The environment Books

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisFocusing on the conversion of biomass into gas or liquid fuels the book covers physical pre-treatment technologies, thermal, chemical and biochemical conversion technologies Details the latest biomass characterization techniques Explains the biochemical and thermochemical conversion processes Discusses the development of integrated biorefineries, which are similar to petroleum refineries in concept, covering such topics as reactor configurations and downstream processing Describes how to mitigate the environmental risks when using biomass as fuel Includes many problems, small projects, sample calculations and industrial application examplesTable of ContentsPREFACE xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvii PART I SOCIAL CONTEXT AND STRUCTURAL BASIS OF BIOMASS AS A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES 1 1 Introduction: Socioeconomic Aspects of Biomass Conversion 3 Wiebren de Jong and J. Ruud van Ommen 1.1 Energy Supply: Economic and Environmental Considerations 4 1.2 Ways to Mitigate Threats to a Sustainable Energy Supply 16 1.3 What is Sustainable Supply of Biomass? 20 1.4 Resources and Sustainable Potential of Biomass 25 1.5 A Brief Introduction to Multiproduct Biomass Conversion Techniques 29 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 30 Key Concepts 30 Short-Answer Questions 30 Problems 32 Projects 32 Internet References 33 References 33 2 Biomass Composition, Properties, and Characterization 36 Wiebren de Jong 2.1 Physicochemical Properties 37 2.2 Main Structural Organic Constituents 42 2.3 Minor Organic Constituents 45 2.4 Inorganic Compounds 49 2.5 Proximate and Ultimate Analysis 52 2.6 Heating Values 57 2.7 Ash Characterization Techniques 59 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 61 Key Concepts 62 Short-Answer Questions 62 Problems 63 Projects 65 Internet References 65 References 65 PART II CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES OF BIOMASS PROCESSING 69 3 Conservation: Mass, Momentum, and Energy Balances 71 Wiebren de Jong 3.1 General Conservation Equation 73 3.2 Conservation of Mass 74 3.3 Conservation of Energy 80 3.4 Conservation of Momentum 90 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 92 Key Concepts 92 Short-Answer Questions 93 Problems 93 Projects 95 Internet Reference 96 References 96 4 Transfer: Basics of Mass and Heat Transfer 97 Dirk J.E.M. Roekaerts 4.1 Introduction 100 4.2 Transport Terms in the Governing Equations 100 4.3 Radiative Heat Transfer 103 4.4 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer 108 4.5 Transfer of Heat and Mass with Phase Change 110 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 124 Key Concepts 124 Short-Answer Questions 125 Problems 125 Projects 127 References 128 5 Reactions: Thermodynamic Aspects, Kinetics, and Catalysis 129 Martina Fantini, Wiebren de Jong, and J. Ruud van Ommen 5.1 Reaction Kinetics 130 5.2 Chemical Equilibrium 138 5.3 Catalysis 148 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 154 Key Concepts 155 Short-Answer Questions 155 Problems 155 Projects 156 References 158 6 Reactors: Idealized Chemical Reactors 159 Lilian de Martín and J. Ruud van Ommen 6.1 Preliminary Concepts 160 6.2 Batch Reactors (BRs) 163 6.3 Steady-State Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs) 167 6.4 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors (PFRs) 168 6.5 Residence Time and Space Time for Flow Reactors 173 6.6 Deviations from Plug Flow and Perfect Mixing 176 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 180 Key Concepts 181 Short-Answer Questions 181 Problems 181 Project 182 References 183 7 Processes: Basics of Process Design 184 Johan Grievink, Pieter L.J. Swinkels, and J. Ruud van Ommen 7.1 Scope 186 7.2 Characterization of Biomass Processing 187 7.3 Analyzing the Outside of a Process 189 7.4 Analyzing the Inside of a Process 192 7.5 A Design Procedure for Biomass Conversion Processes 195 7.6 Interface with Supply Chain: Input–Output Diagram 201 7.7 Division in Subprocesses 206 7.8 Process Design: Functional Block Diagram 207 7.9 Example of Analysis and Evaluation in Process Design 212 7.10 Integrating Process Units into the Functional Network 222 7.11 Application Potential 224 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 224 Key Concepts 225 Short-Answer Questions 225 Problems 226 Projects 229 Internet References 229 References 229 PART III BIOMASS CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES 231 8 Physical Pretreatment of Biomass 233 Wiebren de Jong 8.1 Introduction 235 8.2 Harvesting and Transport 236 8.3 Storage 241 8.4 Washing 242 8.5 Size Reduction 243 8.6 Particle Size Characterization 247 8.7 Screening and Classification 249 8.8 Methods of Moisture Reduction 249 8.9 Compaction Technologies 257 8.10 Sequencing the Pretreatment Steps 261 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 261 Key Concepts 261 Short-Answer Questions 262 Problems 263 Projects 264 Internet References 265 References 265 9 Thermochemical Conversion: Direct Combustion 268 Rob J.M. Bastiaans and Jeroen A. van Oijen 9.1 Introduction 270 9.2 Fundamental Conversion Processes 271 9.3 Particle Conversion Modes 273 9.4 Combustion Systems 283 9.5 Emissions 288 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 294 Key Concepts 295 Short-Answer Questions 295 Problems 295 Projects 296 Internet References 296 References 297 10 Thermochemical Conversion: (Co)gasification and Hydrothermal Gasification 298 Sascha R.A. Kersten and Wiebren de Jong 10.1 What is Gasification? A Chemical and Engineering Background 300 10.2 A Short History of Gasification 317 10.3 (Co)gasification Technologies for Dry Biomass 318 10.4 Gasification in an Aqueous Environment: Hydrothermal Biomass Conversion 329 10.5 Gas Cleaning for Biomass Gasification Processes 337 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 348 Key Concepts 348 Short-Answer Questions 349 Problems 350 Projects 353 Internet References 353 References 353 11 Thermochemical Conversion: An Introduction to Fast Pyrolysis 359 Stijn R.G. Oudenhoven and Sascha R.A. Kersten 11.1 Introduction 361 11.2 A First Look at a Liquefaction Process 362 11.3 A First Look at Fast Pyrolysis Oil 363 11.4 Chemistry and Kinetics of Pyrolysis 364 11.5 Processes at the Particle Level 368 11.6 A Closer Look at Pyrolysis Oil 371 11.7 Fast Pyrolysis Processes 374 11.8 Catalytic Pyrolysis 377 11.9 Oil Applications 378 11.10 Outlook 380 Appendix 11.1 Single-Particle Model (Based on the Model by Di Blasi, 1997) 380 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 383 Key Concepts 383 Short-Answer Questions 383 Problems 384 Projects 384 Internet References 385 References 385 12 Thermochemical Conversion: Torrefaction 388 Jaap H.A. Kiel, Arno H.H. Janssen, and Yash Joshi 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Fundamentals of Torrefaction 389 12.3 Advantages of Torrefaction 392 12.4 Torrefaction Technology 392 12.5 Torrefaction: An Enabling Technology 397 12.6 The Future of Torrefaction 398 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 399 Key Concepts 399 Short-Answer Questions 399 Problems 400 Projects 401 References 401 13 Biochemical Conversion: Biofuels by Industrial Fermentation 403 Maria C. Cuellar and Adrie J.J. Straathof 13.1 Introduction 404 13.2 First-Generation Bioethanol Processes 406 13.3 Second-Generation Bioethanol Processes 417 13.4 Butanol 428 13.5 Diesel-like Products 429 13.6 Stoichiometric and Thermodynamic Comparison of Fermentative Biofuels 432 13.7 Outlook 436 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 437 Key Concepts 438 Short-Answer Questions 438 Problems 438 Projects 439 References 439 14 Biochemical Conversion: Anaerobic Digestion 441 Robbert Kleerebezem 14.1 Introduction 442 14.2 Biochemical Fundamentals 443 14.3 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 453 14.4 Process Engineering 454 14.5 Outlook and Discussion 463 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 466 Key Concepts 466 Short-Answer Questions 466 Problems 467 Project 467 References 468 15 Biorefineries: Integration of Different Technologies 469 Wiebren de Jong 15.1 What is a Biorefinery and What is the Difference with an Oil Refinery? 470 15.2 Types of Biorefineries 474 15.3 Economic Considerations Evaluating Biorefinery Concepts: Basic Methods for Assessing Investments and Cost Prices 481 15.4 Outlook to the Future of Biorefineries 492 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 493 Key Concepts 493 Short-Answer Questions 493 Problems 494 Projects 497 Internet References 500 References 500 PART IV END USES 503 16 High-Efficiency Energy Systems with Biomass Gasifiers and Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 505 P.V. Aravind and Ming Liu 16.1 Introduction 506 16.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 507 16.3 Biomass Gasifier–SOFC Combination 512 16.4 Concluding Remarks 520 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 520 Key Concepts 521 Short-Answer Questions 521 Problems 521 Projects 522 Internet References 522 References 523 17 Synthesis Gas Utilization for Transportation Fuel Production 525 J. Ruud van Ommen and Johan Grievink 17.1 Introduction 526 17.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis 527 17.3 Synthetic Natural Gas Synthesis 535 17.4 Methanol Synthesis 537 17.5 Comparison of the Different Options 538 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 540 Key Concepts 540 Short-Answer Questions 541 Problems 541 Projects 544 Internet References 545 References 545 18 Chemistry of Biofuels and Biofuel Additives from Biomass 547 Isabel W.C.E. Arends 18.1 Introduction 548 18.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel 548 18.3 Conversion of Sugars to Hydrocarbon Fuels 553 18.4 Greenness of the Conversion of Platform Molecules into Biobased Fuel Additives 557 18.5 Direct Aqueous Reforming of Sugars Leading to a Range of Alkanes 564 18.6 Future Generations of Biofuel 566 Chapter Summary and Study Guide 566 Key Concepts 567 Short-Answer Questions 567 Problems 568 Projects 568 Internet References 568 References 569 INDEX 571

Read more less

Book SynopsisGovernance of Marine Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation explores governance of the world s oceans with a focus on the impacts of two inter-connected but historically separate streams of governance: one for fisheries, the other for biodiversity conservation.Trade Review“A significant strength of the book is its multidisciplinary approach combined with the contributors’ collective hands-on experience. Together they offer considerable insights and rich descriptions. Each chapter offers new insights in the topic, and no chapter is redundant. Because of the book’s richness of perspectives and its structure, it is excellent for looking up various topics of interest, whether the reader is a newcomer to the field or is knowledgeable in areas of the book. The book is therefore suitable for anyone addressing fisheries governance and/or biodiversity conservation.” (Marine Biology Research, 25 June 2015) 'A significant strengh of the book is its multidisciplinary approach combined with the contributors' collective hands-on experience. (...) Because of the book's richness of perspectives and its structure, it is excellent for looking up various topics of interest, whether the reader is a newcomer to the field or is knowledgeable in areas of the book. (...) the book is an accomplishment in that it has managed to include perspectives from a range of disciplines, providing a unique richness of perspectives and detailed descriptions of management bodies, instruments, frameworks, concepts, ideas, regulations and laws. It is a valuable book for anyone addressing fisheries governance and/or biodiversity conservation and a must for a wide range of libraries.' Kjellrun Hiis Hauge, Marine Biology Research, 2015Table of ContentsNotes on contributors viii Foreword by Bonnie J. McCay xvi Foreword by Árni M. Mathiesen xviii Foreword by Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias xx Preface xxii Acknowledgements xxv List of selected acronyms xxvi Glossary xxx PART I: GOVERNANCE TRENDS AND CHALLENGES 1 1 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A history 3 S.M. Garcia, J. Rice and A. Charles 2 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: Convergence or coevolution? 18 S.M. Garcia, J. Rice and A. Charles 3 Governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation: the integration challenge 37 S.M. Garcia, J. Rice and A. Charles PART II: GOVERNANCE DIMENSIONS 53 4 Bio-ecological dimensions of fisheries management, biodiversity and governance 55 J. Rice and P. Mace 5 The economic dimension: addressing behaviour, incentives and context for effective governance 68 S. Hanna 6 The social dimension: the challenge of dealing with equity 82 B. Hersoug 7 The global legal dimension: navigating the legal currents of rights and responsibilities 96 A.H. Hoel and D. VanderZwaag 8 Spatial dimensions of fisheries and biodiversity governance 110 R. Kenchington, O. Vestergaard and S.M. Garcia 9 Scientific foundation: towards integration 124 J. Rice, S. Jennings and A. Charles PART III: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 137 10 Global level institutions and processes: frameworks for understanding critical roles and foundations of cooperation and integration 139 L. Ridgeway 11 Global level institutions and processes: assessment of critical roles, foundations of cooperation and integration and their contribution to integrated marine governance 148 L. Ridgeway 12 Integrative policy and legal instruments, approaches and tools: fisheries and biodiversity conservation 166 B. Kuemlangan, J. Sanders, P. Deupmann and C. De Young 13 Conservation and risk of extinction of marine species 181 P. Mace, C. O’Criodain, J. Rice and G. Sant 14 Parallel initiatives: CBD’s Ecologically or Biologically Significant Areas (EBSAs) and FAO’s Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs) criteria and processes 195 J. Rice, J. Lee and M. Tandstad PART IV: REGIONAL GOVERNANCE 209 15 Regional governance for fisheries and biodiversity 211 R. Warner, K.M. Gjerde and D. Freestone 16 Regional governance: the case of NEAFC and OSPAR 225 K. Hoydal, D. Johnson and A.H. Hoel 17 Regional governance: the Mediterranean cradle 239 F. Simard, M. Camilleri and L. Sbai 18 CCAMLR and Antarctic conservation: the leader to follow? 253 D. Miller and N.M. Slicer 19 Implementation of the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries in the Benguela Current LME area 271 J. Augustyn, S. Petersen, L. Shannon and H. Hamukuaya 20 Governance of marine fisheries and conservation in the context of the European Union 285 S. Beslier and B. Drobenko PART V: NATIONAL GOVERNANCE 299 21 The use of national frameworks for sustainable development of marine fisheries and conservation, ecosystem-based management and integrated ocean management 301 K. Sainsbury, P. Gullestad and J. Rice 22 Small-scale fisheries: importance, vulnerability and deficient knowledge 317 J. Kolding, C. Béné and M. Bavinck 23 Stewardship in tropical small-scale fisheries: community and national perspectives 332 P. Christie, L.M. Campbell and N. Armada 24 Making space for small-scale fishing communities: use and misuse of spatial management instruments 346 M.R. Sowman, R. Rajagopalan, C. Sharma and J. Sunde 25 ENGOs and SIDS: environmental interventions in small island developing states 360 P. McConney, R. Pomeroy and Z. Khan 26 The role of capacity building for improving governance of fisheries and conservation of marine ecosystems 374 J.C. Seijo and S. Salas 27 F ishers’ organizations: their role in decision-making for fisheries and conservation 385 M. Makino, A.S. Cabanban and S. Jentoft 28 The role of courts in fisheries management and marine biodiversity protection: US and EU systems 398 P. Shelley and T. van Rijn PART VI: CONCLUSION 411 29 A tale of two streams: synthesizing governance of marine fisheries and biodiversity conservation 413 A. Charles, S.M. Garcia and J. Rice ANNEXES Annex 1: History of fisheries and biodiversity conservation: A timeline of key events (1850–2012) 429 Annex 2: Key global institutions, bodies and processes: Roles, participation and main focus 461 Index 497

Read more less

Book SynopsisDefending society against natural hazards is a high-stakes game of chance against nature, involving tough decisions. How should a developing nation allocate its budget between building schools for towns without ones or making existing schools earthquake-resistant? Does it make more sense to build levees to protect against floods, or to prevent development in the areas at risk? Would more lives be saved by making hospitals earthquake-resistant, or using the funds for patient care? What should scientists tell the public when as occurred in L'Aquila, Italy and Mammoth Lakes, California there is a real but small risk of an upcoming earthquake or volcanic eruption? Recent hurricanes, earthquakes, and tsunamis show that society often handles such choices poorly. Sometimes nature surprises us, when an earthquake, hurricane, or flood is bigger or has greater effects than expected from detailed hazard assessments. In other cases, nature outsmarts us, doing great damage despite expensive miTrade Review“That Rumsfeld’s pithy and precise summary of the nature of uncertainty in policymaking is often cited as opaque and obscurant shows more than anything the need for a book like this.” (Survival Global Politics & Strategy, 1 February 2015)Table of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiv Note on Further Reading and Sources xvi About the Companion Website xviii 1 A Tricky, High-Stakes Game 1 1.1 Where We Are Today 1 1.2 What We Need to Do Better 6 1.3 How Can We Do Better? 14 Questions 17 Further Reading and Sources 19 References 20 2 When Nature Won 22 2.1 The Best-Laid Plans 22 2.2 Why Hazard Assessment Went Wrong 24 2.3 How Mitigation Fared 30 2.4 The Challenges Ahead 32 Questions 35 Further Reading and Sources 35 References 36 3 Nature Bats Last 38 3.1 Prediction Is Hard 38 3.2 Forecasts, Predictions, and Warnings 40 3.3 Earthquake Prediction 45 3.4 Chaos 50 Questions 53 Further Reading and Sources 54 References 55 4 Uncertainty and Probability 57 4.1 Basic Ideas 57 4.2 Compound Events 60 4.3 The Gaussian Distribution 64 4.4 Probability vs Statistics 68 4.5 Shallow and Deep Uncertainties 70 Questions 72 Further Reading and Sources 73 References 74 5 Communicating What We Know and What We Don’t 75 5.1 Recognizing and Admitting Uncertainties 75 5.2 Precision and Accuracy 81 5.3 Testing Forecasts 83 5.4 Communicating Forecasts 86 Questions 93 Further Reading and Sources 94 References 95 6 Human Disasters 97 6.1 Assessing Hazards 97 6.2 Vulnerability and Interconnections 99 6.3 The 2008 US Financial Disaster 101 6.4 Pseudodisasters and Groupthink 105 6.5 Disaster Chic 109 Questions 110 Further Reading and Sources 112 References 113 7 How Much Is Enough? 115 7.1 Rational Policy Making 115 7.2 Lessons from National Defense 119 7.3 Making Choices 122 7.4 Uncertainty and Risk Aversion 124 7.5 Present and Future Value 126 7.6 Valuing Lives 129 7.7 Implications for Natural Hazard Mitigation 131 Questions 132 Further Reading and Sources 134 References 135Contents ix 8 Guessing the Odds 136 8.1 Big Events Are Rare 136 8.2 Time-Independent Probability Models 140 8.3 Time-Dependent Probability Models 145 Questions 149 Further Reading and Sources 150 References 150 9 When’s the Next Earthquake? 151 9.1 A Very Tough Problem 151 9.2 Earthquake Frequency-Magnitude Relation 152 9.3 Earthquake Cycle Model 158 9.4 Computing Earthquake Probabilities 168 9.5 Shaky Probabilities 170 Questions 172 Further Reading and Sources 174 References 175 10 Assessing Hazards 176 10.1 Five Tough Questions 176 10.2 Uncertainties 177 10.3 How Is the Hazard Defi ned? 178 10.4 Where Will Large Earthquakes Occur? 182 10.5 When Will Large Earthquakes Occur? 187 10.6 How Big Will the Large Earthquakes Be? 190 10.7 How Much Shaking? 194 10.8 Dealing With the Uncertainties 196 10.9 Next Steps 200 Questions 201 Further Reading and Sources 201 References 202 11 Mitigating Hazards 204 11.1 Approaches 204 11.2 Accepting Risk 205 11.3 Transferring Risk 206 11.4 Avoiding Risk 207 11.5 Mitigating Risk 208 11.6 Combined Strategies 213 Questions 214 Further Reading and Sources 217 References 217 12 Choosing Mitigation Policies 220 12.1 Making Choices 220 12.2 House Fire Mitigation 223 12.3 Losses from Hazards 227 12.4 Optimal Natural Hazard Mitigation 228 12.5 Nonoptimal Natural Hazard Mitigation 232 12.6 Mitigation Given Uncertainties 233 12.7 Robust Policy Making 235 Questions 238 Further Reading and Sources 239 References 240 13 Doing Better 241 13.1 Final Thoughts 241 13.2 Community Decision Making 242 13.3 Improved Organization 244 Questions 248 Further Reading and Sources 249 References 249 Index 251

Read more less

Book SynopsisGlacier-Permafrost Interactions A systematic exploration of the interactions between glaciers and permafrost In Glacier-Permafrost Interactions, experienced glaciologist Richard I. Waller delivers a comprehensive discussion of the interactions between glaciers and permafrost. The book is highly relevant to contemporary debates regarding ongoing recession of glaciers and the degradation of permafrost in the face of global warming. By integrating modern-era observations with findings from Quaternary science, this book demonstrates how glaciers and permafrost can interact and behave as an integrated system. This summary of the current thinking and emerging research on glacier-permafrost interaction also provides: Comprehensive discussions of permafrost in modern and ancient glacial environments A focused review of the distinctive characteristics of glaciers found in permafrost environments An integrated overview of the nature and impacts of glacier-permafrost interactions on the hydrology and dynamic behaviour of glaciers and their landscape expression A survey of current research efforts and future directions in the field Lying at the boundary between a research monograph and an advanced textbook, Glacier-Permafrost Interactions contributes to the future development of this rapidly evolving field by incorporating new approaches and ideas while still offering a summary of the current state of knowledge. It is perfect for advanced undergraduate students, postgraduate students, researchers, and professionals with an interest in polar and alpine environments.

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe book advances knowledge about climate change adaptation practices through a series of case studies. It presents important evidence about adaptation practices in agriculture, businesses, the coastal zone, community services, disaster management, ecosystems, indigneous populations, and settlements and infrastructure.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Acknowledgements xv 1 Introduction to the book 1Jean P. Palutikof Sarah L. Boulter Jon Barnett and David Rissik 2 Adaptation as a field of research and practice: notes from the frontiers of adaptation 6Jean P. Palutikof Jon Barnett Sarah L. Boulter and David Rissik SECTION 1 Frameworks for enabling adaptation 21 3 Thoughts on the context of adaptation to climate change 23Gary Yohe 4 Reflections on disaster loss trends global climate change and insurance 26John Mcaneney Ryan Crompton Rade Musulin George Walker Delphine Mcaneney and Roger Pielke Jr 5 Designing spatial adaptation planning instruments 34Andrew Macintosh Jan Mcdonald and Anita Foerster 6 Public risk perceptions understandings and responses to climate change 43Joseph P. Reser Graham L. Bradley and Michelle C. Ellul 7 Bridging the gap between researchers and decision-makers 51Danielle C. Verdon-Kidd Anthony S. Kiem and Emma K. Austin SECTION 2 M anaging ecosystems under climate change 61 8 The challenge of biodiversity adaptation under climate change 63Jonathan T. Overpeck 9 Management options for bird conservation in the face of climate change 68Donald C. Franklin April E. Reside and Stephen T. Garnett 10 Methods to prioritise adaptation options for iconic seabirds and marine mammals impacted by climate change 77Alistair J. Hobday Lynda E. Chambers and John P.Y. Arnould 11 Climate adaptation and adaptive management planning for the Macquarie Marshes: a wetland of international importance 95Gilad bino richard t. Kingsford and Kim Jenkins 12 Conservation of Australian plant-dwelling invertebrates in a changing climate 107Melinda L. Moir SECTION 3 Farming 117 13 Agricultural adaptations: social context and complexity 119John Morton 14 Farmer decision-making under climate change: a real options analysis 122Greg Hertzler Todd Sanderson Tim Capon Peter Hayman Ross Kingwell Anthea Mcclintock Jason Crean and Alan Randall 15 Broadacre farmers adapting to a changing climate 130Ross Kingwell Lucy Anderton Nazrul Islam Vilaphonh Xayavong Angela Wardell-Johnson David Feldman and Jane Speijers 16 Growth opportunities for marine fisheries and aquaculture industries in a changing climate 139Alistair J. Hobday Rodrigo H. Bustamante Anna Farmery Aysha Fleming Stewart Frusher Bridget S. Green Lilly Lim-Camacho James Innes Sarah Jennings Ana Norman-López Sean Pascoe Gretta T. Pecl Éva E. Plagányi-Lloyd Peggy Schrobback Oliver Thebaud Linda Thomas and E. Ingrid van Putten 17 Water tariffs and farmer adaptation: the case of Goulburn–Murray Water Victoria Australia 156Bethany Cooper Lin Crase and Nicholas Pawsey 18 The role of water markets in helping irrigators adapt to water scarcity in the Murray–Darling Basin Australia 166Sarah Ann Wheeler Adam Loch and Jane Edwards SECTION 4 Coasts 175 19 Raising the seas rising to greatness? Meeting the challenge of coastal climate change 177Susanne C. Moser 20 A framework for modelling the risks of climate-change impacts on Australian coasts 181Colin Woodroffe Dave Callaghan Peter Cowell David Wainwright Kerrylee Rogers and Roshanka Ranasinghe 21 Navigating from climate change impacts to adaptation actions in coastal ecosystems 190Wade L. Hadwen and Samantha J. Capon 22 Enhancing the resilience of seaports to a changing climate 200Darryn Mcevoy and Jane Mullett 23 Equity economic efficiency and institutional capacity in adapting coastal settlements 208Cameron S. Fletcher Bruce M. Taylor Alicia N. Rambaldi Ben P. Harman Sonja Heyenga K. Renuka Ganegodage Felix Lipkin and Ryan R. J. Mcallister 24 Who should do what? Public perceptions on responsibility for sea-level rise adaptation 216Elissa Waters and Jon Barnett SECTION 5 Building resilience among vulnerable groups 225 25 The ‘turn to capacity’ in vulnerability research 227Hallie Eakin 26 The limits to adaptation: a comparative analysis 231Jon Barnett and Jean P. Palutikof 27 Adaptation to extreme heat and climate change in culturally and linguistically diverse communities 241Alana Hansen Monika Nitschke and Peng Bi 28 Experiences of resettled refugees during the 2011 Queensland floods 250Ignacio Correa-Velez Celia Mcmichael Sandra M. Gifford and Augustine Conteh 29 Vulnerability to climate change among disadvantaged groups: the role of social exclusion 258Arusyak Sevoyan and Graeme Hugo 30 Adapting the community sector for climate extremes 266Emily Hamilton and Karl Mallon SECTION 6 Indigenous experience of climate change 281 31 Continuity and change: Indigenous Australia and the imperative of adaptation 283Meg Parsons 32 Housing households and climate change adaptation in the town camps of Alice Springs 289Ralph Horne and Andrew Martel 33 Indigenous experiences and responses to Cyclone Tracy 297Katharine Haynes Deanne K. Bird and Dean B. Carson 34 Indigenous governance and climate change adaptation: two native title case studies from Australia 307Tran Tran Jessica K. Weir Lisa M. Strelein and Claire Stacey 35 Indigenous adaptation to climate change: the Arabana 316Melissa Nursey-Bray Deane Fergie Veronica Arbon Lester-Irabinna Rigney Rob Palmer John Tibby Nick Harvey Lucy Hackworth and Aaron StuartSECTION 7 Settlements and housing 327 36 Contextualising the challenge of adapting human settlements 329William D. Solecki 37 Climate change and the future of Australia’s country towns 332Andrew Beer Selina Tually Michael Kroehn John Martin Rolf Gerritsen Mike Taylor Michelle Graymore and Julia Law 38 Robust optimisation of urban drought security for an uncertain climate 342Mohammad Mortazavi-Naeini George Kuczera Anthony S. Kiem Lijie Cui Benjamin Henley Brendan Berghout and Emma Turner 39 How to cope with heat waves in the home 354Wasim Saman Stephen Pullen and John Boland 40 Pathways for adaptation of low-income housing to extreme heat 364Guy Barnett R. Matthew Beaty Jacqui Meyers Dong Chen and Stephen Mcfallan 41 Climate change adaptation in the rental sector 372Lesley Instone Kathleen J. Mee Jane Palmer Miriam Williams and Nicola Vaughan SECTION 8 A daptation and disaster management 381 42 Practical adaptation: past present and future 383Ian Burton 43 Community resilience to disaster in four regional Australian towns 386Helen J. Boon 44 Sink or swim? Response recovery and adaptation in communities impacted by the 2010/11 Australian floods 395Deanne K. Bird David King Katharine Haynes Pamela Box and Tetsuya Okada 45 Disaster risk management and climate change adaptation revisited 407Michael Howes SECTION 9 Business 415 46 Adaptation to climate change by business organisations 417Frans Berkhout 47 Capacities of private developers in urban climate change adaptation 422Heather Shearer Jago Dodson Eddo Coiacetto and Pazit Taygfeld 48 Ensuring small business continuity under a changing climate: the role of adaptive capacity 429Natasha Kuruppu Pierre Mukheibir and Janina Murta 49 Investing in adaptive capacity: opportunities risks and firm behaviour 437Jason West Index 445

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecent years have seen extensive research in the molecular underpinnings of symbiotic plant-fungal interactions. Molecular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis is a timely collection of work that will bridge the gap between molecular biology, fungal genomics, and ecology.Table of ContentsList of contributors vii Foreword xi Preface xiii Section 1: Structure and phylogeny of mycorrhizal symbioses 1 1 Origins of the mycorrhizal symbioses 3Christine Strullu‐Derrien Paul Kenrick and Marc‐André Selosse 2 Reappraising the origin of mycorrhizas 21William R Rimington, Silvia Pressel, Katie J Field, Christine Strullu‐Derrien, Jeffrey G Duckett, and Martin I Bidartondo 3 The structure of arbuscular mycorrhizas: A cell biologist’s view 33Andrea Genre and Paola Bonfante 4 Structure and development of ectomycorrhizal roots 47Raffaella Balestrini and Ingrid Kottke 5 Structure and development of orchid mycorrhizas 63John Dearnaley, Silvia Perotto and Marc‐André Selosse Section 2: Cellular genetic and molecular mechanisms in the establishment of mycorrhizal symbioses 87 6 The evolution of the mycorrhizal lifestyles – a genomic perspective 89Annegret Kohler and Francis Martin 7 Strigolactones and lipochitooligosaccharides as molecular communication signals in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 107Clare Gough and Guillaume Bécard 8 Calcium signaling and transcriptional regulation in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 125Leonie Luginbuehl and Giles ED Oldroyd 9 Signaling pathways driving the development of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 141Yohann Daguerre, Jonathan M Plett, and Claire Veneault‐Fourrey Section 3: Physiology including carbon and nutrient exchange between symbionts 159 10 Carbohydrate metabolism in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 161Uwe Nehls Arpita Das and Dimitri Neb 11 Nitrogen acquisition in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis 179Rodica Pena 12 Phosphorus metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis 197Katsuharu Saito and Tatsuhiro Ezawa 13 Primary metabolism in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: Carbon nitrogen and sulfur 217Michael Bitterlich Jan Graefe and Philipp Franken 14 The transportome of mycorrhizal systems 239Pierre‐Emmanuel Courty, Joan Doidy, Kevin Garcia Daniel Wipf and Sabine Dagmar Zimmermann 15 Soil organic matter decomposition mechanisms in ectomycorrhizal fungi 257Anders Tunlid, Dimitrios Floudas Roger Koide and François Rineau 16 Homeostasis of trace elements in mycorrhizal fungi 277Joske Ruytinx, Elena Martino, Piotr Rozpądek, Stefania Daghino, Katarzyna Turnau, Jan Colpaert, and Silvia Perotto Section 4: Population and community ecology and environmental genomics 299 17 Molecular identification of fungi 301Leho Tedersoo and R Henrik Nilsson 18 Molecular technologies applied to the ecology of ectomycorrhizal communities 323Marc Buée, Erwin Sentausa, and Claude Murat 19 The biogeography of ectomycorrhizal fungi – a history of life in the subterranean 341Kabir G Peay and P Brandon Matheny 20 Spatial ecology of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities 363Brian J Pickles and Ian C Anderson 21 Fungal ecology in boreal forest ecosystems 387Björn D Lindahl and Karina E Clemmensen 22 Ecology of ericoid mycorrhizal fungi: What insight have we gained with molecular tools and what’s missing? 405Gwen Grelet, Elena Martino, Ian A Dickie, Rosnida Tajuddin, and Rebekka Artz 23 Evolutionary genomics of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi 421Rohan Riley, Philippe Charron, Timea Marton, and Nicolas Corradi 24 Mycorrhiza helper bacteria 437Aurélie Deveau and Jessy Labbé 25 Mixotrophy in mycorrhizal plants: Extracting Carbon from mycorrhizal networks 451Marc‐André Selosse, Melissa Faust Bocayuva, Maria Catarina Megumi Kasuya, and Pierre‐Emmanuel Courty 26 Second‐generation molecular understanding of mycorrhizas in soil ecosystems 473Ian A Dickie and Mark G St John Index 493

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn Insightful Examination of Smart Water Systems and Technology Inland water supplies are under increasing pressure. Climate, social, and demographic change have begun tipping the balance toward demand management, as supplies begins to dwindle. Water and wastewater infrastructure will play a central role in the management of this increasingly valuable resource, andSmart Water Technologies and Techniques: Data Capture and Analysis for Sustainable Water Managementprovides insight on a key part of the solution. Smart water applications optimise the way water and wastewater services are used, allowing more efficient allocation of limited resources while adding flexibility to the system. Automation, real-time data capture, and rapid interpretation allow utilities and users to monitor, manage, and act on the part of the water cycle that matters to them, minimizing costs of providing service through optimal use of extant assets. This book brings together Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii 1 What do we Mean by ‘Smart Water?’ 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Defining ‘Smart’ 1 1.1.1 ‘Smart’ and Utilities and Public Services 1 1.1.2 Smart Consumer Goods 1 1.2 ‘Smart Power’ and ‘Smart Grids’ 2 1.2.1 Smart Grids 2 1.3 Cleantech and Smart Cleantech 3 1.3.1 Smart Cleantech 4 1.4 Smart Water 4 1.4.1 Smart Water and the Flow of Information 5 1.4.1.1 Monitoring and Data Collection 5 1.4.1.2 Data Transmission and Recovery 5 1.4.1.3 Data Interpretation 5 1.4.1.4 Data Manipulation 6 1.4.1.5 Data Presentation 6 1.4.1.6 From Top–Down to Bottom–Up; Inverting the Flow of Information 6 1.4.2 Smart Water and Managing the Water Cycle 7 1.4.2.1 Potable Water Systems 7 1.4.2.2 Sewerage Systems 7 1.4.2.3 Energy Use and Recovery 7 1.4.2.4 Smart Environment 7 1.4.2.5 Flood Management and Mitigation 7 1.4.2.6 Resource Management 8 1.4.2.7 Integrated Water Management 8 1.4.3 Smart Water and the ‘Food, Water, Energy, and the Environment Nexus’ 8 1.5 Water, Smart Water and Cleantech 8 1.6 Disruption and a Conservative Sector 9 1.6.1 Why Water Utilities are Risk]Averse 9 1.6.2 A Question of Standards 9 1.6.3 Disruption in a Conservative Sector 10 1.7 The Size of this Market; Estimates and Forecasts 10 1.7.1 A Survey of Surveys 11 1.8 Venture Capital Funding Flows 13 1.8.1 Smart Water Cleantech Funding 14 1.8.2 Funding Smart Water Companies 14 1.8.3 The Evolution of Venture Capital Funding 15 1.9 Two Perspectives on Venture Capital and New Technologies 15 1.9.1 The Global Cleantech 100 – Cleantech Companies to Watch 16 1.9.2 The Gartner Hype Cycle – Investor and Customer Expectations and Realities 16 1.10 Sales of Smart Systems 18 1.11 Smart Water for Consumers 18 1.12 Smart Water for Utilities and Industrial Customers 18 1.13 Irrigation and Surface Water Monitoring 19 1.14 Water and the ‘Internet of Things’ 19 1.15 Some Initial Caveats 19 1.15.1 A Caveat about a Swiftly Evolving Future 20 1.15.2 A Caveat on Data and the Silo Mentality 20 Conclusions 20 References 21 2 Why do we Need Smart Water? 27 Introduction 27 2.1 The Water Supply Crunch 27 2.1.1 Water Scarcity and Stress 27 2.1.2 Renewable Water Resources 28 2.1.3 Population Growth and Urbanisation 28 2.1.4 Water Shortage, Scarcity and Stress 30 2.1.5 Population and Water Stress 31 2.1.6 Industrial Water Usage 34 2.1.7 The Supply Management Paradigm 35 2.1.8 Funding Constraints; The Need to do More with Less Funding 35 2.1.9 Affordability is a Concern, Especially in Less Equal Societies 37 2.1.10 Paying for Water and Wastewater 39 2.2 The Impact of Climate Change 40 2.2.1 The Cost of Adapting to a Changing Climate 42 2.3 Leakage and Water Losses 42 2.4 Water Efficiency and Demand Management 43 2.4.1 Demand Management and Consumer Behaviour 43 2.4.2 Balancing Water Use; Seasonal Demand and Availability 43 2.4.3 Water Efficiency – The Demands of Demand Management 44 2.4.4 Water Metering 45 2.4.4.1 The Development of Metering in England and Wales 45 2.5 Lowering Energy Usage 46 2.5.1 The Cost of Energy 47 2.5.2 Where Energy is Consumed 47 2.5.3 Energy Efficiency 48 2.5.4 Turning Wastewater into a Resource 49 2.6 Appreciating Asset Condition and its Effective Performance 49 2.6.1 Improvements in Asset Efficiency and Operating Costs 50 2.6.2 The Need to Understand Underground Assets 50 2.6.3 Pumps and Potential Savings 51 2.6.4 The Scope for Savings 51 Conclusions 52 References 52 3 The Technologies and Techniques Driving Smart Water 57 Introduction 57 3.1 From Innovation to Application – The Necessity of Integration 57 3.2 Digital Manufacturing – The Right Size at the Right Price 59 3.3 Smart Objects and the Internet of Things 60 3.4 The Hierarchy of Smart Hardware and Software 61 3.4.1 Automatic Decisions and Operations 61 3.4.2 Data Management and Display 61 3.4.3 Collection and Communication 62 3.4.4 Sensing and Control 63 3.4.5 Relevant Aspects that Exist Outside the Smart Network, as the Physical Layer 64 3.4.6 Smart Water Grids as Integrated Data Hierarchies 64 3.5 Case Studies: Towards Implementation 65 3.5.1 Case Study 3.1: Northumbrian Water’s Regional Control Centre 65 3.5.1.1 Northumbrian Water’s Aims and Outcomes 65 3.5.1.2 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Schneider’s SCADA 67 3.5.1.3 Smart Systems for Northumbrian Water – Aquadapt’s Water Management System 67 3.5.2 Case Study 3.2: Big Data at Dŵr Cymru Welsh Water 68 3.5.3 Case Study 3.3: Non]Revenue Water Reduction at Aguas de Cascais 69 3.5.4 Case Study 3.4: Smart Meter Services for Aguas de Portugal 70 3.5.4.1 EPAL’s DMA Analysis Project Methodology 71 3.5.4.2 Implementing Innovation 72 3.5.4.3 Results to Date 72 3.5.4.4 The Waterbeep Service at EPAL 73 3.5.5 Case Study 3.5: The Vitens Innovation Playground 74 3.5.5.1 Performance and Practicalities 74 3.5.5.2 The Beginnings of Big Data 74 3.5.5.3 Incertameter 75 3.5.5.4 Quasset 75 3.5.5.5 Optiqua 75 3.5.5.6 Arson Engineering 75 3.5.5.7 Scan Messtechnik GmbH 75 3.5.5.8 Homeria 75 3.5.5.9 StereoGraph 76 3.5.5.10 Mycometer 76 Conclusions 76 References 76 4 Domestic Water and Demand Management 79 Introduction 79 4.1 Metering and Smart Water Metering 79 4.1.1 Adoption of Metering 79 4.1.2 The Adoption of Metering in England and Wales 80 4.1.3 Tariff Structures 85 4.2 Types of Water Meter 85 4.2.1 Types of AMR Meter Reading 86 4.2.2 Smart Metering – From AMR to AMI 86 4.2.3 Smart Water Meters and Demand Management 87 4.2.4 The Cost of Smart Metering 87 4.2.5 Operating Costs for Smart Metering 89 4.2.6 Smart Meter Deployments to Date 90 4.2.7 Metering Deployment, Development and Utility Cash]flow 90 4.3 Smart Metering in Practice 91 4.3.1 What Data Means for Utilities and their Customers 91 4.3.2 The Need to Appreciate Customer Behaviour 91 4.3.3 Water Metering and Demand Management 92 4.3.4 Multi Utility Metering 94 4.3.5 Wessex Water – A Seasonal Tariff Trial 94 4.3.6 Smart Meters and Utility Size in the USA 95 4.3.7 Sewerage Metering – What Goes In, and Out 95 4.3.7.1 Wessex Water: Smart Wastewater Metering 96 4.3.8 Smart Metering and Leak Detection for Commercial Customers 97 4.4 Domestic Water 97 4.4.1 Domestic Devices 97 4.4.2 Monitoring Water Use 98 4.4.3 Water Harvesting and Reuse 99 4.4.4 Reducing Water Consumption at the Tap Level 99 4.4.5 Optimising Water Flow From the Tap 99 4.4.6 Domestic Flood Prevention 100 4.4.7 Water Efficient Appliances 101 4.4.8 Commercial and Municipal Applications 101 4.4.8.1 Low]Flow Shower Heads 102 4.4.8.2 Vacuum Lavatories 102 4.4.8.3 Minimum Water Cleaning 102 4.4.8.4 Glass Washers for Caterers 102 4.5 Developing Water Efficiency Standards 103 4.5.1 Australia – Water Efficiency Approvals 103 4.5.2 Water Efficiency Labels in Portugal, Singapore and the EU 103 4.5.3 Europe’s Water Label 104 4.5.4 Voluntary and Mandatory Schemes 105 4.6 Case Studies: The Emergence of Smart Domestic Metering and Appliances 106 4.6.1 Case Study 4.1: Smart Water Metering in Japan 107 4.6.2 Case Study 4.2: Water Use in the Home 107 4.6.2.1 At Home with Water 108 4.6.2.2 At Home with Water 2 108 4.6.3 Case Study 4.3: Smart Metering from an Energy Utility Perspective 109 4.6.3.1 Psychological Basis: Experiential Learning 110 4.6.4 Case Study 4.4: Southern Water’s Smart Metering Roll]Out 110 4.6.5 Case Study 4.5: Malta’s Smart Water Metering Roll]Out 112 4.6.6 Case Study 4.6: Smart Metering and Demand Management for Thames Water 112 4.6.6.1 The Need for Metering 112 4.6.6.2 Deploying the Meters 113 4.6.6.3 Findings from Fixed Network Trials: 2012–15 113 4.6.6.4 Preparing for the Migration from AMR to AMI 113 4.6.6.5 Customer Engagement and Awareness 114 4.6.6.6 Benefits Identified 115 4.6.6.7 Risks to Consider 116 4.6.6.8 Going Forward 116 4.6.7 Case Study 4.7: Retail Competition in England and Scotland 116 4.6.8 Case Study 4.8: Preparing for a Smart Meter Roll]Out in the USA 117 4.6.9 Case Study 4.9: Reducing Water Consumption in Melbourne 117 4.6.10 Case Study 4.10: Smart Meters in the USA, A Utility Perspective 118 4.6.11 Case Study 4.11: Jersey Water, Using AMR and AMI 118 4.6.12 Case Study 4.12: Orbital Systems – A Water Efficient Power Shower 118 4.6.13 Case Study 4.13: Enabling Utilities to Communicate Meter Readings 119 Conclusions 120 References 121 5 Optimising how we Manage Water and Wastewater 127 Introduction 127 5.1 Traditional Techniques and Expectations 127 5.2 Living in a Real]time World 128 5.2.1 Why we Need More Testing – Intensity of Water Use 129 5.2.2 Why we Need Faster Testing – Predict Rather than Respond 129 5.2.3 The Role of Domestic Smart Metering in Informing the Utility 129 5.3 Network Monitoring and Efficiency 129 5.3.1 Leakage Detection and Location 129 5.3.2 Assessing Asset Condition 130 5.3.3 Water Pressure Management and Leakage Detection 131 5.3.4 Optimising Pumping 133 5.3.5 Dealing with the Data 134 5.4 Drinking Water – Quality 134 5.4.1 Drinking Water – Potability, Aesthetics and Public Confidence 135 5.4.2 Going Back to the Source – Catchment Management 135 5.5 Water Utilities and the Wider Environment 135 5.5.1 River and Ground Water Quality Assessment 136 5.5.2 Flood Detection and Management 136 5.5.2.1 Smart Flood Management 136 5.5.3 Bathing Water Monitoring 138 5.6 Wastewater and Sewerage 139 5.6.1 Sludge Condition and Treatment 139 5.6.2 As a Renewable Resource – Water and Wastewater Reuse 139 5.6.3 Storm Sewerage Overflow Detection and Response 139 5.6.4 Wastewater as a Public Health Monitoring Tool 140 5.6.5 Smart Sewerage Capacity Optimisation 142 5.7 Avoiding Surplus Assets 143 5.7.1 Making the Extant Networks Deliver More 143 5.7.2 Efficient Deployment of Meters and Monitors 144 5.8 Case Studies 145 5.8.1 Case Study 5.1: Fast Action Leakage Detection in Copenhagen 146 5.8.2 Case Study 5.2: Data Logging and Network Optimisation 146 5.8.3 Case Study 5.3: Developing a Leak Detection and Management System in Jerusalem 147 5.8.4 Case Study 5.4: ‘Mapping the Underground’ for Locating Utility Assets 149 5.8.5 Case Study 5.5: Energy Efficient Pumping in Spain and Brazil 150 5.8.6 Case Study 5.6: Smart Water in Malta – The System 151 5.8.7 Case Study 5.7: Wireless Enabled Sewerage Monitoring and Management 152 5.8.8 Case Study 5.8: Monitoring for Sewer Overflows 153 5.8.9 Case Study 5.9: Flood Warnings and Event Management 153 5.8.10 Case Study 5.10: Sewerage Monitoring in a Remote Community 154 5.8.11 Case Study 5.11: Flood Monitoring and Management in Bordeaux 154 Conclusions 155 References 156 6 Appropriate Technology and Development 161 Introduction 161 6.1 Sustainable Development and Water in Developing Economies 161 6.2 Overcoming Traditional Obstacles 162 6.2.1 Aid]Funded Rural Hand Pumps in Sub]Saharan Africa 163 6.2.2 Reducing Water Losses and Unbilled Water in Developing Economies 163 6.2.3 Developing Water Pumps that are Built to Last 163 6.3 The Impact of Mobile Telephony 164 6.3.1 The Need for Access to Services and Infrastructure 164 6.3.2 Making Innovation Matter – Mobile Money and Water 165 6.4 An Overview of Smart Water Initiatives Seen in Developing Economies 167 6.4.1 India’s Smart Cities Mission 167 6.4.2 Remote Pump Condition Monitoring 167 6.4.3 SWEETSense – A Multi Use Monitor 168 6.4.4 Data Collection, Transmission and Interpretation Systems – mWater 168 6.4.5 Managing and Monitoring Losses 169 6.4.6 Smart Sanitation – Logistics and Lavatories 170 6.4.7 Sanitation Apps 170 6.5 Case Studies 171 6.5.1 Case Study 6.1: Smart Water ATMs in an Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya 171 6.5.2 Case Study 6.2: Smart Sanitation Collection in Senegal 172 6.5.3 Case Study 6.3: India – Performance]Based PPP Contract for Water Services 172 Conclusions 172 References 174 7 The Other 70%: Agriculture, Horticulture and Recreation 177 Introduction 177 7.1 Resource Competition and Municipal, Agricultural and Industrial Demand 177 7.1.1 Population Growth and Hunger Drive Demand 177 7.1.2 Loss of Productive Land 178 7.1.3 Irrigation and Productivity 178 7.1.4 Irrigation Efficiency 180 7.1.5 Urban and Domestic Irrigation 181 7.2 The Economics of Irrigation 181 7.3 Smart Irrigation and Sustainability 183 7.3.1 The Market for Smart Irrigation 183 7.3.2 Policy Drivers 185 7.4 Smart Irrigation Agriculture 187 7.4.1 Smart Irrigation Systems 187 7.4.2 The Impact of Smart Irrigation 188 7.4.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation 190 7.5 Lawns, Parks and Sports Fields 190 7.6 Case Studies 192 7.6.1 Case Study 7.1: Wine Growing in the USA 192 7.6.2 Case Study 7.2: Remote Sensing of Customer Water Consumption 193 7.6.3 Case Study 7.3: ETwater – An Integrated Garden Irrigation Management System 194 Conclusions 194 References 195 8 Policies and Practicalities for Enabling Smart Water 199 Introduction 199 8.1 Regulation as a Policy Driver 199 8.2 Direct Policy Interventions 200 8.3 Indirect Policy Interventions 200 8.4 Policy as an Inhibitor 201 8.5 Policy Challenges 201 8.6 Case Studies 202 8.6.1 Case Study 8.1: Australia – Localised Initiatives 202 8.6.2 Case Study 8.2: Ontario, Canada – A Smart Grid for Water 202 8.6.3 Case Study 8.3: Israel – Supporting Smart Technologies 203 8.6.4 Case Study 8.4: Korea – Smart Water as Part of a National Competitiveness Package 203 8.6.5 Case Study 8.5: Singapore – Smart Management as a Part of Holistic Water Management 204 8.6.6 Case Study 8.6: The United Kingdom – Mixed Signals 205 8.6.7 Case Study 8.7: The USA – State Level Mandates 207 Conclusions 208 References 209 9 Obstacles to Adoption 211 Introduction 211 9.1 Public Concerns about Health and Privacy 211 9.2 Trust, Technology and Politics 212 9.3 Ownership of Data 213 9.4 Stranded Assets 213 9.5 The Role of Utilities 214 9.6 Integrity and the Internet 214 9.7 A Question of Standards Revisited 214 9.8 Demand Management and Flushing Sewage Through the Network 215 9.9 Data Handling Capacity for the Internet of Things 215 9.10 Leakage Management is Hampered by its Measurement 216 9.11 Smart Water has its Logical Limits 216 Conclusions 216 References 217 10 Towards Smart Water Management 219 Introduction 219 10.1 Conservatism and Innovation 219 10.2 A Set of Desired Outcomes 220 10.3 The Impact of Smart Water 223 10.3.1 Irrigation 223 10.3.2 Smart Water and Overall Demand 224 10.3.3 Smart Water and Spending 225 Conclusions 225 References 226 Conclusions 229 Index 231

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Models and Modeling in the Earth and Environmental Sciences offers students and professionals the opportunity to learn about groundwater modeling, starting from the basics. Using clear, physically-intuitive examples, the author systematically takes us on a tour that begins with the simplest representations of fluid flow and builds through the most important equations of groundwater hydrology. Along the way, we learn how to develop a conceptual understanding of a system, how to choose boundary and initial conditions, and how to exploit model symmetry. Other important topics covered include non-dimensionalization, sensitivity, and finite differences. Written in an eclectic and readable style that will win over even math-phobic students, this text lays the foundation for a successful career in modeling and is accessible to anyone that has completed two semesters of Calculus. Although the popular imTable of ContentsAbout the companion website, xi Introduction, 1 1 Modeling basics, 4 1.1 Learning to model, 4 1.2 Three cardinal rules of modeling, 5 1.3 How can I evaluate my model?, 7 1.4 Conclusions, 8 2 A model of exponential decay, 9 2.1 Exponential decay, 9 2.2 The Bandurraga Basin, Idaho, 10 2.3 Getting organized, 10 2.4 Nondimensionalization, 17 2.5 Solving for θ, 19 2.6 Calibrating the model to the data, 21 2.7 Extending the model, 23 2.8 A numerical solution for exponential decay, 26 2.9 Conclusions, 28 2.10 Problems, 29 3 A model of water quality, 31 3.1 Oases in the desert, 31 3.2 Understanding the problem, 32 3.3 Model development, 32 3.4 Evaluating the model, 37 3.5 Applying the model, 38 3.6 Conclusions, 39 3.7 Problems, 40 4 The Laplace equation, 42 4.1 Laplace’s equation, 42 4.2 The Elysian Fields, 43 4.3 Model development, 44 4.4 Quantifying the conceptual model, 47 4.5 Nondimensionalization, 48 4.6 Solving the governing equation, 49 4.7 What does it mean?, 50 4.8 Numerical approximation of the second derivative, 54 4.9 Conclusions, 57 4.10 Problems, 58 5 The Poisson equation, 62 5.1 Poisson’s equation, 62 5.2 Alcatraz island, 63 5.3 Understanding the problem, 65 5.4 Quantifying the conceptual model, 74 5.5 Nondimensionalization, 76 5.6 Seeking a solution, 79 5.7 An alternative nondimensionalization, 82 5.8 Conclusions, 84 5.9 Problems, 85 6 The transient diffusion equation, 87 6.1 The diffusion equation, 87 6.2 The Twelve Labors of Hercules, 88 6.3 The Augean Stables, 90 6.4 Carrying out the plan, 92 6.5 An analytical solution, 100 6.6 Evaluating the solution, 109 6.7 Transient finite differences, 114 6.8 Conclusions, 118 6.9 Problems, 119 7 The Theis equation, 122 7.1 The Knight of the Sorrowful Figure, 122 7.2 Statement of the problem, 124 7.3 The governing equation, 125 7.4 Boundary conditions, 127 7.5 Nondimensionalization, 128 7.6 Solving the governing equation, 132 7.7 Theis and the “well function”, 134 7.8 Back to the beginning, 135 7.9 Violating the model assumptions, 138 7.10 Conclusions, 139 7.11 Problems, 140 8 The transport equation, 141 8.1 The advection–dispersion equation, 141 8.2 The problem child, 143 8.3 The Augean Stables, revisited, 144 8.4 Defining the problem, 144 8.5 The governing equation, 146 8.6 Nondimensionalization, 148 8.7 Analytical solutions, 152 8.8 Cauchy conditions, 165 8.9 Retardation and dispersion, 167 8.10 Numerical solution of the ADE, 169 8.11 Conclusions, 173 8.12 Problems, 174 9 Heterogeneity and anisotropy, 177 9.1 Understanding the problem, 177 9.2 Heterogeneity and the representative elemental volume, 179 9.3 Heterogeneity and effective properties, 180 9.4 Anisotropy in porous media, 187 9.5 Layered media, 188 9.6 Numerical simulation, 189 9.7 Some additional considerations, 191 9.8 Conclusions, 192 9.9 Problems, 192 10 Approximation, error, and sensitivity, 195 10.1 Things we almost know, 195 10.2 Approximation using derivatives, 196 10.3 Improving our estimates, 197 10.4 Bounding errors, 199 10.5 Model sensitivity, 201 10.6 Conclusions, 206 10.7 Problems, 207 11 A case study, 210 11.1 The Borax Lake Hot Springs, 210 11.2 Study motivation and conceptual model, 212 11.3 Defining the conceptual model, 213 11.4 Model development, 215 11.5 Evaluating the solution, 224 11.6 Conclusions, 229 11.7 Problems, 230 12 Closing remarks, 233 12.1 Some final thoughts, 233 Appendix A A heuristic approach to nondimensionalization, 236 Appendix B Evaluating implicit equations, 238 B.1 Trial and error, 239 B.2 The graphical method, 239 B.3 Iteration, 240 B.4 Newton’s method, 241 Appendix C Matrix solution for implicit algorithms, 243 C.1 Solution of 1D equations, 243 C.2 Solution for higher dimensional problems, 244 C.3 The tridiagonal matrix routine TDMA, 244 Index, 247

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn introduction to the microbiology of bioaerosols and their impact on the world in which we live The microbiology of aerosols is an emerging field of research that lies at the interface of a variety of scientific and health-related disciplines. This eye-opening book synthesizes the current knowledge about microorganismsbacteria, archaea, fungi, virusesthat are aloft in the atmosphere. The book is written collaboratively by an interdisciplinary and international panel of experts and carefully edited to provide a high-level overview of the emerging field of aerobiology. Four sections within Microbiology of Aerosols present the classical and online methods used for sampling and characterizing airborne microorganisms, their emission sources and short- to long-distance dispersal, their influence on atmospheric processes and clouds, and their consequences for human health and agro-ecosystems. Practical considerations are also discussed, including sampling techniques, an overview of the qTable of ContentsList of Contributors xi Preface xv Hunting fog xvii It all happens up there … xix Cela se passe là-haut … xxi Part I Bioaerosols, Sampling, and Characterization 1 1.1 Main Biological Aerosols, Specificities, Abundance, and Diversity 3P. Amato, E. Brisebois, M. Draghi, C. Duchaine, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.A. Huffman, G. Mainelis, E. Robine and M. Thibaudon 1.1.1 Introduction 3 1.1.2 Pollen 4 1.1.3 Fungi 5 1.1.4 Bacteria 7 1.1.5 Archaea 9 1.1.6 Viruses 10 References 11 1.2 Sampling Techniques 23P. Amato, E. Brisebois, M. Draghi, C. Duchaine, J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.A. Huffman, G. Mainelis, E. Robine and M. Thibaudon 1.2.1 Introduction 23 1.2.2 Passive and surface sampling 24 1.2.3 Filtration 25 1.2.4 Inertia-based samplers: sedimentation samplers, impactors, cyclones 28 1.2.4.1 Sedimentation samplers 28 1.2.4.2 Impactors 28 1.2.4.3 Centrifugal impactors 33 1.2.5 Impingement 34 1.2.6 Electrostatic sampling 36 1.2.6.1 Electrostatic samplers for improved detection sensitivity 37 1.2.6.2 Personal or portable samplers 38 1.2.6.3 Utilization of native microorganism charges 39 1.2.6.4 Concerns regarding electrostatic collectors 39 References 40 1.3 Quantification and Characterization of Bioaerosols (offline techniques) 49J. Fröhlich-Nowoisky, P. Amato, P. Renard, E. Brisebois and C. Duchaine 1.3.1 Cultures and metabolic/phenotypic characterization of microbial isolates 49 1.3.2 Microscopy and flow cytometry 53 1.3.2.1 Light microscopy 53 1.3.2.2 Epifluorescence microscopy 54 1.3.2.3 Electron microscopy 55 1.3.2.4 Flow cytometry 56 1.3.3 Nucleic acid-based methods 56 1.3.3.1 DNA extraction and amplification 56 1.3.3.2 Quantification 57 1.3.3.3 Analysis of the diversity 58 1.3.3.4 Sequencing 59 1.3.3.5 Microarrays 60 1.3.4 Chemical and biological tracers 60 1.3.4.1 Biomarkers 61 1.3.4.2 Ice nucleation activity 62 1.3.4.3 Mass spectrometry 63 1.3.4.4 Spectroscopy 64 1.3.4.5 Immunoassay method 65 1.3.5 Biological activity-based methods 65 1.3.5.1 Supplementation with nutrients 65 1.3.5.2 Supplementation with radiolabeled precursors of anabolism 65 1.3.5.3 Enzymatic activity 66 1.3.5.4 Adenosine 5′-triphosphate 66 1.3.5.5 Virus infectivity 67 References 67 1.4 Online Techniques for Quantification and Characterization of Biological Aerosols 83J.A. Huffman and J. Santarpia 1.4.1 Introduction 83 1.4.2 Single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy 84 1.4.2.1 Single-particle fluorescence spectrometer 86 1.4.2.2 Two-wavelength single-particle fluorescence analyzer 87 1.4.2.3 Fluorescence aerodynamic particle sizer (FLAPS)/ultraviolet aerodynamic particle sizer (UV-APS) 88 1.4.2.4 Wideband integrated bioaerosol sensor (WIBS+) and spectral intensity bioaerosol sensor (SIBS) 90 1.4.2.5 Other 93 1.4.2.6 Data analysis strategies 94 1.4.3 Bioaerosol mass spectrometry 94 1.4.3.1 Bioaerosol mass spectrometry (BAMS) 96 1.4.3.2 Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) 96 1.4.3.3 Aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) 97 1.4.3.4 Other 97 1.4.4 Other real-time bioaerosol detection techniques 97 1.4.4.1 Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) 97 1.4.4.2 Resource Effective Bioidentification System (REBS) 97 1.4.4.3 Molecular tracer techniques 98 1.4.4.4 PBAP detection via elemental analysis 98 1.4.4.5 Automated pollen counting 98 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 Part II Sources and Transport of Microbial Aerosols 115 2.1 Bioaerosol Sources 117N. Wéry, A. Galès and Y. Brunet 2.1.1 Introduction 117 2.1.2 Emission mechanisms 119 2.1.2.1 Passive and active release 119 2.1.2.2 Erosion, abrasive dislodgment, and abrasive damage 120 2.1.2.3 Bubble bursting 121 2.1.2.4 Emissions from man-made systems 121 2.1.2.5 Differences in concentration factors between microorganisms: selection during aerosolization 122 2.1.3 Measuring emission fluxes 123 2.1.3.1 Introduction 123 2.1.3.2 Chamber measurements 123 2.1.3.3 Flux–gradient relationships 124 2.1.3.4 A novel method for measuring vertical atmospheric fluxes? 125 2.1.3.5 Downwind dispersion modelling 125 2.1.3.6 Conclusion 126 2.1.4 Impact of aerosol sources on the concentration and diversity of airborne microbial communities in the near-surface atmosphere 126 2.1.4.1 Effect of source type on microbial loads 126 2.1.4.2 Effect of source type on microbial diversity 127 2.1.4.3 Impact of meteorological factors on source contribution 128 2.1.5 Identifying predictors of bioaerosol emission and airborne community composition 129 2.1.5.1 Predictors of airborne community composition 129 2.1.5.2 Indicators for monitoring bioaerosol emission 129 2.1.6 Conclusion 130 References 131 2.2 Short-Scale Transport of Bioaerosols 137Y. Brunet, N. Wéry and A. Galès 2.2.1 Introduction 137 2.2.2 Particle dynamics and deposition processes 138 2.2.3 Transport processes and dispersal scales 140 2.2.4 Survival of microorganisms during transport 142 2.2.5 Modeling tools for the transport of microbial aerosols 143 2.2.5.1 Gaussian approaches 143 2.2.5.2 Modeling dispersal in plant canopies 144 2.2.5.3 Toward larger scales 145 2.2.5.4 Modeling the survival of airborne microorganisms 146 2.2.6 Dispersal patterns 147 2.2.6.1 Release conditions 147 2.2.6.2 Concentration variations downwind from sources 147 2.2.6.3 Landscape-scale patterns 148 2.2.7 Conclusion 149 References 149 2.3 Global-Scale Atmospheric Dispersion of Microorganisms 155D.W. Griffin, C. Gonzalez-Martin, C. Hoose and D.J. Smith 2.3.1 Historical context 155 2.3.2 Mechanisms of dispersion 156 2.3.2.1 Natural sources 156 2.3.2.2 Anthropogenic sources 159 2.3.3 Microorganisms associated with long-range dispersion 161 2.3.3.1 Ubiquity 161 2.3.3.3 Long-range transport studies by method type 165 2.3.4 Residence time, transport history, and emission models 167 2.3.4.1 General principles 167 2.3.4.2 Global and regional models including biological aerosols 168 2.3.4.3 Determining transport history with proxy aerosols 172 2.3.5 Implications for planetary exploration 174 2.3.5.1 Aerobiology informs astrobiology 174 Acknowledgments 178 References 178 Part III Impacts of Microbial Aerosols on Atmospheric Processes 195 3.1 Impacts of Bioaerosols on Atmospheric Ice Nucleation Processes 197T.C.J. Hill, P.J. DeMott, F. Conen and O. Möhler 3.1.1 Introduction 197 3.1.2 Measurements of ice-nucleating particles 199 3.1.2.1 Online and offline measurements of single ice-nucleating particles using diffusion chambers 199 3.1.2.2 Offline ice-nucleating particle measurements using bulk aerosol and precipitation samples 200 3.1.2.3 Cloud simulation laboratories 201 3.1.2.4 Contact freezing measurements 202 3.1.2.5 Compositional analyses of ice-nucleating particles 203 3.1.3 Findings from laboratory experiments, field collections, and field studies 203 3.1.4 Atmospheric implications 207 3.1.4.1 Ecological advantages of ice nucleation and the bioprecipitation hypothesis 207 3.1.4.2 Correlation with precipitation cycles (stimulation of ice-nucleating particle release by rainfall?) 208 3.1.4.3 A special role for bioaerosols in secondary ice generation and precipitation formation? 209 3.1.5 Conclusion and future needs 210 References 210 3.2 Impacts on Cloud Chemistry 221A.-M. Delort, L. Deguillaume, P. Renard, V. Vinatier, I. Canet, M. Vaïtilingom and N. Chaumerliac 3.2.1 Introduction 221 3.2.2 Chemical composition of clouds 222 3.2.3 Clouds as oxidative reactors 225 3.2.4 Clouds as spaces of biodegradation 227 3.2.4.1 Biotransformation of carboxylic acids, methanol, and formaldehyde 228 3.2.4.2 Comparison between biodegradation and radical chemistry 230 3.2.5 Interactions with cloud oxidants 232 3.2.5.1 Interactions with reactive oxidant species 232 3.2.5.2 Interactions with iron 233 3.2.6 Clouds as spaces of organic compound functionalization 235 3.2.6.1 Formation of high molecular weight compounds via chemical reactions 235 3.2.6.2 Formation of high molecular weight compounds via microbial activity 236 3.2.7 Conclusion 238 References 239 Part IV Impacts of Bioaerosols on Human Health and the Environment 249 4.1 Health Impacts of Bioaerosol Exposure 251P. Blais Lecours, C. Duchaine, M. Thibaudon and D. Marsolais 4.1.1 Introduction 251 4.1.2 Hazardous potential of bioaerosols 251 4.1.2.1 Factors affecting the hazardous potential of bioaerosols 251 4.1.2.2 Epidemiological data in documented environments 252 4.1.3 Infectious diseases associated with bioaerosols 253 4.1.3.1 Identification of agents with infectious potential in bioaerosols 253 4.1.3.2 Determinants of maintenance of infectious potential in bioaerosols 254 4.1.4 Toxic and hypersensitivity disease-associated bioaerosols 254 4.1.4.1 Balance of biological mechanisms determining toxic reactions and hypersensitivity 254 4.1.4.2 Airborne agents responsible for immunogenic responses 254 4.1.4.3 Pollen grain and fungal spore surveillance 255 4.1.4.4 Diseases associated with non-infectious culturable and non-culturable fractions 256 4.1.5 Biological agents used for bioterrorism 258 4.1.5.1 Bioterrorism 258 4.1.5.2 Classification of bioterrorism agents 259 4.1.5.3 Point detection of biological agents and exposure limit values of bioaerosols 263 4.1.6 Conclusion 263 References 263 4.2 Impacts of Microbial Aerosols on Natural and Agro-ecosystems: Immigration, Invasions, and their Consequences 269C.E. Morris and D.C. Sands 4.2.1 Introduction 269 4.2.2 Colonization of virgin and extreme habitats 270 4.2.2.1 The emergence of terrestrial eukaryotes 270 4.2.2.2 Modern rebirth of pristine land: colonization in the wake of volcanic eruptions 270 4.2.2.3 The conquest of rocks: weathering and the liberation of mineral nutrients 272 4.2.2.4 Colonization of sculpted and painted rocks: deterioration of cultural heritage 273 4.2.2.5 High-altitude/latitude environments 273 4.2.3 Invasion of agriculture 274 4.2.4 Opportunities for research 276 References 277 Index 281

Read more less

Book SynopsisProvides critiques of current practices for environmental flow assessment and shows how they can be improved, using case studies. In Environmental Flow Assessment: Methods and Applications, four leading experts critique methods used to manage flows in regulated streams and rivers to balance environmental (instream) and out-of-stream uses of water. Intended for managers as well as practitioners, the book dissects the shortcomings of commonly used approaches, and offers practical advice for selecting and implementing better ones. The authors argue that methods for environmental flow assessment (EFA) can be defensible as well as practicable only if they squarely address uncertainty, and provide guidance for doing so. Introductory chapters describe the scientific and social reasons that EFA is hard, and provide a brief history. Because management of regulated streams starts with understanding freshwater ecosystems, Environmental Flow Assessment: Methods anTable of ContentsAbout the authors ix Series foreword xi Preface xiii Acknowledgements xv 1 An introduction to environmental flows 1 Summary 1 1.1 What are environmental flows? 1 1.2 Why EFA is so hard; scientific issues 2 1.2.1 Stream ecosystems are dynamic and open 2 1.2.2 Fish evolve 3 1.2.3 Streams adjust 4 1.2.4 Climate changes 4 1.2.5 Populations vary 5 1.2.6 Habitat selection is conditional 5 1.2.7 Spatial and temporal scales matter 5 1.3 Why EFA is so hard: social issues 6 1.3.1 Social objectives evolve 6 1.3.2 Science and dispute resolution 7 1.3.3 Water is valuable 7 1.3.4 Managers or clients often want the Impossible 7 1.4 Why EFA is so hard: problems with the literature 8 1.5 Why EFA is so hard: limitations of models and objective methods 8 1.5.1 Models and environmental flow assessment 8 1.5.2 Objective and subjective methods 9 1.6 Conclusions 9 2 A brief history of environmental flow assessments 11 Summary 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 The legal basis for environmental flows 12 2.3 The scope of environmental flow assessments 13 2.4 Methods for quantifying environmental flows 14 2.5 Conclusions 20 Note 20 3 A primer on flow in rivers and streams 21 Summary 21 3.1 Introduction 21 3.2 Precipitation and runoff 22 3.3 Flow regimes 22 3.3.1 Describing or depicting flow regimes 22 3.3.2 Variation in flow regimes across climates and regions 25 3.3.3 Anthropogenic changes in flow regimes 28 3.3.4 Hydrologic classifications 29 3.4 Spatial patterns and variability within streams 30 3.4.1 Spatial complexity of flow within stream channels 30 3.4.2 The variety of channel forms 31 3.4.3 Lateral connectivity with floodplain and off‐channel water bodies 33 3.4.4 Bed topography and hyporheic exchange 36 3.5 Managing environmental flows 37 3.6 Conclusions 38 4 Life in and around streams 39 Summary 39 4.1 Introduction 39 4.2 Structure of stream ecosystems 40 4.2.1 Across‐channel gradients 40 4.2.2 Upstream–downstream gradient 41 4.3 Adaptations of stream organisms 43 4.3.1 Morphological adaptations 43 4.3.2 Physiological adaptations 44 4.3.3 Behavioral adaptations 45 4.4 Adapting to extreme flows 46 4.5 Synthesis 47 4.6 Environmental flows and fish assemblages 47 4.7 Conclusions 49 5 Tools for environmental flow assessment 51 Summary 51 5.1 Introduction 51 5.2 Descriptive tools 52 5.2.1 Graphical tools and images 52 5.2.2 Stream classifications 53 5.2.3 Habitat Classifications 54 5.2.4 Species classifications 55 5.2.5 Methods classifications 55 5.3 Literature reviews 55 5.4 Experiments 56 5.4.1 Flow experiments 56 5.4.2 Laboratory experiments 56 5.4.3 Thought experiments 56 5.5 Long‐term monitoring 58 5.6 Professional opinion 59 5.7 Causal criteria 60 5.8 Statistics 60 5.8.1 Sampling 61 5.8.2 Sampling methods 61 5.8.3 Hypothesis testing 61 5.8.4 Model selection and averaging 62 5.8.5 Resampling algorithms 62 5.9 Modeling 63 5.9.1 Abundance–environment relations 64 5.9.2 Habitat association models 65 5.9.3 Drift‐foraging models 65 5.9.4 Capability models 66 5.9.5 Bayesian networks 66 5.9.6 Hierarchical Bayesian models 69 5.9.7 Dynamic occupancy models 70 5.9.8 State‐dependent life‐history models and dynamic energy budget models 71 5.9.9 Hydraulic models 71 5.9.10 Hydrological models 72 5.9.11 Temperature models 72 5.9.12 Sediment transport models 72 5.9.13 Other uses of models in EFA 73 5.10 Hydraulic habitat indices 73 5.11 Hydrological indices 75 5.12 Conclusions 75 6 Environmental flow methods 77 Summary 77 6.1 Introduction 77 6.1.1 Hydrologic, habitat rating, habitat simulation, and holistic methods 78 6.1.2 Top‐down and bottom‐up approaches 78 6.1.3 Sample‐based methods and whole‐system methods 78 6.1.4 Standard‐setting and incremental approaches 79 6.1.5 Micro‐, meso‐, and river‐, scale methods 79 6.1.6 Opinion‐based and model‐based methods 79 6.2 Hydrological methods 80 6.2.1 The tennant method and its relatives 80 6.2.2 Indicators of hydraulic alteration (IHA) 81 6.3 Hydraulic rating methods 82 6.4 Habitat simulation methods 83 6.4.1 Habitat association models 84 6.4.2 Bioenergetic or drift‐foraging models 88 6.5 Frameworks for EFA 92 6.5.1 Instream flow incremental methodology (IFIM) 92 6.5.2 Downstream response to imposed flow transformation (DRIFT) 95 6.5.3 Ecological limits of hydraulic alteration (ELOHA) 97 6.5.4 Adaptive management 102 6.5.5 Evidence‐based EFA 104 6.6 Conclusions 107 7 Good modeling practice for EFA 109 Summary 109 7.1 Introduction 109 7.2 Modeling practice 110 7.2.1 What are the purposes of the modeling? 110 7.2.2 How should you think about the natural system being assessed? 111 7.2.3 What data are or will be available, and how good are they? 111 7.2.4 How will the available budget be distributed over modeling efforts or between modeling and data collection, or between the assessment and subsequent monitoring? 112 7.2.5 How will the uncertainty in the results of the modeling be estimated and communicated? 112 7.2.6 How will the model and model development be documented? 113 7.2.7 How will the models be tested? 113 7.2.8 How good is good enough to be useful? 113 7.2.9 Who will use the results of the modeling, and how will they be used? 113 7.2.10 Do you really need a model? 113 7.3 Behavioral issues in modeling for EFA 114 7.4 Data‐dependent activities in developing estimation models 115 7.5 Sampling 118 7.5.1 General considerations 118 7.5.2 Spatial scale issues in sampling 119 7.5.3 Cleaning data sets 119 7.6 On testing models 120 7.6.1 The purpose of testing models 120 7.6.2 Why testing models can be hard 120 7.6.3 The problem with validation 120 7.6.4 The limited utility of significance tests 121 7.6.5 Tests should depend on the nature of the method being applied 122 7.6.6 Models should be tested multiple ways 122 7.6.7 The importance of plausibility 123 7.6.8 The importance of testing models with independent data 123 7.6.9 The quality of the data limits the quality of the tests 123 7.6.10 The importance of replication 123 7.6.11 Models should be tested against other models 123 7.7 Experimental tests 126 7.7.1 Flow experiments 126 7.7.2 Behavioral carrying‐capacity tests 128 7.7.3 Virtual ecosystem experiments 128 7.8 Testing models with knowledge 129 7.9 Testing hydraulic models 129 7.10 Testing EFMs based on professional judgement 130 7.11 Testing species distribution models 131 7.11.1 Goodness of fit 132 7.11.2 Prevalence 132 7.11.3 Imperfect detection 133 7.11.4 Spatial scale and other complications 133 7.12 Conclusions 141 Note 142 8 Dams and channel morphology 143 Summary 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Diagnosing the problem and setting objectives 145 8.3 Managing sediment load 146 8.3.1 Existing dams 146 8.3.2 Proposed dams 147 8.3.3 Obsolete dams 150 8.4 Specifying morphogenic flows 152 8.4.1 Three common approaches to specifying morphogenic flows 152 8.4.2 Clear objectives needed 153 8.4.3 Magnitude 153 8.4.4 Duration 155 8.4.5 The hydrograph 155 8.4.6 Seasonality 156 8.4.7 Recurrence 158 8.5 Flows for managing vegetation in channels 159 8.6 Constraints 159 8.6.1 Minimizing cost of foregone power production and other uses of water 159 8.6.2 Preserving spawning gravels 160 8.6.3 Preventing flooding and bank erosion 161 8.7 Conclusions 161 9 Improving the use of existing evidence and expert opinion in environmental flow assessments 163 Summary 163 9.1 Introduction 163 9.2 Overview of proposed method 164 9.3 Basic principles and background to steps 165 9.3.1 Literature as a basis of an evidence‐based conceptual model 165 9.3.2 Translate the conceptual model into the structure of a Bayesian belief network 166 9.3.3 Quantify causal relationships in the BBN using formal expert elicitation 166 9.3.4 Update causal relationships using empirical data 166 9.4 Case study: golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the regulated Goulburn River, southeastern Australia 168 9.4.1 Evidence‐based conceptual model of golden perch responses to flow variation 168 9.4.2 Bayesian belief network structure of the golden perch model 168 9.4.3 Expert‐based quantification of effects of flow and non‐flow drivers on golden perch 169 9.4.4 Inclusion of monitoring data to update the golden perch BBN 171 9.5 Discussion 172 9.5.1 Improved use of knowledge from the literature 172 9.5.2 Improving the basis of Bayesian networks for environmental flows 173 9.5.3 Hierarchical Bayesian methods as best practice 174 9.5.4 Piggy‐backing on existing knowledge 175 9.5.5 Resourcing improved practice 175 9.5.6 Accessibility of methods 176 9.6 Summary 176 10 Summary conclusions and recommendations 177 10.1 Conclusions and recommendations 177 10.1.1 Confront uncertainty and manage adaptively 177 10.1.2 Methods for EFA 178 10.1.3 Recommendations on monitoring 180 10.1.4 Recommendations for assessments 181 10.2 A checklist for EFA 182 Literature cited 185 Index 215

Read more less

Book SynopsisWater, energy and food are key resources to sustain life, and are the fundamental to national, regional and global economies. These three resources are interlinked in multiple ways, and the term nexus captures the interconnections. The nexus has been discussed, debated, researched, and advocated widely but the focus is often on the pairings of water-energy or water-food or energy-food. To really benefit from the nexus approach in terms of resource use efficiency it is essential to understand, operationalize and practice the nexus of all three resources. As demand for these resources increases worldwide, using them sustainability is a critical concern for scientists and citizens, governments and policy makers. Volume highlights include: Contributions to the global debate on water-energy-food nexus Examples of the nexus approach in practice from different regions of the world Perspectives on the future of the nexus agenda Water-ETable of Contents Contributors vii Preface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Section I: Understanding the Nexus 1 The Need for the Nexus Approach 3P. Abdul Salam, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, Sangam Shrestha, and Anil Kumar Anal 2 Evolution of the Nexus as a Policy and Development Discourse 11Vishnu Prasad Pandey and Sangam Shrestha 3 The Nexus Contribution to Better Water Management and Its Limitations 21Mike Muller 4 Dynamic, Cross]Sectoral Analysis of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Investigating an Emerging Paradigm 31Alex Smajgl and John Ward 5 Urban Nexus: An Integrated Approach for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals 43Donovan Storey, Lorenzo Santucci, and Banashri Sinha Section II: Operationalizing the Nexus 6 Modeling the Water]Energy]Food Nexus: A 7]Question Guideline 57Bassel Daher, Rabi H. Mohtar, Sang]Hyun Lee, and Amjad Assi 7 Water]Energy]Food Nexus: Selected Tools and Models in Practice 67Victor R. Shinde 8 Governing for the Nexus: Empirical, Theoretical, and Normative Dimensions 77David Benson, Animesh K. Gain, Josselin Rouillard, and Carlo Giupponi 9 The Role of International Cooperation in Operationalizing the Nexus in Developing Countries: Emerging Lessons of the Nexus Observatory 89Kristin Meyer and Mathew Kurian 10 Water]Energy]Food Security Nexus in the Eastern Nile Basin: Assessing the Potential of Transboundary Regional Cooperation 103Mohammad Al]Saidi, Nadir Ahmed Elagib, Lars Ribbe, Tatjana Schellenberg, Emma Roach, and Deniz Oezhan 11 Energy]Centric Operationalizing of the Nexus in Rural Areas: Cases from South Asia 117Parimita Mohanty and Satwik Patnaik Section III: Nexus in Practice 12 The Water]Energy]Food Nexus from a South African Perspective 129Olusola O. Ololade, Surina Esterhuyse, and Audrey D. Levine 13 Water]Energy]Food Nexus: Examples from the USA 141Soni M. Pradhanang 14 WEF Nexus Cases from California with Climate Change Implication 151Qinqin Liu 15 Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the West Asian Region 163Mohamed Abdel Hamyd Dawoud 16 Assessment of Water, Energy, and Carbon Footprints of Crop Production: A Case Study from Southeast Nepal 181Sangam Shrestha and Saroj Adhikari 17 The Food]Water]Energy Nexus in Modern Rice Cultivation in Bangladesh and Competing Discourses of Rice Research Institutions 191Sophia Barkat and Zachary A. Smith 18 Riverbank Filtration Technology at the Nexus of Water]Energy]Food 207Thomas B. Boving and Kavita Patil Section IV: Future of the Nexus Agenda 19 Water]Energy]Food (WEF) Nexus and Sustainable Development 223Ashim Das Gupta Index 243

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of Contents1 The Environmental Challenges We Face 2 Human Impacts on the Environment 4 Envirodiscovery 1.1: Green Roofs 8 Sustainability and the Environment 12 Environmental Science 16 How We Handle Environmental Problems 20 Envirodiscovery 1.2: Getting Past NIMBY 22 Case Study 1.1: The New Orleans Disaster 23 2 Sustainability and Human Values 26 Human Use of the Earth 28 Human Values and Environmental Problems 31 Environmental Justice 35 An Overall Plan for Sustainable Living 36 Case Study 2.1: The Loess Plateau in China 44 3 Environmental History, Politics, and Economics 48 Conservation and Preservation of Resources 50 Environmental History 51 Envirodiscovery 3.1: Environmental Literacy 58 Environmental Legislation 59 Environmental Economics 62 Case Study 3.1: Tradable Permits and Acid Rain 68 4 Risk Analysis and Environmental Health Hazards 72 A Perspective on Risks 74 Environmental Health Hazards 77 Movement and Fate of Toxicants 81 Determining Health Effects of Pollutants 85 Envirodiscovery 4.1: Smoking: A Significant Risk 88 The Precautionary Principle 90 Case Study 4.1: Endocrine Disrupters 92 5 How Ecosystems Work 96 What Is Ecology? 98 The Flow of Energy Through Ecosystems 100 The Cycling of Matter in Ecosystems 106 Ecological Niches 113 What a Scientist Sees 5.1: Resource Partitioning 115 Interactions Among Organisms 116 Envirodiscovery 5.1: Bee Colonies Under Threat 118 Case Study 5.1: Global Climate Change: How Does It Affect the Carbon Cycle? 122 6 Ecosystems and Evolution 126 Factors That Shape Biomes 128 Describing Earth’s Major Biomes 132 Envirodiscovery 6.1: Using Goats to Fight Fires 138 Aquatic Ecosystems 142 What a Scientist Sees 6.1: Zonation in a Large Lake 143 Population Responses to Changing Conditions over Time: Evolution 147 Community Responses to Changing Conditions over Time: Succession 151 Case Study 6.1: Wildfires 154 7 Human Population Change and the Environment 158 Population Ecology 160 Human Population Patterns 165 Demographics of Countries 168 Stabilizing World Population 173 Envirodiscovery 7.1: Microcredit Programs 176 What a Scientist Sees 7.1: Education and Fertility 177 Population and Urbanization 178 Case Study 7.1: Urban Planning in Curitiba, Brazil 184 8 Air and Air Pollution 188 The Atmosphere 190 Types and Sources of Air Pollution 194 What a Scientist Sees 8.1: Air Pollution from Volcanoes 197 Effects of Air Pollution 199 Envirodiscovery 8.1: Air Pollution May Affect Precipitation 201 Controlling Air Pollutants 204 Indoor Air Pollution 207 Case Study 8.1: Curbing Air Pollution in Chattanooga 210 9 Global Atmospheric Changes 214 The Atmosphere and Climate 216 What a Scientist Sees 9.1: Rain Shadow 219 Global Climate Change 220 Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere 229 Envirodiscovery 9.1: Links Between Climate and Atmospheric Change 231 Acid Deposition 232 Case Study 9.1: International Implications of Global Climate Change 236 10 Freshwater Resources and Water Pollution 240 The Importance of Water 242 Water Resource Problems 245 Water Management 252 Water Pollution 256 What a Scientist Sees 10.1: Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes 257 Improving Water Quality 262 Case Study 10.1: China’s Three Gorges Dam 267 11 The Ocean and Fisheries 270 The Global Ocean 272 Major Ocean Life Zones 276 Envirodiscovery 11.1: Otters in Trouble 280 Human Impacts on the Ocean 282 What a Scientist Sees 11.1: Modern Commercial Fishing Methods 284 What a Scientist Sees 11.2: Ocean Warming and Coral Bleaching 287 Addressing Ocean Problems 289 Case Study 11.1: The Dead Zone in the Gulf of Mexico 291 12 Mineral and Soil Resources 294 Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle 296 Economic Geology: Useful Minerals 300 Environmental Implications of Mineral Use 304 Envirodiscovery 12.1: Not-So-Precious Gold 305 Soil Properties and Processes 307 What a Scientist Sees 12.1: Soil Profile 308 Soil Problems and Conservation 310 Case Study 12.1: Coping with “Conflict Minerals” 315 13 Land Resources 318 Land Use in the United States 320 Forests and Forest Management 322 Envirodiscovery 13.1: Ecologically Certified Wood 324 What a Scientist Sees 13.1: Harvesting Trees 326 Deforestation 327 Rangelands 331 National Parks and Wilderness Areas 334 Conservation of Land Resources 339 Case Study 13.1: The Tongass Debate over Clear-Cutting 342 14 Agriculture and Food Resources 346 World Food Problems 348 The Principal Types of Agriculture 351 Challenges of Producing More Crops and Livestock 353 Solutions to Agricultural Problems 358 Controlling Agricultural Pests 362 What a Scientist Sees 14.1: Pesticide Use and New Pest Species 364 Case Study 14.1: Organic Agriculture 366 15 Biodiversity and Conservation 370 Species Richness and Biological Diversity 372 Endangered and Extinct Species 376 Envirodiscovery 15.1: Is Your Coffee Bird Friendly®? 378 What a Scientist Sees 15.1: Where Is Declining Biological Diversity the Most Serious? 379 Conservation Biology 384 Conservation Policies and Laws 388 Case Study 15.1: The Challenges of Protecting Rare Species 391 16 Solid and Hazardous Waste 394 Solid Waste 396 What a Scientist Sees 16.1: Sanitary Landfills 399 Envirodiscovery 16.1: The U.S.–China Recycling Connection 402 Reducing Solid Waste 402 Hazardous Waste 407 Envirodiscovery 16.2: Handling Nanotechnology Safely 408 Managing Hazardous Waste 410 Case Study 16.1: High-Tech Waste 413 17 Nonrenewable Energy Resources 416 Energy Consumption 418 Coal 419 Oil and Natural Gas 421 Nuclear Energy 428 Envirodiscovery 17.1: A Nuclear Waste Nightmare 435 What a Scientist Sees 17.1: Yucca Mountain 436 Case Study 17.1: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge 437 18 Renewable Energy Resources 440 Direct Solar Energy 442 What a Scientist Sees 18.1: Photovoltaic Cells 444 Indirect Solar Energy 448 Other Renewable Energy Sources 454 Energy Solutions: Conservation and Efficiency 456 Envirodiscovery 18.1: Deep Energy Retrofits 456 Case Study 18.1: Green Architecture 461 Graphing Appendix 464 Glossary 473 Index 478

Read more less

Book SynopsisAn authoritative summary of the quest for an environmentally sustainable synthesis process of nanomaterials and their application for environmental sustainability Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials for Bioenergy Applications is an important guide that provides information on the fabrication of nanomaterial and the application of low cost, green methods. The book also explores the impact on various existing bioenergy approaches. Throughout the book, the contributorsnoted experts on the topicoffer a reliable summary of the quest for an environmentally sustainable synthesis process of nanomaterials and their application to the field of environmental sustainability. The green synthesis of nanoparticles process has been widely accepted as a promising technique that can be applied to a variety of fields. The green nanotechnology-based production processes to fabricate nanomaterials operates under green conditions without the intervention of toxic chemicals. The book's exploration of more reTable of ContentsList of Contributors Foreword Acknowledgements 1 Nanocatalysts and biofuels: Applications and future challenges Desikan Ramesh, Thangavelu Kiruthik, Balasubramaniam Prabha, Maduraimuthu Djanaguiraman and Subbramu Karthikeyan 2 Nanomaterials: Types, Synthesis, and Characterization Zahra Vaseghi, Ali Nematollahzadeh 3 Recent advances on classification, properties, synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials Veer Singh, Priyanka Yadav, Vishal Mishra 4 Synthesis of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials Ayse Demirbas, Tuna Karaytug, Nihan Arabaci, Ebru Sebnem Yilmaz, Ismail Ocsoy 5 Analysis of various green methods to synthesize nanomaterial Pavlos Nikolaidis 6 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticle from Acacia nilotica (L.)Wild. Ex. Delile Leaf Extract Karishma I Sheikh and Kalpesh B Ishnava 7 Nanomaterials for enzyme immobilization Nihan Arabacı, Tuna Karaytuğ, Ayse Demirbas, Ismail Ocsoy, Ahmet Katı 8 Nanomaterial Biosynthesis and Enzyme Immobilization: Methods and applications Indu, Ankush, Mrinal Kanti Mandal, Kashyap Kumar Dubey 9 Carbon nanotubes for hydrogen purification and storage Pietro Bartocci, Giovanni Russo, Haiping Yang, Song Hu, Oyvind Skreiberg, Liang Wang, Fausto Gallucci, Gianni Bidini, Francesco Fantozzi Index

Read more less

Book SynopsisTable of ContentsListe des contributeurs ix Préface xvii 1 Recherche sur le bassin du Congo : construire une base pour l’avenir 1Raphael M. Tshimanga, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Alain Laraque, Sharon E. Nicholson, Jean-Marie Kileshye Onema, Raymond Lumbuenamo, et Douglas Alsdorf Partie I Influences sur la pluviométrie 2 Climat de l’Afrique centrale : avancées et lacunes 15Wilfried Pokam Mba, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, et Pierre Honore Kamsu-Tamo 3 Le régime pluviométrique et convectif sur l’Afrique équatoriale, en particulier sur le bassin du Congo 25Sharon E. Nicholson 4 Influence de la paramétrisation du «slab-ocean» dans le modèle climatique regional RegCM4 en Afrique centrale 51François Xavier Mengouna, Derbetini A. Vondou, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, Thierry C. Fotso-Nguemo, Denis Sonkoué, Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou, et Pascal M. Igri 5 Comprendre l’influence de la variabilité climatique sur l’hydrologie des eaux de surface dans le bassin du Congo 65Christopher E. Ndehedehe, Vagner G. Ferreira, Augusto Getirana, et Nathan O. Agutu 6 Dynamique hydroclimatique de la rivière Oubangui amont à Mobaye, République centrafricaine : étude comparée du rôle de la savane et de la forêt équatoriale 87Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet, Didier Orange, Jean-Pascal Waterendji, et Athanase Yambele 7 Évaluation des produits 3B42 et 3B43 de Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) par rapport aux observations des stations météorologiques synoptiques sur le Cameroun 103Pascal M. Igri, Roméo Stève Tanessong, Derbetini Appolinaire Vondou, Wilfried Pokam Mba, Taguemfo Kammalac Jores, Samuel Kaïssassou, Guy Merlin Guenang, Armand Joel Komkoua Mbienda, et Zéphirin Yepdo-Djomou Partie II Variations des pluviométrie et du ruissellement 8 Nouveau regard sur l’hydrologie dans le bassin du Congo, à partir de l’étude des chroniques hydro-pluviométriques pluri-décennales 129Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Alain Laraque, Jean-Emmanuel Paturel, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Gil Mahé, et Raphael M. Tshimanga 9 Changements historiques dans les régimes pluviométriques sur le bassin du Congo et impacts sur le ruissellement (1903–2010) 151Christopher E. Ndehedehe et Nathan O. Agutu 10 Bilan hydrique et sécheresses dans les conditions actuelles et futures dans le bassin du fleuve Congo 171Venkataramana Sridhar, Hyunwoo Kang, Syed A. Ali, Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, et Venkataraman Lakshmi 11 Variabilité spatio-temporelle des sécheresses dans le bassin du fleuve Congo : le rôle du transport de l’humidité atmosphérique 193Robert Sorí, Milica Stojanovic, Raquel Nieto, Margarida L. R. Liberato, et Luis Gimeno Partie III Hydrologie et hydraulique 12 Deux décennies de la modélisation et la prédiction hydrologiques dans le bassin du Congo : progrès et perspectives pour les investigations futures 213Raphael M. Tshimanga 13 Sources et puits d’eau des zones humides de la Cuvette Centrale en utilisant de multiples mesures de télédétection et un modèle hydrologique 245Ting Yuan, Hyongki Lee, R. Edward Beighley, Hahn Chul Jung, et Raphael M. Tshimanga 14 Analyse du rôle de la Cuvette Centrale dans l’hydrologie du bassin versant du Congo 255Pankyes Datok, Clément Fabre, Sabine Sauvage, Guy D. Moukandi N’kaya, Adrien Paris, Vanessa Dos Santos, Alain Laraque, et José-Miguel Sánchez-Pérez 15 Estimation de la bathymétrie pour la modélisation de l’hydraulique des canaux multifilaires : application au cours moyen du fleuve Congo 283Andrew B. Carr, Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark W. Smith, Duncan J. Borman, et Paul D. Bates 16 Examen des applications des techniques de télédétection à la recherche hydrologique en Afrique subsaharienne, avec un accent particulier sur le bassin du Congo 303Guy J.-P. Schumann, Delwyn K. Moller, Louise Croneborg-Jones, et Konstantinos M. Andreadis 17 Hydrologie spatiale et applications dans le bassin du Congo 333Christophe Brachet, Alice Andral, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Pierre-Olivier Malaterre, et Sebastien Legrand 18 Suivi des variables hydrologiques par télédétection et modélisation dans le basin du fleuve Congo 345Adrien Paris, Stéphane Calmant, Marielle Gosset, Ayan S. Fleischmann, Tainá Sampaio Xavier Conchy, Pierre-André Garambois, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Fabrice Papa, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Georges Gulemvuga Guzanga, Vinícius Alencar Siqueira, Blaise-Leandre Tondo, Rodrigo Paiva, Joecila Santos da Silva, et Alain Laraque 19 Variations hydrologiques à long terme du bassin de l’Ogooué 375Sakaros Bogning, Fréderic Frappart, Gil Mahé, Fernando Niño, Adrien Paris, Joëlle Sihon, Franck Ghomsi, Fabien Blarel, Jean-Pierre Bricquet, Raphaël Onguene, Jacques Etame, Frédérique Seyler, Marie-Claire Paiz, et Jean-Jacques Braun Partie IV Sédiments et carbone 20 Dynamique du carbone fluvial dans le continuum terre-océan des grands fleuves tropicaux : l’Amazone et le Congo 403Jeffrey E. Richey, Robert G. M. Spencer, Travis W. Drake, et Nicholas D. Ward 21 Mesure des changements géomorphologiques sur le fleuve Congo à l’aide de cartes de navigation centenaires 425Mark A. Trigg, Andrew B. Carr, Mark W. Smith, et Raphael M. Tshimanga 22 Sélection du site, conception et mise en oeuvre d’un programme d’échantillonnage des sédiments sur le fleuve Kasaï, un affluent majeur du fleuve Congo 441Catherine A. Mushi, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Jules T. Beya, Paul D. Bates, et Felix Mtalo 23 Nouvelles mesures de la dynamique de l’eau et du transport des sédiments le long du bief moyen du fleuve Congo et de la rivière Kasaï 463Raphael M. Tshimanga, Mark A. Trigg, Jeffrey Neal, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Denis A. Hughes, Andrew B. Carr, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Gode B. Bola, Catherine A. Mushi, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, Gabriel M. Mokango, Felix Mtalo, et Paul D. Bates Partie V Ressources en eau 24 Vers un cadre de classification des bassins versants pour les prévisions hydrologiques et la gestion des ressources en eau dans le bassin non jaugé du fleuve Congo : une approche a priori 487Raphael M. Tshimanga, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Landry Nkaba, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Paul D. Bates, Denis A. Hughes, Alain Laraque, Ross Woods, et Thorsten Wagener 25 Les enjeux environnementaux du projet de transfert d’eau de l’Oubangui vers le lac Tchad 517Chanel Nzango, Pascal Bartout, Laurent Touchart, et Cyriaque-Rufin Nguimalet 26 Variabilite du lac Tchad : quelle gestion hydraulique pour preserver les ressources naturelles ? 531Hadiza Kiari Fougou et Jacques Lemoalle 27 Evaluation des risques d’inondation à périodes de retour multiples dans le bassin du fleuve Congo 537Gode B. Bola, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Jeffrey Neal, Laurence Hawker, Mark A. Trigg, Lukanda Mwamba, et Paul D. Bates 28 Mettre les usagers de la rivière au coeur de la recherche sur l’hydraulique et la morphologie dans le bassin du Congo 561Mark A. Trigg, Raphael M. Tshimanga, Preksedis M. Ndomba, Felix Mtalo, Denis A. Hughes, Catherine A. Mushi, Gode B. Bola, Pierre Mulamba Kabuya, Andrew B. Carr, Mark Bernhofen, Jeffrey Neal, Jules T. Beya, Felly K. Ngandu, et Paul D. Bates Index 577

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe end of the world is a seemingly interminable topic Ð at least, of course, until it happens. Environmental catastrophe and planetary apocalypse are subjects of enduring fascination and, as ethnographic studies show, human cultures have approached them in very different ways. Indeed, in the face of the growing perception of the dire effects of global warming, some of these visions have been given a new lease on life. Information and analyses concerning the human causes and the catastrophic consequences of the planetary ‘crisis’ have been accumulating at an ever-increasing rate, mobilising popular opinion as well as academic reflection. In this book, philosopher Déborah Danowski and anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro offer a bold overview and interpretation of these current discourses on ‘the end of the world’, reading them as thought experiments on the decline of the West’s anthropological adventure Ð that is, as attempts, though not necessarily intentional ones, at inventing a mythology that is adequate to the present. This work has important implications for the future development of ecological practices and it will appeal to a broad audience interested in contemporary anthropology, philosophy, and environmentalism.Trade Review�In their powerful essay on the climate crisis that humans face today, Danowski and Viveiros de Castro propose nothing short of a radically new and pluralist philosophical anthropology that is bound to reinvigorate humanist and post-humanist debates on anthropogenic global warming. A brilliant tour de force.� Dipesh Chakrabarty, The University of Chicago �This is a passionate, profoundly intelligent book. The ends of time are not the Anthropocene; that is a boundary, not a destiny. What comes next cannot be allowed to be the barbarism of the techno moderns. In this book, recomposition tracks along the Möbius strip of still imaginable, still liveable thought, mythology, and world-making practices indigenous to terrans. Actual indigenous peoples, who have refused to end in end time after end time, can perhaps teach the �needed subsistence of the future.� Donna Haraway, University of CaliforniaTable of ContentsContentsAcknowledgmentsPrefatory NoteChapter 1 What rough beastÉChapter 2 ÉIts hour come round at lastÉChapter 3 É Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born?Chapter 4 The outside without thought, or the death of the OtherChapter 5 Alone at lastChapter 6 A world of peopleChapter 7 Humans and Terrans in the Gaia WarConclusion: World on the brinkNotesBibliography

Read more less

Book SynopsisClimate change is an ethical failure. Floods, fires, droughts, and extreme weather caused by climate change are already killing people and ruining lives on a massive scale. These avoidable impacts hurt the most vulnerable among us first, and worst. Why have we failed to prevent climate change? How can we mobilise to do better politically, socially, and economically? Where does the greatest responsibility for action lie? In this book, Catriona McKinnon unravels the vital contributions made by engaged political theory to urgent climate challenges left unmet by a lack of political will. These challenges, and our political inertia, cannot be tackled without addressing questions of responsibility, collective duty, fairness, harm, techno-optimism, the value of nature, and the future of humanity. McKinnon’s philosophical analysis is interwoven with discussion of the latest climate science, current politics and policies, and emerging technologies, in order to show that we will not find acceptable routes out of the climate crisis without the compass of political theory. Climate Change and Political Theory provides readers of all backgrounds and levels with a lucid distillation of, and curated guide to, the political theory and ethics of climate change.Trade Review''Lucid, lively, and comprehensive analyses apply the smartest political theory to the toughest climate challenges, with an especially penetrating critique of negative emissions technologies. McKinnon brings reasoned grounds for hope to the stark reality of current failure on climate change.''Henry Shue, Merton College, Oxford, author of The Pivotal Generation ''A rich and compelling introduction to this vital topic from a leader in the field. McKinnon’s insight, expertise, and humanity shine through. For students, teachers, and all those interested in our future on this planet.''Stephen Gardiner, University of WashingtonTable of ContentsAcknowledgements Chapter 1: Introduction: An Unprecedented Challenge Chapter 2: Why haven’t we achieved climate justice? Chapter 3: Who are the victims of climate injustice? Chapter 4: Risk, uncertainty, and ignorance: challenges for climate policymaking? Chapter 5: Who is responsible for climate injustice? Chapter 6: What are our options in the face of climate failure? Chapter 7: Geoengineering: Saviour technologies or fantasies of control? Chapter 8: Conclusion Notes

Read more less

Book SynopsisIndigenous leader and activist Ailton Krenak reminds us that we must awaken from the comatose senselessness we have been immersed in since the beginning of the modern colonial project, where order, progress, development, consumerism, and capitalism have taken over our entire existence, leaving us only very partially alive, and, in fact, almost dead. To awaken from the coma of modernity is, for Krenak, to awaken to the possibility of becoming attuned to “the cosmic sense of life.” He points out that the COVID-19 pandemic affects all so-called “human” lives and that the time is ripe for us all to reflect on and undo the exclusivity and distinction that have characterized the concept of humanity throughout Western modernity.Trade ReviewSelected by Mongabay as one of 10 notable books on conservation and the environment published in 2023 “As Krenak contemplates the COVID-19 pandemic in the pithy Life Is Not Useful, he advocates powerfully for a shift away from the way life was before. As he sees it, humans’ detachment from nature and our obsession with extracting profits from the Earth have led to the crises we are facing today. Instead, he puts forth a vision that embraces the interconnected reliance on all life that shares this planet.”Mongabay “Ailton Krenak is a unique voice in contemporary thought and the only one who manages to turn the current crisis into a huge opportunity to rethink the life of humanity. He demonstrates that our political identity is not based on the separate ownership of land, but on the fact that we all share one and the same flesh, which is the same flesh from which planet Earth lives. Earth is not the space where languages and cultures differ and wage war against each other, but the institution that allows us to share dreams with all that lives.”Emanuele Coccia, author of Metamorphoses“A stinging critique of Western thought.”Earthbound Report“Krenak makes a potent anarchist statement, often with simple, sardonic humour … and his solutions are no less radical.”Latin American Review of Books“[A] thought-provoking critique of the individual and the prevailing global political-economic-social system. With his humorous sensitivity, Krenak invites us to reflect on the essence of life, which goes beyond the limited definition assigned to it.”International Journal of Environmental StudiesTable of ContentsAbout the author About this book Acknowledgements Introduction – Natalia Brizuela You Can’t Eat Money Dreams to Postpone the End of the World The Thing-Making Machine Tomorrow is Not for Sale Life is Not Useful

Read more less

Book SynopsisUnder what conditions could ecology, instead of being one cluster of movements among others, organise politics around an agenda and a set of beliefs? Can ecology aspire to define the political horizon in the way that liberalism, socialism, conservatism and other political ideologies have done at various times and places? What can ecology learn from history about how new political movements emerge, and how they win the struggle for ideas long before they translate their ideas into parties and elections? In this short text, consisting of seventy-six talking points, Bruno Latour and Nikolaj Schultz argue that if the ecological movement is to gain ideological consistency and autonomy it must offer a political narrative that recognises, embraces and effectively represents its project in terms of social conflict. Political ecology must accept that it brings along division. It must provide a convincing cartography of the conflicts it generates and, based on this, it must try to define a common horizon of collective action. In order to represent and describe these conflicts, Latour and Schultz propose to reuse the old notions of ‘class’ and ‘class struggle’, albeit infused with a new meaning in line with the ecological concerns of our New Climate Regime. Advancing the idea of a new ecological class, assembled by its collective interests in fighting the logic of production and safeguarding our planet’s conditions of habitability, they ask: how can a proud and self-aware ecological class emerge and take effective action to shape our collective future?Trade Review"Elusive and magnificent by turns.... There's nothing anyone can tell us about the politics of climate change that we don't already think we know, and this is a problem. All the more reason, as Schultz and Latour see it, to build a new class movement – quite possibly the last of its kind."—Jeremy Harding, London Review of Books "sharp-witted, refreshing, and deeply convincing"—Modern Times Review "this readable little book includes a number of relevant questions and insights"—The Ecologist“An insightful and timely political ‘memo’ addressed to all sensitive humans.”—Counterpunch“This short book contains just 76 paragraphs, but each one packs a punch. Written with style and wit”—The Revelator Praise for the French edition: "A visionary ecology…in this book, which is as incisive as it is inspiring, Bruno Latour and Nikolaj Schultz assign a political dimension to ecology."—La Croix "A guidebook for terrestrials... a book which will no doubt proudly revive the political struggle."—Le Monde "An arresting and incisive text."—Télérama "This Memo could inspire a whole new generation."—La Vie "A stimulating essay which is as concise as it is prescient, which helps us to rethink contemporary ecology."—Blast "Interesting and deserving of being widely discussed."—L'anticapitaliste "Ecologists from around the world, jump into action!"—Nonfiction "A new and stimulating book... its punchy prose is a tonic which will line the spirit with goodwill and give rise to new affective dimensions."—L'ADN "Better than Marx."—L'AntiÉditiorial "This book must be passed round and read urgently."—COMBAT Praise for the German edition: "The authors reach an important climax in their search for a positive ecology, and many of their discussion points are worthy of reflection."—Neue Zürcher Zeitung "Latour and Schultz's book On the Emergence of an Ecological Class - a Memo is a manifesto and guide, and one of the most important books of our time, clarifying and showing us the way forward.—Der Tagesspiegel "This short text is the pinnacle of recently-deceased philosopher Bruno Latour's political-ecological project, which encompassed many years' work."—Frankfurter Rundschau "This ecological manifesto never loses sight of the need for literary edification."—Berliner Zeitung “Latour and Schutz provide a thoughtful intervention into the discussion about the necessity of system change in the face of climate change.”—Social Forces“[S]hort but ambitious. . . . raises important insights and provides a clear framework for mobilizing collective action around ecological issues.”—Environmental ValuesTable of ContentsTable of contents:I: Class struggles and classification strugglesII: A prodigious extension of materialismIII: The great turnaroundIV: A class that's legitimate againV: A misalignment of affectsVI: A different sense of history in a different cosmosVII: The ecological class is potentially in the majorityVIII: The indispensable and too often abandoned battle of ideasIX: Winning power, but what kind?X: Filling the emptiness of the public space from below

Read more less

Book SynopsisThe best-selling Environmental Communication and the Public Sphere provides a comprehensive introduction to the growing field of environmental communication. This groundbreaking book focuses on the role that human communication plays in influencing the ways we perceive the environment. Authors Phaedra C. Pezzullo and Robert Cox examine how we define what constitutes an environmental problem and how we decide what actions to take concerning the natural world. The Sixth Edition explores recent events and research, including fast fashion, global youth climate strikes, biodiversity loss, disability rights advocacy, single-use plastic ban controversies, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Table of ContentsPreface to the Sixth Edition Introduction: Speaking for/About the Environment About the Authors Part I: Communicating for/About the Environment Chapter 1: Defining Environmental Communication Studying Environmental Communication Communication, the Environment, and the Public Sphere Diverse Environmental Voices in the Public Sphere Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 2: Contested Meanings: A Brief History Turtle Island Learning to Love Nature Wilderness Preservation Versus Natural Resource Conservation Public Health and the Ecology Movement Environmental Justice: Linking Social Justice and Public Health Contemporary Movements for Sustainability and Climate Justice Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 3: Symbolic Constructions of the Environment A Rhetorical Perspective Dominant and Critical Discourses Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 4: Environmental Media and Sustainability The Environment and Popular Culture Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Approach Sustainability Discourses Corporate Sustainability Communication: Reflection or Deflection? Greenwashing Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Part II: Environmental Campaigns and Movements Chapter 5: Environmental Advocacy Campaigns Environmental Advocacy Environmental Advocacy Campaigns The Campaign to Protect Zuni Salt Lake Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 6: Digital Environmental Organizing Grassroots Activism and Digital Media Environmental NGOs and Digital Campaign Dilemmas Multimodality and Networked Campaigns Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 7: Visual and Market Advocacy Visual Rhetoric and Nature Advocacy Moving Images of Disasters Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 8: Environmental Justice and Climate Justice Movements Environmental Justice: Challenges, Critiques, and Change Honoring Frontline Knowledge and Traveling on Toxic Tours The Global Movement for Climate Justice Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Part III: Environmental Discourses and Public Spheres Chapter 9: Environmental Journalism Environmental Journalism in the Public Sphere Breaking News and Environmental Journalism Media Effects and Influences Digital Storytelling and Environmental News Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 10: Science and Climate Communication Scientific Argumentation Early Warners: Environmental Scientists and the Public Resisting (Climate) Science Communicating Climate Science Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 11: Public Health and Environmental Risk Communication Dangerous Environments: Assessment in a Risk Society Communicating Environmental Risks in the Public Sphere The Precautionary Principle Citizens Becoming Scientists Voices of Environmental Risk Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Part IV: Green Governance and Legal Spheres Chapter 12: Public Participation and Democratic Rights Rights of Public Participation Right to Know: Transparency and Access to Information Right to Comment: Involvement SLAPP: Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation Growth of Public Participation Internationally Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Chapter 13: Voice and Public Dissent Right of Expression and Right of Assembly Right of Standing: Who Legally Can Speak? Landmark Cases on Environmental Standing Reversing, Slowing, or Reducing Global Warming as Injury Who Should Have a Right of Standing? Summary Suggested Resources Key Terms Discussion Questions Epilogue: Imagining Stories of/for Our Future Glossary References Index

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn the twentieth century, scientists in the relatively new field of biology played an important role in exposing the threats of environmental degradation, loss of species diversity, habitat fragmentation, scarce energy resources, and human population growth. In the essays found in A New Century of Biology, some of the world's most notable biologists consider how their discipline must evolve to address these problems in the twenty-first century. The next one hundred years, the contributors argue, will likely be dominated by breakthroughs in evolutionary biology and systems ecology; by an increased need for scientists to integrate research, teaching, and service missions; and by problem-solving ventures on greater spatial and temporal scales. Because human activity and increased population will continue to have a profound impact on the environment, biologists must define an effective strategy for integrating the biological sciences with global economics and human social structure. The eleven contributors are leaders in the fields of ecology, and evolution, morphology, and development, behavior, microbiology, ecosystem energetics and biogeochemistry, biodiversity and conservation biology, and human sciences. While acknowledging the real problems their discipline must address, they offer an optimistic agenda for the future.Trade Review"When thinking about the future of biology, let us think of the vast benefits which biology has brought to humankind in the past. Indeed, biology is likely to continue to bring us in the future equally unexpected benefits." - Ernst Mayr, from the forewordTable of ContentsChapter 1 Foreword: Biology in the Twenty-First Century Chapter 2 Preface: A New Century of Biology Chapter 3 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 Contributors Chapter 5 1. Introduction: The New Revolution in Biology Chapter 6 2. Bacteria in the Origins of Species: Demise of the Neo-Darwinian Paradigm Chapter 7 3. Bodies and Body Plans, and How They Came to Be Chapter 8 4. Ecosystems: Energetics and Biogeochemistry Chapter 9 5. Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution Chapter 10 6. Conserving Biodiversity into the New Century Chapter 11 7. The New Age of Biological Exploration Chapter 12 8. Lumpy Integration of Tropical Wild Biodiversity with Its Society Chapter 13 9. Biology and the Human Sciences: Pathways of Consilience

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis volume stems from the Second International Conference on Environmental Stressors in Biology and Medicine, which occurred October 5-7, 2011 in Siena, Italy. Included are short reviews and perspectives on the basic mechanisms of environmental stressors; physical and chemical stressors and related diseases; air pollutants and related diseases; protection afforded by food and pharmaceuticals; and food as a source of stressors. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit www.blackwellpublishing.com/nyas. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to the Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.Table of ContentsOmics approaches in cystic fibrosis research: a focus on oxylipin profiling in airway secretions Jason P. Eiserich Jun Yang Brian M. Morrissey Bruce D. Hammock Carroll E. Cross 1 Nitric oxide signaling in the brain: translation of dynamics into respiration control and neurovascular coupling Joao Laranjinha Ricardo M. Santos Cátia F. Lourenco Ana Ledo RuiM. Barbosa 10 Physiological functions of GPx2 and its role in inflammation-triggered carcinogenesis Regina Brigelius-Flohé Anna Patricia Kipp 19 Molecular medicine and the development of cancer chemopreventive agents Alberto Izzotti 26 Experimental basis for discriminating between thermal and athermal effects of water-filtered infrared A irradiation Tobias Jung Tilman Grune 33 Acrolein effects in pulmonary cells: relevance to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nadia Moretto Giorgia Volpi Fiorella Pastore Fabrizio Facchinetti 39 Sarcopenia and smoking: a possible cellular model of cigarette smoke effects on muscle protein breakdown Oren Rom Sharon Kaisari Dror Aizenbud Abraham Z. Reznick 47 The link between altered cholesterol metabolism and Alzheimer's disease Paola Gamba Gabriella Testa Barbara Sottero Simona Gargiulo Giuseppe Poli Gabriella Leonarduzzi 54 Rottlerin and curcumin: a comparative analysis Emanuela Maioli Claudia Torricelli Giuseppe Valacchi 65 Plant polyphenols and human skin: friends or foes Liudmila Korkina Chiara De Luca Saveria Pastore 77 Flavonoids and metabolic syndrome Monica Galleano Valeria Calabro Paula D. Prince María C. Litterio Barbara Piotrkowski Marcela A. Vazquez-Prieto Roberto M. Miatello Patricia I. Oteiza Cesar G. Fraga 87 Dietary polyphenols in cancer prevention: the example of the flavonoid quercetin in leukemia Carmela Spagnuolo Maria Russo Stefania Bilotto Idolo Tedesco Bruna Laratta Gian Luigi Russo 95 Cigarette smoke and ozone effect on murine inflammatory responses Concetta Gardi Giuseppe Valacchi 104 Age-related changes in cellular protection, purification, and inflammation-related gene expression: role of dietary phytonutrients Angela Mastaloudis Steven M. Wood 112 The role of oxidative stress in Rett syndrome: an overview Claudio De Felice Cinzia Signorini Silvia Leoncini Alessandra Pecorelli Thierry Durand Giuseppe Valacchi Lucia Ciccoli Joussef Hayek 121 Emerging topics in cutaneous wound repair Giuseppe Valacchi Iacopo Zanardi Claudia Sticozzi Velio Bocci Valter Travagli 136 Corrigendum for Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1236: 30-43 145

Read more less

Book SynopsisClimate change is already beginning to affect New York State and these impacts are projected to grow. At the same time, the state has the ability to develop adaptation strategies that will address many climate-related risks, thereby reducing impacts and taking advantage of possible opportunities. The ClimAID assessment presented in this volume provides information on climate change impacts and adaptation for eight sectors in New York State: water resources, coastal zones, ecosystems, agriculture, energy, transportation, telecommunications, and public health. Observed climate trends and future climate projections were developed for seven regions across the state. Within each of the sectors, climate risks, vulnerabilities, and adaptation strategies are identified. Integrating themes across all of the sectors are equity and environmental justice and economics. Case studies are used to examine specific vulnerabilities and potential adaptation strategies in each of the eight sectors. These case studies also illustrate the linkages among climate vulnerabilities, risks, and adaptation, and demonstrate specific monitoring needs. Stakeholder participation was critical to the ClimAID assessment process to ensure relevance to decision makers across the state. NOTE: Annals volumes are available for sale as individual books or as a journal. For information on institutional journal subscriptions, please visit http://ordering.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/subs.asp?ref=1749-6632&doi=10.1111/(ISSN)1749-6632. ACADEMY MEMBERS: Please contact the New York Academy of Sciences directly to place your order (www.nyas.org). Members of the New York Academy of Science receive full-text access to Annals online and discounts on print volumes. Please visit http://www.nyas.org/MemberCenter/Join.aspx for more information about becoming a member.

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisImbued with a sense of place, Pete Sinclair climbed mountains and rescued others trying the same. He thrived on the risky business of ascending sheer rock, of moving from one adrenaline-boosting moment to another. In this book he recounts his mountain-climbing and park ranger days from 1959 to 1970, a time some people call a golden era of climbing in AWE America, a time when climbers knew one another and frequently gathered in Grand Teton National Park. There, Sinclair was the ranger in charge of mountain rescue, a job that, especially when it involved the North Face of Grand Teton, drew on all his young team’s climbing skills. Mixing adventure with personal refl ection, Sinclair recounts expeditions taken with friends to scale mountains in Alaska, Mexico, and other parts of North America, as well as his work rescuing injured climbers in the Tetons. The book serves as a history of a past era in mountaineering as well as a meditation on what it all meant. Throughout the book, he challenges readers to consider their relationship with the western landscape. Originally published in 1993, We Aspired was a finalist for the Boardman-Tasker Award for Mountain Literature.The account of one famous rescue on the NorthFace of the Grand Teton is retold in The Grand Rescue,a fi lm by independent Utah producer Jenny Wilson.Trade Review“Pete Sinclair faces the high stakes of a sport that deals out life and death both on the mountain and among personal relationships. An honest and refreshing addition to the American mountain canon.” —Mikel Vause, author of On Mountains and Mountaineers and editor of Rock and Roses “Sinclair’s dramatic, well-told narrative encompasses a climb up Mt. McKinley in Alaska, a sometimes perilous trek to Mexico, and many tales of life as a ranger, including some poignant and not always successful rescue efforts.” —Publisher’s Weekly

Read more less

Book SynopsisFire is a daunting human ecological challenge and a major subject in science and policy debates about global trends in land conversion, climate change, and human health. Persistent environmental orthodoxies reduce complex burning traditions to overly simplistic representations of environmental destruction, degradation, and loss while reinforcing existing social inequities involving smallholders. Fire Otherwise: Ethnobiology of Burning for a Changing World advocates for a more inclusive and pluralistic fire ecology, a shift from the paradigmatic globalized version of fire science and management towards research and management that embraces anthropogenic fire regimes and broader understandings of the ways humans interact with fire. The authors present new evaluations of human interactions with fires in contexts of changing environmental conditions. Through deep description and analysis of knowledge and practices enacted by local communities who ignite, manage, and extinguish fires, this collection of case studies supports proactive local and regional efforts to adapt amidst continually changing social and ecological circumstances.Trade Review“This book is very important. It’s the first edited volume on fire ethnography and it is a good balance of thorough overview and specific in-depth studies. There is very little out there that is comparable.” —Eugene N. Anderson, professor emeritus, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside “Provides work previously unavailable on a timely subject in an interesting manner. The book will be of interest to those specializing in fire management, people interested in how various groups manage fire, climate-change specialists, and readers with geographical/enthnographical interests.” —Carol J. Pierce Colfer, senior associate at the Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, and visiting scholar with Cornell University’s Southeast Asia Program

Read more less

Book SynopsisMoving through the settings of her life—red rock canyons, aspen forests, mountains, and cities—Jana Richman probes the depths of her internal landscape and asks how we can find stillness in our noisy world. In essays both personal and profoundly universal, Richman eschews quick and easy answers for quiet reflections on the questions: In a culture demanding that every voice be heard, how do we make sense of the resulting roar? Where do we seek solace when the last quiet places are sacrificed to human hubris? How do we shed the angst thrust upon us to create lives of peace?In these wide-ranging personal essays, Richman travels interior roads through fear, kindness, ignorance, darkness, wildness, compassion, solitude, loneliness, and more—always asking how external geography informs our internal geography. From the monsoonal rains in the carved slot canyons of the Escalante to the eroticism of dirt on skin in a remote slice of the Grand Canyon; from the defiance of academic authority to the curled, arthritic fingers of her mother and grandmothers, Richman sinks into the realities that make us human and fallible and blessed.Inspired by masters of the traditional personal essay such as E.B. White and M.F.K. Fisher, Richman adds a unique, deeply intimate—and often humorous—voice to the concurrence of human experience. Like a desert stream, human meaning meanders before coming to rest. Richman’s authentic voice illuminates the place where internal and external landscapes merge into meaning. Time with these genuine, inclusive pieces is time well spent.Trade Review“Imagine a 21st-century Desert Solitaire written by a woman. By a sixth-generation Mormon. By a writer who feels just as solitary as Edward Abbey but who also is fully embedded in emotional partnership with her husband. In essays keen with intelligence, raw with self-revelation, and lush with close and true observation of her home landscape, Jana Richman explores ‘the life I want to live versus the life I’m supposed to live.’” —Stephen Trimble, author of Bargaining for Eden and editor of Red Rock Stories “Effortless prose that pulls the reader forward, with engaging turns of phrase on almost every page, often with a smiling sense of humor. This book is a real pleasure to read.” —Thomas L. Fleischner, author of Singing Stone: A Natural History of the Escalante Canyons and editor of Nature, Love, Medicine: Essays On Wildness and Wellness

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisPeter Gleick knows water. A world-renowned freshwater expert, Gleick is a MacArthur Foundation "genius", and according to the BBC, an environmental visionary. And he drinks from the tap. Why don't the rest of us? "Bottled and Sold" shows how water went from being a free natural resource to one of the most successful commercial products of the last one hundred years - and why we are poorer for it. It's a big story and water is big business. Every second of every day in the United States, a thousand people buy a plastic bottle of commercially produced water, and every second of every day a thousand more throw one of those bottles away. That adds up to more than thirty billion bottles a year and tens of billions of dollars. Have we simply been hoodwinked by corporate executives or are there legitimate reasons to buy all those bottles? With a scientist's eye and a natural storyteller's wit, Gleick investigates whether claims about the relative safety, convenience, and taste of bottled vs. tap hold water. And he exposes the true reasons we've turned to the bottle, from fear-mongering by business interests and our own vanity to the breakdown of public systems and global inequities. Jewel-encrusted "designer" H2O may be laughable, but the debate over commodifying water is deadly serious. It comes down to society's choices about the human right to water, the role of government and free markets, the importance of being "green", and fundamental values. Gleick gets to the heart of the bottled water craze, exploring what it means for our most basic necessity to become a luxury.

Read more less

Book SynopsisIn this remarkable and remarkably accessible synthesis of ecology, landscape design, and social sciences, the authors present an approach to lakeshore living that addresses the need to create rich, sustainable places and communities on the water, where both the loon and the family find a place, and where the cabin can be handed down with integrity to the grandchildren. Fragile shorelands require care, and that caring comes from knowledge, experience, and an environmental ethic. Radomski and Van Assche argue that an environmentally sensitive lakeshore place and community design is the way forward. While many factors affect the quality of lakes and lakeshore living, property owners and local communities do not have to wait until policies are perfect: the design approach advocated here can be applied in any place people living lakeside can get together and collaborate. The approach presented here is proactive and context sensitive: new designs have to fit the existing ecological, cultural, and policy landscapes. Development is always re-development in this sense. The authors introduce the reader step-by-step to this approach and carefully discuss leverage points that can be helpful in implementation and system change.

Read more less

Book SynopsisSince the beginning of human history, bears have been regarded as animals of great power. Ethnobotanist and cultural anthropologist Wolf Storl, who spent years in the wilderness with bears, explores the fascinating relationship between bears and humans, including the history, mythology, healing lore, and biology of this formidable creature. Storl takes the reader from the bear caves of the Neanderthals to the bear-worshipping Siberian tribes of today, from the extinct cave bear to the modern teddy bear. Bears were traditionally seen as a kind of "forest human" under whose shaggy fur a king or a god was hidden, he explains. Vividly illustrating the power of myths and fairy tales to reveal more than scientific treatises about the true nature of beings--especially in the case of bears--Storl restores this magnificent animal to its rightful place at the forefront of the human imagination as well as among the dwellers of the forest.

Read more less

Book SynopsisA unique, richly illustrated account of our interaction with air through history, which covers science, literature, art and poetry.

Read more less

Book SynopsisRecently, UNESCO has gradually started to recognize world geoparks ? territorial spaces with a geological heritage of international importance. This classification presents real challenges. Development strategies must align with the recommendations advocated by various non-governmental organizations. It is also necessary to involve the local actors, both in the preparation of application forms and in the implementation of a management plan that is suitable for sustainable global development. Managing the tensions and asymmetries that exist between the different groups of actors (politicians, managers, scientists, representatives of local populations) constitutes another major issue. It is in this context and through various case studies that this book questions the aims of the UNESCO global geoparks ? in terms of heritage inventory and conservation, the participation of local populations, the local development of a territory and its enhancement through heritage interpretation.Table of ContentsIntroduction xiYves GIRAULT Part 1. Objectives, Issues and Tensions Related to the Patrimonialization of Nature 1 Chapter 1. Natural Heritage, Participatory Democracy and UNESCO: a Structure of Disillusionment? 3Igor BABOU 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. The participation in question 4 1.3. A brief history of participatory mechanisms and environmental democracy 4 1.4. Critical assessments of participatory mechanisms and environmental democracy 7 1.5. Points of tension within protected natural areas 11 1.5.1. The significant dimension of the devices 13 1.5.2. The proliferation and professionalization of intermediaries 14 1.5.3. Standardization of participation models 15 1.6. The example of the Lanzarote geopark: top-down approach and brand logic 15 1.7. Conclusion: the democratic consequences of the contradictions of participation 17 1.8. References 19 Chapter 2. The Ambivalences of the Co-construction of a Mental Territory: a Case Study on Spanish UGGs 23Catalina GONZALEZ TEJADA and Yves GIRAULT 2.1. Introduction 23 2.2. Problematic issues 24 2.3. Methodology and construction of the corpus 27 2.4. The construction of the story of the mental territory of the Spanish geoparks 28 2.4.1. First initiatives to protect geological aspects in Spain 29 2.4.2. Various definitions of geological heritage in Spain 31 2.4.3. Cultural enhancement of geological heritage: a disciplinary approach between protection and dissemination of geology 35 2.5. Conclusion 47 2.6. References 48 Chapter 3. The History of the Earth as a New Form of Territorial Marketing: the Case of the Geopark of the Tremp-Montsec Basin (Spain) 53Fabien VAN GEERT 3.1. Introduction 53 3.2. Economic development and the use of heritage in the Catalan Pyrenees 55 3.3. The protection of Catalan geological heritage and its valorization through geoparks 57 3.4. The Tremp-Montsec Basin Geopark Project and the creation of a territory brand 63 3.5. The declaration of the Tremp Geopark and the definition of its future challenges 71 3.6. References 74 Chapter 4. Patrimonialization and the Geopark Label: for Which Development Model in the South? The Case of Morocco 77Ouidad TEBAA and Saïd BOUJROUF 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. Geopark in Morocco: new label, new territory and new heritage process 78 4.2.1. The relationship to heritage and patrimonialization in Morocco: between identity, museumization and commodification 78 4.2.2. What is the debate on the social acceptability and local utility of geoparks? 79 4.3. Challenges in the territorial construction of geoparks and their heritage development 82 4.3.1. Challenges in the fight against poverty and/or heritage preservation 83 4.3.2. Challenges of intersectoral articulation and integration 84 4.3.3. Governance challenges for geoparks projects: involving residents 86 4.4. Questions and reservations about the contribution of a UNESCO model of geoparks for development in the South 88 4.5. References 90 Chapter 5. The Evolution of the Economics of Culture and its Influence on the Development of Geoparks 91François MAIRESSE 5.1. Introduction 91 5.2. Museums and heritage sites in the market economy 92 5.3. The economic discourse on heritage 95 5.4. Economic evaluation 97 5.5. From the cultural economy to the creative economy 99 5.6. The economic challenges of geopark development 102 5.7. References 104 Part 2. Heritage Inventory and Conservation 109 Chapter 6. Methodological Proposal for the Valorization of the Geodiversity of Rural Areas Comparable with the Zat Valley 111Joan POCH, Antonio TEIXELL, David GÓMEZ-GRAS, Francisco José MARTÍNEZ, Esteve CARDELLACH and José Luis BRIANSÓ 6.1. Introduction 111 6.2. Geological context of the study area 111 6.3. Objectives 116 6.4. Methodology 116 6.5. SWOT analysis and diagnosis 116 6.6. Results: methodological proposal 118 6.6.1. Geoethics framework 118 6.6.2. Assessment of the geodiversity 119 6.6.3. Selection of sites of geological interest for scientific, didactic or tourist use 123 6.6.4. Geosites of scientific interest: fostering scientific research 126 6.6.5. Geosites of didactic interest: fostering the teaching of geology 126 6.6.6. Geosites of geotourism interest: fostering sustainable tourism 127 6.7. Discussion and conclusion 128 6.8. References 129 Chapter 7. Interpreting Landscapes from a Socioecological Perspective: a Methodological Approach from the Zat Valley (Morocco) 133Martí BOADA JUNCÀ, Roser MANEJA ZARAGOZA, Jaume MARLÈS MAGRE, Josep Antoni PUJANTELL ALBÓS, Sònia SÀNCHEZ-MATEO and Carles BARRIOCANAL LOZANO 7.1. Introduction 133 7.2. Methodology 136 7.2.1. Chromatic assessment and identification of landscape units 136 7.2.2. Socioecological transects 136 7.2.3. Study area: Zat Valley (Atlas Mountains, Morocco) 138 7.3. Results and discussion 139 7.3.1. Chromatic assessment 139 7.4. Conclusions 142 7.5. Acknowledgments 143 7.6. References 143 Chapter 8. The Feeling of Archaeology and the Sense of History in the Mixteca Alta Geopark 147Francisco VALDEZ 8.1. Introduction 147 8.2. The park 149 8.3. The people 153 8.4. Archaeology: the marks of history 158 8.4.1. A communal feast 162 8.5. Conclusion 165 8.6. References 166 Chapter 9. One of the First Rock Art Sites Discovered and Now Protected in Morocco: the Case of Azrou Iklane (Assa Region, Morocco) 169Gwenola GRAFF, Maxence BAILLY, Abdelhadi EWAGUE and Martin LOYER 9.1. Introduction: presentation of the site and scientific interest 169 9.2. Contemporary situation of the site 171 9.3. History of searches on the site 172 9.4. Work of the French team and interest from local authorities 172 9.5. Rock art, a source of regional enhancement, and the dynamics of the integration of rock art into Moroccan heritage 174 9.6. The World Heritage nomination process for the Tighmert Oasis and its surroundings 176 9.7. Contribution of recent work to the preservation of remote and fragile archaeological sites 177 9.8. References 178 Part 3. Geotourism and Education 181 Chapter 10. Visualizing the Heritage of the Zat Valley Through a Virtual Museum 183Élisabeth HABERT and Ali AOUDA 10.1. Introduction 183 10.2. From GIS to the virtual museum 184 10.2.1. Constructing a coherent and readable approach to the territory 184 10.2.2. The virtual museum: a virtual reality or an imaginary space? 185 10.2.3. Which model for the Zat Valley? 186 10.3. The Virtual Museum of the Zat Valley: an innovation at the service of local heritage 187 10.3.1. A virtual museum: why? 187 10.3.2. The case of geoparks 188 10.3.3. A virtual museum: for whom? 189 10.4. The Zat Valley Geopark Project: a story of a territory through an application 190 10.4.1. Overview of available tools 191 10.4.2. Methodology and tools 192 10.5. Conclusion 195 10.6. References 196 Chapter 11. Web Communication of French Geoparks in Education: the Expression of Their Legitimacy 199Aurélie ZWANG 11.1. Introduction: the value of a study of communication in education in French geoparks 199 11.2. A semiological and content analysis of communication in terms of website education for four French geoparks 200 11.3. Legitimizing by making a site: the enunciation of the educational territory 203 11.4. Legitimizing by making sense: the statement of ESD in schools 207 11.5. Conclusion 210 11.6. References 211 11.7. Documents cited from the corpus 212 Chapter 12. The Architectural Mediation of Geoparks Museums in China: Between Tensions and Hybridization of Cultures 215Yi DU and Yves GIRAULT 12.1. Introduction 215 12.2. Architects’ perspectives on the integration of museums in the territory 217 12.2.1. Analysis of architectural mediation 218 12.3. Geopark museums in China 219 12.4. Presentation of the three geoparks selected 221 12.4.1. The Taishan UGG 222 12.4.2. The Fangshan UGG 227 12.4.3. The Dali Mt Cangshan UGG 231 12.5. Conclusion 235 12.6. References 235 List of Authors 237 Index 241

Read more less

Book SynopsisTentsmuir has been a scene of human activity for over 10,000 years. It witnessed one of the earliest known occurrences in Scotland of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers and has supported human activities throughout the Neolithic and Iron Age. In medieval times it was a home for the Norman nobility, and then a royal hunting forest with highly-valued fishing rights for Scottish Kings. Tentsmuir is prone to flooding in winter due to the front line of dunes blocking drainage to the sea. It provides a natural refuge for a wide range of plants, as well as resident and migrating birds, and other animals, including outstanding populations of butterflies and moths. Consequently, this led to the creation in 1954 of a National Nature Reserve at the north-eastern end of the Tentsmuir Peninsula. Initially, an active period of coastal accretion more than trebled the size of the reserve. Now, however, Tentsmuir is eroding in places. The probability of rising sea levels and increasing exposure to storms may cause a level of destruction such that the physical existence and biological future of Tentsmuir cannot be guaranteed. This book is an attempt to record how even within a limited geographical area, such as this peninsula on the east coast of Scotland, plant and animal communities are constantly reacting to environmental change. Frequently, it is difficult to decide whether or not these changes should be resisted, encouraged, or ignored. Examples are provided of instances where human intervention to counteract change has resulted in negative as well as positive consequences for biodiversity.Table of ContentsPreface ; Chapter One. Tentsmuir in prehistory ; Chapter Two. Tentsmuir in history ; Chapter Three. Sand and water ; Chapter Four. Tentsmuir’s dunes –a changing landscape ; Chapter Five. Tentsmuir’s wetlands ; Chapter Six. Land, people and resources ; Chapter Seven. Tentsmuir’s thriving birds ; Chapter Eight. Tentsmuir’s declining birds ; Chapter Nine. Tentsmuir’s mammals butterflies and moths ; Chapter Ten. Saving the Wilderness ; References

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis book combines geostatistics and global mapping systems to present an up-to-the-minute study of environmental data. Featuring numerous case studies, the reference covers model dependent (geostatistics) and data driven (machine learning algorithms) analysis techniques such as risk mapping, conditional stochastic simulations, descriptions of spatial uncertainty and variability, artificial neural networks (ANN) for spatial data, Bayesian maximum entropy (BME), and more.Trade Review"It gives a good overview, is clearly written, is concise, and includes many references to papers published in the different areas." (Zentralblatt MATH, 2011)Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Advanced Mapping of Environmental Data: Introduction 1 M. KANEVSKI 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Environmental data analysis: problems and methodology 3 1.2.1. Spatial data analysis: typical problems 3 1.2.2. Spatial data analysis: methodology 5 1.2.3. Model assessment and model selection 8 1.3. Resources 12 1.3.1. Books, tutorials 12 1.3.2. Software 12 1.4. Conclusion 14 1.5. References 15 Chapter 2. Environmental Monitoring Network Characterization and Clustering 19 D. TUIA and M. KANEVSKI 2.1. Introduction 19 2.2. Spatial clustering and its consequences 20 2.2.1. Global parameters 21 2.2.2. Spatial predictions 22 2.3. Monitoring network quantification 23 2.3.1. Topological quantification 23 2.3.2. Global measures of clustering 23 2.3.2.1. Topological indices 23 2.3.2.2. Statistical indices 24 2.3.3. Dimensional resolution: fractal measures of clustering 26 2.3.3.1. Sandbox method 27 2.3.3.2. Box-counting method 30 2.3.3.3. Lacunarity 33 2.4. Validity domains 34 2.5. Indoor radon in Switzerland: an example of a real monitoring network 36 2.5.1. Validity domains 37 2.5.2. Topological index 37 2.5.3. Statistical indices 38 2.5.3.1. Morisita index 38 2.5.3.2. K-function 39 2.5.4. Fractal dimension 40 2.5.4.1. Sandbox and box-counting fractal dimension 40 2.5.4.2. Lacunarity 42 2.6. Conclusion 43 2.7. References 44 Chapter 3. Geostatistics: Spatial Predictions and Simulations 47 E. SAVELIEVA, V. DEMYANOV and M. MAIGNAN 3.1. Assumptions of geostatistics 47 3.2. Family of kriging models 49 3.2.1. Simple kriging 50 3.2.2. Ordinary kriging 50 3.2.3. Basic features of kriging estimation 51 3.2.4. Universal kriging (kriging with trend) 56 3.2.5. Lognormal kriging 56 3.3. Family of co-kriging models 58 3.3.1. Kriging with linear regression 58 3.3.2. Kriging with external drift 58 3.3.3. Co-kriging 59 3.3.4. Collocated co-kriging 60 3.3.5. Co-kriging application example 61 3.4. Probability mapping with indicator kriging 64 3.4.1. Indicator coding 64 3.4.2. Indicator kriging 66 3.4.3. Indicator kriging applications 69 3.4.3.1. Indicator kriging for 241Am analysis 69 3.4.3.2. Indicator kriging for aquifer layer zonation 71 3.4.3.3. Indicator kriging for localization of crab crowds 74 3.5. Description of spatial uncertainty with conditional stochastic simulations 76 3.5.1. Simulation vs. estimation 76 3.5.2. Stochastic simulation algorithms 77 3.5.3. Sequential Gaussian simulation 81 3.5.4. Sequential indicator simulations 84 3.5.5. Co-simulations of correlated variables 88 3.6. References 92 Chapter 4. Spatial Data Analysis and Mapping Using Machine Learning Algorithms 95 F. RATLE, A. POZDNOUKHOV, V. DEMYANOV, V. TIMONIN and E. SAVELIEVA 4.1. Introduction 95 4.2. Machine learning: an overview 96 4.2.1. The three learning problems 96 4.2.2. Approaches to learning from data 100 4.2.3. Feature selection 101 4.2.4. Model selection 103 4.2.5. Dealing with uncertainties 107 4.3. Nearest neighbor methods 108 4.4. Artificial neural network algorithms 109 4.4.1. Multi-layer perceptron neural network 109 4.4.2. General Regression Neural Networks 119 4.4.3. Probabilistic Neural Networks 122 4.4.4. Self-organizing (Kohonen) maps 124 4.5. Statistical learning theory for spatial data: concepts and examples 131 4.5.1. VC dimension and structural risk minimization 131 4.5.2. Kernels 132 4.5.3. Support vector machines 133 4.5.4. Support vector regression 137 4.5.5. Unsupervised techniques 141 4.5.5.1. Clustering 142 4.5.5.2. Nonlinear dimensionality reduction 144 4.6. Conclusion 146 4.7. References 146 Chapter 5. Advanced Mapping of Environmental Spatial Data: Case Studies 149 L. FORESTI, A. POZDNOUKHOV, M. KANEVSKI, V. TIMONIN, E. SAVELIEVA, C. KAISER, R. TAPIA and R. PURVES 5.1. Introduction 149 5.2. Air temperature modeling with machine learning algorithms and geostatistics 150 5.2.1. Mean monthly temperature 151 5.2.1.1. Data description 151 5.2.1.2. Variography 152 5.2.1.3. Step-by-step modeling using a neural network 153 5.2.1.4. Overfitting and undertraining 154 5.2.1.5. Mean monthly air temperature prediction mapping 156 5.2.2. Instant temperatures with regionalized linear dependencies 159 5.2.2.1. The Föhn phenomenon 159 5.2.2.2. Modeling of instant air temperature influenced by Föhn 160 5.2.3. Instant temperatures with nonlinear dependencies 163 5.2.3.1. Temperature inversion phenomenon 163 5.2.3.2. Terrain feature extraction using Support Vector Machines 164 5.2.3.3. Temperature inversion modeling with MLP 165 5.3. Modeling of precipitation with machine learning and geostatistics 168 5.3.1. Mean monthly precipitation 169 5.3.1.1. Data description 169 5.3.1.2. Precipitation modeling with MLP 171 5.3.2. Modeling daily precipitation with MLP 173 5.3.2.1. Data description 173 5.3.2.2. Practical issues of MLP modeling 174 5.3.2.3. The use of elevation and analysis of the results 177 5.3.3. Hybrid models: NNRK and NNRS 179 5.3.3.1. Neural network residual kriging 179 5.3.3.2. Neural network residual simulations 182 5.3.4. Conclusions 184 5.4. Automatic mapping and classification of spatial data using machine learning 185 5.4.1. k-nearest neighbor algorithm 185 5.4.1.1. Number of neighbors with cross-validation 187 5.4.2. Automatic mapping of spatial data 187 5.4.2.1. KNN modeling 188 5.4.2.2. GRNN modeling 190 5.4.3. Automatic classification of spatial data 192 5.4.3.1. KNN classification 193 5.4.3.2. PNN classification 194 5.4.3.3. Indicator kriging classification 197 5.4.4. Automatic mapping – conclusions 199 5.5. Self-organizing maps for spatial data – case studies 200 5.5.1. SOM analysis of sediment contamination 200 5.5.2. Mapping of socio-economic data with SOM 204 5.6. Indicator kriging and sequential Gaussian simulations for probability mapping. Indoor radon case study 209 5.6.1. Indoor radon measurements 209 5.6.2. Probability mapping 211 5.6.3. Exploratory data analysis 212 5.6.4. Radon data variography 216 5.6.4.1. Variogram for indicators 216 5.6.4.2. Variogram for Nscores 217 5.6.5. Neighborhood parameters 218 5.6.6. Prediction and probability maps 219 5.6.6.1. Probability maps with IK 219 5.6.6.2. Probability maps with SGS 220 5.6.7. Analysis and validation of results 221 5.6.7.1. Influence of the simulation net and the number of neighbors 221 5.6.7.2. Decision maps and validation of results 222 5.6.8. Conclusions 225 5.7. Natural hazards forecasting with support vector machines – case study: snow avalanches 225 5.7.1. Decision support systems for natural hazards 227 5.7.2. Reminder on support vector machines 228 5.7.2.1. Probabilistic interpretation of SVM 229 5.7.3. Implementing an SVM for avalanche forecasting 230 5.7.4. Temporal forecasts 230 5.7.4.1. Feature selection 231 5.7.4.2. Training the SVM classifier 232 5.7.4.3. Adapting SVM forecasts for decision support 233 5.7.5. Extending the SVM to spatial avalanche predictions 237 5.7.5.1. Data preparation 237 5.7.5.2. Spatial avalanche forecasting 239 5.7.6. Conclusions 241 5.8. Conclusion 241 5.9. References 242 Chapter 6. Bayesian Maximum Entropy – BME 247 G. CHRISTAKOS 6.1. Conceptual framework 247 6.2. Technical review of BME 251 6.2.1. The spatiotemporal continuum 251 6.2.2. Separable metric structures 253 6.2.3. Composite metric structures 255 6.2.4. Fractal metric structures 256 6.3. Spatiotemporal random field theory 257 6.3.1. Pragmatic S/TRF tools 258 6.3.2. Space-time lag dependence: ordinary S/TRF 260 6.3.3. Fractal S/TRF 262 6.3.4. Space-time heterogenous dependence: generalized S/TRF 264 6.4. About BME 267 6.4.1. The fundamental equations 267 6.4.2. A methodological outline 273 6.4.3. Implementation of BME: the SEKS-GUI 275 6.5. A brief review of applications 281 6.5.1. Earth and atmospheric sciences 282 6.5.2. Health, human exposure and epidemiology 291 6.6. References 299 List of Authors 307 Index 309

Read more less

Book SynopsisThis work is an initial exploration of the relationship between scanning and sustainable development. In ten chapters, the authors examine the application, characteristics and implementation of scanning oriented toward sustainable development. Thus the work offers some answers to the questions “what is sustainable scanning?”, “what new issues does it raise for management practice and management science?”, “what forms can it take?” and “how…?”Table of ContentsIntroduction xi Nicholas LESCA Chapter 1. Sustainable Development: a Vague and Ambiguous “Theory” 1 Yvon PESQUEUX 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Sustainable development as a “vague” theory 6 1.3. Company actions justified by reference to the notion of sustainable development: consequentialism tested by modern deontology 9 1.4. The dimensions of ambiguity of the notion 14 1.5. Conclusion: calling into question managerial references in relation to sustainable development 19 1.6. Bibliography 22 Chapter 2. Parameters and Particularities of Sustainable Development-oriented Strategic Scanning 25 Marie-Laurence CARON-FASAN 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Strategic scanning 26 2.3. Applying a sustainable development-oriented strategic scanning process 36 2.4. Conclusion 44 2.5. Bibliography 45 Chapter 3. Sustainable Development of Large Network Service Companies: Inhabiting Territories via Middle Managers, Strategic Scanners 47 Alain Charles MARTINET and Marielle Audrey PAYAUD 3.1. Introduction 47 3.2. The foundation of modeling 48 3.3. The architecture of the model 52 3.4. Middle managers: key players of sustainable development 62 3.5. Conclusion 71 3.6. Bibliography 72 Chapter 4. Small Business and Sustainable Development 77 Michel MARCHESNAY 4.1. Introduction 77 4.2. The favored SD fields 77 4.3. SB: a multiple identity 79 4.4. Strategic scanning in SBs: a specific approach 84 4.5. Types of entrepreneurs, strategic scanning and SD 87 4.6. Conclusion 98 4.7. Bibliography 99 Chapter 5. Human Resources Scanning: a Tool for the Implementation of Sustainable Development? 101 Marie-Christine CHALUS-SAUVANNET 5.1. Introduction 101 5.2. Theoretical approach, explanations and the link between HRS and SD 102 5.3. Research methodology 109 5.4. Results and discussion 111 5.5. Conclusion 124 5.6. Bibliography 125 Chapter 6. Sustainable Scanning in a Network: an Ambitious Project for Company/territory Synergies Creation 129 Magalie MARAIS, Solange HERNANDEZ and Olivier KERAMIDAS 6.1. Introduction 129 6.2. Sustainable scanning within RPISED: a “chameleon” concept locally orchestrated 131 6.3. An empirical study of sustainable scanning in the RPISED: a methodological approach 140 6.4. Empirical contributions to the theory: presentation of the main results 143 6.5. Conclusion 156 6.6. Bibliography 157 Chapter 7. The Greenhouse Gas Inventory: a Scanning Tool in the Fight Against Climate Change 161 Odile BLANCHARD 7.1. Introduction 161 7.2. Methodology for constructing a GHG inventory 163 7.3. The GHG inventory as a strategic scanning tool 173 7.4. Conclusion 180 7.5. Bibliography 182 Chapter 8. Targeting “Sustainable Scanning”: a Methodology Based on Logistics and Supply Chain Management 185 Nathalie FABBE-COSTES, Christine ROUSSAT and Jacques COLIN 8.1. Introduction 185 8.2. Sustainable development: multiple logistical stakes 186 8.3. Relevance of logistics and SCM to anticipate evolutions linked to sustainable development and imagine strategic directions: examples 191 8.4. The logistics intelligence process to target sustainable scanning 196 8.5. Confronting LIP and sustainable development: a first test based on secondary data 203 8.6. Conclusion 207 8.7. Bibliography 208 Chapter 9. Our Actions and Projects, their Risks and Impact on the Environment: using the Weak Signal Concept to Explore Unforeseen and Unexpected Possibilities 213 Nicolas LESCA 9.1. Introduction 213 9.2. The future: a field of possibilities 215 9.3. Detecting weak signals and early (warning) signs in order to explore unexpected possibilities 229 9.4. Conclusion 244 9.5. Bibliography 244 Chapter 10. Sustainable Chemistry and Weak Signals: CO2 as a Raw Material to Value 249 Humbert LESCA 10.1. Introduction 249 10.2. First step: lead the committee to discover the field of sustainable chemistry themselves 253 10.3. Collective construction of puzzles during the session concluding the four-month delay 262 10.4. Example of a puzzle constructed towards the end of the final collective creation of meaning 267 10.5. Conclusion 269 10.6. Bibliography 269 Glossary 271 List of Authors 285 Index 287

Read more less

Book Synopsis

Read more less

Book SynopsisLandfill is a collection of eye-opening photographs by Brett Kallusky, taken in California's historic Santa Maria Valley, one of the world’s great wine-growing areas. This body of work, however, directs our attention to a small section of the landscape: to the entwined systems of vast agricultural production and the waste it creates. The photographs reveal scenes that are literally hidden from public view and knowledge, underscoring their nature as evidentiary documentation: a microcosm with ramifications far beyond its geographical boundaries. Kallusky's interest does not end there, for his depiction of this famous Central California landscape creates an opportunity for contemplative reflection of our complicit involvement, if only by eating the strawberries, carrots, and cauliflower that is grown here and transported to grocery stores throughout the U.S. Thus, despite the cool formalism and detached documentary style of the pictures, assembled together as they are in this book, they engage in an extended consideration, drawing viewers into a new relationship with this place. Addressing the current, human-centered epoch known as the Anthropocene, the quiet but powerful imagery of Kallusky's Landfill examines important questions of how the land is used and regarded. The landscape reveals who we are, as he brings these invisible spaces into visibility, showing how the earth supports our food needs on a massive scale, fueling a massive engine of consumption. What is left in the wake of that system to which we all belong?

Read more less

Book SynopsisOne of America’s most significant architects of conservation and the environment, Stewart Udall, comes to life in this environmental biography. Perhaps no other public official or secretary of the interior has ever had as much success in environmental protection, natural resource conservation, and outdoor recreation opportunity creation as Udall. A progressive Mormon, born and raised in rural Arizona, Udall served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior under the presidential cabinets of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon Baines Johnson from 1961-1969. During these eight years, he established dozens of new national park units and national wildlife refuges, wrote the Endangered Species Preservation Act, lobbied for unpolluted water, and offered ways to beautify urban spaces and bring the impoverished out of poverty. Later in life, he continued as an advocate for conservation and the environment, specifically by proposing solutions to the challenges associated with global warming and the widespread use of oil.What can we learn from this farsighted individual?In a day and age of partisan politics, poor congressional approval ratings, and global warming and climate change, this captivating biography offers a profound and historical record into Udall’s life-long devotion to environmental issues he cared about most deeply—issues more relevant today than they were then. Intimate moments include Udall’s learning of the Kennedy assassination, his push for civil rights for African Americans, his meeting in the U.S.S.R. with Nikita Khrushchev—the first Kennedy cabinet member to do so—and his warnings about global warming 50 years prior to Al Gore’s Nobel Prize-winning film.Trade ReviewUdall is a huge figure in the history of postwar environmentalism in America, and it is quite shocking how few book-length treatments have been devoted to his enduring influence and legacy, which continue to reverberate in today's politics and policy. With Distance in His Eyes is certainly a significant and much needed addition to the study of one of the most important advocates for the environment in the twentieth century."" - Brian Drake, University of Georgia

Read more less