Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisWIDE BANDGAP NANOWIRES Comprehensive resource covering the synthesis, properties, and applications of wide bandgap nanowires This book presents first-hand knowledge on wide bandgap nanowires for sensor and energy applications. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, it brings together the materials science, physics and engineering aspects of wide bandgap nanowires, an area in which research has been accelerating dramatically in the past decade. Written by four well-qualified authors who have significant experience in the field, sample topics covered within the work include: Nanotechnology-enabled fabrication of wide bandgap nanowires, covering bottom-up, top-down and hybrid approaches Electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires, which are the basis for realizing sensor and energy device applications Measurement of electrical conductivity and fundamental electrical properties of nanowires ApplicatTable of ContentsChapter 1 8 Bottom-up growth methods 8 Abstract 8 1.1. Introduction 9 1.2. Bottom-up growth mechanisms 10 1.2.1. Vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism 10 1.2.2. Vapor-solid-solid growth mechanism 16 1.2.3. Vapor-solid growth mechanism 22 1.2.4. Solution-liquid-solid growth mechanism 26 1.3. Bottom-up growth techniques 29 1.3.1. Chemical Vapor Deposition 29 1.3.2. Metal-organic chemical vapor deposition 33 1.3.3. Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition 36 1.3.4. Hydride vapor phase epitaxy 38 1.3.5. Molecular Beam Epitaxy 41 1.3.6. Laser ablation 44 1.3.7. Thermal evaporation 46 1.3.8. Carbothermal reduction 48 References 51 Chapter 2 65 Top-down fabrication processes 65 Abstract 65 2.1. Introduction 66 2.2. Top-down fabrication techniques 68 2.2.1. Focused ion beam 68 2.2.2. Electron beam lithography 69 2.2.3. Reactive ion etching 72 2.2.4. Combined lithography techniques 74 References 76 Chapter 3 81 Hybrid fabrication techniques and nanowire heterostructures 81 Abstract 81 3.1. Introduction 82 3.2. Bottom-up meets top-down approaches 84 3.3. Integration of nanowires onto unconventional substrates 86 3.3.1. Transferring nanowires onto flexible substrates 86 3.3.2. Growing nanowires on graphene and layered material substrates 92 3.4. Synthesis of nanowire heterostructures 95 3.4.1. Synthesis of one-dimensional heterostructures 95 3.4.2. Synthesis of mixed dimensional heterostructures 98 References 101 Chapter 4 108 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 108 Abstract 108 4.1. Electrical properties 109 4.2. Measurement of electrical conductivity 109 4.3. Fundamental electrical properties of nanowires 112 4.3.1 Effect of doping on electrical properties 113 4.3.2 Mobility 115 4.3.3 Activation/ionization energy 116 4.3.4 Dependence of activation/ionization energy on NW dimensions 118 4.4 Electrical properties of wide bandgap nanowire based devices 118 4.4.1 Single NW electrical sensing devices 118 4.4.2 Field-effect transistors (FETs) 120 References 129 Chapter 5 132 Mechanical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 132 Abstract 132 5.1. Characterization techniques 133 5.1.1 Bending and buckling methods 133 5.1.2 Nano indenting method 138 5.1.3 Resonance testing method 139 5.2. Impact of defects and microstructures on mechanical properties of NWs 140 5.2.1. Defects 140 5.2.2 Effect of structures, dimensions and temperatures 143 5.3. Anelasticity and plasticity properties 148 5.3.1 Anelasticity 148 5.3.2 Plasticity 148 5.3.3 Brittle to ductile transition 150 References 152 Chapter 6 155 Optical properties of wide bandgap nanowires 155 Abstract 155 6.1 Optical properties of WBG NWs 156 6.1.1 Photoluminescence characterization of NWs 156 6.1.2 Size-dependent optical properties 157 6.1.3 Shape/morphology-dependent optical properties 158 6.1.4 Effect of crystal orientation 159 6.1.5 Tuning optical properties of NWs 160 6.2 Wide bangap nanowire light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 164 6.2.1 GaN nanowire based LEDs 164 6.2.2 GaN nanowire UV LEDs 169 6.2.3 ZnO nanowire based LEDs 172 References 175 Chapter 7 180 Thermal properties of wide bandgap nanowires 180 Abstract 180 7.1. Thermal conductivity 181 7.1.1 Fundamental of thermal transport and thermal conductivity 181 7.1.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity 182 7.1.3 Effect of diameters on thermal properties 183 7.1.4 Effect of orientation on thermal properties 186 7.1.5 Tenability of thermal properties 187 7.2 Thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.1 Fundamental thermoelectric properties 190 7.2.2 Thermoelectric properties of ZnO and GaN NWs 191 7.2.3 Thermoelectric properties of SiC NWs 193 7.2.4 Optimisation of the thermoelectric properties 194 References 196 Chapter 8 200 Ultraviolet sensors 200 Abstract 200 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Sensing mechanism 201 8.2.1. Photoconductor architectures 202 8.2.2. Schottky diode photo sensors 204 8.2.3. Semiconductor p-n junction 206 8.2.4. Field effect transistor-based UV sensors 208 8.3. Device development technologies 210 8.3.1. The choice of wide band gap materials for UV sensing 210 8.3.2 Top down fabrication of wide band gap nanowire UV sensors 216 8.3.4. Transfer process for nanowires 219 8.4. Applications of nanowire UV sensors 222 8.4.1 Flame sensors 222 8.4.2. Environmental monitoring 224 8.4.4 Biological sensors and health care applications 225 References 227 Chapter 9 233 Mechanical Sensors 233 Abstract 233 9.1. Introduction 234 9.2. Sensing mechanisms and corresponding materials 234 9.2.1. The piezoresistive effect 234 9.2.2. Piezotronics effect in nanowires 239 9.2.3 Capacitive sensing 243 9.3. Transducer configurations and fabrication technologies 244 9.3.1. Strain sensors 244 9.3.2. Pressure sensors 248 9.3.3 Tactile sensors 253 9.3.4. Acceleration and vibration sensors 256 9.3.5. Energy harvesting devices 257 9.4. Applications of mechanical sensors using wide band gap materials 261 9.4.1. Structural heath monitoring 261 9.4.2. Advanced health care 262 9.4.3 Robotics 265 References 267 Chapter 10 273 Gas sensors 273 Abstract 273 10.1. Introduction 274 10.2. Principle of gas sensing 274 10.2.1. Transconductance sensing mechanism 274 10.2.2. Field effect transistor-based gas sensors 276 10.2.3. Metal-semiconductor Schottky contact based gas sensors 277 10.2.4. Integration of nanowires with micro heaters 278 10.3. Standard physical parameters for gas sensors 280 10.3.1. Sensitivity 280 10.3.2. Selectivity 281 10.3.3. Response time 282 10.4. Materials for different types of gases 284 10.4.1 Oxygen sensors 284 10.4.2 Carbon dioxide 285 10.4.3 Organic gases 287 10.4.4 Hydrogen gas 290 References 301 Chapter 11 308 Wide band gap nanoresonators 308 Abstract 308 11.1. Introduction 309 11.2. Principle of nanoresonators 310 11.3. Actuation and measurement techniques 316 11.3.1 Electrostatic actuation 316 11.3.2 Piezoelectric actuation 318 11.3.3 Magnetomotive actuation 320 11.3.4. Thermal actuator 323 11.4. Engineering the performance of nanoresonators using wide band gap materials 325 11.4.1. Residual stress 325 11.4.2 Mechanical clamping enhancement 329 11.4.3 Tunning resonant frequency using electrically driven forces 331 11.5. Applications of nanoresonators 334 11.5.1 Logic Circuit at high temperatures 334 11.5.2 Mass sensing applications 337 11.5.3 Biosensors 338 11.5.4 Mechanical sensing 339 11.5.5 Optical devices 341 References 343

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Book SynopsisMicrobes in the Food Industry This newest volume in the groundbreaking new series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, focuses on the latest processes, industrial applications, and leading research on microbes in the food industry, for engineers, scientists, students, and other industry professionals. Microbes in the Food Industry, the latest volume in the series, Bioprocessing in Food Science, is focused on different aspects in food microbiology, food science and related subjects for individuals in the food industry, researchers, academics, and students. Microbes are key components of the food processing industry, and this book concentrates on topics that incorporate ideas and applications from various fields to address concerns relating to food safety, quality, and sensory attributes. Researchers around the globe will be able to use this information as a guide in establishing the direction of future research on food processing considering various aspects related to microbes. The maiTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Techniques 1Raina Jain, Prashant Bagade, Kalpana Patil-Doke and Ganesh Ramamurthi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Food Microbiology: A Historical Perspective 2 1.3 Beneficial Microbes in Food 4 1.4 Harmful Microbes in Food 8 1.5 Classical Food Microbiological Techniques 16 1.6 Advances in Food Microbiological Techniques 21 1.7 Regulations Governing Food Microbiology 30 1.8 Conclusions 33 2 Fermented Foods in Health and Disease Prevention 39Monalisa Sahoo, Pramod Aradwad, Nikita Sanwal, Jatindra Kumar Sahu, Vivek Kumar and S. N. Naik 2.1 Fermentation 40 2.2 Traditional Fermented Food 45 2.3 Application of Fermentation to Food 45 2.4 Effects of Fermentation on Nutrients 54 2.5 Health Benefits of Fermented Foods and Beverages 60 2.6 Food Safety and Quality Control 63 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 66 3 Probiotic Dairy Foods 87Gökçe Eminoglu, H. Ceren Akal and H. Barbaros Ozer 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Classification and Phylogenetic Properties of Probiotic Microorganisms 90 3.3 Probiotics in the Dairy Matrix 100 3.4 Probiotic Dairy Products 102 4 Dairy Probiotic Products 139Callebe Camelo Silva, Silvani Verruck, Marco Di Luccio, Tatiana C. Pimentel, Marcia Cristina Silva, Erick Almeida Esmerino and Adriano Gomes da Cruz 4.1 Introduction 140 4.2 Fermented Milks 141 4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 190 5 Design Schematics, Operational Characteristics and Process Applications of Bioreactors 217Vishwajeet Gaikwad, Anil Panghal, Shubham Jadhav, Sunil Kundu, Namita Singh and Navnidhi Chhikara 5.1 Introduction 218 5.2 Fermenter Design and Operations 220 5.3 Fermenter Configuration 223 5.4 Types of Fermenter 227 5.5 Factors Influencing Operation of Fermenters 238 5.6 Conclusion 241 6 Enzymes in Food Industry and Their Regulatory Oversight 249Megha Dhingra and Jasvir Singh 6.1 Introduction 250 6.2 Production of Enzymes 250 6.3 Applications of Enzymes in Food Industry 258 6.4 Safety Evaluation of Enzymes 263 6.5 Global Regulatory Frameworks 269 6.6 Regulatory Framework in India 270 7 Functional and Nutraceutical Potential of Fruits and Vegetables 275Samandeep Kaur, Umexi Rani and Parmjit Singh Panesar 7.1 Introduction 276 7.2 Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables 277 7.3 Nutritional Composition of Fruits and Vegetable By-Products 287 7.4 Extraction of Bioactives from Fruits and Vegetables 288 7.5 Processing Methods Used for Development of Functional Foods from Fruits and Vegetables 297 7.5.1 Fermentation 297 7.6 Fruits and Vegetable-Based Nutraceuticals 304 7.7 Influence of Processing Methods on Functional Ingredients 307 7.8 Influence of Storage on Functional Ingredients 309 7.9 Future of Functional Foods 311 8 Microbes as Bio-Factories for the Valorization of Fruit and Vegetable Processing Wastes 321Shivali Banerjee and Amit Arora 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Microbial Bio-Processing of Fruit and Vegetable Wastes 322 8.3 Valuable Commodities from Fruit and Vegetable Waste 325 8.4 Technical Challenges, Economics and Future Prospective 339 8.5 Conclusion 340 9 Solid-State Fermentation 355Manish Tiwari, Rashmin Dhingani, Nandani Goyal, Bhavesh Joshi and R.V. Prasad 9.1 Introduction 356 9.2 History of Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) 359 9.3 Factors Affecting SSF 360 9.4 Types of Solid-State Fermentation 365 9.5 Application of SSF Carried Out on Inert Support Materials 368 9.6 Modern Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation 373 9.7 Challenges to SSF 384 9.8 Conclusions 385 10 Pigments Produced by Fungi and Bacteria from Extreme Environments 393Graciéle Cunha Alves de Menezes, Tiago Daniel Madureira de Medeiros, Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima, Maurício Bernardo da Silva, Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz, Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte, Valéria Maia de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique Rosa and Juliano Lemos Bicas 10.1 Introduction 394 10.2 Extreme Environments 397 10.3 Extremophilic Microorganisms 398 11 Commercially Available Databases in Food Microbiology 441Priyanka Rohilla, Anju Kumari, Sapna Birania and Monika 11.1 Introduction 442 11.2 Functions of a Databases 442 11.3 Need for Databases 443 11.4 Predictive Microbiology in Foods 444 11.5 Predictive Microbiology and Its Models 446 11.6 Rapid Methods of Data Generation 448 11.7 Predictive Models 449 11.8 Guidelines for Modeling the Shelf Life of Foods 459 11.9 Databases in Foods 460 11.10 QMRA (Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment) 462 11.11 Other Databases 463 11.12 Future Prospects 463 References 464 Index 469

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 3 Icons Used in This Book 3 Beyond the Book 4 Where to Go from Here 4 Part 1: Honey, Give Me the Lowdown 7 Chapter 1: Dipping into Honey’s History and Its Importance Today 9 Introducing Discoscapa apicula — the World’s Oldest Bee? 10 Raising Bees in Ancient Egypt 11 Embalming with Honey and More 12 Discovering the World’s Oldest Beehives 13 In Praise of Honey 14 Islam 15 Hinduism 15 Judaism 15 Buddhism 15 Christianity 15 Sikhism 15 Finding Honey in Literature and Folklore 16 Honey Bees Come to America 17 Honey Today: Celebrity Status 18 Chapter 2: Looking at How Honey is Made and Harvested 19 Gathering Their Groceries 19 Understanding the Composition of Honey 23 Harvesting Honey: From Bee to Bottle 24 It’s all about timing 25 Driving the bees out of the honey supers 27 Removing the honey from the comb 27 Chapter 3: Appreciating the Different Styles of Honey 29 Walkin’ Talkin’ Honeycomb 30 Savoring Liquid Gold — Extracted Honey 31 Getting Chunky with Chunk Honey 31 Whipping Your Honey 32 What’s the Story on Honey Straws? 34 Part 2: Nutrition, Health, and Honey 37 Chapter 4: All About Apitherapy 39 Bee Venom 40 Bee Pollen 42 Royal Jelly 43 Propolis 44 Beeswax 44 Enjoying the Many Benefits of Honey 45 Cuts, burns, and scratches 46 Fixing sore throats and coughs 46 Getting the honey glow 47 Chapter 5: Making Honey Remedies at Home 49 Mixing Up Some Honey-Based Hair and Skincare Products 50 Honey-Based Elixirs 61 Part 3: Honey Varietals 69 Chapter 6: Discovering the World’s Top Honey Producers 71 1 China (500,000 tons) 72 2 Iran (112,000 tons) 72 3 Turkey (110,000 tons) 73 4 India (85,000 tons) 73 5 United States (81,000 tons) 74 1 North Dakota (19,000 tons) 74 2 South Dakota (19,000 tons) 75 3 Montana (7,000 tons) 75 4 California (6,850 tons) 75 5 Florida (5,950 tons) 76 6 Minnesota (3,905 tons) 76 7 Texas (3,700 tons) 76 8 Michigan (2,650 tons) 77 9 Idaho (1,650 tons) 77 10 Wisconsin (1,500 tons) 77 6 Russian Federation (70,000 tons) 78 7 Ukraine (66,500 tons) 78 8 Mexico (57,000 tons) 79 9 Brazil (42,400 tons) 79 10 New Zealand (23,000 tons) 80 Chapter 7: Getting to Know 50 Varietals of Honey 81 Learning about Varietal Honeys 82 1 Acacia 82 2 Ailanthus 83 3 Alfalfa 83 4 Avocado 84 5 Basswood 85 6 Bell Heather 85 7 Blackberry 86 8 Black mangrove 86 9 Blueberry Blossom 87 10 Borage 87 11 Buckwheat 88 12 Chestnut 89 13 Coriander 89 14 Cranberry Blossom 90 15 Dandelion 90 16 Eucalyptus 91 17 Fireweed 91 18 Gallberry 92 19 Goldenrod 92 20 Honeydew 93 21 Honeysuckle 94 22 Huajillo (pronounced wa-HE-yo) 94 23 Japanese Knotweed 95 24 Kamahi (pronounced car-MY) 95 25 Kiawe (pronounced kee-AH-vay) 96 26 Kudzu 96 27 Lavender 97 28 Leatherwood 98 29 Ling Heather 98 30 Litchee 99 31 Macadamia 99 32 Manuka 100 33 Meadowfoam 101 34 Mesquite 101 35 Ohi’a Lehua 102 36 Orange Blossom 102 37 Rapeseed 103 38 Raspberry 103 39 Rhododendron 104 40 Rosemary 105 41 Sage 105 42 Saw Palmetto 106 43 Star thistle/Knapweed 106 44 Strawberry tree 107 45 Sunflower 107 46 Thyme 108 47 Tulip poplar 108 48 Tupelo 109 49 Ulmo 110 50 Yellow Sweet Clover 110 A Word about Wildflower Honey 111 Chapter 8: All That Glistens is Not Liquid Gold 113 Laundering Honey 114 Transshipping Honey 115 Removing Pollen to Conceal the Honey’s Origin 117 Blending Honeys 118 Cutting Honey 119 Intervention of Humans 120 Part 4: Becoming a Honey Tasting Expert 121 Chapter 9: Thinking Like a Honey Sommelier 123 Differentiating Taste and Flavor 124 Taste sensations 124 Flavor sensations 124 Other taste sensations 125 Are You a Supertaster? 126 The Nose Remembers 128 Describing What You Taste 128 Tuning Up Your Taste Buds and Sharpening Your Sniffer 129 Training your sense of taste 129 Refining your sense of flavor 131 Chapter 10: Knowing How to Taste Honey 133 Looking, Smelling, and Tasting: Sensory Analysis 134 Creating the Right Environment for Tasting 135 Making certain you are fresh and rested 135 Staying healthy 136 Fasting before tasting 136 Avoiding extraneous smells 136 Setting Up For Honey Tasting 137 Picking honeys to sample 138 Gathering your tasting tools 138 Getting organized using a tasting mat 139 Picking a palette cleanser 140 Writing Tasting Notes 140 Starting with a basic look-see 140 Determining liquid or solid 141 Discovering undesirable stuff 142 Evaluating clarity 142 Defining the Color of Honey 142 Smelling Your Honey 143 Profiling Honey Characteristics 145 Using the Aroma and Flavor Chart 146 Trigeminals 147 Determining the Honey’s “Finish” 148 Talking About Texture 148 Chapter 11: Taking the Terror Out Of Terroir 151 Capturing the Flavors of Local Foods 152 Ensuring quality standards 152 Certifying and protecting honeys 154 Influencing Nectar 155 Getting the Dirt on Honey (Geology) 156 Honey and Geography 157 Knowing What Weather Has to Do with It 157 Rain, rain don’t go away 157 Here comes the sun! 158 Chapter 12: Looking at What Can Go Wrong With Honey 159 Recognizing Defects 160 Burnt honey 160 The brood factor 160 Medico mayhem 160 Smoky stuff 161 Just one word — plastics! 161 Metal madness 161 Crossing Crystallization Defects 162 Incomplete crystallization 162 Crystal striping 162 Separation of honey 162 Knowing Why a Honey Tastes Like Beer 163 Part 5: Hey, Honey, Let’s Party 165 Chapter 13: Shopping for Your Honey 167 Knowing Where to Shop 167 Go straight to the source 168 Farm stands and farmers markets 168 Gourmet markets 169 Cheese shops 170 Deciphering Labels 170 Nutrition labels 171 True Source 173 Gluten-free 174 Vegan 174 Raw, natural, organic, all natural —Descriptors that mean nothing 174 GMO 175 Fair Trade Honey 176 Chapter 14: Brewing Honey Wine (Mead) 177 Discovering Mead’s Long History 178 Introducing Seven Types of Mead 179 Traditional mead 179 Sack mead 179 Hydromel 180 Bochet mead 180 Metheglin 180 Sack metheglin 180 Mead made with fruit juices 180 Getting the Necessary Mead-Making Equipment 181 Understanding Useful Mead-Making Terms 184 Chapter 15: Cooking with Honey 201 Chapter 16: Baking with Honey 223 Swapping Out Sugar for Honey 223 Checking Out Some Recipes 225 Chapter 17: Using Honey for Thirst-Quenching and Celebratory Beverages 243 Making Honey-Inspired Beverages 243 Mixing Honey-Based Cocktails 247 Gin 247 Tequila 248 Vodka 250 Scotch whisky 250 Whiskey (bourbon or rye) 253 Rum 255 Chapter 18: Pairing Honey with Cheese and Other Foods 257 Pairing Honey with Cheese 258 Understanding the dynamics of honey and cheese 259 It’s a matter of taste 259 Conjuring Creative Pairings 261 Choosing complementary duos 261 Considering that opposites attract 261 Taking texture into account 261 Staying local 262 Just go for it! 262 Considering Classic Pairings of Honey and Food 262 Chapter 19: Honey, Let’s Have a Party 265 Planning the Party 265 Deciding on the theme 266 Setting the mood 266 Assembling the Right Stuff 268 Developing Your Menu 268 Creating Honey Grazing Boards 270 Piloting Tasting Flights 270 Including Fun Honey Games 272 Trio tasting game 272 Honey spelling game 273 Show Friends How It Went 273 Part 6: The Part of Tens 275 Chapter 20: Ten Great Honey Festivals 277 Oregon Honey Festival, Ashland, Oregon 278 Philadelphia Honey Festival 278 NYC Honey Week, Rockaway Beach 278 Honey Bee Fest, New York 278 Sweet Bee’s Honey Festival, New York 279 Vermont’s Golden Honey Festival 279 Arizona Honeybee Festival, Phoenix 279 Michigan Honey Festival 279 Tennessee Honey Festival 280 Uvalde Honey Festival, Texas 280 Chapter 21: More Than Ten Frequently Asked Questions about Honey 281 What’s the best way to store honey once the jar has been opened? 282 Does honey ever spoil or go bad? 282 Why does my honey look like it has two different layers? 282 My honey has crystallized; can I get the honey liquid again? 283 What’s organic honey? 283 What’s the difference between Grade A and Grade B honey? 283 What accounts for the different colors and flavors of honey? 284 Why do honey bees make honey? 284 Is it true that eating local honey will relieve pollen-related allergies? 285 What does “raw” honey mean? 285 How can I test my honey for authenticity? 285 Why does honey from the same local beekeeper taste different sometimes? 286 Why shouldn’t you feed honey to a baby? 286 How many flowers must honey bees visit to make one pound of honey? 286 How much honey does a worker honey bee make in her lifetime? 286 What famous Scottish liqueur is made with honey? 287 What’s the U.S per capita consumption of honey? 287 How many honey-producing colonies of bees are there in the United States? 287 Do all bees make honey? 287 Chapter 22: Ten Honeys for your Bucket List 289 The Most Expensive Honey in the World: Elvish 289 Most Sacred Honey: Sidr 290 Most-Difficult-to-Get Honey: Pitcairn Island 290 Most International Awards: Sourwood 291 Most Bitter Honey: Strawberry Tree Honey 291 Psychedelic Mad Honey: Deli Bal 292 Most Unique Texture: Ling Heather Honey 292 Volcanic Honey: Wenchi 293 Silkiest Honey: Ulmo Honey 293 Most Buttery Honey: Kamahi 294 Part 7: Appendixes 295 Appendix A: Glossary 297 Appendix B: Helpful Honey Resources 305 Index 317

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Book SynopsisReady, set, program with Go! Now is the perfect time to learntheGoProgramming Language. It's one of the most in-demand languages among tech recruitersand developers love its simplicity and power.Go Programming LanguageForDummiesis an easy way to add this top job skill to your toolkit.Writtenfor novice and experienced coders alike, this booktraversesbasic syntax, writing functions, organizing data, building packages, and interfacing with APIs. GoorGoLang, as it's also knownhas proven to be a strong choice for developers creating applications for the cloud-based world we live in.This book will put youon the path to using the language that's created some oftoday's leading webapplications, so you can steer your career where you want to Go! Learn how Go works and start writing programs and modulesInstall and implement the most powerful third-party Go packagesUse Go in conjunction with web services and MySQL databasesKeep your codebase organized and use Go to structure data With this book, you canjoin the growing numbers of developers using Go to create 21st century solutions. Step inside to take start writing code that putsdatain users'hands.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 About This Book 1 Foolish Assumptions 2 Icons Used in This Book 2 Beyond the Book 3 Where to Go from Here 3 Part 1: Getting Started with Go 5 Chapter 1: Hello, Go! 7 Seeing What Learning Go Can Do for You 8 Installing Go on Your Machine 9 macOS 10 Windows 11 Using an Integrated Development Environment with Go 12 Writing Your First Go Program 14 Compiling and running the program 15 Understanding how a Go program works 17 Making sense of the Go file structure 18 Compiling for multiple operating systems 19 Comparing Go with Other Languages 21 Syntax 21 Compilation 22 Concurrency 22 Library support 22 Chapter 2: Working with Different Data Types 23 Declaring Always-Changing Variables 24 Using the var keyword: Type-inferred variables 24 Specifying the data type: Explicitly typed variables 25 Using the short variable declaration operator 26 Declaring Never-Changing Constants 27 Removing Unused Variables 27 Dealing with Strings 29 Performing Type Conversions 30 Discovering the type of a variable 31 Converting a variable’s type 32 Interpolating strings 34 Chapter 3: Making Decisions 37 Using If/Else Statements to Make Decisions 37 Laying the foundation for the if/else statement: Logical and comparison operators 38 Using the if/else statement 40 Short-circuiting: Evaluating conditions in Go 42 When You Have Too Many Conditions: Using the Switch Statement 46 Switching with fall-throughs 47 Matching multiple cases 48 Switching without condition 48 Chapter 4: Over and Over and Over: Using Loops 51 Performing Loops Using the for Statement 51 Iterating over a Range of Values 56 Iterating through arrays/slices 56 Iterating through a string 58 Using Labels with the for Loop 59 Chapter 5: Grouping Code into Functions 65 Defining a Function 65 Defining functions with parameters 66 Defining functions with multiple parameters 68 Passing arguments by value and by pointer 68 Returning values from functions 71 Naming return values 72 Working with variadic functions 72 Using Anonymous Functions 73 Declaring an anonymous function 73 Implementing closure using anonymous functions 74 Implementing the filter() function using closure 76 Part 2: Working with Data Structures 79 Chapter 6: Slicing and Dicing Using Arrays and Slices 81 Arming Yourself to Use Arrays 81 Declaring an array 82 Initializing an array 83 Working with multidimensional arrays 83 Sleuthing Out the Secrets of Slices 86 Creating an empty slice 86 Creating and initializing a slice 88 Appending to a slice 88 Slicing and Ranging 92 Extracting part of an array or slice 92 Iterating through a slice 95 Making copies of an array or slice 95 Inserting an item into a slice 97 Removing an item from a slice 99 Chapter 7: Defining the Blueprints of Your Data Using Structs 101 Defining Structs for a Collection of Items 101 Creating a Go Struct 104 Making a Copy of a Struct 105 Defining Methods in Structs 107 Comparing Structs 110 Chapter 8: Establishing Relationships Using Maps 113 Creating Maps in Go 113 Initializing a map with a map literal 115 Checking the existence of a key 115 Deleting a key 116 Getting the number of items in a map 116 Iterating over a map 117 Getting all the keys in a map 117 Setting the iteration order in a map 118 Sorting the items in a map by values 118 Using Structs and Maps in Go 121 Creating a map of structs 121 Sorting a map of structs 124 Chapter 9: Encoding and Decoding Data Using JSON 129 Getting Acquainted with JSON 129 Object 130 String 130 Boolean 131 Number 131 Object 132 Array 132 null 133 Decoding JSON 134 Decoding JSON to a struct 135 Decoding JSON to arrays 136 Decoding embedded objects 137 Mapping custom attribute names 140 Mapping unstructured data 141 Encoding JSON 144 Encoding structs to JSON 144 Encoding interfaces to JSON 148 Chapter 10: Defining Method Signatures Using Interfaces 151 Working with Interfaces in Go 152 Defining an interface 152 Implementing an interface 153 Looking at How You May Use Interfaces 154 Adding methods to a type that doesn’t satisfy an interface 158 Using the Stringer interface 159 Implementing multiple interfaces 160 Using an empty interface 161 Determining whether a value implements a specific interface 162 Part 3: Multitasking in Go 163 Chapter 11: Threading Using Goroutines 165 Understanding Goroutines 166 Using Goroutines with Shared Resources 168 Seeing how shared resources impact goroutines 168 Accessing shared resources using mutual exclusion 171 Using atomic counters for modifying shared resources 172 Synchronizing Goroutines 174 Chapter 12: Communicating between Goroutines Using Channels 179 Understanding Channels 179 How channels work 180 How channels are used 183 Iterating through Channels 186 Asynchronously Waiting on Channels 187 Using Buffered Channels 192 Part 4: Organizing Your Code 195 Chapter 13: Using and Creating Packages in Go 197 Working with Packages 197 Creating shareable packages 200 Organizing packages using directories 202 Using Third-Party Packages 204 Emojis for Go 204 Go Documentation 205 Chapter 14: Grouping Packages into Modules 211 Creating a Module 211 Testing and Building a Module 214 Publishing a Module on GitHub 216 Part 5: Seeing Go in Action 223 Chapter 15: Consuming Web APIs Using Go 225 Understanding Web APIs 225 Fetching Data from Web Services in Go 226 Writing a Go program to connect to a web API 227 Decoding JSON data 229 Refactoring the code for decoding JSON data 233 Fetching from multiple web services at the same time 238 Returning Goroutine’s results to the main() function 239 Chapter 16: Getting Ready to Serve Using REST APIs 243 Building Web Services Using REST APIs 243 HTTP messages 244 REST URLs 244 REST methods 246 REST response 248 Creating a REST API in Go 249 Getting your REST API up and running 249 Testing the REST API 251 Registering additional paths 251 Passing in query string 254 Specifying request methods 255 Storing the course information on the REST API 257 Testing the REST API again 267 Chapter 17: Working with Databases 271 Setting Up a MySQL Database Server 272 Interfacing with the MySQL server 272 Creating a database and table 274 Creating a new account and granting permission 275 Connecting to the MySQL Database in Go 276 Retrieving a record 278 Adding a record 280 Modifying a record 281 Deleting a record 283 Part 6: The Part of Tens 285 Chapter 18: Ten Useful Go Packages to Create Applications 287 color 287 Installation 288 Code sample 288 now 288 Installation 288 Code sample 288 go-pushbullet 289 Installation 289 Code sample 289 goid 290 Installation 290 Code sample 290 json2go 291 Installation 291 Code sample 291 gojq 292 Installation 293 Code sample 293 turtle 294 Installation 294 Code sample 294 go-http-client 295 Installation 295 Code sample 295 notify 296 Installation 296 Code sample 296 gosx-notifier 297 Installation 297 Code sample 297 Chapter 19: Ten Great Go Resources 299 The Official Go Website 299 Go by Example 300 A Tour of Go 300 The Go Frequently Asked Questions 300 The Go Playground 300 Go Bootcamp 301 Effective Go 301 Gophercises 301 Tutorialspoint 301 Stack Overflow 302 Index 303

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Book SynopsisFUNCTIONAL SAFETY OF MACHINERY Enables readers to understand ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 standards and provides a practical approach to functional safety in machinery design Functional Safety of Machinery: How to Apply ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 introduces functional safety of machinery as a single unified approach, despite the existence of two standards. Aligning with the latest updates of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061, the book explains the intent behind the standards and the mathematical basis on which they are written, details the differences between the two standards, and prescribes ways to put them into practice. To aid in seamless reader comprehension, detailed examples are included throughout the book which walk readers through concepts like Random and Systematic Failures, High and Low demand mode of operation, Diagnostic Coverage, and Safe Failure Fraction. Other sample topics covered within the book include: Basics of reliability engineering andTable of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix About the Author xxi Before You Start Reading this Book xxiii 1 The Basics of Reliability Engineering 1 1.1 The Birth of Reliability Engineering 1 1.1.1 Safety Critical Systems 2 1.2 Basic Definitions and Concepts of Reliability 2 1.3 Faults and Failures 2 1.3.1 Definitions 3 1.3.2 Random and Systematic Failures 3 1.3.2.1 How Random is a Random Failure? 4 1.4 Probability Elements Beyond Reliability Concepts 5 1.4.1 The Discrete Probability Distribution 5 1.4.1.1 Example: 10 Colored Balls 6 1.4.1.2 Example: 2 Dice 7 1.4.2 The Probability Density Function f (x) 7 1.4.2.1 Example 8 1.4.3 The Cumulative Distribution Function F(x) 9 1.4.4 The Reliability Function R(t) 10 1.5 Failure Rate λ 11 1.5.1 The Maclaurin Series 14 1.5.2 The Failure in Time or FIT 14 1.5.2.1 Example 14 1.6 Mean Time to Failure 14 1.6.1 Example of a Non-Constant Failure Rate 15 1.6.2 The Importance of the MTTF 16 1.6.3 The Median Life 16 1.6.4 The Mode 16 1.6.4.1 Example 17 1.6.4.2 Example 17 1.7 Mean Time Between Failures 18 1.8 Frequency Approach Example 19 1.8.1 Initial Data 19 1.8.2 Empirical Definition of Reliability and Unreliability 20 1.9 Reliability Evaluation of Series and Parallel Structures 22 1.9.1 The Reliability Block Diagrams 22 1.9.2 The Series Configuration 23 1.9.3 The Parallel Configuration 24 1.9.3.1 Two Equal and Independent Elements 24 1.9.4 M Out of N Functional Configurations 26 1.10 Reliability Functions in Low and High Demand Mode 27 1.10.1 The PFD 28 1.10.1.1 The Protection Layers 29 1.10.1.2 Testing of the Safety Instrumented System 30 1.10.2 The PFDavg 30 1.10.2.1 Dangerous Failures 31 1.10.2.2 How to Calculate the PFDavg 31 1.10.3 The PFH 32 1.10.3.1 Unconditional Failure Intensity w(t) vs Failure Density f (t) 32 1.10.3.2 Reliability Models Used to Estimate the PFH 34 1.11 Weibull Distribution 34 1.11.1 The Probability Density Function 34 1.11.2 The Cumulative Density Function 35 1.11.3 The Instantaneous Failure Rate 36 1.11.4 The Mean Time to Failure 37 1.11.4.1 Example 38 1.12 B10Dand the Importance of T10D39 1.12.1 The BX% Life Parameter and the B10D 39 1.12.1.1 Example 40 1.12.2 How λD and MTTFD are Derived from B10D40 1.12.3 The Importance of the Parameter T10D41 1.12.4 The Surrogate Failure Rate 43 1.12.5 Markov 43 1.13 Logical and Physical Representation of a Safety Function 45 1.13.1 De-energization of Solenoid Valves 45 1.13.2 Energization of Solenoid Valves 46 2 What is Functional Safety 47 2.1 A Brief History of Functional Safety Standards 47 2.1.1 IEC 61508 (All Parts) 48 2.1.1.1 HSE Study 49 2.1.1.2 Safety Integrity Levels 50 2.1.1.3 FMEDA 51 2.1.1.4 High and Low Demand Mode of Operation 52 2.1.1.5 Safety Functions and Safety-Related Systems 53 2.1.1.6 An Example of Risk Reduction Through Functional Safety 54 2.1.1.7 Why IEC 61508 was Written 54 2.1.2 ISO 13849-1 55 2.1.3 IEC 62061 56 2.1.4 IEC 61511 56 2.1.4.1 Introduction 56 2.1.4.2 The Second Edition 57 2.1.4.3 Designing a SIS 58 2.1.4.4 Three Methods 58 2.1.4.5 The Concept of Protection Layers 59 2.1.4.6 The Different Types of Risk 60 2.1.4.7 The Tolerable Risk 60 2.1.4.8 The ALARP Principle 62 2.1.4.9 Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP) 64 2.1.4.10 Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) 64 2.1.5 PFDavg for Different Architectures 65 2.1.5.1 1oo1 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 65 2.1.5.2 Series of 1oo1 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 66 2.1.5.3 1oo2 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 66 2.1.5.4 1oo3 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 67 2.1.5.5 2oo3 Architecture in Low Demand Mode 67 2.1.5.6 Summary Table 68 2.1.5.7 Example of PFDAvg Calculation 69 2.1.6 Reliability of a Safety Function in Low Demand Mode 70 2.1.7 A Timeline 72 2.2 Safety Systems in High and Low Demand Mode 73 2.2.1 Structure of the Control System in High and Low Demand Mode 73 2.2.1.1 Structure in Low Demand Mode, Process Industry 73 2.2.1.2 Structure in High Demand Mode, Machinery 74 2.2.1.3 Continuous Mode of Operation 74 2.2.2 The Border Line Between High and Low Demand Mode 74 2.2.2.1 Considerations in High Demand Mode 74 2.2.2.2 Considerations in Low Demand Mode 75 2.2.2.3 The Intermediate Region 75 2.3 What is a Safety Control System 76 2.3.1 Control System and Safety System 76 2.3.2 What is Part of a Safety Control System 78 2.3.3 Implication of Implementing an Emergency Start Function 79 2.4 CE Marking, OSHA Compliance, and Functional Safety 80 2.4.1 CE Marking 80 2.4.2 The European Standardization Organizations (ESOs) 81 2.4.3 Harmonized Standards 82 2.4.4 Functional Safety in North America 84 2.4.4.1 The Concept of Control Reliable 85 2.4.4.2 Functional Safety in the United States 86 3 Main Parameters 87 3.1 Failure Rate (λ) 87 3.1.1 Definition 87 3.1.2 Detected and Undetected Failures 88 3.1.3 Failure Rate for Electromechanical Components 89 3.1.3.1 Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 89 3.1.3.2 Input Subsystem: Pressure Switch 89 3.1.3.3 Output Subsystem: Solenoid Valve 90 3.1.3.4 Output Subsystem: Power Contactor 90 3.2 Safe Failure Fraction 91 3.2.1 SFF in Low Demand Mode: Pneumatic Solenoid Valve 92 3.2.1.1 Example 93 3.2.2 SFF in High Demand Mode: Pneumatic Solenoid Valve 94 3.2.2.1 Example for a 1oo1 Architecture 94 3.2.2.2 Example for a 1oo2D Architecture 95 3.2.3 SFF and Electromechanical Components 96 3.2.3.1 The Advantage of Electronic Sensors 97 3.2.3.2 SFF and DC for Electromechanical Components 97 3.2.4 SFF in Low Demand Mode: Analog Input 98 3.2.5 SFF and DC in High Demand Mode: The Dynamic Test and Namur Circuits 100 3.2.5.1 Namur Type Circuits 101 3.2.5.2 Three Wire Digital Input 102 3.2.6 Limits of the SFF Parameter 102 3.2.6.1 Example 103 3.3 Diagnostic Coverage (DC) 103 3.3.1 Levels of Diagnostic 105 3.3.2 How to Estimate the DC Value 105 3.3.3 Frequency of the Test 106 3.3.4 Direct and Indirect Testing 106 3.3.4.1 DC for the Component and for the Channel 107 3.3.5 Testing by the Process 108 3.3.6 Examples of DC Values 109 3.3.7 Estimation of the Average DC 111 3.4 Safety Integrity and Architectural Constraints 112 3.4.1 The Starting Point 112 3.4.2 The Systematic Capability 113 3.4.2.1 Systematic Safety Integrity 113 3.4.3 Confusion Generated by the Concept of Systematic Capability 114 3.4.3.1 Random Capability 114 3.4.3.2 Systematic Capability 115 3.4.3.3 ISO 13849-1 115 3.4.4 The Safety Lifecycle 115 3.4.5 The Software Safety Lifecycle 115 3.4.6 Hardware Fault Tolerance 117 3.4.7 The Hardware Safety Integrity 118 3.4.7.1 Type A and Type B Components 118 3.4.8 Route 1H 119 3.4.8.1 Route 1H and Type A Component: Example 119 3.4.8.2 Route 1H and Type B Component: Example 120 3.4.9 High Demand Mode Safety-Related Control Systems 120 3.4.9.1 Example 121 3.4.10 Route 2H 122 3.5 Mean Time to Failure (MTTF) 123 3.5.1 Examples of MTTF Values 123 3.5.2 Calculation of MTTFD and λD for Components from B10D 125 3.5.3 Estimation of MTTFD for a Combination of Systems 125 3.5.3.1 Example for Channels in Series 126 3.5.3.2 Example for Redundant Channels 126 3.6 Common Cause Failure (CCF) 127 3.6.1 Introduction to CCF and the Beta-Factor 127 3.6.2 How IEC 62061 Handles the CCF 128 3.6.3 How ISO 13849-1 Handles the CCF 129 3.7 Proof Test 130 3.7.1 Proof Test Procedures 131 3.7.1.1 Example of a Proof Test Procedure for a Pressure Transmitter 131 3.7.1.2 Example of a Proof Test Procedure for a Solenoid Valve 132 3.7.2 How the Proof Test Interval Affects the System Reliability 133 3.7.2.1 Example 133 3.7.3 Proof Test in Low Demand Mode 134 3.7.3.1 Imperfect Proof Testing and the Proof Test Coverage (PTC) 135 3.7.3.2 Partial Proof Test (PPT) 136 3.7.3.3 Example for a Partial Valve Stroke Test 137 3.7.4 Proof Test in High Demand Mode 138 3.8 Mission Time and Useful Lifetime 139 3.8.1 Mission Time Longer than 20 Years 140 4 Introduction to ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 141 4.1 Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction 141 4.1.1 Cybersecurity 141 4.1.2 Protective and Preventive Measures 143 4.1.3 Functional Safety as Part of the Risk Reduction Measures 144 4.1.4 The Naked Machinery 146 4.2 SRP/CS, SCS, and the Safety Functions 146 4.2.1 SRP/CS and SCS 146 4.2.2 The Safety Function and Its Subsystems 147 4.2.3 The Physical and the Functional Level 147 4.3 Examples of Safety Functions 149 4.3.1 Safety-Related Stop 149 4.3.2 Safety Sub-Functions Related to Power Drive Systems 149 4.3.2.1 Stopping Functions 149 4.3.2.2 Monitoring Functions 151 4.3.2.3 Information to be Provided by the PDS Manufacturer 152 4.3.3 Manual Reset 152 4.3.3.1 Multiple Sequential Reset 154 4.3.3.2 How to Implement the Reset Electrical Architecture 154 4.3.4 Restart Function 154 4.3.5 Local Control Function 154 4.3.6 Muting Function 154 4.3.7 Operating Mode Selection 155 4.4 The Emergency Stop Function 156 4.5 The Reliability of a Safety Function in High Demand Mode 157 4.5.1 PFHD and PFH 157 4.5.2 The Performance Level 157 4.5.3 The Safety Integrity Level 158 4.5.4 Relationship Between SIL and PL 158 4.5.5 Definition of Harm 159 4.6 Determination of the Required PL (PLr) According to ISO 13849-1 159 4.6.1 Risk Parameters 160 4.6.1.1 S: Severity of Injury 160 4.6.1.2 F: Frequency and/or Exposure Time to Hazard 160 4.6.1.3 P: Possibility of Avoiding Hazard or Limiting Harm 160 4.6.1.4 An Example on How to Use the Graph 161 4.7 Rapex Directive 162 4.8 Determination of the Required SIL (SILr) According to IEC 62061 163 4.8.1 Risk Elements and SIL Assignment 164 4.8.2 Severity (Se) 165 4.8.3 Probability of Occurrence of Harm 165 4.8.3.1 Frequency and Duration of Exposure (Fr) 165 4.8.3.2 Probability of Occurrence of a Hazardous Event (Pr) 166 4.8.3.3 Probability of Avoiding or Limiting the Harm (Av) 166 4.8.3.4 Example of the Table Use 167 4.9 The Requirements Specification 167 4.9.1 Information Needed to Prepare the SRS or the FRS 167 4.9.2 The Specifications of All Safety Functions 168 4.10 Iterative Process to Reach the Required Reliability Level 169 4.11 Fault Considerations and Fault Exclusion 170 4.11.1 How Many Faults Should be Considered? 170 4.11.2 Fault Exclusion and Interlocking Devices 170 4.11.2.1 Fault Exclusion Applied to Interlocking Devices 170 4.11.2.2 Fault Exclusion on Pre-defined Subsystems 172 4.11.2.3 Fault Exclusion Made by the Machinery Manufacturer 172 4.11.2.4 Types of Guard Locking Mechanism 173 4.11.2.5 What Are the Safety Signals in an Interlocking Device with Guard Lock? 174 4.11.2.6 What Safety Functions are Associated to a Guard Interlock 174 4.11.3 Other Examples of Fault Exclusions 175 4.11.3.1 Short Circuit Between any Two Conductors 175 4.11.3.2 Welding of Contact Elements in Contactors 176 4.12 International Standards for Control Circuit Devices 177 4.12.1 Direct Opening Action 177 4.12.1.1 Direct and Non-Direct Opening Action 179 4.12.2 Contactors Used in Safety Applications 179 4.12.2.1 Power Contactors 179 4.12.2.2 Auxiliary Contactors 180 4.12.2.3 Electromechanical Elementary Relays 181 4.12.3 How to Avoid Systematic Failures in Motor Branch Circuits 182 4.12.3.1 How to Protect Contactors from Overload and Short Circuit 182 4.12.3.2 Contactor Reliability Data 183 4.12.4 Implications Coming from IEC 60204-1 and NFPA 79 184 4.12.4.1 Wrong Connection of the Emergency Stop Button 185 4.12.4.2 Situation in Case of Two Faults: Again a Wrong Connection! 185 4.12.4.3 Correct Wiring and Bonding in a Control Circuit 186 4.12.5 Enabling and Hold to Run Devices 186 4.12.5.1 Enabling Devices 186 4.12.5.2 Hold to Run Device 189 4.12.6 Current Sinking and Sourcing Digital I/O 190 4.13 Measures for the Avoidance of Systematic Failures 192 4.13.1 The Functional Safety Plan 192 4.13.2 Basic Safety Principles 193 4.13.2.1 Application of Good Engineering Practices 193 4.13.2.2 Use of De-energization Principles 193 4.13.2.3 Correct Protective Bonding (Electrical Basic Safety Principle) 193 4.13.3 Well-Tried Safety Principles 194 4.13.3.1 Positively Mechanically Linked Contacts 194 4.13.3.2 Fault Avoidance in Cables 194 4.14 Fault Masking 195 4.14.1 Introduction to the Methodology 195 4.14.1.1 Redundant Arrangement with Star Cabling 195 4.14.1.2 Redundant Arrangement with Branch Cabling 196 4.14.1.3 Redundant Arrangement with Loop Cabling 196 4.14.1.4 Single Arrangement with Star Cabling 197 4.14.1.5 Single Arrangement with Branch Cabling 198 4.14.1.6 Single Arrangement with Loop Cabling 198 4.14.2 Fault Masking Example: Unintended Reset 199 4.14.3 Methodology for DC Evaluation 200 4.14.3.1 The Simplified Method 200 4.14.3.2 Regular Method 201 4.14.3.3 Example 201 5 Design and Evaluation of Safety Functions 205 5.1 Subsystems, Subsystem Elements, and Channels 205 5.1.1 Subsystems 205 5.1.2 Subsystem Element and Channel 205 5.1.3 Decomposition of a Safety Function 207 5.1.4 Definition of Device Types 208 5.1.4.1 Device Type 1 208 5.1.4.2 Device Type 2 208 5.1.4.3 Device Type 3 208 5.1.4.4 Device Type 4 208 5.1.4.5 Implication for General Purpose PLCs 209 5.2 Well-Tried Components 210 5.2.1 List of Well-Tried Components 211 5.2.1.1 Mechanical Systems 211 5.2.1.2 Pneumatic Systems 211 5.2.1.3 Hydraulic Systems 212 5.2.1.4 Electrical Systems 212 5.3 Proven in Use and Prior Use Devices 214 5.3.1 Proven in Use 214 5.3.2 Prior Use Devices 215 5.3.3 Prior Use vs Proven in Use 215 5.4 Use of Process Control Systems as Protection Layers 215 5.5 Information for Use 216 5.5.1 Span of Control 216 5.5.2 Information for the Machinery Manufacturer 217 5.5.3 Information for the User 217 5.6 Safety Software Development 218 5.6.1 Limited and Full Variability Language 218 5.6.2 The V-Model 219 5.6.3 Software Classifications According to IEC 62061 220 5.6.3.1 Software Level 1 221 5.6.3.2 Software Safety Requirements for Level 1 222 5.6.3.3 Software Design Specifications for Level 1 222 5.6.3.4 Software Testing for Level 1 223 5.6.3.5 Validation of Safety-Related Software 223 5.6.4 Software Safety Requirements According to ISO 13849-1 223 5.6.4.1 Requirements When SRASW is Developed with LVL 224 5.6.4.2 Software-Based Manual Parameterization 225 5.7 Low Demand Mode Applications in Machinery 226 5.7.1 How to Understand if a Safety System is in High or in Low Demand Mode 226 5.7.1.1 Milling Machine 226 5.7.1.2 Industrial Furnaces 226 5.7.2 Subsystems in Both High and Low Demand Mode 227 5.7.3 How to Address Low Demand Mode in Machinery 230 5.7.4 Subsystems Used in Both High and Low Demand Mode 230 5.7.5 How to Assess “Mixed” Safety Systems: Method 1 231 5.7.5.1 How to Estimate the Failure Rate of the Shared Subsystem 231 5.7.5.2 Relationship Between PFDavg and PFHD 231 5.7.5.3 Safety Functions 1 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 1 232 5.7.5.4 Safety Functions 2 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 1 233 5.7.6 How to Assess “Mixed” Safety Systems: Method 2 235 5.7.6.1 How the Method Works 235 5.7.6.2 Safety Function 2 with a Shared Subsystem: Method 2 236 6 The Categories of ISO 13849-1 237 6.1 Introduction 237 6.1.1 Introduction to the Simplified Approach 238 6.1.2 Physical and Logical Representation of the Architectures 239 6.1.3 The Steps to be Followed 240 6.2 The Five Categories 241 6.2.1 Introduction 241 6.2.2 Category B 241 6.2.3 Category 1 242 6.2.3.1 Example of a Category 1 Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 242 6.2.4 Category 2 243 6.2.5 Markov Modelling of Category 2 245 6.2.5.1 The OK State 245 6.2.5.2 From the OK State to the Failure State 246 6.2.5.3 From the Failure State to the Hazardous Event 247 6.2.5.4 Other States in the Transition Model 248 6.2.5.5 The Simplified Graph of the Markov Modelling 248 6.2.5.6 The Importance of the Time-Optimal Testing 249 6.2.5.7 1oo1D in Case of Time-Optimal Testing 249 6.2.6 Conditions for the Correct Implementation of a Category 2 Subsystem 250 6.2.7 Examples of Category 2 Circuits 251 6.2.7.1 Example of Category 2 – PL c 251 6.2.7.2 Example of Category 2 – PL d 252 6.2.7.3 Example of a Category 2 with Undervoltage Coil 253 6.2.8 Category 3 254 6.2.8.1 Diagnostic Coverage in Category 3 255 6.2.8.2 Example of Category 3 for Input Subsystem: Interlocking Device 256 6.2.8.3 Example of Category 3 for Output Subsystem: Pneumatic Actuator 258 6.2.9 Category 4 260 6.2.9.1 Category 4 When the Demand Rate is Relatively Low 260 6.2.9.2 Example of a Category 4 Input Subsystem: Emergency Stop 261 6.2.9.3 Example of Category 4 for Output Subsystems: Electric Motor 262 6.3 Simplified Approach for Estimating the Performance Level 263 6.3.1 Conditions for the Simplified Approach 263 6.3.2 How to Calculate MTTFD of a Subsystem 264 6.3.3 Estimation of the Performance Level 264 6.3.3.1 The Simplified Graph 265 6.3.3.2 Table K.1 in Annex K 265 6.3.3.3 The Extended Graph 270 6.4 Determination of the Reliability of a Safety Function 270 7 The Architectures of IEC 62061 273 7.1 Introduction 273 7.1.1 The Architectural Constraints 273 7.1.2 The Simplified Approach 275 7.1.2.1 Differences with ISO 13849-1 275 7.1.2.2 How to Calculate the PFHD of a Basic Subsystem Architecture 275 7.1.3 The Avoidance of Systematic Failures 275 7.1.4 Relationship Between λD and MTTFD 276 7.2 The Four Subsystem Architectures 277 7.2.1 Repairable vs Non-Repairable Systems 277 7.2.2 Basic Subsystem Architecture A: 1oo1 277 7.2.2.1 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture A 277 7.2.2.2 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture A 278 7.2.3 Basic Subsystem Architecture B: 1oo2 278 7.2.3.1 Implications of Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture B 279 7.2.3.2 Example of a Basic Output Subsystem Architecture B: Electric Motor 279 7.2.4 Basic Subsystem Architecture C: 1oo1D 281 7.2.4.1 Conditions for a Correct Implementation of Basic Subsystem Architecture C 282 7.2.4.2 Basic Subsystem Architecture C with Fault Handling Done by the SCS 283 7.2.5 Basic Subsystem Architecture C with Mixed Fault Handling 283 7.2.5.1 PFHD in Case of Four Conditions Satisfied 285 7.2.5.2 PFHD in Case One of the Four Conditions is Not Satisfied 286 7.2.5.3 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture C 286 7.2.6 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture C 287 7.2.7 Alternative Formula for the Basic Subsystem Architecture C 289 7.2.8 Basic Subsystem Architecture D: 1oo2D 290 7.2.8.1 Implications of the Architectural Constraints in Basic Subsystem Architecture D 291 7.2.8.2 Example of Input Basic Subsystem Architecture D: Emergency Stop 291 7.2.8.3 Example of Input Basic Subsystem Architecture D: Interlocking Device 292 7.2.8.4 Example of a Basic Subsystem Architecture D Output 293 7.3 Determination of the Reliability of a Safety Function 295 8 Validation 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.1.1 Level of Independence of People Doing the Validation 298 8.1.2 Flow Chart of the Validation Process 299 8.2 The Validation Plan 299 8.2.1 Fault List 299 8.2.2 Validation Measures Against Systematic Failures 301 8.2.3 Information Needed for the Validation 301 8.2.4 Analysis and Testing 301 8.2.4.1 Analysis 301 8.2.4.2 Testing 302 8.2.4.3 Validation of the Safety Integrity of Subsystems 303 8.2.4.4 Validation of the Safety-related Software 304 8.2.4.5 Software-based Manual Parameterization 304 9 Some Final Considerations 307 9.1 ISO 13849-1 vs IEC 62061 307 9.2 High vs Low-Demand Mode Applications 308 9.3 The Importance of Risk Assessment 309 9.3.1 Principles of Safety Integration 310 9.3.1.1 The Glass Dome 311 9.3.2 How to Run a Risk Assessment 311 Bibliography 313 Index 317

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsList of Contributors Foreword Preface Chapter 1 Climate change and Agriculture: State of the Art, Challenges, and Perspectives Imran, Noureddine Benkeblia, Amanullah, and Abdel Rehman Altawaha Chapter 2 Climate-Smart Plants Combat Climate Change and Liable for Food Security Imran, Amanullah, and Abdel- Rehman Altawaha Chapter 3 Adapting Crops to Climate Change Abdel Rahman M.S. Al-Tawaaha, Samia Khanum, Noureddine Benkeblia, Amanullah, Imran, Shah Khaled, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Mousumi Mondal, Nidal Odat, Abhijit Dey, Nujoud Alimad, Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha , Saher Islam, and Mohammad Shatnawi Chapter 4 Role of Biotechnology in Climate-Resilient Agriculture Abdel Rahman M.S. Al-Tawaaha, Rachid Mrabet, Mina Bayanati, Banothu Santhosh, Noureddine Benkeblia, Imran, Amanullah, Shah Khaled, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Hiba Alatrash, Yaman Jabbour, Abhijit Dey, Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha and Saher Islam Chapter 5 Breeding Crops for Tolerance to Salinity, Heat and Drought Abdel Rahman M.S. Al-Tawaha*, Nidal Odat, Noureddine Benkeblia, Naila Kerkoub, ZinebLabidi, Mahyeddine Boumendjel,Hichem Nasri,Imran, Amanullah, Shah Khaled, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Mina Bayanati, Hiba Alatrash, Abhijit Dey, Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeethaand Saher Islam Chapter 6 Innovative approaches in breeding of climate-resilient crops Sandra Cvejić, Siniša Jocić, Goran Bekavac, Milan Mirosavljević, Ana Marjanović Jeromela, Miroslav Zorić, Aleksandra Radanović, Ankica Kondić-Špika, Dragana Miladinović Chapter 7 Challenges of Soil Fertility under Changing Climate and its opposing components Imran, Amanullah, Ibrahim Ortas, Tariq Mahmood, Muhammad Arif, Abdel- Rehman Altawaha and Mohammad Ilyas Chapter 8 The declining trend of Soil Fertility with Climate Change and its solution Imran, Amanullah and Ibrahim Ortas Chapter 9 Nano-Black Carbon is an Organic Tool for the Alleviation of Abiotic Stresses and its Certain Damages under Changing Climate Imran, Amanullah, Muhammad Arif, Abdel-Rehman Altawaha, and Tariq Mahmood Chapter 10 Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Non-Legume Plant and Changing Climate Abdel Rahman M.S. Al Tawaaha, Pratibha Vyas, Arun Karnwalc Noureddine Benkeblia, Swapnil Ganesh Sanmukh, Eduard Torrents Serra, Imran, Amanullah, Shah Khaled, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Abhijit Dey, Nujoud Alimad, , Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Saher Islam, Mohammad Shatnawi, Chapter 11 Role of Phosphorus in Imparting Abiotic Stress Tolerance to Plants Bhaswati Baroowa, Sreyashi Paul and Nirmali Gogoi Chapter 12 Climate Change and Cereal Production Abdel Rahman M.S. Al-Tawaha, Javeid Ahmed Dar, Amreena Sultan, Noureddine Benkeblia, Amanullah, Imran, Shah Khaled, Abdel Razzaq Al- Tawaha, Nidal Odat, Hiba Alatrash Chapter 13 Impact of climate change on tea cultivation and adaptation strategies: Special emphasis on tea pests in North East India Azariah Babu, Somnath Roy, Rupanjali Deb Baruah, Bhabesh Deka, Kamruza Z. Ahmed , Sourajit Bayen and Suman Sarkar Chapter 14 Impact of Climate Change on Integrated Pest Management Strategies Sonja Gvozdenac, Boško Dedić, Sanja Mikić, Jelena Ovuka, Dragana Miladinović Chapter 15 Climate Change and its Effects on Plant Viruses Aarshi Srivastava, Vineeta Pandey and R.K.Gaur Chapter 16 Green chemistry in sustainable use of agrowaste Pratibha Deka, Mayuree Gohain, Nilutpal Bhuyan, Nirmali Gogoi, Rupam Kataki2 Chapter 17 Assessing Satellite-Based Products in Characterizing Agricultural Drought Under Climate Change in Northeast Brazil Franklin Paredes-Trejo, Humberto Alves Barbosa, Jason Giovannettone, T.V. Lakshmi Kumar, Manoj Kumar Thakur, Catarina de Oliveira Buriti and José Prieto Chapter 18 Understanding smallholder farmers’ perceptions of and adaptations to climate change: The case of the Zambezi region, Namibia. Lee-Ann Steenkamp and Winnie Thebuho Index

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Book SynopsisHANDBOOK OF INTELLIGENT HEALTHCARE ANALYTICS The book explores the various recent tools and techniques used for deriving knowledge from healthcare data analytics for researchers and practitioners. The power of healthcare data analytics is being increasingly used in the industry. Advanced analytics techniques are used against large data sets to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences, and other useful information. A Handbook on Intelligent Healthcare Analytics covers both the theory and application of the tools, techniques, and algorithms for use in big data in healthcare and clinical research. It provides the most recent research findings to derive knowledge using big data analytics, which helps to analyze huge amounts of real-time healthcare data, the analysis of which can provide further insights in terms of procedural, technical, medical, and other types of improvements in healthcare. In addition, the reaTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 An Introduction to Knowledge Engineering and Data Analytics 1D. Karthika and K. Kalaiselvi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.1.1 Online Learning and Fragmented Learning Modeling 2 1.2 Knowledge and Knowledge Engineering 5 1.2.1 Knowledge 5 1.2.2 Knowledge Engineering 5 1.3 Knowledge Engineering as a Modelling Process 6 1.4 Tools 7 1.5 What are KBSs? 8 1.5.1 What is KBE? 8 1.5.2 When Can KBE Be Used? 10 1.5.3 CAD or KBE? 12 1.6 Guided Random Search and Network Techniques 13 1.6.1 Guide Random Search Techniques 13 1.7 Genetic Algorithms 14 1.7.1 Design Point Data Structure 15 1.7.2 Fitness Function 15 1.7.3 Constraints 16 1.7.4 Hybrid Algorithms 16 1.7.5 Considerations When Using a GA 16 1.7.6 Alternative to Genetic-Inspired Creation of Children 17 1.7.7 Alternatives to GA 18 1.7.8 Closing Remarks for GA 18 1.8 Artificial Neural Networks 19 1.9 Conclusion 19 References 20 2 A Framework for Big Data Knowledge Engineering 21Devi T. and Ramachandran A. 2.1 Introduction 22 2.1.1 Knowledge Engineering in AI and Its Techniques 23 2.1.1.1 Supervised Model 23 2.1.1.2 Unsupervised Model 23 2.1.1.3 Deep Learning 24 2.1.1.4 Deep Reinforcement Learning 24 2.1.1.5 Optimization 25 2.1.2 Disaster Management 25 2.2 Big Data in Knowledge Engineering 26 2.2.1 Cognitive Tasks for Time Series Sequential Data 27 2.2.2 Neural Network for Analyzing the Weather Forecasting 27 2.2.3 Improved Bayesian Hidden Markov Frameworks 28 2.3 Proposed System 30 2.4 Results and Discussion 32 2.5 Conclusion 33 References 36 3 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare 39P. Sujatha, K. Mahalakshmi and P. Sripriya 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Overview of Big Data 41 3.2.1 Big Data: Definition 41 3.2.2 Big Data: Characteristics 42 3.3 Big Data Tools and Techniques 43 3.3.1 Big Data Value Chain 43 3.3.2 Big Data Tools and Techniques 45 3.4 Big Data Knowledge System in Healthcare 45 3.4.1 Sources of Medical Big Data 51 3.4.2 Knowledge in Healthcare 53 3.4.3 Big Data Knowledge Management Systems in Healthcare 55 3.4.4 Big Data Analytics in Healthcare 56 3.5 Big Data Applications in the Healthcare Sector 59 3.5.1 Real Time Healthcare Monitoring and Altering 59 3.5.2 Early Disease Prediction with Big Data 59 3.5.3 Patients Predictions for Improved Staffing 61 3.5.4 Medical Imaging 61 3.6 Challenges with Healthcare Big Data 62 3.6.1 Challenges of Big Data 62 3.6.2 Challenges of Healthcare Big Data 62 3.7 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Big Data for Personalized Healthcare 67Dhanalakshmi R. and Jose Anand 4.1 Introduction 68 4.1.1 Objectives 68 4.1.2 Motivation 69 4.1.3 Domain Description 70 4.1.4 Organization of the Chapter 70 4.2 Related Literature 71 4.2.1 Healthcare Cyber Physical System Architecture 71 4.2.2 Healthcare Cloud Architecture 71 4.2.3 User Authentication Management 72 4.2.4 Healthcare as a Service (HaaS) 72 4.2.5 Reporting Services 73 4.2.6 Chart and Trend Analysis 73 4.2.7 Medical Data Analysis 73 4.2.8 Hospital Platform Based On Cloud Computing 74 4.2.9 Patient’s Data Collection 74 4.2.10 H-Cloud Challenges 75 4.2.11 Healthcare Information System and Cost 75 4.3 System Analysis and Design 75 4.3.1 Proposed Solution 76 4.3.2 Software Components 76 4.3.3 System Design 76 4.3.4 Architecture Diagram 77 4.3.5 List of Modules 78 4.3.6 Use Case Diagram 81 4.3.7 Sequence Diagram 81 4.3.8 Class Diagram 82 4.4 System Implementation 83 4.4.1 User Interface 83 4.4.2 Storage Module 84 4.4.3 Notification Module 85 4.4.4 Middleware 86 4.4.5 OTP Module 87 4.5 Results and Discussion 88 4.6 Conclusion 90 References 90 5 Knowledge Engineering for AI in Healthcare 93A. Thirumurthi Raja and B. Mahalakshmi 5.1 Introduction 94 5.2 Overview 95 5.2.1 Knowledge Representation 95 5.2.2 Types of Knowledge in Artificial Intelligence 96 5.2.3 Relation Between Knowledge and Intelligence 97 5.2.4 Approaches to Knowledge Representation 97 5.2.5 Requirements for Knowledge Representation System 98 5.2.6 Techniques of Knowledge Representation 98 5.2.6.1 Logical Representation 99 5.2.6.2 Semantic Network Representation 99 5.2.6.3 Frame Representation 99 5.2.6.4 Production Rules 100 5.2.7 Process of Knowledge Engineering 101 5.2.8 Knowledge Discovery Process 106 5.3 Applications of Knowledge Engineering in AI for Healthcare 106 5.3.1 AI Supports in Clinical Decisions 107 5.3.2 AI-Assisted Robotic Surgery 107 5.3.3 Enhance Primary Care and Triage 108 5.3.4 Clinical Judgments or Diagnosis 108 5.3.5 Precision Medicine 109 5.3.6 Drug Discovery 109 5.3.7 Deep Learning to Diagnose Diseases 110 5.3.8 Automating Administrative Tasks 111 5.3.9 Reducing Operational Costs 112 5.3.10 Virtual Nursing Assistants 113 5.4 Conclusion 113 References 114 6 Business Intelligence and Analytics from Big Data to Healthcare 115Maheswari P., A. Jaya and João Manuel R. S. Tavares 6.1 Introduction 116 6.1.1 Impact of Healthcare Industry on Economy 116 6.1.2 Coronavirus Impact on the Healthcare Industry 117 6.1.3 Objective of the Study 117 6.1.4 Limitations of the Study 117 6.2 Related Works 118 6.3 Conceptual Healthcare Stock Prediction System 120 6.3.1 Data Source 122 6.3.2 Business Intelligence and Analytics Framework 122 6.3.2.1 Simple Machine Learning Model 122 6.3.2.2 Time Series Forecasting 123 6.3.2.3 Complex Deep Neural Network 123 6.3.3 Predicting the Stock Price 124 6.4 Implementation and Result Discussion 124 6.4.1 Apollo Hospitals Enterprise Limited 125 6.4.2 Cadila Healthcare Ltd 125 6.4.3 Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories 128 6.4.4 Fortis Healthcare Limited 130 6.4.5 Max Healthcare Institute Limited 131 6.4.6 Opto Circuits Limited 131 6.4.7 Panacea Biotec 135 6.4.8 Poly Medicure Ltd 136 6.4.9 Thyrocare Technologies Limited 138 6.4.10 Zydus Wellness Ltd 138 6.5 Comparisons of Healthcare Stock Prediction Framework 141 6.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancement 143 References 143 Books 145 Web Citation 145 7 Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics for Smart Healthcare 147Sathish Kumar K., Om Prakash P.G., Alangudi Balaji N. and Robertas Damaševičius 7.1 Introduction 148 7.2 Literature Survey 149 7.3 Smart Healthcare Using Internet of Things and Big Data Analytics 151 7.3.1 Smart Diabetes Prediction 151 7.3.2 Smart ADHD Prediction 154 7.4 Security for Internet of Things 159 7.4.1 K(Binary) ECC FSM 159 7.4.2 NAF Method 160 7.4.3 K-NAF Multiplication Architecture 161 7.4.4 K(NAF) ECC FSM 161 7.5 Conclusion 164 References 165 8 Knowledge-Driven and Intelligent Computing in Healthcare 167R. Mervin, Dinesh Mavalaru and Tintu Thomas 8.1 Introduction 168 8.1.1 Basics of Health Recommendation System 169 8.1.2 Basics of Ontology 169 8.1.3 Need of Ontology in Health Recommendation System 170 8.2 Literature Review 171 8.2.1 Ontology in Various Domain 172 8.2.2 Ontology in Health Recommendation System 174 8.3 Framework for Health Recommendation System 175 8.3.1 Domain Ontology Creation 176 8.3.2 Query Pre-Processing 178 8.3.3 Feature Selection 179 8.3.4 Recommendation System 180 8.4 Experimental Results 182 8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 183 References 183 9 Secure Healthcare Systems Based on Big Data Analytics 189A. Angel Cerli, K. Kalaiselvi and Vijayakumar Varadarajan 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Healthcare Data 193 9.2.1 Structured Data 193 9.2.2 Unstructured Data 194 9.2.3 Semi-Structured Data 194 9.2.4 Genomic Data 194 9.2.5 Patient Behavior and Sentiment Data 194 9.2.6 Clinical Data and Clinical Notes 194 9.2.7 Clinical Reference and Health Publication Data 195 9.2.8 Administrative and External Data 195 9.3 Recent Works in Big Data Analytics in Healthcare Data 195 9.4 Healthcare Big Data 197 9.5 Privacy of Healthcare Big Data 198 9.6 Privacy Right by Country and Organization 200 9.7 How Blockchain is Big Data Usable for Healthcare 200 9.7.1 Digital Trust 200 9.7.2 Smart Data Tracking 202 9.7.3 Ecosystem Sensible 202 9.7.4 Switch Digital 202 9.7.5 Cybersecurity 203 9.7.6 Sharing Interoperability and Data 203 9.7.7 Improving Research and Development (R&D) 206 9.7.8 Drugs Fighting Counterfeit 206 9.7.9 Patient Mutual Participation 206 9.7.10 Internet Access by Patient to Longitudinal Data 206 9.7.11 Data Storage into Off Related to Confidentiality and Data Scale 207 9.8 Blockchain Threats and Medical Strategies Big Data Technology 207 9.9 Conclusion and Future Research 208 References 208 10 Predictive and Descriptive Analysis for Healthcare Data 213Pritam R. Ahire and Rohini Hanchate 10.1 Introduction 214 10.2 Motivation 215 10.2.1 Healthcare Analysis 215 10.2.2 Predictive Analytics 217 10.2.3 Predictive Analytics Current Trends 217 10.2.3.1 Importance of PA 217 10.2.4 Descriptive Analysis 218 10.2.4.1 Descriptive Statistics 218 10.2.4.2 Categories of Descriptive Analysis 219 10.2.5 Method of Modeling 221 10.2.6 Measures of Data Analytics 221 10.2.7 Healthcare Data Analytics Platforms and Tools 223 10.2.8 Challenges 225 10.2.9 Issues in Predictive Healthcare Analysis 226 10.2.9.1 Integrating Separate Data Sources 226 10.2.9.2 Advanced Cloud Technologies 226 10.2.9.3 Privacy and Security 227 10.2.9.4 The Fast Pace of Technology Changes 227 10.2.10 Applications of Predictive Analysis 227 10.2.10.1 Improving Operational Efficiency 227 10.2.10.2 Personal Medicine 228 10.2.10.3 Population Health and Risk Scoring 228 10.2.10.4 Outbreak Prediction 228 10.2.10.5 Controlling Patient Deterioration 228 10.2.10.6 Supply Chain Management 228 10.2.10.7 Potential in Precision Medicine 229 10.2.10.8 Cost Savings From Reducing Waste and Fraud 229 10.3 Conclusion 229 References 229 11 Machine and Deep Learning Algorithms for Healthcare Applications 233K. France, A. Jaya and Doru Tiliute 11.1 Introduction 234 11.2 Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning 234 11.3 Machine Learning 236 11.3.1 Supervised Learning 236 11.3.2 Unsupervised Learning 238 11.3.3 Semi-Supervised 238 11.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 238 11.4 Advantages of Using Deep Learning on Top of Machine Learning 239 11.5 Deep Learning Architecture 239 11.6 Medical Image Analysis using Deep Learning 242 11.7 Deep Learning in Chest X-Ray Images 243 11.8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Content-Based Medical Image Retrieval 246 11.9 Image Retrieval Performance Metrics 249 11.10 Conclusion 250 References 250 12 Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Data Science with Knowledge Engineering 255S. Asha, Kanchana Devi V. and G. Sahaja Vaishnavi 12.1 Introduction 256 12.2 Literature Review 260 12.3 AI in Healthcare 266 12.4 Data Science and Knowledge Engineering for COVID-19 268 12.5 Proposed Architecture and Its Implementation 270 12.5.1 Implementation 270 12.5.1.1 Data Collection 270 12.5.1.2 Understanding Class and Dependencies 270 12.5.1.3 Pre-Processing 272 12.5.1.4 Sampling 273 12.5.1.5 Model Fixing 273 12.5.1.6 Analysis of Real-Time Datasets 273 12.5.1.7 Machine Learning Algorithms 276 12.6 Conclusions and Future Work 278 References 280 13 Knowledge Engineering Challenges in Smart Healthcare Data Analysis System 285Agasba Saroj S. J., B. Saleena and B. Prakash 13.1 Introduction 285 13.1.1 Motivation 287 13.2 Ongoing Research on Intelligent Decision Support System 289 13.3 Methodology and Architecture of the Intelligent Rule-Based System 291 13.3.1 Proposed System Design 292 13.3.2 Algorithms Used 293 13.3.2.1 Forward Chaining 293 13.3.2.2 Backward Chaining 294 13.4 Creating a Rule-Based System using Prolog 295 13.5 Results and Discussions 304 13.6 Conclusion 306 13.7 Acknowledgments 307 References 307 14 Big Data in Healthcare: Management, Analysis, and Future Prospects 309A. Akila, R. Parameswari and C. Jayakumari 14.1 Introduction 309 14.2 Breast Cancer: Overview 310 14.3 State-of-the-Art Technology in Treatment of Cancer 311 14.3.1 Chemotherapy 311 14.3.2 Radiotherapy 311 14.4 Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Overview 312 14.4.1 Advantages and Risks Associated with the Early Detection of Breast Cancer 312 14.4.2 Diagnosis the Breast Cancer 313 14.5 Literature Review 314 14.6 Machine Learning Algorithms 315 14.6.1 Principal Component Analysis Algorithms 316 14.6.2 K-Means Algorithm 317 14.6.3 K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm 317 14.6.4 Logistic Regression Algorithm 318 14.6.5 Support Vector Machine Algorithm 318 14.6.6 AdaBoost Algorithm 319 14.6.7 Neural Networks Algorithm 319 14.6.8 Random Forest Algorithm 319 14.7 Result and Discussion 320 14.7.1 Performance Metrics 320 14.7.1.1 ROC Curve 320 14.7.1.2 Accuracy 321 14.7.1.3 Precision and Recall 321 14.7.1.4 F1-Score 322 14.8 Experimental Result and Discussion 322 14.9 Conclusion 324 References 325 15 Machine Learning for Information Extraction, Data Analysis and Predictions in the Healthcare System 327G. Jaculine Priya and S. Saradha 15.1 Introduction 327 15.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare 329 15.3 Types of Learnings in Machine Learning 331 15.3.1 Supervised Learning 332 15.3.2 Unsupervised Algorithms 333 15.3.3 Semi-Supervised Learning 334 15.3.4 Reinforcement Learning 334 15.4 Types of Machine Learning Algorithms 334 15.4.1 Classification 335 15.4.2 Bayes Classification 335 15.4.3 Association Analysis 335 15.4.4 Correlation Analysis 336 15.4.5 Cluster Analysis 336 15.4.6 Outlier Analysis 336 15.4.7 Regression Analysis 337 15.4.8 K-Means 337 15.4.9 Apriori Algorithm 337 15.4.10 K Nearest Neighbor 337 15.4.11 Naive Bayes 338 15.4.12 AdaBoost 338 15.4.13 Support Vector Machine 338 15.4.14 Classification and Regression Trees 339 15.4.15 Linear Discriminant Analysis 339 15.4.16 Logistic Regression 339 15.4.17 Linear Regression 339 15.4.18 Principal Component Analysis 339 15.5 Machine Learning for Information Extraction 340 15.5.1 Natural Language Processing 340 15.6 Predictive Analysis in Healthcare 341 15.7 Conclusion 342 References 342 16 Knowledge Fusion Patterns in Healthcare 345N. Deepa and N. Kanimozhi 16.1 Introduction 346 16.2 Related Work 348 16.3 Materials and Methods 349 16.3.1 Classification of Data Fusion 349 16.3.2 Levels and Its Working in Healthcare Ecosystems 351 16.3.2.1 Initial Level Data Access (ILA) 351 16.3.2.2 Middle Level Access (MLA) 352 16.3.2.3 High Level Access (HLA) 352 16.4 Proposed System 352 16.4.1 Objective 353 16.4.2 Sample Dataset 355 16.5 Results and Discussion 355 16.6 Conclusion and Future Work 361 References 362 17 Commercial Platforms for Healthcare Analytics: Health Issues for Patients with Sickle Cells 365J.K. Adedeji, T.O. Owolabi and R.S. Fayose 17.1 Introduction 366 17.2 Materials and Methods 367 17.2.1 Data Acquisition and Pre-Processing 367 17.2.2 Sickle Cells Normalization Image 368 17.2.3 Gradient Calculation 369 17.2.4 Gradient Descent Step 371 17.2.5 Insight to Previous Methods Adopted in Convolutional Neural Networks 372 17.2.6 Segments of Convolutional Neural Networks 372 17.2.6.1 Convolutional Layer 372 17.2.6.2 Pooling Layer 373 17.2.6.3 Fully Connected Layer 374 17.2.6.4 Softmax Layer 374 17.2.7 Basic Transformations of Convolutional Neural Networks in Healthcare 374 17.2.8 Algorithm Review and Comparison 376 17.2.9 Feedforward 376 17.3 Results and Discussion 377 17.3.1 Results on Suitability for Applications in Healthcare 377 17.3.2 Class Prediction 377 17.3.3 The Model Sanity Checking 377 17.3.4 Analysis of the Epoch and Training Losses 378 17.3.5 Discussion and Healthcare Interpretations 379 17.3.6 Load Data 379 17.3.7 Image Pre-Processing 380 17.3.8 Building and Training the Classifier 381 17.3.9 Saving the Checkpoint Suitable for Healthcare 382 17.3.10 Loading the Checkpoint 383 17.4 Conclusion 383 References 383 18 New Trends and Applications of Big Data Analytics for Medical Science and Healthcare 387Niha K. and Aisha Banu W. 18.1 Introduction 388 18.2 Related Work 389 18.3 Convolutional Layer 389 18.4 Pooling Layer 390 18.5 Fully Connected Layer 390 18.6 Recurrent Neural Network 391 18.7 LSTM and GRU 392 18.8 Materials and Methods 397 18.8.1 Pre-Processing Strategy Selection 397 18.8.2 Feature Extraction and Classification 400 18.9 Results and Discussions 406 18.10 Conclusion 408 18.11 Acknowledgement 409 References 409 Index 413

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Book SynopsisPrepare for success on the AWS SysOps exam, your next job interview, and in the field with this handy and practical guide The newly updated Third Edition ofAWS Certified SysOps Administrator Study Guide: Associate (SOA-C02) Examprepares you forthe Amazon Web Services SysOps Administrator certification and a careerin the deployment, management, and operation of an AWS environment. Whether you're preparing for your first attempt at the challengingSOA-C02Exam,or you want to upgrade your AWS SysOps skills, this practicalStudy Guidedelivers thehands-on skills and best practices instruction you need to succeed on the test and in the field.You'll get: Coverage of all of the SOA-C02 exam's domains, including monitoring, logging, remediation, reliability, business continuity, and moreInstruction that's tailor-made to achieve success on the certification exam, inan AWS SysOps job interview, and in your next role as a SysOps administratorAccess to the Sybex online study tools, with chapter review questions, full-length practice exams, hundreds of electronic flashcards, and a glossary of key terms TheAWS Certified SysOps Administrator Study Guide: Associate (SOA-C02) Examincludesall thedigital and offlinetools you need tosupercharge your career as an AWS Certified SysOps Administrator.

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Book SynopsisComprehensive resource focusing on natural hazards and their impact on power systems, with case studies and tutorials included Fundamentals of Power System Resilience is the first book to cover the topic of power system resilience in a holistic manner, ranging from novel conceptual frameworks for understanding the concept, to advanced assessment and quantifying techniques, to optimization planning algorithms and regulatory frameworks towards resilient power grids. The text explicitly addresses the needs and challenges of current network planning and operation standards and examines the steps and standard amendments needed to achieve low-carbon, resilient power systems. Practically, it provides frameworks to assess resilience in operation and planning and relevant quantification metrics. Case studies from around the world (real data and project developments as well as simulations) including windstorms, wildfires, floods, earthquakes, blackouts, and brownouts, etc. are included, with app

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Book SynopsisIntroduces Machine Learning Techniques and Tools and Provides Guidance on How to Implement Machine Learning Into Chemical Safety and Health-related Model Development There is a growing interest in the application of machine learning algorithms in chemical safety and health-related model development, with applications in areas including property and toxicity prediction, consequence prediction, and fault detection. This book is the first to review the current status of machine learning implementation in chemical safety and health research and to provide guidance for implementing machine learning techniques and algorithms into chemical safety and health research. Written by an international team of authors and edited by renowned experts in the areas of process safety and occupational and environmental health, sample topics covered within the work include: An introduction to the fundamentals of machine learning, including regression, classification and cross-validatTable of ContentsList of Contributors xiii Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Pingfan Hu and Qingsheng Wang 1.1 Background 2 1.2 Current State 5 1.2.1 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship 5 1.2.2 Consequence Prediction Using Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship 6 1.2.3 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 6 1.2.4 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 7 1.2.5 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 7 1.2.6 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 7 1.2.7 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 8 1.2.8 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 8 1.2.9 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 8 1.3 Software and Tools 9 1.3.1 R 9 1.3.2 Python 12 References 13 2 Machine Learning Fundamentals 19 Yan Yan 2.1 What Is Learning? 19 2.1.1 Machine Learning Applications and Examples 20 2.1.2 Machine Learning Tasks 21 2.2 Concepts of Machine Learning 22 2.3 Machine Learning Paradigms 24 2.4 Probably Approximately Correct Learning 25 2.4.1 Deterministic Setting 26 2.4.2 Stochastic Setting 29 v 0005453285.3D 5 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 2.5 Estimation and Approximation 31 2.6 Empirical Risk Minimization 32 2.6.1 Empirical Risk Minimizer 32 2.6.2 VC-dimension Generalization Bound 33 2.6.3 General Loss Functions 34 2.7 Regularization 35 2.7.1 Regularized Loss Minimization 35 2.7.2 Constrained and Regularized Problem 36 2.7.3 Trade-off Between Estimation and Approximation Error 37 2.8 Maximum Likelihood Principle 38 2.8.1 Maximum Likelihood Estimation 39 2.8.2 Cross Entropy Minimization 40 2.9 Optimization 41 2.9.1 Linear Regression: An Example 42 2.9.2 Closed-form Solution 42 2.9.3 Gradient Descent 43 2.9.4 Stochastic Gradient Descent 45 References 46 3 Flammability Characteristics Prediction Using QSPR Modeling 47 Yong Pan and Juncheng Jiang 3.1 Introduction 47 3.1.1 Flammability Characteristics 47 3.1.2 QSPR Application 48 3.1.2.1 Concept of QSPR 48 3.1.2.2 Trends and Characteristics of QSPR 48 3.2 Flowchart for Flammability Characteristics Prediction 49 3.2.1 Dataset Preparation 51 3.2.2 Structure Input and Molecular Simulation 52 3.2.3 Calculation of Molecular Descriptors 53 3.2.4 Preliminary Screening of Molecular Descriptors 54 3.2.5 Descriptor Selection and Modeling 55 3.2.6 Model Validation 57 3.2.6.1 Model Fitting Ability Evaluation 57 3.2.6.2 Model Stability Analysis 59 3.2.6.3 Model Predictivity Evaluation 60 3.2.7 Model Mechanism Explanation 61 3.2.8 Summary of QSPR Process 61 3.3 QSPR Review for Flammability Characteristics 62 3.3.1 Flammability Limits 62 3.3.1.1 LFLT and LFL 62 3.3.1.2 UFLT and UFL 64 3.3.2 Flash Point 65 3.3.3 Auto-ignition Temperature 68 3.3.4 Heat of Combustion 69 vi Contents 0005453285.3D 6 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 3.3.5 Minimum Ignition Energy 70 3.3.6 Gas-liquid Critical Temperature 70 3.3.7 Other Properties 72 3.4 Limitations 72 3.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 73 References 73 4 Consequence Prediction and Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 81 Zeren Jiao and Qingsheng Wang 4.1 Introduction 81 4.2 Conventional Consequence Prediction Methods 82 4.2.1 Empirical Method 82 4.2.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Method 83 4.2.3 Integral Method 84 4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning-Based Consequence Prediction Models 84 4.4 Quantitative Property–Consequence Relationship Models 86 4.4.1 Consequence Database 88 4.4.2 Property Descriptors 89 4.4.3 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 89 4.5 Challenges and Future Directions 90 References 91 5 Machine Learning in Process Safety and Asset Integrity Management 93 Ming Yang ,Hao Sun and Rustam Abubarkirov 5.1 Opportunities and Threats 93 5.2 State-of-the-Art Reviews 95 5.2.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) 95 5.2.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 97 5.2.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 97 5.3 Case Study of Asset Integrity Assessment 98 5.4 Data-Driven Model of Asset Integrity Assessment 105 5.4.1 Condition Monitoring Data Collection 106 5.4.2 Data Processing and Storage 106 5.4.3 Data Mining for Risk Quantification and Monitoring Control 107 5.4.4 AIM Application 107 5.4.5 The Application of the Framework 108 5.5 Conclusion 109 References 109 6 Machine Learning for Process Fault Detection and Diagnosis 113 Rajeevan Arunthavanathan, Salim Ahmed, Faisal Khan and Syed Imtiaz 6.1 Background 113 6.2 Machine Learning Approaches in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 114 6.3 Supervised Methods for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 115 Contents vii 0005453285.3D 7 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 6.3.1 Neural Network 115 6.3.1.1 Neural Network Theory and Algorithm 115 6.3.1.2 Neural Network Learning for Fault Classification 117 6.3.1.3 Algorithm for Fault Classification Using Neural Network 118 6.3.2 Support Vector Machine 118 6.3.2.1 Support Vector Machine Theory and Algorithm 118 6.3.3 Support Vector Machine Model Selection and Algorithm 120 6.3.4 Support Vector Machine Multiclass Classification 121 6.4 Unsupervised Learning Models for Fault Detection and Diagnosis 122 6.4.1 K-Nearest Neighbors 122 6.4.2 One-Class Support Vector Machine 123 6.4.3 One-Class Neural Network 124 6.4.4 Comparison Between Deep Learning with Machine Learning in Fault Detection and Diagnosis 126 6.5 Intelligent FDD Using Machine Learning 127 6.5.1 Model Development 127 6.5.2 Data Collection 129 6.5.2.1 Model Development Steps 129 6.5.2.2 Result Comparison 130 6.6 Concluding Remarks 134 References 134 7 Intelligent Method for Chemical Emission Source Identification 139 Denglong Ma 7.1 Introduction 139 7.1.1 Development of Detecting Gas Emission 139 7.1.2 Development of Source Term Identification 140 7.2 Intelligent Methods for Recognizing Gas Emission 141 7.2.1 Leakage Recognition of Sequestrated CO2 in the Atmosphere 141 7.2.1.1 Gas Leakage Recognition for CO2 Geological Sequestration 142 7.2.1.2 Case Studies for CO2 Recognition 144 7.2.2 Emission Gas Identification with Artificial Olfactory 149 7.2.2.1 Features of Responses in AOS 150 7.2.2.2 Support Vector Machine Models for Gas Identification 150 7.2.2.3 Deep Learning Models for Gas Identification 155 7.3 Intelligent Methods for Identifying Emission Sources 158 7.3.1 Source Estimation with Intelligent Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.1 Principle of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 158 7.3.1.2 Case Studies of Source Estimation with Optimization Method 159 7.3.2 Source Estimation with MRE-PSO Method 159 7.3.2.1 Principle of PSO-MRE for Source Estimation 161 7.3.2.2 Case Studies 163 7.3.3 Source Estimation with PSO-Tikhonov Regulation Method 164 7.3.3.1 Principle of PSO-Tikhonov Regularization Hybrid Method 164 7.3.3.2 Case Study 167 viii Contents 0005453285.3D 8 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 7.3.4 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 168 7.3.4.1 Forward Gas Dispersion Model Based on MLA 168 7.3.4.2 Source Estimation with MCMC-MLA Method 169 7.3.4.3 Case Study 172 7.4 Conclusions and Future Work 173 7.4.1 Conclusions 173 7.4.2 Limitations and Future Work 177 References 178 8 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Medical Image Analysis 183 Pingfan Hu, Changjie Cai, Yu Feng and Qingsheng Wang 8.1 Introduction 183 8.1.1 Machine Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.1.2 Deep Learning in Medical Imaging 183 8.2 CNN-Based Models for Classification 184 8.2.1 ResNet50 184 8.2.2 YOLOv4 (Darknet53) 185 8.2.3 Grad-CAM 186 8.3 Case Study 186 8.3.1 Background 186 8.3.2 Study Design 187 8.3.3 Training and Testing Database Preparation 187 8.3.4 Results 190 8.3.4.1 Classification Performance of the Modified ResNet50 Model 190 8.3.4.2 Classification Performance of the YOLOv4 Model 190 8.3.4.3 Post-Processing Via Grad-CAM Model and HSV 193 8.3.5 Conclusion 194 8.4 Limitations and Future Work 194 References 195 9 Predictive Nanotoxicology: Nanoinformatics Approach to Toxicity Analysis of Nanomaterials 199 Bilal M. Khan and Yoram Cohen 9.1 Predictive Nanotoxicology 199 9.1.1 Introduction 199 9.1.2 Nano Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationship (QSAR) 200 9.1.3 Importance of Data for Nanotoxicology 204 9.2 Machine Learning Modeling for Predictive Nanotoxicology 205 9.2.1 Overview 205 9.2.2 Unsupervised Learning 211 9.2.2.1 Data Exploration Via Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) 211 9.2.2.2 Evaluating Associations among Sublethal Toxicity Responses 214 9.2.3 Supervised Learning 215 9.2.3.1 Random Forest Models 216 Contents ix 0005453285.3D 9 30/8/2022 8:51:33 PM 9.2.3.2 Support Vector Machines 216 9.2.3.3 Bayesian Networks 216 9.2.3.4 Supervised Classification and Regression-Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 218 9.2.4 Predictive Nano-(Q)SARs for the Assessment of Causal Relationships 220 9.3 Development of Machine Learning Based Models for Nano-(Q)SARs 224 9.3.1 Overview 224 9.3.1.1 Data-Driven Models 224 9.3.1.2 Mechanistic/Theoretical Models 225 9.3.2 Data Generation, Collection, and Preprocessing 225 9.3.3 Descriptor Selection 226 9.3.4 Model Selection and Training 229 9.3.5 Model Validation 230 9.3.5.1 Descriptor Importance 231 9.3.5.2 Applicability Domain 231 9.3.6 Model Diagnosis and Debugging 231 9.4 Nanoinformatics Approaches to Predictive Nanotoxicology 234 9.5 Summary 235 References 238 10 Machine Learning in Environmental Exposure Assessment 251 Gregory L. Watson 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Environmental Exposure Modeling 252 10.3 Machine Learning Exposure Models 254 10.4 Model Evaluation 257 10.5 Case Study 258 10.6 Other Topics 260 10.6.1 Bias and Fairness 260 10.6.2 Wearable Sensors 260 10.6.3 Interpretability 260 10.6.4 Extreme Events 260 10.7 Conclusion 261 References 261 11 Air Quality Prediction Using Machine Learning 267 Lan Gao, Changjie Cai and Xiao-Ming Hu 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Air Quality and Climate Data Acquisition 269 11.2.1 Earth Satellite Observation Datasets 269 11.2.1.1 Basics of Earth Satellite Observations 269 11.2.1.2 Earth Satellite Products 270 11.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Observation Datasets 276 11.2.2.1 Basics of the Ground-Based In Situ Observations 276 11.2.2.2 Ground-Based In Situ Products 277 11.3 Applications of Machine Learning in Air Quality Study 279 x Contents 0005453285.3D 10 30/8/2022 8:51:34 PM 11.3.1 Shallow Learning 280 11.3.2 Deep Learning 280 11.4 An Application Practice Example 281 11.4.1 Satellite Data Acquisition and Variable Selections 282 11.4.2 Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms 282 References 283 12 Current Challenges and Perspectives 289 Changjie Cai and Qingsheng Wang 12.1 Current Challenges 289 12.1.1 Data Development and Cleaning 289 12.1.2 Hardware Issues 290 12.1.3 Data Confidentiality 290 12.1.4 Other Challenges 291 12.2 Perspectives 291 12.2.1 Real-Time Monitoring and Forecast of Chemical Hazards 291 12.2.2 Toolkits for Dummies 292 12.2.3 Physics-Informed Machine Learning 292 References 293 Index 000

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Book SynopsisNANOTECHNOLOGY IN INTELLIGENT FOOD PACKAGING This book is a state-of-the-art exposition of nanotechnology and food packaging which is undergoing rapid advancement. This book is specially designed with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art in nanotechnology and food packaging. It offers fascinating techniques for producing smart and active food packaging and also discusses its toxicity and the role that nanosensors play in detecting different pathogens in food packaging. The concluding chapters also explain recent developments concerning the incorporation of health supplements in food packaging and their future role in producing intelligent food packaging. The 16 chapters of this book were contributed by academic and industry experts working in their respective areas of research and are thoughtfully arranged in a systematic fashion that preserves the flow of knowledge. An attempt has been made to include all the information in a single monograph to better understand the topics and technTable of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Nanocomposite and Food Packaging 1Aayeena Altaf, Aamir Hussain Dar, Shafat Ahmad Khan and Anurag Singh 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nanocomposites Based on Biopolymers 3 1.3 Starch Nanocrystals 7 1.4 Nanocomposites Based on Protein 8 1.5 Food Packaging Matrix with Nano Reinforcements 10 1.6 Antimicrobial Nanocomposite Based on Zinc Oxide 13 1.7 Aspects of Food Packaging 17 1.8 Conclusion 18 2 Polymer-Based Nanostructures in Nanopackaging 25Apoorva Sood, Manpreet Kaur and Reena Gupta 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 26 2.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 29 2.4 Synthesis of Nanomaterials 32 2.5 Polymer-Based Nanostructures 38 2.6 Polymer Nanocomposites 41 2.7 Methods of Synthesis 42 2.8 Characterization of Polymeric Nanomaterials 45 2.9 Applications of Polymeric Nanomaterials 45 2.10 Conclusion 53 3 Role of Green Nanocomposites in Smart/Active Food Packaging 59Samrat K., Sharath R., Chandraprabha M. N., Hari Krishna R. and Kumaraswamy H. M. 3.1 Introduction 60 3.2 Bionanocomposite/Green Nanocomposites 60 3.3 Biopolymers 61 3.4 Nanofillers 61 3.5 Types of Green Nanocomposites 62 3.6 Green Nanocomposite Preparation Methods 63 3.7 Green Nanocomposites for Applications of Food Packaging 64 3.8 Conclusion 70 4 Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 79Tugbahan Yilmaz 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Synthetic Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 82 4.3 Natural Polymer Nanocomposites as Engineered Food Packaging Materials 92 4.4 Conclusions 99 5 Novel Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers to Form Advanced Materials for Packaging in the Food Industry 113Bratin Sengupta 5.1 Introduction 114 5.2 Biopolymers and Biodegradability 115 5.3 Improvement of Biopolymers Using Nanostructured Materials 118 5.4 Concerns of Application of Nanostructured Inclusions in Biopolymers 126 5.5 Conclusions 127 6 Natural Biopolymeric Nanotechnology-Based Food Packaging Materials with Antimicrobial Properties 135Hitesh Chopra, Pooja Mittal, Rupesh K. Gautam and Mohammad Amjad Kamal 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Natural Antimicrobials Used in Packaging of Food Products 137 6.3 Types of Various Biopolymers with Antimicrobial Activities 139 6.4 Recent Patents in Field of Nanocomposites Food Packaging Applications 146 6.5 Types of Structures 148 6.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 150 7 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging and Its Regulatory Aspects 157Pooja Mittal, Anjali Saharan, Ramit Kapoor, Kashish Wilson and Rupesh K. Gautam 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 161 7.3 Nanomaterials for Food Packaging 161 7.4 Drawbacks of Existing Packaging Materials 164 7.5 Proactive Packaging 164 7.6 Mechanism of Packaging 165 7.7 Smart Packaging 169 7.8 Public Concerns and Regulations for Nanomaterials 170 7.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective 171 8 Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics in Food Packaging 175Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur, Nitu Rani and Sukhminderjit Kaur 8.1 Introduction 176 8.2 Nanomaterials for Encapsulation of Probiotics 177 8.3 Packaging Material for Nanoencapsulated Probiotics 181 8.4 Techniques Employed for Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 185 8.5 Recent Advances in Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 187 8.6 Advantage and Disadvantage of Nanoencapsulation of Probiotics 194 8.7 Conclusion 196 9 Incorporation of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging 203Shamkumar P. Deshmukh, Krishna K. Pawar and Dattatray K. Dalavi 9.1 Introduction 204 9.2 Need of Nanocarriers as Antimicrobial Agents in Food Packaging 206 9.3 Biopolymers and Their Nanocomposites as Antimicrobial Nanocarriers for Food Packaging 207 9.4 Lipid-Based Nanocarriers 215 9.5 Nature-Inspired Nanocarriers 219 9.6 Equipment-Based Synthesis of Nanocarriers 222 9.7 Nanostructured Materials 225 9.8 Conclusions 228 10 Toxicological Effects of Nanomaterials Used in Food Packaging 235Rahul Singhal, Deepti Rawat and Bhawna Kaushik 10.1 Introduction 235 10.2 Nanomaterials Employed in Food Packaging 237 10.3 Food Packaging Functionality 238 10.4 Current Market Scenario of Nanomaterials in Packaging Industry 239 10.5 Nanoparticle Migration in Food 242 10.6 Potential Routes for Exposure of NPs 246 10.7 Toxicological Studies of NPs Used in Packaging 248 10.8 Toxicological Effects of NPs 248 10.9 Challenge and Future Prospect 260 10.10 Conclusion 261 11 Recent Advances in Micro- and Nanoencapsulation of Bioactive Compounds and Their Food Applications 271Mehdi Taib, Fouad Damiri, Yahya Bachra, Mohammed Berrada and Lahboub Bouyazza 11.1 Introduction 272 11.2 The Importance of Encapsulating Bioactive Compounds in Food Science 272 11.3 Materials Utilized in Micro and Nanoencapsulation 274 11.4 Nano and Microencapsulation Techniques 275 11.5 Application to Nanoencapsulation for ProducingBioactive Food Ingredients 278 11.6 Conclusion 284 12 Applications of Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors in Packaged Food 291Samka Peregrine Maishu and Ngwa Celestine Atemenkeh 12.1 Background 292 12.2 Package Foods (Ways of Packaging) 293 12.3 Packaged Food Pathogens 296 12.4 Conventional Detection Techniques for Packaged Food Pathogens 298 12.5 Nanosensors as Pathogen Detectors 300 12.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 305 13 Nanotechnology in Packaging for Food Preservation 313Ravish Choudhary, Varun Kumar and Reena Yadav 13.1 Introduction 314 13.2 Types of Packaging 316 13.3 Types of Nanomaterial and Their Advantages in Food Packaging 319 13.4 Advantages of Nanopackaging 330 13.5 Conclusion and Future Aspect 331 14 Food Science Nanotechnologies: Implementations, Recent Developments, and Prospects 343Rokeya Akter, Tanima Bhattacharya and Md. Habibur Rahman 14.1 Introduction 344 14.2 Food Processing and Nanotechnology 346 14.3 Food Packaging for Nanotechnology 347 14.4 Intelligent Food Packaging Systems 348 14.5 Antimicrobial Properties of Nanoparticles 349 14.6 Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Nanoparticles 350 14.7 Nutraceutical Delivery and Bioavailability Applications 350 14.8 Food Technology and Nanoencapsulation 351 14.9 Mediated Delivery That is Specific to an Environmental Context 352 14.10 Nanomaterials in Food and Toxicological Aspects 353 14.11 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 354 15 Edible Film on Food With Smart Incorporation of Health-Friendly Supplements 361Animesh Naskar, Ivi Chakraborty, Sebak Ranjan Roy and Tanima Bhattacharya 15.1 Introduction 362 15.2 Advantages and Limitations of Edible Films 363 15.3 Consumer Acceptance 363 15.4 Functions and Property of Film Forming Substances 364 15.5 Film Forming Process 366 15.6 Film/Coat Formulation and Various Components Used in Coating 367 15.7 Applications of Edible Film/Coating 374 15.8 Use of Nanoparticles as Biopolymer and Nanolaminates 376 15.9 Conclusion 376 16 Future of Food Packaging: Intelligent Packaging 383Jincy Abraham 16.1 Introduction 384 16.2 Tools of Intelligent Packaging 386 16.3 Indicators 387 16.4 Tools for Protection Against Theft, Counterfeiting, and Tampering 407 16.5 Nanotechnology in Intelligent Packaging 409 16.6 Safety and Regulatory Issues 411 16.7 Future Trends 413 16.8 The Industrial Internet of Things 413 16.9 Real-Time Capabilities 413 16.10 Cybersecurity 414 16.11 Conclusion 414 References 414 Index 419

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv About the Authors xvii 1 Introduction 1 2 Physical and Chemical Quality of Water 17 3 Microbiological Quality of Water 73 4 Water Quality Management Strategies 165 5 Principles of Chemical Reactions 225 6 Principles of Reactor Analysis and Mixing 287 7 Principles of Mass Transfer 391 8 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction 457 9 Coagulation and Flocculation 541 10 Gravity Separation 641 11 Granular Filtration 727 12 Membrane Filtration 819 13 Disinfection 903 14 Air Stripping and Aeration 1033 15 Adsorption 1117 16 Ion Exchange 1263 17 Reverse Osmosis 1335 18 Advanced Oxidation 1415 19 Disinfection/Oxidation By-products 1485 20 Removal of Selected Constituents 1529 21 Residuals Management 1625 22 Internal Corrosion of Water Conduits 1699 23 Potable Reuse 1805 Appendix A Conversion Factors 1881 Appendix B Physical Properties of Selected Gases and Composition of Air 1887 Appendix C Physical Properties of Water 1891 Appendix D Standard Atomic Weights 2001 1893 Appendix E Electronic Resources Available on the Stantec Website for This Textbook 1897 Index 1899

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsIntroduction xxiii Part 1 Software Architect Capability Model 1 Chapter 1 Software Architect Capability Model 3 Software Architect Capability Model: Benefits 4 How Should Organizations Utilize the Software Architect Capability Model? 4 Why Create a Personal Software Architect Capability Model? 5 Rudimentary Guiding Principles 6 Software Architect Capability Model Creation Process 6 Requirements Drive Architecture Solutions 7 Requirements Issued by Problem and Solution Domain Entities 7 How Do the Problem and Solution Domains Collaborate? 7 Important Facts to Remember 9 Create a Software Architect Capability Model in Five Steps 9 Step 1: Provide Requirements and Specifications 10 Business Requirements 10 Technical Specifications 11 Ensure Clear Requirements 11 Step 2: Identify Software Architecture Practices 12 Establish Architecture Practices 12 Step 3: Establish Software Architecture Disciplines 13 Apply Architecture Disciplines to Architecture Practices 14 Applying Disciplines to the Application Architecture Practice 14 Applying Disciplines for the Data Architecture Practice 16 Step 4: Add Software Architecture Deliverables 17 About Software Architecture Deliverables 17 Add the Deliverables Section 18 Step 5: Quantify Skill Competencies 21 Quantifying Architecture Skills 22 Measuring the Application Architect Skill Levels 22 Measuring Data Architect Skill Levels 24 Skill Competency Patterns for Architects 25 How Can Organizations Utilize the Skill Competency Pattern? 26 How an Individual Can Utilize the Skill Competency Pattern 27 Interview Questions 28 Part 2 Software Architecture Career Planning 29 Chapter 2 Types of Software Architects 31 Business Needs for Technological Solutions 32 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Strategic Collaboration 32 How Does Software Architecture Respond to Business Needs? 33 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Technological Mediation 33 How Could Technological Mediation Efforts Be Utilized? 34 Business Needs for Software Architecture: Technological Implementation 34 How Does the Implementation of Software Products Meet Business Needs? 34 Organizational Leading Software Architect Levels 35 Ranking Leading Software Architects 35 Collaboration Hierarchy of Leading Software Architects 36 Level I: Enterprise Architect Responsibilities 38 Enterprise Architect Summary of Responsibilities 38 Enterprise Architect Responsibility Table 39 Level II: Solution Architect Responsibilities 40 Solution Architect Summary of Responsibilities 41 Solution Architect Responsibility Table 42 Level III: Application Architect Responsibilities 44 Application Architect Summary of Responsibilities 44 Application Architect Responsibilities Table 46 Comparing Responsibilities of Leading Software Architects 48 Types of Domain Software Architects 49 Data Architect 49 Data Architect Summary of Responsibilities 50 Data Architect Responsibilities Table 51 Cloud Architect 51 Cloud Architect Summary of Responsibilities 54 Cloud Architect Responsibilities Table 55 Security Architect 57 Security Architect Summary of Responsibilities 58 Security Architect Responsibilities Table 60 Business Architect 62 Business Architect Summary of Responsibilities 62 Business Architect Responsibilities Table 63 Collaboration Between Leading Software Architects and Domain Software Architects 65 Use Case I: Collaboration Between an Application Architect and a Data Architect 66 Application Architect and Data Architect Collaboration Table 66 Use Case II: Solution Architect and Security Architect 68 Solution Architect and Security Architect Collaboration Table 68 Use Case III: Business Architect and Enterprise Architect Collaboration 70 Business Architect and Enterprise Architect Collaboration Table 70 Chapter 3 Career Planning for Software Architects: A Winning Strategy 73 Software Architecture Career Planning Process 74 Career Planning Step 1: Conduct Self- Discovery 75 Discovery of Technological and Social Talents 75 Career Planning Self- Discovery Subjects 76 Career Planning Step 2: Pursue Research 76 Formal Education, Training, and Certification 77 Employment Opportunities and Interviews 77 Subjects of Research 77 Career Planning Step 3: Devise an Approach 78 Setting Software Architecture Career Goals 78 Setting Software Architecture Career Milestones 80 Decision- Making 81 Action Planning 82 Career Planning Step 4: Plan Career Execution 85 Use Case I: A Software Architecture Career Execution Plan with Alternative Tasks 85 Use Case II: Optimized Software Architecture Execution Plan 88 Self- Discovery Process: The Six Ws 89 The “Why” 90 The “Who” 91 The “What” 92 Self- Discovery Questions for Software Architecture Candidates 93 Self- Discovery Queries for Software Architects 93 The “Where” 94 The “When” 95 The “How” 96 “How” Self- Queries for Software Architecture Applicants 97 “How” Self- Questions for Practicing Software Architects 97 Carving a Software Architecture Career Path 98 The 4D Software Architecture Career Perspectives 99 Social- Driven Career Perspective 100 Social- Driven Career Chart 100 Carve Out a Social- Driven Career Chart 101 Social- Driven Career Path 102 Create a Social- Driven Career Path 102 Technology- Driven Career Perspective 103 Technology- Driven Career Chart 104 Create a Technology- Driven Career Chart 105 Technical- Driven Career Path 106 Develop a Technical- Driven Career Path 106 Leadership- Driven Career Perspective 107 Leadership- Driven Career Chart 108 Create a Leadership- Driven Career Chart 109 Leadership- Driven Career Path 110 Develop a Leadership- Driven Career Path 110 Strategy- Driven Career Perspective 112 Strategy- Driven Career Chart 112 Create a Strategy- Driven Career Chart 114 Strategy- Driven Career Path 114 Develop a Strategy- Driven Career Path 115 Chapter 4 Self- Assessment for Software Architects 117 Social Intelligence 118 Teamwork 118 Partnership 119 Self- consciousness 119 Communication 120 Networking 120 Soft Skills 120 Trust Building 121 Learning from Others 121 Negotiation 122 Self- presentation 122 Teleworking 123 Fellowship 123 Self- sufficiency 124 Handling Customer Relationships 124 Social Intelligence Skill Assessment 124 Software Architecture Practice 126 Software Architecture Strategy 126 Software Architecture Vision 127 Software Architecture Role 127 System Integration 128 Interoperability 128 Software Reuse 129 Distributed Architecture Model 129 Federated Architecture Model 129 Architecture Styles 130 Architecture and Design Patterns 130 Componentization 130 Software Architecture Frameworks 131 Software Development 131 Software Architecture Practice Skill Assessment 132 Leadership 133 Managing Time 134 Decision- Making 134 Problem-solving 134 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion 135 Responsibility and Accountability 135 Hiring Preferences 136 Creative Thinking 136 Critical Thinking 136 Being Proactive 137 Establishment of Trust 137 Administrative Duties 138 Coaching and Training 138 Team Building 139 Resolving Conflicts 139 Assessment of Leadership Competencies 140 Strategy 141 Software Architecture Strategy 142 Strategic Thinking 142 Problem Identification 142 Problem-solving 143 Abstraction 143 Generalization 144 Visualization 144 Software Design Approaches 145 Simplification 145 Analytical Capabilities 145 Influencing 146 Promoting Culture 146 Strategy Execution Plan 147 Assessment of Strategic Competencies 147 Part 3 Software Architecture Toolbox 149 Chapter 5 Employing Innate Talents to Provide Potent Organizational Solutions 151 Innate Skills Promote Software Architecture Effectiveness 152 Remember: Survival, Survival, Survival 152 Consequences of Failing to Invoke Innate Talents 153 Employ Chief Innate Talents to Become an Effective Software Architect 154 The Power of Creativity 154 The Benefits of Unleashing Software Architecture Creativity 155 Unleash the Power of Software Architecture Creativity 155 The Potency of Imagination 157 The Benefits of Harnessing Imagination 158 Unleash the Power of Imagination 159 Software Design Aesthetic 162 Technical Proficiency and Aesthetic Talents Drive Software Design 162 The Chief Contribution of Design Aesthetic Talents to Software Architecture 163 Curiosity Attributes 167 The Contribution of Curiosity to Software Architecture 167 The Influencing Facets of Curiosity on Software Architecture Practices 168 Chapter 6 Software Architecture Environment Construction 173 Benefits of the Software Architecture Environment Construction Discipline 174 Must Haves: Problem Statements and Requirements 174 Never Start a Software Design Project Without Understanding the Problems 175 Never Start a Software Design Project Without Requirements 176 Software Architecture Structures 176 Micro Level: Multidimensional Structures of Software Implementations 176 Macro Level: 3D Software Architecture Environment Structure 177 Software Architecture Environment: Driven by an Uncontrolled Quantum Landscape Behavior 178 Software Architecture Environment: An Intelligent Topological Space 179 Deformation Aspects of a Multidimensional Software Architecture Environment 181 Entanglement Effects in a Software Architecture Environment 182 Software Architecture Environment Forces Drive Software Behavior 183 Probability Assessment of Software Operations and Behavior 184 Software Architecture Environment Positive and Negative Forces 184 Software Architecture Environment Gravitational Forces 185 The Impetus for Granting Software Architecture Gravitational Powers to Software Implementations 186 Software Architecture Gravitational Force Intensity 187 The Cost of Unbalanced Software Architecture Environment Gravitational Forces 187 Competing Software Architecture Environment Forces 188 Software Architecture Environment: A Survival Game Space 188 Maintaining a Pragmatic Balance Between Competing Software Architecture Forces 189 Mitigating the Competing Forces Challenge 190 Software Architecture Environment Harmonizing and Disharmonizing Forces 190 Chief Properties of Harmonizing Forces in a Software Architecture Environment 191 Chief Properties of Disharmonizing Forces in a Software Architecture Environment 193 Genetic Encoding of a Software Architecture Environment 194 Difficulties of Restructuring a Software Architecture Environment 194 Encoding a Software Architecture Environment 195 Influences on Social, Behavioral, and Business Goals 195 Software Architecture Environment Construction Life Cycle 196 Software Architecture Environment Construction Process 197 Creating a Software Architecture Environment Construction Balance Table 197 Software Architecture Environment Construction Design Activities 199 Use Case I: Software Architecture Environment Composition and Decomposition Design Activities 201 Design- Time vs. Runtime Environment Composition and Decomposition Design Activities 201 Composition and Decomposition Design Methods 202 Composition and Decomposition Process Outline 203 Use Case II: Software Architecture Environment Integration and Disintegration Design Activities 204 When to Apply Integration and Disintegration Design Activities 205 Integration and Disintegration Design Methods 205 Integration and Disintegration Process Outline 206 Use Case III: Software Architecture Environment Centralization and Decentralization Design Activities 208 When to Employ the Software Environment Centralization and Decentralization Design Activities 208 Centralization and Decentralization Design Methods 209 Software Architecture Environment Centralization and Decentralization Process Outline 210 Use Case IV: Software Architecture Environment Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Activities 211 Chapter 7 When to Employ Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Activities 212 Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Methods 213 Software Architecture Elasticity and Inelasticity Design Process Outline 214 Use Case V: Software Architecture Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Activities 215 When to Employ Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Activities 216 Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Methods 216 Software Architecture Environment Synchronization and Desynchronization Design Process Outline 218 Construction Laws of a Software Architecture Environment 219 Best Practices for Software Architecture Environment Construction 220 Structural Construction of Software Implementations in Multidimensional Environments 223 Software Architecture Solids: Rudimentary Geometrical Design Structures 224 Atomic Solid 225 Composite Solid 227 Monolithic Solid 228 Interface Solid 229 Pipe Solid 230 Inclusive Utilization of Pipe Solids 231 Exclusive Utilization of Pipe Solids 232 Internal Utilization of Pipe Solids 233 Data Solid 234 Software Architecture Solids’ Attribute Summary 236 Software Architecture Dimensional Model 237 Software Architecture: Zero Dimension 238 Software Architecture: One Dimension 239 Software Architecture: Two Dimensions 240 What Impacts the Length and Width Dimensions of a 2D Software Structure? 241 Software Architecture: Three Dimensions 242 Volumes of 3D Software Structures 242 Increase in Software Architecture Level of Specificity in a 3D Computing World 243 Software Population Sustainability in an Architecture Environment Space: A Capacity Planning Challenge 245 Comparative Perspectives in a Software Architecture Space 246 3D Software Structures in a Software Architecture Computing Space 247 The Impetus for Establishing a 3D Software Architecture Space 247 Chief Features of Software Architecture Computing Space 249 Influences of Software Structures on Software Architecture Computing Space 250 Relative Positions in a 3D Software Architecture Computing Space 250 Coordinate Axes: Skeleton of a Software Architecture Computing Space 251 Software Architecture Computing Space Logical Coordinate System 252 Cardinal and Intercardinal Physical Directions in Software Architecture Computing Space 253 Applying Cardinal and Intercardinal Directions to Software Architecture Computing Space 254 Marrying a Logical Coordinate System with Cardinal and Intercardinal Physical Directions System 255 Leveraging the Z- Axis to Create Floors in a Software Architecture Computing Space 256 Distribution Styles of 3D Software Implementations in an Architecture Computing Space 257 Federated Distribution Style 258 Flooring Distribution Style 260 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Distribution Styles 261 Symmetrical Distribution Style 261 Asymmetrical Distribution Style 263 Construction Life Cycle of Software Implementations 264 Software Construction Process 265 Creating a Software Construction Balance Table 265 Software Construction Design Activities 266 Use Case I: Thicken and Contract Design Activities 267 When to Apply Thicken and Contract Design Activities 268 Thicken and Contract Design Methods 269 Software Structure Thickening and Contracting Process Outline 270 Use Case II: Lengthen and Shorten Design Activities 272 When to Apply the Lengthen and Shorten Design Activities 273 Lengthen and Shorten Design Methods 273 Software Structure Lengthening and Shortening Process Outline 275 Use Case III: Layer and Delayer Design Activities 277 When to Apply Layer and Delayer Design Activities 277 Layer and Delayer Design Methods 278 Layer and Delayer Process Outline 279 Governing Laws for Software Construction in a 3D Computing World 281 Best Practices for Constructing Software Implementations 282 Part 4 Software Architecture Interview Preparations 285 Chapter 8 Preparing for a Software Architecture Interview: A Winning Strategy 287 Software Architecture Job Interview Strategy 288 Preparing a Job Interview Defense Plan 288 Preparing a Job Interview Attack Plan 289 Software Architecture Job Interview Preparation Model 290 Software Architecture Job Interview Defense Plan 291 Study and Analyze the Job Description 291 Start with Identifying the Scope of the Software Architecture Job Requirements 292 Dive Deep into the Software Architect Job Description 293 Start with Analyzing the Summary Portion of the Job Requirements 294 Create a Findings Table Version I for the Job Description 295 Next, Analyze the Responsibilities Portion of the Job Requirements 296 Then, Update the Findings Table Version II of the Job Description 296 Last, Analyze the Software Architect Skills Portion of the Job Requirements 297 Do Not Forget to Update the Findings Table of the Job Description 298 Create a Software Architect Skill Competency Model for the Job Description 299 Skill Competency Model’s Requirements and Practices 300 Skill Competency Model’s Disciplines 301 Design Discipline’s Deliverables 301 Cybersecurity Discipline Deliverables 301 Products Selection and Evaluation Discipline’s Deliverables 302 SDLC Discipline’s Deliverables 302 The Competency Part of the Skill Competency Model 303 Discover the Personal Knowledge Gap Before Attending a Job Interview 303 Assess Whether the Next Software Architecture Job Is a Strategic Career Move 304 Conduct a Software Architecture Mock Interview 305 Prepare a Software Architecture Interview Cheat Sheet 306 Prepare for Possible Software Architecture Interview Questions 307 Software Architecture Job Interview Attack Plan 308 Study the Hiring Organization’s Business 309 Start by Finding Information About the Hiring Organization 309 Chapter 9 Leveraging Business Knowledge During an Interview 311 Understand the Business Model 312 Get Familiar with the Hiring Company’s Culture 314 Conduct a Quick SWOT Analysis 315 Understand the Hiring Organization’s Technology 316 Technological Information Sources 316 Discover the Environment’s Technology Stack 318 Learn About the Development Technology Stack 319 Study the Applications 320 Identify Specific IT Projects 321 Demonstrate Enterprise Architecture Knowledge of the Hiring Organization 321 Adopt Software Architecture Lingo 323 Use Design Patterns Vocabulary 323 Use the Software Architecture Guidelines Lingo to Communicate Solutions 324 Remember Software Architecture Tools 328 Classification of Software Architecture Tools 329 Especially Prepare for Architecture Visualization Tools Questions 332 Get Familiar with Software Architecture Analysis and Evaluation Methods 333 Be Aware of Early Architecture Evaluation Methods 334 Be Aware of Late Architecture Evaluation Methods 335 Talk About Software Architecture Analysis Standards 335 An Outline for Software Architecture Job Interview Questions 337 Behavioral Questions 338 Communication 339 Interpersonal Relationships 340 Software Architecture Leadership 340 Skill Assessment Questions 341 Software Architecture Attributes Questions 342 Software Architecture LifeCycle Questions 343 Software Architecture Concepts Questions 346 Design Building Blocks Concepts 347 Employ Design Building Blocks Concepts to Depict Solutions 347 Prepare for the “How to Design” Interview Questions 348 Software Architecture Environment Concepts 349 Business Concepts 351 Consumer Concepts 352 Architecture Style, Architecture Pattern, and Design Pattern Questions 353 Architecture Patterns vs. Design Patterns 353 Understand Architecture Styles 355 Remember Contextual Hierarchy of Patterns 355 Why Interviewers Ask Architecture and Design Pattern Questions 356 Prepare for Architecture and Design Pattern Questions 357 Problem-solving and decision- making Questions 358 Embrace the Software Architecture Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Process 358 Identifying Business Problems 358 Attend to the Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Process 359 Prepare for Problem- Solving and Decision- Making Questions 360 Data- Related Questions 360 Focus on Data Aspects Related to Software Architecture 361 More Data- Related Interview Questions 361 Production Environment Questions 362 Characteristics of Software Architecture Environment Hosted in Production 363 Production Environment-Related Questions 364 Software Architecture Framework Questions 365 Focus on Array of Framework Contributions 365 Software Architecture Framework Questions 367 Index 369

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Book SynopsisImprove the quality and productivity of your crops through selecting positive and effective interactive core-microbiomes As microbial cells are present in overwhelming numbers in our soil, it is perhaps inevitable that microbes are found extensively in plant and animal tissue. The role of microbiomes on the regulation of physiological processes in animals has been extensively researched in recent years, but the overarching role of the plant microbiome has yet to be discovered. Core Microbiome: Improving Crop Quality and Productivity is an attempt to remediate some of that deficit, as the first book to summarize feature of microbial communities that make up the plant microbiome. There is substantial evidence that these communities are crucial in disease control, enhanced nutrient acquisition, and stress tolerancea feature more important than ever due to climate change. A further focus on improving how core microbiomes interact so that they are both phenotyTable of ContentsList of Contributors vii Preface xi 1 A Review of Endophytic Microbiota of Medicinal Plants and Their Antimicrobial Properties 1 Robeena Sarah, Nida Idrees, and Baby Tabassum 2 Plant Microbiome: A Key to Managing Plant Diseases 10 Dipal B. Minipara, Khushboo Pachhigar, and Himanshu R. Barot 3 Impact of Microbiomes to Counter Abiotic Stresses in Medicinal Plants- A Review 30 Abeer Hashem, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani, Khalid F. Almutariri, Javid A. Parray, Sushil K. Sharma, Ashwani Kumar, Turki M. Dawoud, Khalid S. Almaary, Nosheen Shameem, and Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah 4 Uses of Compost in Agriculture and Bioremediation – A Review 51 Aparna Gunjal 5 Metagenomics and Microbiome Engineering: Identification of Core Microbiome and Improvement of Rhizosphere 58 Bahman Fazeli-Nasab, Nafiseh Mahdinezhad, and Javid A. Parray Copyrighted Material 6 Core Microbiome: Plant Growth and Development 101 Thirunarayanan P, Uday Kumar Thera, Tulasi Korra, and Manoj Kumar v 7 Microbiome Engineering and Biotechnology: The Real Finenesses of a Robust Rhizosphere 118 Barkha Sharma, Shalini Tiwari, and Kailash Chand Kumawat 8 Role of Rhizospheric Microbiome in Enhancing Plant Attributes and Soil Health for Sustainable Agriculture 139 Sandeep Sharma and Kailash Chand Kumawat 9 Toxic Effects of Some Herbicides on the Fatty Acid Profile of Wheat Varieties: A Phytomicrobiome Study 163 Fadime Karabulut and Songul Çanakcı-Gulengul 10 Microbial Prospects in Sediment Denitrification of Eutrophic Wetland Ecosystems 183 Rupak Kumar Sarma and Kamal Choudhury 11 Role of Plant Microbiome in Carbon Sequestration for Sustainable Agriculture 190 Ranjith Sellappan, Aswini Krishnan, and Kalaiselvi Thangavel 12 Functions and Emerging Trends of the Microbial Community in Heavy Metals Bioremediation: A Review 206 Nida Idrees, Robeena Sarah, and Baby Tabassum 13 Microbiomics and Sustainable Agriculture: New Frontiers 212 Shabeer Ahmad Dar, Mohammad Yaseen Mir, Azra N. Kamili, Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo, and Shabir Ahmad Bhat 14 Role of Nanotechnology in Soil Microbiome and Agricultural Development 230 Bisma Farooq, Shahnaz Anjum, Madiha Farooq, Gulzar Ahmed Rather, Asma Nazir, Bijaya Kumar Nayak, and Anima Nanda 15 Microbial Biofilms: Optimal Genetic Material Exchange in a Microbiome Environment 249 Niraj Singh and Pranjal Pratim Das 16 Rhizosphere Improvement: Role of Biotechnology and Microbioengineering 268 Afrozah Hassan and Irshad Ahmad Nawchoo 17 Exploring Biological Agents and Core Microbiomes as a Tool for Reclamation of Abandoned Mines 288 Seema B. Sharma and Rupak Dey 18 Mycorrhizal Strategy for the Management of Hazardous Chromium Contaminants 298 Abeer Hashem, Nowsheen Shameem, Javid A. Parray, and Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah Index 315

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Book SynopsisProcess Safety for Engineers Familiarizes an engineer new to process safety with the concept of process safety management In this significantly revised second edition of Process Safety for Engineers: An Introduction, CCPS delivers a comprehensive book showing how Process Safety concepts are used to reduce operational risks. Students, new engineers, and others new to process safety will benefit from this book. In this updated edition, each chapter begins with a detailed incident case study, provides steps that help address issues, and contains problem sets which can be assigned to students. The second edition covers: Process Safety: including an overview of CCPS' Risk Based Process Safety Hazards: specifically fire and explosion, reactive chemical, and toxicity Design considerations for hazard control: including Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis Management of operational risk: incluTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction and Regulatory Overview Chapter 2 Risk Based Process Safety Chapter 3 Process Safety Regulations, Codes, and Standards Chapter 4 Fire and Explosion Hazards Chapter 5 Reactive Chemical Hazards Chapter 6 Toxic Hazards Chapter 7 Chemical Hazards Data Sources Chapter 8 Other Hazards Chapter 9 Process Safety Incident Classification Chapter 10 Project Design Basics Chapter 11 Equipment Failure Chapter 12 Hazard Identification Chapter 13 Consequence Analysis Chapter 14 Risk Assessment Chapter 15 Risk Mitigation Chapter 16 Human Factors Chapter 17 Operational Readiness Chapter 18 Management of Change Chapter 19 Operating Procedures, Safe Work Practices, Conduct of Operations, and Operational Discipline Chapter 20 Emergency Management Chapter 21 People Management Aspects of Process Safety Management Chapter 22 Sustaining Process Safety Performance Chapter 23 Process Safety Culture Appendix A – Concluding Exercises Appendix B – Relationship Between Book Content and Typical Engineering Courses Appendix C – Example RAGAGEP List Appendix D – Reactive Chemicals Checklist Appendix E – Classifying Process Safety Events Using API RP 754 3nd Edition Appendix F – Example Process Operations Readings and Evaluations Appendix G – List of CSB Videos

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPREFACE ix ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE xiii 1 THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 EXECUTIVE VIEW OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT 2 1.2 COMPLEX PROJECTS 5 1.3 GLOBAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT 12 1.4 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METHODOLOGIES AND FRAMEWORKS 14 1.5 THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE 20 1.6 ENGAGEMENT PROJECT MANAGEMENT 20 1.7 CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT 22 1.8 OTHER DEVELOPMENTS IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT 23 1.9 A NEW LOOK AT DEFINING PROJECT SUCCESS 24 1.10 THE GROWTH OF PAPERLESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT 30 1.11 PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATURITY AND METRICS 31 1.12 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BENCHMARKING AND METRICS 35 1.13 CONCLUSIONS 41 2 THE DRIVING FORCES FOR BETTER METRICS 43 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 43 2.0 INTRODUCTION 43 2.1 STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS MANAGEMENT 44 2.2 PROJECT AUDITS AND THE PMO 55 2.3 INTRODUCTION TO SCOPE CREEP 56 2.4 PROJECT HEALTH CHECKS 64 2.5 MANAGING DISTRESSED PROJECTS 69 3 METRICS 83 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 83 3.0 INTRODUCTION 83 3.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS: THE EARLY YEARS 84 3.2 PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS: CURRENT VIEW 87 3.3 METRICS MANAGEMENT MYTHS 88 3.4 SELLING EXECUTIVES ON A METRICS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 89 3.5 UNDERSTANDING METRICS 91 3.6 CAUSES FOR LACK OF SUPPORT FOR METRICS MANAGEMENT 95 3.7 USING METRICS IN EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE REVIEWS 96 3.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF A METRIC 97 3.9 METRIC CATEGORIES AND TYPES 99 3.10 SELECTING THE METRICS 101 3.11 SELECTING A METRIC/KPI OWNER 105 3.12 METRICS AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 106 3.13 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 106 3.14 METRICS AND THE PMO 109 3.15 METRICS AND PROJECT OVERSIGHT/GOVERNANCE 112 3.16 METRICS TRAPS 113 3.17 PROMOTING THE METRICS 114 3.18 CHURCHILL DOWNS INCORPORATED’S PROJECT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT APPROACHES 114 4 KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 121 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 121 4.0 INTRODUCTION 121 4.1 THE NEED FOR KPIS 122 4.2 USING THE KPIS 126 4.3 THE ANATOMY OF A KPI 128 4.4 KPI CHARACTERISTICS 129 4.5 CATEGORIES OF KPIS 133 4.6 KPI SELECTION 134 4.7 KPI MEASUREMENT 140 4.8 KPI INTERDEPENDENCIES 142 4.9 KPIS AND TRAINING 144 4.10 KPI TARGETS 145 4.11 UNDERSTANDING STRETCH TARGETS 148 4.12 KPI FAILURES 149 4.13 KPIS AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL 151 4.14 KPI BAD HABITS 154 4.15 BRIGHTPOINT CONSULTING, INC.--DASHBOARD DESIGN: KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS AND METRICS 159 5 VALUE-BASED PROJECT MANAGEMENT METRICS 169 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 169 5.0 INTRODUCTION 169 5.1 VALUE OVER THE YEARS 171 5.2 VALUES AND LEADERSHIP 172 5.3 COMBINING SUCCESS AND VALUE 175 5.4 RECOGNIZING THE NEED FOR VALUE METRICS 178 5.5 THE NEED FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES 181 5.6 CUSTOMER/STAKEHOLDER IMPACT ON VALUE METRICS 187 5.7 CUSTOMER VALUE MANAGEMENT 188 5.8 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND VALUE 193 5.9 BACKGROUND OF METRICS 197 5.10 SELECTING THE RIGHT METRICS 204 5.11 THE FAILURE OF TRADITIONAL METRICS AND KPIS 207 5.12 THE NEED FOR VALUE METRICS 207 5.13 CREATING A VALUE METRIC 208 5.14 PRESENTING THE VALUE METRIC IN A DASHBOARD 215 5.15 INDUSTRY EXAMPLES OF VALUE METRICS 216 5.16 USE OF CRISIS DASHBOARDS FOR OUT-OFRANGE VALUE ATTRIBUTES 222 5.17 ESTABLISHING A METRICS MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 223 5.18 USING VALUE METRICS FOR FORECASTING 225 5.19 METRICS AND JOB DESCRIPTIONS 226 5.20 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF METRICS 227 5.21 CREATING A PROJECT VALUE BASELINE 239 6 DASHBOARDS 247 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 247 6.0 INTRODUCTION 247 6.1 DOES EVERYONE KNOW WHAT A DASHBOARD REALLY IS? 252 6.2 HOW WE PROCESS DASHBOARD INFORMATION 256 6.3 DASHBOARD CORE ATTRIBUTES 256 6.4 THE MEANING OF INFORMATION 257 6.5 TRAFFIC LIGHT DASHBOARD REPORTING 259 6.6 DASHBOARDS AND SCORECARDS 261 6.7 CREATING A DASHBOARD IS A LOT LIKE ONLINE DATING 264 6.8 BENEFITS OF DASHBOARDS 266 6.9 IS YOUR BI TOOL FLEXIBLE ENOUGH? 267 6.10 FOUR EASY STEPS TO IMPLEMENTING A SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE SOLUTION 270 6.11 RULES FOR DASHBOARDS 275 6.12 THE SEVEN DEADLY SINS OF DASHBOARD DESIGN AND WHY THEY SHOULD BE AVOIDED 275 6.13 BRIGHTPOINT CONSULTING, INC.: DESIGNING EXECUTIVE DASHBOARDS 278 6.14 ALL THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD 287 6.15 USING EMOTICONS 310 6.16 MISLEADING INDICATORS 311 6.17 AGILE AND SCRUM METRICS 313 6.18 DATA WAREHOUSES 333 6.20 TEAMQUEST CORPORATION 340 6.21 A SIMPLE TEMPLATE 360 6.22 SUMMARY OF DASHBOARD DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 360 6.23 DASHBOARD LIMITATIONS 367 6.24 THE DASHBOARD PILOT RUN 370 6.25 EVALUATING DASHBOARD VENDORS 371 6.26 NEW DASHBOARD APPLICATIONS 372 7 DASHBOARD APPLICATIONS 375 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 375 7.0 INTRODUCTION 375 7.1 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: DUNDAS DATA VISUALIZATION 376 7.2 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: PIE 376 7.3 PIE OVERVIEW 388 7.4 DASHBOARDS IN ACTION: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LEARNING 403 8 THE PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT PMO AND METRICS 407 CHAPTER OVERVIEW 407 8.0 INTRODUCTION 407 8.1 CRITICAL QUESTIONS 408 8.2 VALUE CATEGORIES 408 8.3 PORTFOLIO METRICS 410 8.4 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND METRICS 411 8.5 THE GROWTH OF PORTFOLIO METRICS 413 8.6 METRICS FOR MEASURING INTANGIBLES 415 8.7 THE NEED FOR STRATEGIC METRICS 418 8.8 CRISIS DASHBOARDS 421 INDEX 425

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Book SynopsisNANOVACCINOLOGY AS TARGETED THERAPEUTICS The book presents the early-stage development of nanovaccines that could well be the new generation of vaccines which have a great potential for the prevention and treatment of many diseases. Nanovaccinology as Targeted Therapeutics explores recent breakthroughs in the exciting new field of micro- and nanofabricated engineered nanomaterials. In addition to spectroscopic characterizations, significant topics for interdisciplinary research, especially in the fields of nanogels, which deal with polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, pharmaceuticals, and medicine are explored, where their small dimensions prove highly advantageous. Nanovaccinology could potentially revolutionize conventional therapy and diagnostic methods due to its superior effectiveness over its macro-sized counterparts in almost all biomedical areas. Strong interest in this novel class of material has driven many studies to discover biogenic production methods andTable of ContentsPreface xv 1 Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development and Constraints 1 Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Nanoparticles, an Alternative Approach to Conventional Vaccines 4 1.3 Nanoparticles as Vaccine Delivery Vehicle 5 1.4 Nanotechnology to Tackle the Challenges of Vaccine Delivery 6 1.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 6 1.4.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 7 1.4.3 Biomolecular Nanoparticles 8 1.4.4 Liposome 9 1.4.5 Virus-Like Particles 9 1.4.6 Micelles 9 1.4.7 Immunostimulating Complexes 10 1.4.8 Self-Assembled Proteins (SAPNs) 10 1.4.9 Emulsions 11 1.5 Constraints and Challenges of Nanovaccines 11 1.6 Concluding Remarks 12 Acknowledgments 13 References 13 2 Nanomedicine and Nanovaccinology Tools in Targeted Drug Delivery 21 Bogala Mallikharjuna Reddy 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Nanomaterial-Based Drug Delivery Tools 25 2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 26 2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles 26 2.2.3 Dendrimers 27 2.2.4 Liposomes 28 2.2.5 Micelles 29 2.2.6 Emulsions 30 2.2.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 30 2.2.8 Self-Assembled Proteins 31 2.2.9 Immunostimulating Complexes 32 2.2.10 Virus-Like Particles 33 2.3 Targeted Drug Delivery Applications 33 2.3.1 Cancer 36 2.3.2 Neurology 37 2.3.3 Cardiology 38 2.3.4 Ophthalmology 38 2.3.5 Pulmonology 39 2.3.6 Tissue Engineering 40 2.3.7 Viral Infections 40 2.3.8 Other Miscellaneous Types 41 2.4 Commercial Nanodelivery Tools 42 2.4.1 Industrial Manufacturing 42 2.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 44 2.4.3 Risks and Challenges 45 2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects 46 Acknowledgments 47 References 47 3 Nanovaccinology and Superbugs 53 Sandhya Kalathilparambil Santhosh, Kaviya Parampath Kootery, Mridul Umesh, Preethi Mariam Alex, Meghna Mani, Adina Roy and Suma Sarojini 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Need for Nanovaccines 55 3.3 Types of Nanovaccines 57 3.3.1 Subunit Vaccines 57 3.3.2 Conjugate Vaccines 58 3.3.3 RNA Vaccines 58 3.3.4 Reverse Vaccinology 59 3.3.5 Biomimetic Nanovaccines 60 3.3.5.1 Biomimetic Membranes 60 3.3.5.2 Outer Membrane Vesicle Nanoparticles 61 3.3.6 Nanotoxoids 62 3.3.7 Liposomes 63 3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 63 3.3.9 Virus-Like Particle 64 3.3.10 Inorganic Nanoparticles 65 3.4 Mechanism of Action of Nanovaccines 65 3.5 Limitations of Nanovaccines 68 3.6 Conclusion 69 Acknowledgment 69 References 69 4 Current Research Trends on SARS-CoV2 Virus Against Nanovaccine Formulation 77 Pushpalatha C., Chhaya Kumar, Sowmya S.V., Dominic Augustine, Elizabeth Abbu Varghese and Jithya Suresh 4.1 Introduction 78 4.2 COVID-19/SARS-CoV2 Pathophysiology 78 4.3 Development of Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 79 4.4 Biomimetic Nanovaccines Against SARS-CoV 2 80 4.4.1 Virus-Like Particles 84 4.4.2 Nucleic Acids Vaccines 85 4.4.3 Protein Vaccines 86 4.5 Translatable Subunit Nanovaccine Against SARS-CoV 2 86 4.6 Separable Microneedle Patch Nanovaccine 86 4.7 Polymer-Based Nanovaccines 87 4.8 Pharmaceutical Challenges of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 88 4.9 Future Prospects of SARS-CoV2 Nanovaccines 89 4.10 Challenges and Limitations 89 4.11 Conclusion and Outlook 91 References 91 5 Nanovaccinology Against Infectious Disease 95 S. Chakroborty and P. Panda 5.1 Introduction 96 5.2 Nanovaccinology Against Bacterial Disease 97 5.3 Nanovaccinology Against Viral Disease 99 5.4 Nanovaccinology Against Cancer 101 5.5 Nanovaccinology Against Parasite-Born Disease 108 5.6 Nanovaccinology Against Autoimmune Disorders 109 5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 110 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 6 Preclinical and Commercial Trials of Cancer Diagnosis via Nano-Imaging and Nanovaccinology 115 Sowmya S.V., Pushpalatha C., Dominic Augustine, Sibikar P., Bharkhavy K.V. and Elizabeth Abbu Varghese 6.1 Introduction 116 6.2 Role of Nano-Imaging in Cancer Diagnosis, Progression, and Treatment 117 6.2.1 Gold Nanoparticles 117 6.2.2 Quantum Dots 118 6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 118 6.2.4 Nanowires 118 6.2.5 Cantilevers and Nanopores 118 6.2.6 Other Types of Nanoparticles 118 6.3 Challenges in the Translation of Nanotechnology-Based Imaging Methods Into Clinical Application 119 6.4 Nanovaccines for Cancer Immunotherapy 119 6.4.1 Composition of Nanovaccines in Cancer Therapy 120 6.4.1.1 Antigens 120 6.4.1.2 Immunostimulatory Adjuvants 121 6.4.1.3 Nanocarriers 121 6.5 Functionalities of Nanocarriers for the Delivery of Cancer Vaccines 122 6.5.1 Efficient Delivery of Vaccines by Nanocarriers 123 6.5.2 Co-Delivery of Antigens and Adjuvants via Nanocarriers 123 6.5.3 Nanocarriers Potentiate Immunomodulation Through Multivalent Antigens and/or Adjuvants 123 6.5.4 Self-Adjuvanted Nanocarriers 123 6.6 Nanovaccine Strategies in Cancer 123 6.6.1 STING Agonist-Based Nanovaccines 124 6.6.2 Neoantigen Nanovaccines 124 6.6.3 mRNA-Based Nanovaccines 124 6.6.4 aAPCs 124 6.6.5 Nanovaccines for Combination Therapy 124 6.7 Preclinical and Clinical Trials of Applications of Nanoimaging and Nanovaccinology in Cancer 125 6.8 Recent Developments in the Trials of Nanovaccinology in Cancer 126 6.9 Perspectives and Future Directions 127 6.10 Conclusions 127 References 127 7 Biomedical and Electronic Tune-Ups of 2C4NA Nanocrystalline Sample 131 Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Anbarasan P., Poorani R., Aarthi N., Ganesan H., Senthil Kannan K. and Flora G. 7.1 Introduction 132 7.2 Computational, Tribological, Fluorescence, and Influx Study 133 7.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study, Anticancer Study, and Anti-Inflammatory Study 138 7.4 Conclusion 139 References 139 8 Biological, Electronic-Filter, Influx and Theoretical Practicalities of 2-Chloro-6-Nitroaniline (2C6NA) Crystals for Biomedical and Microelectronics Tasks 145 Maria Sumathi B., Maalmarugan J., Ganesan H., Saravanan P., Patel R.P., Sheeba M., Flora G. and Senthil Kannan K. 8.1 Introduction 146 8.2 Computational and Influx 146 8.3 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiabetic, DPPH, FRAP, Anticancer 148 8.4 Conclusion 150 References 151 9 Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidant, Computational, Filter, and Tribological Characterizations of Bis Glycine Lithium Bromide Monohydrate Nano (32 nm) Scaled Crystals 157 Dayana Lobo F., Senthil Kannan K., Mathivanan V., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Christy S., Flora G., Ganesan H. and Maalmarugan J. 9.1 Introduction 158 9.2 Experimental 158 9.2.1 Synthesis 158 9.3 Results and Discussions 159 9.3.1 Single Crystalline XRD (SXRD) Study and Powder XRD (PXRD) Studies 159 9.3.2 Fluorescence (FL) Study for 32-nm Scale 160 9.3.3 Antidiabetic (AD) Study and Influx Study 160 9.3.4 AO-DPPH, FRAP of Antioxidant Activity 162 9.3.5 Tribology—Load Capacity by the Compressive Strength Model of the Polymeric Bearings, Software-Based Thermal Ellipsoidal Plot 162 9.4 Conclusion 164 References 164 10 Device Utility, Energy, and Bioutility of N2MNM4MBH Macro, Nano Models 169 Pauline Jenifer S., Flora G., Zozimus Divya Lobo C., Charles A., Senthil Kannan K., Anbuvel D., Prajith V. and Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz 10.1 Introduction 170 10.2 Synthesis and XRD 171 10.3 Influx 171 10.4 Computational 171 10.4.1 Antidiabetic Study 171 10.5 Conclusion 177 References 177 11 Biocurative, Tribological, Electro-Functionalities of ZnO-MIZN Nanoparticles 183 Senthil Kannan K., Prabhjeet Kaur Dhillon, Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Padmavathi P., Flora G., Irudhya Sahaya Lancy S., Jeeva Rani Thangam G. and Sheeba M. 11.1 Introduction 184 11.2 Antibacterial Activity 185 11.3 XRD and Magnetic Effect 186 11.4 Tribological Data for Nano Sample Coatings of ZnO-MIZN 189 11.5 Filter Utility 189 11.6 Conclusion 190 References 190 12 Nanotubular Device Effect, Super Cell Effectiveness, Hirshfeld Energy Analysis and Biomedicinal Efficacy of 2-Fluoro-5-Nitro-Aniline (2F5NA) Crystals 195 Flora G., Munikumari A., Sheeba M., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Senthil Kannan K., Ponrathy T., Muthu Sheeba M. and Joshua Steve Abishek B. 12.1 Introduction 196 12.2 XRD and Computational 197 12.3 Bioutility 207 12.3.1 Antibacterial of 2F5NA Crystals 207 12.4 Conclusion 208 References 208 13 Nano, Peptide Link, Pharma Impact and Electron Density of AMPHB Macro, Nano Crystalline Samples 213 Senthil Kannan K., Dayana Lobo F., Gayathri A., Prathebha K., Jacintha Tamil Malar A., Maria Sumathi B., Flora G. and Egbert Selwin Rose A. 13.1 Introduction 214 13.2 Characterizations 215 13.2.1 XRD and Computational Impactness 215 13.2.2 Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Anti-Fungal (AF) Effect of AMPHB Macro and Nano Crystals 219 13.3 Conclusion 220 References 221 14 Super Lattice, Computational Interactions and Bio-Uses of CPDMDP Crystals 227 Flora G., Christy S., Shobana V., Divya R., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Pauline Jenifer S., Senthil Kannan K. and Jacintha Tamil Malar A. 14.1 Introduction 228 14.2 Computational 229 14.3 Synthesis 234 14.4 Xrd 234 14.5 Influx of CPDMDP of Both Scales 235 14.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Macro, Nano CPDMDP Crystals 235 14.7 Antioxidant Activity 236 14.8 Conclusion 237 References 237 15 Biological Effect Nanotubular, Vanderwall’s Impact, of 4-Methyl-2-Nitroaniline (4M2NA) Nanocrystals 243 Senthil Kannan K., Pauline Jenifer S., Divya R., Raju K., Gayathri A., Jemma Hermelin Jesy Diaz, Maria Sumathi B. and Flora G. 15.1 Introduction 244 15.2 XRD and Computational Data 245 15.3 Biological Activity: Antidiabetic (AD), Anti-Inflammatory (AI), and Antifungal (AF) Effect 251 15.4 Conclusion, Outlook, and Future Aspects 251 References 251 16 Biomedical, Tribological, and Electronic Functionalities of Silver Nanoparticles 257 Flora G., Ganesan H., Maalmarugan J., Egbert Selwin Rose A., Dayana Lobo F., Divya R., Senthil Kannan K. and Sheeba M. 16.1 Introduction 258 16.2 Tribological Data 258 16.3 Influx 259 16.4 HeLa Cell Line, Bacterial and Fungal Utility 259 16.5 Conclusion 260 References 261 17 Commercialization of Nanovaccines: Utopia or a Reality? 267 Amjad Islam Aqib, Tean Zaheer, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Arslan and Khazeena Atta 17.1 Introduction 268 17.2 Development of Nanovaccines 270 17.3 Novel Adjuvants and Delivery System for Nanovaccines 270 17.4 Success Story 272 17.5 Nanovaccines in Human Health 273 17.6 Nanovaccines in Animal Health 274 17.7 Constraints in the Development and Application 276 17.8 Issues Related to Product Application 277 17.9 Characteristics of Nanoparticles Applicable to Public Health 278 17.10 Conclusion 279 References 280 18 Functionalization of Nanobiomaterials in Nanovaccinology 283 Jyothy G. Vijayan Abbreviations 283 18.1 Introduction 284 18.2 Characteristics of Functionalized Bionanoparticles 285 18.3 Functionalization of NPs 285 18.3.1 Functionalization With Different Ligands 285 18.3.2 Polymer Functionalized NPs 286 18.4 Nanomaterials for Vaccine Synthesis 286 18.4.1 Gold NPS 286 18.4.2 Silica NPs 286 18.4.3 Calcium NPs 286 18.4.4 Polymeric NPs 286 18.4.5 Inorganic Magnetic NPs 287 18.4.6 Chitosan NPs 287 18.4.7 Liposomal NPs 287 18.5 Role of the Surface of NPs on Vaccine Development 288 18.6 Nanovaccines: Routes of Administration 288 18.6.1 Intradermal Routes 288 18.6.2 Intramuscular Routes 289 18.6.3 Subcutaneous Routes 289 18.6.4 Oral Routes 289 18.6.5 Nasal Routes 289 18.6.6 Tropical Routes 289 18.6.7 Ocular Routes 289 18.7 Nanovaccines for Different Applications 290 18.7.1 Nanovaccines Against Bacteria 290 18.7.2 Nanovaccines Against Pathogens 290 18.7.3 Nanovaccines Against Viruses 290 18.7.4 Nanovaccines Against Parasites 290 18.7.5 Nanovaccines Against Cancer 291 18.8 Emulsions 291 18.9 Nanogels 291 18.10 Virus-Like Particles (VLP) 292 18.11 Applications of Novel Nanovaccines 293 18.12 Applications of Functionalized Nanovaccines 293 18.12.1 For Cancer Therapy 293 18.12.2 Against Different Infectious Diseases 294 18.13 Pros and Cons of Using Vaccines 294 18.13.1 Toxicity of NPs 294 18.14 Future Aspects 295 18.15 Conclusions 295 References 296 19 Oral Nanovaccines Delivery for Clinical Trials and Commercialization 301 Dominic Augustine, Pushpalatha C., Sowmya S.V., Chhaya Kumar, Elizabeth AbbuVarghese and Gayathri V.S. 19.1 Introduction 302 19.2 Barriers to Oral Vaccines 302 19.3 Evolution of Oral Nanovaccines 304 19.4 Oral Delivery of Nanovaccines 305 19.5 Immune Response to Oral Nanovaccines 306 19.6 Oral Nanovaccines Carriers 307 19.6.1 Natural Nanovaccine Carriers 307 19.6.2 Synthetic Nanovaccine Carriers 308 19.7 Formulation Strategies and Characterization of Oral Nanovaccines 310 19.8 Regulations and Challenges for Oral Nanovaccines Delivery 312 19.9 Future Perspectives 314 19.10 Conclusion 314 References 315 Index 319

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Book SynopsisAn Introduction to Optimization Accessible introductory textbook on optimization theory and methods, with an emphasis on engineering design, featuring MATLAB exercises and worked examples Fully updated to reflect modern developments in the field, the Fifth Edition of An Introduction to Optimization fills the need for an accessible, yet rigorous, introduction to optimization theory and methods, featuring innovative coverage and a straightforward approach. The book begins with a review of basic definitions and notations while also providing the related fundamental background of linear algebra, geometry, and calculus. With this foundation, the authors explore the essential topics of unconstrained optimization problems, linear programming problems, and nonlinear constrained optimization. In addition, the book includes an introduction to artificial neural networks, convex optimization, multi-objective optimization, and applications of optimization in machine learning. Numerous diagrams andTable of ContentsPreface xv About the Companion Website xviii Part I Mathematical Review 1 1 Methods of Proof and Some Notation 3 1.1 Methods of Proof 3 1.2 Notation 5 Exercises 5 2 Vector Spaces and Matrices 7 2.1 Vector and Matrix 7 2.2 Rank of a Matrix 11 2.3 Linear Equations 16 2.4 Inner Products and Norms 18 Exercises 20 3 Transformations 23 3.1 Linear Transformations 23 3.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 24 3.3 Orthogonal Projections 26 3.4 Quadratic Forms 27 3.5 Matrix Norms 32 Exercises 35 4 Concepts from Geometry 39 4.1 Line Segments 39 4.2 Hyperplanes and Linear Varieties 39 4.3 Convex Sets 41 4.4 Neighborhoods 43 4.5 Polytopes and Polyhedra 44 Exercises 45 5 Elements of Calculus 47 5.1 Sequences and Limits 47 5.2 Differentiability 52 5.3 The Derivative Matrix 54 5.4 Differentiation Rules 57 5.5 Level Sets and Gradients 58 5.6 Taylor Series 61 Exercises 65 Part II Unconstrained Optimization 67 6 Basics of Set-Constrained and Unconstrained Optimization 69 6.1 Introduction 69 6.2 Conditions for Local Minimizers 70 Exercises 78 7 One-Dimensional Search Methods 87 7.1 Introduction 87 7.2 Golden Section Search 87 7.3 Fibonacci Method 91 7.4 Bisection Method 97 7.5 Newton’s Method 98 7.6 Secant Method 101 7.7 Bracketing 103 7.8 Line Search in Multidimensional Optimization 103 Exercises 105 8 Gradient Methods 109 8.1 Introduction 109 8.2 Steepest Descent Method 110 8.3 Analysis of Gradient Methods 117 Exercises 126 9 Newton’s Method 133 9.1 Introduction 133 9.2 Analysis of Newton’s Method 135 9.3 Levenberg–Marquardt Modification 138 9.4 Newton’s Method for Nonlinear Least Squares 139 Exercises 142 10 Conjugate Direction Methods 145 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Conjugate Direction Algorithm 146 10.2.1 Basic Conjugate Direction Algorithm 146 10.3 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm 151 10.4 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm for Nonquadratic Problems 154 Exercises 156 11 Quasi-Newton Methods 159 11.1 Introduction 159 11.2 Approximating the Inverse Hessian 160 11.3 Rank One Correction Formula 162 11.4 DFP Algorithm 166 11.5 BFGS Algorithm 170 Exercises 173 12 Solving Linear Equations 179 12.1 Least-Squares Analysis 179 12.2 Recursive Least-Squares Algorithm 187 12.3 Solution to a Linear Equation with Minimum Norm 190 12.4 Kaczmarz’s Algorithm 191 12.5 Solving Linear Equations in General 194 Exercises 201 13 Unconstrained Optimization and Neural Networks 209 13.1 Introduction 209 13.2 Single-Neuron Training 211 13.3 Backpropagation Algorithm 213 Exercises 222 14 Global Search Algorithms 225 14.1 Introduction 225 14.2 Nelder–Mead Simplex Algorithm 225 14.3 Simulated Annealing 229 14.3.1 Randomized Search 229 14.3.2 Simulated Annealing Algorithm 229 14.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 231 14.4.1 Basic PSO Algorithm 232 14.4.2 Variations 233 14.5 Genetic Algorithms 233 14.5.1 Basic Description 233 14.5.1.1 Chromosomes and Representation Schemes 234 14.5.1.2 Selection and Evolution 234 14.5.2 Analysis of Genetic Algorithms 238 14.5.3 Real-Number Genetic Algorithms 243 Exercises 244 Part III Linear Programming 247 15 Introduction to Linear Programming 249 15.1 Brief History of Linear Programming 249 15.2 Simple Examples of Linear Programs 250 15.3 Two-Dimensional Linear Programs 256 15.4 Convex Polyhedra and Linear Programming 258 15.5 Standard Form Linear Programs 260 15.6 Basic Solutions 264 15.7 Properties of Basic Solutions 267 15.8 Geometric View of Linear Programs 269 Exercises 273 16 Simplex Method 277 16.1 Solving Linear Equations Using Row Operations 277 16.2 The Canonical Augmented Matrix 283 16.3 Updating the Augmented Matrix 284 16.4 The Simplex Algorithm 285 16.5 Matrix Form of the Simplex Method 291 16.6 Two-Phase Simplex Method 294 16.7 Revised Simplex Method 297 Exercises 301 17 Duality 309 17.1 Dual Linear Programs 309 17.2 Properties of Dual Problems 316 17.3 Matrix Games 321 Exercises 324 18 Nonsimplex Methods 331 18.1 Introduction 331 18.2 Khachiyan’s Method 332 18.3 Affine Scaling Method 334 18.3.1 Basic Algorithm 334 18.3.2 Two-Phase Method 337 18.4 Karmarkar’s Method 339 18.4.1 Basic Ideas 339 18.4.2 Karmarkar’s Canonical Form 339 18.4.3 Karmarkar’s Restricted Problem 341 18.4.4 From General Form to Karmarkar’s Canonical Form 342 18.4.5 The Algorithm 345 Exercises 349 19 Integer Linear Programming 351 19.1 Introduction 351 19.2 Unimodular Matrices 351 19.3 The Gomory Cutting-Plane Method 358 Exercises 366 Part IV Nonlinear Constrained Optimization 369 20 Problems with Equality Constraints 371 20.1 Introduction 371 20.2 Problem Formulation 373 20.3 Tangent and Normal Spaces 374 20.4 Lagrange Condition 379 20.5 Second-Order Conditions 387 20.6 Minimizing Quadratics Subject to Linear Constraints 390 Exercises 394 21 Problems with Inequality Constraints 399 21.1 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker Condition 399 21.2 Second-Order Conditions 406 Exercises 410 22 Convex Optimization Problems 417 22.1 Introduction 417 22.2 Convex Functions 419 22.3 Convex Optimization Problems 426 22.4 Semidefinite Programming 431 22.4.1 Linear Matrix Inequalities and Their Properties 431 22.4.2 LMI Solvers 435 22.4.2.1 Finding a Feasible Solution Under LMI Constraints 436 22.4.2.2 Minimizing a Linear Objective Under LMI Constraints 438 22.4.2.3 Minimizing a Generalized Eigenvalue Under LMI Constraints 440 Exercises 442 23 Lagrangian Duality 449 23.1 Overview 449 23.2 Notation 449 23.3 Primal–Dual Pair 450 23.4 General Duality Properties 451 23.4.1 Convexity of Dual Problem 451 23.4.2 Primal Objective in Terms of Lagrangian 451 23.4.3 Minimax Inequality Chain 452 23.4.4 Optimality of Saddle Point 452 23.4.5 Weak Duality 453 23.4.6 Duality Gap 453 23.5 Strong Duality 454 23.5.1 Strong Duality ⇔ Minimax Equals Maximin 454 23.5.2 Strong Duality ⇒ Primal Unconstrained Minimization 455 23.5.3 Strong Duality ⇒ Optimality 455 23.5.4 Strong Duality ⇒ KKT (Including Complementary Slackness) 455 23.5.5 Strong Duality ⇒ Saddle Point 456 23.6 Convex Case 456 23.6.1 Convex Case: KKT ⇒ Strong Duality 456 23.6.2 Convex Case: Regular Optimal Primal ⇒ Strong Duality 457 23.6.3 Convex Case: Slater’s Condition ⇒ Strong Duality 457 23.7 Summary of Key Results 457 Exercises 458 24 Algorithms for Constrained Optimization 459 24.1 Introduction 459 24.2 Projections 459 24.3 Projected Gradient Methods with Linear Constraints 462 24.4 Convergence of Projected Gradient Algorithms 465 24.4.1 Fixed Points and First-Order Necessary Conditions 466 24.4.2 Convergence with Fixed Step Size 468 24.4.3 Some Properties of Projections 469 24.4.4 Armijo Condition 470 24.4.5 Accumulation Points 471 24.4.6 Projections in the Convex Case 472 24.4.7 Armijo Condition in the Convex Case 474 24.4.8 Convergence in the Convex Case 480 24.4.9 Convergence Rate with Line-Search Step Size 481 24.5 Lagrangian Algorithms 483 24.5.1 Lagrangian Algorithm for Equality Constraints 484 24.5.2 Lagrangian Algorithm for Inequality Constraints 486 24.6 Penalty Methods 489 Exercises 495 25 Multiobjective Optimization 499 25.1 Introduction 499 25.2 Pareto Solutions 499 25.3 Computing the Pareto Front 501 25.4 From Multiobjective to Single-Objective Optimization 505 25.5 Uncertain Linear Programming Problems 508 25.5.1 Uncertain Constraints 508 25.5.2 Uncertain Objective Function Coefficients 511 25.5.3 Uncertain Constraint Coefficients 513 25.5.4 General Uncertainties 513 Exercises 513 Part V Optimization in Machine Learning 517 26 Machine Learning Problems and Feature Engineering 519 26.1 Machine Learning Problems 519 26.1.1 Data with Labels and Supervised Learning 519 26.1.2 Data Without Labels and Unsupervised Learning 521 26.2 Data Normalization 522 26.3 Histogram of Oriented Gradients 524 26.4 Principal Component Analysis and Linear Autoencoder 526 26.4.1 Singular Value Decomposition 526 26.4.2 Principal Axes and Principal Components of a Data Set 527 26.4.3 Linear Autoencoder 529 Exercises 530 27 Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithms 537 27.1 Stochastic Gradient Descent Algorithm 537 27.2 Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient Algorithm 540 27.3 Distributed Stochastic Variance Reduced Gradient 542 27.3.1 Distributed Learning Environment 542 27.3.2 SVRG in Distributed Optimization 543 27.3.3 Communication Versus Computation 545 27.3.4 Data Security 545 Exercises 546 28 Linear Regression and Its Variants 553 28.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression 553 28.1.1 A Linear Model for Prediction 553 28.1.2 Training the Model 554 28.1.3 Computing Optimal ̂w 554 28.1.4 Optimal Predictor and Performance Evaluation 555 28.1.5 Least-Squares Linear Regression for Data Sets with Vector Labels 556 28.2 Model Selection by Cross-Validation 559 28.3 Model Selection by Regularization 562 Exercises 564 29 Logistic Regression for Classification 569 29.1 Logistic Regression for Binary Classification 569 29.1.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression for Binary Classification 569 29.1.2 Logistic Regression for Binary Classification 570 29.1.3 Interpreting Logistic Regression by Log Error 572 29.1.4 Confusion Matrix for Binary Classification 573 29.2 Nonlinear Decision Boundary via Linear Regression 575 29.2.1 Least-Squares Linear Regression with Nonlinear Transformation 576 29.2.2 Logistic Regression with Nonlinear Transformation 578 29.3 Multicategory Classification 580 29.3.1 One-Versus-All Multicategory Classification 580 29.3.2 Softmax Regression for Multicategory Classification 581 Exercises 584 30 Support Vector Machines 589 30.1 Hinge-Loss Functions 589 30.1.1 Geometric Interpretation of the Linear Model 589 30.1.2 Hinge Loss for Binary Data Sets 590 30.1.3 Hinge Loss for Multicategory Data Sets 592 30.2 Classification by Minimizing Hinge Loss 593 30.2.1 Binary Classification by Minimizing Average Hinge Loss 593 30.2.2 Multicategory Classification by Minimizing E hww or E hcs 594 30.3 Support Vector Machines for Binary Classification 596 30.3.1 Hard-Margin Support Vector Machines 596 30.3.2 Support Vectors 598 30.3.3 Soft-Margin Support Vector Machines 599 30.3.4 Connection to Hinge-Loss Minimization 602 30.4 Support Vector Machines for Multicategory Classification 602 30.5 Kernel Trick 603 30.5.1 Kernels 603 30.5.2 Kernel Trick 604 30.5.3 Learning with Kernels 605 30.5.3.1 Regularized Logistic Regression with Nonlinear Transformation for Binary Classification 605 30.5.3.2 Regularized Hinge-Loss Minimization for Binary Classification 606 Exercises 607 31 K-Means Clustering 611 31.1 K-Means Clustering 611 31.2 K-Means++ forCenterInitialization 615 31.3 Variants of K-Means Clustering 617 31.3.1 K-Means Clustering Based on 1-Norm Regularization 617 31.3.2 PCA-Guided K-Means Clustering 619 31.4 Image Compression by Vector Quantization and K-Means Clustering 622 Exercises 623 References 627 Index 635

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAcknowledgments x Preface xi About the Companion Website xiv Chapter 1 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Classical Electron 2 1.3 Two-Slit Electron Experiment 4 1.4 The Photoelectric Effect 8 1.5 Wave-Packets and Uncertainty 11 1.6 The Wavefunction 13 1.7 The Schrödinger Equation 15 1.8 The Electron in a One-Dimensional Well 19 1.9 The Hydrogen Atom 25 1.10 Electron Transmission and Reflection at Potential Energy Step 30 1.11 Spin 32 1.12 The Pauli Exclusion Principle 35 1.13 Operators and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 36 1.14 Expectation Values and Hermitian Operators 38 1.15 Summary 40 Problems 42 Note 45 Suggestions for Further Reading 45 Chapter 2 Semiconductor Physics 46 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 The Band Theory of Solids 48 2.3 Bloch Functions 49 2.4 The Kronig–Penney Model 52 2.5 The Bragg Model 57 2.6 Effective Mass in Three Dimensions 59 2.7 Number of States in a Band 61 2.8 Band Filling 63 2.9 Fermi Energy and Holes 65 2.10 Carrier Concentration 66 2.11 Semiconductor Materials 78 2.12 Semiconductor Band Diagrams 80 2.13 Direct Gap and Indirect Gap Semiconductors 82 2.14 Extrinsic Semiconductors 86 2.15 Carrier Transport in Semiconductors 91 2.16 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Dynamics 95 2.17 Carrier Diffusion and the Einstein Relation 98 2.18 Quasi-Fermi Energies 101 2.19 The Diffusion Equation 104 2.20 Traps and Carrier Lifetimes 107 2.21 Alloy Semiconductors 111 2.23 Summary 114 Problems 116 Suggestions for Further Reading 122 Chapter 3 The p-n Junction Diode 123 3.1 Introduction 124 3.2 Diode Current 125 3.3 Contact Potential 130 3.4 The Depletion Approximation 132 3.5 The Diode Equation 141 3.6 Reverse Breakdown and the Zener Diode 153 3.7 Tunnel Diodes 156 3.8 Generation/Recombination Currents 158 3.9 Metal-Semiconductor Junctions 161 3.10 Heterojunctions 172 3.11 Alternating Current (AC) and Transient Behavior 173 3.12 Summary 176 Problems 177 Note 181 Suggestions for Further Reading 181 Chapter 4 Photon Emission and Absorption 182 4.1 Introduction to Luminescence and Absorption 183 4.2 Physics of Light Emission 184 4.3 Simple Harmonic Radiator 187 4.4 Quantum Description 188 4.5 The Exciton 192 4.6 Two-Electron Atoms and the Exchange Interaction 195 4.7 Molecular Excitons 202 4.8 Band-to-Band Transitions 205 4.9 Photometric Units 210 4.10 Summary 214 Problems 215 Note 219 Suggestions for Further Reading 219 Chapter 5 Semiconductor Devices Based on the p-n Junction 220 5.1 Introduction 221 5.2 The p-n Junction Solar Cell 222 5.3 Light Absorption 224 5.4 Solar Radiation 226 5.5 Solar Cell Design and Analysis 227 5.6 Solar Cell Efficiency Limits and Tandem Cells 234 5.7 The Light Emitting Diode 236 5.8 Emission Spectrum 239 5.9 Non-Radiative Recombination 240 5.10 Optical Outcoupling 241 5.11 GaAs LEDs 244 5.12 GaP:N LEDs 245 5.13 Double Heterojunction Al X Ga 1−x as Leds 246 5.14 AlGaInP LEDs 251 5.15 Ga 1−x in X N Leds 253 5.16 Bipolar Junction Transistor 257 5.17 Junction Field Effect Transistor 266 5.18 BJT and JFET Symbols and Applications 270 5.19 Summary 271 Problems 274 Further Reading 282 Chapter 6 The Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor 283 6.1 Introduction to the MOSFET 284 6.2 MOSFET Physics 286 6.3 MOS Capacitor Analysis 288 6.4 Accumulation Layer and Inversion Layer Thicknesses 297 6.5 Capacitance of MOS Capacitor 301 6.6 Work Functions, Trapped Charges, and Ion Beam Implantation 303 6.7 Surface Mobility 304 6.8 MOSFET Transistor Characteristics 307 6.9 MOSFET Scaling 312 6.10 Nanoscale Photolithography 313 6.11 Ion Beam Implantation 321 6.12 MOSFET Fabrication 323 6.13 CMOS Structures 328 6.14 Threshold Voltage Adjustment 329 6.15 Two-Dimensional Electron Gas 331 6.16 Modeling Nanoscale MOSFETs 336 6.17 Flash Memory 338 6.18 Tunneling 340 6.19 Summary 348 Problems 350 Notes 352 Recommended Reading 352 Chapter 7 The Quantum Dot 353 7.1 Introduction and Overview 354 7.2 Quantum Dot Semiconductor Materials 356 7.3 Synthesis of Quantum Dots 357 7.4 Quantum Dot Confinement Physics 363 7.5 Franck-Condon Principle and the Stokes Shift 369 7.6 The Quantum Mechanical Oscillator 376 7.7 Vibronic Transitions 379 7.8 Surface Passivation 383 7.9 Auger Processes 389 7.10 Biological Applications of Quantum Dots 396 7.11 Summary 397 Problems 398 Recommended Reading 399 Chapter 8 Organic Semiconductor Materials and Devices 400 8.1 Introduction to Organic Electronics 401 8.2 Conjugated Systems 402 8.3 Polymer OLEDs 408 8.4 Small-Molecule OLEDs 413 8.5 Anode Materials 417 8.6 Cathode Materials 417 8.7 Hole Injection Layer 418 8.8 Electron Injection Layer 420 8.9 Hole Transport Layer 420 8.10 Electron Transport Layer 422 8.11 Light Emitting Material Processes 424 8.12 Host Materials 426 8.13 Fluorescent Dopants 428 8.14 Phosphorescent and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Dopants 430 8.15 Organic Solar Cells 434 8.16 Organic Solar Cell Materials 439 8.17 The Organic Field Effect Transistor 443 8.18 Summary 446 Problems 450 Notes 455 Suggestions for Further Reading 455 Chapter 9 One- and Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials and Devices 456 9.1 Introduction 457 9.2 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals 458 9.3 Density Functional Theory 465 9.4 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 467 9.5 Multigate MOSFETs 472 9.6 Summary 476 Problems 477 Recommended Reading 478 Appendix 1: Physical Constants 479 Appendix 2: Derivation of the Uncertainty Principle 480 Appendix 3: Derivation of Group Velocity 484 Appendix 4: Reduced Mass 486 Appendix 5: The Boltzmann Distribution Function 488 Appendix 6: Properties of Semiconductor Materials 494 Appendix 7: Calculation of the Bonding and Antibonding Orbital Energies Versus Interproton Separation for the Hydrogen Molecular Ion 496 Index 501

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Book SynopsisCreo Parametric Modeling with Augmented Reality Tutorial-based introduction to 3D Modeling with Creo Parametric, including images to be scanned and viewed using an AR mobile app Using a tutorial approach, Creo Parametric Modeling with Augmented Reality provides an introduction to the modeling techniques and functionality of Creo Parametric, beginning with an overview of parametric design and Creo's sketching capabilities and 3D tools; proceeding through design methods and skills related to patterns, dimensions, sections, assemblies, and tolerances and GD&T; and concluding by connecting Creo's capabilities to the more specialized skills of Finite Element Analysis, mechanism animation, and sheet metal design. Each chapter includes highly visual, step-by-step examples that readers can follow to develop their modeling skills. The tutorials can be used on their own or in conjunction with an AR mobile app that allows select images to be viewed as 3D images that can be rotated, scaled, and eTable of Contents1 Introduction to Parametric Design 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 What is Creo Parametric? 2 1.1.2 Definitions 2 1.2 Introduction to Computer-Aided Design 3 1.2.1 Design Process 3 1.2.2 Free Creo Download and Installation (Student Version) 4 1.2.3 Creo Installation 5 1.2.4 Starting Creo Parametric 7 1.2.5 Augmented Reality Companion Application and Image Targets 9 2 Introduction to Sketch 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.1.1 Select Working Directory 12 2.1.2 Starting New Project 13 2.1.3 Start New Sketch 15 2.1.4 Add Constraints 17 2.1.5 Define and Modify Dimensions 18 2.1.6 Create Holes with Sketch 20 2.1.7 Fillet Command 22 2.1.8 Finish and Extrude the Sketch 24 2.1.9 Sketch Counterbore 25 Chapter Problems 27 3 Revolve and Sweep 31 3.1 Introduction 31 3.1.1 Start New Sketch 34 3.1.2 Select Centerline 34 3.1.3 Define and Modify Dimensions 36 3.1.4 Revolve 38 3.1.5 Start New Sketch 40 3.1.6 Create the Flap Flanges 46 3.1.7 Start New Sketch 49 3.1.8 Revolve Center Hub and Handle 51 3.1.9 Central Hub Support Modeling 52 3.1.10 Sweep Support Bar 54 3.1.11 Radial Pattern Handlebar Supports 55 Chapter Problems 57 4 3D Features/Modifiers 61 4.1 Introduction 61 Chapter Problems 82 5 Introduction to Drawing 85 5.1 Introduction 85 5.1.1 Drawing Format/Template 85 Chapter Problems 105 6 Drawing Tools 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.1.1 Planar Section 112 6.1.2 Radial Datum Axis Circle 115 6.1.3 Part Orientation 118 6.1.4 Detail View 120 6.1.5 Offset Section Drawing 125 6.1.6 Adding Text onto the Dimensional Values 129 6.1.7 Adding an Auxiliary View 131 Chapter Problems 132 7 Assemblies 135 7.1 Introduction 135 7.1.1 Start Assembly 137 7.1.2 Start Assembly 151 7.1.3 Pattern Assembling 157 Chapter Problems 168 8 Assembly Drawings 177 8.1 Introduction to ASM Drawings 177 8.1.1 Table of Report 188 8.1.2 Create Isometric view 194 Chapter Problems 197 9 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing GD&T 199 9.1 Introduction 199 9.1.1 GD&T Symbols 201 9.1.2 Dimension Tolerance 206 9.1.3 Add Datum References 209 9.1.4 Knowledge Check Activity 211 Chapter Problems 214 10 Finite Element Analysis (FEA) 217 10.1 Introduction 217 10.1.1 Simulation Lite Add-On Installation 218 10.1.2 Design Revision for FEA 230 10.1.3 Design Revision from FEA 231 10.1.4 Independent Challenge Activity 235 Chapter Problems 235 11 Mechanism Assembly 237 11.1 Introduction 237 11.1.1 Mechanism Animation 245 Chapter Problems 258 12 Sheetmetal Modeling 261 12.1 Introduction 261 12.1.1 Sheetmetal Drawing 277 Chapter Problems 281 Appendix – Augmented Reality Companion Application and Image Targets 285 Index 289

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Book SynopsisA ROADMAP FOR ENABLING INDUSTRY 4.0 BY ARTIFICAIAL INTELLIGENCE The book presents comprehensive and up-to-date technological solutions to the main aspects regarding the applications of artificial intelligence to Industry 4.0. The industry 4.0 vision has been discussed for quite a while and the enabling technologies are now mature enough to turn this vision into a grand reality sooner rather than later. The fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, involves the infusion of technology-enabled deeper and decisive automation into manufacturing processes and activities. Several information and communication technologies (ICT) are being integrated and used towards attaining manufacturing process acceleration and augmentation. This book explores and educates the recent advancements in blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, supply chains in manufacturing, cryptocurrencies, and their crucial impact on realizing the Industry 4.0 goals. The book thus provides a conceptual framework Table of ContentsPreface xv 1 Artificial Intelligence—The Driving Force of Industry 4.0 1 Hesham Magd, Henry Jonathan, Shad Ahmad Khan and Mohamed El Geddawy 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Methodology 2 1.3 Scope of AI in Global Economy and Industry 4.0 3 1.3.1 Artificial Intelligence—Evolution and Implications 4 1.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Industry 4.0—Investments and Returns on Economy 5 1.3.3 The Driving Forces for Industry 4.0 7 1.4 Artificial Intelligence—Manufacturing Sector 8 1.4.1 AI Diversity—Applications to Manufacturing Sector 9 1.4.2 Future Roadmap of AI—Prospects to Manufacturing Sector in Industry 4.0 12 1.5 Conclusion 13 References 14 2 Industry 4.0, Intelligent Manufacturing, Internet of Things, Cloud Computing: An Overview 17 Sachi Pandey, Vijay Laxmi and Rajendra Prasad Mahapatra 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Industrial Transformation/Value Chain Transformation 18 2.2.1 First Scenario: Reducing Waste and Increasing Productivity Using IIoT 19 2.2.2 Second Scenario: Selling Outcome (User Demand)– Based Services Using IIoT 20 2.3 IIoT Reference Architecture 20 2.4 IIoT Technical Concepts 22 2.5 IIoT and Cloud Computing 26 2.6 IIoT and Security 27 References 29 3 Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) and Industry 4.0– Based Supply Chain (FMCG Industry) 31 Seyyed Esmaeil Najafi, Hamed Nozari and S. A. Edalatpanah 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Concepts 33 3.2.1 Internet of Things 33 3.2.2 The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) 34 3.2.3 Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) 35 3.3 AIoT-Based Supply Chain 36 3.4 Conclusion 40 References 40 4 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Forecasting the Demand for Supply Chains Considering Industry 4.0 43 Alireza Goli, Amir-Mohammad Golmohammadi and S. A. Edalatpanah 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Literature Review 45 4.2.1 Summary of the First Three Industrial Revolutions 45 4.2.2 Emergence of Industry 4.0 45 4.2.3 Some of the Challenges of Industry 4.0 47 4.3 Application of Artificial Intelligence in Supply Chain Demand Forecasting 48 4.4 Proposed Approach 50 4.4.1 Mathematical Model 50 4.4.2 Advantages of the Proposed Model 51 4.5 Discussion and Conclusion 52 References 53 5 Integrating IoT and Deep Learning—The Driving Force of Industry 4.0 57 Muhammad Farrukh Shahid, Tariq Jamil Saifullah Khanzada and Muhammad Hassan Tanveer 5.1 Motivation and Background 58 5.2 Bringing Intelligence Into IoT Devices 60 5.3 The Foundation of CR-IoT Network 62 5.3.1 Various AI Technique in CR-IoT Network 63 5.3.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 63 5.3.3 Metaheuristic Technique 64 5.3.4 Rule-Based System 64 5.3.5 Ontology-Based System 65 5.3.6 Probabilistic Models 65 5.4 The Principles of Deep Learning and Its Implementation in CR-IoT Network 65 5.5 Realization of CR-IoT Network in Daily Life Examples 69 5.6 AI-Enabled Agriculture and Smart Irrigation System—Case Study 70 5.7 Conclusion 75 References 75 6 A Systematic Review on Blockchain Security Technology and Big Data Employed in Cloud Environment 79 Mahendra Prasad Nath, Sushree Bibhuprada B. Priyadarshini, Debahuti Mishra and Brojo Kishore Mishra 6.1 Introduction 80 6.2 Overview of Blockchain 83 6.3 Components of Blockchain 85 6.3.1 Data Block 85 6.3.2 Smart Contracts 87 6.3.3 Consensus Algorithms 87 6.4 Safety Issues in Blockchain Technology 88 6.5 Usage of Big Data Framework in Dynamic Supply Chain System 91 6.6 Machine Learning and Big Data 94 6.6.1 Overview of Shallow Models 95 6.6.1.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 95 6.6.1.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 95 6.6.1.3 K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) 95 6.6.1.4 Clustering 96 6.6.1.5 Decision Tree 96 6.7 Advantages of Using Big Data for Supply Chain and Blockchain Systems 96 6.7.1 Replenishment Planning 96 6.7.2 Optimizing Orders 97 6.7.3 Arranging and Organizing 97 6.7.4 Enhanced Demand Structuring 97 6.7.5 Real-Time Management of the Supply Chain 97 6.7.6 Enhanced Reaction 98 6.7.7 Planning and Growth of Inventories 98 6.8 IoT-Enabled Blockchains 98 6.8.1 Securing IoT Applications by Utilizing Blockchain 99 6.8.2 Blockchain Based on Permission 101 6.8.3 Blockchain Improvements in IoT 101 6.8.3.1 Blockchain Can Store Information Coming from IoT Devices 101 6.8.3.2 Secure Data Storage with Blockchain Distribution 101 6.8.3.3 Data Encryption via Hash Key and Tested by the Miners 102 6.8.3.4 Spoofing Attacks and Data Loss Prevention 102 6.8.3.5 Unauthorized Access Prevention Using Blockchain 103 6.8.3.6 Exclusion of Centralized Cloud Servers 103 6.9 Conclusions 103 References 104 7 Deep Learning Approach to Industrial Energy Sector and Energy Forecasting with Prophet 111 Yash Gupta, Shilpi Sharma, Naveen Rajan P. and Nadia Mohamed Kunhi 7.1 Introduction 112 7.2 Related Work 113 7.3 Methodology 114 7.3.1 Splitting of Data (Test/Train) 116 7.3.2 Prophet Model 116 7.3.3 Data Cleaning 119 7.3.4 Model Implementation 119 7.4 Results 120 7.4.1 Comparing Forecast to Actuals 121 7.4.2 Adding Holidays 122 7.4.3 Comparing Forecast to Actuals with the Cleaned Data 122 7.5 Conclusion and Future Scope 122 References 125 8 Application of Novel AI Mechanism for Minimizing Private Data Release in Cyber-Physical Systems 127 Manas Kumar Yogi and A.S.N. Chakravarthy 8.1 Introduction 128 8.2 Related Work 131 8.3 Proposed Mechanism 133 8.4 Experimental Results 135 8.5 Future Directions 137 8.6 Conclusion 138 References 138 9 Environmental and Industrial Applications Using Internet of Things (IoT) 141 Manal Fawzy, Alaa El Din Mahmoud and Ahmed M. Abdelfatah 9.1 Introduction 142 9.2 IoT-Based Environmental Applications 146 9.3 Smart Environmental Monitoring 147 9.3.1 Air Quality Assessment 147 9.3.2 Water Quality Assessment 148 9.3.3 Soil Quality Assessment 150 9.3.4 Environmental Health-Related to COVID- 19 Monitoring 150 9.4 Applications of Sensors Network in Agro-Industrial System 151 9.5 Applications of IoT in Industry 153 9.5.1 Application of IoT in the Autonomous Field 153 9.5.2 Applications of IoT in Software Industries 155 9.5.3 Sensors in Industry 156 9.6 Challenges of IoT Applications in Environmental and Industrial Applications 157 9.7 Conclusions and Recommendations 159 Acknowledgments 159 References 159 10 An Introduction to Security in Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data 169 Sushree Bibhuprada B. Priyadarshini, Suraj Kumar Dash, Amrit Sahani, Brojo Kishore Mishra and Mahendra Prasad Nath 10.1 Introduction 170 10.2 Allusion Design of IoT 172 10.2.1 Stage 1—Edge Tool 172 10.2.2 Stage 2—Connectivity 172 10.2.3 Stage 3—Fog Computing 173 10.2.4 Stage 4—Data Collection 173 10.2.5 Stage 5—Data Abstraction 173 10.2.6 Stage 6—Applications 173 10.2.7 Stage 7—Cooperation and Processes 174 10.3 Vulnerabilities of IoT 174 10.3.1 The Properties and Relationships of Various IoT Networks 174 10.3.2 Device Attacks 175 10.3.3 Attacks on Network 175 10.3.4 Some Other Issues 175 10.3.4.1 Customer Delivery Value 175 10.3.4.2 Compatibility Problems With Equipment 176 10.3.4.3 Compatibility and Maintenance 176 10.3.4.4 Connectivity Issues in the Field of Data 176 10.3.4.5 Incorrect Data Collection and Difficulties 177 10.3.4.6 Security Concern 177 10.3.4.7 Problems in Computer Confidentiality 177 10.4 Challenges in Technology 178 10.4.1 Skepticism of Consumers 178 10.5 Analysis of IoT Security 179 10.5.1 Sensing Layer Security Threats 180 10.5.1.1 Node Capturing 180 10.5.1.2 Malicious Attack by Code Injection 180 10.5.1.3 Attack by Fake Data Injection 180 10.5.1.4 Sidelines Assaults 181 10.5.1.5 Attacks During Booting Process 181 10.5.2 Network Layer Safety Issues 181 10.5.2.1 Attack on Phishing Page 181 10.5.2.2 Attacks on Access 182 10.5.2.3 Attacks on Data Transmission 182 10.5.2.4 Attacks on Routing 182 10.5.3 Middleware Layer Safety Issues 182 10.5.3.1 Attack by SQL Injection 183 10.5.3.2 Attack by Signature Wrapping 183 10.5.3.3 Cloud Attack Injection with Malware 183 10.5.3.4 Cloud Flooding Attack 183 10.5.4 Gateways Safety Issues 184 10.5.4.1 On-Boarding Safely 184 10.5.4.2 Additional Interfaces 184 10.5.4.3 Encrypting End-to-End 184 10.5.5 Application Layer Safety Issues 185 10.5.5.1 Theft of Data 185 10.5.5.2 Attacks at Interruption in Service 185 10.5.5.3 Malicious Code Injection Attack 185 10.6 Improvements and Enhancements Needed for IoT Applications in the Future 186 10.7 Upcoming Future Research Challenges with Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) 189 10.8 Conclusion 192 References 193 11 Potential, Scope, and Challenges of Industry 4.0 201 Roshan Raman and Aayush Kumar 11.1 Introduction 202 11.2 Key Aspects for a Successful Production 202 11.3 Opportunities with Industry 4.0 204 11.4 Issues in Implementation of Industry 4.0 206 11.5 Potential Tools Utilized in Industry 4.0 207 11.6 Conclusion 210 References 210 12 Industry 4.0 and Manufacturing Techniques: Opportunities and Challenges 215 Roshan Raman and Aditya Ranjan 12.1 Introduction 216 12.2 Changing Market Demands 217 12.2.1 Individualization 218 12.2.2 Volatility 218 12.2.3 Efficiency in Terms of Energy Resources 218 12.3 Recent Technological Advancements 219 12.4 Industrial Revolution 4.0 221 12.5 Challenges to Industry 4.0 224 12.6 Conclusion 225 References 226 13 The Role of Multiagent System in Industry 4.0 227 Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan and Rudra Pratap Ojha 13.1 Introduction 228 13.2 Characteristics and Goals of Industry 4.0 Conception 228 13.3 Artificial Intelligence 231 13.3.1 Knowledge-Based Systems 232 13.4 Multiagent Systems 234 13.4.1 Agent Architectures 234 13.4.2 Jade 238 13.4.3 System Requirements Definition 239 13.4.4 HMI Development 240 13.5 Developing Software of Controllers Multiagent Environment Behavior Patterns 240 13.5.1 Agent Supervision 240 13.5.2 Documents Dispatching Agents 241 13.5.3 Agent Rescheduling 242 13.5.4 Agent of Executive 242 13.5.5 Primary Roles of High-Availability Agent 243 13.6 Conclusion 244 References 244 14 An Overview of Enhancing Encryption Standards for Multimedia in Explainable Artificial Intelligence Using Residue Number Systems for Security 247 Akeem Femi Kadri, Micheal Olaolu Arowolo, Ayisat Wuraola Yusuf-Asaju, Kafayat Odunayo Tajudeen and Kazeem Alagbe Gbolagade 14.1 Introduction 248 14.2 Reviews of Related Works 250 14.3 Materials and Methods 258 14.3.1 Multimedia 258 14.3.2 Artificial Intelligence and Explainable Artificial Intelligence 261 14.3.3 Cryptography 262 14.3.4 Encryption and Decryption 265 14.3.5 Residue Number System 266 14.4 Discussion and Conclusion 268 References 268 15 Market Trends with Cryptocurrency Trading in Industry 4.0 275 Varun Khemka, Sagar Bafna, Ayush Gupta, Somya Goyal and Vivek Kumar Verma 15.1 Introduction 276 15.2 Industry Overview 276 15.2.1 History (From Barter to Cryptocurrency) 276 15.2.2 In the Beginning Was Bitcoin 278 15.3 Cryptocurrency Market 279 15.3.1 Blockchain 279 15.3.1.1 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 279 15.3.1.2 Mining 280 15.3.1.3 From Blockchain to Cryptocurrency 281 15.3.2 Introduction to Cryptocurrency Market 281 15.3.2.1 What is a Cryptocurrency? 281 15.3.2.2 Cryptocurrency Exchanges 283 15.4 Cryptocurrency Trading 283 15.4.1 Definition 283 15.4.2 Advantages 283 15.4.3 Disadvantages 284 15.5 In-Depth Analysis of Fee Structures and Carbon Footprint in Blockchain 285 15.5.1 Need for a Fee-Driven System 285 15.5.2 Ethereum Structure 286 15.5.3 How is the Gas Fee Calculated? 287 15.5.3.1 Why are Ethereum Gas Prices so High? 287 15.5.3.2 Carbon Neutrality 287 15.6 Conclusion 291 References 292 16 Blockchain and Its Applications in Industry 4.0 295 Ajay Sudhir Bale, Tarun Praveen Purohit, Muhammed Furqaan Hashim and Suyog Navale 16.1 Introduction 296 16.2 About Cryptocurrency 296 16.3 History of Blockchain and Cryptocurrency 298 16.4 Background of Industrial Revolution 300 16.4.1 The First Industrial Revolution 301 16.4.2 The Second Industrial Revolution 301 16.4.3 The Third Industrial Revolution 302 16.4.4 The Fourth Industrial Revolution 302 16.5 Trends of Blockchain 303 16.6 Applications of Blockchain in Industry 4.0 304 16.6.1 Blockchain and the Government 304 16.6.2 Blockchain in the Healthcare Sector 304 16.6.3 Blockchain in Logistics and Supply Chain 306 16.6.4 Blockchain in the Automotive Sector 307 16.6.5 Blockchain in the Education Sector 308 16.7 Conclusion 309 References 310 Index 315

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Book SynopsisFuture-proof yourself and your organization against known threats to privacy and online safety The subject of data ethics has never been more urgent. This is no longer an academic or niche geek issue as it has been since the inception of the internet and the world wide web. Data ethics is an issue that affects all of us now as our personal and professional lives increasingly take place online. Who controls access to the hardware, who runs the software, who can spy on us, hack us, data farm us?What are the threats that we need to mitigate against democratically, societally, and personally?How can corporations protect us and how can that help their bottom line? The Privacy Mission aims to answer these questions and summarise both the overarching concepts and principles about why data ethics is important. It offers practical solutions for companies, policy makers and individuals to push back against known threats and future proof themselves going forward.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Introduction xi Part I Privacy and Why We Should Care 1 Chapter 1 Our Human Rights Online 3 Chapter 2 Gamekeeper Turned Poacher 21 Chapter 3 How Did We Get Here? 39 Part II The Dark Triad 55 Chapter 4 Spooks 57 Chapter 5 Corporations 77 Chapter 6 Criminals 93 Chapter 7 Media Control 107 Chapter 8 Cyber warfare 125 Part III Solutions 137 Chapter 9 Individuals 139 Chapter 10 Corporate 153 Chapter 11 Government 171 Chapter 12 Utopia or Dystopia? 189 Notes 201 About the Author 211 Index 213

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1 1 – 1 About This Book 2 1 – 2 Symbols and Units 4 1 – 3 Circuit Variables 5 1 – 4 Computational and Simulation Software Introduction 11 Summary 12 Problems P- 1 Integrating Problems P- 2 Chapter 2 Basic circuit Analysis 15 2 – 1 Element Constraints 16 2 – 2 Connection Constraints 21 2 – 3 Combined Constraints 28 2 – 4 Equivalent Circuits 35 2 – 5 Voltage and Current Division 43 2 – 6 Circuit Reduction 52 2 – 7 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis 56 Summary 62 Problems P- 5 Integrating Problems P- 13 Chapter 3 circuit Analysis Techniques 63 3 – 1 Node-Voltage Analysis 64 3 – 2 Mesh-Current Analysis 80 3 – 3 Linearity Properties 88 3 – 4 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 98 3 – 5 Maximum Signal Transfer 109 3 – 6 Interface Circuit Design 112 Summary 124 Problems P- 17 Integrating Problems P- 27 Chapter 4 Active circuits 125 4 – 1 Linear Dependent Sources 126 4 – 2 Analysis of Circuits with Dependent Sources 127 4 – 3 The Operational Amplifier 149 4 – 4 OP AMP Circuit Analysis 157 4 – 5 OP AMP Circuit Design 174 4 – 6 OP AMP Circuit Applications 181 Summary 206 Problems P- 31 Integrating Problems P- 42 Chapter 5 Signal Waveforms 207 5 – 1 Introduction 208 5 – 2 The Step Waveform 209 5 – 3 The Exponential Waveform 214 5 – 4 The Sinusoidal Waveform 220 5 – 5 Composite Waveforms 227 5 – 6 Waveform Partial Descriptors 234 Summary 240 Problems P- 45 Integrating Problems P- 50 Chapter 6 capacitance and Inductance 241 6 – 1 The Capacitor 242 6 – 2 The Inductor 249 6 – 3 Dynamic OP AMP Circuits 256 6 – 4 Equivalent Capacitance and Inductance 265 Summary 269 Problems P- 53 Integrating Problems P- 58 Chapter 7 First- and Second-order circuits 271 7 – 1 RC and RL Circuits 272 7 – 2 First-Order Circuit Step Response 284 7 – 3 Initial and Final Conditions 293 7 – 4 First-Order Circuit Response to Exponential and Sinusoidal Inputs 300 7 – 5 The Series RLC Circuit 309 7 – 6 The Parallel RLC Circuit 320 7 – 7 Second-Order Circuit Step Response 325 Summary 336 Problems P- 61 Integrating Problems P- 69 Chapter 8 Sinusoidal Steady-state Response 337 8 – 1 Sinusoids and Phasors 338 8 – 2 Phasor Circuit Analysis 344 8 – 3 Basic Phasor Circuit Analysis and Design 350 8 – 4 Circuit Theorems with Phasors 366 8 – 5 General Circuit Analysis with Phasors 379 8 – 6 Energy and Power 394 Summary 399 Problems P- 73 Integrating Problems P- 82 Chapter 9 Laplace Transforms 401 9 – 1 Signal Waveforms and Transforms 402 9 – 2 Basic Properties and Pairs 406 9 – 3 Pole-Zero Diagrams 414 9 – 4 Inverse Laplace Transforms 417 9 – 5 Circuit Response Using Laplace Transforms 428 9 – 6 Initial and Final Value Properties 436 Summary 439 Problems P- 85 Integrating Problems P- 89 Chapter 10 s-Domain Circuit Analysis 441 10– 1 Transformed Circuits 442 10– 2 Basic Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 451 10– 3 Circuit Theorems in the s Domain 457 10– 4 Node-Voltage Analysis in the s Domain 467 10– 5 Mesh-Current Analysis in the s Domain 476 10– 6 Summary of s -Domain Circuit Analysis 482 Summary 486 Problems P- 93 Integrating Problems P- 101 Chapter 11 Network Functions 487 11– 1 Definition of a Network Function 488 11– 2 Network Functions of One- and Two-Port Circuits 491 11– 3 Network Functions and Impulse Response 503 11– 4 Network Functions and Step Response 506 11– 5 Network Functions and Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 510 11– 6 Impulse Response and Convolution 519 11– 7 Network Function Design and Evaluation 525 Summary 540 Problems P- 105 Integrating Problems P- 112 Chapter 12 Frequency Response 543 12– 1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum and Frequency-Response Descriptors 544 12– 2 Bode Diagram Descriptors 547 12– 3 First-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Responses 549 12– 4 Bandpass and Bandstop Responses 566 12– 5 The Frequency Response of RLC Circuits 574 12– 6 Bode Diagrams 584 12– 7 Frequency Response and Step Response 596 Summary 602 Problems P- 115 Integrating Problems P- 122 Chapter 13 Fourier Series 603 13– 1 Overview of Fourier Series 604 13– 2 Fourier Coefficients 605 13– 3 Waveform Symmetries 615 13– 4 Circuit Analysis Using the Fourier Series 617 13– 5 RMS Value and Average Power 626 Summary 633 Problems P- 127 Integrating Problems P- 131 Chapter 14 Active Filter Design 635 14– 1 Active Filters 636 14– 2 Second-Order Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters 637 14– 3 Second-Order Bandpass and Bandstop Filters 646 14– 4 Low-Pass Filter Design 656 14– 5 Low-Pass Filter Evaluation 677 14– 6 High-Pass Filter Design and Evaluation 682 14– 7 Bandpass and Bandstop Filter Design 694 Summary 700 Problems P- 133 Integrating Problems P- 137 Chapter 15 Mutual Inductance and Transformers 701 15– 1 Coupled Inductors 702 15– 2 The Dot Convention 704 15– 3 Energy Analysis 709 15– 4 The Ideal Transformer 711 15– 5 Linear Transformers 719 Summary 726 Problems P- 141 Integrating Problems P- 143 Chapter 16 Ac Power Systems 729 16– 1 Average and Reactive Power 730 16– 2 Complex Power 732 16– 3 Single-Phase Circuit Analysis 735 16– 4 Single-Phase Power Flow 740 16– 5 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 745 16– 6 Three-Phase Circuit Analysis 750 16– 7 Three-Phase Power Flow 763 Summary 766 Problems P- 145 Integrating Problems P- 150 Chapter 17 Two-port Networks 767 17– 1 Introduction 768 17– 2 Impedance Parameters 769 17– 3 Admittance Parameters 772 17– 4 Hybrid Parameters 774 17– 5 Transmission Parameters 777 17– 6 Two-Port Conversions and Connections 780 Summary 785 Problems P- 151 Integrating Problems P- 153 Chapter 18 Fourier Transforms 787 18– 1 Introduction to Fourier Transforms 788 18– 2 Circuit Analysis Using Fourier Transforms 803 18– 3 Impulse Response and Convolution 806 18– 4 Parseval’ sTheorem 809 Summary 814 Problems P- 155 Integrating Problems P- 157 Appendix A Solution of Linear Equations A- 1 Appendix B Butterworth and Chebyshev Poles B- 1 Appendix C Behaviorally Motivated Learning C- 1 Appendix D Computational Tools D- 1 Appendix E Solutions To Exercises (Available online) E- 1 Appendix F Complex Numbers F- 1 Appendix G Standard Values and References G- 1 Appendix H Answers to Selected Problems H- 1 Index I- 1

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Book SynopsisA practical and highly popular guide for electrical contractors of small installations, now fully revised in accordance with the latest wiring regulations The book is a clearly written practical guide on how to design and complete a range of electrical installation projects in a competitive manner, while ensuring full compliance with the new Wiring Regulations (updated late 2008). The updated regulations introduced changes in terminology, such as basic' and fault protection', and also changed the regulation numbers. This new edition reflects these changes. It discusses new sections covering domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural projects, including material on marinas, caravan sites, and small scale floodlighting. This book provides guidance on certification and test methods, with full attention given to electrical safety requirements. Other brand new sections cover protective measures, additional protection by means of RCDs, the new cable guidelines for thin walTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xvii Preface to the Fourth Edition xix Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Layout of chapters 1 1.2 Wiring regulations 2 1.3 Terminology 2 1.4 Competence and responsibility 3 1.5 Procedures 3 1.6 Inspection and test 4 1.7 Completion 5 1.8 Working methods and materials 5 1.9 Operatives 5 1.10 Materials 5 1.11 Amendments to BS 7671: 2008 6 1.12 Voltages 6 1.13 Voltage drop 6 2 Three Bedroom House 8 2.1 The bare minimum 9 2.2 Standards 9 2.3 Building regulations 11 2.4 Load assessment 11 2.5 A typical domestic supply 12 2.6 Project specification 12 2.7 Wiring systems and cable sizes 12 2.8 Lighting 12 2.9 13 A socket-outlets 13 2.10 Cable sizes 15 2.11 Circuit protection 15 2.12 Additional protection for socket-outlets 15 2.13 Arrangement of circuits 16 2.14 Arrangement of consumer unit 16 2.15 Main switch 17 2.16 Earthing and bonding 17 2.17 Gas services bonding and external meters 18 2.18 Supplementary bonding 19 3 A Block of Retirement Flatlets 21 3.1 Two schemes 21 3.2 Early considerations 21 3.3 Other interested parties 22 3.4 Building details 22 3.5 Part 1 – Flats 24 3.6 Part 2 – Landlord’s areas 29 4 Overcurrent Protection 35 4.1 Overload 35 4.2 Overload protection 36 4.3 Overload protective devices 37 4.4 Fault current 38 4.5 Fault Current Protection 39 4.6 Omission of fault current protection 39 4.7 Short-circuit rating 39 4.8 Disconnection times 41 4.9 Earth loop impedance 42 4.10 Summary of cb specification 42 4.11 Conclusion 43 5 An Architect’s Office 44 5.1 Other interested parties 44 5.2 Building structure and finishes 45 5.3 Electrical requirements 46 5.4 Skirting system 51 5.5 Underfloor system 51 5.6 Socket-outlets 51 5.7 Lighting circuits 51 5.8 Battened out ceilings 52 5.9 Extra-Low Voltage lighting (elv) 52 5.10 Group transformers 53 5.11 Individual transformers 53 5.12 Fire prevention 53 5.13 Arrangement of circuits 53 5.14 Distribution boards 54 5.15 Cable sizes 55 5.16 Switchgear 55 5.17 Print machine 57 5.18 Wall heaters in toilets 57 5.19 Storage heaters 57 5.20 Presence of 400 Volts 58 5.21 Access to switchgear 58 5.22 Earthing and bonding 58 5.23 Main earthing terminal 58 5.24 False ceiling grid 59 5.25 Computer installations 60 5.25.1 Computer supplies 60 5.26 High protective conductor currents 60 5.27 Mains filters 60 5.28 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 61 6 A High Street Shop 62 6.1 Special considerations 62 6.2 Other interested parties 63 6.3 Building structure and finishes 63 6.4 Electrical requirements 63 6.5 Loading and diversity 63 6.6 Lighting 65 6.7 Socket-outlets 66 6.8 Other appliances 67 6.9 Phase balance 68 6.10 Wiring systems 68 6.11 Start by considering cost 69 6.12 Shop area 69 6.13 Bakery area 69 6.14 Temperature limit of 70° C 70 6.15 Temperature limit of 90° C 70 6.16 Final selection and cable sizes 70 6.17 Bakery wiring 70 6.18 Shop wiring 71 6.19 Distribution board 71 6.20 Cable sizes 72 6.21 Switchgear 73 6.22 Isolation and switching 73 6.23 Earthing and bonding 73 6.24 Main earthing terminal (MET) 73 6.25 False-ceiling grid 74 6.26 Steel tables in the bakery 74 7 Earthing and Bonding 75 7.1 Terminology 75 7.2 Definitions 76 7.3 Green-and-yellow conductors 76 7.4 Protective earthing and protective equipotential bonding 77 7.5 Protective Multiple Earthing (PME) 77 7.6 Reliability of the earth-neutral path 78 7.7 Main bonding 79 7.8 Single fault condition 81 7.9 Supplementary bonding 82 7.10 Circuit Protective Conductors (CPCs) 82 7.11 Steel conduit and trunking 83 7.12 Steel wire armoured cable 84 7.13 Comparison of thermoplastic (PVC) and thermosetting (XLPE) armoured cable 84 7.14 Continuity of cable glands 84 7.15 Equipment having high protective conductor currents 86 7.16 Protective conductor currents 86 7.17 'High integrity' earthing 87 7.18 Earth monitoring and isolated supplies 87 7.19 Socket-outlets for desktop computers 88 7.20 Connections of protective conductors 89 7.21 Residual current devices 89 8 Car Service Workshop 90 8.1 Standards and recommendations 90 8.2 An adaptable design 91 8.3 Motor vehicle repair premises 91 8.4 Other interested parties 91 8.5 Building structure and finishes 91 8.6 Construction 94 8.7 Electrical requirements 94 8.8 Health and safety executive guidance and regulations 94 8.9 Health and safety guidance note HSG 261 95 8.10 Wiring regulations 96 8.11 Load assessment and maximum demand 96 8.12 Maximum demand load and diversity 96 8.13 Lighting 97 8.14 Welder 99 8.15 Compressor 99 8.16 Gas blowers 100 8.17 Phase balance 100 8.18 Estimate of maximum demand 101 8.19 What about a distribution circuit (sub-main)? 102 8.20 Wiring systems 102 8.21 Workshop 102 8.22 Office 105 8.23 Arrangement of circuits 105 8.24 Distribution boards 105 8.25 Cable sizes 105 8.26 Isolation and switching 107 8.27 Machinery 107 8.28 Cooker 107 8.29 Gas boiler 107 8.30 110 V transformer 108 8.31 Earthing and bonding 108 8.32 Main earthing terminal 109 8.33 Protective conductors at distribution board B 109 8.34 Armoured cable glands 109 8.35 Steel conduit and trunking 110 9 Circuits 111 9.1 Terminology 111 9.2 Colours of three phases 111 9.3 Conventional circuits 112 9.4 Lighting circuits 112 9.5 Induction 113 9.6 Socket-outlet circuits 113 9.7 Changing methods 113 9.8 Ring main obsolescence 113 9.9 History of the ring final circuit 114 9.10 Times have changed 114 9.11 Alternative methods 116 9.12 Radial circuits 117 9.13 Introducing the tree 117 9.14 20 A tree 117 9.14.1 Domestic 117 9.14.2 Commercial and similar 117 9.15 32 A tree 118 9.16 Switching and control 119 9.17 Comparison of systems 120 9.18 32 A ring final circuit 120 9.19 20 A tree 121 9.20 Composite circuits 121 10 Farming and Horticulture 123 10.1 Why farms are different 124 10.2 Special earthing requirements on farms with TT systems 126 10.3 Earth electrodes 127 10.4 Alternative electrodes 127 10.5 Bonding 128 10.6 Supplementary bonding 129 10.7 Residual current devices 129 10.8 Shock protection 130 10.9 General requirements for automatic disconnection of supply (ADS) 131 10.10 Fire protection 132 10.11 Automatic life support for high density livestock rearing 132 10.12 Switchgear 133 10.13 Wiring systems 134 10.14 Overhead or underground wiring 134 10.15 Non-metallic wiring systems 135 10.16 Steel Wire Armoured (SWA) cable 136 10.17 Twin and earth cable 136 10.18 General rules regarding farm electrical installations 136 11 Isolation and Switching 138 11.1 Isolation and switching 138 11.2 Isolation 139 11.3 Mechanical maintenance 140 11.4 Emergency switching 141 11.5 Labelling and notices 143 12 A Village Sports Centre 145 12.1 Special conditions 145 12.2 Codes of practice 145 12.3 Other interested parties 146 12.4 Building details 146 12.5 Structure and finishes 147 12.6 Electricity supply and requirements 148 12.7 Off-peak tariff 148 12.8 Normal tariff 148 12.9 Load assessment and diversity 150 12.10 Off-peak heating 150 12.11 Normal tariff 150 12.12 Total estimated maximum current demand 152 12.13 Wiring systems 152 12.14 Circuitry and cable sizing 154 12.15 Cable grouping factors 155 12.16 Arrangement of circuits 156 12.17 Switchgear 157 12.18 Shock protection 157 12.19 Earthing 157 12.20 Bonding 157 12.21 An occasional problem 157 12.22 Solutions 158 12.23 Requirements for a TT installation 159 13 An Indoor Swimming Pool 160 13.1 Special conditions 160 13.2 Other interested parties 161 13.3 Building details 161 13.4 Application of zoning to this project 162 13.5 Dehumidifiers 167 13.6 Changing room/shower area 167 13.7 Loading and diversity for the swimming pool project 168 13.8 Wiring systems 169 13.9 Cable sizes 170 13.10 Distribution board 170 13.11 Isolation 171 13.12 110 V system 171 13.13 Earthing 172 13.14 Local supplementary bonding 172 13.15 Floor grid 172 14 Cables and Wiring Systems 174 14.1 External influences 174 14.2 Cost considerations 175 14.3 Choosing suitable cable routes 175 14.4 Is armouring always necessary? 175 14.5 Fire barriers 175 14.6 Holes through fire barriers 176 14.7 Sealing the wiring system 176 14.8 Work in progress 176 14.9 Records 177 14.10 Hidden cables 177 14.11 Cables within a floor 177 14.12 Cables above false ceilings 178 14.13 Cables in walls 178 14.14 Mechanically protected cables 179 14.15 Fire and smoke 179 14.16 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulation 180 14.17 Thermosetting (XLPE) 181 14.18 Silicone rubber 181 14.19 Low smoke zero halogen (LS0H) 181 14.20 Mineral insulated copper sheathed (MICS) cables 182 14.21 Heat transference from cables 182 14.22 Wiring systems and cable management 182 14.23 Emergency systems 182 14.24 Care with wiring systems 183 14.25 Thermoplastic (PVC) insulated and sheathed cables 183 14.26 Thermosetting (PVC) insulated conduit cables 183 14.27 Steel conduit systems and trunking 184 14.28 Plastic conduit systems and trunking 184 14.29 MICS cables 184 14.30 Steel wire armoured cables 185 14.31 Silicone insulated PVC sheathed cables 185 15 Inspection, Testing and Certification 186 15.1 Labelling and documentation 187 15.2 Specification and manual 187 15.3 Regulations 187 15.4 Electrical installation certificate (EIC) 187 15.5 Signatories 190 15.6 Alterations and additions 192 15.7 Limits of responsibility 192 15.8 Deviations and departures 193 15.9 New materials and inventions 193 15.10 Particulars of the installation 194 15.11 Inspections and test schedules 194 15.12 Inspection procedures 194 15.13 Testing 197 15.14 Continuity testing 198 15.15 Polarity 198 15.16 Continuity of protective conductors 198 15.17 Continuity of ring circuit conductors 198 15.18 Insulation resistance 200 15.19 Earth fault loop impedance 202 15.20 Supply impedance Ze 204 15.21 Earth loop impedance of circuits Zs 205 15.22 Prospective fault current 206 15.23 Operation of residual current devices 206 16 A Caravan Park 208 16.1 Measures for protection against electric shock 208 16.2 Earthing arrangements 209 16.3 PME must not be used for caravans 209 16.4 Electrical equipment (external influences) 210 16.5 Wiring systems 210 16.6 Cables buried in the ground 210 16.7 Overhead cables 210 16.8 Caravan pitch electrical supply equipment 211 16.9 Plugs and socket-outlets 211 17 Residual Current Devices 213 17.1 How does an RCD work? 214 17.2 Fault protection 214 17.3 Additional protection 217 17.4 Requirements to provide additional protection by RCDs 217 17.5 RCDs incorporated into a consumer unit, to meet the requirements for additional protection 218 17.6 Protection against fire 220 17.7 Avoiding a hazard and/or minimising an inconvenience due to the tripping of an RCD 221 17.8 Reducing the possibility of unwanted tripping of RCDs 221 17.9 Use of a ‘front-end’ 30 mA RCD is generally considered unacceptable practice 222 17.10 Installations forming part of a T T system 222 17.11 RCDs connected in series 223 17.12 Labelling 223 18 Flood Lighting (Outdoor Lighting) Project 224 18.1 Lighting arrangement 224 18.2 General requirements 224 18.3 Wiring system 225 18.4 Protective measures 226 18.5 Load assessment 226 18.6 Rating of the overcurrent protective device 227 18.7 Circuit design 227 18.8 Voltage drop consideration 228 18.9 Switchgear 230 19 Circuit Design Calculations 231 19.1 Design process 231 19.2 Protective conductors 235 19.3 Worked example 235 19.4 Solution 236 Index 239

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsAuthor Biographies xi Foreword and Endorsements xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 A Brief History of Process Control and Process Simulation 1 1.1 Process Control 1 1.2 Process Simulation 5 References 11 2 Process Control Hardware Fundamentals 15 2.1 Control System Components 15 2.2 Primary Elements 16 2.3 Final Control Elements 33 References 53 3 Fundamentals of Single-Input/Single-Output Systems 55 3.1 Open Loop Control 55 3.2 Disturbances 56 3.3 Feedback Control ? Overview 57 3.4 Feedback Control ? A Closer Look 60 3.5 Process Attributes ? Capacitance and Dead Time 66 3.6 Process Dynamic Response 74 3.7 Process Modelling and Simulation 76 References 93 4 Basic Control Modes 95 4.1 On?Off Control 95 4.2 Proportional (P-Only) Control 97 4.3 Integral (I-Only) Control 102 4.4 Proportional Plus Integral (PI) Control 105 4.5 Derivative Action 107 4.6 Proportional Plus Derivative (PD) Controller 108 4.7 Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Control 111 4.8 Digital Electronic Controller Forms 112 4.9 Choosing the Correct Controller 112 4.10 Controller Hardware 114 References 117 5 Tuning Feedback Controllers 119 5.1 Quality of Control and Optimization 119 5.2 Tuning Methods 123 References 132 6 Advanced Topics in Classical Automatic Control 133 6.1 Cascade Control 133 6.2 Feedforward Control 137 6.3 Ratio Control 140 6.4 Override Control (Auto Selectors) 142 6.5 Split Range Control 147 References 149 7 Common Control Loops 151 7.1 Flow Loops 151 7.2 Liquid Pressure Loops 153 7.3 Liquid Level Control 155 7.4 Gas Pressure Loops 165 7.5 Temperature Control Loops 166 7.6 Pump Control 172 7.7 Compressor Control 172 7.8 Boiler Control 179 References 182 8 Distillation Column Control 185 8.1 Basic Terms 185 8.2 Steady-State and Dynamic Degrees of Freedom 186 8.3 Control System Objectives and Design Considerations 188 8.4 Methodology for Selection of a Controller Structure 190 8.5 Level, Pressure, Temperature and Composition Control 192 8.6 Optimizing Control 199 Section Sidestream 199 8.7 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Steady-State Models 204 8.8 Distillation Control Scheme Design Using Dynamic Models 212 References 213 9 Using Steady-State Methods in a Multi-loop Control Scheme 215 9.1 Variable Pairing 215 9.2 The Relative Gain Array 216 9.3 Niederlinski Index 220 9.4 Decoupling Control Loops 220 9.5 Tuning the Controllers for Multi-loop Systems 222 9.6 Practical Examples 222 9.7 Summary 232 References 232 10 Plant-Wide Control 233 10.1 Short-Term versus Long-Term Control Focus 233 10.2 Cascaded Units 235 10.3 Recycle Streams 236 10.4 General Considerations for Plant-Wide Control 241 References 242 11 Advanced Process Control 245 11.1 Advanced Process Control 245 11.2 Model Predictive Control 246 11.3 Dynamic Matrix Control 249 11.4 General Considerations for Model Predictive Control Implementation 253 References 254 Appendix A P&ID Symbols 257 Appendix B Glossary of Terms 261 Appendix C New Capabilities with Control Technology Hardware and Software 267 Workshop 1 Learning through Doing 279 Workshop 2 Feedback Control Loop Concepts 283 Workshop 3 Process Capacity and Dead Time 289 Workshop 4 Feedback Control 295 Workshop 5 Controller Tuning for Capacity and Dead Time Processes 303 Workshop 6 Topics in Advanced Control 311 Workshop 7 Distillation Control 321 Workshop 8 Plant Operability and Controllability 333 Index

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Book SynopsisThe field of bio-based plastics has developed significantly in the last 10 years and there is increasing pressure on industries to shift existing materials production from petrochemicals to renewables. Bio-based Plastics presents an up-to-date overview of the basic and applied aspects of bioplastics, focusing primarily on thermoplastic polymers for material use. Emphasizing materials currently in use or with significant potential for future applications, this book looks at the most important biopolymer classes such as polysaccharides, lignin, proteins and polyhydroxyalkanoates as raw materials for bio-based plastics, as well as materials derived from bio-based monomers like lipids, poly(lactic acid), polyesters, polyamides and polyolefines. Detailed consideration is also given to the market and availability of renewable raw materials, the importance of bio-based content and the aspect of biodegradability. Topics covered include: Starch CellTrade Review“Most chapters are brief, but generally well supported by citations to the original literature. Useful figures and photographs supplement the text. A detailed table of contents and a useful index allow easy access to information. The book is hardbound and produced to a good quality. An e-book version is available.” (Biotechnology Advances, 1 August 2014) Table of ContentsSeries Preface xiii Preface xv List of Contributors xvii 1 Bio-Based Plastics – Introduction 1 Stephan Kabasci 1.1 Definition of Bio-Based Plastics 2 1.2 A Brief History of Bio-Based Plastics 3 1.3 Market for Bio-Based Plastics 5 1.4 Scope of the Book 6 2 Starch 9 Catia Bastioli, Paolo Magistrali, and Sebastia Gestý Garcia 2.1 Introduction 9 2.2 Starch 10 2.3 Starch-Filled Plastics 13 2.4 Structural Starch Modifications 14 2.4.1 Starch Gelatinization and Retrogradation 14 2.4.2 Starch Jet-Cooking 16 2.4.3 Starch Extrusion Cooking 16 2.4.4 Starch Destructurization in Absence of Synthetic Polymers 17 2.4.5 Starch Destructurization in Presence of Synthetic Polymers 19 2.4.6 Additional Information on Starch Complexation 23 2.5 Starch-Based Materials on the Market 27 2.6 Conclusions 28 References 28 3 Cellulose and Cellulose Acetate 35 Johannes Ganster and Hans-Peter Fink 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Raw Materials 36 3.3 Structure 37 3.3.1 Cellulose 37 3.3.2 Cellulose Derivatives 40 3.4 Principles of Cellulose Technology 42 3.4.1 Regenerated Cellulose 43 3.4.2 Organic Cellulose Esters – Cellulose Acetate 46 3.5 Properties and Applications of Cellulose-Based Plastics 52 3.5.1 Fibres 53 3.5.2 Films 54 3.5.3 Moulded Articles 56 3.6 Some Recent Developments 57 3.6.1 Cellulose 57 3.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Mixed Esters 58 3.7 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Materials Based on Chitin and Chitosan 63 Marguerite Rinaudo 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 Preparation and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan 64 4.2.1 Chitin: Characteristics and Characterization 64 4.2.2 Chitosan: Preparation and Characterization 66 4.3 Processing of Chitin to Materials and Applications 69 4.3.1 Processing of Chitin and Physical Properties of Materials 69 4.3.2 Applications of Chitin-Based Materials 70 4.4 Chitosan Processing to Materials and Applications 71 4.4.1 Processing of Chitosan 71 4.4.2 Application of Chitosan-Based Materials 74 4.5 Conclusion 77 References 77 5 Lignin Matrix Composites from Natural Resources – ARBOFORMR 89 Helmut N¨agele, J¨urgen Pfitzer, Lars Ziegler, Emilia Regina Inone-Kauffmann, Wilhelm Eckl, and Norbert Eisenreich 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Approaches for Plastics Completely Made from Natural Resources 90 5.3 Formulation of Lignin Matrix Composites (ARBOFORM) 92 5.3.1 Lignin 92 5.3.2 Basic Formulations and Processing of ARBOFORM 95 5.3.3 The Influence of the Fibre Content 97 5.4 Chemical Free Lignin from High Pressure Thermo-Hydrolysis (Aquasolv) 100 5.4.1 Near Infrared Spectroscopy of Lignin Types 100 5.4.2 Lignin Extraction by High-Pressure Hydrothermolysis (HPH) 101 5.4.3 Thermoplastic Processing of Aquasolv Lignin 104 5.5 Functionalizing Lignin Matrix Composites 105 5.5.1 Impact Strength 106 5.5.2 Flame Retardancy 106 5.5.3 Electrical Conductivity with Nanoparticles 106 5.5.4 Pyrolysis to Porous Carbonaceous Structures 108 5.6 Injection Moulding of Parts – Case Studies 109 5.6.1 Loudspeaker Boxes 110 5.6.2 Precision Parts 110 5.6.3 Thin Walled and Decorative Gift Boxes and Toys 111 5.6 Acknowledgements 112 References 112 6 Bioplastics from Lipids 117 Stuart Coles 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Definition and Structure of Lipids 117 6.2.1 Fatty Acids 117 6.2.2 Mono-, Di- and Tri-Substituted Glycerols 118 6.2.3 Phospholipids 118 6.2.4 Other Compounds 119 6.3 Sources and Biosynthesis of Lipids 119 6.3.1 Sources of Lipids 119 6.3.2 Biosynthesis of Lipids 120 6.3.3 Composition of Triglycerides 120 6.4 Extraction of Plant Oils, Triglycerides and their Associated Compounds 120 6.4.1 Seed Cleaning and Preparation 121 6.4.2 Seed Pressing 121 6.4.3 Liquid Extraction 121 6.4.4 Post Extraction Processing 122 6.5 Biopolymers from Plant Oils, Triglycerides and Their Associated Compounds 122 6.5.1 Generic Triglycerides 122 6.5.2 Common Manipulations of Triglycerides 123 6.5.3 Soybean Oil-Based Bioplastics 125 6.5.4 Castor Oil-Based Bioplastics 126 6.5.5 Linseed Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.6 Other Plant Oil-Based Bioplastics 127 6.5.7 Biological Synthesis of Polymers 128 6.6 Applications 128 6.6.1 Mimicking to Reduce R&D Risk 128 6.6.2 Composites 129 6.6.3 Coatings 129 6.6.4 Packaging Materials 130 6.6.5 Foams 130 6.6.6 Biomedical Applications 130 6.6.7 Other Applications 131 6.7 Conclusions 131 References 131 7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: Basics, Production and Applications of Microbial Biopolyesters 137 Martin Koller, Anna Salerno, and Gerhart Braunegg 7.1 Microbial PHA Production, Metabolism, and Structure 137 7.1.1 Occurrence of PHAs 137 7.1.2 In Vivo Characteristics and Biological Role of PHAs 139 7.1.3 Structure and Composition of PHAs 140 7.1.4 Metabolic Aspects 141 7.2 Available Raw Materials for PHA Production 143 7.3 Recovery of PHA from Biomass 144 7.3.1 General Aspects of PHA Recovery 144 7.3.2 Direct Extraction of PHA from Biomass 146 7.3.3 Digestion of the non-PHA Cellular Material 147 7.3.4 Disruption of Cells of Osmophilic Microbes in Hypotonic Medium 148 7.4 Different Types of PHA 149 7.4.1 Short Chain Length vs. Medium Chain Length PHAs 149 7.4.2 Enzymatic Background: PHA Synthases 149 7.5 Global PHA Production 151 7.6 Applications of PHAs 152 7.6.1 General 152 7.6.2 Packaging and Commodity Items 152 7.6.3 Medical Applications 154 7.6.4 Application of the Monomeric Building Blocks 155 7.6.5 Smart Materials 156 7.6.6 Controlled Release of Active Agents 156 7.7 Economic Challenges in the Production of PHAs and Attempts to Overcome Them 156 7.7.1 PHA Production as a Holistic Process 156 7.7.2 Substrates as Economic Factor 156 7.7.3 Downstream Processing 157 7.7.4 Process Design 157 7.7.5 Contemporary Attempts to Enhance PHA Production in Terms of Economics and Product Quality 158 7.8 Process Design 160 7.9 Conclusion 162 References 163 8 Poly(Lactic Acid) 171 Hideto Tsuji 8.1 Introduction 171 8.2 Historical Outline 173 8.3 Synthesis of Monomer 174 8.4 Synthesis of Poly(Lactic Acid) 176 8.4.1 Homopolymers 176 8.4.2 Linear Copolymers 176 8.5 Processing 178 8.6 Crystallization 178 8.6.1 Crystal Structures 178 8.6.2 Crystalline Morphology 181 8.6.3 Crystallization Behaviour 182 8.7 Physical Properties 182 8.7.1 Mechanical Properties 182 8.7.2 Thermal Properties 186 8.7.3 Permeability 188 8.7.4 Surface Properties 188 8.7.5 Electrical Properties 189 8.7.6 Optical Properties (From Biopolymers) 189 8.8 Hydrolytic Degradation 191 8.8.1 Degradation Mechanism 192 8.8.2 Effects of Surrounding Media 195 8.8.3 Effects of Material Parameters 196 8.9 Thermal Degradation 200 8.10 Biodegradation 203 8.11 Photodegradation 204 8.12 High-Performance Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Materials 206 8.12.1 Nucleating or Crystallization-Accelerating Fillers 206 8.12.2 Composites and Nanocomposites 208 8.12.3 Fibre-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) 211 8.12.4 Stereocomplexation 211 8.13 Applications 212 8.13.1 Alternatives to Petro-Based Polymers 212 8.13.2 Biomedical 213 8.13.3 Environmental Applications 215 8.14 Recycling 217 8.15 Conclusions 218 References 219 9 Other Polyesters from Biomass Derived Monomers 241 Daan S. van Es, Frits van der Klis, Rutger J. I. Knoop, Karin Molenveld, Lolke Sijtsma, and Jacco van Haveren 9.1 Introduction 241 9.2 Isohexide Polyesters 242 9.2.1 Introduction 242 9.2.2 Semi-Aromatic Homo-Polyesters 244 9.2.3 Semi-Aromatic Co-Polyesters 247 9.2.4 Aliphatic Polyesters 248 9.2.5 Modified Isohexides 250 9.3 Furan-Based Polyesters 251 9.3.1 Introduction 251 9.3.2 2,5-Dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF)-Based Polyesters 253 9.3.3 5-Hydroxymethylfuroic Acid (HMFA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.4 Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) Based Polyesters 254 9.3.5 Future Outlook 256 9.4 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) and Its Copolymers 257 9.4.1 Succinic Acid 257 9.4.2 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) 258 9.4.3 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 259 9.4.4 PBS Copolymers 259 9.4.5 PBS Biodegradability 260 9.4.6 PBS Processability 260 9.4.7 PBS Blends 260 9.4.8 PBS Markets and Applications 260 9.4.9 Future Outlook 261 9.5 Bio-Based Terephthalates 261 9.5.1 Introduction 261 9.5.2 Bio-Based Diols: Ethylene Glycol, 1,3-Propanediol, 1,4-Butanediol 262 9.5.3 Bio-Based Xylenes, Isophthalic and Terephthalic Acid 263 9.6 Conclusions 267 References 267 10 Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers 275 Benjamin Brehmer 10.1 Introduction 275 10.1.1 What are Polyamides? 275 10.1.2 What is the Polymer Pyramid? 276 10.1.3 Where Do Polyamides from Biomass Derived Monomers Fit? 277 10.2 Technical Performance of Polyamides 277 10.2.1 How to Differentiate Performance 277 10.2.2 Overview of Current Applications 279 10.2.3 Typical Association of Biopolymers 280 10.3 Chemical Synthesis 281 10.3.1 Castor Bean to Intermediates 281 10.3.2 Undecenoic Acid Route 283 10.3.3 Sebacic Acid Route 283 10.3.4 Decamethylene Diamine Route 284 10.4 Monomer Feedstock Supply Chain 284 10.4.1 Description of Supply Chain 284 10.4.2 Pricing Situation 285 10.5 Producers 287 10.6 Sustainability Aspects 287 10.6.1 Biosourcing 287 10.6.2 Lifecycle Assessments 288 10.6.3 Labelling and Certification 291 10.7 Improvement and Outlook 292 References 293 11 Polyolefin-Based Plastics from Biomass-Derived Monomers 295 R.J. Koopmans 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Polyolefin-Based Plastics 296 11.3 Biomass 299 11.4 Chemicals from Biomass 300 11.5 Chemicals from Biotechnology 302 11.6 Plastics from Biomass 303 11.7 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Petrochemical Technology 303 11.7.1 One-Carbon Building Blocks 304 11.7.2 Two-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.7.3 Three-Carbon Building Blocks 305 11.8 Polyolefin Plastics from Biomass and Biotechnology 305 11.9 Bio-Polyethylene and Bio-Polypropylene 306 11.10 Perspective and Outlook 307 References 308 12 Future Trends for Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers: The Case Study of Development and Application of Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers 311 Margarida Casal, Ant´onio M. Cunha, and Raul Machado 12.1 Introduction 311 12.2 Production of Recombinant Protein-Based Polymers (rPBPs) 312 12.3 The Silk-Elastin-Like Polymers (SELPs) 314 12.3.1 SELPs for Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels for Localized Delivery 317 12.3.2 Mechanical Properties of SELP Hydrogels 319 12.3.3 Spun Fibres 320 12.3.4 Solvent Cast Films 323 12.4 Final Considerations 324 References 325 13 Renewable Raw Materials and Feedstock for Bioplastics 331 Achim Raschka, Michael Carus, and Stephan Piotrowski 13.1 Introduction 331 13.2 First- and Second-Generation Crops: Advantages and Disadvantages 331 13.3 The Amount of Land Needed to Grow Feedstock for Bio-Based Plastics 333 13.4 Productivity and Availability of Arable Land 336 13.5 Research on Feedstock Optimization 338 13.6 Advanced Breeding Technologies and Green Biotechnology 339 13.7 Some Facts about Food Prices and Recent Food Price Increases 341 13.8 Is there Enough Land for Food, Animal Feed, Bioenergy and Industrial Material Use, Including Bio-Based Plastics? 343 References 345 14 The Promise of Bioplastics – Biobased and Biodegradable-Compostable Plastics 347 Ramani Narayan 14.1 Value Proposition for Bio-Based Plastics 348 14.2 Exemplars of Zero or Reduced Material Carbon Footprint – Bio-PE, Bio-PET and PLA 349 14.3 Process Carbon Footprint and LCA 351 14.4 Determination of Bio-Based Carbon Content 352 14.5 End-of-Life Options for Bioplastics – Biodegradability-Compostability 353 14.6 Summary 356 References 356 Index

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Book SynopsisDesigned in a structured, directed format to help develop understanding, rather than just providing a simple source of information, this popular undergraduate textbook offers comprehensive coverage of industrial and commercial building technology. It builds on material in the first volume in the series Construction Technology 1: House Construction but it is also valuable as a standalone text. The most student-friendly textbook in the area, it uses a wealth of features to reinforce understanding and test knowledge, including case studies and comparative studies. Case studies include photographs and commentary on specific aspects of the technology of framed buildings, while comparative studies allow the reader to make a critical evaluation, comparing and contrasting design details and solutions.This textbook is aimed at undergraduates in Construction Management, Quantity Surveying and Building Surveying, and HNC/D students in the same areas. It is also ideal for associated Built ETable of ContentsPART I: PREPARING TO BUILD 1. Functions and Requirements of Industrial and Commercial Buildings 2. The Building Process 3. Preparing to Build PART II: BUILDING SUBSTRUCTURE 4. Foundations 5. Walls Below Ground and Basement Construction 6. Ground Floors PART III: BUILDING SUPERSTRUCTURE 7. High-rise Buildings 8. Long-span Frames 9. Fire Engineering Design 10. External Walls and Claddings for Multi-storey and Large-span Commercial Buildings 11. Upper Floors and Internal Access 12. Roof Construction 13. Internal Division of Space and Integration of Services PART IV: SUSTAINABLE BUILDING SERVICES 14. Sustainable Building Services.

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Book SynopsisThis two volume book presents an in-depth analysis of many of the most important issues facing today's shipping and port sectors. Volume 1 of Dynamic Shipping and Port Development in the Globalized Economy focuses on the application of theory to practice in Maritime Logistics.Table of Contents1. Introduction; Paul Tae-Woo Lee and Kevin Cullinane 2. Strategy of a Transshipment Hub: The Case of Singapore Port; Jasmine Siu Lee Lam 3. China's Growing Engagement in Emerging Maritime Logistics Market in Africa; Paul Tae-Woo Lee 4. Green Shipping and Port; Young-Tae Chang 5. Applying Game Theoretic Models to Port Policies; Koichiro Tezuka and Masahiro Ishii 6. Towards Robust Management of Maritime Risk and Security; Zaili Yang, Jin Wang and Adolf K.Y. Ng 7. Choice of Financing and Governance Structures in Transport Industry: Theory and Practice; Stephen X.H. Gong, Michael Firth and Kevin Cullinane 8. Private Finance in Port Investment: The South Pacific Islands; Francesca R. Medda and Simone Caschili 9. Proposing New Concepts of Economies of Flow, Connexion, and Fusion Technology in Maritime Logistics; Paul Tae-Woo Lee and Tsung-Chen Lee

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Book SynopsisThis book will take an in-depth look at the technologies, processes, and capabilities to develop and produce next generation energetic materials for both commercial and defense applications, including military, mining operations, oil production and well perforation, and construction demolition. It will serve to highlight the critical technologies, latest developments, and the current capability gaps that serve as barriers to military fielding or transition to the commercial marketplace. It will also explain how the processing technologies can be spun out for use in other non-energetics related industries.Trade Review"This book is an excellent collection of current technical strategies in the field of energetic materials. Its writers and editors are leaders in the EM community. The preface provides good background on the current state and need of the field, while each chapter narrates current strides, goals and difficulties." — Jena McCollum, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, USA"This book is unique in so far as it does not only describe the synthesis of (new) energetic materials, but also discusses thermodynamic aspects, physical properties and diagnostics of such materials. Another equally important feature that makes this book highly valuable is its inclusion of the discussion of the transition from laboratory scale to industrial production. I am sure this book is going to become a "must" for all researchers in the field of energetic materials – whether they are academic or industrially-based people."— Thomas M. Klapötke, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany "This book is set apart from all others in the related field. It meshes a good bit of technical aspects with the program management of how business is done as it related to the energetic materials enterprise."— Scott Iacono, US Air Force Academy, Chemistry Research Center, USA"Excellent review. This book should find a place in the shelves of researchers in this area, administrators and law makers involved in funding research in this area."— Dabir S. Viswanath, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA and University of Texas at Austin, USA "By expertly discussing long-standing grand challenges to EM research, development, and production -in one text- this book serves as a Rosetta Stone; it enables our researchers, managers, and government officials to clearly understand each other’s language, constraints, and priorities. The broad reaching scope of this book will help make possible the necessary retooling of administrative and EM manufacturing infrastructures including the introduction of science-based principles into the energetic materials enterprise. In short, Energetic Materials: Advanced Processing Technologies for Next-Generation Materials is an essential business and PLM guidebook for modernizing the energetic materials industry."— Joseph M. Zaug, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, USA"This book (290 pages in total) is unique in so far as it does not only describe the synthesis of (new) energetic materials but also discusses thermodynamic aspects, physical properties, and diagnostics of such materials. Another equally important feature that makes this book highly valuable is that it includes a discussion of the transition from laboratory scale to industrial production.In summary, I am sure this book is going to become a "must" for all researchers in the field of energetic materials – whether they are academic- or industrially-based scientists."—Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 2018Table of ContentsEnergetic Materials Capabilities in the United States. Science and Research. Prototyping and Development. Production. National Studies and Assessments. Critical Science and Technologies in the Life Cycle of Energetic Materials. Thermodynamic Solubility Modeling of Organic Energetic Materials. Chemical Synthesis and Reaction Schemes. Crystallization of Energetic Particles. Mixing and Coating Operations. Rheological Behavior of Energetic Gels and Suspensions. Continuous Processing and Shaping of Energetic Formulations. Loading, Assembly, and Packout (LAP). New Diagnostic Tools for Characterization of Energetic Materials. Characterizing Energetic Material Reactivity Using Experimental Diagnostics. Printed Energetics: The Path Toward Additive Manufacturing of Munitions. Combined Flame and Solutions Synthesis of Novel Energetic Nanomaterials. The National Technology and Industrial Base of the Future. The Nascent National Energetic Materials Consortium. Integration of U.S. Capabilities and Resources through Public-Private Partnerships. Transition from Laboratory Innovation to Production and Military Fielding. Index.

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Book SynopsisHandbook of Human Factors for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent VehiclesSubject Guide: Ergonomics & Human Factors Automobile crashes are the seventh leading cause of death worldwide, resulting in over 1.25 million deaths yearly. Automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles have the potential to reduce crashes significantly, while also reducing congestion, carbon emissions, and increasing accessibility. However, the transition could take decades. This new handbook serves a diverse community of stakeholders, including human factors researchers, transportation engineers, regulatory agencies, automobile manufacturers, fleet operators, driving instructors, vulnerable road users, and special populations. It provides information about the human driver, other road users, and humanâautomation interaction in a single, integrated compendium in order to ensure that automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles reach their full potential.Features Addresses four major transportation challengesâcrashes, congestion, carbon emissions, and accessibilityâfrom a human factors perspective Discusses the role of the human operator relevant to the design, regulation, and evaluation of automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles Offers a broad treatment of the critical issues and technological advances for the designing of transportation systems with the driver in mind Presents an understanding of the human factors issues that are central to the public acceptance of these automated, connected, and intelligent vehicles Leverages lessons from other domains in understanding human interactions with automation Sets the stage for future research by defining the space of unexplored questions Table of ContentsPreface. Editors. Contributors. 1. Introduction. 2. Automated Driving: Decades of Research and Development Leading to Today’s Commercial Systems. 3. Driver’s Mental Model of Vehicle Automation. 4. Driver Trust in Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles. 5. Public Opinion About Automated and Self-Driving Vehicles: An International Review. 6. Workload, Distraction, and Automation. 7. Situation Awareness in Driving. 8. Allocation of Function to Humans and Automation and the Transfer of Control. 9. Driver Fitness in the Resumption of Control. 10. Driver Capabilities in the Resumption of Control. 11. Driver State Monitoring for Decreased Fitness to Drive. 12. Behavioral Adaptation. 13. Distributed Situation Awareness and Vehicle Automation: Case Study Analysis and Design Implications. 14. Human Factors Considerations in Preparing Policy and Regulation for Automated Vehicles. 15. HMI Design for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicles. 16. Human–Machine Interface Design for Fitness-Impaired Populations. 17. Automated Vehicle Design for People with Disabilities. 18. Importance of Training for Automated, Connected, and Intelligent Vehicle Systems. 19. Connected Vehicles in a Connected World: A Sociotechnical Systems Perspective. 20. Congestion and Carbon Emissions. 21. Automation Lessons from Other Domains. 22. HF Considerations When Testing and Evaluation ACIVs. 23. Techniques for Making Sense of Behavior in Complex Datasets. 24. Future Research Needs and Conclusions.

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Book SynopsisIn today's global business environment with high speed interactions, engineering organizations are evolving continuously. Engineering Management in a Global Environment: Guidelines and Procedures provides guidelines for changing roles of engineering managers in the international arena. The book covers global, multidisciplinary, and flat engineering organizations. Recommended procedures for hiring, mentoring, work assignments, and meetings in the global arena are detailed. Guidelines for keeping up with technology and with the changing world, performance reviews, layoffs, necessary engineering tools, and work atmosphere are discussed. Procedures for engineering team building and for having good relationships with upper management, customers, subcontractors, and regulatory agencies are provided. Each chapter ends with a checklist summarizing engineering managerial guidelines in that chapter.Trade Review"This book is an outstanding contribution to Engineering Management. Dr. Atesmen is uniquely qualified to write this book due to his wide-ranging experience in high technology, engineering management in a number of industries, working with globally diverse clients and teams. This book should be required reading in upper undergraduate/graduate engineering and business curricula. It is very well-written with many real-world experiences spanning decades, countries, and industries that make this book very unique in the field."— Husam ("Sam") Gurol, General Atomics-Retired, California, USATable of ContentsPreface. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Chapter 1: Typical Engineering Organizations Chapter 2: Hiring Engineers and Technicians for an Engineering Organization. Chapter 3: Mentoring Engineers and Technicians in an Engineering Organization. Chapter 4: Work Assignments for Engineers and Technicians. Chapter 5: Meetings. Chapter 6: Keeping up with Technology and with Changing World. Chapter 7: Engineering Department Performance Reviews. Chapter 8: Laying off, Firing and Losing a Team Member. Chapter 9: Engineering Tools and Atmosphere Needed to Perform Effectively and Efficiently. Chapter 10: Engineering Team Building. Chapter 11: Relationships with Upper Management, Customers, Subcontractors and Regulatory Agencies. Index.

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Book SynopsisNew Tools, Old Tasks explores how Integrated Operations (IO) will influence the safety of offshore drilling operations. The book is based on several years of practical experience combined with a research study on the safety of IO within the drilling domain. The overall objective of the book is to explore how safety can be understood in the change process of Integrated Operations, and to provide recommendations for how IO may be developed and implemented in a way that will benefit both safety and efficiency of the operations. A crucial thread throughout the book is that the understanding of normal work processes is key to understanding the conditions for safe operations. This is reflected in the book's structure and content; the nature of normal drilling operations is the focus, including how technologies and work processes are aligned to meet the dominating challenges of the industry (these challenges need not be directly linked to safety/risk). It is argued that the influence of IO on the safety of drilling operations depends more on how IO relates to the existing fundamental challenges of drilling operations than on the design and properties of the different IO technologies and work processes as such.Trade Review’The petroleum industry has spearheaded the use of advanced solutions in the shape of Integrated Operations. Understanding how a new technology affects both safety and efficiency requires a strong combination of engineering and social science. This book uses a thorough knowledge of modern offshore operations to discuss the central methodological issues, and illustrates how they can be used to solve the practical problems.’ Erik Hollnagel, Centre for Quality Improvement, Denmark ’This important book scrutinizes the practices and effects of integrated operations in relation to operational safety in the petroleum sector in general and for offshore drilling operations in particular. By drawing on a framework that integrates actor network theory with traditional and emerging safety frameworks Haavik presents a controversial and important perspective of integrated operations that has implications for practice outside the petroleum sector.’ Vidar Hepsø, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) and Project Manager Statoil R&D, Norway ’This is a thoughtful, well-structured academic book which leads the reader carefully through the author’s research to its logical conclusion.’ The RoSPA Occupational Safety & Health Journal, November 2013Table of Contents1: Introduction; 2: Drilling in Action: Two Short Stories; 3: A Brief Introduction to Integrated Operations; 4: Drilling for Oil and Gas 1; 5: Safety of Sociotechnical Systems and Sociotechnical Work; 6: Methodological Themes; 7: Integrated Drilling Operations as Sociotechnical Systems; 8: Articulation Work: Revisiting the Case of Mud Losses 1; 9: Chasing Shared Understanding: Revisiting the Case of Divergent Depth Measurements 1; 10: Challenging Controversies – A Prospective Analysis of the Implications of Integrated Operations; 11: New Tools, Old Tasks: Discussion and Conclusions

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Book SynopsisConcrete is an inherently complex material to produce and an even more complex material to repair. With growing pressure to maintain the built environment, and not simply to demolish and rebuild, the need to repair concrete buildings and other structures is increasing and is expected to become of greater importance in the future.This straightforward book serves as a practical guide to engineers on the processes to be followed in commissioning a concrete repair. It stresses the need to fully understand the cause, extent and location of the problem, by appropriate insitu and laboratory testing. And it outlines the steps to a successful repair. It includes sections on the different repair techniques, giving good practical advice as to where and when to use them, and the warns of the pitfalls of their incorrect use. It also includes an up-to-date guide on the current standards for repair, and provides a good bibliography on other sources of information and books on the various teTable of ContentsUnderstanding defects, testing and inspection. The petrographic examination of concrete and concrete repairs. Structural aspects of repair. Cathodic protection of structures. Cathodic protection using thermal sprayed metals. Service life aspects of cathodic protection of concrete structures. Instrumentation and monitoring of structures. Electrochemical chloride extraction. Electrochemical realkalisation. Corrosion inhibitors. European standards for concrete repair. Concrete repair -a contractor’s perspective. Sprayed concrete for repairing concrete structures. Durability of concrete repairs. Service-life modelling for chloride-induced corrosion. Case studies in the use of FRPs. Coatings for concrete. Index.

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Book SynopsisPlasma methods that effectively combine ultraviolet radiation, active chemicals, and high electric fields offer an alternative to conventional water treatment methods. However, knowledge of the electric breakdown of liquids has not kept pace with this increasing interest, mostly due to the complexity of phenomena related to the plasma breakdown process. Plasma Discharge in Liquid: Water Treatment and Applications provides engineers and scientists with a fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena associated with plasma discharges in liquids, particularly in water. It also examines state-of-the-art plasma-assisted water treatment technologies.The Physics & Applications of Underwater Plasma DischargesThe first part of the book describes the physical mechanism of pulsed electric breakdown in water and other liquids. It looks at how plasma is generated in liquids and discusses the electronic and bubble mechanism theories for how the electric discharge in liquid is initiated. The second part of the book focuses on various water treatment applications, including: Decontamination of volatile organic compounds and remediation of contaminated water Microorganism sterilization and other biological applications Cooling water treatment Drawing extensively on recent research, this one-stop reference combines the physics and applications of electric breakdown in liquids in a single volume. It offers a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students interested in the topic of plasmas in liquids.Trade Review"The approach and selection of topics are relevant to the technology for effective water treatment. The book can be useful to the researchers and students in this field, and can provide practical solutions for water treatment technology. In addition this book may aid knowledge in usage of plasma technology in other liquid domain."—Rupak K. Banerjee, PhD, PE, Fellow ASME, University of Cincinnati and Kallol Bera, PhD, Applied Materials, Inc., California, USATable of ContentsIntroduction. Generation of Plasma in Liquid. Bubble and Electronic Initiation Mechanism. Decontamination of Volatile Organic Compounds. Biological Applications. Cooling Water Treatment Using Plasma. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThe wind power business has grown from a niche sector within the energy industry to a global industry that attracts substantial investment. In Europe wind has become the biggest source of new power generation capacity, while also successfully competing with the gas, coal and nuclear sectors in China and the US. Wind Power looks at the nations, companies and people fighting for control of one of the world's fastest growing new industries and how we can harness one of the planet's most powerful energy resources. The book examines the challenges the sector faces as it competes for influence and investment with the fossil fuel industry across the globe. Over the course of this volume, Backwell analyses the industry climbers, the investment trends and the technological advancements that will define the future of wind energy. This second edition is revised throughout and contains new material on frontier wind markets and industry consolidation, as well as the cost reductionsTrade Review'Ben Backwell's new book on wind power is a great read, provides the best current overview of the wind industry, how it got to where it is, and what the future challenges are. Highly recomended!' Henrik Stiesdal, Wind Power Pioneer Table of ContentsForewordIntroductionChapter 1. From Maoism to Lear JetsChapter 2. Big industry moves inChapter 3. China shakes the wind industryChapter 4. Emerging powersChapter 5. The offshore frontierChapter 6. After CopenhagenChapter 7. Turbine manufacturers in troubleChapter 8. The Wind Industry Bounces BackChapter 9. Tipping point: Windpower’s iPhone momentChapter 10. Challenges for the wind-turbine industryConclusion

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Book SynopsisContract farming has received renewed attention recently as developing economies try to grapple with how to transform the agricultural sector and its associated value chains. This book examines different contract arrangements for selected crops, applying both qualitative and quantitative approaches in order to examine how contract farming affects smallholders and value chain dynamics in Tanzania.Major themes covered in the book include: contract farming policy; contract farming and value chain dynamics; contract farming adoption decisions; contract farming and income diversification. The authors also discuss alternative aspects of contract farming such as trust, conspiracy, empowerment and corporate social responsibility. The book presents original research from case studies conducted in Tanzania on sugarcane, tobacco, sunflower and cotton. These crops have a history of trials and errors with contract farming involving smallholders. Furthermore, they are targeted in national Table of ContentsPart 1: Contract farming in context 1.Researching the potentials and limitations of contract farming in sub-Saharan Africa 2.Contract farming: fluid concept on firm grounds 3.Overview of the agricultural sector in Tanzania Part 2: Contract farming and value chain dynamics 4.Evolving governance structures and contract farming in the tobacco value chain in Tanzania 5.Successes and Barriers regarding small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) in the value chain for sunflower in Tanzania: Does contract farming reduce value chain coordination problems for SMEs? 6.Contract farming and upgrading possibilities for smallholder sugarcane growers 7.Coordination and upgrading in agricultural value chains: Contract farming arrangements in the Tanzanian cotton sector Part 3: Contract farming and household economics 8.Tobacco contract farming in the Urambo District of Tanzania: Which farmers obtain inputs on credit and which buy them for cash? 9.Income diversification of small-scale sugarcane contract farmers in Kilombero and Turiani, Tanzania Part 4: Alternative aspects of contract farming 10.Trusting your partner? Sunflower contract farming in central Tanzania 11.Contract farming in a covert sphere: conspiracy theories as counter-knowledge about sugarcane production in Tanzania 12.Does contract farming empower smallholder agricultural producers? Lessons from sunflower contract farming in Tanzania 13.Embedding the global tobacco value chain in social and environmental concerns: contract farming and corporate social responsibility projects in the Tanzanian tobacco sector

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