Technology, Engineering & Agriculture Books

Book SynopsisThe concept of sustainability lies at the core of the challenge of environment and development, and the way governments, business and environmental groups respond to it. Green Development provides a clear and coherent analysis of sustainable development in both theory and practice. Green Development explores the origins and evolution of mainstream thinking about sustainable development and offers a critique of the ideas behind them. It draws a link between theory and practice by discussing the nature of the environmental degradation and the impacts of development. It argues that, ultimately, green' development has to be about political economy, about the distribution of power, and not about environmental quality. Its focus is strongly on the developing world.The fourth edition retains the broad structure of previous editions, but has been updated to reflect advances in ideas and changes in international policy. Greater attention has been givTable of Contents1. The dilemma of sustainability 2. The roots of sustainable development 3. Mainstream sustainable development 4. Sustainability and Natural Capital 5. Neoliberalism and the Green Economy 6. Corporations and sustainability 7. Sustainability and Degrowth 8. The political forest 9. Desertification 10. Famine, Food and Farming 11. The Political Ecology of Biodiversity 12. Engineering Development 13. Green development: reformism or radicalism?

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Book SynopsisThe essential reference tool for all real estate, property, planning and construction students.Real Estate Concepts provides built environment students with an easy to use guide to the essential concepts they need to understand in order to succeed in their university courses and future professional careers. Key concepts are arranged, defined and explained by experts in the field to provide the student with a quick and reliable reference throughout their university studies. The subjects are conveniently divided to reflect the key modules studied in most property, real estate, planning and construction courses.Subject areas covered include: Planning Building surveying Valuation Law Economics, investment and finance Quantity surveying Construction and regeneration Sustainability Property managemeTable of ContentsPreface 1. Agency, Andy Dunhill, Jane Stonehouse and Rachel Williams 2. Building Surveying, Stuart Eve, Minnie Fraser and Cara Hatcher 3. Commercial Property, Andy Dunhill, Dom Fearon, John Holmes and Becky Thompson 4. Construction, Graham Capper, Barry Gledson, Richard Humphrey, Eric Johansen, Ernie Jowsey, Mark Kirk, Cara Hatcher and John Weirs 5. Development, Hannah Furness, Ernie Jowsey and Simon Robson 6. Economics, Ernie Jowsey 7. Finance, Ernie Jowsey and Hannah Furness 8. Investment, Ernie Jowsey and Hannah Furness 9. Land Management, Dom Fearon and Ernie Jowsey 10. Law, Rachel Williams and Simon Robson 11. Planning, Andy Dunhill, Hannah Furness, Paul Greenhalgh, Carol Ludwig, Dave McGuinness, and Rachel Williams 12. Property Asset Management, Cheryl Williamson, Dom Fearon and Kenneth Kelly 13. Quantity Surveying, Glenn Steel 14. Regeneration, Julie Clarke, Hannah Furness, Paul Greenhalgh, Rachel Kirk and David McGuinness 15. Residential Property, Julie Clarke, Rachel Kirk and Cara Hatcher 16. Sustainability, Graham Capper, John Holmes, Ernie Jowsey, Sara Lilley, Dave McGuinness and Simon Robson 17. Taxation, Ernie Jowsey and Rachel Williams 18. Valuation, Lynn Johnson and Becky Thompson

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Book SynopsisReligion Online provides an accessible and comprehensive introduction to this burgeoning new religious reality, from cyberpilgrimages to neo-pagan chatroom communities. A substantial introduction by the editors presenting the main themes and issues is followed by sixteen chapters addressing core issues of concern such as youth, religion and the internet, new religious movements and recruitment, propaganda and the countercult, and religious tradition and innovation.Table of Contents1. Introduction, Lorne L. Dawson and Douglas E. Cowan 2. Cyberfaith: How Americans Pursue Religion Online, Elena Larsen Part I: Being Religious in Cyberspace 3. Popular Religion and the World Wide Web: A Match Made in (Cyber) Heaven, Christopher Helland 4. Cyberspace as Sacred Space: Communicating Religion on Computer Networks, Stephen D. O'Leary 5. Young People, Religious Identity, and the Internet, Mia Lövheim 6. Religion and the Quest for Virtual Community, Lorne L. Dawson Part II: Mainstream Religions in Cyberspace 7. Reading and Praying Online: The Continuity of Religion Online and Online Religion in Internet Christianity, Glenn Young 8. This Is My Church: Seeing the Internet and Club Culture as Spiritual Spaces, Heidi Campbell 9. Rip.Burn.Pray.: Islamic Expression Online, Gary R. Bunt 10. The Cybersangha: Buddhism on the Internet, Charles S. Prebish Part III: New Religions in Cyberspace 11. New Religions and the Internet: Recruiting in a New Public Space, Lorne L. Dawson and Jenna Hennebry 12. The Internet as Virtual Spiritual Community: Teen Witches in the United States and Australia, Helen A. Berger and Douglas Ezzy 13. The Goddess Net, Wendy Griffin 14. The House of Netjer: A New Religious Community Online, Marilyn C. Krogh and Brooke Ashley Pillifant Part IV: Religious Quests and Contests in Cyberspace 15. Virtual Pilgrimage to Ireland's Croagh Patrick, Mark W. Macwilliams 16. Searching for the Apocalypse in Cyberspace, Robert A. Campbell 17. Contested Spaces: Movement, Countermovement, and E-Space Propaganda, Douglas E. Cowan

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface Acknowledgments Abbreviations and Acronyms 1. What Is 5G? 2. 5G Standardization 3. Spectrum for 5G 4. LTE—An Overview 5. NR Overview 6. Radio-Interface Architecture 7. Overall Transmission Structure 8. Channel Sounding 9. Transport-Channel Processing 10. Physical-Layer Control Signaling 11. Multi-Antenna Transmission 12. Beam Management 13. Retransmission Protocols 14. Scheduling 15. Uplink Power and Timing Control 16. Cell search and system information 17. Random access 18. LTE/NR Interworking and Coexistence 19. Interference handling in TDD networks 20. NR in unlicensed spectrum 21. Industrial IoT and URLLC enhancements 22. RedCap and small data transmission 23. Multicast-Broadcast Services 24. Integrated Access Backhaul 25. Non-terrestrial NR access 26. Sidelink communication 27. Positioning 28. RF Characteristics 29. RF Technologies at mm-Wave Frequencies 30. 5G—Further Evolution References

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsA. INTRODUCTION 1. The root causes of global warming and the new normal 2. Strategies for mitigation of climate change B. ARCHITECTURE 3. Architectural Designs for the Future 4. Adobe Houses for a climate changing world 5. Climate Change adaptive measures for buildings 6. The effect of Climate Change on the built environment 7. Wind adaption in cities in the light of a changing climate 8. Wind resistant housing C. FARMING, FORESTRY, WATER MANAGEMENT AND THE ECOSYSTEM 9. Agriculture in a changing climate 10. Impact of Climate Change on agriculture and its mitigating strategies 11. Farmers views on Climate Change (Finland) 12. Climate Change and adaptive water management for the global south 13. Climate change and flooding and mitigation 14. Soil function and climate change – mitigation, Improve soil so that it acts as a carbon storage system 15. Soil erosion and global warming 16. Forest Fires and Climate Change and mitigating techniques 17. Connection of Climate Change and Forrest Fires in Australia; mitigating techniques 18. Fire Pollution and mitigating techniques 19. Climate Change and the Risk of Wild Fires 20. Reduce beef Production, reduce meat eating 21. Reducing climate impacts of beef production 22. Global warming and beef production 23. Climate Change and Eco-systems D. HUMAN HEALTH 24. Human health and climate change 25. Climate Change and Mental Health 26. Heat related mortality in the light of Global Warming and mitigating strategies E. HUMAN MIGRATION 27. Human Migration F. ETHICS, JUSTICE, ECONOMICS AND THE INDIVIDUAL 28. Climate Change and the Individual 29. Ethics and Climate Change 30. Justice in a climate changing world, Justice for global warming 31. Economics of global warming, Redistribution of wealth, Degrowth? G. THE BIG PICTURE: WHAT MUST BE DONE 32. Renewable Energy: The Future of Solar Energy 33. Renewable Energy: The Future of Wind Energy 34. Renewable Energy: The Future of Green Hydrogen to replace natural gas 35. Renewable Energy: The future of Tidal Energy 36. Renewable Energy: The Future of Wave Energy 37. Renewable Energy: The Future of Geothermal Energy 38. The Future of Nuclear Power and Small Modular Rectors

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsSection 1: Membrane Processes for Global Water Solutions 1. Ethical and Sustainable Utilisation of Water: Global Scenarios and Engineering Responsibilities W. Richard Bowen 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Global Perspectives 1.3 Global Plans 1.4 Engineering Responsibilities 1.5 Membrane Engineering References 2. Introduction to Membrane Processes for Water Treatment Rajindar Singh, Nicholas P. Hankins 2.1 Membrane Materials 2.2 Membrane Separation 2.3 Membrane Processes 2.4 Hybrid Membrane Plants 2.5 Membrane Modules 2.6 Membrane Fouling and Control 2.7 Recent Developments and Future Prospects References Section 2: Desalination and Potable Water Puri?cation 3. Forward Osmosis for Sustainable Water Treatment Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Draw Solutions 3.3 Membranes and Modules 3.4 Applications of FO 3.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements References 4. Desalination by Membrane Distillation Julio A. Sanmartino, Mohamed Khayet, M.C. García-Payo 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Membrane Distillation 4.3 Properties of Saline Aqueous Solutions 4.4 MD Desalination 4.5 Energy Consumption and Costs of MD Desalination 4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives in MD References 5. Sustainable Energy Systems for Seawater Reverse Osmosis Desalination Philip A. Davies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Performance Limits 5.3 Performance and Losses in RO Desalination 5.4 Performance of PV Cells and Losses 5.5 RO Systems for Variable-Power Operation 5.6 Thermally Powered RO Systems 5.7 Conclusions and Outlook List of Abbreviations Glossary References 6. Desalination and On-site Energy for Groundwater Treatment in Developing Countries Using Fuel Cells Rajindar Singh 6.1 Background 6.2 India’s WatereEnergy Nexus 6.3 FC Technology 6.4 FC Integrated Membrane Desalination 6.5 Zero Liquid Discharge Desalination Processes 6.6 Appropriate Desalination Technology for Remote Regions 6.7 Concluding Remarks References 7. Ion Exchange Membranes for Water Softening and High-Recovery Desalination Malynda A. Cappelle, Thomas A. Davis 7.1 Ion Exchange Materials and Water Softening 7.2 Donnan Dialysis 7.3 ED for Desalination 7.4 Conclusions List of Acronyms and Abbreviations Acknowledgements References 8. Water Treatment by Electromembrane Processes Nalan Kabay, O€ zgu€r Arar, Samuel Bunani 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Electrodialysis (ED) 8.3 Electrodeionisation (EDI) 8.4 Capacitive Deionisation (CDI) 8.5 Conclusions and Recommendations List of Abbreviations Symbols Subscripts and Superscripts Greek Symbols Acknowledgements References Section 3: Wastewater Treatment for Reclamation and Reuse 9. Removal of Emerging Contaminants for Water Reuse by Membrane Technology Long D. Nghiem, Takahiro Fujioka 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Membrane Technology for Water Reclamation 9.3 NF/RO Separation 9.4 Other Membrane Processes 9.5 Conclusion References 10. Surfactant and Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment Li-Cheng Shen, Nicholas P. Hankins, Rajindar Singh 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Surfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.3 Polymer-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.4 Combined PolymereSurfactant-Based Technologies for Water Treatment 10.5 Characterisation of Micellar Size 10.6 Conclusions Acknowledgement References 11. Submerged and Attached Growth Membrane Bioreactors and Forward Osmosis Membrane Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Sher Jamal Khan, Nicholas P. Hankins, Li-Cheng Shen 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Biological and Membrane Filtration Processes in MBR 11.3 Membrane Fouling Classi?cation and Mitigation Approaches 11.4 Development of AMBR 11.5 The Forward Osmosis MBR References 12. Brine Treatment and High Recovery Desalination J. Gilron 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Energy and Pressure Considerations in High Recovery 12.3 Hybrid Processes to Overcome Salinity Limitations 12.4 Hybrid Processes that Overcome Scaling Problems 12.5 Conclusions Nomenclature Greek Symbols Subscripts References Section 4: New Membrane Materials and Applications 13. Development of Hybrid Processes for High Purity Water Production Rajindar Singh 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Process Technologies 13.3 HPW Applications 13.4 UPW Processes for Advanced Microchips 13.5 Water Reclamation for Reuse References 14. Biomimetic Membranes for Water Puri?cation and Wastewater Treatment Chuyang Y. Tang, Zhining Wang, Claus H'elix-Nielsen 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Aquaporins 14.3 Biomimetic Membranes and Their Properties 14.4 Summary and Conclusions References 15. Novel Graphene Membranes e Theory and Application Jakob Buchheim, Roman M. Wyss, Chang-Min Kim, Mengmeng Deng, Hyung Gyu Park 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Porous Graphene Fluidics e Mass Transport across Porous Graphene 15.3 Mass Transport across Layered Graphene and Graphene Oxide 15.4 Conclusions References 16. Nanocomposite and Responsive Membranes for Water Treatment Sebasti'an Hern'andez, Anthony Saad, Lindell Ormsbee, Dibakar Bhattacharyya 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Responsive Materials 16.3 Nanocomposite Membranes 16.4 Summary Acknowledgements References 17. Membrane Fouling, Modelling and Recent Developments for Mitigation Catalina Alvarado, Kathryn Farris, James Kilduff 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Foulants 17.3 Biological Fouling 17.4 Models for Fouling 17.5 Approaches to Mitigate Fouling 17.6 Concluding Remarks References

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Book SynopsisThe definitive biography of Tsien Hsue-Shen, the pioneer of the American space age who was mysteriously accused of being a communist, deported, and became,to America''s continuing chagrin,the father of the Chinese missile program.Table of Contents* Introduction * Hangzhou (19111914) * Beijing (19141929) * Shanghai (19291934) * Boxer Rebellion Scholar (19341935) * MIT (19351936) * Theodore von Krmn * Caltech (1936) * The Suicide Squad (19371943) * The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (19431945) * Washington and Germany (1945) * Return to MIT (19461947) * Summons from China (1947) * Jiang Ying * Ascent (19471948) * Caltech (1949) * Suspicion (1950) * Arrest (1950) * Investigation (1950) * Hearings (19501951) * Waiting (19511954) * The Wang-Johnson Talks (1955) * One of the Tragedies of This Century * A Heros Welcome (1955) * Missiles of the East Wind * Becoming a Communist * Epilogue

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Book SynopsisThis textbook is a comprehensive introduction to the many concepts of this broad subject. Case studies are provided alongside real-life industrial applications illustrating the techniques and theory. This book will be essential reading for students of chemical engineering on particle technology courses.Trade Review"It is well written and pedagogical.... Appreciable are the efforts to enrich each chapter with examples which help the reader to better understand the argument and to evaluate what he/she has learned. 'Introduction to Particle Technology' is a book surely recommendable." (Materials and Manufacturing Process, Volume 24, Issue 6)Table of ContentsAbout the Contributors. Preface to the Second Edition. Preface to the First Edition. Introduction. 1. Particle Size Analysis. 2. Single Particles in a Fluid. 3. Multiple Particle Systems. 4. Slurry Transport. 5. Colloids and Fine Particles. 6. Fluid Flow Through a Packed Bed of Particles. 7. Fluidization. 8. Pneumatic Transport and Standpipes. 9. Separation of Particles from a Gas: Gas Cyclones. 10. Storage and Flow of Powders-Hopper Design. 11. Mixing and Segregation. 12. Particle Size Reduction. 13. Size Enlargement. 14. Health Effects of Fine Powders. 15. Fire and Explosion Hazards of Fine Powders. 16. Case Studies. Notation. References. Index

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Book SynopsisAdvances in systems technology continue to ally systems and avionics, with aircraft support and flight systems ever increasingly controlled and monitored by electronics.Trade Review"The book provides excellent coverage of the complete range of aircraft systems and is thus aimed at the professional aerospace design engineer who may have in-depth knowledge of a specialised area but who would really benefit from a broader appreciation of the workings and constraints applicable to all other aircraft systems." (Aerospace Professional, January 2009)Table of ContentsForeword xvii Series Preface xix About the Authors xxi Acknowledgements xxiii List of Abbreviations xxv Introduction xxxv Systems Integration xxxvi Systems Interaction xxxix 1 Flight Control Systems 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Principles of Flight Control 3 1.3 Flight Control Surfaces 4 1.4 Primary Flight Control 5 1.5 Secondary Flight Control 5 1.6 Commercial Aircraft 7 1.6.1 Primary Flight Control 7 1.6.2 Secondary Flight Control 7 1.7 Flight Control Linkage Systems 9 1.7.1 Push-Pull Control Rod System 10 1.7.2 Cable and Pulley System 11 1.8 High Lift Control Systems 13 1.9 Trim and Feel 15 1.9.1 Trim 15 1.9.2 Feel 17 1.10 Flight Control Actuation 18 1.10.1 Simple Mechanical/Hydraulic Actuation 19 1.10.2 Mechanical Actuation with Electrical Signalling 21 1.10.3 Multiple Redundancy Actuation 22 1.10.4 Mechanical Screwjack Actuator 26 1.10.5 Integrated Actuator Package (IAP) 27 1.10.6 Advanced Actuation Implementations 30 1.11 Civil System Implementations 34 1.11.1 Top-Level Comparison 35 1.11.2 Airbus Implementation 36 1.12 Fly-By-Wire Control Laws 40 1.13 A380 Flight Control Actuation 41 1.14 Boeing 777 Implementation 44 1.15 Interrelationship of Flight Control, Guidance and Flight Management 48 2 Engine Control Systems 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.1.1 Engine/Airframe Interfaces 52 2.2 Engine Technology and Principles of Operation 53 2.3 The Control Problem 55 2.3.1 Fuel Flow Control 56 2.3.2 Air Flow Control 58 2.3.3 Control Systems 59 2.3.4 Control System Parameters 60 2.3.5 Input Signals 60 2.3.6 Output Signals 62 2.4 Example Systems 62 2.5 Design Criteria 71 2.6 Engine Starting 73 2.6.1 Fuel Control 73 2.6.2 Ignition Control 74 2.6.3 Engine Rotation 75 2.6.4 Throttle Levers 77 2.6.5 Starting Sequence 78 2.7 Engine Indications 78 2.8 Engine Oil Systems 81 2.9 Engine Offtakes 81 2.10 Reverse Thrust 83 2.11 Engine Control on Modern Civil Aircraft 84 3 Fuel Systems 87 3.1 Introduction 87 3.2 Characteristics of Fuel Systems 89 3.3 Description of Fuel System Components 90 3.3.1 Fuel Transfer Pumps 90 3.3.2 Fuel Booster Pumps 91 3.3.3 Fuel Transfer Valves 92 3.3.4 Non-Return Valves (NRVs) 93 3.4 Fuel Quantity Measurement 94 3.4.1 Level Sensors 94 3.4.2 Fuel Gauging Probes 96 3.4.3 Fuel Quantity Measurement Basics 96 3.4.4 Tank Shapes 97 3.4.5 Fuel Properties 98 3.4.6 Fuel Quantity Measurement Systems 101 3.4.7 Fokker F50/F100 System 101 3.4.8 Airbus A320 System 103 3.4.9 ‘Smart' Probes 104 3.4.10 Ultrasonic Probes 105 3.5 Fuel System Operating Modes 105 3.5.1 Pressurisation 106 3.5.2 Engine Feed 106 3.5.3 Fuel Transfer 108 3.5.4 Refuel/Defuel 109 3.5.5 Vent Systems 111 3.5.6 Use of Fuel as a Heat Sink 112 3.5.7 External Fuel Tanks 112 3.5.8 Fuel Jettison 113 3.5.9 In-Flight Refuelling 114 3.6 Integrated Civil Aircraft Systems 116 3.6.1 Bombardier Global Express 117 3.6.2 Boeing 777 119 3.6.3 A340-500/600 Fuel System 120 3.7 Fuel Tank Safety 128 3.7.1 Principles of Fuel Inerting 129 3.7.2 Air Separation Technology 130 3.7.3 Typical Fuel Inerting System 131 3.8 Polar Operations – Cold Fuel Management 133 3.8.1 Minimum Equipment List (MEL) 133 3.8.2 Cold Fuel Characteristics 134 3.8.3 Fuel Temperature Indication 135 4 Hydraulic Systems 137 4.1 Introduction 137 4.2 Hydraulic Circuit Design 138 4.3 Hydraulic Actuation 142 4.4 Hydraulic Fluid 144 4.5 Fluid Pressure 145 4.6 Fluid Temperature 145 4.7 Fluid Flow Rate 146 4.8 Hydraulic Piping 146 4.9 Hydraulic Pumps 147 4.10 Fluid Conditioning 151 4.11 Hydraulic Reservoir 152 4.12 Warnings and Status 152 4.13 Emergency Power Sources 153 4.14 Proof of Design 154 4.15 Aircraft System Applications 155 4.15.1 The Avro RJ Hydraulic System 156 4.15.2 The BAE SYSTEMS Hawk 200 Hydraulic System 161 4.15.3 Tornado Hydraulic System 161 4.16 Civil Transport Comparison 163 4.16.1 Airbus A 320 164 4.16.2 Boeing 767 165 4.17 Landing Gear Systems 167 4.17.1 Nose Gear 167 4.17.2 Main Gear 168 4.17.3 Braking Anti-Skid and Steering 169 4.17.4 Electronic Control 172 4.17.5 Automatic Braking 173 4.17.6 Multi-Wheel Systems 175 4.17.7 Brake Parachute 178 5 Electrical Systems 181 5.1 Introduction 181 5.1.1 Electrical Power Evolution 181 5.2 Aircraft Electrical System 184 5.3 Power Generation 185 5.3.1 DC Power Generation 185 5.3.2 AC Power Generation 186 5.3.3 Power Generation Control 188 5.4 Primary Power Distribution 199 5.5 Power Conversion and Energy Storage 201 5.5.1 Inverters 201 5.5.2 Transformer Rectifier Units (TRUs) 201 5.5.3 Auto-Transformers 202 5.5.4 Battery Chargers 202 5.5.5 Batteries 203 5.6 Secondary Power Distribution 203 5.6.1 Power Switching 203 5.6.2 Load Protection 204 5.7 Typical Aircraft DC System 207 5.8 Typical Civil Transport Electrical System 208 5.9 Electrical Loads 210 5.9.1 Motors and Actuation 210 5.9.2 DC Motors 211 5.9.3 AC Motors 212 5.9.4 Lighting 212 5.9.5 Heating 213 5.9.6 Subsystem Controllers and Avionics Systems 213 5.9.7 Ground Power 214 5.10 Emergency Power Generation 214 5.10.1 Ram Air Turbine 215 5.10.2 Backup Power Converters 215 5.10.3 Permanent Magnet Generators (PMGs) 216 5.11 Recent Systems Developments 218 5.11.1 Electrical Load Management System (ELMS) 218 5.11.2 Variable Speed Constant Frequency (VSCF) 220 5.11.3 270 VDC Systems 227 5.11.4 More-Electric Aircraft (MEA) 227 5.12 Recent Electrical System Developments 228 5.12.1 Airbus A380 Electrical System Overview 229 5.12.2 A400m 234 5.12.3 B787 Electrical Overview 234 5.13 Electrical Systems Displays 237 6 Pneumatic Systems 239 6.1 Introduction 239 6.2 Use of Bleed Air 240 6.3 Engine Bleed Air Control 244 6.4 Bleed Air System Indications 247 6.5 Bleed Air System Users 247 6.5.1 Wing and Engine Anti-Ice 248 6.5.2 Engine Start 250 6.5.3 Thrust Reversers 251 6.5.4 Hydraulic Systems 251 6.6 Pitot Static Systems 252 6.6.1 Innovative Methods of Pitot-Static Measurement 256 7 Environmental Control Systems 259 7.1 Introduction 259 7.2 The Need for a Controlled Environment 260 7.2.1 Kinetic Heating 260 7.2.2 Solar Heating 261 7.2.3 Avionics Heat Loads 262 7.2.4 Airframe System Heat Loads 262 7.2.5 The Need for Cabin Conditioning 262 7.2.6 The Need for Avionics Conditioning 263 7.3 The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) 263 7.4 Environmental Control System Design 266 7.4.1 Ram Air Cooling 266 7.4.2 Fuel Cooling 267 7.4.3 Engine Bleed 267 7.4.4 Bleed Flow and Temperature Control 269 7.5 Cooling Systems 271 7.5.1 Air Cycle Refrigeration Systems 271 7.5.2 Turbofan System 272 7.5.3 Bootstrap System 272 7.5.4 Reversed Bootstrap 274 7.5.5 Ram Powered Reverse Bootstrap 274 7.5.6 Vapour Cycle Systems 275 7.5.7 Liquid Cooled Systems 276 7.5.8 Expendable Heat Sinks 277 7.6 Humidity Control 278 7.7 The Inefficiency of Present Systems 279 7.8 Air Distribution Systems 279 7.8.1 Avionics Cooling 279 7.8.2 Unconditioned Bays 280 7.8.3 Conditioned Bays 280 7.8.4 Conditioned Bay Equipment Racking 281 7.8.5 Ground Cooling 282 7.8.6 Cabin Distribution Systems 283 7.9 Cabin Noise 284 7.10 Cabin Pressurisation 284 7.11 Hypoxia 287 7.12 Molecular Sieve Oxygen Concentrators 288 7.13 g Tolerance 291 7.14 Rain Dispersal 292 7.15 Anti-Misting and De-Misting 293 7.16 Aircraft Icing 293 8 Emergency Systems 297 8.1 Introduction 297 8.2 Warning Systems 298 8.3 Fire Detection and Suppression 301 8.4 Emergency Power Sources 305 8.5 Explosion Suppression 307 8.6 Emergency Oxygen 308 8.7 Passenger Evacuation 308 8.8 Crew Escape 310 8.9 Computer-Controlled Seats 312 8.10 Ejection System Timing 313 8.11 High Speed Escape 314 8.12 Crash Recorder 314 8.13 Crash Switch 315 8.14 Emergency Landing 315 8.15 Emergency System Testing 317 9 Rotary Wing Systems 319 9.1 Introduction 319 9.2 Special Requirements of Helicopters 320 9.3 Principles of Helicopter Flight 321 9.4 Helicopter Flight Control 324 9.5 Primary Flight Control Actuation 325 9.5.1 Manual Control 326 9.5.2 Auto-Stabilisation 328 9.5.3 Autopilot Modes 330 9.6 Key Helicopter Systems 333 9.6.1 Engine and Transmission System 335 9.6.2 Hydraulic Systems 338 9.6.3 Electrical System 340 9.6.4 Health Monitoring System 341 9.6.5 Specialised Helicopter Systems 342 9.7 Helicopter Auto-Flight Control 343 9.7.1 EH 101 Flight Control System 343 9.7.2 NOTAR Method of Yaw Control 346 9.8 Active Control Technology 349 9.9 Advanced Battlefield Helicopter 350 9.9.1 Target Acquisition and Designator System (TADS)/Pilots Night Vision System (PNVS) 350 9.9.2 AH-64 C/D Longbow Apache 353 9.10 Tilt Rotor Systems 357 9.10.1 Tilt Rotor Concept and Development 357 9.10.2 V-22 Osprey 358 9.10.3 Civil Tilt Rotor 366 10 Advanced Systems 371 10.1 Introduction 371 10.1.1 STOL Manoeuvre Technology Demonstrator (SMTD) 371 10.1.2 Vehicle Management Systems (VMS) 372 10.1.3 More-Electric Aircraft 372 10.1.4 More-Electric Engine 373 10.2 Stealth 374 10.2.1 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) 374 10.3 Integrated Flight and Propulsion Control (IFPC) 375 10.4 Vehicle Management System 377 10.5 More-Electric Aircraft 381 10.5.1 Engine Power Offtakes 381 10.5.2 Boeing 787 (More-Electric) Electrical System 382 10.5.3 More-Electric Hydraulic System 384 10.5.4 More-Electric Environmental Control System 386 10.6 More-Electric Actuation 388 10.6.1 Electro-Hydrostatic Actuators (EHA) 388 10.6.2 Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) 388 10.6.3 Electric Braking 388 10.7 More-Electric Engine 389 10.7.1 Conventional Engine Characteristics 390 10.7.2 More-Electric Engine Characteristics 390 10.8 Impact of Stealth Design 393 10.8.1 Lockheed F-117A Nighthawk 394 10.8.2 Northrop B-2 Spirit 396 10.8.3 Joint Strike Fighter – F-35 Lightning II 401 10.9 Technology Developments/Demonstrators 402 10.9.1 Fault Tolerant 270VDC Electrical Power Generation System 402 10.9.2 Thermal and Energy Management Module 402 10.9.3 AFTI F-16 Flight Demonstration 403 11 System Design and Development 407 11.1 Introduction 407 11.1.1 Systems Design 408 11.1.2 Development Processes 408 11.2 System Design 408 11.2.1 Key Agencies and Documentation 408 11.2.2 Design Guidelines and Certification Techniques 409 11.2.3 Key Elements of the Development Process 410 11.3 Major Safety Processes 411 11.3.1 Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) 412 11.3.2 Preliminary System Safety Analysis (PSSA) 413 11.3.3 System Safety Analysis (SSA) 414 11.3.4 Common Cause Analysis (CCA) 414 11.4 Requirements Capture 415 11.4.1 Top-Down Approach 415 11.4.2 Bottom-Up Approach 416 11.4.3 Requirements Capture Example 416 11.5 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) 418 11.6 Dependency Diagram 420 11.7 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) 422 11.8 Component Reliability 423 11.8.1 Analytical Methods 423 11.8.2 In-Service Data 424 11.9 Dispatch Reliability 424 11.10 Markov Analysis 425 11.11 Development Processes 427 11.11.1 The Product Life Cycle 427 11.11.2 Concept Phase 428 11.11.3 Definition Phase 430 11.11.4 Design Phase 431 11.11.5 Build Phase 432 11.11.6 Test Phase (Qualification Phase) 433 11.11.7 Operate Phase 433 11.11.8 Disposal or Refurbish 434 11.11.9 Development Programme 435 11.11.10 ‘V' Diagram 437 11.12 Extended Operations (ETOPS) 438 12 Avionics Technology 441 12.1 Introduction 441 12.2 The Nature of Microelectronic Devices 443 12.2.1 Processors 446 12.2.2 Memory Devices 446 12.2.3 Digital Data Buses 447 12.2.4 A 429 Data Bus 449 12.2.5 MIL-STD-1553b 451 12.2.6 ARINC 629 Data Bus 453 12.2.7 COTS Data Buses 456 12.3 Data Bus Integration of Aircraft Systems 460 12.3.1 Experimental Aircraft Programme (EAP) 460 12.3.2 Airbus A330/340 461 12.3.3 Boeing 777 462 12.3.4 Regional Aircraft/Business Jets 463 12.3.5 A380 Avionics Architecture 464 12.3.6 Boeing 787 Avionics Architecture 467 12.3.7 COTS Data Buses – IEEE 1394 468 12.4 Fibre Optic Buses 469 12.5 Avionics Packaging Standards 470 12.5.1 Air Transport Radio (ATR) 470 12.5.2 Modular Concept Unit (MCU) 470 12.6 Typical LRU Architecture 471 12.7 Integrated Modular Avionics 473 13 Environmental Conditions 477 13.1 Introduction 477 13.2 Environmental Factors 479 13.2.1 Altitude 479 13.2.2 Temperature 480 13.2.3 Contamination by Fluids 482 13.2.4 Solar Radiation 483 13.2.5 Rain, Humidity, Moisture 484 13.2.6 Fungus 485 13.2.7 Salt Fog/Salt Mist 485 13.2.8 Sand and Dust 486 13.2.9 Explosive Atmosphere 486 13.2.10 Acceleration 487 13.2.11 Immersion 487 13.2.12 Vibration 488 13.2.13 Acoustic Noise 488 13.2.14 Shock 489 13.2.15 Pyroshock 490 13.2.16 Acidic Atmosphere 490 13.2.17 Temperature, Humidity, Vibration, Altitude 490 13.2.18 Icing/Freezing Rain 491 13.2.19 Vibro-Acoustic, Temperature 491 13.2.20 RF Radiation 491 13.2.21 Lightning 492 13.2.22 Nuclear, Biological and Chemical 493 13.3 Testing and Validation Process 493 Index 499

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Book SynopsisThe paradigm of multi-agent' cooperative control is the challenge frontier for new control system application domains, and as a research area it has experienced a considerable increase in activity in recent years. This volume, the result of a UCLA collaborative project with Caltech, Cornell and MIT, presents cutting edge results in terms of the dimensions of cooperative control from leading researchers worldwide. This dimensional decomposition allows the reader to assess the multi-faceted landscape of cooperative control. Cooperative Control of Distributed Multi-Agent Systems is organized into four main themes, or dimensions, of cooperative control: distributed control and computation, adversarial interactions, uncertain evolution and complexity management. The military application of autonomous vehicles systems or multiple unmanned vehicles is primarily targeted; however much of the material is relevant to a broader range of multi-agent systems including cooperative robotics, distTable of ContentsList of Contributors. Preface. Part I. Introduction. 1. Dimensions of cooperative control (Jeff S. Shamma and Gurdal Arslan). 1.1 Why cooperative control? 1.2 Dimensions of cooperative control. 1.3 Future directions. Acknowledgements. References Part II. Distributed Control and Computation. 2. Design of behavior of swarms: From flocking to data fusion using microfilter networks (Reza Olfati-Saber). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Consensus problems. 2.3 Flocking behavior for distributed coverage. 2.4 Microfilter networks for cooperative data fusion. Acknowledgements. References. 3. Connectivity and convergence of formations (Sonja Glavaski, Anca Williams and Tariq Samad). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Problem formulation. 3.3 Algebraic graph theory. 3.4 Stability of vehicle formations in the case of time-invariant communication. 3.5 Stability of vehicle formations in the case of time-variant communication. 3.6 Stabilizing feedback for the time-variant communication case. 3.7 Graph connectivity and stability of vehicle formations. 3.8 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 4. Distributed receding horizon control: stability via move suppression (William B. Dunbar). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 System description and objective. 4.3 Distributed receding horizon control. 4.4 Feasibility and stability analysis. 4.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 5. Distributed predictive control: synthesis, stability and feasibility (Tam´as Keviczky, Francesco Borrelli and Gary J. Balas). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Problem formulation. 5.3 Distributed MPC scheme. 5.4 DMPC stability analysis. 5.5 Distributed design for identical unconstrained LTI subsystems. 5.6 Ensuring feasibility. 5.7 Conclusion. References. 6. Task assignment for mobile agents (Brandon J. Moore and Kevin M. Passino). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Background. 6.3 Problem statement. 6.4 Assignment algorithm and results. 6.5 Simulations. 6.6 Conclusions. Acknowledgements. References. 7. On the value of information in dynamic multiple-vehicle routing problems (Alessandro Arsie, John J. Enright and Emilio Frazzoli ). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Problem formulation. 7.3 Control policy description. 7.4 Performance analysis in light load. 7.5 A performance analysis for sTP, mTP/FG and mTP policies. 7.6 Some numerical results. 7.7 Conclusions. References. 8. Optimal agent cooperation with local information (Eric Feron and Jan DeMot). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Notation and problem formulation. 8.3 Mathematical problem formulation. 8.4 Algorithm overview and LP decomposition. 8.5 Fixed point computation. 8.6 Discussion and examples. 8.7 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 9. Multiagent cooperation through egocentric modeling (Vincent Pei-wen Seah and Jeff S. Shamma). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Centralized and decentralized optimization. 9.3 Evolutionary cooperation. 9.4 Analysis of convergence. 9.5 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part III. Adversarial Interactions. 10. Multi-vehicle cooperative control using mixed integer linear programming (Matthew G. Earl and Raffaello D’Andrea). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Vehicle dynamics. 10.3 Obstacle avoidance. 10.4 RoboFlag problems. 10.5 Average case complexity. 10.6 Discussion. 10.7 Appendix: Converting logic into inequalities. Acknowledgements. References. 11. LP-based multi-vehicle path planning with adversaries (Georgios C. Chasparis and Jeff S. Shamma). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Problem formulation. 11.3 Optimization set-up. 11.4 LP-based path planning. 11.5 Implementation. 11.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 12. Characterization of LQG differential games with different information patterns (Ashitosh Swarup and Jason L. Speyer). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Formulation of the discrete-time LQG game. 12.3 Solution of the LQG game as the limit to the LEG Game. 12.4 LQG game as the limit of the LEG Game. 12.5 Correlation properties of the LQG game filter in the limit. 12.6 Cost function properties—effect of a perturbation in up. 12.7 Performance of the Kalman filtering algorithm. 12.8 Comparison with the Willman algorithm. 12.9 Equilibrium properties of the cost function: the saddle interval. 12.10 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part IV. Uncertain Evolution. 13 Modal estimation of jump linear systems: an information theoretic viewpoint (Nuno C. Martins and Munther A. Dahleh). 13.1 Estimation of a class of hidden markov models. 13.2 Problem statement. 13.3 Encoding and decoding. 13.4 Performance analysis. 13.5 Auxiliary results leading to the proof of theorem. Acknowledgements. References. 14. Conditionally-linear filtering for mode estimation in jump-linear systems (Daniel Choukroun and Jason L. Speyer). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Conditionally-Linear Filtering. 14.3 Mode-estimation for jump-linear systems. 14.4 Numerical Example. 14.5 Conclusion. 14.6 Appendix A: Inner product of equation (14.14). 14.7 Appendix B: Development of the filter equations (14.36) to (14.37). Acknowledgements. References. 15. Cohesion of languages in grammar networks (Y. Lee, T.C. Collier, C.E. Taylor and E.P. Stabler). 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Evolutionary dynamics of languages. 15.3 Topologies of language populations. 15.4 Language structure. 15.5 Networks induced by structural similarity. 15.6 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. Part V. Complexity Management. 16. Complexity management in the state estimation of multi-agent systems (Domitilla Del Vecchio and Richard M. Murray). 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Motivating example. 16.3 Basic concepts. 16.4 Problem formulation. 16.5 Problem solution. 16.6 Example: the RoboFlag Drill. 16.7 Existence of discrete state estimators on a lattice. 16.8 Extensions to the estimation of discrete and continuous variables. 16.9 Conclusion. Acknowledgements. References. 17. Abstraction-based command and control with patch models (V. G. Rao, S. Goldfarb and R. D’Andrea). 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Overview of patch models. 17.3 Realization and verification. 17.4 Human and artificial decision-making. 17.5 Hierarchical control. 17.6 Conclusion. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisThis best-selling, easy to read book offers the most complete discussion on the theories and principles behind today's most advanced communications systems. Throughout, Haykin emphasizes the statistical underpinnings of communication theory in a complete and detailed manner.Table of ContentsPreface vii Chapter 1 Prologue 1 1.1 The Communication Process 1 1.2 The Layered Approach 2 1.3 Theme Example—Wireless Communications 3 Notes and References 7 Chapter 2 Fourier Theory and Communication Signals 8 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 The Fourier Transform 8 2.3 Properties of the Fourier Transform 14 2.4 The Inverse Relationship Between Time and Frequency 28 2.5 Dirac Delta Function 32 2.6 Fourier Transforms of Periodic Signals 39 2.7 Transmission of Signals Through Linear Systems 41 2.8 Filters 47 2.9 Low-Pass and Band-Pass Signals 52 2.10 Band-Pass Systems 57 2.11 Phase and Group Delay 60 2.12 Sources of Information 62 2.13 Numerical Computation of the Fourier Transform 64 2.14 Theme Example—Channel Estimation of a Wireless LAN Channel 66 2.15 Summary and Discussion 69 Notes and References 69 Problems 70 Chapter 3 Amplitude Modulation 74 3.1 Introduction 74 3.2 Amplitude Modulation 75 3.3 Double Sideband–Suppressed Carrier Modulation 83 3.4 Quadrature-Carrier Multiplexing 87 3.5 Single-Sideband and Vestigial-Sideband Methods of Modulation 88 3.6 Theme Example—VSB Transmission of Analog and Digital Television 92 3.7 Frequency Translation 93 3.8 Frequency-Division Multiplexing 94 3.9 Summary and Discussion 95 Notes and References 96 Problems 96 Chapter 4 Phase and Frequency Modulation 102 4.1 Introduction 102 4.2 Basic Definitions 102 4.3 Frequency Modulation 109 4.4 Phase-Locked Loop 127 4.5 Nonlinear Effects in FM Systems 133 4.6 The Superheterodyne Receiver 135 4.7 Theme Example—Analog and Digital FM Cellular Telephones 137 4.8 Summary and Discussion 139 Notes and References 140 Problems 140 Chapter 5 Random Variables and Processes 146 5.1 Introduction 146 5.2 Probability 147 5.3 Random Variables 151 5.4 Statistical Averages 156 5.5 Random Processes 161 5.6 Mean, Correlation, and Covariance Functions 162 5.7 Transmission of a Random Process Through a Linear Filter 168 5.8 Power Spectral Density 169 5.9 Gaussian Process 175 5.10 Noise 179 5.11 Narrowband Noise 186 5.12 Theme Example—Stochastic Model of a Mobile Radio Channel 193 5.13 Summary and Discussion 198 Notes and References 200 Problems 201 Chapter 6 Noise in Analog Modulation 207 6.1 Introduction 207 6.2 Receiver Model 207 6.3 Noise in DSB–SC Receivers 210 6.4 Noise in AM Receivers 212 6.5 Noise in FM Receivers 215 6.6 Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in FM 226 6.7 Theme Example—Link Budget of FM Satellite Link 229 6.8 Summary and Discussion 233 Notes and References 235 Problems 235 Chapter 7 Digital Representation of Analog Signals 238 7.1 Introduction 238 7.2 Why Digitize Analog Sources? 239 7.3 The Sampling Process 240 7.4 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation 244 7.5 Time-Division Multiplexing 247 7.6 Pulse-Position Modulation 248 7.7 Theme Example—PPM in Impulse Radio 255 7.8 The Quantization Process 256 7.9 Pulse-Code Modulation 260 7.10 Delta Modulation 267 7.11 Theme Example—Digitization of Video and MPEG 271 7.12 Summary and Discussion 273 Notes and References 274 Problems 275 Chapter 8 Baseband Transmission Of Digital Signals 279 8.1 Introduction 279 8.2 Baseband Pulses and Matched Filter Detection 280 8.3 Probability of Error Due to Noise 285 8.4 Intersymbol Interference 290 8.5 Eye Pattern 294 8.6 Nyquist’s Criterion for Distortionless Transmission 296 8.7 Baseband M-ary PAM Transmission 301 8.8 Tapped-Delay-Line Equalization 302 8.9 Theme Example—100BASE-TX— Transmission of 100 Mbps Over Twisted Pair 305 8.10 Summary and Discussion 308 Notes and References 309 Problems 309 Chapter 9 Band-pass Transmission Of Digital Signals 313 9.1 Introduction 313 9.2 Band-Pass Transmission Model 314 9.3 Transmission of Binary PSK and FSK 316 9.4 M-ary Data Transmission Systems 327 9.5 Comparison of Noise Performances of Various PSK and FSK Systems 331 9.6 Theme Example—Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 333 9.7 Summary and Discussion 337 Notes and References 338 Problems 338 Chapter 10 Information and Forward Error Correction 342 10.1 Introduction 342 10.2 Uncertainty, Information, and Entropy 343 10.3 Source-Coding Theorem 347 10.4 Lossless Data Compression 348 10.5 Theme Example—The Lempel– Ziv Algorithm and File Compression 353 10.6 Discrete Memoryless Channels 355 10.7 Channel Capacity 357 10.8 Channel Coding Theorem 360 10.9 Capacity of a Gaussian Channel 363 10.10 Error Control Coding 366 10.11 Linear Block Codes 369 10.12 Convolutional Codes 379 10.13 Trellis-Coded Modulation 384 10.14 Turbo Codes 388 10.15 Summary and Discussion 393 Notes and References 394 Problems 395 Appendix Mathematical Tables 398 Glossary 405 Bibliography 409 Index 413

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Book SynopsisThis book presents critical building detail drawings to help an architect produce construction drawings, design and develop custom details, prepare specifications, and check existing drawings.Table of ContentsList of Tables xi Preface xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction xvii How SI Units Are Used in this Book xix Abbreviations xxi 1 Concrete Details 1 1-1 Concrete Slab-on-Grade Tolerances 03 05 03 1 1-2 Cast-in-Place Concrete Sectional Tolerances 03 05 04 4 1-3 Cast-in-Place Concrete Plan Tolerances 03 05 05 5 1-4 Waterstops 03 15 13 7 1-5 Slab-on-Grade Control Joint 03 30 07 9 1-6 Slab-on-Grade Isolation Joint 03 30 08 12 1-7 Slab-on-Grade Construction Joint 03 30 09 14 1-8 Cast-in-Place Concrete Wall with Insulation 03 30 53 16 1-9 Architectural Concrete 03 30 00 19 1-10 Precast Concrete Spandrel with Insulation 03 40 01 22 1-11 Precast Concrete Beam and Double Tee Tolerances 04 41 00 25 1-12 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Panels 04 22 23.1 27 1-13 Architectural Precast Concrete Panel Tolerances 03 45 13 30 1-14 Architectural Precast Panel Size and Configuration 03 45 14 32 1-15 Architectural Precast Concrete Forming 03 45 15 34 1-16 Architectural Precast Corners 03 45 16 36 1-17 Architectural Precast Joints 03 45 17 39 1-18 Architectural Precast Weathering Details 03 45 18 40 1-19 Architectural Precast Panel Connections 03 45 19 42 1-20 Architectural Precast Spandrel Panels 03 45 20 44 1-21 Architectural Precast Parapet 03 45 21 45 1-22 Cast-in-Place/Precast Connection 03 45 90 47 1-23 Precast Floor/Beam Erection Tolerances 03 45 91 49 1-24 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels 03 49 00 51 2 Masonry Details 55 2-1 Vertical Concrete Masonry Expansion Joint 04 05 23.1 55 2-2 Vertical Brick Expansion Joint 04 05 23.2 58 2-3 Vertical Masonry Expansion Joint in Composite Wall 04 05 23.3 62 2-4 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Grade 04 21 10.1 65 2-5 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Spandrel 04 21 10.2 69 2-6 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Roof/Parapet 04 21 10.3 71 2-7 Masonry Grouted Wall 04 21 10.4 74 2-8 Brick Veneer, Wood Studs 04 21 13.1 78 2-9 Brick Veneer, Steel Stud Backing Wall 04 21 13.2 82 2-10 Brick Veneer, Steel Stud Backup Wall at Opening 04 21 13.3 87 2-11 Brick on Shelf Angle 04 21 13.4 91 2-12 Shelf Angle on Steel Framing 04 21 13.5 96 2-13 Interior Masonry Bearing Partition 04 22 01 99 2-14 Wood Joists on Interior Masonry Bearing Partition 04 22 02 101 2-15 Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry 04 22 26 102 2-16 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Grade 04 22 23.1 104 2-17 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Floor 04 22 23.2 107 2-18 Reinforced Concrete Masonry Wall at Parapet 04 22 23.3 109 2-19 Glass Block Wall at Sill and Head 04 23 13.1 110 2-20 Glass Block Wall at Jamb and Vertical Joint 04 23 13.2 113 2-21 Glass Block Wall—Alternate Details 04 23 13.4 115 2-22 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup at Grade 04 42 13.1 116 2-23 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup at Spandrel 04 42 13.2 120 2-24 Anchored Stone Veneer with Concrete Masonry Unit Backup at Parapet 04 42 13.3 122 2-25 Exterior Stone Veneer at Base 04 42 13.4 125 2-26 Exterior Stone Veneer at Spandrel 04 42 13.5 129 2-27 Exterior Stone Veneer at Parapet 04 42 13.6 130 2-28 Cut Stone on Concrete Backup Wall 04 42 13.7 132 2-29 Interior Stone Veneer 134 2-30 Interior Stone Veneer at Vertical Joint 04 42 16.2 135 2-31 Exterior Stone on Steel Truss Frame 04 42 23 136 2-32 Exterior Stone on Framing System 04 42 26 139 3 Metal Details 143 3-1 Structural Steel Column Erection Tolerances 05 05 03 143 3-2 Steel Column/Beam Connection Tolerances 05 05 03.1 145 3-3 Structural Steel Column Plan Tolerances 05 05 04 146 3-4 Structural Steel Column Location Tolerances 05 05 04.1 148 3-5 Structural Steel Support for Masonry 05 12 23.1 150 3-6 Structural Steel Support for Precast Concrete 05 12 23.3 152 3-7 Steel/Precast with Insulation 05 12 23.3 153 3-8 Structural Steel Support for Curtain Walls 05 12 23.5 155 3-9 Open Web Steel Joists 05 21 19 157 3-10 Stair Layout 05 51 00.1 158 3-11 Stair Layout at Base 05 51 00.2 160 3-12 Stair Layout at Landing 05 51 00.3 161 3-13 Stair Layout at Top Landing 05 51 00.4 162 3-14 Metal Stairs 05 51 13 164 3-15 Ornamental Metal/Glass Guard 05 52 13 165 3-16 Expansion Joint at Floor and Wall 05 54 00.1 166 4 Wood Details 169 4-1 Platform Framing at Foundation 06 11 00.1 169 4-2 Platform Framing at Stepped Foundation 06 11 00.2 172 4-3 Platform Framing at Roof 06 11 00.3 173 4-4 Multistory Framing at Foundation 06 11 00.4 175 4-5 Multistory Framing at Floor Line 06 11 00.5 177 4-6 Multistory Framing at Roof 06 11 00.6 178 4-7 Structural Insulated Panel at Foundation 06 12 00.1 179 4-8 Structural Insulated Panel at Roof 06 12 00.2 182 4-9 Glulam Beam at Foundation Wall 06 18 13.1 183 4-10 Glulam Beam at Column 06 18 13.2 185 4-11 Glulam Purlins at Beam 06 18 13.3 186 4-12 Glulam Roof Beam 06 18 13.4 188 4-13 Glulam Column at Base 06 18 16 190 4-14 Base Cabinet 06 41 00.1 191 4-15 Upper Cabinet 06 41 00.2 193 4-16 Countertops 06 41 00.3 195 4-17 Shelving 06 41 00.4 197 4-18 Flush Wood Paneling 06 42 16 199 5 Thermal and Moisture Protection Details 203 5-1 Foundation Waterproofing 07 13 00 203 5-2 Cold, Liquid-Applied Membrane Deck Waterproofing 07 14 00.1 206 5-3 Vegetated Protected Membrane Roofing 07 55 63 209 5-4 Slab-on-Grade Foundation Insulation 07 21 13 212 5-5 Weather Barrier Concepts 213 5-6 Exterior Insulation and Finish System at Base 224 5-7 Exterior Insulation and Finish System at Parapet 229 5-8 Exterior Insulation and Finish System Openings 231 5-9 Asphalt/Glass Fiber Shingles at Eaves 07 31 13 232 5-10 Wood Shingles at Eaves 07 31 29 235 5-11 Roofing Tiles at Eaves 07 32 00 237 5-12 Preformed Metal Wall Panel at Base 07 42 13.1 238 5-13 Preformed Metal Wall Panel at Parapet 07 42 13.2 240 5-14 Roofing Systems on Steel Deck 07 22 00.1 241 5-15 Roofing Systems on Concrete Deck 245 5-16 Built-up Roof at Supported Deck 07 51 00.1 247 5-17 Built-up Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 51 00.2 251 5-18 Built-up Roofing at Expansion Joint 07 51 00.3 252 5-19 Built-up Roof at Equipment Support 07 51 00.4 254 5-20 Built-up Roof at Stack Flashing 07 51 00.5 255 5-21 Modified Bitumen Roof at Supported Deck 07 52 00.1 256 5-22 Modified Bitumen Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 52 00.2 260 5-23 Modified Bitumen Roof at Expansion Joint 07 52 00.3 261 5-24 Modified Bitumen Roof at Equipment Support 07 52 00.4 263 5-25 Modified Bitumen Roof at Plumbing Vent 07 52 00.5 264 5-26 EPDM Roof at Supported Deck 07 53 23.1 265 5-27 EPDM Roof at Nonsupported Deck 07 53 23.2 269 5-28 EPDM Roof at Expansion Joint 07 53 23.3 270 5-29 EPDM Roof at Equipment Support 07 53 23.4 272 5-30 EPDM Roof at Pipe Flashing 07 53 23.5 273 5-31 TPO Roof at Supported Deck 07 54 23.1 274 5-32 TPO Roof at Curb Threshold 07 54 23.2 277 5-33 TPO Roof at Expansion Joint 07 54 23.3 279 5-34 TPO Roof at Equipment Support 07 54 23.4 280 5-35 TPO Roof at Pipe Flashing 07 54 23.5 282 5-36 Protected Membrane Roofing 07 55 00 283 5-37 Gravel Stop 07 71 19 284 5-38 Vertical and Horizontal Joint Fillers and Sealants 07 92 00 286 5-39 Roof Drain 22 14 26.13 294 6 Door and Window Details 297 6-1 Steel Door and Frame Jamb, Masonry Wall 08 11 13.1 297 6-2 Steel Door and Head Frame, Masonry Wall 08 11 13.2 300 6-3 Steel Door and Frame, Gypsum Wallboard Wall 08 11 13.3 302 6-4 Aluminum Door Frame Assembly 08 11 16 305 6-5 Wood Door and Frame Assembly 08 14 00 306 6-6 Aluminum Storefront at Sill and Head 08 41 13.1 309 6-7 Aluminum Storefront at Mullion and Jamb 08 41 13.2 311 6-8 All-Glass Entrance Door 08 42 26.1 312 6-9 All-Glass Glazing System 08 42 26.2 314 6-10 All-Glass Glazing System at Mullion and Jamb 08 42 26.3 315 6-11 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Spandrel 08 44 13.1 316 6-12 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Roof 08 44 13.1 320 6-13 Aluminum Curtain Wall at Mullion 08 44 13.2 322 6-14 Four-sided Structural Silicone Glazing at Spandrel 08 44 26.1 324 6-15 Four-sided Structural Silicone Glazing at Mullion 08 44 26.2 328 6-16 Aluminum Window, Masonry Wall 08 51 13.3 329 6-17 Steel Window, Masonry Wall 08 51 23 331 6-18 Wood Window, Masonry Wall 08 52 00.3 333 6-19 Wood Window, Wood Frame Wall 08 52 00.4 335 6-20 Interior, Framed Glazed Opening at Jamb 08 81 00.1 336 6-21 Interior, Framed Glazed Opening at Sill and Head 08 81 00.2 338 6-22 Interior Frameless Glazed Opening at Jamb 08 81 00.3 339 6-23 Interior Frameless Glazed Opening at Sill and Head 08 81 00.4 341 6-24 Interior Fire-Resistant Rated Glazing 08 88 60 342 7 Finish Details 347 7-1 Gypsum Wallboard Shaft Lining 09 21 16 347 7-2 Gypsum Wallboard, Nonrated Partition 09 29 03.1 350 7-3 Gypsum Wallboard, Slip Joint at Structural Slab 09 29 03.2 353 7-4 Gypsum Wallboard, Proprietary Slip Joint 09 29 03.3 356 7-5 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Wood Framing 09 29 03.4 357 7-6 Sound-Rated One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition 09 29 03.5 359 7-7 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Metal Framing 09 29 03.6 361 7-8 Two-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Wood Framing 09 29 05.1 363 7-9 Two-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition, Metal Framing 09 29 05.2 365 7-10 Three-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Partition 09 29 07.1 367 7-11 Three-Hour Fire-Rated Column Cover 09 29 07.2 369 7-12 Perimeter Relief Joint 09 29 09 370 7-13 One-Hour Gypsum Wallboard Ceiling, Wood Framing 09 29 11.1 372 7-14 Two-Hour Suspended Gypsum Wallboard Ceiling 09 29 11.2 373 7-15 Ceramic Tile Floor, Thin-Set on Wood Framing 09 31 13.1 375 7-16 Ceramic Tile Wall, Thin-Set 09 31 13.2 378 7-17 Movement Joint with Thin-Set Tile 09 31 13.3 380 7-18 Ceramic Tile Floor, Thick-Set on Membrane Over Concrete 09 32 13.1 382 7-19 Ceramic Tile Floor, Full Mortar Bed 09 32 13.2 385 7-20 Ceramic Tile Ceiling 09 32 13.3 387 7-21 Ceramic Tile Wall, Full Mortar Bed 09 32 13.4 388 7-22 Ceramic Tile Expansion Joint 09 32 13.5 390 7-23 One-Hour Acoustical Ceiling Assembly 09 50 13.1 392 7-24 Two-Hour Acoustical Ceiling Assembly 09 50 13.2 394 7-25 Stone Flooring, Thin-Set 09 63 40.1 396 7-26 Stone Flooring, Full Mortar Bed 09 63 40.2 397 7-27 Wood Parquet Flooring 09 64 23 399 7-28 Wood Strip Flooring on Wood Framing 09 64 29.1 401 7-29 Wood Strip Flooring on Concrete Framing 09 64 29.2 402 7-30 Laminate Flooring 09 62 19 404 7-31 Resilient Wood Flooring System 09 64 53 405 7-32 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Sand Cushion 09 66 13.13 407 7-33 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Monolithic 09 66 13.16 409 7-34 Portland Cement Terrazzo, Bonded 09 66 13.19 411 Appendix A: Standards Titles 415 Appendix B: Sources for More Information 423 CSI Six-Digit Number Index 431 Index 437

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Book SynopsisStudents in culinary and baking programs become professional chefs and bakers/pastry chefs by learning the techniques and procedures to execute dishes. As cooking and baking programs have expanded and the demands from industry have increased, the need to learn the "whys" has become more important.Table of ContentsPreface vii Acknowledgments xi 1 Introduction to Baking 1 Introduction 2 The Importance of Accuracy in the Bakeshop 2 Balances and Scales 3 Units of Measure 5 Weight and Volume Measurements 5 The Difference Between Weight Ounces and Fluid Ounces 7 The Difference Between Density and Thickness 8 Baker’s Percentages 9 The Importance of Controlling Ingredient Temperatures 11 The Importance of Controlling Oven Temperatures 12 Questions for Review 14 Questions for Discussion 14 Exercises and Experiments 15 2 Heat Transfer 19 Introduction 20 Methods of Heat Transfer 20 Questions for Review 26 Questions for Discussion 26 Exercises and Experiments 27 3 Overview of the Baking Process 33 Introduction 34 Setting the Stage for Success 34 Stage I: Mixing 36 Stage II: Baking 38 Stage III: Cooling 44 Questions for Review 45 Questions for Discussion 46 Exercises and Experiments 46 4 Sensory Properties of Food 57 Introduction 58 Appearance 58 Flavor 61 Texture 68 Questions for Review 70 Questions for Discussion 71 Exercises and Experiments 71 5 Wheat Flour 79 Introduction 80 The Wheat Kernel 80 Makeup of Flour 82 Classifying Wheat 83 Particle Size 84 Flour and Dough Additives and Treatments 85 Commercial Grades of White Flours 89 Types of Patent Wheat Flours 91 Other Wheat Flours 94 Functions of Flour 96 Storage of Flours 98 Questions for Review 99 Questions for Discussion 101 Exercises and Experiments 101 6 Variety Grains and Flours 117 Introduction 118 Cereal Grains 118 Alternative Wheat Grains 122 Cereal-Free Grains and Flours 123 Questions for Review 126 Questions for Discussion 126 Exercises and Experiments 127 7 Gluten 135 Introduction 136 The Formation and Development of Gluten 136 Determining Gluten Requirements 138 Controlling Gluten Development 140 Dough Relaxation 150 Questions for Review 152 Questions for Discussion 153 Exercises and Experiments 154 8 Sugar and Other Sweeteners 163 Introduction 164 Sweeteners 164 Dry Crystalline Sugars 167 Syrups 173 Specialty Sweeteners 183 Functions of Sweeteners 186 Storage and Handling 191 Questions for Review 193 Questions for Discussion 194 Exercises and Experiments 195 9 Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 213 Introduction 214 Chemistry of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 214 Processing of Fats and Oils 217 Fats and Oils 221 Functions of Fats, Oils, and Emulsifiers 233 Storage and Handling 238 Questions for Review 239 Questions for Discussion 240 Exercises and Experiments 241 10 Eggs and Egg Products 257 Introduction 258 The Makeup of an Egg 258 Commercial Classification of Shell Eggs 261 Egg Products 263 Functions of Eggs 265 More on Coagulation: Basic Egg Custard 269 More on Aeration: Meringue 272 Storage and Handling 275 Questions for Review 277 Questions for Discussion 278 Exercises and Experiments 279 11 Leavening Agents 299 Introduction 300 The Process of Leavening 300 Leavening Gases 301 Yeast Fermentation 304 Chemical Leaveners 308 Storage and Handling 313 Questions for Review 314 Questions for Discussion 315 Exercises and Experiments 315 12 Thickening and Gelling Agents 323 Introduction 324 The Process of Thickening and Gelling 324 Gelatin 325 Vegetable Gums 328 Starches 330 Functions of Thickening and Gelling Agents 336 Storage and Handling 338 Questions for Review 340 Questions for Discussion 341 Exercises and Experiments 342 13 Milk and Milk Products 355 Introduction 356 Common Commercial Processes to Milk and Milk Products 356 Makeup of Milk 358 Milk Products 359 Functions of Milk and Milk Products 365 Storage and Handling 366 Questions for Review 368 Questions for Discussion 368 Exercises and Experiments 369 14 Nuts and Seeds 377 Introduction 378 Composition of Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 378 Cost 379 Common Nuts, Kernels, and Seeds 380 Toasting Nuts 383 Storage and Handling 384 Questions for Review 386 Questions for Discussion 386 Exercises and Experiments 387 15 Cocoa and Chocolate Products 395 Introduction 396 Cocoa Beans 396 Common Cocoa and Chocolate Products 399 Handling Chocolate Products 412 Functions of Cocoa and Chocolate Products 414 Storage 417 Questions for Review 418 Questions for Discussion 419 Exercises and Experiments 420 16 Fruit and Fruit Products 427 Introduction 428 How Fruit is Purchased 428 Common Fruits 434 Fruit Ripening 437 Storage and Handling 439 Questions for Review 441 Questions for Discussion 442 Exercises and Experiments 442 17 Natural and Artificial Flavorings 453 Introduction 454 A Brief Review of Flavor 454 Flavor Profiles 454 Types of Flavorings 455 Evaluating New Flavorings 462 Storage and Handling 463 Questions for Review 464 Questions for Discussion 464 Exercises and Experiments 465 18 Baking for Health and Wellness 471 Introduction 472 Healthful Baking with the Customer in Mind 472 Guidelines for a Healthful Diet 473 Strategies for Healthful Baking 475 Food Allergies 481 Questions for Review 487 Exercises and Experiments 487 Appendix 499 Bibliography 503 Illustration Credits 504 Index 505

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Book SynopsisDynamics: Engineering Mechanics, Second Edition, by Benson H. Tongue of University of California-Berkeley, offers a student-focused approach to Dynamics. With a strong emphasis on drawing free body diagrams and the associated inertial response diagrams, an integrated use of computation, use of a structured problem-solving methodology, inclusion of real-world case studies, and robust pedagogy coupled with a truly engaging writing style, reviewers alike have praised this new Dynamics text.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Background and Roadmap 1 1.1 Newton’s Laws 2 1.2 How You’ll Be Approaching Dynamics 2 1.3 Units and Symbols 6 1.4 Gravitation 10 1.5 The Pieces of the Puzzle 11 Chapter 2 Motion of Translating Bodies 16 2.1 Straight-Line Motion 17 Examples 23 Exercises 2.1 28 2.2 Cartesian Coordinates 33 Examples 38 Exercises 2.2 43 2.3 Polar and Cylindrical Coordinates 47 Examples 54 Exercises 2.3 58 2.4 Path Coordinates 64 Examples 67 Exercises 2.4 71 2.5 Relative Motion and Constraints 76 Examples 82 Exercises 2.5 87 2.6 Just the Facts 93 System Analysis 97 Chapter 3 Inertial Response of Translating Bodies 99 3.1 Cartesian Coordinates 100 Examples 102 Exercises 3.1 108 3.2 Polar Coordinates 119 Examples 120 Exercises 3.2 127 3.3 Path Coordinates 133 Examples 134 Exercises 3.3 139 3.4 Linear Momentum and Linear Impulse 143 Examples 145 Exercises 3.4 147 3.5 Angular Momentum and Angular Impulse 155 Examples 158 Exercises 3.5 161 3.6 Orbital Mechanics 163 Examples 176 Exercises 3.6 178 3.7 Impact 183 Examples 189 Exercises 3.7 191 3.8 Oblique Impact 193 Examples 196 Exercises 3.8 200 3.9 Just the Facts 203 System Analysis 206 Chapter 4 Energetics of Translating Bodies 209 4.1 Kinetic Energy 210 Examples 212 Exercises 4.1 215 4.2 Potential Energies and Conservative Forces 220 Examples 225 Exercises 4.2 231 4.3 Power and Efficiency 243 Examples 247 Exercises 4.3 250 4.4 Just the Facts 255 System Analysis 257 Chapter 5 Multibody Systems 258 5.1 Force Balance and Linear Momentum 259 Examples 263 Exercises 5.1 268 5.2 Angular Momentum 273 Examples 277 Exercises 5.2 279 5.3 Work and Energy 282 Examples 284 Exercises 5.3 287 5.4 Stationary Enclosures with Mass Inflow and Outflow 288 Examples 291 Exercises 5.4 293 5.5 Nonconstant Mass Systems 299 Examples 303 Exercises 5.5 305 5.6 Just the Facts 310 System Analysis 313 Chapter 6 Kinematics of Rigid Bodies Undergoing Planar Motion 314 6.1 Relative Velocities on a Rigid Body 315 Examples 320 Exercises 6.1 325 6.2 Instantaneous Center of Rotation (icr) 333 Examples 335 Exercises 6.2 341 6.3 Rotating Reference Frames and Rigid-Body Accelerations 346 Examples 350 Exercises 6.3 356 6.4 Relative Motion on a Rigid Body 361 Examples 365 Exercises 6.4 371 6.5 Just the Facts 378 System Analysis 380 Chapter 7 Kinetics of Rigid Bodies Undergoing Two-dimensional Motion 382 7.1 Curvilinear Translation 384 Examples 385 Exercises 7.1 392 7.2 Rotation about a Fixed Point 396 Examples 401 Exercises 7.2 411 7.4 Linear/Angular Momentum of Two-Dimensional Rigid Bodies 457 Examples 460 Exercises 7.4 462 7.5 Work/Energy of Two-Dimensional Rigid Bodies 468 Examples 471 Exercises 7.5 475 7.6 Just the Facts 482 System Analysis 484 Chapter 8 Kinematics and Kinetics of Rigid Bodies in Three-dimensional Motion 487 8.1 Spherical Coordinates 488 8.2 Angular Velocity of Rigid Bodies in Three-Dimensional Motion 489 Examples 493 8.3 Angular Acceleration of Rigid Bodies in Three-Dimensional Motion 495 Examples 496 8.4 General Motion of and on Three-Dimensional Bodies 497 Examples 498 Exercises 8.4 502 8.5 Moments and Products of Inertia for a Three-Dimensional Body 506 8.6 Parallel Axis Expressions for Inertias 508 Examples 510 Exercises 8.6 511 8.7 Angular Momentum 513 Examples 517 Exercises 8.7 520 8.8 Equations of Motion for a Three-Dimensional Body 521 Examples 524 Exercises 8.8 526 8.9 Energy of Three-Dimensional Bodies 532 Examples 534 Exercises 8.9 536 8.10 Just the Facts 537 System Analysis 541 7.3 General Motion 422 Examples 425 Exercises 7.3 444 Chapter 9 Vibratory Motions 542 9.1 Undamped, Free Response for Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 543 Examples 546 Exercises 9.1 549 9.2 Undamped, Sinusoidally Forced Response for Single-Degree-of- Freedom Systems 555 Examples 558 Exercises 9.2 560 9.3 Damped, Free Response for Single-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 563 Examples 567 Exercises 9.3 568 9.4 Damped, Sinusoidally Forced Response for Single-Degree-of- Freedom Systems 569 Examples 572 Exercises 9.4 575 9.5 Just the Facts 576 System Analysis 579 Appendix A Numerical Integration Light 580 Appendix B Properties of Plane and Solid Bodies 588 Appendix C Some Useful Mathematical Facts 592 Appendix D Material Densities 595 Bibliography 597 Index 598

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Book SynopsisThe leading guide to the professional kitchen's cold food station, now fully revised and updated Garde Manger: The Art and Craft of the Cold Kitchen has been the market's leading textbook for culinary students and a key reference for professional chefs since its original publication in 1999.Table of ContentsPreface xii 1 The professional garde manger 1 2 Cold sauces and cold soups 15 3 Salads 85 4 Sandwiches 159 5 Cured and smoked foods 201 6 Sausage 251 7 Terrines, pâtés, galantines, and roulades 299 8 Cheese 365 9 Appetizers and hors d’oeuvre 443 10 Condiments, crackers, and pickles 573 11 Buffet presentation 611 12 Basic recipes 637 Glossary 667 Bibliography and recommended reading 680 Resources 684 Recipe index 685 Subject index 700

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Book SynopsisTechnical Math For Dummies features easy-to-follow, plain-English guidance on mathematical formulas and methods that professionals use every day in the automotive, health, construction, maintenance and other trades. It shows how to apply concepts of mathematics and formulas related to occupational areas of study.Table of ContentsIntroduction. Part I: Basic Math, Basic Tools. Chapter 1: Math that Works as Hard as You Do. Chapter 2: Discovering Technical Math and the Tools of the Trades. Chapter 3: Zero to One and Beyond. Chapter 4: Easy Come, Easy Go: Addition and Subtraction. Chapter 5: Multiplication and Division: Everybody Needs Them. Chapter 6: Measurement and Conversion. Chapter 7: Slaying the Story Problem Dragon. Part II: Making Non-Basic Math Simple and Easy. Chapter 8: Fun with Fractions. Chapter 9: Decimals: They Have Their Place. Chapter 10: Playing with Percentages. Chapter 11: Tackling Exponents and Square Roots. Part III: Basic Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry. Chapter 12: Algebra and the Mystery of X. Chapter 13: Formulas (Secret and Otherwise). Chapter 14: Quick-and-Easy Geometry: The Compressed Version. Chapter 15: Calculating Areas, Perimeters, and Volumes. Chapter 16: Trigonometry, the "Mystery Math". Part IV: Math for the Business of Your Work. Chapter 17: Graphs are Novel and Charts Are Off the Chart. Chapter 18: Hold on a Second: Time Math. Chapter 19: Math for Computer Techs and Users. Part V: The Part of Tens. Chapter 20: Ten Tips for Solving Any Math Problem. Chapter 21: Ten Formulas You’ll Use Most Often. Chapter 22: Ten Ways to Avoid Everyday Math Stress. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisStatics is the branch of mechanics that studies rigid bodies (such as trusses, beams, dams, etc. ) at rest and the forces to which they're subjected. Statics For Dummies gives readers a thorough introduction to this foundational branch of engineering and easy-to-follow coverage of solving problems involving forces on bodies at rest.Table of ContentsIntroduction 1 Part I: Setting the Stage for Statics 7 Chapter 1: Using Statics to Describe the World around You 9 Chapter 2: A Quick Mathematics Refresher 17 Chapter 3: Working with Unit Systems and Constants 31 Part II: Your Statics Foundation: Vector Basics 39 Chapter 4: Viewing the World through Vectors 41 Chapter 5: Using Vectors to Better Defi ne Direction 51 Chapter 6: Vector Mathematics and Identities 69 Chapter 7: Turning Multiple Vectors into a Single Vector Resultant 79 Chapter 8: Breaking Down a Vector into Components 95 Part III: Forces and Moments as Vectors 107 Chapter 9: Applying Concentrated Forces and External Point Loads 109 Chapter 10: Spreading It Out: Understanding Distributed Loads 123 Chapter 11: Finding the Centers of Objects and Regions 135 Chapter 12: Special Occasions in the Life of a Force Vector: Moments and Couples 149 Part IV: A Picture Is Worth a Thousand Words (Or At Least a Few Equations): Free-Body Diagrams 167 Chapter 13: Anatomy of a Free-Body Diagram 169 Chapter 14: The F.B.D.: Knowing What to Draw and How to Draw It 185 Chapter 15: Simplifying a Free-Body Diagram 199 Part V: A Question of Balance: Equilibrium 207 Chapter 16: Mr. Newton Has Entered the Building: The Basics of Equilibrium 209 Chapter 17: Taking a Closer Look at Two-Dimensional Equilibrium: Scalar Methods 219 Chapter 18: Getting Better Acquainted with Three-Dimensional Equilibrium: Vector Methods 229 Part VI: Statics in Action 241 Chapter 19: Working with Trusses 243 Chapter 20: Analyzing Beams and Bending Members 259 Chapter 21: Working with Frames and Machines 279 Chapter 22: A Different Kind of Axial System: Cable Systems 293 Chapter 23: Those Darn Dam Problems: Submerged Surfaces 309 Chapter 24: Incorporating Friction into Your Applications 321 Part VII: The Part of Tens 339 Chapter 25: Ten Steps to Solving Any Statics Problem 341 Chapter 26: Ten Tips for Surviving a Statics Exam 347 Index 353

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Book SynopsisFOOD CHEMISTRY A manual designed for Food Chemistry Laboratory courses that meet Institute of Food Technologists undergraduate education standards for degrees in Food Science In the newly revised second edition of Food Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual, two professors with a combined 50 years of experience teaching food chemistry and dairy chemistry laboratory courses deliver an in-depth exploration of the fundamental chemical principles that govern the relationships between the composition of foods and food ingredients and their functional, nutritional, and sensory properties. Readers will discover practical laboratory exercises, methods, and techniques that are commonly employed in food chemistry research and food product development. Every chapter offers introductory summaries of key methodological concepts and interpretations of the results obtained from food experiments. The book provides a supplementary online Instructor's Guide useful for adopting professors that includes a Solutions Manual and Preparation Manual for laboratory sessions. The latest edition presents additional experiments, updated background material and references, expanded end-of-chapter problem sets, expanded use of chemical structures, and: A thorough emphasis on practical food chemistry problems encountered in food processing, storage, transportation, and preparationComprehensive explorations of complex interactions between food components beyond simply measuring concentrationsAdditional experiments, references, and chemical structuresNumerous laboratory exercises sufficient for a one-semester course Perfect for students of food science and technology, Food Chemistry: A Laboratory Manual will also earn a place in the libraries of food chemists, food product developers, analytical chemists, lab technicians, food safety and processing professionals, and food engineers.Trade Review"This is the second edition of this well-known and trusted food chemistry handbook. ... a must-have book for any food chemistry course or analytical chemistry laboratory in the food industry." -- FST Magazine, November 2022Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvi Acknowledgments xvii About the Companion Website xix 1 Acids, Bases, and Buffers 1 1.1 Learning Outcomes 1 1.2 Introduction 1 1.2.1 Acids 1 1.2.1.1 Food Acidulants 2 1.2.1.2 Reactions of Food Acids 3 1.2.2 Bases 3 1.2.3 Buffers 3 1.3 Apparatus and Instruments 3 1.4 Reagents and Materials 4 1.5 Procedures 5 1.5.1 Determining the pH of a Solid Food 5 1.5.2 Preparation of a Buffer and Determination of Buffer Capacity 5 1.6 Problem Set 5 1.7 References 6 1.8 Suggested Reading 6 Answers to Problem Set 6 2 Chemical Leavening Agents 7 2.1 Learning Outcomes 7 2.2 Introduction 7 2.2.1 Chemical Leavening Agents 8 2.2.1.1 Baking Soda 8 2.2.1.2 Baking Powders 8 2.2.2 Neutralizing Values 10 2.2.3 Leavening Rates 11 2.2.4 Effect of Leavening Acid on Dough Rheology 11 2.3 Apparatus and Instruments 11 2.4 Reagents and Materials 12 2.5 Procedures 12 2.5.1 Determination of Leavening Rates 12 2.5.1.1 The Apparatus 12 2.5.1.2 Experimental Treatments and Controls 12 2.5.1.3 Protocol 13 2.5.1.4 Data Analysis 13 2.5.2 Chemically Leavened Biscuits 13 2.5.2.1 Biscuit Formula 13 2.5.2.2 Treatments 14 2.5.2.3 Protocol 14 2.5.2.4 Volume Determination of Biscuits 14 2.6 Problem Set 14 2.7 Useful Formulas and Values 15 2.8 References 16 2.9 Suggested Reading 16 Answers to Problem Set 16 3 Properties of Sugars 19 3.1 Learning Outcomes 19 3.2 Introduction 19 3.3 Apparatus and Instruments 20 3.4 Reagents and Materials 21 3.5 Procedures 21 3.6 Study Questions 22 3.7 References 22 3.8 Suggested Reading 22 4 Nonenzymatic Browning 23 4.1 Learning Outcomes 23 4.2 Introduction 23 4.2.1 Caramelization 23 4.2.2 The Maillard Reaction 24 4.2.2.1 Sugar 25 4.2.2.2 Amine 25 4.2.2.3 Temperature 26 4.2.2.4 Concentration 27 4.2.2.5 pH 27 4.3 Apparatus and Instruments 27 4.4 Reagents and Materials 28 4.4.1 Reagents to Be Prepared by the Student 28 4.4.2 Reagents to Be Prepared by the Teaching Staff 28 4.5 Procedures 28 4.5.1 Preparation of a Glucose/Glycine Model System 28 4.5.2 Heating Experiment 29 4.5.3 Measurement of Extent of Browning 29 4.5.4 Browning in Nonfat Dry Milk (Demonstration) 29 4.5.5 Role of Milk in Crust Color of Bread (Demonstration) 29 4.5.6 Browning in Cookies 30 4.5.6.1 Sugar Cookie Formula 30 4.5.6.2 Baking Directions 30 4.6 Problem Set 31 4.7 Study Questions 31 4.8 References 31 4.9 Suggested Reading 32 Answers to Problem Set 32 5 Food Hydrocolloids 33 5.1 Learning Outcomes 33 5.2 Introduction 33 5.2.1 Alginate 34 5.2.2 Alginate Gels 35 5.2.3 Carrageenan 36 5.2.4 Locust Bean Gum and Guar Gum 37 5.2.5 Xanthan Gum 39 5.3 Apparatus and Instruments 39 5.4 Reagents and Materials 39 5.5 Procedures 40 5.5.1 Effect of Heat Treatment on Gelation 40 5.5.2 Effect of Concentration on Viscosity 40 5.5.3 Emulsion Stability 40 5.5.4 Diffusion Setting and Internal Setting Alginate Gels 41 5.5.4.1 Diffusion Setting Gel 41 5.5.4.2 Internal Setting Gel 41 5.6 Study Questions 41 5.7 References 41 5.8 Suggested Reading 42 6 Functional Properties of Proteins 43 6.1 Learning Outcomes 43 6.2 Introduction 43 6.2.1 Soybean Processing: Soy Milk, Tofu, and Soybean Protein Isolate 44 6.2.2 Assaying Protein Concentration 45 6.3 Apparatus and Instruments 45 6.4 Reagents and Materials 46 6.5 Procedures 46 6.5.1 Standard Curve for the Bradford Protein Assay 46 6.5.2 Effect of pH on Protein Solubility 46 6.5.2.1 Preparation of Protein Extracts 46 6.5.2.2 Measurement of Protein Concentration in the Extracts 47 6.5.3 Preparation of Soy Protein Isolate and Tofu 47 6.5.3.1 Extraction 47 6.5.3.2 Soy Protein Isolation 47 6.5.3.3 Production of Tofu 47 6.6 Problem Set 48 6.7 Study Questions 48 6.8 References 48 6.9 Suggested Reading 49 Answers to Problem Set 49 7 Lactose 51 7.1 Learning Outcomes 51 7.2 Introduction 51 7.2.1 Lactose Assay 53 7.3 Apparatus and Instruments 54 7.4 Reagents and Materials 55 7.5 Procedures 55 7.5.1 Lactose and D-galactose Assay Protocol 55 7.5.2 Lactase Assay 55 7.6 Experimental Design 55 7.7 Study Questions 56 7.8 References 56 7.9 Suggested Reading 56 8 Enzymatic Browning: Kinetics of Polyphenoloxidase 57 8.1 Learning Outcomes 57 8.2 Introduction 57 8.2.1 Enzyme Kinetics 57 8.2.2 PPO Assay 61 8.2.3 Control of Enzymatic Browning 62 8.3 Apparatus and Instruments 62 8.4 Reagents and Materials 63 8.5 Procedures 63 8.5.1 Preparation of Crude Enzyme Extract 63 8.5.2 Enzyme Assay 63 8.5.3 Data Treatment 64 8.5.4 Required Notebook Entries 64 8.6 Problem Set 64 8.7 Study Questions 65 8.8 References 66 Answers to Problem Set 66 9 Blanching Effectiveness 67 9.1 Learning Outcomes 67 9.2 Introduction 67 9.3 Apparatus and Instruments 69 9.4 Reagents and Materials 69 9.5 Procedures 70 9.6 Study Questions 70 9.7 References 70 9.8 Suggested Reading 70 10 Lipid Oxidation 71 10.1 Learning Outcomes 71 10.2 Introduction 71 10.2.1 The Chemistry of Lipid Oxidation 71 10.2.2 Control of Lipid Oxidation 75 10.2.2.1 Elimination of Oxygen 75 10.2.2.2 Scavenging of Free Radicals 75 10.2.2.3 Chelation of Metal Ions 76 10.2.3 Measurement of Lipid Oxidation in Foods 76 10.2.3.1 Thiobarbituric Acid Test (TBA Test) 76 10.2.3.2 Peroxide Value 77 10.2.3.3 Conjugated Diene Methods 77 10.2.3.4 Oxygen Bomb Test 77 10.2.3.5 Total and Volatile Carbonyl Compounds 77 10.2.3.6 Anisidine Value Test 77 10.3 Apparatus and Instruments 78 10.4 Reagents and Materials 78 10.5 Procedures: Lipid Oxidation in Turkey Meat 78 10.6 Problem Set: Calculation of TBARS 79 10.7 Study Questions 80 10.8 References 81 10.9 Suggested Reading 81 Answers to Problem Set 82 11 Ascorbic Acid: Stability and Leachability 83 11.1 Learning Outcomes 83 11.2 Introduction 83 11.2.1 Chemistry 83 11.2.2 Functions of Ascorbic Acid in Foods 85 11.2.2.1 Oxygen Scavenger 85 11.2.2.2 Free Radical Scavenger 86 11.2.2.3 Control of Enzymatic Browning 86 11.2.2.4 Dough Improver 87 11.2.3 Stability of Ascorbic Acid 87 11.2.4 Rationale for the Experiment 88 11.3 Apparatus and Instruments 88 11.4 Reagents and Materials 89 11.5 Procedures 89 11.5.1 Ascorbic Acid Standard Curve 89 11.5.2 Effect of pH on Ascorbic Acid Stability 89 11.5.3 Effects of Temperature, pH, and Cu2+ on the Stability of Ascorbic Acid 90 11.5.4 Effect of Cooking on the Ascorbic Acid Content of Cabbage 90 11.6 Problem Set 90 11.7 Study Questions 91 11.8 References 91 Answers to Problem Set 92 12 Hydrolytic Rancidity in Milk 93 12.1 Learning Outcomes 93 12.2 Introduction 93 12.2.1 The Copper Soap Solvent Extraction Method 94 12.3 Apparatus and Instruments 96 12.4 Reagents and Materials 96 12.5 Treatments and Controls 96 12.6 Procedures 97 12.6.1 Standard Curve 97 12.6.2 Free Fatty Acids in Milk 97 12.6.3 Calculations 97 12.7 Problem Set 98 12.8 Study Questions 98 12.9 References 98 12.10 Suggested Reading 98 Answers to Problem Set 99 13 Caffeine in Beverages 101 13.1 Learning Outcomes 101 13.2 Introduction 101 13.3 Apparatus and Instruments 103 13.4 Reagents and Materials 103 13.5 Operation of the HPLC 103 13.6 Procedures 104 13.6.1 Standard Curve 104 13.6.2 Caffeine in Soda and Energy Drinks 105 13.6.3 Caffeine in Coffee 105 13.6.4 Caffeine in Tea 105 13.7 Data Analysis 105 13.8 References 105 13.9 Suggested Reading 106 14 Color Additives 107 14.1 Learning Outcomes 107 14.2 Introduction 107 14.2.1 Binding to Wool 110 14.2.2 Removal from Wool 110 14.2.3 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 110 14.2.4 Separation and Identification 111 14.3 Apparatus and Instruments 111 14.4 Reagents and Materials 112 14.5 Procedures 112 14.5.1 Qualitative Identification of Artificial Colors from Food Products 112 14.5.2 Separation and Identification of the Extracted Colors 113 14.5.3 Quantitative Analysis of FD&C Red Dye # 40 in Cranberry Juice 113 14.6 Study Questions 114 14.7 References 114 14.8 Suggested Reading 114 15 Plant Pigments 115 15.1 Learning Outcomes 115 15.2 Introduction 115 15.3 Apparatus and Instruments 119 15.4 Reagents and Materials 119 15.5 Procedures 120 15.5.1 Extraction and Separation of Lipid Soluble Plant Pigments 120 15.5.2 Extraction of Water Soluble Plant Pigments 120 15.5.3 Effect of pH on the Color of Water Soluble Plant Pigments 120 15.5.4 Demonstration 121 15.6 Study Questions 121 15.7 References 121 15.8 Suggested Reading 121 16 Meat Pigments 123 16.1 Learning Outcomes 123 16.2 Introduction 123 16.2.1 Meat Curing 125 16.2.2 Effect of Cooking on Meat Color 126 16.3 Apparatus and Instruments 127 16.4 Reagents and Materials 127 16.5 Procedures 127 16.5.1 Preparation and Spectral Analysis of Myoglobin, Oxymyoglobin, and Metmyoglobin 127 16.5.2 Preparation and Spectral Analysis of Nitric Oxide Myoglobin 128 16.5.3 Concentration of Metmyoglobin, Myoglobin, and Oxymyoglobin 128 16.5.4 Demonstration 129 16.6 Study Questions 129 16.7 References 129 16.8 Suggested Reading 130 17 Meat Tenderizers 131 17.1 Learning Outcomes 131 17.2 Introduction 131 17.3 Apparatus and Instruments 132 17.4 Reagents and Materials 133 17.5 Procedures 133 17.5.1 Preparation of Samples and Standards 133 17.5.1.1 Sample Treatments 133 17.5.1.2 Protein Extraction and Preparation for Electrophoresis 134 17.5.1.3 Preparation of SDS-PAGE Standards for Electrophoresis. 134 17.5.2 Electrophoresis 134 17.5.2.1 Loading and Running the Gel 134 17.5.2.2 Staining the Gel 134 17.5.3 Demonstration 134 17.6 Study Questions 134 17.7 References 135 17.8 Suggested Reading 135 18 Detection of Genetically Engineered Maize Varieties 137 18.1 Learning Outcomes 137 18.2 Introduction 137 18.2.1 Detection of a GE Protein by Immunoassay 140 18.2.2 Detection of a Trans Gene by PCR 141 18.3 Apparatus and Instruments 143 18.4 Reagents and Materials 143 18.5 Procedures 144 18.6 Study Questions 145 18.7 References 145 18.8 Suggested Reading 146 19 Food Emulsions and Surfactants 147 19.1 Learning Outcomes 147 19.2 Introduction 147 19.2.1 Emulsions 147 19.2.2 Surfactants 147 19.2.3 Surfactants in Food Systems 148 19.3 Part I – Butter Churning (Phase Inversion) 150 19.3.1 Materials and Methods 150 19.3.1.1 Materials for Buttermaking 150 19.3.1.2 Buttermaking Procedure 150 19.3.2 Study Questions 151 19.4 Part II – Margarine Manufacture (Use of Surfactant for Semi-solid Foods) 151 19.4.1 Materials and Methods 151 19.4.1.1 Materials for Margarine Manufacture 151 19.4.1.2 Manufacture Procedure 152 19.4.2 Study Questions 152 19.5 Part III – Dispersion of Eugenol in Water (Surfactant Solubilization Capacity) 152 19.5.1 Materials and Methods 153 19.5.1.1 Materials for Dispersion Experiment 153 19.5.1.2 Experimental Procedure 153 19.5.2 Study Questions 154 19.6 Part IV – Mayonnaise Stability 155 19.6.1 Materials and Methods 155 19.6.1.1 Materials for Mayonnaise Experiment 155 19.6.1.2 Experimental Procedure 155 19.6.2 Study Questions 156 19.7 References 156 19.8 Suggested Reading 158 Appendix I 159 Conversion Factors 159 Appendix II 161 Concentration 161 Definition 161 Suggested Reading 162 Appendix III 163 Acids, Bases, Buffers, and pH Measurement 163 Review of pH and Acid–Base Equilibria 163 Acids and Bases 163 Acid/Base Equilibria 163 The pH Scale 165 pK 165 Buffers: Functions and Uses 166 Problems 167 Choosing a Buffer System 169 Preparation of Buffers 171 Activity and Ionic Strength 173 pH Measurement 174 Making pH Measurements 175 References 176 Suggested Reading 176 Appendix IV 177 Spectrophotometry 177 Introduction 177 Operation of a Spectrophotometer 180 Notes for Operators 180 Problem Set 180 References 181 Answers to Problem Set   181 Appendix V 183 Chromatography 183 What Is Chromatography? 183 Chromatography Terminology 183 Types of Chromatography 184 Adsorption Chromatography (AC) 185 Liquid–Liquid Partition Chromatography (LLPC) 185 Bonded Phase Chromatography (BPC) 185 Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) 185 Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) 185 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 186 The HPLC System 187 References 188 Suggested Reading 189 Appendix VI 191 Electrophoresis 191 Introduction 191 References 195 Suggested Reading 196 Appendix VII 197 Glossary 197

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Book SynopsisRapid development in different fields of Digital Audio Effects (DAFX) has led to new algorithms. The Second Edition of DAFX - Digital Audio Effects investigates digital signal processing, its application to sound, and how its effects on sound can be used within music.Table of ContentsPreface. List of Contributors. 1 Introduction (V. Verfaille, M. Holters, U. Zölzer). 1.1 Digital Audio Effects DAFX with MATLAB. 1.2 Classifications of DAFX. 1.3 Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing. 1.4 Conclusion. Bibliography. 2 Filters and Delays (P. Dutilleux, M. Holters, S. Disch, U. Zölzer). 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Basic Filters. 2.3 Equalizers. 2.4 Time-varying Filters. 2.5 Basic Delay Structures. 2.6 Delay-based Audio Effects. 2.7 Conclusion. Sound and Music. Bibliography. 3 Modulators and Demodulators (P. Dutilleux, M. Holters, S. Disch, U. Zölzer). 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Modulators. 3.3 Demodulators. 3.4 Applications. 3.5 Conclusion. Sound and Music. Bibliography. 4 Nonlinear Processing (P. Dutilleux, K. Dempwolf, M. Holters, U. Zölzer). 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Dynamic Range Control. 4.3 Musical Distortion and Saturation Effects. 4.4 Exciters and Enhancers. 4.5 Conclusion. Sound and Music. Bibliography. 5 Spatial Effects (V. Pulkki, T. Lokki, D. Rocchesso). 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Concepts of spatial hearing. 5.3 Basic spatial effects for stereophonic loudspeaker and headphone playback. 5.4 Binaural techniques in spatial audio. 5.5 Spatial audio effects for multichannel loudspeaker layouts. 5.6 Reverberation. 5.7 Modeling of room acoustics. 5.8 Other spatial effects. 5.9 Conclusion. 5.10 Acknowledgements. References. 6 Time-Segment Processing (P. Dutilleux, G. De Poli, A. von dem Knesebeck, U. Zölzer). 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Variable Speed Replay. 6.3 Time Stretching. 6.4 Pitch Shifting. 6.5 Time Shuffling and Granulation. 6.6 Conclusion. Sound and Music. References. 7 Time-Frequency Processing (D. Arfib, F. Keiler, U. Zölzer, V. Verfaille, J. Bonada). 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Phase Vocoder Basics. 7.3 Phase Vocoder Implementations. 7.4 Phase Vocoder Effects. 7.5 Conclusion. References. 8 Source-Filter Processing (D. Arfib, F. Keiler, U. Zölzer, V. Verfaille). 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Source-Filter Separation. 8.3 Source-Filter Transformations. 8.4 Conclusion. References. 9 Adaptive Digital Audio Effects (V. Verfaille, D. Arfib, F. Keiler, A. von dem Knesebeck, U. Zölzer). 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Sound-Feature Extraction. 9.3 Mapping Sound Features to Control Parameters. 9.4 Examples of Adaptive DAFX. 9.5 Conclusions. References. 10 Spectral Processing (J. Bonada, X. Serra, X. Amatriain, A. Loscos). 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Spectral Models. 10.3 Techniques. 10.4 Effects. 10.5 Conclusions. References. 11 Time and Frequency Warping-Musical Signals (G. Evangelista). 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Warping. 11.3 Musical Uses of Warping. 11.4 Conclusion. References. 12 Virtual Analog Effects (V. Välimäki, S. Bilbao, J. O. Smith, J. S. Abel, J. Pakarinen, D. Berners). 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Virtual Analog Filters. 12.3 Circuit-Based Valve Emulation. 12.4 Electromechanical Effects. 12.5 Tape-Based Echo Simulation. 12.6 Antiquing of Audio Files. 12.7 Conclusion. References. 13 Automatic Mixing (E. Perez-Gonzalez, J. D. Reiss). 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 AM-DAFX. 13.3 Cross-adaptive AM-DAFX. 13.4 AM-DAFX Implementations. 13.5 Conclusion. References. 14 Sound Source Separation (G. Evangelista, S. Marchand, M. D. Plumbley, E. Vincent). 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Binaural Source Separation. 14.3 Source Separation from Single-Channel Signals. 14.4 Applications. 14.5 Conclusions. Acknowledgments. References. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisStructural Timber Design to Eurocode 5 provides practising engineers and specialist contractors with comprehensive, detailed information and in-depth guidance on the design of timber structures based on the common rules and rules for buildings in Eurocode 5 Part 1-1. It will also be of interest to undergraduate and postgraduate students of civil and structural engineering. It provides a step-by-step approach to the design of all of the commonly used timber elements and connections using solid timber, glued laminated timber or wood based structural products, and incorporates the requirements of the UK National Annex. It covers: strength and stiffness properties of timber and its reconstituted and engineered products key requirements of Eurocode 0, Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 5 Part 1-1 design of beams and columns of solid timber, glued laminated, composite and thin-webbed sections lateral stability requirements of timber structures<Table of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition xii 1 Timber as a Structural Material 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The structure of timber 2 1.3 Types of timber 3 1.3.1 Softwoods 3 1.3.2 Hardwoods 4 1.4 Natural characteristics of timber 4 1.4.1 Knots 4 1.4.2 Slope of grain 5 1.4.3 Reaction wood 5 1.4.4 Juvenile wood 6 1.4.5 Density and annual ring widths 6 1.4.6 Conversion of timber 7 1.4.7 Seasoning 11 1.4.8 Seasoning defects 11 1.4.9 Cracks and fissures 11 1.4.10 Fungal decay 11 1.5 Strength grading of timber 11 1.5.1 Visual grading 12 1.5.2 Machine grading 12 1.5.3 Strength classes 15 1.6 Section sizes 16 1.7 Engineered wood products (EWPs) 16 1.7.1 Glued-laminated timber (glulam) 18 1.7.2 Cross-laminated timber (CLT or X-Lam) 20 1.7.3 Plywood 21 1.7.4 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 25 1.7.5 Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL), TimberStrand® 25 1.7.6 Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL), Parallam® 27 1.7.7 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) 27 1.7.8 Particleboards and fibre composites 39 1.7.9 Thin webbed joists (I-joists) 39 1.7.10 Thin webbed beams (box beams) 41 1.7.11 Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) 42 1.8 Suspended timber flooring 44 1.9 Adhesive bonding of timber 46 1.10 Preservative treatment for timber 47 1.11 Fire safety and resistance 48 1.12 References 50 2 Introduction to Relevant Eurocodes 52 2.1 Eurocodes: General structure 52 2.2 Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design (EC0) 54 2.2.1 Terms and definitions (EC0, 1.5) 54 2.2.2 Basic requirements (EC0, 2.1) 55 2.2.3 Reliability management (EC0, 2.2) 56 2.2.4 Design working life (EC0, 2.3) 56 2.2.5 Durability (EC0, 2.4) 57 2.2.6 Quality management (EC0, 2.5) 58 2.2.7 Principles of limit state design: General (EC0, 3.1) 58 2.2.8 Design situations (EC0, 3.2) 58 2.2.9 Ultimate limit states (EC0, 3.3) 59 2.2.10 Serviceability limit states (EC0, 3.4) 59 2.2.11 Limit states design (EC0, 3.5) 60 2.2.12 Classification of actions (EC0, 4.1.1) 60 2.2.13 Characteristic values of actions (EC0, 4.1.2) 60 2.2.14 Other representative values of variable actions (EC0, 4.1.3) 61 2.2.15 Material and product properties (EC0, 4.2) 62 2.2.16 Structural analysis (EC0, 5.1) 62 2.2.17 Verification by the partial factor method: General (EC0, 6.1) 65 2.2.18 Design values of actions (EC0, 6.3.1) 65 2.2.19 Design values of the effects of actions (EC0, 6.3.2) 66 2.2.20 Design values of material or product properties (EC0, 6.3.3) 66 2.2.21 Factors applied to a design strength at the ULS 71 2.2.22 Design values of geometrical data (EC0, 6.3.4) 71 2.2.23 Design resistance (EC0, 6.3.5) 71 2.2.24 Ultimate limit states (EC0, 6.4.1–6.4.5) 73 2.2.25 Serviceability limit states: General (EC0, 6.5) 77 2.3 Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures – Part 1-1: General – Common Rules and Rules for Buildings (EC5) 79 2.3.1 General matters 79 2.3.2 Serviceability limit states (EC5, 2.2.3) 80 2.3.3 Load duration and moisture influences on strength (EC5, 2.3.2.1) 84 2.3.4 Load duration and moisture influences on deformations (EC5, 2.3.2.2) 84 2.3.5 Stress–strain relations (EC5, 3.1.2) 87 2.3.6 Size and stress distribution effects (EC5, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 6.4.3) 87 2.3.7 System strength (EC5, 6.6) 90 2.4 Symbols 93 2.5 References 98 3 Using Mathcad® for Design Calculations 100 3.1 Introduction 100 3.2 What is Mathcad? 100 3.3 What does Mathcad do? 101 3.3.1 A simple calculation 101 3.3.2 Definitions and variables 102 3.3.3 Entering text 102 3.3.4 Working with units 103 3.3.5 Commonly used Mathcad functions 104 3.4 Summary 106 3.5 References 106 4 Design of Members Subjected to Flexure 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Design considerations 107 4.3 Design value of the effect of actions 109 4.4 Member span 109 4.5 Design for Ultimate Limit States (ULS) 110 4.5.1 Bending 110 4.5.2 Shear 121 4.5.3 Bearing (compression perpendicular to the grain) 127 4.5.4 Torsion 131 4.5.5 Combined shear and torsion 133 4.6 Design for Serviceability Limit States (SLS) 133 4.6.1 Deformation 134 4.6.2 Vibration 137 4.7 References 142 4.8 Examples 143 5 Design of Members and Walls Subjected to Axial or Combined Axial and Flexural Actions 158 5.1 Introduction 158 5.2 Design considerations 158 5.3 Design of members subjected to axial actions 160 5.3.1 Members subjected to axial compression 160 5.3.2 Members subjected to compression at an angle to the grain 170 5.3.3 Members subjected to axial tension 172 5.4 Members subjected to combined bending and axial loading 174 5.4.1 Where lateral torsional instability due to bending about the major axis will not occur 174 5.4.2 Lateral torsional instability under the effect of bending about the major axis 178 5.4.3 Members subjected to combined bending and axial tension 179 5.5 Design of stud walls 179 5.5.1 Design of load-bearing walls 180 5.5.2 Out of plane deflection of load-bearing stud walls (and columns) 186 5.6 References 188 5.7 Examples 189 6 Design of Glued-Laminated Members 216 6.1 Introduction 216 6.2 Design considerations 218 6.3 General 218 6.3.1 Horizontal and vertical glued-laminated timber 218 6.3.2 Design methodology 219 6.4 Design of glued-laminated members with tapered, curved or pitched curved profiles (also applicable to LVL members) 223 6.4.1 Design of single tapered beams 223 6.4.2 Design of double tapered beams, curved and pitched cambered beams 228 6.4.3 Design of double tapered beams, curved and pitched cambered beams subjected to combined shear and tension perpendicular to the grain 234 6.5 Finger joints 234 Annex 6.1 Deflection formulae for simply supported tapered and double tapered beams subjected to a point load at mid-span or to a uniformly distributed load. 234 Annex 6.2 Graphical representation of factors k§¤ and kp used in the derivation of the bending and radial stresses in the apex zone of double tapered curved and pitched cambered beams. 237 6.6 References 238 6.7 Examples 239 7 Design of Composite Timber and Wood-Based Sections 258 7.1 Introduction 258 7.2 Design considerations 259 7.3 Design of glued composite sections 260 7.3.1 Glued thin webbed beams 260 7.3.2 Glued thin flanged beams (stressed skin panels) 274 7.4 References 283 7.5 Examples 283 8 Design of Built-Up Columns 311 8.1 Introduction 311 8.2 Design considerations 311 8.3 General 312 8.4 Bending stiffness of built-up columns 313 8.4.1 The effective bending stiffness of built-up sections about the strong (y–y) axis 314 8.4.2 The effective bending stiffness of built-up sections about the z–z axis 316 8.4.3 Design procedure 318 8.4.4 Built-up sections – spaced columns 323 8.4.5 Built-up sections – latticed columns 327 8.5 Combined axial loading and moment 331 8.6 Effect of creep at the ULS 332 8.7 References 333 8.8 Examples 333 9 Design of Stability Bracing, Floor and Wall Diaphragms 357 9.1 Introduction 357 9.2 Design considerations 358 9.3 Lateral bracing 358 9.3.1 General 358 9.3.2 Bracing of single members (subjected to direct compression) by local support 360 9.3.3 Bracing of single members (subjected to bending) by local support 363 9.3.4 Bracing for beam, truss or column systems 364 9.4 Floor and roof diaphragms 368 9.4.1 Limitations on the applicability of the method 368 9.4.2 Simplified design procedure 368 9.5 The in-plane racking resistance of timber walls under horizontal and vertical loading 370 9.6 References 372 9.7 Examples 373 10 Design of Metal Dowel-type Connections 383 10.1 Introduction 383 10.1.1 Metal dowel-type fasteners 383 10.2 Design considerations 387 10.3 Failure theory and strength equations for laterally loaded connections formed using metal dowel fasteners 389 10.3.1 Dowel diameter 395 10.3.2 Characteristic fastener yield moment (My,Rk) 397 10.3.3 Characteristic embedment strength (fh,k) 398 10.3.4 Member thickness, t1 and t2 402 10.3.5 Friction effects and axial withdrawal of the fastener 403 10.3.6 Brittle failure 406 10.4 Multiple dowel fasteners loaded laterally 412 10.4.1 The effective number of fasteners 413 10.4.2 Alternating forces in connections 416 10.5 Design strength of a laterally loaded metal dowel connection 416 10.5.1 Loaded parallel to the grain 416 10.5.2 Loaded perpendicular to the grain 417 10.6 Examples of the design of connections using metal dowel-type fasteners 418 10.7 Multiple shear plane connections 418 10.8 Axial loading of metal dowel connection systems 420 10.8.1 Axially loaded nails 420 10.8.2 Axially loaded bolts 423 10.8.3 Axially loaded dowels 423 10.8.4 Axially loaded screws 423 10.9 Combined laterally and axially loaded metal dowel connections 427 10.10 Lateral stiffness of metal dowel connections at the SLS and ULS 428 10.11 Frame analysis incorporating the effect of lateral movement in metal dowel fastener connections 435 10.12 References 436 10.13 Examples 437 11 Design of Joints with Connectors 473 11.1 Introduction 473 11.2 Design considerations 473 11.3 Toothed-plate connectors 474 11.3.1 Strength behaviour 474 11.4 Ring and shear-plate connectors 480 11.4.1 Strength behaviour 480 11.5 Multiple shear plane connections 487 11.6 Brittle failure due to connection forces at an angle to the grain 487 11.7 Alternating forces in connections 487 11.8 Design strength of a laterally loaded connection 488 11.8.1 Loaded parallel to the grain 488 11.8.2 Loaded perpendicular to the grain 489 11.8.3 Loaded at an angle to the grain 489 11.9 Stiffness behaviour of toothed-plate, ring and shear-plate connectors 489 11.10 Frame analysis incorporating the effect of lateral movement in connections formed using toothed-plate, split-ring or shear-plate connectors 491 11.11 References 491 11.12 Examples 491 12 Moment Capacity of Connections Formed with Metal Dowel Fasteners or Connectors 504 12.1 Introduction 504 12.2 Design considerations 505 12.3 The effective number of fasteners in a row in a moment connection 505 12.4 Brittle failure 506 12.5 Moment behaviour in timber connections: Rigid model behaviour 507 12.5.1 Assumptions in the connection design procedure 507 12.5.2 Connection design procedure 509 12.5.3 Shear strength and force component checks on connections subjected to a moment and lateral forces 512 12.6 The analysis of structures with semi-rigid connections 519 12.6.1 The stiffness of semi-rigid moment connections 520 12.6.2 The analysis of beams with semi-rigid end connections 522 12.7 References 526 12.8 Examples 526 13 Racking Design of Multi-storey Platform Framed Wall Construction 555 13.1 Introduction 555 13.2 Conceptual design 555 13.3 Design requirements of racking walls 558 13.4 Loading 558 13.5 Basis of Method A 560 13.5.1 General requirements 560 13.5.2 Theoretical basis of the method 562 13.5.3 The EC5 procedure 564 13.6 Basis of the racking method in PD6693-1 573 13.6.1 General requirements 573 13.6.2 Theoretical basis of the method 575 13.6.3 The PD6693-1 procedure 579 13.7 References 586 13.8 Examples 587 Appendix A: Weights of Building Materials 610 Appendix B: Related British Standards for Timber Engineering in Buildings 612 Appendix C: Possible Revisions to be Addressed in a Corrigendum to EN 1995-1-1:2004 + A1:2008 614 Index 618 The Example Worksheets Order Form 624

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Book SynopsisThe subject of computational plasticity encapsulates the numerical methods used for the finite element simulation of the behaviour of a wide range of engineering materials considered to be plastic - i.e. those that undergo a permanent change of shape in response to an applied force.Table of ContentsPart One Basic concepts 1 Introduction 1.1 Aims and scope 1.2 Layout 1.3 General scheme of notation 2 ELEMENTS OF TENSOR ANALYSIS 2.1 Vectors 2.2 Second-order tensors 2.3 Higher-order tensors 2.4 Isotropic tensors 2.5 Differentiation 2.6 Linearisation of nonlinear problems 3 THERMODYNAMICS 3.1 Kinematics of deformation 3.2 Infinitesimal deformations 3.3 Forces. Stress Measures 3.4 Fundamental laws of thermodynamics 3.5 Constitutive theory 3.6 Weak equilibrium. The principle of virtual work 3.7 The quasi-static initial boundary value problem 4 The finite element method in quasi-static nonlinear solid mechanics 4.1 Displacement-based finite elements 4.2 Path-dependent materials. The incremental finite element procedure 4.3 Large strain formulation 4.4 Unstable equilibrium. The arc-length method 5 Overview of the program structure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The main program 5.3 Data input and initialisation 5.4 The load incrementation loop. Overview 5.5 Material and element modularity 5.6 Elements. Implementation and management 5.7 Material models: implementation and management Part Two Small strains 6 The mathematical theory of plasticity 6.1 Phenomenological aspects 6.2 One-dimensional constitutive model 6.3 General elastoplastic constitutive model 6.4 Classical yield criteria 6.5 Plastic flow rules 6.6 Hardening laws 7 Finite elements in small-strain plasticity problems 7.1 Preliminary implementation aspects 7.2 General numerical integration algorithm for elastoplastic constitutive equations 7.3 Application: integration algorithm for the isotropically hardening von Mises model 7.4 The consistent tangent modulus 7.5 Numerical examples with the von Mises model 7.6 Further application: the von Mises model with nonlinear mixed hardening 8 Computations with other basic plasticity models 8.1 The Tresca model 8.2 The Mohr-Coulomb model 8.3 The Drucker-Prager model 8.4 Examples 9 Plane stress plasticity 9.1 The basic plane stress plasticity problem 9.2 Plane stress constraint at the Gauss point level 9.3 Plane stress constraint at the structural level 9.4 Plane stress-projected plasticity models 9.5 Numerical examples 9.6 Other stress-constrained states 10 Advanced plasticity models 10.1 A modified Cam-Clay model for soils 10.2 A capped Drucker-Prager model for geomaterials 10.3 Anisotropic plasticity: the Hill, Hoffman and Barlat-Lian models 11 Viscoplasticity 11.1 Viscoplasticity: phenomenological aspects 11.2 One-dimensional viscoplasticity model 11.3 A von Mises-based multidimensional model 11.4 General viscoplastic constitutive model 11.5 General numerical framework 11.6 Application: computational implementation of a von Mises-based model 11.7 Examples 12 Damage mechanics 12.1 Physical aspects of internal damage in solids 12.2 Continuum damage mechanics 12.3 Lemaitre's elastoplastic damage theory 12.4 A simplified version of Lemaitre's model 12.5 Gurson's void growth model 12.6 Further issues in damage modelling Part Three Large strains 13 Finite strain hyperelasticity 13.1 Hyperelasticity: basic concepts 13.2 Some particular models 13.3 Isotropic finite hyperelasticity in plane stress 13.4 Tangent moduli: the elasticity tensors 13.5 Application: Ogden material implementation 13.6 Numerical examples 13.7 Hyperelasticity with damage: the Mullins effect 14 Finite strain elastoplasticity 14.1 Finite strain elastoplasticity: a brief review 14.2 One-dimensional finite plasticity model 14.3 General hyperelastic-based multiplicative plasticity model 14.4 The general elastic predictor/return-mapping algorithm 14.5 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 14.6 Principal stress space-based implementation 14.7 Finite plasticity in plane stress 14.8 Finite viscoplasticity 14.9 Examples 14.10 Rate forms: hypoelastic-based plasticity models 14.11 Finite plasticity with kinematic hardening 15 Finite elements for large-strain incompressibility 15.1 The F-bar methodology 15.2 Enhanced assumed strain methods 15.3 Mixed u/p formulations 16 Anisotropic finite plasticity: Single crystals 16.1 Physical aspects 16.2 Plastic slip and the Schmid resolved shear stress 16.3 Single crystal simulation: a brief review 16.4 A general continuum model of single crystals 16.5 A general integration algorithm 16.6 An algorithm for a planar double-slip model 16.7 The consistent spatial tangent modulus 16.8 Numerical examples 16.9 Viscoplastic single crystals Appendices A Isotropic functions of a symmetric tensor A.1 Isotropic scalar-valued functions A.1.1 Representation A.1.2 The derivative of anisotropic scalar function A.2 Isotropic tensor-valued functions A.2.1 Representation A.2.2 The derivative of anisotropic tensor function A.3 The two-dimensional case A.3.1 Tensor function derivative A.3.2 Plane strain and axisymmetric problems A.4 The three-dimensional case A.4.1 Function computation A.4.2 Computation of the function derivative A.5 A particular class of isotropic tensor functions A.5.1 Two dimensions A.5.2 Three dimensions A.6 Alternative procedures B The tensor exponential B.1 The tensor exponential function B.1.1 Some properties of the tensor exponential function B.1.2 Computation of the tensor exponential function B.2 The tensor exponential derivative B.2.1 Computer implementation B.3 Exponential map integrators B.3.1 The generalised exponential map midpoint rule C Linearisation of the virtual work C.1 Infinitesimal deformations C.2 Finite strains and deformations C.2.1 Material description C.2.2 Spatial description D Array notation for computations with tensors D.1 Second-order tensors D.2 Fourth-order tensors D.2.1 Operations with non-symmetric tensors References Index

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Book SynopsisAn easy, step-by-step guide containing everything you need to know about standing and running rigging on a boat.Table of ContentsPreface; Running rigging; Genoa sheets: the forces involved; The genoa cars; The mainsheet; Spinnaker sheets & afterguys; Halyards & reef lines; Standard rigging; Setting up a swept back rig; Winches

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Book SynopsisFundamental Principles of Optical Lithography: The Science of Microfabrication presents a complete theoretical and practical treatment of the topic of lithography for both students and researchers. This sole-authored text includes optional computer simulation exercises as well as problems at the end of each chapter.Table of ContentsPreface. 1. Introduction to Semiconductor Lithography. 1.1 Basics of IC Fabrication. 1.2 Moore’s Law and the Semiconductor Industry. 1.3 Lithography Processing. Problems. 2. Aerial Image Formation – The Basics. 2.1 Mathematical Description of Light. 2.2 Basic Imaging Theory. 2.3 Partial Coherence. 2.4 Some Imaging Examples. Problems. 3. Aerial Image Formation – The Details. 3.1 Aberrations. 3.2 Pupil Filters and Lens Apodization. 3.3 Flare. 3.4 Defocus. 3.5 Imaging with Scanners Versus Steppers. 3.6 Vector Nature of Light. 3.7 Immersion Lithography. 3.8 Image Quality. Problems. 4. Imaging in Resist: Standing Waves and Swing Curves. 4.1 Standing Waves. 4.2 Swing Curves. 4.3 Bottom Antirefl ection Coatings. 4.4 Top Antirefl ection Coatings. 4.5 Contrast Enhancement Layer. 4.6 Impact of the Phase of the Substrate Refl ectance. 4.7 Imaging in Resist. 4.8 Defi ning Intensity. Problems. 5. Conventional Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry. 5.1 Exposure. 5.2 Post-Apply Bake. 5.3 Post-exposure Bake Diffusion. 5.4 Detailed Bake Temperature Behavior. 5.5 Measuring the ABC Parameters. Problems. 6. Chemically Amplifi ed Resists: Exposure and Bake Chemistry. 6.1 Exposure Reaction. 6.2 Chemical Amplifi cation. 6.3 Measuring Chemically Amplifi ed Resist Parameters. 6.4 Stochastic Modeling of Resist Chemistry. Problems. 7. Photoresist Development. 7.1 Kinetics of Development. 7.2 The Development Contrast. 7.3 The Development Path. 7.4 Measuring Development Rates. Problems. 8. Lithographic Control in Semiconductor Manufacturing. 8.1 Defi ning Lithographic Quality. 8.2 Critical Dimension Control. 8.3 How to Characterize Critical Dimension Variations. 8.4 Overlay Control. 8.5 The Process Window. 8.6 H–V Bias. 8.7 Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF). 8.8 Line-End Shortening. 8.9 Critical Shape and Edge Placement Errors. 8.10 Pattern Collapse. Problems. 9. Gradient-Based Lithographic Optimization: Using the Normalized Image Log-Slope. 9.1 Lithography as Information Transfer. 9.2 Aerial Image. 9.3 Image in Resist. 9.4 Exposure. 9.5 Post-exposure Bake. 9.6 Develop. 9.7 Resist Profi le Formation. 9.8 Line Edge Roughness. 9.9 Summary. Problems. 10. Resolution Enhancement Technologies. 10.1 Resolution. 10.2 Optical Proximity Correction (OPC). 10.3 Off-Axis Illumination (OAI). 10.4 Phase-Shifting Masks (PSM). 10.5 Natural Resolutions. Problems. Appendix A. Glossary of Microlithographic Terms. Appendix B. Curl, Divergence, Gradient, Laplacian. Appendix C. The Dirac Delta Function. Index.

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Book SynopsisTRIZ is a brilliant toolkit for nurturing engineering creativity and innovation. This accessible, colourful and practical guide has been developed from problem-solving workshops run by Oxford Creativity, one of the world's top TRIZ training organizations started by Gadd in 1998.Table of ContentsAbout the Author. Foreword (Ric Parker of Rolls-Royce). Introduction. PART ONE: TRIZ Logic and the tools for innovation and clarity of thought. 1. TRIZ Tools for Creativity and Clever Solutions. 1.1. What is TRIZ? 1.2. Who uses TRIZ and why? 1.3. TRIZ and other problem solving toolkits. 1.4. Innovation – Fool's Gold or TRIZ? 1.5. What does TRIZ offer? 1.6. How TRIZ works. 1.7. The Golden rule of TRIZ. 1.8. The TRIZ Toolkit. 1.9. TRIZ Creativity tools. 1.10. TRIZ Creativity Triggers (to be applied at any/ all stages as required). 1.11. Creativity Prompts - Smart Little People & Size-Time-Cost. 1.12. Size -Time - Cost for visualising solutions. 1.13. Problem Challenge. 1.14. TRIZ for everyone – no matter what your creativity. 1.15. History of TRIZ – Science and Engineering Standing on the Shoulders of Giants. 1.16. Reasons to use TRIZ. 2. The TRIZ Knowledge Revolution to access all the world's known solutions. 2.1. Problem Solving – Resolving Defined Problems. 2.2. TRIZ problem solving – accessing known and proven answers. 2.3. Our knowledge is not enough! 2.4. How many answers are there to the world’s problems? 2.5. TRIZ Conceptual Solutions – 4 lists. 2.6. How many types and stages of problem solving? 2.7. From Random to systematic problem solving. 2.8. Problems Vary – some are easy some are difficult. 2.9. How to access our own and the world's knowledge. 2.10. The TRIZ “Dictionary” of the 100 world’s conceptual solutions to any engineering problem. 2.11. Back to first principles. 2.12. TRIZ access to the World's Knowledge. Case Study: TRIZ in Rolls Royce. 3. Fundamentals of TRIZ Problem Solving. 3.1. What is Problem Solving? 3.2. Finding Solutions – Systematic or Eureka Moments? 3.3. I'm a genius – I don't need TRIZ thinking. 3.4. TRIZ – shortcuts for all engineers who take the trouble to learn its processes and tools. 3.5. TRIZ conceptual solutions. 3.6. TRIZ access to fast solutions. 3.7. Locating best answers –obvious only after we have found them. 3.8. Many solutions to any problem. 3.9. TRIZ for sharing solutions. 3.10. Learning TRIZ needs the logic of TRIZ. 3.11. The Logic of TRIZ Problem Solving. 3.12. Understand the problem – where's the fun in that – we like Solutions. 3.13. Spontaneous "BAD" Solutions. 3.14. Bad Solution parks. 3.15. TRIZ Innovation Audit Trails – the importance of Hindsight in problem solving. 3.16. Audited Systematic and Problem Understanding and Solving. 3.17. TRIZ Basic logic - Improving Ideality. 3.18. Choosing Systems to meet all needs. 3.19. Systems provide functions which provide benefits. 3.20. Using the Bad Solution Park at all stages of Problem Solving. 3.21. Functions or Benefits? Functions imply how we get something but Benefits contain no solutions in their descriptions. 3.22. Avoiding Premature Solutions – Ask Why? 3.23. Asking Why? and How? as practical problem tools. 3.24. HOW? 3.25. Simple Questions to ask in problem solving. 3.26. Stakeholder needs and the Ideal . 3.27. Start by imagining an ideal system. 3.28. Problem Solving at the right price with TRIZ – use trimming and resources. 3.29. Business Benefits of Logical problem solving with TRIZ. 3.30. Conclusion – FLASH SOLUTIONS – the conclusion comes to us in a flash / a stroke of genius. 4. Thinking in Time and Scale. 4.1. Thinking in Time and Scale – Talented thinking for everyone. 4.2. Three strategies to ensure that we all achieve the same level of very creative thinking like clever and creative individuals. 4.3. Time and Scale – helps with all problem types. 4.4. Inventive Engineers – Thinking in time and scale for system context and all requirements. 4.5. Why use Time and Scale? 4.6. Context map. 4.7. Solution map. 4.8. Needs map. 4.9. Causes and Effects and Hazards Maps. 4.10. Consequences/ Connectivity/ Interrelationships. 4.11. Social Harms in Time and Scale. 4.12. Using Time and Scale to Map Hazards. 4.13. Hazards may be caused by a combination of circumstances. 4.14. Preventing hazards in your life. 4.15. Time and scale for hazardous situations. 4.16. Unidentified Manufacturing problem – scrap rate of rises dramatically. 4.17. What neglect or small savings now could cost the earth later? 4.18. Simply by mapping our problem situation in 9 boxes we can check. 4.19. Use 9 boxes to understand history/ context of a problem. 4.20. Time Decisions – not putting the right resources and effort in early in the problem. 4.21. Consequences of short-term fixes? 4.22. Conclusion. Case Study: ACENZ. PART TWO: The Contradiction Toolkit. 5. Uncovering and Solving Contradictions. 5.1. Contradictions – Solve or Compromise? 5.2. What is a Contradiction? 5.3. Spotting Contradictions – But & And. 5.4. 40 Inventive Principles. 5.5. What is a contradiction? 5.6. 40 principles solve all contradictions. 5.7. Contradiction matrix. 5.8. The 39 Technical Parameters are. 5.9. Understanding the 39 Technical Parameters. 5.10. Using the Matrix. 5.11. The Logical Steps for Problem Solving using the Contradiction Matrix – start with BAD SOLUTIONS. 5.12. Solving problems. 5.13. Simple TRIZ road map. 5.14. Solving Physical Contradictions. 5.15. Physical Contradiction Examples. 5.16. Finding/Uncovering Physical Contradictions. 5.17. Physical or Technical Contradiction. 5.18. Summary of Contradictions. 5.19. 39 Technical Parameters. Case Study: Measurement of Acoustic Emissions in a Flying Aircraft Wing. Appendix - The 40 Principles: theory of inventive problem solving. Contradiction Matrix. PART THREE: Fast Thinking with the TRIZ Ideal Outcome. 6. Chapter 6: The Ideal Solves the Problem. 6.1. Simple steps to Fast Resourceful Systematic Problem Solving. 6.2. System We Want – The Acceptable Ideality. 6.3. Ideal – Solves the problem itself. 6.4. Define the Ideal – and then find the resources to create it. 6.5. Ideal – using free resources to attract customers. 6.6. Genius, Resources and Ideal Thinking. 6.7. TRIZ helps us think like great inventors who cleverly use resources. 6.8. Ideal Solution /Machine /User Manual uncover all required functions. 6.9. Systems – Get the Right System and Get the System Right. 6.10. Ideal outcome to help us appropriately ignore/ subjugate constraint. 6.11. Too much Innovation? 6.12. Ideal Outcome to Solve Problems. 6.13. Ideal and Constraints, Reality and problem solutions. 6.14. Constrictions = Restrictions on HOW we deliver (Not what we want / don't want). 6.15. The Ideal helps test our real constraints. 6.16. Start with only requirements – initially forget both systems and constraints. 6.17. Ideal, constraints – and the appropriate levels of problem solving. 6.18. Conclusion. 7. Chapter 7: Resources: the Fuel of Innovation. 7.1. Using Resources – How to become a resourceful engineer. 7.2. Use the resources we've got. 7.3. Transforming Harms. 7.4. Minimise Inputs. 7.5. Locating and Defining Resources. 7.6. Resource Hunts – Focussed by functions which give us "what we want". 7.7. Resources and make or buy decisions. 7.8. Needs – the beginning of any process – Engineering or otherwise. 7.9. Requirements, solutions and resources. 7.10. TRIZ helps engineers balance ingenuity and time to encourage innovation in design. 7.11. Functions = solutions to give us what we want to deliver benefits. 7.12. TRIZ Problem Solving using resources. 7.13. Resource Hunt. 7.14. Using super system resources. 7.15. Resources and hazards. 7.16. Resources when in peril. 7.17. TRIZ Triggers plus resources for practical solutions. 7.18. Clever solutions use the right and available resources. 7.19. Simple steps to Resourceful Systematic Problem Solving Ideal – Functions – Resources. 7.20. Quick ideal Thinking. 7.21. Ideal outcome, Delivered by essential functions – look for relevant resources. 7.22. The Ideal solves the problem itself - Ideal Self Systems. 7.23. Ideal Self Systems - Ideal resources used to design a TOMATO SAUCE BOTTLE. 7.24. Best use of Resources - Overall TRIZ Philosophy. 8. Chapter 8: IDEAL and the Ideality Audit. 8.1. Ideality – Understanding what we really really want and what everyone wants. 8.2. Ideality Audit. 8.3. The Ideal in TRIZ comes in a number of names and tools. 8.4. The ideal outcome in the bigger picture. 8.5. Ideality Audit begins with the Ideal outcome. 8.6. Benefit Capture Exercise. 8.7. Undertaking an Ideality Audit. 8.8. Ideal Outcome prompts us to understand requirements and simultaneously find solutions. 8.9. No system yet? 8.10. Ideal Outcome helps us initially say what we want – not always how we'll get it. 8.11. Using the Ideal in Aerospace Problem Solving Sessions. 8.12. Be careful what you wish for.... 8.13. Thinking up Solutions is more fun than meeting Needs. 8.14. Different Stakeholders have different Ideal Outcomes. 8.15. Ideality of all stakeholders. 8.16. TRIZ Embraces Solution Mode Thinking. 8.17. Identifying Opposite Primary Benefits. 8.18. Identifying real goals - Owning a Submarine Fleet. 8.19. IDEALITY AUDIT. 8.20. IDEAL OUTCOME & INVENTING. 8.21. Using the IDEAL outcome for systematic invention. 8.22. Using the IDEAL to invent Systems. 8.23. Using the IDEAL to understand what we want and then achieve it – Improving WINDOWS. 8.24. Problem, Context & initial problem Statement + constraints. 8.25. Nine Boxes. 8.26. Ideal Outcome - What do we really, really want? 8.27. Ideality Audit. 8.28. Ideal System - What does it do? 8.29. IDEAL Primary Function delivered by Primary System. 8.30. Summary - IDEAL requirements capture & the Ideality Audit. 8.31. Conclusion - IDEAL OUTCOME helps us avoid confused requirement statements containing hidden solutions. Case Study: Using TRIZ to help manage real world requirements. PART FOUR: TRIZ, invention and Next Generation Systems. 9. Chapter 9: System Development and Trends Of Evolution. 9.1. TRIZ Trends for Finding Future Systems. 9.2. Perfecting Products. 9.3. The Origin of the TRIZ Trends of Evolution. 9.4. TRIZ Trends and Lines of Evolution. 9.5. Evolution – including Technical. 9.6. Successful Products meet NEEDS. 9.7. Using the Trends for Practical Problem Solving. 9.8. Each of the eight trends divide into LINES of Evolution – different versions with more detail as shown below. 9.9. The eight trends map natural progression and development to show that as systems develop over time they can be shown to.... 9.10. Ideality is the most fundamental of the 8 TRIZ Trends of Evolution. 9.11. The Power of S-Curves. 9.12. Less human involvement. 9.13. Non-Uniform Development of Parts. 9.14. Simplicity - Complication- Simplicity. 9.15. Adding Similar Elements. 9.16. Adding Dis-similar Elements. 9.17. Combining SIMILAR elements. 9.18. Combining DIS-SIMILAR elements. 9.19. Transition to the Super-system. 9.20. Trimming out components but keeping all functionality. 9.21. Increasing Dynamism, Flexibility & Controllability. 9.22. Increasing Segmentation & increased use of Fields. 9.23. Matching and Mismatching of Parts. 9.24. Using the TRIZ Trends. 9.25. Ideality is increased by moving from left to right along any or all of the TRIZ trends. 10. Chapter 10: Inventing and TRIZ. 10.1. Very mundane inventions. 10.2. How to be a great but mundane inventor with TRIZ. 10.3. TRIZ and invention. 10.4. Product DNA predicts future systems. 10.5. Consider the development of the Breathalyzer. 10.6. The interesting gaps between Inspirational ideas and Scientific proofs. 10.7. TRIZ and all routes to invention – Creating Systems. 10.8. TRIZ helps with the all the major Routes to Invention. 10.9. MEET NEEDS in new ways with new and old systems. 10.10. Find new uses for SYSTEMS / TECHNOLOGIES / FUNCTIONS / FEATURES. 10.11. MEET NEEDS in new ways with new systems. 10.12. Flowchart for Invention. 10.13. FIND SYSTEMS TO MEET NEEDS in new ways with new and old systems. 10.14. Find NEEDS for new or old SYSTEMS / TECHNOLOGIES / FUNCTIONS / FEATURES. 10.15. NEW SYSTEMS - Seek technologies to create / invent new systems to meet very specific needs. 10.16. Ideal outcome & Ideal system & X-Factor. 10.17. Ideal Outcome-What do we really, really want, what is everything we want? 10.18. Find NEEDS for new or old SYSTEMS / TECHNOLOGIES / FUNCTIONS / FEATURES. PART FIVE: TRIZ for System analysis and improvement. 11. Chapter 11: Function Analysis for System Understanding. 11.1. Why use TRIZ Function Analysis? 11.2. Function Analysis and Maps for System understanding. 11.3. Why draw Function Maps? 11.4. Why use TRIZ Function Analysis? 11.5. What is TRIZ Function Analysis? 11.6. Basic Building Blocks for Problem Solving. 11.7. Don't Miss Out or Skip the IDEALITY AUDIT. 11.8. For Problem Solving we need both the IDEALITY AUDIT and the Function Analysis. 11.9. FUNCTION ANALYSIS of the CURRENT SYSTEM (SYSTEM WE'VE GOT). 11.10. Step by Step Problem Solving and Function Analysis - Building a TRIZ Function Map. 11.11. Subject Action Object SAO – Basic Building Bricks of Problem Solving. 11.12. Function Map – All the ‘Subject action Object’s together. 11.13. Function Analysis for understanding and solving simple problems. 11.14. Systems develop to deliver benefits better – Perfecting Functions to deliver those benefits. 11.15. Systems develop in response to changing needs. 11.16. Simple Rules of Function Analysis. 11.17. Finding your SaO is not always easy…. 11.18. Systems are made up of SaO’s. 11.19. Defining the action takes careful thought. 11.20. Function Maps contain all the System and relevant environmental elements. 11.21. System Development through extra Functions. 11.22. The simple systems below have simple Prime Functions which deliver their Prime Benefit and Ultimate Goal. 11.23. Problem Solving from the Function Analysis problem List. 11.24. TRIZ Standard Solutions for solving problems mapped in function analysis. 11.25. TRIMMING – for simplifying systems, reducing costs and removing harms. 11.26. Après Trim – don't stop now! 11.27. Function Analysis at every stage and for every kind of difficult problem. 11.28. Using Function Analysis on real and difficult problems. 11.29. Conclusion. 11.30. System Analysis & Function Analysis. 11.31. Simple Answers to Simple Questions. 11.32. Glossary of TRIZ Terms for Problem Solving. 11.33. Example of Function Analysis of a single item – a Coffee Cup. 11.34. IDEALITY AUDIT. 11.35. Function Statements -SUBJECT action OBJECT to solve problems & contradictions. 11.36. Function List of all components & their interactions. 11.37. Draw TRIZ Function Maps. 11.38. Function Analysis for locating and dealing with the causes of problems - Roadside Bombs. 11.39. Conclusion. 11.40. Appendix 11.1 – OXFORD TRIZ standard solutions re-arranged into three categories. Case study: Pouch opening at Mars. 12. Chapter 12: Classic TRIZ ARIZ and Su-Fields. 12.1. ARIZ & Substance-Fields in Altshuller's Development of TRIZ Tools. 12.2. Substance-Field Analysis or Su-Field Analysis. 12.3. Building Substance-Field models. 12.4. Definitions for Substance-Field. 12.5. 76 Standard Solutions and accessing them with Substance-Field Models. 12.6. Simple steps for applying Substance-Field Model Analysis to Problems. 12.7. Simple example of Substance-Field Analysis using the Standard Solutions. 12.8. ARIZ – An Algorithm for Inventive Problem Solving. Appendix: Traditional TRIZ 76 standard solutions. PART SIX: How to problem Solve with TRIZ – the Problem Solving Maps. 13. How to problem Solve with TRIZ – Simple Algorithms for the TRIZ Toolkit. 13.1. TRIZ for the right functions at the right time in the right places. 13.2. Where do we start with TRIZ? Which tools when? 13.3. TRIZ is immediately useful but understanding takes some time and practice. 13.4. There are two fundamental areas in practical technical problem solving. 13.5. NEXT GENERATION SYSTEMS. 13.6. Four Simple Steps to Define the Ideal, uncover required functions and deliver them from Resources. 13.7. Summary on Resources - Ideality Tactics. 13.8. The Power of TRIZ Problem Solving. Case study: New BAE Systems SRES. Glossary. Index.

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Book SynopsisA self-contained and practical book providing step-by-step guidance to the design and construction of cleanrooms, appropriate testing methodologies, and operation for the minimization of contamination This second edition has been comprehensively revised and includes extensive updates to the two chapters that contain information on cleanroom standards and guidelines. The chapter on risk management has been extensively revised, especially the section on risk assessment. Other new subjects that have been added to the various chapters are those on clean-build, determination of air supply volumes for non-unidirectional airflow cleanrooms, RABS (Restricted Access Barrier Systems), contamination recovery test methods, entry of large items into a cleanroom, glove allergy problems, and how to develop a cleanroom cleaning programme. Used for in-house training and a textbook in colleges, this volume is for cleanroom personnel at all levels. It provides novices with an introductiTable of ContentsAbout the Author. Preface. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. 1.1 What is a Cleanroom? 1.2 The Need for Cleanrooms. 1.3 Types of Cleanrooms. 1.4 What is Cleanroom Technology? 2 The History of Cleanrooms. 2.1 The Earliest Years. 2.2 Ventilated Operating Rooms. 2.3 Early Industrial Cleanrooms. 2.4 Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 3 Cleanroom Classification Standards. 3.1 The History of Standards. 3.2 The Basis of Cleanroom Standards. 3.3 Federal Standard 209. 3.4 ISO Standard 14644-1:1999. 3.5 Pharmaceutical Cleanroom Classification. 3.6 Classification of Cleanrooms with Airborne Chemical Contamination. 3.7 Classification of Cleanrooms with Surface Contamination. 4 Information Sources. 4.1 The International Confederation of Contamination Control Societies (ICCCS). 4.2 The ICEB. 4.3 International Cleanroom Standards. 4.4 Cleanroom Books. 4.5 Recommended Practices and Guides of the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST). 4.6 Cleanroom Journals and Magazines. 4.7 Sources of Pharmaceutical Cleanroom Documents. 4.8 Training Videos/DVDs. 5 Non-unidirectional Airflow and Ancillary Cleanrooms. 5.1 Non-unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 5.2 Ancillary Cleanrooms. 6 Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 6.1 Types of Unidirectional Cleanrooms. 6.2 Vertical Unidirectional Airflow Cleanrooms. 6.3 Horizontal Unidirectional Airflow Rooms. 6.4 The Application of Unidirectional Airflow. 7 Separative Clean Air Devices and Containment Zones. 7.1 Unidirectional Airflow Devices. 7.2 Mini-environments, Isolators and RABS. 7.3 Containment Zones. 8 Construction and Clean-build. 8.1 Constructional Materials and Methods. 8.2 Outgassing and Electrostatic Properties. 8.3 Clean-build. 9 High Efficiency Air Filtration. 9.1 Air Filters Used in Cleanrooms. 9.2 The Construction of High Efficiency Filters. 9.3 Particle Removal Mechanisms. 9.4 Testing of High Efficiency Filters. 9.5 Scan Testing of High Efficiency Filters. 9.6 Filter Housings for High Efficiency Filters. 9.7 Removal of Airborne Chemical Contamination. 10 Cleanroom Testing and Monitoring. 10.1 Principles of Cleanroom Testing. 10.2 Cleanroom Tests. 10.3 Testing in Relation to Room Type and Occupation State. 10.4 Re-testing to Demonstrate Compliance. 10.5 Monitoring of Cleanrooms. 11 Measurement of Air Quantities and Pressure Differences. 11.1 Air Quantities. 11.2 Differential Pressure Tests. 12 Air Movement Control: Containment, Visualization and Recovery. 12.1 Cleanroom Containment Leak Testing. 12.2 Air Movement Control within a Cleanroom. 12.3 Recovery Test Methods. 12.4 Recovery Rate Requirement in the EU GGMP. 13 Filter Installation Leak Testing. 13.1 The Use of Aerosol Test Challenges. 13.2 Artificial Aerosol Test Challenges. 13.3 Apparatus for Measuring Aerosol Penetration. 13.4 Methods of Testing Filters and Filter Housings. 13.5 Repair of Leaks. 14 Airborne Particle Counts. 14.1 Airborne Particle Counters. 14.2 Continuous Monitoring Apparatus for Airborne Particles. 14.3 Particle Counting in Different Occupancy States. 14.4 Measurement of Particle Concentrations. 14.5 Worked Example of ISO 14644-1 Test Method. 15 Microbial Sampling. 15.1 Microbial Sampling of the Air. 15.2 Microbial Deposition onto Surfaces. 15.3 Microbial Surface Sampling. 15.4 Personnel Sampling. 16 Operating a Cleanroom: Managing the Risk from Contamination. 16.1 Step 1: Identification of Sources and Routes of Contamination. 16.2 Step 2: Risk Assessment and the Control of Sources of Contamination. 16.3 Step 3: Establish an Effective Monitoring Programme. 16.4 Step 4: Verification and Reappraisal of the System. 16.5 Step 5: Documentation. 16.6 Step 6: Staff Training. 17 Cleanroom Disciplines. 17.1 People Allowed into Cleanrooms. 17.2 Personal Items Not Allowed into the Cleanroom. 17.3 Disciplines within the Cleanroom. 17.4 Maintenance and Service Personnel. 18 Entry and Exit of Personnel. 18.1 Prior to Arriving at the Cleanroom. 18.2 Changing into Cleanroom Garments. 18.3 Exit Changing Procedures. 19 Materials, Equipment and Machinery. 19.1 Choice of Materials for use in a Cleanroom. 19.2 Items Supplied from Outside Manufacturing Sources. 19.3 Wrapping and Transportation of Materials. 19.4 Transfer of Items and Small Pieces of Equipment through a Material Transfer Airlock. 19.5 Entry of Heavy Machinery and Bulky Items. 19.6 Transfer of Materials through Hatches and Sterilisers. 20 Cleanroom Clothing. 20.1 Sources and Routes of Inert Airborne Particle Dispersion. 20.2 Routes and Sources of Microbial Dispersion. 20.3 Types of Cleanroom Clothing. 20.4 Processing of Cleanroom Garments and Change Frequency. 20.5 The Effect of Laundering and Wear. 20.6 Testing of Cleanroom Clothing. 20.7 Static Dissipative Properties of Clothing. 21 Cleanroom Masks and Gloves. 21.1 Cleanroom Masks. 21.2 Cleanroom Gloves. 22 Cleaning a Cleanroom. 22.1 Why a Cleanroom must be Cleaned. 22.2 Cleaning Methods and the Physics of Cleaning Surfaces. 22.3 Implements Used to Clean Cleanrooms. 22.4 Liquids Used in Cleaning Cleanrooms. 22.5 How Should a Cleanroom be Cleaned? 22.6 Cleaning Programme. 22.7 Test Methods. Index.

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Book SynopsisA handy, splash-proof, on-the-water reference guide should you ever find yourself in an emergency: it could be your saviour. Covering everything from fires, leaks, engine trouble and emergency steering to man overboard, first aid, dismasting and distress signals.Table of ContentsFire; Man Overboard; First Aid; Engine Trouble; Aground; Dismasting; Leaks; Emergency Steering; Towing; Handling the Waves; Without Instruments; Leaving the Boat; Distress Signals

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Book SynopsisThe first edition of this book published in 2004 and has proved to be both a valuable textbook and a handy desk reference. This new edition continues to provide students with an accessible guide to an important field. Fully updated, it has five new chapters that incorporate the recent developments in the field.Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition. Preface to the Second Edition. Acknowledgements. 1 Introduction. Characterization. 3 Simulation of Microfabrication Processes. 4 Silicon. 5 Thin-Film Materials and Processes. 6 Epitaxy. 7 Advanced Thin Films. 8 Pattern Generation. 9 Optical Lithography. 10 Advanced Lithography. 11 Etching. 12 Wafer Cleaning and Surface Preparation. 13 Thermal Oxidation. 14 Diffusion. 15 Ion Implantation. 16 CMP: Chemical–Mechanical Polishing. 17 Bonding. 18 Polymer Microprocessing. 19 Glass Microprocessing. 20 Anisotropic Wet Etching. 21 Deep Reactive Ion Etching. 22 Wafer Engineering. 23 Special Processes and Materials. 24 Serial Microprocessing. 25 Process Integration. 26 MOS Transistor Fabrication. 27 Bipolar Transistors. 28 Multilevel Metallization. 29 Surface Micromachining. 30 MEMS Process Integration. 31 Process Equipment. 32 Equipment for Hot Processes. 33 Vacuum and Plasmas. 34 CVD and Epitaxy Equipment. 35 Cleanrooms. 36 Yield and Reliability. 37 Economics of Microfabrication. 38 Moore's Law and Scaling Trends. 39 Microfabrication at Large. Appendix A Properties of Silicon. Appendix B Constants and Conversion Factors. Appendix C Oxide and Nitride Thickness by Color. Index.

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Book SynopsisDiscover what the modern yacht navigator needs to know for a stress-free voyage along the coast and out of sight of land.Trade Review"Providing you will [with] a solid foundation in the art of coastal and offshore navigation." (Boat Mart, March 2009) “...provides a solid foundation in the practicalities of plotting your route to a destination...worth its weight in gold.” (All at Sea, March 2010).Table of ContentsIntroduction; Charts, publications & essential chartwork; Lights, buoys & night navigation; The rise & fall of the tide; Tidal streams; The steering compass; The estimated position; Traditional position fixing; Shaping a course; Electronic navigation techniques; The electronic chart plotter; Pilotage; Passage planning; Practical passage making; Conclusion

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Book SynopsisA comprehensive guide to bridge design Bridge Design - Concepts and Analysisprovides a unique approach, combining the fundamentals of concept design and structural analysis of bridges in a single volume. The book discusses design solutions from the authors' practical experience and provides insights into conceptual design with concrete, steel or composite bridge solutions as alternatives. Key features: Principal design concepts and analysis are dealt with in a unified approach. Execution methods and evolution of the static scheme during construction are dealt with for steel, concrete and composite bridges. Aesthetics and environmental integration of bridges are considered as an issue for concept design. Bridge analysis, including modelling and detail design aspects, is discussed for different bridge typologies and structural materials. Specific design verification aspects are discussed on the basis oTable of ContentsAbout the Authors xiii Preface xv Acknowledgements xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Generalities 1 1.2 Definitions and Terminology 1 1.3 Bridge Classification 4 1.4 Bridge Typology 6 1.5 Some Historical References 16 1.5.1 Masonry Bridges 16 1.5.2 Timber Bridges 18 1.5.3 Metal Bridges 18 1.5.4 Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Bridges 24 1.5.5 Cable Supported Bridges 28 References 30 2 Bridge Design: Site Data and Basic Conditions 31 2.1 Design Phases and Methodology 31 2.2 Basic Site Data 32 2.2.1 Generalities 32 2.2.2 Topographic Data 32 2.2.3 Geological and Geotechnical Data 35 2.2.4 Hydraulic Data 36 2.2.5 Other Data 38 2.3 Bridge Location. Alignment, Bridge Length and Hydraulic Conditions 38 2.3.1 The Horizontal and Vertical Alignments 42 2.3.2 The Transverse Alignment 46 2.4 Elements Integrated in Bridge Decks 49 2.4.1 Road Bridges 49 2.4.1.1 Surfacing and Deck Waterproofing 50 2.4.1.2 Walkways, Parapets and Handrails 50 2.4.1.3 Fascia Beams 53 2.4.1.4 Drainage System 54 2.4.1.5 Lighting System 55 2.4.1.6 Expansion Joints 55 2.4.2 Railway Decks 58 2.4.2.1 Track System 59 2.4.2.2 Power Traction System (Catenary System) 61 2.4.2.3 Footways, Parapets/Handrails, Drainage and Lighting Systems 61 References 61 3 Actions and Structural Safety 63 3.1 Types of Actions and Limit State Design 63 3.2 Permanent Actions 65 3.3 Highway Traffic Loading – Vertical Forces 68 3.4 Braking, Acceleration and Centrifugal Forces in Highway Bridges 72 3.5 Actions on Footways or Cycle Tracks and Parapets, of Highway Bridges 74 3.6 Actions for Abutments and Walls Adjacent to Highway Bridges 75 3.7 Traffic Loads for Railway Bridges 76 3.7.1 General 76 3.7.2 Load Models 76 3.8 Braking, Acceleration and Centrifugal Forces in Railway Bridges: Nosing Forces 77 3.9 Actions on Maintenance Walkways and Earth Pressure Effects for Railway Bridges 78 3.10 Dynamic Load Effects 79 3.10.1 Basic Concepts 79 3.10.2 Dynamic Effects for Railway Bridges 82 3.11 Wind Actions and Aerodynamic Stability of Bridges 84 3.11.1 Design Wind Velocities and Peak Velocities Pressures 84 3.11.2 Wind as a Static Action on Bridge Decks and Piers 89 3.11.3 Aerodynamic Response: Basic Concepts 91 3.11.3.1 Vortex Shedding 94 3.11.3.2 Divergent Amplitudes: Aerodynamic Instability 95 3.12 Hydrodynamic Actions 98 3.13 Thermal Actions and Thermal Effects 99 3.13.1 Basic Concepts 99 3.13.2 Thermal Effects 102 3.13.3 Design Values 107 3.14 Shrinkage, Creep and Relaxation in Concrete Bridges 109 3.15 Actions Due to Imposed Deformations. Differential Settlements 117 3.16 Actions Due to Friction in Bridge Bearings 119 3.17 Seismic Actions 119 3.17.1 Basis of Design 119 3.17.2 Response Spectrums for Bridge Seismic Analysis 121 3.18 Accidental Actions 124 3.19 Actions During Construction 124 3.20 Basic Criteria for Bridge Design 125 References 125 4 Conceptual Design and Execution Methods 129 4.1 Concept Design: Introduction 129 4.2 Span Distribution and Deck Continuity 131 4.2.1 Span Layout 131 4.2.2 Deck Continuity and Expansion Joints 132 4.3 The Influence of the Execution Method 134 4.3.1 A Prestressed Concrete Box Girder Deck 134 4.3.2 A Steel‐Concrete Composite Steel Deck 136 4.3.3 Concept Design and Execution: Preliminary Conclusions 136 4.4 Superstructure: Concrete Bridges 138 4.4.1 Options for the Bridge Deck 138 4.4.2 The Concrete Material – Main Proprieties 139 4.4.2.1 Concrete 139 4.4.2.2 Reinforcing Steel 140 4.4.2.3 Prestressing Steel 140 4.4.3 Slab and Voided Slab Decks 142 4.4.4 Ribbed Slab and Slab‐Girder Decks 144 4.4.5 Precasted Slab‐Girder Decks 152 4.4.6 Box Girder Decks 155 4.5 Superstructure: Steel and Steel‐Concrete Composite Bridges 160 4.5.1 Options for Bridge Type: Plated Structures 160 4.5.2 Steels for Metal Bridges and Corrosion Protection 166 4.5.2.1 Materials and Weldability 166 4.5.2.2 Corrosion Protection 172 4.5.3 Slab Deck: Concrete Slabs and Orthotropic Plates 173 4.5.3.1 Concrete Slab Decks 174 4.5.3.2 Steel Orthotropic Plate Decks 176 4.5.4 Plate Girder Bridges 179 4.5.4.1 Superstructure Components 179 4.5.4.2 Preliminary Design of the Main Girders 182 4.5.4.3 Vertical Bracing System 188 4.5.4.4 Horizontal Bracing System 191 4.5.5 Box Girder Bridges 192 4.5.5.1 General 192 4.5.5.2 Superstructure Components 193 4.5.5.3 Pre‐Design of Composite Box Girder Sections 196 4.5.5.4 Pre‐Design of Diaphragms or Cross Frames 199 4.5.6 Typical Steel Quantities 201 4.6 Superstructure: Execution Methods 202 4.6.1 General Aspects 202 4.6.2 Execution Methods for Concrete Decks 203 4.6.2.1 General 203 4.6.2.2 Scaffoldings and Falseworks 203 4.6.2.3 Formwork Launching Girders 206 4.6.2.4 Incremental Launching 206 4.6.2.5 Cantilever Construction 212 4.6.2.6 Precasted Segmental Cantilever Construction 221 4.6.2.7 Other Methods 222 4.6.3 Erection Methods for Steel and Composite Bridges 223 4.6.3.1 Erection Methods, Transport and Erection Joints 223 4.6.3.2 Erection with Cranes Supported from the Ground 224 4.6.3.3 Incremental Launching 224 4.6.3.4 Erection by the Cantilever Method 227 4.6.3.5 Other Methods 227 4.7 Substructure: Conceptual Design and Execution Methods 229 4.7.1 Elements and Functions 229 4.7.2 Bridge Piers 229 4.7.2.1 Structural Materials and Pier Typology 229 4.7.2.2 Piers Pre‐Design 232 4.7.2.3 Execution Method of the Deck and Pier Concept Design 233 4.7.2.4 Construction Methods for Piers 240 4.7.3 Abutments 241 4.7.3.1 Functions of the Abutments 241 4.7.3.2 Abutment Concepts and Typology 241 4.7.4 Bridge Foundations 245 4.7.4.1 Foundation Typology 245 4.7.4.2 Direct Foundations 245 4.7.4.3 Pile Foundations 246 4.7.4.4 Special Bridge Foundations 247 4.7.4.5 Bridge Pier Foundations in Rivers 250 References 251 5 Aesthetics and Environmental Integration 255 5.1 Introduction 255 5.2 Integration and Formal Aspects 256 5.3 Bridge Environment 256 5.4 Shape and Function 258 5.5 Order and Continuity 260 5.6 Slenderness and Transparency 262 5.7 Symmetries, Asymmetries and Proximity with Other Bridges 266 5.8 Piers Aesthetics 267 5.9 Colours, Shadows, and Detailing 268 5.10 Urban Bridges 272 References 277 6 Superstructure: Analysis and Design 279 6.1 Introduction 279 6.2 Structural Models 280 6.3 Deck Slabs 283 6.3.1 General 283 6.3.2 Overall Bending: Shear Lag Effects 283 6.3.3 Local Bending Effects: Influence Surfaces 287 6.3.4 Elastic Restraint of Deck Slabs 295 6.3.5 Transverse Prestressing of Deck Slabs 297 6.3.6 Steel Orthotropic Plate Decks 300 6.4 Transverse Analysis of Bridge Decks 301 6.4.1 Use of Influence Lines for Transverse Load Distribution 301 6.4.2 Transverse Load Distribution Coefficients for Load Effects 302 6.4.3 Transverse Load Distribution Methods 303 6.4.3.1 Rigid Cross Beam Methods: Courbon Method 304 6.4.3.2 Transverse Load Distribution on Cross Beams 307 6.4.3.3 Extensions of the Courbon Method: Influence of Torsional Stiffness of Main Girders and Deformability of Cross Beams 307 6.4.3.4 The Orthotropic Plate Approach 308 6.4.3.5 Other Transverse Load Distribution Methods 313 6.5 Deck Analysis by Grid and FEM Models 313 6.5.1 Grid Models 313 6.5.1.1 Fundamentals 313 6.5.1.2 Deck Modelling 315 6.5.1.3 Properties of Beam Elements in Grid Models 317 6.5.1.4 Limitations and Extensions of Plane Grid Modelling 318 6.5.2 FEM Models 318 6.5.2.1 Fundamentals 318 6.5.2.2 FEM for Analysis of Bridge Decks 323 6.6 Longitudinal Analysis of the Superstructure 329 6.6.1 Generalities – Geometrical Non‐Linear Effects: Cables and Arches 329 6.6.2 Frame and Arch Effects 332 6.6.3 Effect of Longitudinal Variation of Cross Sections 334 6.6.4 Torsion Effects in Bridge Decks – Non‐Uniform Torsion 336 6.6.5 Torsion in Steel‐Concrete Composite Decks 343 6.6.5.1 Composite Box Girder Decks 343 6.6.5.2 Composite Plate Girder Decks 345 6.6.5.3 Transverse Load Distribution in Open Section Decks 348 6.6.6 Curved Bridges 350 6.6.6.1 Statics of Curved Bridges 350 6.6.6.2 Simply Supported Curved Bridge Deck 352 6.6.6.3 Approximate Method 353 6.6.6.4 Bearing System and Deck Elongations 353 6.7 Influence of Construction Methods on Superstructure Analysis 355 6.7.1 Span by Span Erection of Prestressed Concrete Decks 356 6.7.2 Cantilever Construction of Prestressed Concrete Decks 357 6.7.3 Prestressed Concrete Decks with Prefabricated Girders 360 6.7.4 Steel‐Concrete Composite Decks 361 6.8 Prestressed Concrete Decks: Design Aspects 364 6.8.1 Generalities 364 6.8.2 Design Concepts and Basic Criteria 364 6.8.3 Durability 364 6.8.4 Concept of Partial Prestressed Concrete (PPC) 364 6.8.5 Particular Aspects of Bridges Built by Cantilevering 365 6.8.6 Ductility and Precasted Segmental Construction 366 6.8.6.1 Internal and External Prestressing 367 6.8.7 Hyperstatic Prestressing Effects 367 6.8.8 Deflections, Vibration and Fatigue 368 6.9 Steel and Composite Decks 373 6.9.1 Generalities 373 6.9.2 Design Criteria for ULS 373 6.9.3 Design Criteria for SLS 375 6.9.3.1 Stress Limitations and Web Breathing 376 6.9.3.2 Deflection Limitations and Vibrations 377 6.9.4 Design Criteria for Fatigue Limit State 377 6.9.5 Web Design of Plate and Box Girder Sections 383 6.9.5.1 Web Under in Plane Bending and Shear Forces 383 6.9.5.2 Flange Induced Buckling 385 6.9.5.3 Webs Under Patch Loading 387 6.9.5.4 Webs under Interaction of Internal Forces 389 6.9.6 Transverse Web Stiffeners 390 6.9.7 Stiffened Panels in Webs and Flanges 391 6.9.8 Diaphragms 394 6.10 Reference to Special Bridges: Bowstring Arches and Cable‐Stayed Bridges 395 6.10.1 Generalities 395 6.10.2 Bowstring Arch Bridges 396 6.10.2.1 Geometry, Slenderness and Stability 396 6.10.2.2 Hanger System and Anchorages 402 6.10.2.3 Analysis of the Superstructure 403 6.10.3 Cable‐Stayed Bridges 404 6.10.3.1 Basic Concepts 404 6.10.3.2 Total and Partial Adjustment Staying Options 408 6.10.3.3 Deck Slenderness, Static and Aerodynamic Stability 411 6.10.3.4 Stays and Stay Cable Anchorages 414 6.10.3.5 Analysis of the Superstructure 416 References 418 7 Substructure: Analysis and Design 423 7.1 Introduction 423 7.2 Distribution of Forces Between Piers and Abutments 423 7.2.1 Distribution of a Longitudinal Force 423 7.2.2 Action Due to Imposed Deformations 424 7.2.3 Distribution of a Transverse Horizontal Force 425 7.2.4 Effect of Deformation of Bearings and Foundations 429 7.3 Design of Bridge Bearings 430 7.3.1 Bearing Types 430 7.3.2 Elastomeric Bearings 430 7.3.3 Neoprene‐Teflon Bridge Bearings 434 7.3.4 Elastomeric ‘Pot Bearings’ 435 7.3.5 Metal Bearings 437 7.3.6 Concrete Hinges 439 7.4 Reference to Seismic Devices 441 7.4.1 Concept 441 7.4.2 Seismic Dampers 441 7.5 Abutments: Analysis and Design 444 7.5.1 Actions and Design Criteria 444 7.5.2 Front and Wing Walls 446 7.5.3 Anchored Abutments 448 7.6 Bridge Piers: Analysis and Design 449 7.6.1 Basic Concepts 449 7.6.1.1 Pre‐design 449 7.6.1.2 Slenderness and Elastic Critical Load 449 7.6.1.3 The Effect of Geometrical Initial Imperfections 450 7.6.1.4 The Effect of Cracking in Concrete Bridge Piers 450 7.6.1.5 Bridge Piers as ‘Beam Columns’ 451 7.6.1.6 The Effect of Imposed Displacements 452 7.6.1.7 The Overall Stability of a Bridge Structure 453 7.6.1.8 Design Bucking Length of Bridge Piers 453 7.6.2 Elastic Analysis of Bridge Piers 454 7.6.3 Elastoplastic Analysis of Bridge Piers: Ultimate Resistance 459 7.6.4 Creep Effects on Concrete Bridge Piers 465 7.6.5 Analysis of Bridge Piers by Numerical Methods 465 7.6.6 Overall Stability of a Bridge Structure 471 References 473 8 Design Examples: Concrete and Composite Options 475 8.1 Introduction 475 8.2 Basic Data and Bridge Options 475 8.2.1 Bridge Function and Layout 475 8.2.2 Typical Deck Cross Sections 476 8.2.3 Piers, Abutments and Foundations 477 8.2.4 Materials Adopted 477 8.2.4.1 Prestressed Concrete Deck 478 8.2.4.2 Steel‐concrete Composite Deck 481 8.2.5 Deck Construction 481 8.3 Hazard Scenarios and Actions 481 8.3.1 Limit States and Structural Safety 482 8.3.2 Actions 482 8.3.2.1 Permanent Actions and Imposed Deformations 482 8.3.2.2 Variable Actions 484 8.4 Prestressed Concrete Solution 486 8.4.1 Preliminary Design of the Deck 486 8.4.2 Structural Analysis and Slab Checks 486 8.4.3 Structural Analysis of the Main Girders 492 8.4.3.1 Traffic Loads: Transverse and Longitudinal Locations 493 8.4.3.2 Internal Forces 497 8.4.3.3 Prestressing Layout and Hyperstatic Effects 497 8.4.3.4 Influence of the Construction Stages 498 8.4.4 Structural Safety Checks: Longitudinal Direction 498 8.4.4.1 Decompression Limit State – Prestressing Design 498 8.4.4.2 Ultimate Limit States – Bending and Shear Resistance 501 8.5 Steel–Concrete Composite Solution 502 8.5.1 Preliminary Design of the Deck 502 8.5.2 Structural Analysis and Slab Design Checks 503 8.5.3 Structural Analysis of the Main Girders 503 8.5.3.1 Traffic Loads Transverse and Longitudinal Positioning 504 8.5.3.2 Internal Forces 505 8.5.3.3 Shrinkage Effects 505 8.5.3.4 Imposed Deformation Effect 506 8.5.3.5 Influence of the Construction Stages 506 8.5.4 Safety Checks: Longitudinal Direction 507 8.5.4.1 Ultimate Limit States – Bending and Shear Resistance 507 8.5.4.2 Serviceability Limit States – Stresses and Crack Widths Control 509 References 510 Annex A: Buckling and Ultimate Strength of Flat Plates 511 A.1 Critical Stresses and Buckling Modes of Flat Plates 511 A.1.1 Plate Simply Supported along the four Edges and under a Uniform Compression (ψ = 1) 511 A.1.2 Bending of Long Rectangular Plates Supported at both Longitudinal Edges or with a Free Edge 513 A.1.3 Buckling of Rectangular Plates under Shear 513 A.2 Buckling of Stiffened Plates 514 A.2.1 Plates with One Longitudinal Stiffener at the Centreline under Uniform Compression 515 A.2.2 Plate with Two Stiffeners under Uniform Compression 516 A.2.3 Plates with Three or More Longitudinal Stiffeners 517 A.2.4 Stiffened Plates under Variable Compression. Approximate Formulas 518 A.3 Post‐Buckling Behaviour and Ultimate Strength of Flat Plates 518 A.3.1 Effective Width Concept 519 A.3.2 Effective Width Formulas 520 References 523 Index 525

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Book SynopsisThe majority of the contributions in this topically edited book stems from the priority program SPP 1113 "Photonische Kristalle" run by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), resulting in a survey of the current state of photonic crystal research in Germany.Table of ContentsPreface xv List of Notations xvi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Objective and Target Audience 1 1.2 Fire Safety 2 1.3 Performance]based Design 2 1.4 Structural Fire Engineering 5 1.5 Purpose of this Book 5 1.6 Units 6 1.7 Organization of Chapters 6 2 Fire Safety in Buildings 8 2.1 Fire Safety Objectives 8 2.2 Process of Fire Development 9 2.3 Conceptual Framework for Fire Safety 13 2.4 Fire Resistance 17 2.5 Controlling Fire Spread 22 2.6 Building Construction for Fire Safety 29 2.7 Assessment and Repair of Fire Damage 31 3 Fires and Heat 35 3.1 Fires in General 35 3.2 Combustion 37 3.3 Fire Initiation 39 3.4 Pre]flashover Fires 40 3.5 Flashover 48 3.6 Post]flashover Fires 49 3.7 Design Fires 60 3.8 Other Factors 66 3.9 Heat Transfer 69 3.10 Worked Examples 75 4 Fire Severity and Fire Resistance 84 4.1 Providing Fire Resistance 84 4.2 Fire Severity 89 4.3 Equivalent Fire Severity 90 4.4 Fire Resistance 95 4.5 Fire Resistance Tests 96 4.6 Specifying Fire Resistance 103 4.7 Fire Resistance of Assemblies 107 4.8 Worked Examples 113 5 Design of Structures Exposed to Fire 115 5.1 Structural Design at Normal Temperatures 115 5.2 Loads 116 5.3 Structural Design in Fire Conditions 122 5.4 Material Properties in Fire 126 5.5 Design of Individual Members Exposed to Fire 130 5.6 Design of Structural Assemblies Exposed to Fire 135 5.7 Worked Examples 149 6 Steel Structures 154 6.1 Behaviour of Steel Structures in Fire 154 6.2 Steel Temperature Prediction 157 6.3 Protection Systems 166 6.4 Mechanical Properties of Steel at Elevated Temperature 171 6.5 Design of Steel Members Exposed to Fire 179 6.6 Bolted and Welded Connections 187 6.7 Cast]iron Members 188 6.8 Design of Steel Buildings Exposed to Fire 188 6.9 Worked Examples 188 7 Concrete Structures 195 7.1 Behaviour of Concrete Structures in Fire 195 7.2 Concrete Materials in Fire 196 7.3 Spalling of Cover Concrete 201 7.4 Concrete and Steel Reinforcing Temperatures 202 7.5 Mechanical Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures 207 7.6 Design of Concrete Members Exposed to Fire 213 7.7 Worked Examples 224 8 Composite Structures 234 8.1 Fire Resistance of Composite Elements 234 8.2 Assessing Fire Resistance 237 8.3 Behaviour and Design of Individual Composite Members in Fire 238 8.4 Design of Steel and Composite Buildings Exposed to Fire 248 8.5 Worked Example 255 9 Timber Structures 257 9.1 Description of Timber Construction 257 9.2 Wood Temperatures 261 9.3 Mechanical Properties of Wood 264 9.4 Charring Rate 273 9.5 Design for Fire Resistance of Heavy Timber Members 280 9.6 Timber Connections in Fire 290 9.7 Worked Examples 297 10 Light Frame Construction 301 10.1 Summary of Light Frame Construction 301 10.2 Gypsum Plaster Board 304 10.3 Fire Behaviour 309 10.4 Fire Resistance Ratings 311 10.5 Design for Separating Function 314 10.6 Design for Load]bearing Capacity 318 10.7 Steel Stud Walls 325 10.8 Timber Joist Floors 327 10.9 Timber Trusses 328 10.10 Construction Details 329 10.11 Lightweight Sandwich Panels 335 11 Advanced Calculation Methods 340 11.1 Types of Advanced Calculation Methods 340 11.2 Fire Models 341 11.3 Thermal Response Models 344 11.4 Advanced Structural Models 348 11.5 Advanced Hand Calculation Methods 349 11.6 Finite Element Methods for Advanced Structural Calculations 355 11.7 Software Packages for Structural and Thermal Fire Analysis 369 12 Design Recommendations 371 12.1 Summary of Main Points 371 12.2 Summary for Main Materials 372 12.3 Thermal Analysis 375 12.4 Conclusions 376 Appendix A: Units and Conversion Factors 377 Appendix B: Section Factors for Steel Beams 381 References 394 Index 411

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Book SynopsisHuman factors research impacts everything from the height of kitchen counters to the placement of automobile pedals to a book's type size. And in this updated and expanded version of the original landmark work, you'll find the research information necessary to create designs that better accommodate human need.Table of ContentsPreface 1 Introduction 3 Human Factors: A Brief History 9 Anthropometry 10 Measurement Systems 10 Sampling the Population 10 The Measurements 10 Percentiles 10 Human Variations 11 The Link System 28 Clothing Corrections 31 Work and Play Stations for Children 32 Illustrations Frequency Distribution Curve 11 The Measure of Infants 12, 13 The Measure of Toddlers 14 The Measure of Youths 15-21 The Measure of Man 22, 23 The Measure of Woman 24, 25 Proportional Differences Between Ethnic Groups 26 Head Measurements of Man and Woman 27 Angle Movements of Body Components 29, 30 Design Considerations for Children 32 The Elderly 33 Illustrations The Measure of the Elderly 34 Differently Abled People 35 Illustrations Symbols of Accessibility 35 Reach Factors for the Differently Abled 37 Design Considerations for the Differently Abled 39-41 Manual Controls for the Differently Abled 43 Seating 44 The Dining Chair 44 A Universal Work Chair 44 Seating Variations 44 Seating at Computer Stations for Men and Women 44 Classic Consoles for Men and Women 46 Illustrations Seating Variations 45 Visual Characteristics 47 Computer Stations for Man 48 Computer Stations for Woman 49 Classic Consoles for Man and Woman 50 Standing Consoles for Man and Woman 51 Residential Space Considerations 50 Bedrooms 50 Dining Spaces 50 Kitchen and Bathroom Layouts 50 Illustrations Measurements for Bedrooms 53 Measurements for Dining Areas 54 Measurements for Kitchens and Bathrooms 55 Maintenance Access 56 The Whole Body 56 The Appendages 56 Illustrations Maintenance Access (Whole Body) 57 Maintenance Access (The Appendages) 58 Safety at Work and at Home 57 Factory 57 Office 57 Home 60 Illustrations Stairs and Ladders 63, 64 Vehicular Accommodation 65 Constant Factors in Vehicular Seating 65 Agricultural and Industrial Equipment 65 Forces for Hand and Foot Controls 67 Illustrations Constant Factors in Vehicle Seating 66 The Strength of Man and Woman 68 Foot Measurements and Pedal Design 69 Anthropometry and Seating for Agriculture and Industry 70, 71 Displays 72 Circular Analog and Digital Displays 72 Circular Analog and Graphic Displays 72 Electronic Displays 72 Illustrations Analog and Digital Displays 72, 73 Manual Controls 74 Illustrations Hand Measurements of Man and Woman 75 Manual Controls 76, 77 Direction of Operation for Manual Controls 78 The Environment 79 Noise 79 Mechanical Vibration 80 Human vs. Machine 81 Motion 82 Temperatures 82 Chemical Hazards 83 Radiation Hazards 84 Colors 84 Lighting 86 Appendix 91 Conversion Scales 91 Abbreviations 92 Anthropometric Terms 93 Bibliography 95 Index 97 Illustrations Anatomical Planes and Orientations 94

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Book SynopsisGives a cohesive presentation of power electronics fundamentals for applications and design in the power range of 500 kW or less. Describes a variety of practical and emerging power electronic converters made feasible by the new generation of power semiconductor devices.Table of ContentsPART 1. INTRODUCTION. Chapter 1. Power Electronic Systems. Chapter 2. Overview of Power Semiconductor Switches. Chapter 3. Review of Basic Electrical and Magnetic Circuit Concepts. Chapter 4. Computer Simulation of Power Electronic Converters and Systems. PART 2. GENERIC POWER ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS. Chapter 5. Line-Frequency Diode Rectifiers: Line-Frequency ac Uncontrolled dc. Chapter 6. Line-Frequency Phase-Controlled Rectifiers and Inverters: Line-Frequency ac Controlled dc. Chapter 7. dc-dc Switch-Mode Converters. Chapter 8. Switch-Mode dc-ac Inverters: dc Sinusoidal ac. Chapter 9. Resonant Converters: Zero-Voltage and/or Zero-Current Switchings. PART 3. POWER SUPPLY APPLICATIONS. Chapter 10. Switching dc Power Supplies. Chapter 11. Power Conditioners and Uninterruptible Power Supplies. PART 4. MOTOR DRIVE APPLICATIONS. Chapter 12. Introduction to Motor Drives. Chapter 13. dc Motor Drives. Chapter 14. Induction Motor Drives. Chapter 15. Synchronous Motor Drives. PART 5. OTHER APPLICATIONS. Chapter 16. Residential and Industrial Applications. Chapter 17. Electric Utility Applications. Chapter 18. Optimizing the Utility Interface with Power Electronic Systems. PART 6. SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES. Chapter 19. Basic Semiconductor Physics. Chapter 20. Power Diodes. Chapter 21. Bipolar Junction Transistors. Chapter 22. Power MOSFETs. Chapter 23. Thyristors. Chapter 24. Gate Turn-Off Thyristors. Chapter 25. Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors. Chapter 26. Emerging Devices and Circuits. PART 7. PRACTICAL CONVERTER DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. Chapter 27. Snubber Circuits. Chapter 28. Gate and Base Drive Circuits. Chapter 29. Component Temperature Control and Heat Sinks. Chapter 30. Design of Magnetic Components. Index.

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Book SynopsisNonlinear Solid Mechanics a Continuum Approach for Engineering Gerhard A. Holzapfel Graz University of Technology, Austria With a modern, comprehensive approach directed towards computational mechanics, this book covers a unique combination of subjects at present unavailable in any other text.Trade Review"…this book is really outstanding because it fills a gap in the scientific literature…" (Meccanica, No.37 2002)Table of ContentsIntroduction to Vectors and Tensors. Kinematics. The Concept of Stress. Balance Principles. Some Aspects of Objectivity. Hyperelastic Materials. Thermodynamics of Materials. Variational Principles. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisIntroductory Digital Signal Processing with Computer Applications Second Edition Paul A. Lynn formerly: Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK and Wolfgang Fuerst United Nations, New York, USA An excellent introductory book (Review of the First Edition in the International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education) .Table of ContentsPreface to the First Edition ix Preface to the Second Edition xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Time-Domain Analysis 32 3 Frequency-Domain Analysis: The Discrete Fourier Series and the Fourier Transform 65 4 Frequency-Domain Analysis: the z-Transform 98 5 Design of Nonrecursive Digital Filters 132 6 Design of Recursive Digital Filters 167 7 The Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms 211 8 FFT Processing 251 9 Random Digital Signals 284 10 Random DSP 316 Appendix A1 Computer Programs 351 Appendix A2 Continuous-time Fourier Analysis 433 Answers to Selected Problems 467 Bibliography 473 Index 475

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Book SynopsisIncisive, self-contained account of tensor analysis and the calculus of exterior differential forms, interaction between the concept of invariance and the calculus of variations. Emphasis is on analytical techniques. Includes problems.

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Book SynopsisThis fully expanded and updated edition provides both scientists and engineers with all the information they need to understand composite materials, covering their underlying science and technological usage. It includes four completely new chapters on surface coatings, highly porous materials, bio-composites and nano-composites, as well as thoroughly revised chapters on fibres and matrices, the design, fabrication and production of composites, mechanical and thermal properties, and industry applications. Extensively expanded referencing engages readers with the latest research and industrial developments in the field, and increased coverage of essential background science makes this a valuable self-contained text. A comprehensive set of homework questions, with model answers available online, explains how calculations associated with the properties of composite materials should be tackled, and educational software accompanying the book is available online. An invaluable text for final-Trade Review'This introductory textbook goes beyond the descriptive level and the usual engineering approximations to a deeper, yet accessible, level of fundamental composite mechanics that provides valuable insights into composite performance.' William Curtin, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne'Composite materials combine and comprise an understanding of materials science, mechanics and general engineering. The third edition of An Introduction to Composite Materials by T. W. Clyne and D. Hull is an carefully revised version of the previous very successful textbook. It is a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge in composites science and technology - specially prepared as a textbook for young scientists and graduate students to get a substantial insight into this still young area. I personally recommend this book to my graduate students.' Karl Schulte, Technische Universität Hamburg'This extensively revised and expanded edition includes the latest developments in composites research and applications. The new chapters on surface coatings, highly porous materials, bio- and nano-composites are uniquely valuable.' Tsu-Wei Chou, University of DelawareTable of ContentsPreface; Nomenclature; 1. General introduction; 2. Fibres, matrices and their architecture in composites; 3. Elastic deformation of long fibre composites; 4. Tensor analysis of anisotropic materials and the elastic deformation of laminae; 5. Elastic deformation of laminates; 6. Stresses and strains in short fibre and particulate composites; 7. The interface region; 8. Stress-based treatment of the strength of composites; 9. Fracture mechanics and the toughness of composites; 10. Thermal effects in composites; 11. Surface coatings as composite systems; 12. Highly porous materials as composite systems; 13. Biocomposites and recycling; 14. Scale effects and nanocomposites; 15. Fabrication of composites; 16. Applications of composites; Appendix: questions; Index.

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Book SynopsisThe answer is root cause analysis, a process that allows you to find the cause of single events/problems in the workplace. The Root Cause Analysis Handbook presents a walkthrough example that illustrates the method and shows how to implement it.Because poor initial problem definition can (and often does) undermine the problem-solving process, Ammerman places special emphasis on this area to build a solid foundation for effective analysis. He also provides guidance on preparing the final report.The need for clear documentation on dealing with problems makes this book especially valuable for quality managers, engineers, safety managers, and teams implementing the ISO or QS standards. Written in a simple, user-friendly style, you will grasp the core concepts quickly and begin applying them to your work.

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Book SynopsisHow does it feel to live and work in the world''s most beautiful and luxurious tropical island resort, surrounded by white sandy beaches and aquamarine seas? How does it feel to be in the lap of luxury when you''re thousands of miles from anywhere else? And when the guests are some of the richest and most demanding people in the world, where do you find the energy every day to smile, smile and smile again? Beach Babylon takes you behind the scenes at a five-star tropical island resort. Do all the stories which take place behind the closed doors of the exclusive spa have happy endings? What do the world''s richest people expect from room service during their fortnight in paradise? What does the windsurfing instructor do to keep sane after hours?In the bestselling tradition of her previous Babylon books, Imogen Edwards-Jones investigates the rivalries and alliances between the staff at a resort where pandering to the guests'' most extravagant whims is de rigu

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Book SynopsisTrade ReviewSuperb, enthralling and necessarily terrifying . . . the accident unfurls with a horrible inevitability. Weaving together the experiences of those who were there that night, Higginbotham marshals the details so meticulously that every step feels spring-loaded with tension. . . . Amid so much rich reporting and scrupulous analysis, some major themes emerge. . . . Higginbotham’s extraordinary book is another advance in the long struggle to fill in some of the gaps, bringing much of what was hidden into the light. * New York Times *An invaluable contribution to history... tells a compelling story exceptionally well. -- Serhii Plokhy * Evening Standard *Reads like a thriller: forensic, compelling and utterly terrifying. * Mail on Sunday *Higginbotham tells the story of the disaster and its gruesome aftermath with thriller-like flair. Midnight in Chernobyl is wonderful and chilling ... written with skill and passion. A tale of hubris and doomed ambition. * The Observer *Adam Higginbotham uses all of the techniques of the top-notch longform journalist to full effect. He swoops us into the heart of the catastrophe. * The Guardian *

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Book SynopsisAims to give the reader an understanding of the ways in which manufacturing companies are organized, and the nature and diversity of engineering products. Other topics covered include the organization of production, and the planning and control of production.Table of ContentsPreface. 1.The manufacturing organisation. 2.Controlling. 3.Production organisation. 4.The product. 5.Quality control. 6.Work systems. 7.Demand forecasting. 8.Capacity management. 9.Project network analysis. 10.Production planning. 11.Batch processing. 12.Flow production. 13.Inventory management. Appendix: assignment based learning. Further reading. Answers to revision questions. Index.

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