanical Gas 120 5.3.1 General Formulas 120 5.3.2 Translation 122 5.3.3 Rotation 124 5.3.4 Vibration 127 5.3.5 Comparison with Classical Models 128 5.4 Distribution of Rotational Energy Levels 129 5.5 Conformations of a Molecule 130 Problems 132 6 Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.1 Distinguishable Particles and Indistinguishable Particles 135 6.2 Partition Function of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.2.1 System of Distinguishable Particles 137 6.2.2 System of Indistinguishable Particles 137 6.3 Condition of Nondegeneracy 142 6.4 Significance of Division by N! 144 6.4.1 Gas in a Two-Part Box 144 6.4.2 Chemical Potential 145 6.4.3 Mixture of Two Gases 146 6.5 Indistinguishability and Center-of-Mass Movement 147 6.6 Open System of Gas 147 Problems 149 7 Imperfect Gas 153 7.1 Virial Expansion 153 7.2 Molecular Expression of Interaction in the Canonical Ensemble 157 7.3 Second Virial Coefficients in Different Models 164 7.3.1 Hard-Core Repulsion Only 164 7.3.2 Square-well Potential 165 7.3.3 Lennard-Jones Potential 167 7.4 Joule–Thomson Effect 167 Problems 171 8 Rubber Elasticity 175 8.1 Rubber 175 8.2 Polymer Chain in One Dimension 176 8.3 Polymer Chain in Three Dimensions 180 8.4 Network of Springs 184 Problems 185 9 Law of Mass Action 189 9.1 Reaction of Two Monatomic Molecules 190 9.2 Decomposition of Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 193 9.3 Isomerization 195 9.4 Method of the Steepest Descent 197 Problems 198 10 Adsorption 201 10.1 Adsorption Phenomena 201 10.2 Langmuir Isotherm 202 10.3 BET Isotherm 206 10.4 Dissociative Adsorption 211 10.5 Interaction Between Adsorbed Molecules 213 Problems 213 11 Ising Model 217 11.1 Model 217 11.2 Partition Function 220 11.2.1 One-Dimensional Ising Model 220 11.2.2 Calculating Statistical Averages 221 11.2.2.1 Average Number of Up Spins 222 11.2.2.2 Average of the Number of Spin Alterations (Number of Domains – 1) 222 11.2.2.3 Domain Size 223 11.2.2.4 Size of a Domain of Uniform Spins 223 11.2.3 A Few Examples of 1D Ising Model 223 11.2.3.1 Linear Ising Model, N = 3 223 11.2.3.2 Ring Ising Model, N = 3 225 11.2.3.3 Ring Ising Model, N = 4 225 11.3 Mean-FieldTheories 226 11.3.1 Bragg–Williams (B–W) Approximation 227 11.3.2 Flory–Huggins (F–H) Approximation 231 11.3.3 Approximation by a Mean-Field (MF) Theory 235 11.4 Exact Solution of 1D Ising Model 236 11.4.1 General Formula 236 11.4.2 Large-N Approximation 239 11.4.3 Exact Partition Function for Arbitrary N 241 11.4.4 Ring Ising Model, Arbitrary N 244 11.4.5 Comparison of the Exact Results with Those of Mean-Field Approximations 245 11.5 Variations of the Ising Model 247 11.5.1 System of Uniform Spins 247 11.5.2 Random Local Fields of Opposite Directions 249 11.5.3 Dilute Local Fields 252 Problems 254 12 Helical Polymer 263 12.1 Helix-Forming Polymer 263 12.2 Optical Rotation and Circular Dichroism 266 12.3 Pristine Poly(n-hexyl isocyanate) 267 12.4 Variations to the Helical Polymer 271 12.4.1 Copolymer of Chiral and Achiral Isocyanate Monomers 272 12.4.2 Copolymer of R- and S-Enantiomers of Isocyanate 274 Problems 274 13 Helix–Coil Transition 277 13.1 Historical Background 277 13.2 Polypeptides 281 13.3 Zimm–Bragg Model 283 Problems 289 14 Regular Solutions 291 14.1 Binary Mixture of Equal-Size Molecules 291 14.1.1 Free Energy of Mixing 291 14.1.2 Derivatives of the Free Energy of Mixing 296 14.1.3 Phase Separation 300 14.2 Binary Mixture of Molecules of Different Sizes 304 Problems 312 Appendix A Mathematics 315 A.1 Hyperbolic Functions 315 A.2 Series 317 A.3 Binomial Theorem and Trinomial Theorem 317 A.4 Stirling’s formula 318 A.5 Integrals 318 A.6 Error Functions 318 A.7 Gamma Functions 319 References 321 Index 325

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Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509

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Book SynopsisThis textbook brings together the fundamentals of the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of thermal physics by presenting thermodynamics and statistical mechanics as complementary theories based on small numbers of postulates.Table of ContentsPreface xiii Part I Elements of Thermal Physics 1 1. Fundamentals 3 1.1 PVT Systems 3 1.2 Equilibrium States 6 1.3 Processes and Heat 10 1.4 Temperature 12 1.5 Size Dependence 13 1.6 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat 14 Problems 17 2. First Law of Thermodynamics 19 2.1 Work 19 2.2 Heat 21 2.3 The First Law 21 2.4 Applications 22 Problems 26 3. Properties and Partial Derivatives 27 3.1 Conventions 27 3.2 Equilibrium Properties 28 3.3 Relationships between Properties 34 3.4 Series Expansions 40 3.5 Summary 41 Problems 42 4. Processes in Gases 45 4.1 Ideal Gases 45 4.2 Temperature Change with Elevation 48 4.3 Cyclic Processes 50 4.4 Heat Engines 52 Problems 58 5. Phase Transitions 61 5.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases 61 5.2 Latent Heats 65 5.3 Van der Waals Model 67 5.4 Classification of Phase Transitions 70 Problems 72 6. Reversible and Irreversible Processes 75 6.1 Idealization and Reversibility 75 6.2 Nonequilibrium Processes and Irreversibility 76 6.3 Electrical Systems 79 6.4 Heat Conduction 82 Problems 86 Part II Foundations of Thermodynamics 89 7. Second Law of Thermodynamics 91 7.1 Energy, Heat, and Reversibility 91 7.2 Cyclic Processes 93 7.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 95 7.4 Carnot Cycles 98 7.5 Absolute Temperature 100 7.6 Applications 103 Problems 107 8. Temperature Scales and Absolute Zero 109 8.1 Temperature Scales 109 8.2 Uniform Scales and Absolute Zero 111 8.3 Other Temperature Scales 114 Problems 115 9. State Space and Differentials 117 9.1 Spaces 117 9.2 Differentials 121 9.3 Exact Versus Inexact Differentials 123 9.4 Integrating Differentials 127 9.5 Differentials in Thermodynamics 129 9.6 Discussion and Summary 134 Problems 136 10. Entropy 139 10.1 Definition of Entropy 139 10.2 Clausius’ Theorem 142 10.3 Entropy Principle 145 10.4 Entropy and Irreversibility 148 10.5 Useful Energy 151 10.6 The Third Law 155 10.7 Unattainability of Absolute Zero 156 Problems 158 Appendix 10.A. Entropy Statement of the Second Law 158 11. Consequences of Existence of Entropy 165 11.1 Differentials of Entropy and Energy 165 11.2 Ideal Gases 167 11.3 Relationships Between CV, CP, BT , BS, and αV 170 11.4 Clapeyron’s Equation 172 11.5 Maximum Entropy, Equilibrium, and Stability 174 11.6 Mixing 178 Problems 184 12. Thermodynamic Potentials 185 12.1 Internal Energy 185 12.2 Free Energies 186 12.3 Properties From Potentials 188 12.4 Systems in Contact with a Heat Reservoir 193 12.5 Minimum Free Energy 194 Problems 197 Appendix 12.A. Derivatives of Potentials 197 13. Phase Transitions and Open Systems 201 13.1 Two-Phase Equilibrium 201 13.2 Chemical Potential 206 13.3 Multi-Component Systems 211 13.4 Gibbs Phase Rule 214 13.5 Chemical Reactions 215 Problems 217 14. Dielectric and Magnetic Systems 219 14.1 Dielectrics 219 14.2 Magnetic Materials 224 14.3 Critical Phenomena 229 Problems 233 Part III Statistical Thermodynamics 235 15. Molecular Models 237 15.1 Microscopic Descriptions 237 15.2 Gas Pressure 238 15.3 Equipartition of Energy 243 15.4 Internal Energy of Solids 246 15.5 Inactive Degrees of Freedom 247 15.6 Microscopic Significance of Heat 248 Problems 253 16. Kinetic Theory of Gases 255 16.1 Velocity Distribution 255 16.2 Combinatorics 256 16.3 Method of Undetermined Multipliers 258 16.4 Maxwell Distribution 260 16.5 Mean-Free-Path 265 Problems 267 Appendix 16.A. Quantum Distributions 267 17. Microscopic Significance of Entropy 273 17.1 Boltzmann Entropy 273 17.2 Ideal Gas 274 17.3 Statistical Interpretation 278 17.4 Thermodynamic Properties 279 17.5 Boltzmann Factors 284 Problems 286 Appendix 17.A. Evaluation of I3N 286 Part IV Statistical Mechanics I 289 18. Ensembles 291 18.1 Probabilities and Averages 291 18.2 Two-Level Systems 293 18.3 Information Theory 295 18.4 Equilibrium Ensembles 298 18.5 Canonical Thermodynamics 302 18.6 Composite Systems 305 Problems 308 Appendix 18.A. Uniqueness Theorem 308 19. Partition Function 311 19.1 Hamiltonians and Phase Space 311 19.2 Model Hamiltonians 312 19.3 Classical Canonical Ensemble 316 19.4 Thermodynamic Properties and Averages 318 19.5 Ideal Gases 322 19.6 Harmonic Solids 326 Problems 328 20. Quantum Systems 331 20.1 Energy Eigenstates 331 20.2 Quantum Canonical Ensemble 333 20.3 Ideal Gases 334 20.4 Einstein Model 337 20.5 Classical Approximation 341 Problems 344 Appendix 20.A. Ideal Gas Eigenstates 344 21. Independent Particles and Paramagnetism 349 21.1 Averages 349 21.2 Statistical Independence 351 21.3 Classical Systems 353 21.4 Paramagnetism 357 21.5 Spin Systems 360 21.6 Classical Dipoles 365 Problems 367 Appendix 21.A. Negative Temperature 367 22. Fluctuations and Energy Distributions 371 22.1 Standard Deviation 371 22.2 Energy Fluctuations 375 22.3 Gibbs Paradox 376 22.4 Microcanonical Ensemble 380 22.5 Comparison of Ensembles 386 Problems 391 23. Generalizations and Diatomic Gases 393 23.1 Generalized Coordinates 393 23.2 Diatomic Gases 397 23.3 Quantum Effects 402 23.4 Density Matrices 405 23.5 Canonical Ensemble 408 Problems 410 Appendix 23.A. Classical Approximation 410 Part V Statistical Mechanics II 415 24. Photons and Phonons 417 24.1 Plane Wave Eigenstates 417 24.2 Photons 421 24.3 Harmonic Approximation 425 24.4 Phonons 429 Problems 434 25. Grand Canonical Ensemble 435 25.1 Thermodynamics of Open Systems 435 25.2 Grand Canonical Ensemble 437 25.3 Properties and Fluctuations 438 25.4 Ideal Gases 441 Problems 443 26. Fermions and Bosons 445 26.1 Identical Particles 445 26.2 Exchange Symmetry 447 26.3 Fermi–Dirac and Bose–Einstein Statistics 452 Problems 456 Appendix 26.A. Fermions in the Canonical Ensemble 457 27. Fermi and Bose Gases 461 27.1 Ideal Gases 461 27.2 Fermi Gases 465 27.3 Low Temperature Heat Capacity 466 27.4 Bose Gases 469 Problems 472 28. Interacting Systems 475 28.1 Ising Model 475 28.2 Nonideal Gases 481 Problems 487 29. Computer Simulations 489 29.1 Averages 489 29.2 Virial Formula for Pressure 490 29.3 Simulation Algorithms 496 A. Mathematical Relations, Constants, and Properties 501 A.1 Partial Derivatives 501 A.2 Integrals and Series 501 A.3 Taylor Series 502 A.4 Hyperbolic Functions 502 A.5 Fundamental Constants 503 A.6 Conversion Factors 503 A.7 Useful Formulas 503 A.8 Properties of Water 504 A.9 Properties of Materials 504 Answers to Problems 505 Index 509

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Book SynopsisThermodynamics is the science that describes the behavior of matter at the macroscopic scale, and how this arises from individual molecules. As such, it is a subject of profound practical and fundamental importance to many science and engineering fields.Trade Review“Useful for students and professionals in numerous areas, including biology, chemistry, physics, and engineering. . . Summing Up: Recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (Choice, 1 April 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Textbook Guide xv 0.1 List of Thermodynamics Textbooks by Discipline xv 0.2 Terminology and Notation Used in This Book xvi 0.3 Terminology and Notation Used in Textbooks xviii 1 About This Book 1 1.1 Who Should Use This Book? 2 1.2 Philosophy of This Book 3 1.3 Four Core Concepts of Thermodynamics 3 1.4 How to Use This Book 5 I Equilibrium 2 Philosophy of Thermodynamics 11 2.1 Thermodynamics 11 2.2 Scientific Models & Laws 12 2.3 Statistical Mechanics 14 3 Thermodynamic States, Variables & Quantities 17 3.1 Thermodynamic Variables & Quantities 17 3.2 More on Thermodynamic Quantities 19 3.3 Thermodynamic & Molecular States 20 4 Zeroth Law & Thermodynamic Equilibrium 23 4.1 Equation of State 23 4.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 26 4.3 Zeroth Law 27 4.4 Ideal Gases & Non-ideal Systems 29 II Energy 5 Molecular Energy, Internal Energy, & Temperature 33 5.1 Energy at the Molecular Scale 33 5.2 Internal Energy 35 5.3 Intermolecular Interactions & the Kinetic Model 37 5.4 Equipartition Theorem & Temperature 38 6 Boltzmann Distribution & the Kinetic Model 41 6.1 Boltzmann Distribution 41 6.2 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 42 6.3 Maxwell Distribution of Speeds 44 III Thermodynamic Change 7 First Law & Thermodynamic Change 49 7.1 System & Surroundings 49 7.2 Thermodynamic Change 50 7.3 First Law 52 8 Work, Heat, & Reversible Change 55 8.1 State Functions & Path Functions 55 8.2 Definition of Work 57 8.3 Definition of Heat 59 8.4 Reversible & Irreversible Change 60 8.5 A Gas Expansion Example 62 9 Partial Derivative Quantities 65 9.1 Internal Energy & Heat Capacity at Constant Volume 66 9.2 Enthalpy & Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure 67 9.3 Other Partial Derivative Quantities 70 9.4 Partial Derivatives & Differentials 71 IV Entropy 10 Entropy & Information Theory 77 10.1 Why Does Entropy Seem So Complicated? 77 10.2 Entropy as Unknown Molecular Information 79 10.3 Amount of Information 80 10.4 Application to Thermodynamics 84 11 Entropy & Ideal Gas 87 11.1 Measuring Our Molecular Ignorance 87 11.2 Volume Contribution to Entropy 88 11.3 Temperature Contribution to Entropy 91 11.4 Combined Entropy Expression 92 11.5 Entropy, Heat, & Reversible Adiabatic Expansion 94 12 Second Law & Spontaneous Irreversible Change 97 12.1 Heat Engines & Thermodynamic Cycles 97 12.2 Traditional Statements of the Second Law 98 12.3 Entropy Statement of the Second Law 99 12.4 Information Statement of the Second Law 100 12.5 Maximum Entropy & the Clausius Inequality 103 13 Third Law, Carnot Cycle, & Absolute Entropy 107 13.1 Entropy & Reversible Change 107 13.2 Carnot Cycle & Absolute Zero Temperature 109 13.3 Third Law & Absolute Entropy 111 V Free Energy 14 Free Energy & Exergy 115 14.1 What Would Happen If Entropy Were a Variable? 116 14.2 Helmholtz and Gibbs Free Energies 117 14.3 Second Law & Maximum Work 119 14.4 Exergy 121 15 Chemical Potential, Fugacity, & Open Systems 123 15.1 What Would Happen If n Were a Variable? 123 15.2 Chemical Potential 125 15.3 Ideal Gas & Fugacity 126 VI Applications 16 Crazy Gay-Lussac’s Gas Expansion Emporium 131 16.1 Sales Pitch 131 16.2 How to Solve Gas Expansion Problems 132 16.3 Comprehensive Compendium 135 17 Electronic Emporium: Free Online Shopping! 139 VII Appendices Appendix A: Beards Gone Wild! Facial Hair & the Founding Fathers of Thermodynamics 143 Appendix B: Thermodynamics, Abolitionism, & Sha Na Na 147 Appendix C: Thermodynamics & the Science of Steampunk 149 Steampunk Gallery 151 Travel Try Its 153 Photo Credits 155 Index 159

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Book SynopsisIn this book, an almost new approach to modern thermodynamics has been applied. One or more useful qualitative discussion statements have been extracted from each equation. These and other important statements were numbered and their titles were situated in an index titled ""Hilal and Others' statements, definitions and rules."" This ensures very quick obtaining of the required statements, rules, definitions, equations, and their theoretical base that will ease readers qualitative discussions and calculations.

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Book SynopsisThis is the first book of a series aiming at setting the basics for energy engineering. This book presents the fundamentals of heat and mass transfer with a step-by-step approach, based on material and energy balances. While the topic of heat and mass transfer is an old subject, the way the book introduces the concepts, linking them strongly to the real world and to the present concerns, is particular. The scope of the different developments keeps in mind a practical energy engineering view.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xiii Chapter 1. Basic Concepts and Balances 1 1.1. Thermal energy and the first law of thermodynamics 1 1.2. Thermal energy and the second law of thermodynamics 2 1.3. For an energy and mass accounting: balances 3 1.3.1. Accounting principles for system inputs and outputs 4 1.3.2. Accumulation in the system 8 1.3.3. Generation in a system 11 1.3.4. Balance equation 15 1.4. Fluxes and flux densities 20 1.4.1. Energy fluxes 20 1.4.2. Mass fluxes 20 1.4.3. Flux densities 20 1.5. Operating states 25 1.5.1. Steady state 25 1.5.2. Transient state 25 1.6. Transfer area 28 1.6.1. What does the transfer area represent? 28 1.6.2. Illustration: transfer area in a heat exchanger 28 1.6.3. Illustration: transfer area inferred from a technical drawing 30 1.7. Driving potential difference 31 1.7.1. Heat transfer potential difference 32 1.7.2. Mass transfer potential difference 34 1.8. Exercises and solutions 38 1.9. Reading: seawater desalination 75 1.9.1. Level of purification 75 1.9.2. Water sources used 76 1.9.3. Water characteristics according to the source 76 1.9.4. Several techniques 76 1.9.5. Energy cost: the decisive factor 76 1.9.6. A promising outlook 77 Chapter 2. Mechanisms and Laws of Heat Transfer 79 2.1. Introduction 79 2.2. Mechanism and law of conduction 79 2.3. Mechanism and law of convection 83 2.3.1. Examples 83 2.3.2. Law of convection 84 2.3.3. Forced convection versus natural convection 84 2.4. Radiation transfer mechanism 85 2.4.1. Correction to take account of the nature of the surface 87 2.4.2. Geometric correction: the view factor 87 2.4.3. Radiation transfer between black surfaces under total influence 89 2.4.4. Radiation transfer between black surfaces in arbitrary positions 90 2.4.5. Radiation transfer between gray surfaces in arbitrary positions 91 2.5. Exercises and solutions 92 2.6. Reading: Joseph Fourier 112 Chapter 3. Mass Transfer Mechanisms and Processes 115 3.1. Introduction 115 3.2. Classification of mass transfer mechanisms 116 3.3. Transfer mechanisms in single-phase systems 117 3.3.1. The vacancy mechanism 117 3.3.2. The interstitial mechanism 118 3.3.3. Random walk 118 3.3.4. The kinetic model 118 3.3.5. The quantum model 120 3.4. Mass transfer processes in single-phase media 122 3.4.1. Transfer under the action of a concentration gradient: osmosis 122 3.4.2. Transfer under the action of a pressure gradient: ultrafiltration 127 3.4.3. Dialysis 134 3.4.4. Thermal gradient diffusion 139 3.4.5. Diffusion by a gradient of force: centrifugation 141 3.4.6. Electromagnetic diffusion 143 3.4.7. Laminar flux transfer 144 3.4.8. Laser transfer 145 3.4.9. Transfer under the action of an electric field: electrodialysis 146 3.5. Mechanisms and processes in two-phase media 154 3.5.1. Distillation 154 3.5.2. Absorption mass transfer 165 3.6. Exercises and solutions 176 3.7. Reading: uranium enrichment 217 3.7.1. Uranium as a fuel 217 3.7.2. Uranium in nature 217 3.7.3. Natural-uranium reactors 217 3.7.4. Pressurized-water reactors 218 3.7.5. Fast-neutron reactors 218 3.7.6. Classification of uranium enrichments 218 3.7.7. Uranium enrichment processes 219 3.7.8. The uranium enrichment industry 219 Chapter 4. Dimensional Analysis 221 4.1. Introduction 221 4.2. Basic dimensions 222 4.3. Dimensions of derived magnitudes 222 4.4. Dimensional analysis of an expression 225 4.4.1. Illustration: determining the dimensions of λ 225 4.4.2. Illustration: determining the dimensions of h 225 4.5. Unit systems and conversions 226 4.5.1. Illustration: dimensions and units of energy 227 4.5.2. Illustration: units of heat conductivity λ 227 4.5.3. Illustration: units of the convective transfer coefficient h 228 4.6. Dimensionless numbers 229 4.6.1. The Reynolds number 230 4.6.2. The Nusselt number 231 4.6.3. The Prandtl number 231 4.6.4. The Peclet number 231 4.6.5. The Grashof number 232 4.6.6. The Rayleigh number 233 4.6.7. The Stanton number 233 4.6.8. The Graetz number 234 4.6.9. The Biot number 234 4.6.10. The Fourier number 234 4.6.11. The Elenbaas number 235 4.6.12. The Froude number 235 4.6.13. The Euler number 236 4.7. Developing correlations through dimensional analysis 239 4.8. Rayleigh’s method 241 4.8.1. Illustration: applying Rayleigh’s method 242 4.8.2. Illustration: verifying Fourier’s law by applying Rayleigh’s method 245 4.9. Buckingham’s method 247 4.9.1. Illustration: applying the Buckingham π theorem 248 4.10. Exercises and solutions 251 4.11. Reading: Osborne Reynolds and Ludwig Prandtl 294 4.11.1. Osborne Reynolds 294 4.11.2. Ludwig Prandtl 296 Appendix 299 Bibliography 315 Index 325

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Book SynopsisWhether in a solar thermal power plant or at the heart of a nuclear reactor, convection is an important mode of energy transfer. This mode is unique; it obeys specific rules and correlations that constitute one of the bases of equipment-sizing equations. In addition to standard aspects of convention, this book examines transfers at very high temperatures where, in order to ensure the efficient transfer of energy for industrial applications, it is becoming necessary to use particular heat carriers, such as molten salts, liquid metals or nanofluids. With modern technologies, these situations are becoming more frequent, requiring appropriate consideration in design calculations. Energy Transfers by Convection also studies the sizing of electronic heat sinks used to ensure the dissipation of heat and thus the optimal operation of circuit boards used in telecommunications, audio equipment, avionics and computers. Table of ContentsPreface xi Introduction xiii Chapter 1 Methods for Determining Convection Heat Transfer Coefficients 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Characterizing the motion of a fluid 1 1.3 Transfer coefficients and flow regimes 3 1.4 Using dimensional analysis 4 1.4.1 Dimensionless numbers used in convection 4 1.4.2 Dimensional analysis applications in convection 7 1.5 Using correlations to calculate h 12 1.5.1 Correlations for flows in forced convection 14 1.5.2 Correlations for flows in natural convection 14 Chapter 2 Forced Convection Inside Cylindrical Pipes 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Correlations in laminar flow 15 2.2.1 Reminders regarding laminar-flow characteristics inside a pipe 16 2.2.2 Differential energy balance 17 2.2.3 Illustration: transportation of phosphate slurry in a cylindrical pipe 22 2.2.4 Correlations for laminar flow at pipe entrance 25 2.3 Correlations in transition zone 30 2.4 Correlations in turbulent flow 30 2.4.1 Dittus–Boelter–McAdams relation. 31 2.4.2 Colburn–Seider–Tate relation 32 2.4.3 Illustration: improving transfer by switching to turbulent flow 33 2.4.4 Specific correlations in turbulent flow 34 2.4.5 Illustration: industrial-grade cylindrical pipe 38 2.5 Dimensional correlations for air and water 39 Chapter 3 Forced Convection Inside Non-Cylindrical Pipes 43 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Concept of hydraulic diameter. 43 3.3 Hydraulic Nusselt and Reynolds numbers 45 3.4 Correlations in established laminar flow 45 3.4.1 Pipes with rectangular or square cross-sections in laminar flow 45 3.4.2 Pipes presenting an elliptical cross-section in laminar flow 46 3.4.3 Pipes presenting a triangular cross-section in laminar flow 47 3.4.4 Illustration: air-conditioning duct design 48 3.4.5 Annular pipes with laminar flow 51 3.5 Correlations in turbulent flow for non-cylindrical pipes 57 3.5.1 Pipes with rectangular or square cross-sections in turbulent flow 57 3.5.2 Pipes with elliptical or triangular cross-sections in turbulent flow 58 3.5.3 Illustration: design imposes the flow regime 60 3.5.4 Annular pipes in turbulent flow 62 Chapter 4 Forced Convection Outside Pipes or Around Objects 69 4.1 Introduction 69 4.2 Flow outside a cylindrical pipe 70 4.3 Correlations for the stagnation region 71 4.4 Correlations beyond the stagnation zone 72 4.5 Forced convection outside non-cylindrical pipes 72 4.5.1 Pipes with a square cross-section area 72 4.5.2 Pipes presenting an elliptical cross-section area 74 4.5.3 Pipes presenting a hexagonal cross-section area 74 4.6 Forced convection above a horizontal plate 76 4.6.1 Plate at constant temperature 76 4.6.2 Plate with constant flow density 77 4.7 Forced convection around non-cylindrical objects 79 4.7.1 Forced convection around a plane parallel to the flow 79 4.7.2 Forced convection around a sphere 80 4.8 Convective transfers between falling films and pipes 80 4.8.1 Vertical tubes 81 4.8.2 Horizontal tubes 82 4.9 Forced convection in coiled pipes 83 4.9.1 Convection heat transfer coefficient inside the coil 84 4.9.2 Convection heat transfer coefficient with the outer wall of the coil 85 4.9.3 Convection heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the tank 87 Chapter 5 Natural Convection Heat Transfer 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Characterizing the motion of natural convection 89 5.3 Correlations in natural convection 91 5.4 Vertical plates subject to natural convection 92 5.5 Inclined plates subject to natural convection 94 5.6 Horizontal plates subject to natural convection 95 5.6.1 Case of underfloor heating 95 5.6.2 Ceiling cooling systems 96 5.7 Vertical cylinders subject to natural convection 97 5.8 Horizontal cylinders subject to natural convection 98 5.9 Spheres subject to natural convection 99 5.10 Vertical conical surfaces subject to natural convection 100 5.11 Any surface subject to natural convection 101 5.12 Chambers limited by parallel surfaces 101 5.12.1 Correlation of Hollands et al. for horizontal chambers 103 5.12.2 Correlation of El-Sherbiny et al. for vertical chambers 104 5.13 Inclined-plane chambers 105 5.13.1 For large aspect ratios and low-to-moderate inclinations 105 5.13.2 For lower aspect ratios and inclinations below the critical inclination 106 5.13.3 For lower aspect ratios and inclinations greater than the critical inclination 106 5.14 Chambers limited by two concentric cylinders 107 5.15 Chambers limited by two concentric spheres 109 5.16 Simplified correlations for natural convection in air 111 5.16.1 Vertical cylinder or plane under natural convection in air 111 5.16.2 Horizontal cylinder or plane under natural convection in air. 111 5.16.3 Horizontal plane under natural convection in air 112 5.16.4 Sphere under natural convection in air 112 5.16.5 Circuit boards under natural convection in air 112 5.16.6 Electronic components or cables under natural convection in air 113 5.17 Finned surfaces: heat sinks in electronic systems 113 5.17.1 Dissipation systems 114 5.17.2 Thermal resistance of a heat sink 115 5.18 Optimizing the thermal resistance of a heat sink 117 5.18.1 Determining the heat-sink/air heat transfer coefficient 119 5.18.2 Calculating the optimum spacing between fins 120 5.18.3 Practical expression 120 5.18.4 Calculating the evacuated heat flux 120 5.18.5 Implementation algorithm 120 5.18.6 Illustration: optimum design of a heat sink 122 5.19 Optimum circuit-board assembly 125 5.19.1 Calculating the optimum spacing between electronic boards 126 5.19.2 Heat transfer coefficient between electronic boards and air 126 5.19.3 Calculating the evacuated heat flux 127 5.19.4 Implementation algorithm 127 5.19.5 Illustration: optimum evacuation of heat generated by electronic boards 129 5.20 Superimposed forced and natural convections 130 5.20.1 Vertical-tube scenario: Martinelli-Boelter correlation 131 5.20.2 Horizontal-tube scenario: Proctor-Eubank correlation 132 5.20.3 Cylinders, disks or spheres in rotation 133 Chapter 6 Convection in Nanofluids, Liquid Metals and Molten Salts 137 6.1 Introduction 137 6.2 Transfers in nanofluids 138 6.2.1 Physical data 139 6.2.2 Nanofluids circulating in tubes 142 6.2.3 Nanofluids circulating within annular pipes 144 6.2.4 Superposition of natural and forced convections in nanofluids 145 6.3 Transfers in liquid metals 146 6.3.1 Physical data 146 6.3.2 Liquid metals in forced convection within cylindrical pipes 147 6.3.3 Liquid metals in forced convection within an annular space 147 6.3.4 Liquid metals flowing along a horizontal plane 149 6.3.5 Liquid metals in forced convection between two parallel planes 149 6.3.6 Liquid metals subject to natural convection 149 6.4 Transfers in molten salts 150 6.4.1 Physical data 150 6.4.2 Molten salts under forced convection in laminar flow within cylindrical pipes 151 6.4.3 Molten salts under forced convection in the transition zone within cylindrical pipes 152 6.4.4 Molten salts under forced convection in turbulent flow within cylindrical pipes 153 6.5 Reading: Eugène Péclet and Lord Rayleigh 154 6.5.1 Eugène Péclet 154 6.5.2 Lord Rayleigh 155 Chapter 7 Exercises and Solutions 157 Appendices 321 Appendix 1 Database 323 Appendix 2 Regressions 385 Bibliography 389 Index 403

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Book SynopsisThe last few decades have seen huge developments in the use of concentrated solar power plants, communications technologies (mobile telephony and 5G networks), the nuclear sector with its small modular reactors and concentrated solar power stations. These developments have called for a new generation of heat exchangers. As well as presenting conventional heat exchangers (shell-and-tube and plate heat exchangers), their design techniques and calculation algorithms, Heat Exchangers introduces new-generation compact heat exchangers, including printed circuit heat exchangers, plate-fin heat exchangers, spiral heat exchangers, cross-flow tube-fin heat exchangers, phase-change micro-exchangers, spray coolers, heat pipe heat exchangers and evaporation chambers. This new generation of heat exchangers is currently undergoing a boom, with applications in on-board equipment in aircraft, locomotives, space shuttles and mobile phones, where the volume of the equipment is one of the most important design parameters.

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Book SynopsisPhase change material (PCM)-based composite heat sinks have attracted great interest in recent decades, especially in the context of thermal management of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, and notebooks. In this monograph, a detailed analysis of plate fin heat sinks and plate fin heat sink matrix is presented, based on in-house experiments. Performance benchmarks are articulated and presented for these heat sinks. The state of the art in the development of PCM-based heat sinks and the challenges are outlined, and directions on future development are provided. It is our sincere hope and trust that this book will not only be informative but also awaken curiosity and inspire thermal management solution seekers to delve deep into the ocean of research in PCM-based heat sinks and discover their own pearls and diamonds.

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Book SynopsisPhase change material (PCM)-based composite heat sinks have attracted great interest in recent decades, especially in the context of thermal management of portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, digital cameras, personal digital assistants, and notebooks. In this monograph, a detailed analysis of plate fin heat sinks and plate fin heat sink matrix is presented, based on in-house experiments. Performance benchmarks are articulated and presented for these heat sinks. The state of the art in the development of PCM-based heat sinks and the challenges are outlined, and directions on future development are provided. It is our sincere hope and trust that this book will not only be informative but also awaken curiosity and inspire thermal management solution seekers to delve deep into the ocean of research in PCM-based heat sinks and discover their own pearls and diamonds.

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Book SynopsisThis textbook presents the fundamental concepts and theories in thermal physics and elementary statistical mechanics in a very simple, systematic and comprehensive way. This book is written in a way that it presents the topics in a holistic manner with end-of-chapter exercises and examples where concepts are supported by numerous solved examples and multiple-choice questions to aid self-learning. The textbook also contains illustrated diagrams for better understanding of the concepts. The book will benefit students who are taking introductory courses in thermal physics, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- The Laws of Thermodynamics.- Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy.- Thermodynamic Potentials and Maxwell Relations.- Kinetic Theory of Gases.- Real Gases.- Applications to Some Irreversible Changes, Cooling of Real Gases.- Theory of Radiation.- Elementary Statistical Mechanics.

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