Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books
Springer International Publishing AG NASA's Voyager Missions: Exploring the Outer
Book Synopsis2022 marks the 45th anniversary of the Voyager probe launches. Launched into space in 1977, these twin probes explored the farthest reaches of the Solar System before venturing on a one-way journey beyond, all the while testing the bounds of science, robotic exploration and our collective imagination. This heavily revised commemorative book takes a comprehensive look at their incredible achievements, future potential and overall legacy.Chronicled herein is an epic journey to unveil the mysterious outer reaches of the Solar System for the first time. The book recounts the Voyagers’ travels through the asteroid belt and past the giant gaseous planets Jupiter and Saturn, as well as Voyager 2’s forays near the distant ice giants Uranus and Neptune. Each chapter details in full the game-changing scientific data and glorious imagery they sent back to Earth.This new edition incorporates all the new data we have learned in the nearly 20 years since its original publication, discussing how the knowledge first gleaned with Voyager has been built upon in subsequent decades by Cassini, Juno and New Horizons.The Voyager probes captured imaginations around the world; now is an opportune time to reflect on their unparalleled quest across the edges of the Solar System and the enigmatic interstellar medium beyond.Table of ContentsPREFACE Chapter 1 – to explore the history of planetary observation from prehistory through the invention of the telescope and into modern times, prior to the dawn of the Space Age. Chapter 2 – to trace early efforts to explore the Solar System and planets with space telescopes and space probes in the 1960s and 1970s and the state of knowledge on the eve of the Voyagers’ launch. Chapter 3 – to explore the origins of Project Voyager as a continuation of Mariner, with emphasis on early designs, nuclear power, Saturn V and other boosters and the evolution and expense of TOPS. Chapter 4 – to focus on the construction, processing and launch of the spacecraft, together with initial problems experienced and how communications and data processing occurred, as well as the background to the Voyagers’ respective trajectory plans. Chapter 5 – to explore the Voyagers’ surveys of Jupiter, from early observations to completion of science phase, lessons learned and as in the original volume this story will be brought up to date with more modern Galileo and Juno data. Chapter 6 – to explore the Voyagers’ surveys of Jupiter, from early observations to completion of science phase, lessons learned and as in the original volume this story will be brought up to date with more modern Galileo and Juno data. Chapter 7 - to explore the Voyagers’ surveys of Saturn, from early observations to completion of science phase, lessons learned and as in the original volume this story will be brought up to date with more modern Cassini data. Chapter 8 - to explore the Voyagers’ surveys of Uranus, from early observations to completion of science phase, lessons learned and as in the original volume this story will be brought up to date with more modern Hubble and Keck-II data, in addition to ongoing Decadal Surveys to explore future mission concepts. Chapter 9 - to explore the Voyagers’ surveys of Neptune, from early observations to completion of science phase, lessons learned and as in the original volume this story will be brought up to date with more modern Hubble and Keck-II data, in addition to ongoing Decadal Surveys to explore future mission concepts. Chapter 10 – to explore the Voyagers’ respective trajectories and discoveries after their planetary encounters, including the 1990 family portrait, gradual deterioration of instrument usage from the late 1990s and beyond and the current state of the missions, together with expectation of end-of-contact and the legacy of the mission. Bibliography Index
£29.34
Springer International Publishing AG Chemical and Petroleum Industries at Newtown
Book SynopsisThis book constructs a history of Newtown Creek’s industrial expansion during the period that began in the 1840s and continued through the early years of the 20th century. In that period, the production of reagent chemicals and refined materials near the center of modern-day New York City grew steadily, as practitioners, alert to European advances in chemical science, developed and applied increasingly sophisticated technologies. Innovations in methods of production, ready access to domestic and international markets, and sustained growth in volumes of production at Newtown Creek in the late 19th century had profound consequences for the practice of industrial chemistry in the United States and for the economic vitality of the City of New York. Industrial practice progressed from the recovery of animal tissues to the refining of crude petroleum and the production of high-purity copper and other metals from mineral ores. With attention to each company’s technical expertise and principal products, this book examines the interdependence of the chemicals- and materials-producing industries that thrived along Newtown Creek’s shores. The author recounts Newtown Creek’s industrial history alongside the stories of well-known New Yorkers – Peter Cooper, Charles Pratt, John D. and William Rockefeller – and other less celebrated or less notorious characters. This book provides a valuable account of New York’s history in the manufacture of reagent chemicals and refined fuels and metals and will appeal to researchers, scholars and historians interested in the early years of industrial chemistry.Table of ContentsNewtown Creek and New York City.- Skin and Bones.- Oil of Vitriol: Martin Kalbfleisch and the Manufacture of Reagent Chemicals at Newtown Creek.- Superphosphate.- Abraham Gesner and the New York Kerosene Oil Company.- Benjamin Silliman, Jr., and the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company.- Charles Pratt, Henry Rogers, and Astral Oil.- Acid and copper: The 50-year Partnership of John Brown Francis Herreshoff and William Nichols.- The Standard Oil Company and New York City.- Industry, Invention, and the Americans; Newtown Creek, then and Now.
£29.99
Springer International Publishing AG Emerging Trends in Cybersecurity Applications
Book SynopsisThis book provides an essential compilation of relevant and cutting edge academic and industry work on key cybersecurity applications topics. Further, it introduces cybersecurity applications to the public at large to develop their cybersecurity applications knowledge and awareness. The book concentrates on a wide range of advances related to Cybersecurity Applications which include, among others, applications in the areas of Data Science, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, Web, High-Tech Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems, Mobile Devices, Digital Media, and Cloud Computing. It introduces the concepts, techniques, methods, approaches and trends needed by cybersecurity application specialists and educators for keeping current their cybersecurity applications knowledge. Further, it provides a glimpse of future directions where cybersecurity applications are headed. The book can be a valuable resource to applied cybersecurity experts towards their professional development efforts and to students as a supplement to their cybersecurity courses.Table of Contents1. Introduction2. Cybersecurity Applications in Data Science3. Cybersecurity Applications in Internet of Things4. Cybersecurity Applications in Artificial Intelligence5. Cybersecurity Applications in Robotics6. Cybersecurity Applications in Web7. Cybersecurity Applications in High-Tech Systems8. Cybersecurity Applications in Cyber-Physical Systems9. Cybersecurity Applications in Mobile Devices10. Cybersecurity Applications in Digital Media11. Cybersecurity Applications in Cloud Computing12. Cybersecurity Applications in Distributed Systems13. Cybersecurity Applications in Vehicles14. Cybersecurity Applications in Supply Chain15. Cybersecurity Applications in Trustworthy Computing16. Cybersecurity Applications in Databases17. Cybersecurity Applications in Operating Systems18. Cybersecurity Applications in Software19. Cybersecurity Applications in Virtualization20. Cybersecurity Applications in Biometrics21. Cybersecurity Applications in Education22. Cybersecurity Applications in Blockchains23. Conclusion.
£113.99
Springer International Publishing AG Problems and Solutions in Thermal Engineering:
Book SynopsisThis book is a collection of over 225 multiple choice type questions (MCQs) and more than 40 practice/exam questions with solutions. This book complements a 2-volume textbook set titled Thermal Engineering by the same author. The answers are adequately supported by well-illustrated diagrams wherever necessary for better understanding of the concepts. The book also included steam tables as an appendix to aid in problem solving .This book proves useful for undergraduate students of mechanical engineering and related disciplines. The book is used in conjunction with the author's textbook set on thermal engineering or as a supplement to other core textbooks and lecture materials. It is used to support classroom teaching or as a self-study guide. The problem-solution format also proves useful for students and professionals involved in exam prep for graduate university entrance tests and professional certifications. Table of ContentsBasic of Thermodynamics.- First Law of Thermodynamics.- Second Law of Thermodynamics.- Entropy.- Properties of Pure Substance.- Vapor Power Cycles.- IC Engines.- Gas Turbine.
£66.49
Springer International Publishing AG Gemini 5: Eight Days in Space or Bust
Book SynopsisThis third book of the Gemini mission series focuses on the flight that simulated in Earth orbit the duration of an eight-day Apollo mission to the Moon. After the proof-of-concept test flights Gemini 1, 2 and 3 (as described in GEMINI FLIES!) and the success of the first American EVA as well as the four-day U.S. mission (GEMINI 4), NASA gained the confidence to gradually increase mission time spent in orbit. This is the first known book to focus solely on the Gemini 5 mission and its challenges with equipment failures and difficult living conditions. The mission was targeted to double the endurance of the previous one, and as such was an integral stepping stone for an even more audacious mission four months later. Attempting the eight- and then fourteen-day durations would be an opportunity for America to gain the lead in space exploration over the Soviets. This mission pioneered the duration of a flight to the Moon and back three years before Apollo 8 made that journey, without a lunar landing, for the first time.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Pushing the envelope.- Chapter 2. Gordo and Pete.- Chapter 3. Apollo, MOL and the Soviets.- Chapter 4. Preparations.- Chapter 5. “We’re on our way”.- Chapter 6. Gemini 5’s Two Little Rascals.- Chapter 7. “When are we gonna get the fuel cell back?”.- Chapter 8. Chasing a phantom.- Chapter 9. “Right in that same nice big black void”.- Chapter 10. “Still clanking along in the old, covered wagon”.- Chapter 11. Another Bright Day.- Chapter 12. One hundred down, twenty-two to go.- Chapter 13. A 300-coffee-cup-per-shift mission.- Chapter 14. “Everything is just peachy keen”.- Chapter 15. Somersaults on the flight deck.- Chapter 16. Post-flight, presidents, and parades.- Chapter 17. Afterwards.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Analog Communications: Introduction to
Book SynopsisThis book develops the basic concepts in understanding Analog Communications. Beginning with coverage of amplitude modulation, including the time and frequency domain representations of double sideband, single sideband, and vestigial sideband modulation, and introduces the student to the fundamental ideas of quadrature amplitude modulation, frequency division multiplexing, and digital communications using on-off keying. The author continues with additional discussion and coverage of the time and frequency domain representations of frequency and phase modulation, including bandwidth calculations, and the use of frequency shift keying, phase shift keying, and differential phase shift keying for the transmission of digital information. Contents include applications and further analyses of the effects of channel noise on amplitude, phase, and frequency modulation performance based on input versus output signal to noise ratios and some system comparisons are discussed.Table of ContentsPreface.- Amplitude Modulation.- Phase and Frequency Modulation.- Noise in Analog Modulation.
£44.99
Springer International Publishing AG The Untold Stories of the Space Shuttle Program:
Book SynopsisIn September 1969, several months after the Apollo 11 lunar landing, President Richard M. Nixon established the Space Task Force to chart NASA’s path for the decades to come. This imaginative vision was shattered less than six months later when, on January 13, 1970, NASA Administrator Dr. Thomas Paine announced that, owing to funding cuts, only the reusable Space Shuttle could be afforded -- there would be no space station, no return to the Moon, and no missions to Mars. This is a story never before told about the missions and technologies that NASA had begun to plan but never fully realized. The book is a companion to the author’s previous two works on the Space Shuttle. Whereas the first two books showed how the Space Shuttle flew in space and what the program accomplished, this book explains what more the Space Shuttle could have achieved and how the space transportation system could have further matured if circumstances had been otherwise. A final chapter also discusses how some of these plans might be resurrected in future programs. Table of ContentsChapter 1: Space Shuttle 101.- Chapter 2: Making the most of the External Tank.- Chapter 3: Boosting the boosters.- Chapter 4: Improving performance.- Chapter 5: Outposts for the development of space.- Chapter 6: Orbital hopping.- Chapter 7: Unflown satellite servicing capabilities.- Chapter 8: In-space assembly: a potential not fully exploited.- Chapter 9: Factories in space.- Chapter 10: The unfulfilled potential of the External Tank.- Chapter 11: Space Shuttle freighter.- Chapter 12: The quest for a worthy successor.- Chapter 13: An impossible schedule.- Chapter 14: Space Shuttle and Skylab: a missed opportunity.- Chapter 15: Unflown science.- Chapter 16: Space Shuttle in Uniform: A lost collaboration.- Chapter 17: Too high a dream?.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Embedded Systems Design using the MSP430FR2355
Book SynopsisThis textbook for courses in Embedded Systems introduces students to necessary concepts, through a hands-on approach. LEARN BY EXAMPLE – This book is designed to teach the material the way it is learned, through example. Every concept is supported by numerous programming examples that provide the reader with a step-by-step explanation for how and why the computer is doing what it is doing. LEARN BY DOING – This book targets the Texas Instruments MSP430 microcontroller. This platform is a widely popular, low-cost embedded system that is used to illustrate each concept in the book. The book is designed for a reader that is at their computer with an MSP430FR2355 LaunchPadTM Development Kit plugged in so that each example can be coded and run as they learn. LEARN BOTH ASSEMBLY AND C – The book teaches the basic operation of an embedded computer using assembly language so that the computer operation can be explored at a low-level. Once more complicated systems are introduced (i.e., timers, analog-to-digital converters, and serial interfaces), the book moves into the C programming language. Moving to C allows the learner to abstract the operation of the lower-level hardware and focus on understanding how to “make things work”. BASED ON SOUND PEDAGOGY - This book is designed with learning outcomes and assessment at its core. Each section addresses a specific learning outcome that the student should be able to “do” after its completion. The concept checks and exercise problems provide a rich set of assessment tools to measure student performance on each outcome.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS.- CHAPTER 2. DIGITAL LOGIC BASICS CHAPTER 3. COMPUTER SYSTEMSCHAPTER 4. THE MSP430CHAPTER 5. GETTING STARTED PROGRAMMING THE MSP430 IN ASSEMBLY.- CHAPTER 6. DATA MOVEMENT INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 7. DATA MANIPULATION INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 8. PROGRAM FLOW INSTRUCTIONS.- CHAPTER 9. DIGITAL I/O.- CHAPTER 10. THE STACK AND SUBROUTINES.- CHAPTER 11. INTRODUCTION TO INTERRUPTS.- CHAPTER 12. INTRODUCTION TO TIMERS.- CHAPTER 13. SWITCHING TO THE C LANGUAGE.- CHAPTER 14. SERIAL COMMUNICATION IN C.- CHAPTER 15. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS.- CHAPTER 16. THE CLOCK SYSTEM.- CHAPTER 17. LOW-POWER MODES.- APPENDIX A. CONCEPT CHECK SOLUTIONS.
£53.99
Springer International Publishing AG Applications in Reliability and Statistical
Book SynopsisThis book discusses practical applications of reliability and statistical methods and techniques in various disciplines, using machine learning, artificial intelligence, optimization, and other computation methods. Bringing together research from international experts, each chapter aims to cover both methods and practical aspects on reliability or statistical computations with emphasis on applications. 5G and IoT are set to generate an estimated 1 billion terabytes of data by 2025 and companies continue to search for new techniques and tools that can help them practice data collection effectively in promoting their business. This book explores the era of big data through reliability and statistical computing, showcasing how almost all applications in our daily life have experienced a dramatic shift in the past two decades to a truly global industry. Including numerous illustrations and worked examples, the book is of interest to researchers, practicing engineers, and postgraduate students in the fields of reliability engineering, statistical computing, and machine learning.Table of Contents1.Forecasting The Long-Term Growth of S&P 500 Index Stephen H.-T. Lihn2.Smart Maintenance and Human Factor Modeling for Aircraft Safety Eric T. T. Wong and W. Y. Man3.Feedback-based algorithm for negotiating human preferences and making risk assessment decisions Silvia Carpitella, Antonella Certa, and Joaquín Izquierdo4.Joining Aspect Detection and Opinion Target Expression based on Multi-Deep Learning Models Bui Thanh Hung5.Voting Systems with Supervising Mechanisms Tingnan Lin and Hoang Pham6.Assessing the Severity of COVID-19 in the United States Kehan Gao, Sarah Tasneem, and Taghi Khoshgoftaar7.Promoting expert knowledge for comprehensive human risk management in industrial environments Ilyas Mzougui, Silvia Carpitella, and Joaquín Izquierdo8.Data Quality Assessment for ML Decision-Making Alexandra-Ștefania Moloiu, Grigore Albeanu, Henrik Madsen, and Florin Popențiu- Vlădicescu9.From Holistic Health to Holistic Reliability – Toward an Integration of Classical Reliability with Modern Big-data Based Health Monitoring Fengbin Sun10.On the Aspects of Vitamin D and COVID-19 Infections and Modeling Time-delay Body's Immune System With Time-dependent Effects of Vitamin D and Probiotic Hoang Pham11.A Staff Scheduling Problem of Customers with Reservations in Consideration With Expected Wait Time of a Customer Without Reservation Junji Koyanagi12.Decision Support System for Ranking of Software Reliability Growth Models Devanshu Kumar Singh, Hitesh, Vijay Kumar, and Hoang Pham13.Human Pose Estimation using Artificial Intelligence Himanshu Sharma, Anshul Tickoo, Avinash K Shrivastava, and Umer Khan14.Neural Network Modeling and What-if Scenarios: Applications for Market Development Forecasting Valentina Kuskova, Dmitry Zaytsev, Gregory Khvatsky, and Anna Sokol15.Mental Health Studies: A Review Rachel Wesley and Hoang Pham
£132.99
Springer International Publishing AG A Beginner’s Guide to Lasers and Their
Book SynopsisThis two-volume book provides an enriching insight into the laser, covering different types of lasers, the basic science behind the technology, their role at the cutting-edge of current scientific research, and their wide-ranging applications. With just high school physics as a prerequisite and favoring qualitative yet scientifically sound explanations over high-level mathematics, this book is aimed at a broad spectrum of readers in physics, chemistry, engineering, medicine, and biology. Its engaging and lucid presentation is enhanced with plenty of illustrations, making the world of the laser accessible to undergraduate students in the sciences and any other inquisitive readers with high school physics under their belts. Furthermore, the text is often laced with anecdotes, picked from history, that are bound to pique the minds of the readers. It is ideal for self-study or as a complement to courses on optics and optoelectronics. This volume, Part 1 of 2, explains the fundamentals of optics, what a laser is, how it works, and what is unique about the light it emits, from fundamental quantum theory through population inversion and cavity to common laser types. It is followed by Part 2 which depicts the many advances in science enabled by the laser, including spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, optical cooling and trapping, and optical tweezers, among many others, and provides a glimpse into the ways that the laser affects our lives via its uses in medicine, manufacturing, the nuclear industry, energy, defence, communication, ranging, pollution monitoring, art conservation, fashion, beauty, and entertainment.Table of ContentsTable of contents: PART I: Laser: An Insight CHAPTER 1. Introduction CHAPTER 2. Classical Optics: A general Overview CHAPTER 3. Bohr’s Atomic Theory: Energy Quantization CHAPTER 4. Laser: At a Glance CHAPTER 5. Population Inversion and Lasing Medium CHAPTER 6. Laser Resonator: Role on the Emission Features CHAPTER 7. Broadening of Gain and Its Bearing on the Laser Subtleties CHAPTER 8. Boosting the Performance of a Pulsed Laser: CHAPTER 9. Some Common Lasers
£30.44
Springer International Publishing AG New Digital Work: Digital Sovereignty at the
Book SynopsisThis open access book will give insights into global issues of work and work systems design from a wide range of perspectives. Topics like the impact of AI in the workplace as well as design for digital sovereignty at the workplace or foresight processes for digital work are covered. Practical cases, empirical results and theoretical considerations are not only taken from Germany and Europe, but also from Southeast Asia, South Africa, Middle America, and Australia. The book intends to expand the so far national view on the aspects of digital work (e.g. like in Ernst Hartmann’s immensely successful work “Zukunft der Arbeit in Industrie 4.0”) into an international context – thus showing not only common challenges, but also offering suggestions, best practice examples or thoughts from different global regions.Table of ContentsIntroduction: Global Issues of Work and Work Systems Design.-Measuring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Workplace.- Digital Work in Smart Production Systems – Changes and Challenges in Manufacturing Planning and Operations.- Scenario-based Foresight.- Human-Machine-Interaction in Innovative Work.
£31.49
Springer International Publishing AG Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and
Book SynopsisThis introductory text explains both the basic science, production, quality, dosage forms, administration, economic and regulatory aspects and the clinical applications of biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals. It serves as a complete one-stop source for undergraduate/graduate pharmacists and pharmaceutical science students. An additional important audience are pharmaceutical scientists in industry and academia, particularly those who have not received formal training in pharmaceutical biotechnology and are inexperienced in this field. The rapid growth and advances in the field made it necessary to revise this textbook in order to continue providing up-to-date information and introduce readers to cutting edge knowledge and technology of this field. This Sixth Edition completely updates the previous edition and includes additional coverage on new approaches such as oligonucleotides, siRNA, mRNA, gene therapy, cell therapies, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. With more than 3-million-chapter downloads, the fifth edition of the textbook has achieved widespread distribution as a key educational resource for the field of pharmaceutical biotechnology. Table of ContentsMolecular Biotechnology.- Biophysical and biochemical analysis of recombinant proteins.- Production and downstream processing of biotech products.- Formulation of biotech products, including biopharmaceutical considerations.- Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of peptide and protein drugs.- Immunogenicity of pharmaceutical proteins.- General considerations of monoclonal antibodies from structure to therapeutic application.- Genomics, Other “Omics” Technologies, Personalized Medicine and Additional Biotechnology-Related Techniques.- Dispensing biotechnology products: handling, professional education and product information.- Economic considerations in medical biotechnology.- Regulatory framework for biosimilars.- Vaccines.- Oligonucleotides and siRNA.- Gene therapy.- Stem cell technology.- Therapeutic Applications.-Endocrinology.- Insulin.- Follicle-stimulating hormone.- Growth hormone.- Cardiovascular and Respiratory Applications.- Recombinant coagulation factors and thrombolytics.- Recombinant human deoxyribonuclease.- Oncology.- Monoclonal antibodies in oncology .- Hematopoetic growth factors.- Inflammation and Immunemodulation.- Monoclonal antibodies in transplantation.- Monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based therapeutics in anti-inflammatory therapy.- Interferons and interleukins.- Anti-infectious diseases.- Monoclonal antibodies.- Enzyme replacement therapy.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Descriptive Statistics for Scientists and
Book SynopsisThis book introduces descriptive statistics and covers a broad range of topics of interest to students and researchers in various applied science disciplines. This includes measures of location, spread, skewness, and kurtosis; absolute and relative measures; and classification of spread, skewness, and kurtosis measures, L-moment based measures, van Zwet ordering of kurtosis, and multivariate kurtosis. Several novel topics are discussed including the recursive algorithm for sample variance; simplification of complicated summation expressions; updating formulas for sample geometric, harmonic and weighted means; divide-and-conquer algorithms for sample variance and covariance; L-skewness; spectral kurtosis, etc. A large number of exercises are included in each chapter that are drawn from various engineering fields along with examples that are illustrated using the R programming language. Basic concepts are introduced before moving on to computational aspects. Some applications in bioinformatics, finance, metallurgy, pharmacokinetics (PK), solid mechanics, and signal processing are briefly discussed. Every analyst who works with numeric data will find the discussion very illuminating and easy to follow.Table of ContentsDescriptive Statistics.- Measures of Location.- Measures of Spread.- Measures of Skewness and Kurtosis.
£33.24
Springer Fundamentals of Planning and Designing
Book SynopsisChapter 1: The Global Need for Shelters.- Chapter 2: Site Selection.- Chapter 3: Site Planning.- Chapter 4: Planning for Rapid Delivery.- Chapter 5: Infrastructure and Utilities.- Chapter 6: Form and Function of a Shelter.- Chapter 7: Prefabricated Shelters.- Chapter 8: Designing Shelters for Self-Help Building.- Chapter 9: Sustainable Materials for Shelters.- Chapter 10: Charting a Path Forward.
£62.99
Springer Privatizing Space
Book SynopsisChapter 1: The Forerunners.- Chapter 2: In The Middle Of Nowhere.- Chapter 3: Close But Not Cigar: The Quest For A Suborbital Spaceplane.- Chapter 4: The New Space Era Begins: The Heavy Weight Players.- Chapter 5: The New Space Era: The Competition Heightens.- Chapter 6: Realtors in Space.- Chapter 7: Destination Moon.- Chapter 8: The Solar System is the Limit.
£24.99
Springer Ten Materials That Shaped Our World
Book SynopsisChapter 1. Introduction.- Chapter 2. Flint – The Material of Evolution.- Chapter 3. Clay – The Material of Life.- Chapter 4. Iron – The Material of Industry.- Chapter 5. Gold – The Material of Empire.- Chapter 6. Glass – The Material of Clarity.- Chapter 7. Cement – The Material of Grandeur.- Chapter 8. Rubber – The Material of Possibilities.- Chapter 9. Polyethylene – The Material of Chance.- Chapter 10. Aluminum – The Material of Flight.- Chapter 11. Silicon – The Material of Information.- Conclusion.
£22.39
Springer Conductors Semiconductors Superconductors
Book SynopsisSpectacular Advances.- Well Ordered Lattice Structures in Crystals.- Permanent Movement in the Crystal Lattice.- Electric Conductor or Insulator?—Energy Bands.- Metals Obey the Rules of Quantum Statistics.- Less Can Be More: Semiconductors.- Circling Electrons in High Magnetic Fields.- The Winner: Superconductors.- The Big Surprise: High-Temperature Superconductivity.- Magnetism: Order Among the Elementary Magnets.- Nanostructures: Superlattices, Quantum Wires, and Quantum Dots.- Defects in the Crystal Lattice: Useful orHarmful?.
£50.99
Springer Extreme Exploration
£23.74
Birkhauser Basics Timber Construction
Book Synopsis Timber is one of the most elementary and oldest building materials used by mankind, and has still not lost any of its attractiveness and topicality. In many cultural spheres and climate zones, the primary construction methods of domestic architecture include both masonry construction and timber construction. However, this living, lightweight, and easy-to-work material has specific characteristics that impact on the way it is used in construction in different ways compared to other building materials. In order to develop high-quality designs that suit the material, architects need to be familiar with the specific characteristics of this building material and with the rules governing timber construction. The new edition of the successful Basics Timber Construction volume lists the most common solid timber construction systems, including that using solid timber wall elements, as well as the rules, applications, and the relevant details. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Building material.- Timber.- Growth.- Timber moisture.- Qualities.- Ways of cutting.- Loadbearing properties.- Timber construction products.- Solid timber.- Timber materials.- Construction panels.- Timber protection.- Timber selection.- Structural timber protection.- Chemical timber protection.- Construction.- Stability.- Loadbearing system.- Wall reinforcement.- Timber construction systems.- Log construction.- Timber-frame construction.- Frame construction.- Skeleton construction.- Panel construction.- Building components.- Foundations and base.- Slab foundation.- Strip foundations.- Individual foundation.- External wall.- Layer construction.- Building science.- External formwork.- Surface treatment.- Interior cladding and installation.- Apertures.- Interior wall.- Structure.- Incorporation.- Ceilings.- Beam ceilings.- Structure.- Layer of beams.- Support.- Solid ceilings.- Roof.- Pitched roofs.- Flat roof.- Appendix.- DIN standards.- Information sources.- Picture credits.
£17.55
Birkhauser Building Simply: A guideline
Book SynopsisInnovation by Reduction How can architecture create a pleasant indoor climate using construction techniques and as little technology as possible? Researchers from four different departments at the Technical University of Munich joined forces with the engineering firm Transsolar Energietechnik to explore integral strategies for simple, energy-efficient construction. The architecture firm Florian Nagler Architekten implemented the plans developed by the TUM project for three prototype buildings made of solid wood, masonry and lightweight concrete in monolithic construction. Using these apartment buildings as examples, the guide vividly elucidates the six core principles of simple construction. Analysis of three exemplary apartment buildings Monolithic structures in wood, lightweight concrete, and brick The result of an interdisciplinary research project at the Technical University of Munich (TUM)
£29.70
Park Books Robotic Landscapes: Designing the Unfinished
Book SynopsisThe Department of Architecture at ETH Zurich has been researching the integration of robots into the architectural practice, both in design and the fabrication process, for some time. This book—created in collaboration with the chair of Christophe Girot, Gramazio Kohler Research, and Marco Hutter at ETH Zurich’s Robotic Systems Lab—is the first to investigate the use of robot-based construction equipment for large-scale soil grading in landscape architecture. As landscapes are continuously changing due to ever-changing environmental conditions, the application of autonomous systems that respond to the environment rather than perform predefined and static earthwork is of particular interest in this field. Robotic Landscapes sheds light on a series of groundbreaking experiments in an interdisciplinary collaboration of landscape design, environmental engineering, and robotics that aims to make landscape architecture sustainable and ecological in the long term.
£31.50
De Gruyter AutomationML: A Practical Guide
Book SynopsisThis book is a beginner's guide to AutomationML Edition 2, written for students, engineers, lecturers, developers and those interested. In guides through the basics of AutomationML Edition 2, CAEX and the AutomationML Editor. AutomationML stands for digitisation of engineering data and engineering workflows. AutomationML achieves both human readability and machine-readability. It is a method for converting data into digital information, and it supports the special needs of iterative engineering data exchange. AutomationML is in the hot spot of the digitisation of automation engineering data. It enables the modelling and transport of engineering data in a vendor neutral and machine-readable models, a valuable source of digital innovation. Machine readable engineering data makes the data accessible and interpretable by software, enabling a plethora of opportunities. This book carefully introduces AutomationML, its goals, values and innovations. It teaches the architecture of AutomationML and explains the language elements with a multitude of examples and step-by-step instructions. Additional material to the book and more information about AutomationML on the website: https://www.automationml.org/about-automationml/publications/amlbook/
£38.00
Springer International Publishing AG Computational Physics: Simulation of Classical
Book SynopsisThis textbook presents basic and advanced computational physics in a very didactic style. It contains very-well-presented and simple mathematical descriptions of many of the most important algorithms used in computational physics. The first part of the book discusses the basic numerical methods. The second part concentrates on simulation of classical and quantum systems. Several classes of integration methods are discussed including not only the standard Euler and Runge Kutta method but also multi-step methods and the class of Verlet methods, which is introduced by studying the motion in Liouville space. A general chapter on the numerical treatment of differential equations provides methods of finite differences, finite volumes, finite elements and boundary elements together with spectral methods and weighted residual based methods. The book gives simple but non trivial examples from a broad range of physical topics trying to give the reader insight into not only the numerical treatment but also simulated problems. Different methods are compared with regard to their stability and efficiency. The exercises in the book are realised as computer experiments. Trade ReviewFrom the book reviews:“The well-written monograph about computational physics is based on two-semester lecture courses given by the author on a period of several years for undergraduate physics and biophysics students … . convenient for students and practitioners of computer science, chemistry, and mathematics who are interested in applications of numerical methods in physics and engineering sciences. … well-organized book with a concentration to the important ideas of the methods and physical applications including software, examples, illustrations, and references to further reading.” (Georg Hebermehl, zbMATH, Vol. 1303, 2015)Table of ContentsPart I Numerical Methods.- Error Analysis.- Interpolation.- Numerical Differentiation.- Numerical Integration.- Systems of Inhomogeneous Linear Equations.- Roots and Extremal Points.- Fourier Transformation.- Random Numbers and Monte-Carlo Methods.- Eigenvalue Problems.- Data Fitting.- Discretization of Differential Equations.- Equations of Motion.- Part II Simulation of Classical and Quantum Systems.- Rotational Motion.- Molecular Dynamics.- Thermodynamic Systems.- Random Walk and Brownian Motion.- Electrostatics.- Waves.- Diffusion.- Nonlinear Systems.- Simple Quantum Systems.
£48.59
Springer International Publishing AG Practical Point-of-Care Medical Ultrasound
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£67.49
Springer International Publishing AG Designing with Xilinx® FPGAs: Using Vivado
Book SynopsisThis book helps readers to implement their designs on Xilinx® FPGAs. The authors demonstrate how to get the greatest impact from using the Vivado® Design Suite, which delivers a SoC-strength, IP-centric and system-centric, next generation development environment that has been built from the ground up to address the productivity bottlenecks in system-level integration and implementation. This book is a hands-on guide for both users who are new to FPGA designs, as well as those currently using the legacy Xilinx tool set (ISE) but are now moving to Vivado. Throughout the presentation, the authors focus on key concepts, major mechanisms for design entry, and methods to realize the most efficient implementation of the target design, with the least number of iterations.Table of ContentsChapter 1: State of the Art Programmable Logic 1Chapter 2: Vivado Design Tools 17Chapter 3: IP Flows 23Chapter 4: Gigabit Transceivers 35Chapter 5: Memory Controllers 49Chapter 6: Processor Options 65Chapter 7: Vivado IP Integrator 75Chapter 8: SysGen for DSP 85Chapter 9: Synthesis 97Chapter 10: C Based Design 111Chapter 11: Simulation 127Chapter 12: Clocking 141Chapter 13: Stacked Silicon Interconnect (SSI) 155Chapter 14: Timing Closure 167Chapter 15: Power Analysis and Optimization 179Chapter 16: System Monitor 191Chapter 17: Hardware Debug 205Chapter 18: Emulation Using FPGAs 221Chapter 19: Partial Reconfiguration & Hierarchical Design 239
£98.99
Springer International Publishing AG Supply Chain Segmentation: Best-in-Class Cases,
Book SynopsisThis book addresses the challenges companies face when different customer value propositions require them to pursue a differentiated supply chain strategy. It provides practical insights on how to achieve successful supply chain segmentation and presents the benefits this can yield for companies on the basis of best-in-class industry case studies from Gardena, Philips Luminaire, Siemens Healthcare and Volvo Construction Equipment. Drawing on these examples, it provides recommendations and solutions on how to define supply chain segmentation, and how to set up and implement a transformation program. Furthermore, it presents an in-depth discussion of the current theoretical background of supply chain segmentation and introduces the current trends and available frameworks. Offering readers specific, pragmatic guidance on the main challenges and opportunities and proposing ways to effectively measure efficiency and performance, the book concludes with the do’s, don’ts and most important aspects to keep in mind when considering an end-to-end segmentation. Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Supply Chain Segmentation Scientific Frameworks.- McKinsey Supply Chain Segmentation Framework.- Philips Segmentation Case Study.- The Supply Chain Segmentation Journey of Volvo CE.- Gardena's Segmentation in a Volatile and Seasonal Market.- Supply Chain Segmentation at Siemens Healthineers.- Steps to Success.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Additive Manufacturing of Metals: From
Book SynopsisThis engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means.The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects.A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.Trade Review“This book is dedicated to the special aspects valid for metals. … The fresh writing style, sometimes more like a storyteller, makes reading these many facts quite easy and understandable. … The interested reader can get a Jot of information about the topics one should deal with when working with additively manufactured metallic parts. lt gives a general roadmap where to start, what to learn and how it fits together.” (Ralph Bäßler, Materials and Corrosion, Vol. 69 (12), December, 2018)“This book … covers subjects from fundamental technology to rocket nozzles, medical implants, and custom jewelry. The author shares a multitude of useful footnotes and pages of references at the end. Also included are practical appendices for users. … I can heartedly recommend this book as a valuable reference and a good read for all interested in additive manufacturing.” (David Belforte, Industrial Laser Solutions For Manufacturing, industrial-lasers.com, November, 2017)Table of ContentsPreface.- Chapter 1: Envision. 1.1 Evolution of Metalworking.- 1.2 Advent of Computers.- Chapter 2: Additive Manufacturing Metal, The Art of the Possible. 2.1 AM Destinations: Novel Applications and Designs. 2.2 Artistic.- Chapter 3: On the Road to AM. 3.1 You are Here.- 3.2 AM Vehicles, the machines to take you there.- Chapter 4: Understanding Metal for Additive Manufacturing. 4.1 Structure. 4.2 Physical Properties.- Chapter 5: Lasers, Electron Beams, Plasma Arcs.- 5.1 The Molten Pool.- 5.2 Lasers.- Chapter 6: Computers, Solid Models and Robots.- 6.1 Computer Aided Design.- 6.2 Computer Aided Engineering.- Chapter 7: Origins of 3D Metal Printing.- 7.1 Plastic Prototyping and 3D Printing.- 7.2 Weld Cladding and 3D Weld Metal Buildup.- Chapter 8: Current System Configurations.- 8.1 Laser Powder Bed Fusion Systems.- 8.2 Laser Directed Energy Deposition Systems.- Chapter 9: Inspiration to 3D Design.- 9.1 Inspired Design.- 9.2 Elements of Design.- Chapter 10: Process Development.- 10.1 Parameter Selection.- 10.2 Parameter Optimization.- Chapter 11: Building, Post Processing and Inspecting.- 11.1 Building the Part.- 11.2 Post Processing and Finishing.- Chapter 12: Trends in Government, Industry, Research, Business.- 12.1 Government and Community.- 12.2 University and Corporate Research.- Acknowledgements.- Professional Society and Organization Links.- Terms and AM Jargon.- Acronyms.- References.- AM Machine and Service Resource Links.- About the Author.- Appendices.
£63.99
Springer International Publishing AG Innovation for Engineers: Developing Creative and
Book SynopsisThis book teaches readers the fundamentals of innovation and reduces them to practice in the context of entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship. It is a new, fresh look at learning and practicing innovation at the individual level, based on scientific knowledge and in the context of the 21st Century. The first chapter introduces the topic and describes the author’s perspective. Next, an overview of the 21st Century landscape and innovation is presented, as well as a discussion of positioning oneself to stay relevant and fulfilled during the course of one’s career. The third chapter teaches how to think creatively by learning the basics of creative thinking processes. The next chapter builds on creative thinking and describes innovation methods, including design, lateral, and systems thinking, and blue ocean strategies. Examples of organizations with a long history of innovation are presented, followed by ideas on measuring and tracking the innovativeness of organizations. The fifth chapter brings the concepts together to teach about launching an innovation project, particularly in the context of startups. The conclusion summarizes the takeaways. This book is written for engineering students and professionals, but can also be used by those in other disciplines by adapting the engineering analogies.Table of ContentsChap1: Introduction.- Chap2: Innovation and Entrepreneurship.- Chap3: The Innovative Mind.- Chap4: Innovation Methods.- Chap5: Identifying, Qualifying and Financing Opportunities.- Chap6: Conclusion.
£89.99
Springer International Publishing AG Modelling Oilfield Scale Squeeze Treatments: From
Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive introduction to scale management. Starting with an introduction to oilfield scale, including material on predicting the problem and evaluating treatment options, it then discusses various management and inhibition techniques before presenting squeeze treatments. In turn, it explores the automatic optimization of squeeze designs, the use of tracers to estimate scale inhibitor placement, and the mathematics of transport and adsorption in squeeze treatments, while also describing the treatment lifecycle in detail. Further, it presents all the steps involved in designing a cost-effective squeeze treatment for a real-world field case. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to researchers in the field of petroleum engineering, especially those specializing in flow assurance, transport in porous media, or the modelling and optimization of scale treatment designs. It also offers a valuable resource for engineers working in the oil industry, and for service companies providing scale management Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Scale Management.- Scale Inhibitors.- Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Modelling Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.- Life cycle of a Field Squeeze Treatment.- Reservoir Scale Management.- Optimisation of Oilfield Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments.
£999.99
Springer International Publishing AG Big Data for Urban Sustainability: A
Book SynopsisThis book presents a practical framework for the application of big data, cloud, and pervasive and complex systems to sustainable solutions for urban environmental challenges. It covers the technologies, potential, and possible and impact of big data on energy efficiency and the urban environment.The book first introduces key aspects of big data, cloud services, pervasive computing, and mobile technologies from a pragmatic design perspective, including sample open source firmware. Cloud services, mobile and embedded platforms, interfaces, operating system design methods, networking, and middleware are all considered. The authors then explore in detail the framework, design principles, architecture and key components of developing energy systems to support sustainable urban environments. The included case study provides a pathway to improve the eco-efficiency of urban transport, demonstrating how to design an energy efficient next generation urban navigation system by leveraging vast cloud data sets on user-behavior. Ultimately, this resource maps big data’s pivotal intersection with rapid global urbanization along the path to a sustainable future.Table of ContentsPart I Features of Big data Systems.- Big Data Introduction.-Big data Systems landscape/ overview.- Part II Developing Sustainable Big data systems.- The trends of Big data systems.- Platform Architecture.- Reference Architecture.- ISUNS system design (Case Study).- Part III Future Development to Enhance Eco-efficiency.- Potential Applications for Big data systems.- Performance Evaluation.
£82.49
Hansebooks Surcharged and different forms of retaining walls
Book Synopsis
£15.68
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Ultra-High Performance Concrete UHPC:
Book SynopsisSelected chapters from the German concrete yearbook are now being published in the new English "Beton-Kalender Series" for the benefit of an international audience. Since it was founded in 1906, the Ernst & Sohn "Beton-Kalender" has been supporting developments in reinforced and prestressed concrete. The aim was to publish a yearbook to reflect progress in "ferro-concrete" structures until - as the book's first editor, Fritz von Emperger (1862-1942), expressed it - the "tempestuous development" in this form of construction came to an end. However, the "Beton-Kalender" quickly became the chosen work of reference for civil and structural engineers, and apart from the years 1945-1950 has been published annually ever since. Ultra high performance concrete (UHPC) is a milestone in concrete technology and application. It permits the construction of both more slender and more durable concrete structures with a prolonged service life and thus improved sustainability. This book is a comprehensive overview of UHPC - from the principles behind its production and its mechanical properties to design and detailing aspects. The focus is on the material behaviour of steel fibre-reinforced UHPC. Numerical modelling and detailing of the connections with reinforced concrete elements are featured as well. Numerous examples worldwide - bridges, columns, facades and roofs - are the basis for additional explanations about the benefits of UHPC and how it helps to realise several architectural requirements. The authors are extensively involved in the testing, design, construction and monitoring of UHPC structures. What they provide here is therefore a unique synopsis of the state of the art with a view to practical applications.Table of ContentsEditorial ix 1 Introduction 1 2 Principles for the production of UHPC 5 2.1 Development 5 2.2 Basic material concepts 6 2.2.1 Microstructure properties 6 2.2.2 Grading optimization 8 2.3 Raw materials 12 2.3.1 Cement 12 2.3.2 Reactive admixtures 12 2.3.2.1 Silica fume 12 2.3.2.2 Ground granulated blast furnace slag 13 2.3.3 Inert admixtures 14 2.3.4 Superplasticizers 14 2.3.5 Steel fibres 14 2.4 Mix composition 15 2.5 Mixing 15 2.6 Curing and heat treatment 17 2.7 Testing 18 2.7.1 Fresh concrete 18 2.7.2 Compressive and flexural tensile strengths 20 3 Mechanical properties of the hardened concrete 23 3.1 General 23 3.2 Behaviour in compression 23 3.2.1 UHPC without fibres 23 3.2.2 UHPC with steel fibres 24 3.2.3 Further factors affecting the compressive strength 27 3.2.3.1 Geometry of test specimen and test setup 27 3.2.3.2 Heat treatment 27 3.3 Behaviour in tension 27 3.3.1 Axial (concentric) tension loads 27 3.3.2 Flexural tensile strength 32 3.3.3 Derivation of axial tensile strength from compressive strength 34 3.3.4 Derivation of axial tensile strength from bending tests 35 3.3.5 Splitting tensile strength 36 3.3.6 How fibre geometry and orientation influence the behaviour of UHPC in tension 36 3.3.7 Converting the stress–crack width relationship into a stress–strain diagram 39 3.3.8 Interaction of fibres and bar reinforcement 41 3.4 Shrinkage 42 3.5 Creep 43 3.6 Multi-axial stresses 44 3.7 Fatigue behaviour 44 3.8 Dynamic actions 51 3.9 Fire resistance 53 3.10 UHPC with combinations of fibres (‘fibre cocktails’) 53 4 Durability 59 4.1 Microstructure 59 4.2 Resistance to aggressive media 59 4.3 Classification in exposure classes 63 5 Design principles 65 5.1 Influence of fibre distribution and fibre orientation 65 5.2 Analyses for the ultimate limit state 66 5.2.1 Safety concept 66 5.2.2 Simplified stress–strain curve for design 67 5.2.2.1 Compression actions 67 5.2.2.2 Tension actions 70 5.2.3 Design for bending and normal force 72 5.2.4 Design for shear 75 5.2.4.1 Tests at the University of Kassel 75 5.2.4.2 Tests at RWTH Aachen University 79 5.2.4.3 Tests at Delft University of Technology 81 5.2.5 Punching shear 84 5.2.6 Strut-and-tie models 85 5.2.6.1 Load-carrying capacity of struts 86 5.2.6.2 Load-carrying capacity of ties 87 5.2.6.3 Load-carrying capacity of nodes 87 5.2.7 Partially loaded areas 88 5.2.8 Fatigue 88 5.3 Analyses for the serviceability limit state 89 5.3.1 Limiting crack widths 89 5.3.2 Minimum reinforcement 97 5.3.3 Calculating deformations 99 6 Connections 105 6.1 General 105 6.2 Dry joints 105 6.3 Glued joints 105 6.4 Wet joints 108 6.5 Grouted joints 111 6.6 Adding UHPC layers to existing components to upgrade structures 113 7 Projects completed 117 7.1 Bridges 117 7.1.1 Canada 117 7.1.1.1 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists, Sherbrooke (1997) 117 7.1.1.2 Glenmore/Legsby footbridge, Calgary (2007) 117 7.1.2 France 118 7.1.2.1 Road bridge, Bourg-lès-Valence 118 7.1.2.2 Pont du Diable footbridge (2005) 119 7.1.2.3 Pont de la Chabotte road bridge 120 7.1.2.4 Pont Pinel road bridge (2007) 121 7.1.2.5 Strengthening the Pont sur l’Huisne, Mans 124 7.1.3 Japan 124 7.1.3.1 Sakata-Mirai footbridge (2003) 124 7.1.3.2 GSE Bridge, Tokyo Airport (2010) 126 7.1.3.3 Tokyo Monorail, Haneda Airport line 128 7.1.4 South Korea 129 7.1.4.1 Seonyu ‘Bridge of Peace’, Seoul 129 7.1.4.2 KICT cable-stayed footbridge (2009) 131 7.1.4.3 Design for Jobal Bridge (KICT) 132 7.1.5 Germany 133 7.1.5.1 Bridges over River Nieste near Kassel 133 7.1.5.2 Gärtnerplatz Bridge over River Fulda, Kassel (2007) 134 7.1.5.3 HSLV pilot project 137 7.1.5.4 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists over River Pleiße, Markkleeberg (2012) 140 7.1.6 Austria 141 7.1.6.1 Wild Bridge near Völkermarkt 141 7.1.6.2 Bridge for pedestrians/cyclists, Lienz 143 7.1.6.3 Modular temporary bridge for high-speed rail lines 144 7.1.7 Switzerland 146 7.1.8 The Netherlands 147 7.2 Applications in buildings 149 7.2.1 Columns 149 7.2.2 Façades 151 7.2.3 Stairs and balconies 152 7.2.4 Roofs 155 7.3 Other applications 157 7.3.1 Runway, Haneda Airport, Tokyo, Japan 157 7.3.2 Jean Bouin Stadium, Paris 160 8 Acknowledgements 163 References 165 Index 183
£45.00
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Precast Concrete Structures
Book SynopsisBuilding with precast concrete elements is one of the most innovative forms of construction. This book serves as an introduction to this topic, including examples, and thus supplies all the information necessary for conceptual and detailed design.
£63.00
John Wiley & Sons Inc High-speed Railway Bridges: Conceptual Design
Book SynopsisThe need for large-scale bridges is constantly growing worldwide, as the expansion of transport infrastructures with rail roads and high-speed lines is an important current task in many regions. This book develops all aspects referring to the structural conceptional design and analysis that are taken into account when planning a bridge or viaduct for a high-speed rail line. That includes the characteristics of the railway traffic such as speeds, actions, limit states, etc., and a detailed analysis of the superstructure of the track with its various components and singular elements. One of the special features of the book is that it not only highlights the bridge typologies and structural components related to the bridge design but also takes into account the issues of the track construction. The design basis, the requirements from different situations, and solutions are given. Special attention is paid to the interactions between the structure and the track and to the dynamic nature of railway actions, studying the dynamic response of the structure and its influence on the behaviour of the track and its components as well as on safety, traffic flow quality, and maintenance needs. The particulars of the design of high-speed rail bridges located in seismic areas are included as well. Numerous examples in all chapters serve the book's character as a useful guide to HSR bridge design, and to prevent typical problems and errors. An appendix with selected HSR bridges built worldwide completes the work. With this work the authors provide first-hand experience gained from many years of planning of completed bridges for high-speed rail lines.Table of ContentsForeword xv About the Authors xvii Acknowledgements xix 1 Introduction to High-Speed Railway Bridges 1 José Romo 1.1 Book’s Content 1 1.2 What is Special About a High-Speed Rail Bridge? 2 1.2.1 Dynamic Amplification and Resonance 2 1.2.2 Rail Traffic Security 3 1.2.3 Passenger’s Comfort 3 1.2.4 Track–Structure Interaction 4 1.3 General Ideas on High-Speed Railway Bridges 4 1.4 Evolution and Trends in High-Speed Bridge Design 6 1.4.1 First High-Speed Bridges 6 1.4.1.1 First-Generation German Bridges 6 1.4.1.2 First-Generation French Bridges 8 1.4.1.3 First-Generation Spanish Bridges 8 1.4.2 Recent High-Speed Bridges 9 1.4.2.1 Recent French Bridges 9 1.4.2.2 Second-Generation German Bridges 9 1.4.2.3 Recent Spanish HSRB 10 1.4.2.4 Bridges for High-Speed Railway Lines in China 10 1.4.2.5 British High-Speed Bridges 12 1.4.2.6 High-Speed Railway Bridges in the USA 12 1.4.3 Conclusions 12 1.4.3.1 Viaducts 13 1.4.3.2 Long-Span Bridges 13 1.5 The Landscape and the Design of High-Speed Railway Bridges 13 1.5.1 The Traveller’s Experience 13 1.5.2 The Bridge in the Landscape 15 1.5.2.1 Long Viaducts with Low Vertical Level 16 1.5.2.2 Long Viaducts with Medium or High Level 16 1.6 Railway Bridges as Landmarks or Icons of a Line 22 1.7 Railway Bridge’s Legacy 23 1.8 Building for the 21st Century 24 1.9 Conclusions 24 References 25 2 Track for High-Speed Bridges 29 Manuel Cuadrado 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Specific Criteria for Railway Bridges 29 2.2.1 General Criteria 29 2.2.2 Specific Criteria for High-Speed Bridges 31 2.3 Description of the Track Superstructure 31 2.3.1 Track Components: Definitions, Functions, and Qualities 32 2.3.1.1 Ballast 32 2.3.1.2 Sleepers 32 2.3.1.3 Fasteners 33 2.3.1.4 Rails 33 2.3.1.5 Switches and Crossings 34 2.3.2 Most Important Conceptual Improvements 35 2.3.2.1 Continuous Welded Rail (CWR) 35 2.3.2.2 Track–Infrastructure Interaction: Better Understanding 36 2.3.3 Evolution of the Different Components 36 2.3.3.1 Ballast 36 2.3.3.2 Sleepers 37 2.3.3.3 Fastenings 39 2.3.3.4 Rails 40 2.3.4 Track Options Currently Available for High Speed 41 2.3.4.1 Optimised Ballasted Track 41 2.3.4.2 New Ballastless Track 43 2.4 SLS Related to the Track 44 2.4.1 Dynamic Interaction: Track–Vehicle 44 2.4.2 Track Geometry Quality 46 2.4.3 SLS Verifications Regarding Deformations and Vibrations 48 2.4.3.1 Criteria for Traffic Safety 48 2.4.3.2 Comfort Criteria 55 References 57 3 Conceptual Design of High-Speed Railway Bridges 61 José Romo 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Structural and Functional Specific Requirements for High-Speed Railway Bridges 62 3.2.1 Introduction 62 3.2.2 Control of Vertical Acceleration 62 3.2.3 Rotation at Expansion Joints 62 3.2.4 Horizontal Braking and Traction Forces and Relative Movements Between Deck and Infrastructure 62 3.2.5 Track-Bridge Deck Interaction 63 3.2.6 Expansion Joints 63 3.3 Longitudinal Design Strategies 64 3.3.1 General Concepts 64 3.3.2 Ballasted Track 65 3.3.3 Ballastless Track 66 3.3.4 Actions to be Considered at the Fixed Point 66 3.4 Design Situation of High-Speed Railway Bridges 66 3.4.1 Short Crossing at Low Level 67 3.4.2 Long Structures 67 3.4.2.1 Low Profile 68 3.4.3 High-Level Viaducts 71 3.4.4 Long Span Structures 72 3.5 Structural Types 72 3.5.1 Straight Deck Solutions 72 3.5.1.1 Simply Supported Deck 72 3.5.1.2 Continuous Slab Concrete Decks 73 3.5.1.3 Precast Beam Decks 74 3.5.1.4 Concrete Box Hollow Sections 78 3.5.1.5 Steel Beam Decks 80 3.5.1.6 Steel Semi-through Decks 81 3.5.2 Truss Bridges 82 3.5.3 Arch Bridges 83 3.5.3.1 Upper Deck Bridges 83 3.5.3.2 Tied Arch Bridges 85 3.5.4 Cable-Supported Bridges 85 3.5.4.1 Extradosed Bridges 85 3.5.4.2 Cable-Stayed Bridges 86 3.5.4.3 Suspension Bridges 88 3.5.4.4 Hybrid Bridges 89 3.6 Structural Elements – Substructure 89 3.6.1 Abutments 90 3.6.1.1 Abutments with Expansion Joint in Structure Only 90 3.6.1.2 Abutments with Expansion Joint in Structure and Track 90 3.6.1.3 Fixed Abutments 91 3.6.2 Piers 95 3.6.3 Bearings 95 3.6.3.1 General Bearing Layout 96 3.7 Seismic Design 99 3.7.1 Seismic Design Strategies 99 3.7.2 Seismic Behaviour and Deck Articulation 99 3.7.3 Longitudinal Behaviour 100 3.7.3.1 Simply Supported Spans 100 3.7.3.2 Continuous Deck 100 3.7.4 Transversal Behaviour 101 3.7.4.1 Introduction 101 3.7.4.2 Fixed Transversal Support 101 3.7.4.3 Transversal Damping Systems 102 3.7.4.4 Damping Devices Plus Bearings 104 3.8 Worked Example 106 3.8.1 Introduction: Aim and Data 106 3.8.1.1 Topography 106 3.8.1.2 Plan and Elevation 106 3.8.1.3 Railway Platform Section – Project Speed 106 3.8.1.4 Water Flood Level 107 3.8.1.5 Preliminary Geotechnical Data 107 3.8.2 Methodology 107 3.8.3 Critical Analysis of Existing Information 107 3.8.4 Determination of the Length of the Viaduct, Selection of the Fixed Point 108 3.8.5 Span Distribution 109 3.8.6 Deck Pre-dimensioning 109 3.8.7 Pre-design of the Infrastructure 112 3.8.7.1 Fixed Point 112 3.8.7.2 Bearings 112 3.8.7.3 Abutments 112 3.8.7.4 Piers 113 References 115 4 Design Basis 117 José Romo 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 Design Situations 117 4.3 Rail Traffic Actions and Other Actions Specific of Railway Bridges 118 4.3.1 Permanent Loads 118 4.3.1.1 Self-Weight 118 4.3.1.2 Dead Loads 118 4.3.1.3 Partial Ballast Removal 119 4.3.2 Variable Loads 119 4.3.2.1 Vertical Live Loads 119 4.3.2.2 Traction and Braking Forces 121 4.3.2.3 Centrifugal Forces 122 4.3.2.4 Nosing Forces 123 4.3.2.5 Aerodynamic Actions from Passing Trains 123 4.3.2.6 Thermal Actions 123 4.3.2.7 Bearing Friction 124 4.3.3 Dynamics Effects 124 4.3.3.1 Introduction 124 4.3.3.2 Consideration of Dynamic Effects 125 4.3.4 Railway Vehicle Derailment 125 4.3.4.1 Railway Vehicle Impacts 125 4.4 Application of Traffic Loads on Railway Bridges 126 4.4.1 General 126 4.4.1.1 Load Situations for Structural Design 127 4.4.1.2 Load Situations for Limit State and Associated Acceptance Criteria 127 4.4.2 Groups of Loads 127 4.4.2.1 Characteristic Values of Multicomponent Action 127 4.5 Traffic Loads for Fatigue 128 4.6 Verifications Regarding Deformation and Vibrations for Railway Bridges 128 4.7 Worked Example 129 4.7.1 Introduction 129 4.7.1.1 Calculation of Reactions at Bearings: Pre-dimensioning 130 4.7.1.2 Calculation of Forces and Preliminary Design of the Fixed Abutment 130 4.7.2 Actions 130 4.7.2.1 Vertical Loads 130 4.7.2.2 Horizontal Forces 131 4.7.2.3 Wind Speed 132 4.7.3 Calculation of Reactions at Bearings: Pre-dimensioning 133 4.7.3.1 Vertical Forces 133 4.7.3.2 Centrifugal Forces 134 4.7.3.3 Wind at Unloaded State 135 4.7.3.4 Wind with Live Load 135 4.7.3.5 Reactions in Pier Heads 135 4.7.3.6 Transversal Wind Bearings Reactions 136 4.7.3.7 Loads per Bearings 136 4.7.4 Fixed Abutment Loads 137 4.7.4.1 Introduction 137 4.7.4.2 Loads Transmitted by the Deck 137 4.7.4.3 Forces Acting on the Abutment 138 References 140 5 Dynamic Behaviour of High-Speed Railway Bridges 143 Alejandro Pérez-Caldentey 5.1 Introduction 143 5.1.1 Resonance 143 5.1.2 Envelope Dynamic Factor 144 5.1.3 Dynamic Factor for Real Trains Obtained by Means of Analytical Formulations 145 5.1.4 Dynamic Factor Obtained by Dynamic Analysis 147 5.2 Methods for Dynamic Calculations and Structural Response 153 5.2.1 Modal Superposition 153 5.2.1.1 Matrix Formulation for Finite Element Analysis 153 5.2.1.2 Formulation Based on Assumed Eigenforms 155 5.2.2 Response to the Isolated Load 158 5.2.3 Response to the Train Loads 162 5.2.4 Effect of Damping 164 5.2.5 Dynamic Interaction Between Vehicle and Structure 165 5.3 Interoperability 167 5.3.1 Introduction 167 5.3.2 Universal Dynamic Train A 167 5.3.3 Universal Dynamic Train B 167 5.4 Application Examples 168 5.4.1 Case Without Dynamic Analysis 168 5.4.2 Case with Dynamic Analysis 169 References 183 6 Longitudinal Track–Structure Interaction 185 Manuel Cuadrado and Alejandro Pérez-Caldentey 6.1 Introduction 185 6.2 Problem Statement 185 6.3 Model for Analysis 188 6.3.1 General Considerations 188 6.3.1.1 Rails 189 6.3.1.2 Deck 189 6.3.1.3 Interaction Between Rails and Track Base 189 6.3.1.4 Bearings 189 6.3.1.5 Columns 190 6.3.1.6 Foundations 190 6.4 Actions 191 6.4.1 Temperature Variations 191 6.4.1.1 Case Without Track Joint 191 6.4.1.2 Case with Track Joint 191 6.4.2 Traction and Braking Forces 191 6.4.3 Vertical Loads 192 6.4.4 Creep and Shrinkage 192 6.4.5 Combination of Actions 193 6.5 Verifications 194 6.5.1 Verifications in Terms of Stresses 194 6.5.2 Verifications in Terms of Displacements 195 6.5.3 Criteria for Placing a Track Joint 196 6.6 Rail Expansion Joints 197 6.6.1 Design of REJs – Calculation of the Maximum Displacement 197 6.6.2 Regulation 201 6.6.3 Installation 201 6.7 Longitudinal Schemes 203 6.7.1 Continous Deck with a Single Fixed Point Located at One of the Abutments 203 6.7.1.1 General 203 6.7.1.2 Examples 204 6.7.2 Continous Deck with the Fixed Point Located on One of the Central Piers 211 6.7.2.1 General 211 6.7.3 Simply Supported Spans Without Longitudinal Continuity, with a Fixed Point on Each Span 211 6.7.3.1 General 211 6.7.3.2 Example 212 6.7.4 Fixed Points at the Two Abutments and a Structural Joint in the Middle 212 6.7.4.1 General 212 6.7.4.2 Example 214 6.7.5 Deck Divided into Several Continuous Stretches, Each One Including Several Spans and One Fixed Point 216 6.7.5.1 General 216 6.7.5.2 Example 217 6.7.6 Especial Situations 218 6.7.6.1 Seismic Design 218 6.7.6.2 Exceptional Geometries 226 6.7.6.3 Example of Exceptional Geometry 226 6.8 Example of Track–Structure Interaction 229 6.8.1 Verification of Stresses in the Rails 229 6.8.2 Verification of Horizontal Displacement at Abutment 2 Due to Braking and Traction Forces 231 6.8.3 Verification of Horizontal Displacement at Abutment 2 Due to Vertical Train Loads 232 6.8.4 Verification of Vertical Displacement at Abutment 2 Due to Vertical Train Loads and Temperature Variations 234 References 235 7 Conceptual Design for Maintenance 239 José Romo 7.1 Introduction 239 7.2 Accesses 240 7.2.1 Decks 240 7.2.2 Piers 240 7.2.3 Abutments 241 7.3 Bearings 242 7.4 Expansion Joints 243 7.5 Drainage 246 7.6 Conclusions 248 References 248 Appendix A Basic Concepts of Dynamics 249 Alejandro Pérez-Caldentey A. 1 Dynamics of Single Degree-of-Freedom Systems 249 A.. 1 Dynamic Response to Moving Loads (Dynamic Load Factor) 249 A.1. 2 Basics of Resonance 257 A.1. 3 Solution of the Equation of Motion of a SDOF Damped System Subjected to a Triangular Load 258 A..3. 1 Auxiliary Expressions – Integrals I 1 , I 2 , and Their Derivatives 259 A.1.3. 2 Solution for the damped SDOF System Subjected to a Triangular Load 261 Reference 262 Appendix B Singular Bridges for High-Speed Railway Lines 263 José Romo B. 1 Germany 263 B.. 1 Gemünden Bridge 264 B 1 Data Summary 264 B.1.1. 2 Description 264 Further Reading 264 B.1. 2 Veitshöchheim Bridge 266 B..2. 1 Data Summary 266 B.1.. 2 Description 266 Further Reading 266 B.1. 3 Pfieffetal Bridge 268 B..3. 1 Data Summary 268 B.1.3. 2 Description 268 Further Reading 268 B.1. 4 Nantenbach Bridge 270 B..4. 1 Data Summary 270 B.1.4. 2 Description 270 Further Reading 270 B.1. 5 Unstruttal Bridge 272 B..5. 1 Data Summary 272 B.1.5. 2 Description 272 Further Reading 272 B.1. 6 Gänsebachtal Viaduct 274 B..6. 1 Data Summary 274 B.1.6. 2 Description 274 Further Reading 274 B.1. 7 Hämerten Bridge 276 B..7. 1 Data Summary 276 B.1.7. 2 Description 276 Further Reading 276 B.1. 8 Filstal Bridge 278 B..8. 1 Data Summary 278 B.1.8. 2 Description 278 Further Reading 278 B. 2 France 281 B.2. 1 Garde-Adhémar Viaduct 282 B.2.. 1 Data Summary 282 B..1. 2 Description 282 Further Reading 282 B.. 2 Avignon Viaducts 284 B.2.2. 1 Data Summary 284 B 2 Description 284 Further Reading 284 B.2. 3 Mornas Viaduct 286 B.2.3. 1 Data Summary 286 B..3. 2 Description 286 Further Reading 286 B.2. 4 Savoureuse Viaduct 288 B.2.4. 1 Data Summary 288 B..4. 2 Description 288 Further Reading 288 B. 3 Spain 291 B.3. 1 Osera Bridge 292 B.3.. 1 Data Summary 292 B.3.1. 2 Description 292 Further Reading 292 B.3. 2 Llinars Del Vallès Viaduct 294 B.3.2. 1 Data Summary 294 B.3.. 2 Description 294 Further Reading 294 B.. 3 Salto Del Carnero Railway Bridge, Saragossa 296 B.3.3. 1 Data Summary 296 B.3.3. 2 Description 296 Further Reading 296 B.3. 4 Viaduct Over AP7 Riudellots de la Selva 298 B.3.4. 1 Data Summary 298 B.3.4. 2 Description 298 Further Reading 298 B.3. 5 Contreras Bridge 300 B.3.5. 1 Data Summary 300 B.3.5. 2 Description 300 Further Reading 300 B.3. 6 Viaduct Over River Ulla 302 B.3.6. 1 Data Summary 302 B.3.6. 2 Description 302 Further Reading 302 B.3. 7 Almonte Bridge 304 B.3.7. 1 Data Summary 304 B.3.7. 2 Description 304 Further Reading 304 B.3. 8 Alcántara Bridge 306 B.3.8. 1 Data Summary 306 B.3.8. 2 Description 306 Further Reading 306 B. 4 Japan 309 B.4. 1 Yashiro Bridge 310 B.4.. 1 Data Summary 310 B.4.1. 2 Description 310 Further Reading 310 B.4. 2 Kumagawa Bridge 312 B.4.2. 1 Data Summary 312 B.4.. 2 Description 312 B.4. 3 Sannai-Maruyama Bridge 314 B.4.3. 1 Data Summary 314 B.4.3. 2 Description 314 Further Reading 314 B. 5 China 317 B.5. 1 Tianxingzhou Yangtze River Bridge 318 B.5.. 1 Data Summary 318 B.5.1. 2 Description 318 Further Reading 318 B.5. 2 Nanjing Dashengguan Yangtze River Bridge 320 B.5.2. 1 Data Summary 320 B.5.. 2 Description 320 Further Reading 320 B.5. 3 Tongling Yangtze River Bridge 322 B.5.3. 1 Data Summary 322 B.5.3. 2 Description 322 Further Reading 322 B.5. 4 Beipanjiang Bridge 324 B.5.4. 1 Data Summary 324 B.5.4. 2 Description 324 Further Reading 324 B.. 5 Yachihe Bridge 326 B.5.5. 1 Data Summary 326 B.5.5. 2 Description 326 Further Reading 326 B.5. 6 Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge 328 B.5.6. 1 Data Summary 328 B.5.6. 2 Description 328 Further Reading 328 Index 331
£999.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Glasbau 2023
Book SynopsisDieses Jahrbuch präsentiert in zahlreichen Beiträgen renommierter Fachleute den aktuellen Stand der Technik im konstruktiven Glasbau. Nachhaltige und resiliente Fassadensysteme der Zukunft stehen im Fokus der Diskussion ebenso wie die Bewertung neuer Materialien und Technologien, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf dem Kleben. Die Planung und die Ausführung wegweisender Glasarchitektur werden anhand von aktuellen herausragenden Projekten ausführlich erläutert. Die Bemessung und die Konstruktion tragender Glasbauteile und die Anwendung neuer Normen und Richtlinien werden praxisnah aufgezeigt. Außerdem wird die Optimierung zukunftsfähiger Gebäudehüllen in gleicher Tiefe behandelt wie die energetische Sanierung denkmalgeschützter Fassaden. Nicht zuletzt vermitteln die jüngsten Ergebnisse anerkannter Forschungseinrichtungen einen zuverlässigen Einblick in die Leistungsfähigkeit des gesamten Glasbaus.Table of ContentsGlasbau Jahrbuch | 20 Jahre v Bernhard Weller, Silke Tasche Formen der Transparenz 1 Gunter Henn Bauten und Projekte Strukturell verklebte, wellenförmige Glasfassade mit Blick auf den Central Park 7 Klaus Kräch, Özhan Topcu, Benjamin Peter Additive Fertigung von freigeformten Stahl-Glas-Konstruktionen 21 Matthias Oppe, Lia Tramontini, Sebastian Thieme The Well – Neue Lebenskonzepte in Toronto 33 Felix Schmitt, Jonas Hilcken, Stefan Zimmermann Common Sky – ein Dach als Kunstwerk 47 Tobias Herrmann Ganzglaskonstruktion für das Dach des historischen Pützerturms der TU Darmstadt 59 Frank Tarazi, Sebastian Schula, Jens Schneider, Daniel Pfanner, Christoph Duppel Neuer Kanzlerplatz Bonn – Glasfassade in der Schnittstelle zur Gridstruktur 83 Jürgen Einck Bemessung und Konstruktion Nachhaltige Fassaden – Zirkularität als Innovationstreiber 95 Winfried Heusler, Ksenija Kadija Verglasungen im Zeichen des Klimawandels | mit Glas klimatauglich planen 107 Alireza Fadai, Daniel Stephan Entwicklung von beschusshemmendem Glas ohne Einsatz von Polycarbonat 119 Fritz Schlögl Aktueller Stand der nationalen Glasbaunormung 135 Geralt Siebert Explosionsschutz von Fenstern und Fassaden: Angewandte Grundlagen und Methoden 141 Jan Dirk van der Woerd, Matthias Wagner, Achim Pietzsch, Matthias Andrae, Norbert Gebbeken Forschung und Entwicklung Irreversible Oberflächenverwitterung von modernem Floatglas und präventive Reinigungsstrategien 155 Gentiana Strugaj, Elena Mendoza, Andreas Herrmann, Edda Rädlein Überlagerung fertigungsbedingter Inhomogenitäten und beschleunigter Alterung bei Silikonklebstoffen 165 Benjamin Schaaf, Markus Feldmann, Elisabeth Stammen, Klaus Dilger Hybrides Vakuumisolierglas – Thermische und thermomechanische Charakterisierung 179 Bastian Büttner, Franz Paschke, Matthias Seel, Cornelia Stark, Elias Wolfrath, Helmut Weinläder Photochromes Verbundglas – Haftverhalten von EVA mit integrierter Funktionsfolie 193 Elena Fleckenstein, Christiane Kothe, Felix Nicklisch, Bernhard Weller Untersuchungen der Zugluft bei gekippten Fenstern in Hamburger Schulräumen 209 Barbara Weese, Christian Grote, Frank Wellershoff Geklebte Glasscheiben als Aussteifungselement und Absturzsicherung 223 Johannes Giese-Hinz, Felix Nicklisch, Bernhard Weller, Mascha Baitinger, Jasmin Reichert, Henriette Hoffmann Numerische Studien zur Glaskantentemperatur im verschatteten Bereich von Isoliergläsern 239 Gregor Schwind, Franz Paschke, Jens Schneider, Matthias Seel Versuchsprogramm zur Klebstoffuntersuchung fluidgefüllter Isolierverglasungen 261 Alina Joachim, Felix Nicklisch, Bernhard Weller Ein Verfahren zum Nachweis von thermisch vorgespannten Vakuumisolierglas-Hybriden 277 Isabell Schulz, Mascha Baitinger, Tommaso Baudone, Franz Paschke, Miriam Schuster, Matthias Seel Bauprodukte und Bauarten Effekte der Zusatzstoffe auf die Trübung und Alterung von Verbundsicherheitsgläsern 293 Anton Mordvinkin, Sven Henning, Michael Wendt, Robert Heidrich, Nishanth Thavayogarajah, Jasmin Weiß, Kristin Riedel, Steffen Bornemann Oberflächendefekte bei Dünnglas unter zyklischer Beanspruchung 307 Jürgen Neugebauer, Katharina Schachner Vogelschutz und funktionale Glasbeschichtungen im Verbundsicherheitsglas 319 Wim Stevels, Alex Caestecker, Matthias Haller Fortgeschrittene Methoden für die Schädigungsanalyse von Glaslaminaten bei dynamischen Beanspruchungen 335 Steffen Bornemann, Sven Henning, Konstantin Naumenko, Matthias Pander, Kristin Riedel, Mathias Würkner Autorinnen und Autoren 349 Schlagwörter 351 Keywords 353
£40.50
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Structural Timber Design eBundle
Book SynopsisTimber construction has been one of the most innovative areas of the building industry for several years. The speed with which new products are introduced into practical application is almost breathtaking compared to the other construction materials in the building industry. As a result, timber construction is continuously increasing its market share in commercial buildings and hall structures, and even in multi-storey construction for residential and office buildings. This book provides essential knowledge and skills required for the design, detailing, and construction of timber structures for typical building structures. Special emphasis is placed on the specific features of timber and wood-based materials compared to other construction materials. This concerns the numerous advantages, as e.g. the comparatively low weight, the good workability of the high-performance material and the large variety of assembling technologies, but also the challenges resulting from the material ani
£93.50
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Applied Building Physics: Ambient Conditions,
Book SynopsisWhile the first volume on building physics deals with the physical principles of heat, air and moisture behaviour of buildings, building structures and components, this second volume on applied building physics focuses on the question of what the desired performance of buildings consists of. To achieve this, knowledge of the external environmental effects and the internal live loads to which buildings are subjected is a necessary first step. Subsequently, the performance requirements and the physical correspondences are deepened with the determination of their physical parameters, at the levels of buildings, building structures and building components. Compared to the second edition, the discussion of criteria is not limited to thermal comfort, but also includes acoustic, visual and olfactory aspects. Likewise, the indoor air quality is considered in a broader way. Analyses and calculations result in sustainable buildings with a comfortable indoor climate from functional and durable building constructions. Compared to the second edition, the text for the third edition has been reorganised, corrected, revised and expanded where appropriate. A useful appendix for quick reference contains standard values of material properties for a wide range of building materials. The analyses and calculations described in this book result in sustainable buildings made of functional and durable building constructions, with comfortable and healthy indoor climate and air quality. Compared to the second edition the text in this third edition has been reshuffled, corrected, reworked and extended where appropriate.Table of ContentsPreface xv About the Author xvii List of Units and Symbols Introduction 1 Subject of the Book 1 Further Reading 2 1 Ambient Conditions Out- and Indoors 3 1.1 Overview 3 1.2 Outdoors 5 1.2.1 In General 5 1.2.2 Air Temperature 6 1.2.3 Solar Radiation 9 1.2.3.1 In General 9 1.2.3.2 Beam Radiation 11 1.2.3.3 Diffuse Radiation 13 1.2.3.4 Reflected Radiation 15 1.2.3.5 Total Radiation 15 1.2.4 Clear Sky Long Wave Radiation 15 1.2.5 Relative Humidity (RH) and (Partial Water) Vapour Pressure 18 1.2.6 Wind 20 1.2.6.1 Impact 20 1.2.6.2 Wind Speed 21 1.2.6.3 Wind Pressure 22 1.2.7 Rain 23 1.2.7.1 Impact 23 1.2.7.2 Precipitation 23 1.2.7.3 Wind-driven Rain 25 1.2.8 Microclimate Around Buildings 28 1.2.9 Standardized Outside Climate Data 28 1.2.9.1 Design Temperature 28 1.2.9.2 Very Hot Summer, Very Cold Winter Day 30 1.2.9.3 Moisture Reference Year 30 1.2.9.4 Equivalent Temperature for Condensation and Drying 32 1.2.9.5 Monthly Mean Vapour Pressure Outdoors 35 1.3 Indoors 35 1.3.1 In General 35 1.3.2 Air Temperature 35 1.3.2.1 In General 35 1.3.2.2 Measured Data 36 1.3.3 Relative Humidity (RH) and Vapour Pressure 37 1.3.3.1 In General 37 1.3.3.2 Vapour Release Indoors 38 1.3.3.3 Measured Data 38 1.3.3.4 Indoor Climate Classes 45 1.3.4 Indoor to Outdoor Air Pressure Differentials 47 Annex: Solar Radiation at Uccle, Belgium (50 ∘ 51 ′ N, 4 ∘ 21 ′ E) 48 Further Reading 59 2 Performance Metrics and Arrays 63 2.1 Definitions 63 2.2 Functional Demands 63 2.3 Performance Requirements 64 2.4 A Short History 64 2.5 Performance Arrays 66 2.5.1 Overview 66 2.5.1.1 The Built Environment 66 2.5.1.2 Whole Buildings and Building Assemblies 66 2.5.2 Some Demands More in Detail 70 2.5.2.1 Functionality 70 2.5.2.2 Structural Adequacy 70 2.5.2.3 Building Physics-Related Requirements 71 2.5.2.4 Fire Safety 71 2.5.2.5 Durability 72 2.5.2.6 Sustainability 73 2.5.2.7 Maintenance 73 Further Reading 73 3 Performance Demands at the Whole Building Level 75 3.1 In Brief 75 3.2 Thermal, Acoustical, Visual and Olfactory Comfort 75 3.2.1 In General 75 3.2.2 Thermal Comfort 76 3.2.2.1 Physiological Basis 76 3.2.2.2 The Autonomous Control System 77 3.2.2.3 Steady State Thermal Comfort, A Physiological Approach 78 3.2.2.4 Comfort Parameters and Variables 81 3.2.2.5 Steady State Thermal Comfort, the Adaptive Model 85 3.2.2.6 Thermal Comfort Under Non-uniform, Non-steady-state Conditions 86 3.2.2.7 Local Discomfort 87 3.2.2.8 Standard-based Comfort Requirements 89 3.2.2.9 Consequences for the Enclosure Performance 92 3.2.3 Acoustical Comfort 93 3.2.3.1 Anatomy of the Ears 93 3.2.3.2 Physiological Facts 94 3.2.3.3 Effects of Unacceptable Noise 94 3.2.3.4 Comfort Values 97 3.2.4 Visual Comfort 99 3.2.4.1 Anatomy of the Eyes 99 3.2.4.2 Physiological Facts 99 3.2.4.3 Comfort Values 100 3.2.5 Olfactory Comfort 102 3.2.5.1 Anatomy of the Nose 102 3.2.5.2 Physiological Facts 102 3.2.5.3 Comfort Values 102 3.3 Health and Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 103 3.3.1 In General 103 3.3.2 Health 104 3.3.3 Definitions 104 3.3.4 Relation Between Pollution Out- and Indoors 105 3.3.5 Process-related Contaminants, Some Coming from Outdoors 105 3.3.5.1 Dust, Vapours, Smoke, Mist and Gaseous Clouds 105 3.3.5.2 Fibres 106 3.3.5.3 Ozone 107 3.3.6 Contaminants Emitted by Materials and Other Sources 107 3.3.6.1 (Semi) Volatile Organic Compounds ((S)VOCs) 107 3.3.6.2 Formaldehyde (HCHO) 108 3.3.6.3 Phthalates 108 3.3.6.4 Pentachlorophenol 109 3.3.7 Soil Linked Radon 109 3.3.8 Combustion Linked Contaminants 110 3.3.8.1 In General 110 3.3.8.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 111 3.3.8.3 Nitrous Dioxide (NO 2) 111 3.3.9 Bio-germs 111 3.3.9.1 Viruses 111 3.3.9.2 Bacteria 111 3.3.9.3 Moulds 112 3.3.9.4 Dust Mites 114 3.3.9.5 Insects 115 3.3.9.6 Rodents 115 3.3.9.7 Pets 115 3.3.10 Human Related Contaminants 115 3.3.10.1 In General 115 3.3.10.2 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2) 116 3.3.10.3 Water Vapour 116 3.3.10.4 Bio-odours 116 3.3.10.5 Tobacco Smoke 116 3.3.11 Perceived Indoor Air Quality 118 3.3.11.1 Odour 118 3.3.11.2 Indoor Air Enthalpy 119 3.3.12 Sick Building Syndrome 120 3.3.13 Contaminant Control 121 3.3.13.1 In General 121 3.3.13.2 Minimizing the Emissions 121 3.3.13.3 Ventilation 121 3.3.13.4 Air Cleaning and Personal Protective Measures 130 3.4 Energy Efficiency 131 3.4.1 The Problem 131 3.4.2 Some Statistics 132 3.4.3 End Energy Use in Buildings 132 3.4.3.1 In General 132 3.4.3.2 Lighting and Appliances 133 3.4.3.3 Domestic Hot Water 135 3.4.3.4 Space Heating, Cooling and Air Conditioning 136 3.4.4 Space Heating, Steady-state 136 3.4.4.1 Terminology 136 3.4.4.2 Steady State Heat Balance at Zone Level 138 3.4.4.3 Whole Building Net Heating Balance 143 3.4.4.4 Annual End Energy Use for Heating 144 3.4.4.5 Protected Volume Seen as One Zone at Given Temperature 145 3.4.5 Simple Methods to Guess the Annual End Energy Use for Heating 145 3.4.5.1 When Predesigning Single-family Houses 145 3.4.5.2 Using Degree-days 145 3.4.6 Space Conditioning and Overheating, Non-steady-state Evaluation 146 3.4.6.2 Methodologies 146 3.4.6.3 Harmonic Analysis in Detail 148 3.4.6.4 Lines of Influence in Detail 154 3.4.6.5 Control Volumes in Detail (CVM) 156 3.4.7 Residential Buildings, Factors Shaping the Net Heating Demand 157 3.4.7.1 Overview 157 3.4.7.2 Outdoor Climate 157 3.4.7.3 Building Use 158 3.4.7.4 Building Design and Construction 166 3.4.8 Residential Buildings, Factors Fixing the Net Cooling Demand 175 3.4.9 Residential Buildings, Gross Energy Demand and End Use for Heating and Cooling 175 3.4.10 Residential Buildings Ranked in Terms of Energy Efficiency 177 3.4.10.1 Insulated 177 3.4.10.2 Energy Efficient 177 3.4.10.3 Low Energy 177 3.4.10.4 Passive 177 3.4.10.5 Nearly Net Zero (nZEB) 177 3.4.10.6 Net Zero (ZEB) 178 3.4.10.7 Net Plus 178 3.4.10.8 Energy Autarkic 178 3.4.10.9 Zero Carbon 178 3.4.11 Non-residential Buildings, From Net Demand to Primary Energy Use 179 3.4.11.1 In General 179 3.4.11.2 School Renovation as Exemplary Case 179 3.5 Durability 182 3.5.1 In General 182 3.5.2 Loads 183 3.5.3 Damage Patterns 184 3.5.3.1 Decrease in Thermal Insulation Performance 184 3.5.3.2 Decrease in Strength and Stiffness 185 3.5.3.3 Stress, Strain, Deformation and Cracking Induced 185 3.5.3.4 Biological Attack 188 3.5.3.5 Frost 190 3.5.3.6 Salt Attack 194 3.5.3.7 Chemical Attack 198 3.5.3.8 Corrosion 199 3.6 Economics 201 3.6.1 In General 201 3.6.2 Total and Net Present Value 201 3.6.3 Optimal Insulation Thickness 202 3.6.4 Whole Building Optimum 203 3.6.4.1 Methodology 203 3.6.4.2 Application 204 3.7 Sustainability 210 3.7.1 In General 210 3.7.2 Life Cycle Inventory and Analysis (LCIA) 211 3.7.2.1 Definition 211 3.7.2.2 Some Criteria 212 3.7.2.3 Total Energy Use 215 3.7.2.4 Recycling 216 3.8 High-performance Buildings 216 3.8.1 In General 216 3.8.2 Rationale Developed for Governmental Office Building 217 Further Reading 220 4 Heat, Air, Moisture (HAM) Metrics at the Building Assembly Level 229 4.1 Introduction 229 4.2 Airtightness 229 4.2.1 Airflow Patterns 229 4.2.2 Performance Requirements 231 4.2.2.1 Air In- and Exfiltration 231 4.2.2.2 Indoor Air Washing, Wind Washing and Air Looping 232 4.3 Thermal Transmittance 233 4.3.1 Definitions 233 4.3.1.1 Opaque Envelope Assemblies Above Grade 233 4.3.1.2 Floors on Grade as Three Dimensional Case 233 4.3.1.3 Other Three Dimensional Cases 235 4.3.1.4 Transparent Parts 235 4.3.1.5 Whole Envelopes 237 4.3.2 Basis for Requirements 238 4.3.2.1 Envelope Parts 238 4.3.2.2 Whole Envelopes 238 4.3.3 Examples of Requirements 238 4.3.3.1 Remark 238 4.3.3.2 Envelope Parts 238 4.3.3.3 Whole Envelopes 238 4.4 Transient Thermal Response 242 4.4.1 Properties of Importance 242 4.4.2 Performance Requirements 243 4.4.3 Consequences for the Building Fabric 244 4.5 Moisture Tolerance 245 4.5.1 In General 245 4.5.2 Construction Moisture 245 4.5.2.1 Definition 245 4.5.2.2 Performance Requirements 246 4.5.2.3 Consequences for the Building Fabric 246 4.5.3 Rain 248 4.5.3.1 In General 248 4.5.3.2 Performance Requirements 250 4.5.3.3 Modelling 250 4.5.3.4 Consequences for the Building Envelope 252 4.5.4 Rising Damp 256 4.5.4.1 Definition 256 4.5.4.2 Performance Requirements 256 4.5.4.3 Modelling 257 4.5.4.4 Avoiding or Curing Rising Damp 259 4.5.5 Pressure Heads 261 4.5.5.1 Definition 261 4.5.5.2 Performance Requirements 261 4.5.5.3 Modelling 262 4.5.5.4 Protecting the Building Fabric 262 4.5.6 Accidental Leakages 263 4.5.7 Hygroscopicity 263 4.5.7.1 Definition 263 4.5.7.2 Performance Requirements 264 4.5.7.3 Modelling 264 4.5.7.4 Consequences for the Building Fabric 265 4.5.8 Surface Condensation 265 4.5.8.1 Definition 265 4.5.8.2 Performance Requirements 265 4.5.8.3 Modelling 265 4.5.8.4 How to Avoid? 267 4.5.9 Interstitial Condensation 267 4.5.9.1 Definition 267 4.5.9.2 Modelling 267 4.5.9.3 Performance Requirements 275 4.5.9.4 How to avoid? 276 4.5.9.5 Remark 276 4.5.10 Heat, Air, Moisture (HAM) Modelling, All Moisture Sources Combined 277 4.5.10.1 Modelling 277 4.5.10.2 Performance Requirements 278 4.5.10.3 Why Full Models Still Have Limitations 279 4.5.10.4 Usability of Full HAM Tools 283 4.6 Thermal Bridging 287 4.6.1 Definition 287 4.6.2 Performance Requirements 288 4.6.3 Consequences for the Envelope 288 4.7 Contact Coefficients 288 4.8 Hygrothermal Stress and Strain 288 4.9 Transparent Parts: Solar Transmittance 289 4.9.1 Definition 289 4.9.2 Performance Requirements 290 4.9.3 Consequences for the Envelope 290 Further Reading 290 5 The Envelope Parts Heat Air Moisture (HAM) Performances applied to Timber-Frame 295 5.1 In General 295 5.2 Assembly 295 5.3 Performance Evaluation 296 5.3.1 In General 296 5.3.2 Airtightness 296 5.3.3 Thermal Transmittance 297 5.3.4 Transient Response 299 5.3.5 Moisture Tolerance 300 5.3.5.1 Construction Moisture 300 5.3.5.2 Rain 300 5.3.5.3 Rising Damp 301 5.3.5.4 Hygroscopic Moisture and Surface Condensation 302 5.3.5.5 Interstitial Condensation 302 5.3.5.6 More Advanced Modelling 308 5.3.6 Thermal Bridging 310 Further Reading 310 Appendix: Heat, Air, Moisture (HAM) Material Properties 311 A.1 Heat Related, Standard Values; Applicable In- and Outside of the Thermal Insulation 311 A.2 Heat Related, Standard Values; Differentiating Between In- and Outside of the Thermal Insulation 315 A.3 Air-Related, Measured Values 323 A.4 Water Vapour Related: Vapour Resistance Factor, Standard Values 331 Index 337
£51.00
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Building Physics and Applied Building Physics, 2
Book SynopsisBad experiences with construction quality, the energy crises of 1973 and 1979, complaints about "sick buildings", thermal, acoustical, visual and olfactory discomfort, the need for good air quality, the move towards energy efficiency, decarbonization and sustainability - all these have accelerated the development of a discipline that, for a long time, was hardly more than an academic exercise: building physics. The discipline embraces domains such as heat and mass transfer, building acoustics, lighting, indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, and, in some countries, fire safety. Through the application of physical knowledge and its combination with information coming from other disciplines, building physics helps to under-stand the physical phenomena governing building parts, building envelope, whole building and built environment performance - called urban physics. Today, building physics has be-come a key player on the road to highly performing new buildings and renovations. The first book deals with heat, air and moisture transport in building parts or assemblies and whole buildings with emphasis on the building engineering applications. The second book on applied building physics focuses on the question of what a well-balanced building performance consists of. Here, the environmental loads on buildings are explained - i.e. all those parameters that describe the external and internal environmental conditions, with an emphasis on practical implementation. Then follows a comprehensive presentation of those performance requirements that are important at the whole-building level, mainly considering thermal, acoustic, visual and olfactory comfort, indoor air quality, energy consumption, durability, economy and sustainability. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the requirements regarding thermal, air and moisture behaviour as well as the measured variables at the level of the building construction and components. The analyses and calculations described in this book result in sustainable buildings made of functional and durable building constructions, with comfortable and healthy indoor climate. Compared to the previous editions, both books have been expanded to include the physical determination of the thermal conductivity of materials, together with an in-depth discussion of all the effects of thicker insulation layers. Additional information has been added on wind pressure and the evaluation of condensation inside the building components, while a new chapter on material properties has been included. Both volumes, including the figures, have been revised and restructured where necessary.Table of ContentsBOOK 1 BUILDING PHYSICS Preface Units and Symbols 0 Introduction, History of Building Physics 1 Heat Transfer 1.1 Generalities 1.2 Conduction 1.3 Heat Exchange at Surfaces by Convection and Radiation 1.4 Building Related Applications 1.5 Problems and Solutions 2 Mass Transfer 2.1 Generalities 2.2 Air 2.3 Water Vapour 2.4 Moisture 2.5 Problems and Solutions 3 Heat, Air, and Moisture Combined 3.1 Why? 3.2 Material and Assembly Level 3.3 Whole Building Level 3.4 Problems and Solutions 4 Heat, Air, Moisture Material Properties 4.1 In general 4.2 Dry Air and Water 4.3 Thermal Properties of selected building materials 4.4 Air Properties 4.5 Moisture Properties Postscript BOOK 2 APPLIED BUILDING PHYSICS Preface Units and Symbols Introduction, Historical Review 1 Ambient Conditions Out and Indoors 1.1 Overview 1.2 Outdoors 1.3 Indoors Further Reading 2 Performance Metrics and Arrays 2.1 Definitions 2.2 Functional Demands 2.3 Performance Requirements 2.4 A short history 2.5 Performance arrays Further Reading 3 Functional Demands at the Whole Building Level 3.1 In brief 3.2 Thermal, acoustical, visual and olfactory comfort 3.3 Health and Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) 3.4 Energy Efficiency 3.5 Durability 3.6 Economics 3.7 Sustainability 3.8 High performance buildings Further Reading 4 Heat, Air, Moisture Metrics at the Building Assembly Level 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Air-tightness 4.3 Thermal transmittance 4.4 Transient thermal response 4.5 Moisture tolerance 4.6 Thermal bridging 4.7 Contact coefficient 4.8 Hygrothermal stress and strain 4.9 Transparent parts: solar transmittance Further Reading 5 The Envelope Parts HAM Performances Applied to Timber-Frame 5.1 In general 5.2 Assembly 5.3 Performance evaluation Further Reading Appendix: Heat, Air, Moisture Material Properties Index
£85.00
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Rules of Thumb in Engineering Practice
Book SynopsisAn immense treasure trove containing hundreds of equipment symptoms, arranged so as to allow swift identification and elimination of the causes. These rules of thumb are the result of preserving and structuring the immense knowledge of experienced engineers collected and compiled by the author - an experienced engineer himself - into an invaluable book that helps younger engineers find their way from symptoms to causes. This sourcebook is unrivalled in its depth and breadth of coverage, listing five important aspects for each piece of equipment: * area of application * sizing guidelines * capital cost including difficult-to-find installation factors * principles of good practice, and * good approaches to troubleshooting. Extensive cross-referencing takes into account that some items of equipment are used for many different purposes, and covers not only the most familiar types, but special care has been taken to also include less common ones. Consistent terminology and SI units are used throughout the book, while a detailed index quickly and reliably directs readers, thus aiding engineers in their everyday work at chemical plants: from keywords to solutions in a matter of minutes.Table of ContentsThe Overall Process Transportation Energy Exchange Homogeneous Phase Separations Heterogeneous Phase Separations Reactors Mixing Size Reduction Size Enlargement Process Vessels Appendix Index
£999.99
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Industrial Organic Chemistry
Book SynopsisThis bestselling standard, now in its fifth, completely revised English edition, is an excellent source of technological and economic information on the most important precursors and intermediates used in the chemical industry. Both a handbook and ready reference, this volume has a uniform structure for ease of use, with a number of fold-out flow charts illustrating complex chemical processes, plus summaries and relevant statistical data in the margins. The text is rounded off by a comprehensive list of references and a detailed subject index. From reviews of previous editions (authored by K. Weissermel/H.-J. Arpe) "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." (Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry) "It would be unkind and misleading to call this book a poor man's Kirk Othmer, but it could almost be described as an encyclopedia... it is easy to read and one has to admire the authors' dedication and endeavor in getting so much into a single volume. They have provided a book that is interesting reading as well as being an excellent reference. It is a highly recommended book, which I hope the authors will find the energy to continue updating on a regular basis." (Chemistry in Britain) "...it should be ready to hand to every chemist or process engineer involved directly or indirectly with industrial organic chemistry. It should be in the hand of every higher-graduate student, especially if chemical technology is not part of the study, like in many college universities..." (Tenside-Surfactants-Detergents) "Whether student or scientist, theorist or practician - everybody interested in industrial organic chemistry will appreciate this work. ..." (farbe + lack)Trade Review"The fourth edition of this established work follows in the excellent tradition of the previous three editions. It retains the concept of the original, providing technological and economic information on the key building blocks of the chemical industry. The book is packed with information, much of which cannot easily be found elsewhere, and certainly not in such a readily digestible form. The companies and innovators responsible for the chemistry described are clearly credited, and indeed this volume provides an excellent history of the worldwide bulk organic chemicals industry. Throughout the book the authors indicate potential future developments in the manufacture of these important precursors and intermediates. The reader friendly format seen in the previous editions is retained, wherein each chapter or subsection is provided with a chemical flow diagram illustrating the interrelationship of the products, these flow diagrams folding out such that they can be constantly referred to whilst reading the text. In addition, the main text is accompanied by a synopsis in the margin, which concisely presents all of the essential points, thus facilitating browsing. The contents are logically and clearly organized, and there are detailed reference lists for each chapter, together with an extensive index. This latest edition also includes updated statistics and adopts the new IUPAC nomenclature guidelines.(...) This book will be a positive addition to the libraries and bookshelves of chemists and chemical engineers working in the organic sector, including those to whom many of the molecules describes are considered to be "commercially available starting materials". Non-scientists (e.g. industrial economists, lawyers) will also gain an appreciation of the complex technological, scientific and economic inter-relationships (and potential developments) which characterize industrial organic chemistry." Organic Process Research & Development, Peter Spargo "This book is an immensely comprehensive and practical work. University chemistry students would benefit from reading this book as it provides a valuable insight into chemical technology, which is often lacking in undergraduate chemistry courses. The university lecturer can obtain examples of applied organic syntheses and keep up to date with the constant changes in chemical manufacturing. It should appeal most to chemists and engineers in the chemical industry, who should benefit from the technological, scientific and economic interrelationships and their potential developments." Synthesis - Journal of Synthetic Organic ChemistryTable of ContentsPreface to the First Edition xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii Preface to the Third Edition xix Preface to the Fourth Edition xxi 1 Various Aspects of the Energy and Raw Material Supply 1 1.1 Present and Predictable Energy Requirements 2 1.2 Availability of Individual Sources 3 1.2.1 Oil 3 1.2.2 Natural Gas 4 1.2.3 Coal 5 1.2.4 Nuclear Fuels 5 1.3 Prospects for the Future Energy Supply 7 1.4 Present and Anticipated Raw Material Situation 8 1.4.1 Petrochemical Primary Products 8 1.4.2 Coal Conversion Products 11 2 Basic Products of Industrial Syntheses 15 2.1 Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1 Generation of Synthesis Gas 15 2.1.1.1 Synthesis Gas via Coal Gasification 16 2.1.1.2 Synthesis Gas from Cracking of Natural Gas and Oil 19 2.1.2 Synthesis Gas Purification and Use 21 2.2 Production of the Pure Synthesis Gas Components 24 2.2.1 Carbon Monoxide 24 2.2.2 Hydrogen 26 2.3 C1 Units 29 2.3.1 Methanol 29 2.3.1.1 Manufacture of Methanol 30 2.3.1.2 Applications and Potential Applications of Methanol 32 2.3.2 Formaldehyde 37 2.3.2.1 Formaldehyde from Methanol 38 2.3.2.2 Uses and Potential Uses of Formaldehyde 40 2.3.3 Formic Acid 42 2.3.4 Hydrocyanic Acid 46 2.3.5 Methylamines 51 2.3.6 Halogen Derivatives of Methane 52 3 Olefins 59 3.1 Historical Development of Olefin Chemistry 59 3.2 Olefins from Cracking of Hydrocarbons 60 3.3 Special Manufacturing Processes for Olefins 63 3.3.1 Ethylene, Propene 63 3.3.2 Butenes 67 3.3.3 Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.1 Unbranched Higher Olefins 75 3.3.3.2 Branched Higher Olefins 83 3.4 Olefin Metathesis 86 4 Acetylene 91 4.1 Present Significance of Acetylene 91 4.2 Manufacturing Processes for Acetylene 93 4.2.1 Manufacture Based on Calcium Carbide 93 4.2.2 Thermal Processes 94 4.3 Utilization of Acetylene 98 5 1,3-Diolefins 107 5.1 1,3-Butadiene 107 5.1.1 Historical Syntheses of 1,3-Butadiene 108 5.1.2 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Cracking Fractions 109 5.1.3 1,3-Butadiene from C4 Alkanes and Alkenes 111 5.1.4 Utilization of 1,3-Butadiene 114 5.2 Isoprene 117 5.2.1 Isoprene from C5 Cracking Fractions 118 5.2.2 Isoprene from Synthetic Reactions 119 5.3 Chloroprene 122 5.4 Cyclopentadiene 125 6 Syntheses involving Carbon Monoxide 127 6.1 Hydroformylation of Olefins 127 6.1.1 Chemical Basis of Hydroformylation 128 6.1.2 Industrial Operation of Hydroformylation 131 6.1.3 Catalyst Modifications in Hydroformylation 134 6.1.4 Utilization of oxo Products 136 6.1.4.1 Oxo Alcohols 136 6.1.4.2 Oxo Carboxylic Acids 138 6.1.4.3 Aldol and Condensation Products of the Oxo Aldehydes 139 6.2 Carbonylation of Olefins 141 6.3 Koch Carboxylic Acid Synthesis 143 7 Oxidation Products of Ethylene 147 7.1 Ethylene Oxide 147 7.1.1 Ethylene Oxide by the Chlorohydrin Process 148 7.1.2 Ethylene Oxide by Direct Oxidation 149 7.1.2.1 Chemical Principles 149 7.1.2.2 Process Operation 150 7.1.2.3 Potential Developments in Ethylene Oxide Manufacture 152 7.2 Secondary Products of Ethylene Oxide 153 7.2.1 Ethylene Glycol and Higher Ethylene Glycols 154 7.2.1.1 Potential Developments in Ethylene Glycol Manufacture 155 7.2.1.2 Uses of Ethylene Glycol 158 7.2.1.3 Secondary Products: Glyoxal, Dioxolane, 1,4-Dioxane 158 7.2.2 Polyethoxylates 160 7.2.3 Ethanolamines and Secondary Products 161 7.2.4 Ethylene Glycol Ethers 164 7.2.5 Additional Products from Ethylene Oxide 167 7.3 Acetaldehyde 168 7.3.1 Acetaldehyde via Oxidation of Ethylene 169 7.3.1.1 Chemical Basis 169 7.3.1.2 Process Operation 171 7.3.2 Acetaldehyde from Ethanol 172 7.3.3 Acetaldehyde by C3/C4 Alkane Oxidation 173 7.4 Secondary Products of Acetaldehyde 173 7.4.1 Acetic Acid 174 7.4.1.1 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Acetaldehyde 175 7.4.1.2 Acetic Acid by Oxidation of Alkanes and Alkenes 177 7.4.1.3 Carbonylation of Methanol to Acetic Acid 180 7.4.1.4 Potential Developments in Acetic Acid Manufacture 182 7.4.1.5 Use of Acetic Acid 183 7.4.2 Acetic Anhydride and Ketene 185 7.4.3 Aldol Condensation of Acetaldehyde and Secondary Products 189 7.4.4 Ethyl Acetate 191 7.4.5 Pyridine and Alkyl Pyridines 193 8 Alcohols 197 8.1 Lower Alcohols 197 8.1.1 Ethanol 197 8.1.2 2-Propanol 202 8.1.3 Butanols 205 8.1.4 Amyl Alcohols 209 8.2 Higher Alcohols 209 8.2.1 Oxidation of Paraffins to Alcohols 213 8.2.2 Alfol Synthesis 214 8.3 Polyhydric Alcohols 216 8.3.1 Pentaerythritol 216 8.3.2 Trimethylolpropane 217 8.3.3 Neopentyl Glycol 218 9 Vinyl Halogen and Vinyl Oxygen Compounds 221 9.1 Vinyl Halogen Compounds 221 9.1.1 Vinyl Chloride 221 9.1.1.1 Vinyl Chloride from Acetylene 222 9.1.1.2 Vinyl Chloride from Ethylene 223 9.1.1.3 Potential Developments in Vinyl Chloride Manufacture 226 9.1.1.4 Uses of Vinyl Chloride and 1,2-Dichloroethane 227 9.1.2 Vinylidene Chloride 229 9.1.3 Vinyl Fluoride and Vinylidene Fluoride 229 9.1.4 Trichloro- and Tetrachloroethylene 231 9.1.5 Tetrafluoroethylene 233 9.2 Vinyl Esters and Ethers 234 9.2.1 Vinyl Acetate 234 9.2.1.1 Vinyl Acetate Based on Acetylene or Acetaldehyde 234 9.2.1.2 Vinyl Acetate Based on Ethylene 236 9.2.1.3 Possibilities for Development of Vinyl Acetate Manufacture 238 9.2.2 Vinyl Esters of Higher Carboxylic Acids 240 9.2.3 Vinyl Ethers 241 10 Components for Polyamides 243 10.1 Dicarboxylic Acids 245 10.1.1 Adipic Acid 246 10.1.2 1,12-Dodecanedioic Acid 249 10.2 Diamines and Aminocarboxylic Acids 251 10.2.1 Hexamethylenediamine 251 10.2.1.1 Manufacture of Adiponitrile 251 10.2.1.2 Hydrogenation of Adiponitrile 255 10.2.1.3 Potential Developments in Adiponitrile Manufacture 256 10.2.2 ω-Aminoundecanoic Acid 257 10.3 Lactams 258 10.3.1 Є-Caprolactam 258 10.3.1.1 Є-Caprolactam from the Cyclohexanone Oxime Route 258 10.3.1.2 Alternative Manufacturing Processes for Є-Caprolactam 263 10.3.1.3 Possibilities for Development in Є-Caprolactam Manufacture 265 10.3.1.4 Uses of Є-Caprolactam 266 10.3.2 Laurolactam 268 11 Propene Conversion Products 273 11.1 Oxidation Products of Propene 274 11.1.1 Propylene Oxide 274 11.1.1.1 Propylene Oxide from the Chlorohydrin Process 274 11.1.1.2 Indirect Oxidation Routes to Propylene Oxide 275 11.1.1.3 Possibilities for Development in the Manufacture of Propylene Oxide 279 11.1.2 Secondary Products of Propylene Oxide 283 11.1.3 Acetone 285 11.1.3.1 Direct Oxidation of Propene 286 11.1.3.2 Acetone from 2-Propanol 287 11.1.4 Secondary Products of Acetone 288 11.1.4.1 Acetone Aldolization and Secondary Products 289 11.1.4.2 Methacrylic Acid and Ester 290 11.1.5 Acrolein 295 11.1.6 Secondary Products of Acrolein 296 11.1.7 Acrylic Acid and Esters 299 11.1.7.1 Traditional Acrylic Acid Manufacture 299 11.1.7.2 Acrylic Acid from Propene 301 11.1.7.3 Possibilities for Development in Acrylic Acid Manufacture 303 11.2 Allyl Compounds and Secondary Products 304 11.2.1 Allyl Chloride 304 11.2.2 Allyl Alcohol and Esters 307 11.2.3 Glycerol from Allyl Precursors 309 11.3 Acrylonitrile 312 11.3.1 Traditional Acrylonitrile Manufacture 313 11.3.2 Ammoxidation of Propene 314 11.3.2.1 Sohio Acrylonitrile Process 315 11.3.2.2 Other Propene/Propane Ammoxidation Processes 316 11.3.3 Possibilities for Development of Acrylonitrile Manufacture 317 11.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Acrylonitrile 318 12 Aromatics — Production and Conversion 321 12.1 Importance of Aromatics 321 12.2 Sources of Feedstocks for Aromatics 322 12.2.1 Aromatics from Coking of Hard Coal 323 12.2.2 Aromatics from Reformate and Pyrolysis Gasoline 324 12.2.2.1 Isolation of Aromatics 327 12.2.2.2 Special Separation Techniques for Non-Aromatic/Aromatic and Aromatic Mixtures 328 12.2.3 Possibilities for Development of Aromatics Manufacture 333 12.2.4 Condensed Aromatics 334 12.2.4.1 Naphthalene 335 12.2.4.2 Anthracene 336 12.3 Conversion Processes for Aromatics 339 12.3.1 Hydrodealkylation 339 12.3.2 m-Xylene Isomerization 341 12.3.3 Disproportionation, Transalkylation, and Methylation 343 13 Benzene Derivatives 347 13.1 Alkylation and Hydrogenation Products of Benzene 348 13.1.1 Ethylbenzene 348 13.1.2 Styrene 351 13.1.3 Cumene 354 13.1.4 Higher Alkylbenzenes 356 13.1.5 Cyclohexane 357 13.2 Oxidation and Secondary Products of Benzene 359 13.2.1 Phenol 359 13.2.1.1 Manufacturing Processes for Phenol 360 13.2.1.2 Potential Developments in Phenol Manufacture 368 13.2.1.3 Uses and Secondary Products of Phenol 370 13.2.2 Dihydroxybenzenes 374 13.2.3 Maleic Anhydride 378 13.2.3.1 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Benzene 379 13.2.3.2 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butene 380 13.2.3.3 Maleic Anhydride from Oxidation of Butane 382 13.2.3.4 Uses and Secondary Products of Maleic Anhydride 383 13.3 Other Benzene Derivatives 386 13.3.1 Nitrobenzene 386 13.3.2 Aniline 387 13.3.3 Diisocyanates 390 14 Oxidation Products of Xylene and Naphthalene 397 14.1 Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.1 Oxidation of Naphthalene to Phthalic Anhydride 397 14.1.2 Oxidation of o-Xylene to Phthalic Anhydride 399 14.1.3 Esters of Phthalic Acid 401 14.2 Terephthalic Acid 404 14.2.1 Manufacture of Dimethyl Terephthalate and Terephthalic Acid 405 14.2.2 Fiber Grade Terephthalic Acid 407 14.2.3 Other Manufacturing Routes to Terephthalic Acid and Derivatives 409 14.2.4 Uses of Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 413 15 Appendix 417 15.1 Process and Product Schemes 417 15.2 Definitions of Terms used in Characterizing Chemical Reactions 459 15.3 Abbreviations for Companies 461 15.4 Sources of Information 462 15.4.1 General Literature 462 15.4.2 More Specific Literature (publications, monographs) 464 Index 487
£118.96
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Handbook of Hydrogen Storage: New Materials for Future Energy Storage
a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.
£145.31
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Hydrogen Production: by Electrolysis
Book SynopsisCovering the various aspects of this fast-evolving field, this comprehensive book includes the fundamentals and a comparison of current applications, while focusing on the latest, novel achievements and future directions. The introductory chapters explore the thermodynamic and electrochemical processes to better understand how electrolysis cells work, and how these can be combined to build large electrolysis modules. The book then goes on to discuss the electrolysis process and the characteristics, advantages, drawbacks, and challenges of the main existing electrolysis technologies. Current manufacturers and the main features of commercially available electrolyzers are extensively reviewed. The final chapters then present the possible configurations for integrating water electrolysis units with renewable energy sources in both autonomous and grid-connected systems, and comment on some relevant demonstration projects. Written by an internationally renowned team from academia and industry, the result is an invaluable review of the field and a discussion of known limitations and future perspectives.Table of ContentsForeword XIII Preface XV List of Contributors XIX 1 Introduction 1Agata Godula-Jopek 1.1 Overview on Different Hydrogen Production Means from a Technical Point of View 10 1.2 Summary Including Hydrogen Production Cost Overview 21 References 28 2 Fundamentals ofWater Electrolysis 33Pierre Millet 2.1 Thermodynamics of theWater Splitting Reaction 33 2.2 Efficiency of ElectrochemicalWater Splitting 46 2.3 Kinetics of theWater Splitting Reaction 52 2.4 Conclusions 59 Nomenclature 59 Greek symbols 60 Subscripts or superscripts 60 Acronyms 60 References 61 3 PEMWater Electrolysis 63Pierre Millet 3.1 Introduction, Historical Background 63 3.2 Concept of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell 65 3.3 Description of Unit PEM Cells 67 3.4 Electrochemical Performances of Unit PEM Cells 76 3.5 Cell Stacking 94 3.6 Balance of Plant 100 3.7 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 102 3.8 Limitations, Challenges and Perspectives 105 3.9 Conclusions 111 Nomenclature 113 Greek symbols 113 Subscripts or superscripts 114 Acronyms 114 References 114 4 AlkalineWater Electrolysis 117Nicolas Guillet and Pierre Millet 4.1 Introduction and Historical Background 117 4.2 Description of Unit Electrolysis Cells 121 4.3 Electrochemical Performances of AlkalineWater Electrolysers 137 4.4 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 147 4.5 Conclusions 161 Nomenclature 162 Greek Symbols 162 Subscripts or Superscripts 162 Acronyms 163 References 163 5 Unitized Regenerative Systems 167Pierre Millet 5.1 Introduction 167 5.2 Underlying Concepts 168 5.3 Low-Temperature PEM URFCs 174 5.4 High-Temperature URFCs 182 5.5 General Conclusion and Perspectives 187 Nomenclature 187 Greek Symbols 188 Subscripts or Superscripts 188 Acronyms 188 References 189 6 High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis 191Jérôme Laurencin and Julie Mougin 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Overview of the Technology 191 6.3 Fundamentals of Solid-State Electrochemistry in SOEC 197 6.4 Performances and Durability 244 6.5 Limitations and Challenges 253 6.6 Specific OperationModes 259 List of Terms 262 Roman symbols 262 Greek Symbols 263 Abbreviations 264 References 264 7 Hydrogen Storage Options Including Constraints and Challenges 273Agata Godula-Jopek 7.1 Introduction 273 7.2 Liquid Hydrogen 276 7.3 Compressed Hydrogen 281 7.4 Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen 284 7.5 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Including Materials and System-Related Problems 286 7.6 Summary 304 References 306 8 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies 311Cyril Bourasseau and Benjamin Guinot 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies (RE) 312 8.3 Electrolysis Powered by Intermittent Energy: Technical Challenges, Impact on Performances and Reliability 327 8.4 Integration Schemes and Examples 351 8.5 Techno-Economic Assessment 362 8.6 The Role of Simulation for Economic Assessment 365 8.7 Conclusion 378 References 379 9 Outlook and Summary 383Agata Godula-Jopek and Pierre Millet 9.1 Comparison ofWater Electrolysis Technologies 387 9.2 Technology Development Status and Main Manufacturers 387 9.3 Material and System Roadmap Specifications 390 References 393 Index 395
£109.61
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Biotechnology: An Illustrated Primer
Book SynopsisNow presented in large format, the new Schmid is the ideal primer in biotechnology. The two-page layout with one page being a full color figure and the opposite page being explanatory text is the ideal combination between rapid visual-based learning with in depth information.Trade Review"...you should have it close at hand on your desktop as you read new articles. I would recommend this reference book...not only to clinical chemists, pathalogists, and medical technologists, but to anyone in medicine who wants to know how all the new therapeutic agents are made and appriciates the impact of biotechnology an medicine and society." Clinical Chemistry "...this book is a useful, interesting and colourful guide to modern biotechnology and genetic engineering. It will achieve its objective of providing students with an overview of the field presented in manageable portions and a clear and accessible manner, but it will also be a source of information, a useful reference and an interesting read for any researcher who is working across the traditional boundaries of chemistry, biology or biochemistry." ChemBioChem "This pocket guide can be recommended unreservedly for all students and researchers in natural and engineering sciences and medicine, but is also useful to readers with a general interest in biotechnology and genetic engineering. I can certainly agree with the final sentence of the book cover: A perfect introduction to the field - for professionals and students." Angewandte Chemie IE Erwahnung in: Process "...provides a broad coverage of the relevant facts on products, methods and applications in biotechnology and genetic engineering...Instructive yet attractive color illustrations and a didactic approach throughout the book..." Process worldwide "Beginners and experts will like this wonderfully composed book." Journal of Statistical Computation & Simulation "In the wilderness of biotechnology, Schmid's "Pocket Guide to Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering" is a welcome addition that with all likelihood will find many friends. During the review process it has definitely found one! The book is excellently produced. The figures are as sharp as tacks and as informative as the text...The overall verdict is: useful and recommendable to students and biotechnologists alike." Engineering in Life Sciences"Bemerkenswert ist die sehr übersichtliche Gliederung des Buches... Der 'Pocket Guide' liefert viel Information in verständlicher und sehr anschaulicher Form." GDCh NachrichtenTable of ContentsPreface IX Preface to the 2nd edition X Introduction 1 Introduction Early developments 2 Biotechnology today 4 Microbiology Viruses 6 Bacteriophages 8 Microorganisms 10 Bacteria 12 Yeasts 14 Fungi 16 Algae 18 Some bacteria of importance for biotechnology 20 Microorganisms: isolation, preservation, safety 22 Microorganisms: strain improvement 24 Biochemistry Biochemistry 26 Amino acids, peptides, proteins 28 Enzymes: structure, function, kinetics 30 Sugars, glycosides, oligo- and polysaccharides 32 Lipids, membranes, membrane proteins 34 Metabolism 36 Genetic engineering DNA: structure 38 DNA: function 40 RNA 42 Genetic engineering: general steps 44 Preparation of DNA 46 Other useful enzymes for DNA manipulation 48 PCR: general method 50 PCR: laboratory methods 52 DNA: synthesis and size determination 54 DNA sequencing 56 Transfer of foreign DNA in living cells (transformation) 58 Gene cloning and identification 60 Gene expression 62 Gene silencing 64 Epigenetics 66 Gene libraries and gene mapping 68 Genetic maps of prokaryotes 70 Genetic maps of eukaryotes 72 Metagenomics 74 Cell biology Cell biology 76 Stem cells 78 Blood cells and immune system 80 Antibodies 82 Reporter groups 84 Solid state fermentation (SSF) 86 Growing microorganisms 88 Growth kinetics and product formation 90 Fed-batch, continuous and high cell density fermentation 92 Fermentation technology 94 Fermentation technology: scale-up 96 Cultivation of mammalian cells 98 Mammalian cell bioreactors 100 Enzyme and cell reactors 102 Recovery of bioproducts 104 Recovery of proteins: chromatography 106 Economic aspects of industrial processes 108 Food and food additives Alcoholic beverages 110 Beer 112 Fermented food 114 Food and lactic acid fermentation 116 Prebiotics and probiotics 118 Bakers’ yeast and fodder yeasts 120 Fodder yeasts from petroleum feedstocks, single cell oil 122 Amino acids 124 l-Glutamic acid 126 d,l-Methionine, l-lysine, and l-threonine 128 Aspartame™, l-phenylalanine, and l-aspartic acid 130 Amino acids via enzymatic transformation 132 Vitamins 134 Nucleosides and nucleotides 136 Industrial products Bio-Ethanol 138 1-Butanol 140 Higher alcohols and alkenes 142 Acetic acid / vinegar 144 Citric acid 146 Lactic acid, 3-hydroxy-propionic acid (3-HP) 148 Gluconic acid and “green” sugar chemicals 150 Dicarboxylic acids 152 Biopolymers: Polyesters 154 Biopolymers: Polyamides 156 Polysaccharides 158 Biosurfactants 160 Fatty acids and their esters 162 Enzyme technology Biotransformation 164 Technical enzymes 166 Applied enzyme catalysis 168 Regio- and enantioselective enzymatic synthesis 170 Enzymes as processing aids 172 Detergent enzymes 174 Enzymes for starch hydrolysis 176 Enzymatic starch hydrolysis 178 Enzymes and sweeteners 180 Enzymes for the hydrolysis of cellulose and polyoses 182 Enzymes in pulp and paper processing 184 Pectinases 186 Enzymes and milk products 188 Enzymes in baking and meat processing 190 Other enzymes for food products and animal feed 192 Enzymes in leather and textile treatment 194 Procedures for obtaining novel technical enzymes 196 Protein design 198 Antibiotics Antibiotics: occurrence, applications, mechanism of action 200 Antibiotics: screening, industrial production, and mechanism of action 202 Antibiotic resistance 204 β-Lactam antibiotics: structure, biosynthesis, and mechanism of action 206 β-Lactam antibiotics: manufacture 208 Amino acid and peptide antibiotics 210 Glycopeptide, lipopeptide, polyether, and nucleoside anti-biotics 212 Aminoglycoside antibiotics 214 Tetracyclines, chinones, chinolones, and other aromatic antibiotics 216 Macrolide antibiotics 218 New pathways to antibiotics 220 Pharmaceuticals and medical technology Insulin 222 Growth hormone and other hormones 224 Hemoglobin, serum albumen, and lactoferrin 226 Blood clotting agents 228 Anticoagulants and thrombo-lytic agents 230 Enzyme inhibitors 232 Interferons 234 Interleukins and “anti-interleukins” 236 Erythropoietin and other growth factors 238 Other therapeutic proteins 240 Monoclonal and catalytic antibodies 242 Recombinant antibodies 244 Therapeutic antibodies 246 Vaccines 248 Recombinant vaccines 250 Steroid biotransformations 252 Diagnostic enzymes 254 Enzyme tests 256 Biosensors 258 Immunoanalysis 260 Glycobiology 262 Agriculture and environment Animal breeding 264 Embryo transfer, cloned animals 266 Gene maps 268 Transgenic animals 270 Breeding, gene pharming and xenotransplantation 272 Plant breeding 274 Plant tissue surface culture 276 Plant cell suspension culture 278 Transgenic plants: methods 280 Transgenic plants: resistance 282 Transgenic plants: products 284 Aerobic wastewater treatment 286 Anaerobic wastewater and sludge treatment 288 Biological treatment of exhaust air 290 Biological soil treatment 292 Microbial leaching, biofilms, and biocorrosion 294 Megatrends The human genome 296 Functional analysis of the human genome 298 Pharmacogenomics, nutrigenomics 300 DNA assays 302 Gene therapy 304 Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) 306 Tissue Engineering 308 Drug screening 310 High-throughput sequencing 312 Proteomics 314 DNA and protein arrays 316 Metabolic engineering 318 Synthetic biology 320 Systems biology 322 Bioinformatics: sequence and structural databases 324 Bioinformatics: functional analyses 326 Carbon sources (C-sources) 328 Biorefineries 330 Safety in genetic engineering 332 Regulation of products derived from biotechnology 334 Ethical considerations and acceptance 336 Patents in biotechnology 338 International aspects of biotechnology 340 Further Reading 343 Index 376 Picture Credits 398
£53.55
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Human Genetics and Genomics: A Practical Guide
Book SynopsisFinally meeting the need for a laboratory manual on human genetics, this practical guide is the perfect companion title to all major standard textbooks on the subject. The authors all have a high-level research background and are actively involved in teaching and counseling. Based on a standard curriculum in human genetics, each chapter equals one practical unit of the course and topics range from basics in human inheritance to genetics in major disease clusters and from bioinformatics and personalized medicine to genetic counseling.Table of ContentsAbout the Authors xi Introduction xv 1 Exploring Online Genetics Sources 1 Background 1 Human Genome Project 2 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) 2 UCSC Genome Browser 3 The Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) 3 Roadmap Epigenomic Project 5 References 5 Exercise Questions 6 Additional Exercise Questions 11 2 Observation of Human Inheritance 13 Background 13 Mendelian Genetics 13 The Transmission of Hereditary Characteristics 16 Mendelian Disorders 19 References 20 Exercise Questions 21 Additional Exercise Questions 22 3 Reading, Understanding, and Constructing Human Pedigrees 25 Background 25 Basic Pedigree Nomenclature 26 Modes of Inheritance 26 Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 28 Pedigrees Representing Autosomal Recessive Inheritance 28 Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 29 Pedigrees Representing Autosomal Dominant Inheritance 30 X-Linked Recessive Inheritance 30 Pedigrees Representing X-Linked Recessive Inheritance 31 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance 32 Pedigrees Representing X-Linked Dominant Inheritance 32 Y-Linked Inheritance 34 Pedigrees Representing Y-Linked Inheritance 34 Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance 35 Confounding Factors in Pedigree Generation and Interpretation 36 References 36 Exercise Questions 38 Additional Exercise Questions 39 4 Cytogenetics 43 Background 43 Generation of Karyograms/Chromosome Banding 45 FISH, Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization 47 Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) and Array-Based CGH Technology 48 Chromosomal Abnormalities 48 Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities 49 Structural Chromosomal Abnormalities 50 References 51 Exercise Questions 52 Additional Exercise Questions 54 5 Exploring DNA, RNA, and Protein Sequence Databases and Genome Browsers 55 Background 55 General Biological Databases 57 RNA-Specific Databases 59 Protein-Specific Databases 61 Regulatory DNA Database 62 Genome Browsers 65 References 67 Exercise Questions 67 Additional Exercise Questions 68 6 Exploring Online Bioinformatics Tools 71 Background 71 BLAST 71 ExPASy 72 Clustal Omega 74 Reactome 76 References 77 Exercise Questions 77 Additional Exercise Questions 79 7 Multifactorial Inheritance and Common Complex Diseases 81 Background 81 Polygenic Complex Diseases 82 Investigating Complex Traits 82 Obesity as a Complex Disease 83 Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 as a Complex Disease 84 Coronary Artery Diseases as Complex Diseases 85 References 86 Exercise Questions 88 Additional Exercise Questions 88 8 Neurogenetics and Behavioral Genetics 91 Background 91 Genetic Regulation of Neural Development 91 Structure and Function of the Nervous System 92 Understanding the Genetics of Neurological Disease 94 Examples of Neurogenetic Disorders 94 Huntington’s Disease 94 Parkinson’s Disease 95 Rett Syndrome 95 Behavioral Genetics 96 Genetics of Depression 97 Genetics of Drug Addiction 97 Genetics of Schizophrenia 98 References 99 Exercise Questions 100 Additional Exercise Questions 101 9 Cancer Genetics 103 Background 103 Cell Cycle and Its Regulation 104 Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes 105 Carcinogens/Environmental Factors in Cancer 107 Breast Cancer 108 Role of Molecular Medicine in Breast Cancer Treatment 110 Recent Advances in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 111 References 112 Exercise Questions 113 Additional Exercise Questions 114 10 Genetic Counseling 115 Background 115 References 117 Exercise Questions 117 Additional Exercise Questions 119 11 Evolving Tools in Genome Editing: CRISPR-Cas 121 Background 121 Mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 System 123 Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System 123 Generation of Animal Models and Engineering Cells 123 Somatic Genome Editing 124 Repair of Genetic Disorders 124 Functional Genomic Screening 124 Treatment of Infectious Diseases 125 Other Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System 125 References 126 Acknowledgment 127 Exercise Questions 127 Additional Exercise Questions 128 Glossary 129 Index 139
£47.70
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Biochemical Engineering: A Textbook for
Book SynopsisCompletely revised, updated, and enlarged, this second edition now contains a subchapter on biorecognition assays, plus a chapter on bioprocess control added by the new co-author Jun-ichi Horiuchi, who is one of the leading experts in the field. The central theme of the textbook remains the application of chemical engineering principles to biological processes in general, demonstrating how a chemical engineer would address and solve problems. To create a logical and clear structure, the book is divided into three parts. The first deals with the basic concepts and principles of chemical engineering and can be read by those students with no prior knowledge of chemical engineering. The second part focuses on process aspects, such as heat and mass transfer, bioreactors, and separation methods. Finally, the third section describes practical aspects, including medical device production, downstream operations, and fermenter engineering. More than 40 exemplary solved exercises facilitate understanding of the complex engineering background, while self-study is supported by the inclusion of over 80 exercises at the end of each chapter, which are supplemented by the corresponding solutions. An excellent, comprehensive introduction to the principles of biochemical engineering.Trade Review“I would like to congratulate the authors and publishers for producing such an excellent book. I found it easy to comprehend and well structured. The book has been written with an assumption of minimal prior knowledge of chemical engineering . . .In conclusion, the book constitutes not only a very good starting point for a novice reader but also a comprehensive refresher course for someone who is already familiar with the field.” (Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1 September 2015)Table of ContentsPreface Nomenclature PART I: Basic Concepts and Principles INTRODUCTION Background and Scope Dimensions and Units Intensive and Extensive Properties Equilibria and Rates Batch vs. Continuous Operation Material Balance Energy Balance ELEMENTA OF PHYSICAL TRANSFER PROCESSES Introduction Heat Conduction and Molecular Diffusion Fluid Flow and Momentum Transfer Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow Transfer Phenomena in Turbulent Flow Film Coefficients of Heat and Mass Transfer CHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL KINETICS Introduction Fundamental Reaction Kinetics CELL KINETICS Introduction Cell Growth Growth Phases in Batch Culture Factors Affecting Rates of Cell Growth Cell Growth in Batch Fermentors and Continuous Stirred Tank Fermentor (CSTF) PART II: Unit Operations and Apparatus for Bio-Systems HEAT TRANSFER Introduction Overall Coefficients U and Film Coefficients h Mean Temperature Difference Estimation of Film Coefficients h Estimation of Overall Coefficients U MASS TRANSFER Introduction Overall Coefficients K and Film Coefficients k of Mass Transfer Types of Mass Transfer Equipment Models for Mass Transfer at the Interface Liquid Phase Mass Transfer with Chemical Reactions Correlations for Film Coefficients of Mass Transfer Performance of Packed Column BIOREACTORS Introduction Some Fundamental Concepts Bubbling Gas-Liquid Reactors Mechanically Stirred Tanks Gas Dispersion in Stirred Tanks Bubble Columns Airlift Reactors Packed-Bed Reactors Microreactors MEMBRANE PROCESSES Introduction Dialysis Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Membrane Modules CELL-LIQUID SEPARATION AND CELL DISRUPTION Introduction Conventional Filtration Microfiltration Centrifugation Cell Disruption STERILIZATION Introduction Kinetics of Thermal Death of Cells Batch Heat Sterilization of Culture Media Continuous Heat Sterilization of Culture Media Sterilizing Filtration ADSORPTION AND CHROMATOGRAPHY Introduction Equilibria in Adsorption Rates of Adsorption into Adsorbent Particles Single- and Multi-Stage Processes for Adsorption Adsorption in Fixed Beds Separation by Chromatography Biorecognition Assay PART III: Practical Aspects in Bioengineering FERMENTOR ENGINEERING Introduction Stirrer Power Requirements for Non-Newtonian Liquids Heat Transfer in Fermentors Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer in Fermentors Criteria for Scaling-Up Fermentors Modes of Fermentor Operation Fermentors for Animal Cell Culture INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL OF BIOPROCESSES Introduction Instrumentation of Bioprocesses Control of Bioprocesses Advanced Control of Bioprocesses DOWNSTREAM OPERATIONS IN BIOPROCESSES Introduction Separation of Microorganisms by Filtration and Microfiltration Separation by Chromatography Separation in Fixed Beds Sanitation in Downstream Processes MEDICAL DEVICES Introduction Blood and Its Circulation Oxygenation of Blood Artificial Kidney Bioartificial Liver Appendix Index
£56.95
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Industrial Microbiology
Book SynopsisFocusing on current and future uses of microbes as production organisms, this practice-oriented textbook complements traditional texts on microbiology and biotechnology. The editors have brought together leading researchers and professionals from the entire field of industrial microbiology and together they adopt a modern approach to a well-known subject. Following a brief introduction to the technology of microbial processes, the twelve most important application areas for microbial technology are described, from crude bulk chemicals to such highly refined biomolecules as enzymes and antibodies, to the use of microbes in the leaching of minerals and for the treatment of municipal and industrial waste. In line with their application-oriented topic, the authors focus on the "translation" of basic research into industrial processes and cite numerous successful examples. The result is a first-hand account of the state of the industry and the future potential for microbes in industrial processes. Interested students of biotechnology, bioengineering, microbiology and related disciplines will find this a highly useful and much consulted companion, while instructors can use the case studies and examples to add value to their teaching.Table of ContentsPreface xvii 1 Historical Overview and Future Perspective 1Bernhard Eikmanns, Marcella Eikmanns, and Christopher J. Paddon 1.1 Use of Fermentation Procedures Before the Discovery of Microorganisms (Neolithic Era = New Stone Age Until 1850) 1 1.2 Investigation of Microorganisms and Beginning of Industrial Microbiology (1850 Until 1940) 7 1.3 Development of New Products and Procedures: Antibiotics and Other Biomolecules (From 1940) 11 1.4 Genetic Engineering is Introduced into Industrial Microbiology (From Roughly 1980) 15 1.5 Future Perspectives: Synthetic Microbiology 18 References 20 Further Reading 21 2 Bioprocess Engineering 23Michael R. Ladisch, Eduardo Ximenes, Nathan Mosier, Abigail S. Engelberth, Kevin Solomon, and Robert Binkley 2.1 Introduction 23 2.1.1 Role of Bioreactors 25 2.1.2 Basic Bioreactor Configurations 26 2.1.3 Types of Growth Media 27 2.2 Nonstructured Models 28 2.2.1 Nonstructured Growth Models 28 2.2.1.1 Unstructured Models 29 2.2.1.2 Biotechnical Processes 30 2.2.2 Modeling Fermentations 32 2.2.3 Metabolic Pathways 39 2.2.4 Manipulation of Metabolic Pathways 40 2.2.5 Future of Pathway Design 42 2.3 Oxygen Transport 43 2.3.1 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Conditions 43 2.3.2 kLa – Volumetric Mass Transfer Coefficient 44 2.4 Heat Generating Aerobic Processes 46 2.5 Product Recovery 49 2.5.1 Basics 49 2.5.2 In Situ Product Recovery (ISPR) 49 2.6 Modeling and Simulation of Reactor Behavior 51 2.6.1 Basic Approaches and Software 51 2.6.2 Numerical Simulation of Bioreactor Function 51 2.6.3 Contamination of Bioreactors 52 2.7 Scale-up 53 References 54 Further Reading 57 3 Food 59Gülhan Ünlü and Barbara Nielsen 3.1 Fermented Foods 59 3.1.1 Food Preservation 59 3.1.2 Flavor and Texture 60 3.1.3 Health Benefits 60 3.1.4 Economic Impact 62 3.2 Microorganisms and Metabolism 62 3.2.1 Fermentation Processes 64 3.2.2 Starter Cultures 65 3.3 Yeast Fermentations – Industrial Application of Saccharomyces Species 65 3.3.1 Grain Fermentation for Ethanol Production – Beer 66 3.3.2 Grain Fermentation for CO2 Production – Bread 69 3.3.2.1 Yeast Preparation 69 3.3.3 Fruit Fermentation –Wines and Ciders 71 3.4 Vinegar – Incomplete Ethanol Oxidation by Acetic Acid Bacteria Such as Gluconobacter oxydans 75 3.4.1 Substrates: Wine, Cider, and Malt 75 3.4.2 Distilled (White) Vinegar 77 3.4.3 Balsamic and Other Specialty Vinegars 77 3.5 Bacterial and Mixed Fermentations – Industrial Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria, with or without Yeast or Molds 78 3.5.1 Milk – Cultured Milks – Buttermilk, Yogurt, Kefir, and Cheese 78 3.5.1.1 Bacteriophage Contamination – Death of a Culture 81 3.5.2 Meats – Sausages, Fish Sauces, and Pastes 82 3.5.3 Vegetables – Sauerkrauts and Pickles, Olives 83 3.5.4 Grains and Legumes – Soy Sauce, Miso, Natto, and Tempeh 86 3.5.5 Cocoa and Coffee 87 3.6 Fungi as Food 88 3.6.1 Mushrooms 88 3.6.2 Single-Cell Protein – Fusarium venenatum 90 3.7 Conclusions and Outlook 91 References 92 Further Reading 92 4 Technical Alcohols and Ketones 95Peter Dürre 4.1 Introduction 95 4.2 Ethanol Synthesis by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Clostridium autoethanogenum 97 4.2.1 Application 97 4.2.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 97 4.2.3 Production Strains 98 4.2.4 Production Processes 98 4.2.5 Ethanol – Fuel of the Future? 100 4.2.6 Alternative Substrates for Ethanol Fermentation by Cellulolytic Bacteria and Clostridium autoethanogenum 100 4.3 1,3-Propanediol Synthesis by Escherichia coli 101 4.3.1 Application 101 4.3.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 102 4.3.3 Production Strains 102 4.3.4 Production Processes 104 4.4 Butanol and Isobutanol Synthesis by Clostridia and Yeast 105 4.4.1 History of Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol (ABE) Fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum and C. beijerinckii 105 4.4.2 Application 106 4.4.3 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 107 4.4.4 Production Strains 110 4.4.5 Production Processes 110 4.4.6 Product Toxicity 113 4.5 Acetone Synthesis by Solventogenic Clostridia 113 4.5.1 Application 113 4.5.2 Metabolic Pathways and Regulation 113 4.5.3 Production Strains 114 4.5.4 Production Processes 114 4.6 Outlook 115 Further Reading 115 5 Organic Acids 117Michael Sauer and Diethard Mattanovich 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Citric Acid 119 5.2.1 Economic Impact and Applications 120 5.2.2 Biochemistry of Citric Acid Accumulation 120 5.2.3 Industrial Production by the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger 122 5.2.4 Yarrowia lipolytica: A Yeast as an Alternative Production Platform 123 5.3 Lactic Acid 124 5.3.1 Economic Impact and Applications 124 5.3.2 Anaerobic Bacterial Metabolism Generating Lactic Acid 125 5.3.3 Lactic Acid Production by Bacteria 125 5.3.4 Lactic Acid Production by Yeasts 126 5.4 Gluconic Acid 127 5.4.1 Economic Impact and Applications 127 5.4.2 Extracellular Biotransformation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid by Aspergillus niger 128 5.4.3 Production of Gluconic Acid by Bacteria 129 5.5 Succinic Acid 129 5.5.1 Economic Impact and Applications 130 5.5.2 Pilot Plants for Anaerobic or Aerobic Microbes 130 5.6 Itaconic Acid 132 5.6.1 Economic Impact and Applications 132 5.6.2 Decarboxylation as a Driver in Itaconic Acid Accumulation 132 5.6.3 Production Process by Aspergillus terreus 132 5.6.4 Metabolic Engineering for Itaconic Acid Production 132 5.7 Downstream Options for Organic Acids 134 5.8 Perspectives 135 5.8.1 Targeting Acrylic Acid – Microbes Can Replace Chemical Process Engineering 136 5.8.2 Lignocellulose-Based Biorefineries 136 Further Reading 137 6 Amino Acids 139Lothar Eggeling 6.1 Introduction 139 6.1.1 Importance and Areas of Application 139 6.1.2 Amino Acids in the Feed Industry 140 6.1.3 Economic Significance 141 6.2 Production of Amino Acids 142 6.2.1 Conventional Development of Production Strains 142 6.2.2 Advanced Development of Production Strains 144 6.3 l-Glutamate Synthesis by Corynebacterium glutamicum 145 6.3.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 145 6.3.2 Production Process 148 6.4 l-Lysine 148 6.4.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 148 6.4.2 Production Strains 150 6.4.3 Production Process 152 6.5 l-Threonine Synthesis by Escherichia coli 153 6.5.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 153 6.5.2 Production Strains 154 6.5.3 Production Process 155 6.6 l-Phenylalanine 155 6.6.1 Synthesis Pathway and Regulation 155 6.6.2 Production Strains 156 6.6.3 Production Process 157 6.7 Outlook 158 Further Reading 159 7 Vitamins, Nucleotides, and Carotenoids 161Klaus-Peter Stahmann and Hans-Peter Hohmann 7.1 Application and Economic Impact 161 7.2 l-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) 163 7.2.1 Biochemical Significance, Application, and Biosynthesis 163 7.2.2 Regioselective Oxidation with Bacteria in the Production Process 164 7.3 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 166 7.3.1 Significance as a Precursor for Coenzymes and as a Pigment 166 7.3.2 Biosynthesis by Fungi and Bacteria 167 7.3.3 Production by Ashbya gossypii 168 7.3.4 Production by Bacillus subtilis 171 7.3.5 Downstream Processing and Environmental Compatibility 173 7.4 Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) 174 7.4.1 Physiological Relevance 174 7.4.2 Biosynthesis 176 7.4.3 Production with Pseudomonas denitrificans 176 7.5 Purine Nucleotides 178 7.5.1 Impact as Flavor Enhancer 178 7.5.2 Development of Production Strains 178 7.5.3 Production of Inosine or Guanosine with Subsequent Phosphorylation 179 7.6 β-Carotene 180 7.6.1 Physiological Impact and Application 180 7.6.2 Production with Blakeslea trispora 181 7.7 Perspectives 181 Further Reading 183 8 Antibiotics and Pharmacologically Active Compounds 185Lei Fang, Guojian Zhang, and Blaine A. Pfeifer 8.1 Microbial Substances Active Against Infectious Disease Agents or Affecting Human Cells 185 8.1.1 Distribution and Impacts 185 8.1.2 Diversity of Antibiotics Produced by Bacteria and Fungi 189 8.2 β-Lactams 190 8.2.1 History, Effect, and Application 190 8.2.2 β-Lactam Biosynthesis 190 8.2.3 Penicillin Production by Penicillium chrysogenum 193 8.2.4 Cephalosporin Production by Acremonium chrysogenum 193 8.3 Lipopeptides 193 8.3.1 History, Effect, and Application 193 8.3.2 Lipopeptide Biosynthesis 194 8.3.3 Daptomycin Production by Streptomyces roseosporus 194 8.3.4 Cyclosporine Production by Tolypocladium inflatum 194 8.4 Macrolides 197 8.4.1 History, Effect, and Application 197 8.4.2 Macrolide Biosynthesis 197 8.4.3 Erythromycin Production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea 197 8.5 Tetracyclines 200 8.5.1 History, Effect, and Application 200 8.5.2 Tetracycline Biosynthesis 200 8.5.3 Tetracycline Production by Streptomyces rimosus 201 8.6 Aminoglycosides 201 8.6.1 History, Effect, and Application 201 8.6.2 Aminoglycoside Biosynthesis 201 8.6.3 Tobramycin Production by Streptomyces tenebrarius 203 8.7 Claviceps Alkaloids 203 8.7.1 History, Effect, and Application 203 8.7.2 Alkaloid Biosynthesis 203 8.7.3 Ergotamine Production by Claviceps purpurea 203 8.8 Perspectives 203 8.8.1 Antibiotic Resistance 203 8.8.2 New Research Model for Compound Identification 206 8.8.3 Future Opportunities 207 Further Reading 211 9 Pharmaceutical Proteins 213Heinrich Decker, Susanne Dilsen, and Jan Weber 9.1 History, Main Areas of Application, and Economic Importance 213 9.2 Industrial Expression Systems, Cultivation and Protein Isolation, and Legal Framework 215 9.2.1 Development of Production Strains 215 9.2.2 Isolation of Pharmaceutical Proteins 221 9.2.3 Regulatory Requirements for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins 222 9.3 Insulins 223 9.3.1 Application and Structures 223 9.3.2 Manufacturing Processes by Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 225 9.3.2.1 Production of a Fusion Protein in E. coli 226 9.3.2.2 Production of a Precursor Protein, the So-Called Mini Proinsulin with the Host Strain S. cerevisiae 228 9.4 Somatropin 230 9.4.1 Application 230 9.4.2 Manufacturing Process 231 9.5 Interferons – Application and Manufacturing 232 9.6 Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor 234 9.6.1 Application 234 9.6.2 Manufacturing Process 235 9.7 Vaccines 235 9.7.1 Application 235 9.7.2 Manufacturing Procedure Using the Example of GardasilTM 236 9.7.3 Manufacturing Process Based on the Example of a Hepatitis B Vaccine 237 9.8 Antibody Fragments 238 9.9 Enzymes 239 9.10 Peptides 240 9.11 View – Future Economic Importance 240 Further Reading 242 10 Enzymes 243David B.Wilson, Maxim Kostylev, Karl-Heinz Maurer, Marina Schramm, Wolfgang Kronemeyer, and Klaus-Peter Stahmann 10.1 Fields of Application and Economic Impacts 243 10.1.1 Enzymes are Biocatalysts 243 10.1.2 Advantages and Limitations of Using Enzymatic Versus Chemical Methods 244 10.1.3 Brief History of Enzyme Used for the Industrial Production of Valuable Products 245 10.1.4 Diverse Ways That Enzymes are Used in Industry 246 10.2 Enzyme Discovery and Improvement 250 10.2.1 Screening for New Enzymes and Optimization of Enzymes by Protein Engineering 250 10.2.2 Classical Development of Production Strains 251 10.2.3 Genetic Engineering of Producer Strains 253 10.3 Production Process for Bacterial or Fungal Enzymes 255 10.4 Polysaccharide-Hydrolyzing Enzymes 255 10.4.1 Starch-Cleaving Enzymes Produced by Bacillus and Aspergillus Species 257 10.4.2 Cellulose-Cleaving Enzymes: A Domain of Trichoderma reesei 259 10.4.3 Production Strains 261 10.5 Enzymes Used as Cleaning Agents 263 10.5.1 Subtilisin-Like Protease 264 10.5.2 Bacillus sp. Production Strains and Production Process 265 10.6 Feed Supplements – Phytases 266 10.6.1 Fields of Applications of Phytase 267 10.6.2 Phytase in the Animals Intestine 267 10.6.3 Production of a Bacterial Phytase in Aspergillus niger 269 10.7 Enzymes for Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industry 271 10.7.1 Examples for Enzymatic Chemical Production 271 10.7.2 Production of (S)-Profens by Fungal Lipase 271 10.8 Enzymes as Highly Selective Tools for Research and Diagnostics 272 10.8.1 Microbial Enzymes for Analysis and Engineering of Nucleic Acids 272 10.8.2 Specific Enzymes for Quantitative Metabolite Assays 275 10.9 Perspectives 276 10.9.1 l-DOPA by Tyrosine Phenol Lyase 276 10.9.2 Activation of Alkanes 276 10.9.3 Enzyme Cascades 276 References 277 Further Reading 277 11 Microbial Polysaccharides 279Volker Sieber, Jochen Schmid, and Gerd Hublik 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 Heteropolysaccharides 282 11.2.1 Xanthan: A Product of the Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris 282 11.2.1.1 Introduction 282 11.2.1.2 Regulatory Status 282 11.2.1.3 Structure 282 11.2.1.4 Biosynthesis 284 11.2.1.5 Industrial Production of Xanthan 286 11.2.1.6 Physicochemical Properties 287 11.2.1.7 Applications 289 11.2.2 Sphingans: Polysaccharides from Sphingomonas sp. 291 11.2.3 Hyaluronic Acid: A High-Value Polysaccharide for Cosmetic Applications 293 11.2.4 Alginate: Alternatives to Plant-Based Products by Pseudomonas and Azotobacter sp. 294 11.2.5 Succinoglycan: Acidic Polysaccharide from Rhizobium sp. 294 11.3 Homopolysaccharides 295 11.3.1 α-Glucans 296 11.3.1.1 Pullulan 296 11.3.1.2 Dextran 296 11.3.2 β-Glucans 297 11.3.2.1 Linear β-glucans like cellulose and curdlan 297 11.3.2.2 Branched β-Glucans Like Scleroglucan and Schizophyllan 297 11.3.3 Fructosylpolymers like Levan 298 11.4 Perspectives 298 Further Reading 299 12 Steroids 301Shuvendu Das and Sridhar Gopishetty 12.1 Fields of Applications and Economic Importance 301 12.2 Advantages of Biotransformations During Production of Steroids 303 12.3 Development of Production Strains and Production Processes 305 12.4 Applied Types of Biotransformation 307 12.5 Synthesis of Steroids in Organic – Aqueous Biphasic System 310 12.6 Side-chain Degradation of Phytosterols by Mycobacterium to Gain Steroid Intermediates 311 12.7 Biotransformation of Cholesterol to Gain Key Steroid Intermediates 313 12.8 11-Hydroxylation by Fungi During Synthesis of Corticosteroids 313 12.9 Δ1-Dehydrogenation by Arthrobacter for the Production of Prednisolone 316 12.10 17-Keto Reduction by Saccharomyces in Testosterone Production 317 12.11 Double-Bond Isomerization of Steroids 318 12.12 Perspectives 319 References 320 Further Reading 321 13 Bioleaching 323Sören Bellenberg, Mario Vera Véliz, and Wolfgang Sand 13.1 Acidophilic Microorganisms Dissolve Metals from Sulfide Ores 323 13.1.1 Brief Overview on the Diversity of Acidophilic Mineral-Oxidizing Microorganisms 325 13.1.2 Natural and Man-Made Habitats of Mineral-oxidizing Microorganisms 325 13.1.3 Biological Catalysis of Metal Sulfide Oxidation 328 13.1.4 Importance of Biofilm Formation and Extracellular Polymeric Substances for Bioleaching by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 330 13.2 Bioleaching of Copper, Nickel, Zinc, and Cobalt 334 13.2.1 Economic Impact 334 13.2.2 Heap, Dump, or Stirred-tank Bioleaching of Copper, Nickel, Zinc, and Cobalt 337 13.3 Gold 342 13.3.1 Economic Impact 343 13.3.2 Unlocking Gold by Biooxidation of the Mineral Matrix 343 13.4 Uranium 346 13.4.1 Economic Impact 346 13.4.2 In Situ Biomining of Uranium 346 13.5 Perspectives 347 13.5.1 Urban Mining – Processing of Electronic Waste and Industrial Residues 347 13.5.2 Microbial Iron Reduction for Dissolution of Mineral Oxides 348 13.5.3 Biomining Goes Underground – In Situ Leaching as a Green Mining Technology? 348 References 351 Further Reading 351 14 Wastewater Treatment Processes 353Claudia Gallert and Josef Winter 14.1 Introduction 354 14.1.1 Historical Development of Sewage Treatment 354 14.1.2 Resources from Wastewater Treatment 357 14.1.3 Wastewater and Storm Water Drainage 358 14.1.4 Wastewater Characterization and Processes for Effective Wastewater Treatment 358 14.1.5 Suspended or Immobilized Bacteria as Biocatalysts for Effective Sewage Treatment 360 14.2 Biological Basics of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Removal from Sewage 362 14.2.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Degradation of Carbon Compounds 362 14.2.1.1 Mass and Energy Balance 366 14.2.2 Fundamentals of Nitrification 368 14.2.3 Elimination of Nitrate by Denitrification 371 14.2.4 New Nitrogen Elimination Processes 371 14.2.5 Microbial Phosphate Elimination 372 14.3 Wastewater Treatment Processes 374 14.3.1 Typical Process Sequence in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants 374 14.3.2 Activated Sludge Process 376 14.3.3 Trickling Filters 378 14.3.4 Technical Options for Denitrification 379 14.3.5 Biological Phosphate Elimination 381 14.3.6 Sewage Sludge Treatment 382 14.3.6.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Sewage Sludge Treatment 382 14.3.6.2 Sanitation and Quality Assurance of Sewage Sludge 384 14.4 Advanced Wastewater Treatment 384 14.4.1 Elimination of Micropollutants 385 14.4.2 Wastewater Disinfection 385 14.5 Future Perspectives 386 References 386 Further Reading 388 Index 389
£52.70
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation
Book SynopsisThe only textbook that applies thermodynamics to real-world process engineering problems This must-read for advanced students and professionals alike is the first book to demonstrate how chemical thermodynamics work in the real world by applying them to actual engineering examples. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the particular models and procedures, and explains the most important models that are applied in process industry. All the topics are illustrated with examples that are closely related to practical process simulation problems. At the end of each chapter, additional calculation examples are given to enable readers to extend their comprehension. Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation instructs on the behavior of fluids for pure fluids, describing the main types of equations of state and their abilities. It discusses the various quantities of interest in process simulation, their correlation, and prediction in detail. Chapters look at the important terms for the description of the thermodynamics of mixtures; the most important models and routes for phase equilibrium calculation; models which are applicable to a wide variety of non-electrolyte systems; membrane processes; polymer thermodynamics; enthalpy of reaction; chemical equilibria, and more. -Explains thermodynamic fundamentals used in process simulation with solved examples -Includes new chapters about modern measurement techniques, retrograde condensation, and simultaneous description of chemical equilibrium -Comprises numerous solved examples, which simplify the understanding of the often complex calculation procedures, and discusses advantages and disadvantages of models and procedures -Includes estimation methods for thermophysical properties and phase equilibria thermodynamics of alternative separation processes -Supplemented with MathCAD-sheets and DDBST programs for readers to reproduce the examples Chemical Thermodynamics for Process Simulation is an ideal resource for those working in the fields of process development, process synthesis, or process optimization, and an excellent book for students in the engineering sciences. Table of ContentsPreface xiii Preface to the Second Edition xvii List of Symbols xix About the Authors xxix 1 Introduction 1 2 PvT Behavior of Pure Components 5 2.1 General Description 5 2.2 Caloric Properties 10 2.3 Ideal Gases 14 2.4 Real Fluids 16 2.4.1 Auxiliary Functions 16 2.4.2 Residual Functions 17 2.4.3 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient 19 2.4.4 Phase Equilibria 22 2.5 Equations of State 25 2.5.1 Virial Equation 26 2.5.2 High-Precision Equations of State 30 2.5.3 Cubic Equations of State 37 2.5.4 Generalized Equations of State and Corresponding-States Principle 42 2.5.5 Advanced Cubic Equations of State 49 Problems 57 References 60 3 Correlation and Estimation of Pure Component Properties 63 3.1 Introduction 63 3.2 Characteristic Physical Property Constants 63 3.2.1 Critical Data 64 3.2.2 Acentric Factor 69 3.2.3 Normal Boiling Point 69 3.2.4 Melting Point and Enthalpy of Fusion 72 3.2.5 Standard Enthalpy and Standard Gibbs Energy of Formation 74 3.3 Temperature-Dependent Properties 77 3.3.1 Vapor Pressure 78 3.3.2 Liquid Density 90 3.3.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 94 3.3.4 Ideal Gas Heat Capacity 98 3.3.5 Liquid Heat Capacity 105 3.3.6 Speed of Sound 109 3.4 Correlation and Estimation of Transport Properties 110 3.4.1 Liquid Viscosity 110 3.4.2 Vapor Viscosity 115 3.4.3 Liquid Thermal Conductivity 120 3.4.4 Vapor Thermal Conductivity 125 3.4.5 Surface Tension 128 3.4.6 Diffusion Coefficients 131 Problems 135 References 138 4 Properties of Mixtures 143 4.1 Introduction 143 4.2 Property Changes of Mixing 144 4.3 Partial Molar Properties 145 4.4 Gibbs–Duhem Equation 148 4.5 Ideal Mixture of Ideal Gases 150 4.6 Ideal Mixture of Real Fluids 152 4.7 Excess Properties 153 4.8 Fugacity in Mixtures 154 4.8.1 Fugacity of an Ideal Mixture 155 4.8.2 Phase Equilibrium 155 4.9 Activity and Activity Coefficient 156 4.10 Application of Equations of State to Mixtures 157 4.10.1 Virial Equation 158 4.10.2 Cubic Equations of State 159 Problems 169 References 170 5 Phase Equilibria in Fluid Systems 173 5.1 Introduction 173 5.2 Thermodynamic Fundamentals 185 5.3 Application of Activity Coefficients 192 5.4 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using gE Models 195 5.5 Fitting of gE Model Parameters 212 5.5.1 Check of VLE Data for Thermodynamic Consistency 218 5.5.2 Recommended gE Model Parameters 227 5.6 Calculation of Vapor–Liquid Equilibria Using Equations of State 229 5.6.1 Fitting of Binary Parameters of Cubic Equations of State 235 5.7 Conditions for the Occurrence of Azeotropic Behavior 243 5.8 Solubility of Gases in Liquids 252 5.8.1 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Henry Constants 254 5.8.2 Calculation of Gas Solubilities Using Equations of State 262 5.8.3 Prediction of Gas Solubilities 263 5.9 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria 266 5.9.1 Temperature Dependence of Ternary LLE 277 5.9.2 Pressure Dependence of LLE 279 5.10 Predictive Models 280 5.10.1 Regular Solution Theory 281 5.10.2 Group Contribution Methods 282 5.10.3 UNIFAC Method 284 5.10.3.1 Modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) 291 5.10.3.2 Weaknesses of the Group Contribution Methods UNIFAC and Modified UNIFAC 295 5.10.4 Predictive Soave–Redlich–Kwong (PSRK) Equation of State 302 5.10.5 VTPR Group Contribution Equation of State 306 Problems 315 References 319 6 Caloric Properties 323 6.1 Caloric Equations of State 323 6.1.1 Internal Energy and Enthalpy 323 6.1.2 Entropy 326 6.1.3 Helmholtz Energy and Gibbs Energy 327 6.2 Enthalpy Description in Process Simulation Programs 329 6.2.1 Route A: Vapor as Starting Phase 330 6.2.2 Route B: Liquid as Starting Phase 334 6.2.3 Route C: Equation of State 335 6.3 Caloric Properties in Chemical Reactions 343 Problems 349 References 350 7 Electrolyte Solutions 351 7.1 Introduction 351 7.2 Thermodynamics of Electrolyte Solutions 355 7.3 Activity Coefficient Models for Electrolyte Solutions 360 7.3.1 Debye–Hückel Limiting Law 360 7.3.2 Bromley Extension 361 7.3.3 Pitzer Model 361 7.3.4 NRTL Electrolyte Model by Chen 364 7.3.5 LIQUAC Model 372 7.3.6 MSA Model 380 7.4 Dissociation Equilibria 381 7.5 Influence of Salts on the Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Behavior 383 7.6 Complex Electrolyte Systems 385 Problems 386 References 386 8 Solid–Liquid Equilibria 389 8.1 Introduction 389 8.2 Thermodynamic Relations for the Calculation of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 392 8.2.1 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Simple Eutectic Systems 394 8.2.1.1 Freezing Point Depression 401 8.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria of Systems with Solid Solutions 402 8.2.2.1 Ideal Systems 402 8.2.2.2 Solid–Liquid Equilibria for Nonideal Systems 403 8.2.3 Solid–Liquid Equilibria with Intermolecular Compound Formation in the Solid State 406 8.2.4 Pressure Dependence of Solid–Liquid Equilibria 409 8.3 Salt Solubility 409 8.4 Solubility of Solids in Supercritical Fluids 414 Problems 416 References 419 9 Membrane Processes 421 9.1 Osmosis 421 9.2 Pervaporation 424 Problems 425 References 426 10 Polymer Thermodynamics 427 10.1 Introduction 427 10.2 gE Models 433 10.3 Equations of State 444 10.4 Influence of Polydispersity 460 10.5 Influence of Polymer Structure 464 Problems 465 References 467 11 Applications of Thermodynamics in Separation Technology 469 11.1 Introduction 469 11.2 Verification of Model Parameters Prior to Process Simulation 474 11.2.1 Verification of Pure Component Parameters 474 11.2.2 Verification of gE Model Parameters 475 11.3 Investigation of Azeotropic Points in Multicomponent Systems 483 11.4 Residue Curves, Distillation Boundaries, and Distillation Regions 484 11.5 Selection of Entrainers for Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation 491 11.6 Selection of Solvents for Other Separation Processes 499 11.7 Selection of Solvent-Based Separation Processes 499 Problems 503 References 504 12 Enthalpy of Reaction and Chemical Equilibria 505 12.1 Introduction 505 12.2 Enthalpy of Reaction 506 12.2.1 Temperature Dependence 507 12.2.2 Consideration of the Real Gas Behavior on the Enthalpy of Reaction 509 12.3 Chemical Equilibrium 511 12.4 Multiple Chemical Reaction Equilibria 530 12.4.1 Relaxation Method 531 12.4.2 Gibbs Energy Minimization 535 Problems 544 References 547 13 Examples for Complex Systems 549 13.1 Introduction 549 13.2 Formaldehyde Solutions 549 13.3 Vapor Phase Association 555 Problems 568 References 570 14 Practical Applications 573 14.1 Introduction 573 14.2 Flash 573 14.3 Joule–Thomson Effect 575 14.4 Adiabatic Compression and Expansion 577 14.5 Pressure Relief 581 14.6 Limitations of Equilibrium Thermodynamics 586 Problems 589 References 591 15 Experimental Determination of Pure Component and Mixture Properties 593 15.1 Introduction 593 15.2 Pure Component Vapor Pressure and Boiling Temperature 594 15.3 Enthalpy of Vaporization 598 15.4 Critical Data 599 15.5 Vapor–Liquid Equilibria 599 15.5.1 Dynamic VLE Stills 601 15.5.2 Static Techniques 604 15.5.3 Degassing 611 15.5.4 Headspace Gas Chromatography (HSGC) 613 15.5.5 High-Pressure VLE 614 15.5.6 Inline True Component Analysis in Reactive Mixtures 616 15.6 Activity Coefficients at Infinite Dilution 617 15.6.1 Gas Chromatographic Retention Time Measurement 618 15.6.2 Inert Gas Stripping (Dilutor) 620 15.6.3 Limiting Activity Coefficients of High Boilers in Low Boilers 622 15.7 Liquid–Liquid Equilibria (LLE) 622 15.8 Gas Solubility 623 15.9 Excess Enthalpy 624 Problems 626 References 626 16 Introduction to the Collection of Example Problems 631 16.1 Introduction 631 16.2 Mathcad Examples 631 16.3 Examples Using the Dortmund Data Bank (DDB) and the Integrated Software Package DDBSP 633 16.4 Examples Using Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Office VBA 634 Appendix A Pure Component Parameters 635 Appendix B Coefficients for High-Precision Equations of State 663 References 668 Appendix C Useful Derivations 669 A1 Relationship Between (𝜕s/𝜕T)P and (𝜕s/𝜕T)v 670 A2 Expressions for (𝜕u/𝜕v)T and (𝜕s/𝜕v)T 670 A3 cP and cv as Derivatives of the Specific Entropy 671 A4 Relationship Between cP and cv 672 A5 Expression for (𝜕h/𝜕P)T 673 A6 Expression for (𝜕s/𝜕P)T 674 A7 Expression for [𝜕(g/RT)/𝜕T]P and van’t Hoff Equation 674 A8 General Expression for cv 675 A9 Expression for (𝜕P/𝜕v)T 676 A10 Cardano’s Formula 676 B1 Derivation of the Kelvin Equation 677 B2 Equivalence of Chemical Potential μ and Gibbs Energy g for a Pure Substance 678 B3 Phase Equilibrium Condition for a Pure Substance 679 B4 Relationship Between Partial Molar Property and State Variable (Euler Theorem) 681 B5 Chemical Potential in Mixtures 681 B6 Relationship Between Second Virial Coefficients of Leiden and Berlin Form 682 B7 Derivation of Expressions for the Speed of Sound for Ideal and Real Gases 683 B8 Activity of the Solvent in an Electrolyte Solution 685 B9 Temperature Dependence of the Azeotropic Composition 686 B10 Konovalov Equations 688 C1 (s–sid)T,P 691 C2 (h–hid)T,P 692 C3 (g–gid)T,P 692 C4 Relationship Between Excess Enthalpy and Activity Coefficient 692 D1 Fugacity Coefficient for a Pressure-Explicit Equation of State 692 D2 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Leiden Form) 694 D3 Fugacity Coefficient of the Virial Equation (Berlin Form) 695 D4 Fugacity Coefficient of the Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 696 D5 Fugacity Coefficient of the PSRK Equation of State 698 D6 Fugacity Coefficient of the VTPR Equation of State 702 E1 Derivation of the Wilson Equation 707 E2 Notation of the Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC Equations in Process Simulation Programs 710 E3 Inability of the Wilson Equation to Describe a Miscibility Gap 711 F1 (h–hid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 713 F2 (s–sid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715 F3 (g–gid) for Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation of State 715 F4 Antiderivatives of cid P Correlations 715 G1 Speed of Sound as Maximum Velocity in an Adiabatic Pipe with Constant Cross-Flow Area 717 G2 Maximum Mass Flux of an Ideal Gas 717 References 719 Appendix D Standard Thermodynamic Properties for Selected Electrolyte Compounds 721 Reference 722 Appendix E Regression Technique for Pure Component Data 723 Appendix F Regression Techniques for Binary Parameters 727 References 741 Appendix G Ideal Gas Heat Capacity Polynomial Coefficients for Selected Compounds 743 Reference 744 Appendix H UNIFAC Parameters 745 Further Reading 746 Appendix I Modified UNIFAC Parameters 747 Further Reading 751 Appendix J PSRK Parameters 753 Further Reading 755 Appendix K VTPR Parameters 757 References 759 Further Readings 760 Index 761
£86.40
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH Introduction to Energy and Sustainability
Book SynopsisOffers a comprehensive review of the currently existing energy production and consumption technologies Offering unique perspectives from one social and one natural scientist and combining them with the view of an industry expert, this book covers definitions and ways of quantifying energy and sustainability, and examines today?s energy production and consumption technologies?paying particular attention to the environmental, historic, and regulatory aspects of each introduced energy technology. It also deals with alternative and future energy technologies, as well as examples of sustainable approaches to everyday issues of transportation, urban planning, and home construction. Introduction to Energy and Sustainability starts with a section on introductory concepts and covers such things as the history of our relationship with energy; defining and quantifying both energy and sustainability; flows and conversions of energy and matter; and the laws of thermodynamics energy production today. It examines how energy is produced and consumed in our modern world?and looks at what types of energy exist and how we use it. The book also discusses the future of energy and how we will provide and utilize our current and forthcoming sources of power as our world changes. -Balances the treatment of hard science and engineering concepts of energy and sustainability with a thorough discussion of their socioeconomic and geopolitical implications -Offers a unique perspective of one social and one natural scientist, combined with the view of an industry expert -Filled with chapters that feature practice questions and solutions -Relevant to students in energy fields and environmentalists Introduction to Energy and Sustainability is an ideal text for post-graduate level students of energy fields. It will also greatly benefit environmentalists, engineers, power engineers, and chemists in industry. Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Part I Introductory Concepts 1 1 Brief History of Our Relationship with Energy 3 1.1 Discussion Questions 9 Further Reading 10 2 Defining and Quantifying Energy 11 2.1 International System of Units 11 2.2 Definition of Force, Energy, and Power 17 2.3 Units of Energy and Their Interconversion 20 2.4 Heat Capacity 23 2.5 Phase Changes 25 2.6 Energy Content of Fuels 27 2.7 Practice Problems 29 2.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 30 2.9 Discussion Questions 32 Further Reading 33 3 Flows and Conversions of Energy and Matter 35 3.1 Forms of Energy 35 3.2 Earth’s Water Cycle 38 3.3 Carbon Cycle 40 3.4 Earth’s Energy Balance 43 3.5 Energy Balance of the United States 45 3.6 Practice Problems 47 3.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 48 3.8 Discussion Questions 49 Further Reading 49 4 Defining and Quantifying Sustainability 51 4.1 Defining Sustainability 54 4.2 Quantifying Development 57 4.3 Energy Security, Environmental Stewardship, Economic Growth, and Equity 62 4.4 Examples of Sustainable and Unsustainable Development 65 4.5 Practice Problems 68 4.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 68 4.7 Discussion Questions 69 Further Reading 70 5 Laws of Thermodynamics 73 5.1 Energy Conversions 73 5.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics 76 5.3 Entropy 78 5.4 Heat Transfer Mechanisms 80 5.5 Practice Problems 82 5.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 83 5.7 Discussion Questions 85 Further Reading 85 Part II Energy Production Today 87 6 Fossil Fuels and Pollution 89 6.1 Origins and Evolution of Fossil Fuels 89 6.2 Combustion – How Does it Work? 91 6.3 Pollutants: Undesirable Products of Combustion 92 6.4 Where Are the Pollutants? Environmental Discrimination and Environmental Justice 102 6.5 Practice Problems 103 6.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 103 6.7 Discussion Questions 105 Reference 105 Further Reading 106 7 Coal 107 7.1 Coal Formation 107 7.2 History of Human Coal Use 108 7.3 Manufactured Gas: Creating New Markets for Coal 115 7.4 Coal and Labor 120 7.5 Coal and Environmental Regulations 122 7.6 How Does It Work? 123 7.6.1 Coal Mining 124 7.6.2 Coal Analysis 124 7.6.3 Coal Utilization 126 7.7 Supply and Demand 128 7.8 Environmental and Societal Risks 130 7.9 Future of Coal 133 7.10 Practice Problems 136 7.11 Solutions to Practice Problems 136 7.12 Discussion Questions 137 Reference 138 Further Reading 138 8 Oil 141 8.1 Formation of Oil 141 8.2 History of Human Oil Use 143 8.3 How Does It Work? 156 8.4 Oil Refining 159 8.5 Supply and Demand 162 8.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 164 8.7 Political Risks in International Oil 166 8.7.1 The Case of Venezuela 168 8.8 Future of Oil 178 8.9 Practice Problems 179 8.10 Solutions to Practice Problems 179 8.11 Discussion Questions 180 Further Reading 181 9 Natural Gas 183 9.1 History of Human Natural Gas Use 183 9.2 How Does It Work? 191 9.2.1 Chemical Composition 191 9.3 Supply and Demand 195 9.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 197 9.5 Global Approaches to Natural Gas 201 9.5.1 Germany and Poland 201 9.5.2 Russia 202 9.5.3 Australia 202 9.5.4 China 203 9.6 Future of Natural Gas 203 9.7 Practice Problems 204 9.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 204 9.9 Discussion Questions 205 Further Reading 205 10 Unconventional Sources of Fossil Fuels 207 10.1 Enhanced Oil Recovery 208 10.2 Expanding into Hostile Regions: Offshore and the Arctic 211 10.3 Economic Benefits of Oil Sands vs. the Environmental Costs of Tar Sands 217 10.3.1 Heavy Oil in Venezuela 224 10.4 Shale Gas and Oil: Innovations in Drilling and the Fracking Revolution 225 10.5 Future of Unconventional Oil and Gas 232 10.6 Practice Problem 234 10.7 Solution to Practice Problem 234 10.8 Discussion Questions 234 Further Reading 235 11 Nuclear Energy 237 11.1 History of Nuclear Energy Use 237 11.2 How Does It Work? 238 11.2.1 Atomic Structure 238 11.2.2 Radioactivity 239 11.2.3 Nuclear Fission 241 11.2.4 Nuclear Fuel and Reactor Design 243 11.3 Supply and Demand 246 11.3.1 Uranium Supply and Demand 246 11.3.2 Nuclear Electricity 247 11.3.3 Fuel Reprocessing 248 11.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 249 11.4.1 Nuclear Accidents 251 11.5 Global Approaches to Nuclear Energy 255 11.6 Future of Nuclear Power 260 11.7 Practice Problems 261 11.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 261 11.9 Discussion Questions 263 Further Reading 264 12 Hydroelectric Power 265 12.1 How Does it Work? 266 12.1.1 Pumped Storage 268 12.2 Supply and Demand 270 12.3 Environmental and Societal Impacts 273 12.4 Global Approaches to Hydroelectric Energy 276 12.4.1 Norway 276 12.4.2 China 277 12.4.3 United States 277 12.5 Future of Hydroelectric Energy 278 12.6 Practice Problems 280 12.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 280 12.8 Discussion Questions 282 Further Reading 282 13 Production and Storage of Electricity 285 13.1 Measuring and Quantifying Electricity 286 13.2 Electromagnetic Induction 288 13.3 Storage of Electricity: Batteries 291 13.4 Electric Cars 295 13.5 Supply and Demand 296 13.6 Practice Problems 299 13.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 299 13.8 Discussion Questions 300 Further Reading 300 Part III Energy Consumption Today 303 14 Energy Use in Transportation 305 14.1 Cars and Internal Combustion Engines 306 14.2 Trains 310 14.3 Global Shipping 315 14.4 Airplanes 316 14.5 Practice Problems 318 14.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 319 14.7 Discussion Questions 320 Further Reading 321 15 Agricultural Energy Use 323 15.1 Fertilizers 325 15.2 Farm Mechanization 328 15.3 Pesticides 330 15.4 Carbon Emissions in Agriculture 331 15.5 Food Waste 332 15.6 Practice Problems 334 15.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 335 15.8 Discussion Questions 335 Further Reading 335 16 Energy Use in Buildings: Residential and Commercial Consumption 339 16.1 Heating 340 16.2 Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration 342 16.3 Lighting 346 16.4 Labor-Saving Appliances 349 16.5 Practice Problems 350 16.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 350 16.7 Discussion Questions 351 Further Reading 351 17 Industrial Energy Consumption 353 17.1 Production of Iron and Steel 353 17.2 Aluminum Production 356 17.3 Production of Cement 358 17.4 Production of Plastics 360 17.5 Embodied Energy 362 17.6 Practice Problems 363 17.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 364 17.8 Discussion Questions 364 Further Reading 365 Part IV Energy Transitions 367 18 Sustainability Transition: Why, When, How Long? 369 18.1 Drivers of Previous Transitions 369 18.2 Economics of Energy Transitions: Primacy of Price 372 18.2.1 Scarcity of Supply 373 18.2.2 Internalization of Externalities 373 18.3 Politics of Energy Transitions 374 18.4 Geopolitical Drivers of Transition: Resource Curse 378 18.5 Exxon, World Bank, and Chad: A Failed Experiment in Avoiding Resource Curse 379 18.6 Timeline for the Sustainability Transition 381 18.7 Regional Specificities and International Tensions 382 18.8 Practice Problem 384 18.9 Solution to Practice Problem 384 18.10 Discussion Questions 385 Further Reading 385 19 Climate Change 387 19.1 Definition of Climate 389 19.2 Measuring and Modeling Climate 390 19.3 Is It Changing? 390 19.4 Are We Responsible? 391 19.5 The Earth is Warming. So What? 394 19.5.1 Feedback Loops 398 19.6 Societal and Economic Effects of Climate Change 399 19.7 Can We Stop It? 401 19.8 Practice Problems 402 19.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 403 19.10 Discussion Questions 403 Further Reading 404 Part V Energy Production Tomorrow 407 20 Biomass as a Source of Energy 409 20.1 How Does It Work? 411 20.1.1 Wood as a Fuel 412 20.1.2 Municipal Waste 414 20.1.3 Biofuels 416 20.2 Supply and Demand 419 20.3 Environmental and Societal Risks 421 20.4 Global Approaches to Biomass Utilization 423 20.4.1 Brazil and Sugarcane-Based Ethanol 424 20.4.2 United States and Corn-Based Ethanol 425 20.5 Future of Biomass as an Energy Source 427 20.6 Practice Problems 428 20.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 428 20.8 Discussion Questions 429 Further Reading 430 21 Wind Energy 433 21.1 History of Use of Wind Energy 433 21.2 How Does It Work? 437 21.3 Supply and Demand 441 21.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 444 21.5 Future of Wind Energy 447 21.6 Practice Problems 447 21.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 447 21.8 Discussion Questions 449 Further Reading 449 22 Solar Energy 451 22.1 History of Human Solar Energy Usage 451 22.2 How Does It Work? 453 22.2.1 Solar Electricity 456 22.3 Supply and Demand 460 22.4 Environmental and Societal Risks 461 22.5 Global Approaches to Solar Energy 462 22.6 Future of Solar Energy 465 22.7 Practice Problems 465 22.8 Solutions to Practice Problems 466 22.9 Discussion Questions 467 Further Reading 467 23 Hydrogen as a Fuel 469 23.1 History of Human Hydrogen Use 470 23.2 Production of Hydrogen 471 23.2.1 Steam Reforming 472 23.2.2 Electrolysis 473 23.3 Hydrogen as a Combustion Fuel 474 23.4 Hydrogen Fuel Cells 474 23.5 Hydrogen as a Nuclear Fuel: Where Does the Solar Energy Really Come From? 477 23.5.1 Nuclear Fusion on Earth 478 23.6 Environmental and Societal Risks 480 23.7 Future of Hydrogen as a Fuel 481 23.8 Practice Problems 482 23.9 Solutions to Practice Problems 482 23.10 Discussion Questions 483 Further Reading 483 24 Geothermal Energy 485 24.1 History of Geothermal Energy Use 485 24.2 How Does It Work? 486 24.3 Supply and Demand 490 24.4 Global Approaches to Geothermal Energy 492 24.4.1 Iceland 492 24.4.2 Costa Rica 492 24.4.3 West of the United States 493 24.5 Environmental and Societal Risks 493 24.6 Practice Problems 495 24.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 495 24.8 Discussion Questions 496 Further Reading 496 Part VI Energy Consumption Tomorrow 499 25 Changes in Global Energy Consumption Patterns 501 25.1 Developing Countries Become Developed 503 25.2 Population Growth 504 25.3 Middle Class Growth in the Developing World 507 25.4 Sustainability as a Source of Friction Between Developed and Developing Countries 508 25.5 Outsourcing Unsustainable Practices 509 25.6 Practice Problems 511 25.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 511 25.8 Discussion Questions 512 Further Reading 512 26 Energy Conservation 515 26.1 Increasing the Efficiency of Appliances and Energy-Consuming Devices 515 26.2 Minimizing Energy Waste 518 26.3 Changes in Habits and Living Standards 519 26.4 Reduction in Material Consumption 522 26.4.1 Reduce 523 26.4.2 Reuse 523 26.4.3 Recycle 525 26.5 Global Approaches to Energy Conservation and Recycling 527 26.5.1 Japan 528 26.5.2 Sweden 528 26.5.3 USA 529 26.6 Practice Problems 529 26.7 Solutions to Practice Problems 530 26.8 Discussion Questions 530 Further Reading 531 27 Future of Cars 533 27.1 Fuel Efficiency Standards for Vehicles 533 27.2 Powertrain Competition 536 27.3 Driverless Vehicles and Ride-Sharing Services 538 27.4 Changing Habits: Car as a Status Symbol? 540 27.5 Practice Problems 541 27.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 541 27.7 Discussion Questions 542 Further Reading 543 28 Energy Conservation in Architectural Design and Urban Planning 545 28.1 Energy Efficiency in Old Buildings 545 28.2 Energy Conservation in New Construction 547 28.2.1 Construction 548 28.2.2 Day-to-Day Operation 548 28.2.3 Energy-Efficient Design Features 550 28.2.4 Demolition 553 28.2.5 LEED Certifications 553 28.3 Energy Conservation in Urban Planning 554 28.4 Future of Residential Construction 557 28.5 Practice Problems 558 28.6 Solutions to Practice Problems 558 28.7 Discussion Questions 559 Further Reading 559 Appendix 561 Index 563
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