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Book SynopsisScience Communication in a Crisis: An Insiderâs Guide identifies the principal challenges that scientists face when communicating with different stakeholder groups and offers advice on how to navigate the maze of competing interests and deliver actionable science when the clock is ticking.If a scientistâs goal is to deliver content and expertise to the people who need it, then other stakeholder groupsâthe media, the government, industryâneed to be considered as partners to collaborate with in order to solve problems. Written by established scientist Christopher Reddy, who has been on the front lines of several environmental crisis events, the book highlights ten specific challenges and reflects on mistakes made and lessons learned. Reddyâs aim is not to teach scientists how to ace an interview or craft a soundbite, rather, through exploring several high-profile case studies, including the North Cape oil spill, Deepwater Horizon, and the 2021 Sri Lanka shipping disaster, he presents a clear pathway to effective and collaborative communication.This book will be a great resource for junior and established scientists who want to make an impact, as well as students in courses such as environmental and science communication.Trade Review"As a boots-on-the-ground scientist with an active research lab, Reddy’s voice is one that many of our colleagues will identify with. This insider’s perspective fills a gap in the lineup of existing science communication books."Andrew Dessler, Director, Texas Center for Climate Studies; Reta A. Haynes Chair in Geosciences, Texas A&M"Communicating science in a crisis is risky and challenging but incredibly important. This book is generously packed with decades of experience and wisdom from the front lines that can make us all better communicators in times of need. A must for every scientist’s bookshelf."Dr. Asha de Vos, Founder/Executive Director, Oceanswell, Sri Lanka"Focusing on how science communication transpires in real time, Reddy’s insight from the trenches of recent environmental crises provides scientists with a blueprint for success with a range of stakeholder groups, from responders to the affected public." Barbara Sherwood Lollar, Dr. Norman Keevil Chair in Ore Deposits Geology, University of Toronto “Highly recommended as an excellent source of information and inspiration for dealing with communicating science in a crisis, or any other time as well. Scientists as well as responders and decision-makers will certainly learn a thing or two…”Ed Levine, International Spill Control Organization“Given the many destructive environmental and medical crises that have transpired these past few decades… that necessitated scientific information and analyses being presented both to leaders and the general public in order for both solutions to be effected as well as public understanding to be achieved, this is a very timely book indeed.”Johannes Riutta, The Well-read Naturalist“Reddy’s book uses a series of high-profile disasters and emergencies to offer specialists advice on how to engage with the press, the public and other players in ways that illuminate the science rather than obscure it.” Chris McGreal, The Guardian“This is a textbook for young scientists to use as a template when interacting with the world outside their laboratory.” David Gascoigne, “Travel with Birds”“Science Communication in a Crisis: An Insider’s Guide” has an engaging conversational voice and should be ready by scientists, especially the more public-facing ones, journalists, communication officials, regulators, politicians and, for the matter, the general public” Robert Whitcomb, “New England Diary”“Not only is it effective at explaining the why and how of science communication, I believe it is an excellent resource for any creative professional who wants to learn better ways to communicate what they do.” Chris Martin, “Getting work to work” Table of ContentsIntroductionPART I The Characters 1 Our Hero, the Scientist 2 The Supporting Cast: Villain … or Partner? PART II The Crisis 3 How a Crisis Response Unfolds: The Role of the Scientist 4 Who Writes the Narrative? 5 Winner Takes All 6 Piece by Piece 7 Countering Scientific Misinformation 8 Legal Challenges: The Erosion of the Scientific Deliberative Process PART III Lessons Learned 9 Starting a Conversation: How to Talk about Science 10 Interdisciplinary Teamwork11 How Communication Can Make You a Better Scientist Conclusion: The Pathway to Success

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Book SynopsisThis book demonstrates how to design an optical system using Ansys Zemax OpticStudio, a full-featured optical design program. The complete design process from lens definition to tolerancing is developed and illustrated using the program. This text is not a user's manual for Zemax OpticStudio. Rather, it starts with a single lens to demonstrate the laws of geometrical optics and illustrate basic optical errors (aberrations) with the software.Through a series of examples and exercises, one can follow each step in the design process to analyze and optimize the system to meet the required performance specifications. The text is organized to help readers (1) reproduce each step of the process, including the plots for evaluating lens performance, and (2) understand the significance of these plots in constructing a final design.Table of Contents The Basics Rays and Ray Sketching How to Put a Lens in a Computer To First Order… Stop and Pupils and Windows, Oh My! Spherical Aberration Coma and Astigmatism Aberrations of the Image Surface Chromatic Aberration Reducing Aberrations Analyzing the Performance of a Lens Designing a Lens Tolerancing

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Book SynopsisThis book unveils forestry science and its policy and management that connect past and present understanding of forests. The aggregated knowledge is presented to cover the approaches adopted in studying forest structure, its growth, functioning, and degradation, especially in the context of the surrounding environment. The application of advance computation, instrumentation, and modelling has been elaborated in various chapters.Forest ecosystems are rapidly changing due to forest fires, deforestation, urbanization, climate change, and other natural and anthropogenic drivers. Understanding the dynamics of forest ecosystems requires contemporary methods and measures, utilizing modern tools and big data for developing effective conservation plans. The book also covers discussion on policies for sustainable forestry, agroforestry, environmental governance, socio-ecology, nature-based solutions, and management implication. It is suitable for a wide range of readers working in the field of scientific forestry, policy making, and forest management. In addition, it is a useful material for postgraduate and research students of forestry sciences.Table of ContentsAttached

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis inspiring introductory guide provides all the information beginners need to raise ducks successfully in the yard or on a small homestead or farm. Ducks are quickly gaining on chickens as popular animals for the backyard homestead or small farm. They are friendly, productive, good at eating pests, remarkably healthy, and easier to raise than chickens in many ways. Plus, they are exceptionally adorable! This accessible introductory guide features original photography tracking the growth and care of a small flock of backyard ducks, and addresses everything the beginner duck keeper needs to know to be successful, including breed selection, housing, feeding, health care, understanding behavior, and egg and meat production.

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Book SynopsisThe most trusted guide to the National Electric Code âfully updated for 2023 rules and regulationsCompletely revised to align with the 2023 NEC, McGraw Hillâs National Electrical Code 2023 Handbook, 31st Edition offers concise explanations, advice, and analysis for all of the current provisions. In-depth coverage of the background and rationale for specific rules enhances your understanding of both meaning and application. This practical resource features over 1,000 figures, photos, and examples.Designed to be used as a companion guide to the 2023 NEC itself, this on-the-job reference is arranged in code order, so the explanation for any topic lines up exactly with the applicable section in the code. You will gain access to straightforward, ready-to-apply code clarification, enabling them to work efficiently and safely and achieve full compliance. â  Completely updated to cover all significant changes in the 2023 NE

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Book SynopsisA single source of information for the many facets of transport phenomenaThis hands-on guide lays out core principles and practices of heat, mass, and momentum transfer in one useful resource. Written by a seasoned biological and agricultural engineering professor, Transport Phenomena for Biological and Agricultural Engineers: A Problem-Based Approach includes examples and problem sets reflecting real-world applications. You will explore fluid, mass, and heat transfer; pressure measurements; Fickâs and Kirchhoffâs Laws; and much more. This textbook is designed to be the singular resource for biological and agricultural engineering students studying transport phenomena.Coverage includes: Modes of heat transfer Conduction heat transfer Steady-state conduction heat transfer Unsteady state conduction Convection heat transfer Design and analysis of heat exchangers Elements of thermal radiation

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Book SynopsisCase Studies in Parametric Design is a guide to scripting digital models for architects, designers, and builders. The use of parametric design in architecture has afforded the realization of incredible built work; modelling software can resolve complex geometry and aid in the development of stunning creations. Methods for creating the digital models to achieve these results, however, can be perplexing. Learning curves are steep, and benefits garnered from adapting existing workflows to incorporate new tools may appear trivial. This book describes programming techniques for a variety of buildings and provides novices an understanding of language and processes, challenges intermediate users with rigor and intentionality, and offers proficient practitioners objectives beyond novel form-making. The case studies consist of six mass topologies and six facade topologies; each includes sample topology models and scripts, descriptions of steps for generating customizable paraTrade Review“Case Studies in Parametric Design provides a welcoming entry point for architecture students and professionals interested in learning visual scripting. Collins presents clear diagrams, straightforward text, and accessible terminology to describe the timeless logics of geometric relationships in architecture.” Shelby Elizabeth Doyle, AIA, LEED AP, Associate Professor, Department of Architecture, Iowa State University, USA“At a critical time while we are experiencing a paradigm shift in design practice, Case Studies in Parametric Design highlights the importance of metric-based solutions, preparing designers for a more performative future.”Arash Soleimani, Ph.D., Chair, Design Computation and Applied Computer Science – Media Arts Associate Professor, School of Architecture, Woodbury University, USATable of Contents1. Extrude 2. Loft 3. Stack 4. Carve 5. Nest 6. Trim 7. Quad 8. Diamond 9. Tessellate 10. Attractor 11. Irregular 12. Layer

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Book SynopsisTrade Review‘This impressive Handbook captures and reflects the vibrancy of, and will propel further, the rapidly expanding field of critical agrarian studies. It is an indispensable reference in the field for students, teachers, researchers, policy experts, and activists.’ -- Saturnino M. Borras Jr., International Institute of Social Studies, the Netherlands and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Peasant Studies‘The Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies is a magnificent field-building achievement. Ambitious and comprehensive, it marks the coming of age of critical agrarian studies, with first-rate contributions from foundational thinkers and emerging stars on everything from agroecology and land, to financialization, territoriality, extractivism, migrant labour, and dozens of other topics.’ -- Marc Edelman, Hunter College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York‘Critical agrarian studies is not a sentimental journey into the past but ways of rethinking how the dynamics of agrarian change reflect and shape some of the most important issues of our time. In these creative and thoughtful short chapters, leading scholars provide new angles on familiar questions such as land ownership, the ways we eat, agrarian extractivism, ecological crisis and rural social movements and on many new issues as well. Authors also lead readers through current debates and introduce them to the particular methodological problems of agrarian studies.’ -- Bridget O’Laughlin, International Institute of Social Studies, the Netherlands and Co-Editor of the Journal of Agrarian Change'The Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies is an excellent and solid work that takes us through the foundational and current debates of this research field, its main concepts and methodological approaches, the intersection of the agrarian question with environmental, territorial, techno-science and financialization issues, among other topics. An essential reference book.’ -- Carla Gras, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina‘This Handbook will surely become the point of departure for anyone planning research on agrarian issues from a critical perspective. The 72 contributions – most by well-regarded experts in the field—provide both succinct literature reviews and substantive insight on a broad range of relevant topics. Some of the chapters, such as on The Agrarian Question, Land Grabs, and Feasible Utopias are superb. Whether for clarification of key concepts or to grasp the contours of current debates, the Handbook will be useful to students, researchers, those teaching in the field, as well as policy advocates and activists.’ -- Carmen Diana Deere, University of Florida, USTable of ContentsContents: Foreword xxiii Tania Murray Li Acknowledgements xxv 1 An introduction to the Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies 1 A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi, Kristina Dietz, Bettina Engels and Ben M. McKay PART I ORIGINS 2 Frontiers, regimes and learning from history 9 Ulbe Bosma and Eric Vanhaute 3 Origins of peasant studies 15 Harriet Friedmann 4 The diversity of classical agrarian Marxism 25 A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi and Cristóbal Kay 5 Debates on the historical origins of agrarian capitalism 34 Xavier Lafrance 6 An alternative perspective on the agrarian question in Europe and in the developing countries 45 Utsa Patnaik PART II CONCEPTS 7 The agrarian question 53 Michael Watts 8 Class 67 Sara Berry 9 Land 72 A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi 10 Frontiers: Commodification and territorialization 80 Mattias Borg Rasmussen and Christian Lund 11 Labour 91 Jonathan Pattenden 12 Labor and social reproduction 99 Smriti Rao 13 Peasants 109 Jan Douwe van der Ploeg 14 Gender 120 Avanti Mukherjee 15 Gender, nature, body 131 Andrea J. Nightingale and Wendy Harcourt 16 Kinship 139 Pauline E. Peters 17 Generation 150 Ben White 18 Intersectionality 157 Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Markus Ihalainen and Bimbika Sijapati Basnett 19 Merchant and usurer’s capital 165 John Harriss 20 Agricultural markets 171 Muhammad Ali Jan and Barbara Harriss-White 21 Financialization 178 Jennifer Clapp and S. Ryan Isakson 22 Agrarian law 187 Sergio Coronado 23 Territoriality 197 Annie Shattuck and Nancy Lee Peluso 24 Agrarian/land reform 205 Ben Cousins 25 Food regimes 218 Philip McMichael 26 Crisis 232 Robert Chernomas, Ian Hudson and A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi 27 Food sovereignty, food security and the right to food 238 Priscilla Claeys, Annette Aurélie Desmarais and Jasber Singh PART III METHODOLOGIES 28 Qualitative research 251 Elisa Greco 29 Quantitative analysis 258 J. Paul Dunne 30 Geographical research 266 Oliver Pye 31 Questions and answers 272 A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi PART IV REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES 32 The agrarian question in Africa: Past, present and future 279 Samir Amin 33 Social movements in times of extractivism: The ecoterritorial turn in Latin America 285 Maristella Svampa 34 Agrarian change in China: Historical origins and competing perspectives 296 Qian Forrest Zhang 35 Beyond confrontation: Silent growers, symbiosis and subtle peasantness in post-socialist Eurasia 305 Oane Visser, Brian Kuns and Petr Jehlička 36 BRICS and global agrarian transformations 316 Gustavo de L.T. Oliveira and Ben M. McKay 37 Neoliberalism and the crisis in India’s countryside 324 Prabhat Patnaik 38 Crises of capitalism in the countryside: Debates from the South 334 Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros PART V DEBATES 39 Land grabs 346 Ariane Goetz 40 Water for agriculture 357 Larry A. Swatuk 41 Biofuels 366 Carol Hunsberger 42 Industrial fisheries and oceanic accumulation 374 Elizabeth Havice and Liam Campling 43 Forests and current transitions 387 Markus Kröger 44 Artisanal and small-scale mining 401 Boris Verbrugge and Robin Thiers 45 Footloose labour 410 John Harriss 46 Contract farming 416 Helena Pérez Niño and Carlos Oya 47 Biotechnology 427 Matthew A. Schnurr and Lincoln Addison 48 Agroecology 438 Nils McCune and Peter Rosset 49 Identities and culture in the rural world 453 Nicholas Copeland 50 Everyday politics in agrarian societies 463 Benedict J. Tria Kerkvliet 51 The state and rural politics 469 Leandro Vergara-Camus 52 Experts, land regimes and the politics of mapping 480 Facundo Martín 53 Rural social movements/transnational agrarian movements 491 Giuliano Martiniello 54 Industrial agriculture and agrarian extractivism 503 Ben M. McKay and Henry Veltmeyer 55 Rural dispossession and capital accumulation 515 Derek Hall 56 Ecological crises in the rural world 525 Marcus Taylor 57 Microfinance and rural financial inclusion 536 Marcus Taylor 58 Rural indebtedness 547 Julien-François Gerber 59 The neoliberal diet 556 Gerardo Otero 60 Meatification 561 Tony Weis 61 Digital agriculture 568 Kristina Dietz and Franza Drechsel 62 COVID-19 581 A. Haroon Akram-Lodhi PART VI TRAJECTORIES 63 The interface of critical development studies and critical agrarian studies 594 Henry Veltmeyer 64 Political ecology 601 Kristina Dietz 65 Pluriloguing postcolonial studies and critical agrarian studies 610 Johanna Leinius 66 Agrarian justice: Land, human rights and democratization 620 Jennifer C. Franco and Sofía Monsalve Suárez 67 Strategic linkages between STS and critical agrarian studies 630 Ryan Nehring 68 The Capitalocene response to the Anthropocene 636 Kees Jansen and Joost Jongerden 69 Degrowth in agrarian and fisheries studies 647 Arnim Scheidel, Irmak Ertör and Federico Demaria 70 Reconfiguring the intersection between urban food movements and agrarian struggles: Building an urban political agroecology praxis 656 Chiara Tornaghi and Severin Halder 71 Radical transformation: Creating alternatives to capitalism in the countryside 666 Kristina Dietz and Bettina Engels 72 Feasible utopias 676 Ray Bush Index 689

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Book SynopsisVIBROACOUSTIC SIMULATION Learn to master the full range of vibroacoustic simulation using both SEA and hybrid FEM/SEA methods Vibroacoustic simulation is the discipline of modelling and predicting the acoustic waves and vibration of particular objects, systems, or structures. This is done through finite element methods (FEM) or statistical energy analysis (SEA) to cover the full frequency range. In the mid-frequency range, both methods must be combined into a hybrid FEM/SEA approach. By doing so, engineers can model full frequency vibroacoustic simulations in complex technical systems used in aircraft, trains, cars, ships, and satellites. Indeed, hybrid approaches are increasingly used in the automotive, aerospace, and rail industries. Previously covered primarily in scientific journals, Vibroacoustic Simulation provides a practical approach that helps readers master the full frequency range of vibroacoustic simulation. Through a systematic approach, the Table of ContentsPreface xv Acknowledgments xix Acronyms xxi 1 Linear Systems, Random Process and Signals 1 1.1 The Damped Harmonic Oscillator 1 1.2 Forced Harmonic Oscillator 5 1.3 Two Degrees of Freedom Systems (2DOF) 15 1.4 Multiple Degrees of Freedom Systems MDOF 20 1.5 Random Process 27 1.6 Systems 34 1.7 Multiple-input--multiple-output Systems 37 2 Waves in Fluids 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Wave Equation for Fluids 43 2.3 Solutions of the Wave Equation 48 2.4 Fundamental Acoustic Sources 53 2.5 Reflection of Plane Waves 59 2.6 Reflection and Transmission of Plane Waves 60 2.7 Inhomogeneous Wave Equation 62 2.8 Units, Measures, and levels 72 3 Wave Propagation in Structures 75 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Basic Equations and Definitions 76 3.3 Wave Equation 83 3.4 Waves in Infinite Solids 87 3.5 Beams 88 3.6 Membranes 99 3.7 Plates 101 3.8 Propagation of Energy in Dispersive Waves 115 3.9 Findings 116 4 Fluid Systems 119 4.1 One-dimensional Systems 119 4.2 Three-dimensional Systems 128 4.3 Numerical Solutions 139 4.4 Reciprocity 142 5 Structure Systems 145 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 One-dimensional Systems 146 5.3 Two-dimensional Systems 151 5.4 Reciprocity 155 5.5 Numerical Solutions 156 6 Random Description of Systems 159 6.1 Diffuse Wave Field 160 6.2 Ensemble Averaging of Deterministic Systems 169 6.3 One-Dimensional Systems 169 6.4 Two-Dimensional Systems 178 6.5 Three-Dimensional Systems -- Cavities 182 6.6 Surface Load of Diffuse Acoustic Fields 188 6.7 Mode Wave Duality 189 6.8 SEA System Description 192 7 Coupled Systems 201 7.1 Deterministic Subsystems and their Degrees of Freedom 202 7.2 Coupling Deterministic Systems 202 7.3 Coupling Random Systems 206 7.4 Hybrid FEM/SEA Method 213 7.5 Hybrid Modelling in Modal Coordinates 220 8 Coupling Loss Factors 223 8.1 Transmission Coefficients and Coupling Loss Factors 224 8.2 Radiation Stiffness and Coupling Loss Factors 227 9 Deterministic Applications 271 9.1 Acoustic One-Dimensional Elements 271 9.2 Coupled One-Dimensional Systems 286 9.3 Infinite Layers 296 9.4 Acoustic Absorber 302 9.5 Acoustic Wall Constructions 308 10 Application of Random systems 319 10.1 Frequency Bands for SEA Simulation 319 10.2 Fluid Systems 320 10.3 Algorithms of SEA 323 10.4 Coupled Plate Systems 324 10.5 Fluid-Structure Coupled Systems 327 11 Hybrid Systems 343 11.1 Hybrid SEA Matrix 343 11.2 Twin Chamber 343 11.3 Trim in Hybrid Theory 350 12 Industrial Cases 359 12.1 Simulation Strategy 359 12.2 Aircraft 361 12.3 Automotive 372 12.4 Trains 380 12.5 Summary 394 13 Conclusions and Outlook 399 13.1 Conclusions 399 13.2 What Comes Next? 399 13.3 Experimental Methods 399 13.4 Further Reading on Simulation 404 13.5 Energy Flow Method and Influence Coefficient 404 13.6 Vibroacoustics Simulation Software 406 A Basic Mathematics 411 A.1 Fourier Analysis 411 A.2 Discrete Signal Analysis 418 A.3 Coordinate Transformation of Discrete Equation of Motion 423 Bibliography 424 B Specific Solutions 425 B.1 Second Moments of Area 425 B.2 Wave Transmission 426 B.3 Conversion Formulas of Transfer Matrix 436 Bibliography 437 C Symbols 439 Index 445

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Book SynopsisThis book provides a comprehensive overview of the essential role of trees and forests in cities and examines the creative approaches cities around the world are taking to protect trees and expand their urban forests.Moving beyond the view that trees are luxuries and therefore non-essential to the life of a city, the book examines urban tree policies and approaches that foster tree protection, including tree codes and bylaws, and calls for greater community engagement to preserve this important facet of urban life. Through an international range of examples and case studies, featuring cities in the United States, Canada, Singapore, the Netherlands, Australia, France, New Zealand, Mexico, Sierra Leone, and the United Kingdom. The book offers best practice examples where trees have been further integrated into the fabric of urban planning and design, including forested towers, interior rainforests, tiny urban forests, and metropolitan forests.Written by a leading authoriTable of ContentsList of figuresList of tablesAcknowledgmentsPreface: Raised in an Urban ForestChapter 1: Why Are Trees So Important in Cities?: Urban Life Under a Sheltered CanopyChapter 2: Tree City Visions and AspirationsChapter 3: Tree Codes and Regulating TreesChapter 4: Managing the Urban ForestChapter 5: Forest Architecture and DesignChapter 6: Tree Equity: Towards a Just Urban CanopyChapter 7: It Takes a Wooded VillageChapter 8: Trees Not CarsChapter 9: New Ideas for Urban Tree ConservationChapter 10: Conclusions: The Future of Canopy CitiesBibliographyIndex

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Book SynopsisAn unparalleled how-to guide to citizen-sensing practices that monitor air pollution Modern environments are awash with pollutants churning through the air, from toxic gases and intensifying carbon to carcinogenic particles and novel viruses. The effects on our bodies and our planet are perilous. Citizens of Worlds is the first thorough study of the increasingly widespread use of digital technologies to monitor and respond to air pollution. It presents practice-based research on working with communities and making sensor toolkits to detect pollution while examining the political subjects, relations, and worlds these technologies generate. Drawing on data from the Citizen Sense research group, which worked with communities in the United States and the United Kingdom to develop digital-sensor toolkits, Jennifer Gabrys argues that citizen-oriented technologies promise positive change but then collide with entrenched and inequitable power structures. She asks: Who or what constitutes a “citizen” in citizen sensing? How do digital sensing technologies enable or constrain environmental citizenship? Spanning three project areas, this study describes collaborations to monitor air pollution from fracking infrastructure, to document emissions in urban environments, and to create air-quality gardens. As these projects show, how people respond to, care for, and struggle to transform environmental conditions informs the political subjects and collectives they become as they strive for more breathable worlds.Trade Review"The planet, the region, the community, the neighborhood, the block—these are all sensoria: sites of sense, sensation, and sensibility. Citizens of Worlds offers a powerful and instructive report on how to create everyday sensor infrastructures to register and combat the damage these social sensoria are suffering amidst today’s compromised atmospheres and environments. A critical handbook for theory and action."—Stefan Helmreich, Massachusetts Institute of Technology"In this timely and carefully crafted book, Jennifer Gabrys takes us on a fascinating journey to trace the multiple relations between citizens and their environments mediated though sensors. Throughout the book we encounter diverse sensing technologies, each making us reflect more deeply about how environments are made perceptible and how this allows us to act upon them in novel ways. The concept of ‘citizens of worlds’ sensitizes us to the multiple ways in which these novel experiences of the environment co-constitute political subjects. A mind-opening read inviting further explorations."—Ulrike Felt, University of Vienna

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Book SynopsisTable of Contents1. Basic Concepts 2. Surface Waters 3. The Subsurface Environment 4. The Atmosphere Appendix A. Dimensions and Units for Environmental Quantities B. Models for Chemical Equilibrium, Surface Waters, Groundwater, the Atmosphere, and Global Climate

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Book SynopsisA glorious full colour celebration of the golden days of classic jetliners at London’s second airport

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Book SynopsisWhat the f*ck is 5G, and how does it even work?The world loves 4G phones, tablets and other gizmos and we take the tech for granted...but when that 4 grew up into the next-gen 5, it seems everyone perked up and started caring about phone networking tech. Journalists journaled, politicians, er, politicked, and tin-foil hat wearers reached for the extra-thick reinforced foil. Why all this fuss? Believe it or not, 5G could change the way you live. Because though it seems like smartphones are only good for tiktok and texting, 5G has the power to revolutionise how we interact with public spaces - from concerts and gigs to coffee shops, paving the way for foundational tech like virtual and augmented reality. This book will explain this missing radio link that will propel us into the future of self-driving cars and VR. Oh, and along the way we'll explore why 5G and coronavirus are very definitely and completely, utterly, not the same thing

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Book SynopsisTable of ContentsPreface to the Second Edition ix Preface to First Edition xi About the Companion Website xiii 1 What is Density Functional Theory? 1 1.1 How to Approach This Book 1 1.2 Examples of DFT in Action 2 1.2.1 Ammonia Synthesis by Heterogeneous Catalysis 2 1.2.2 Embrittlement of Metals by Trace Impurities 3 1.2.3 Materials Properties for Modeling Planetary Formation 4 1.2.4 Screening Large Collections of Materials to Develop Photoanodes 5 1.3 The Schrödinger Equation 7 1.4 Density Functional Theory – From Wavefunctions to Electron Density 9 1.5 The Exchange-Correlation Functional 12 1.6 The Quantum Chemistry Tourist 13 1.6.1 Localized and Spatially Extended Functions 13 1.6.2 Wavefunction-Based Methods 15 1.6.3 The Hartree–Fock Method 15 1.6.4 Beyond Hartree–Fock 18 1.7 What Can DFT Not Do? 22 1.8 Density Functional Theory in Other Fields 23 1.9 How to Approach This Book (Revisited) 24 1.10 Which Code Should I Use? 25 Further Reading 26 References 27 2 DFT Calculations for Simple Solids 29 2.1 Periodic Structures, Supercells, and Lattice Parameters 29 2.2 Face-Centered Cubic Materials 31 2.3 Hexagonal Close-Packed Materials 32 2.4 Crystal Structure Prediction 35 2.5 Phase Transformations 35 Exercises 37 Further Reading 37 Appendix – Calculation Details 38 Reference 38 3 Nuts and Bolts of DFT Calculations 39 3.1 Reciprocal Space and k-Points 40 3.1.1 Plane Waves and the Brillouin Zone 40 3.1.2 Integrals in k-Space 42 3.1.3 Choosing k-Points in the Brillouin Zone 43 3.1.4 Metals – Special Cases in k-Space 47 3.1.5 Summary of k-Space 48 3.2 Energy Cutoffs 49 3.2.1 Pseudopotentials 50 3.3 Numerical Optimization 51 3.3.1 Optimization in One Dimension 52 3.3.2 Optimization in More Than One Dimension 54 3.3.3 What Do I Really Need to Know About Optimization? 57 3.4 DFT Total Energies – An Iterative Optimization Problem 58 3.5 Geometry Optimization 59 3.5.1 Internal Degrees of Freedom 59 3.5.2 Geometry Optimization with Constrained Atoms 61 3.5.3 Optimizing Supercell Volume and Shape 61 Exercises 62 Further Reading 63 Appendix – Calculation Details 64 References 64 4 Accuracy of DFT Calculations 65 4.1 How Accurate are DFT Calculations? 65 4.2 Choosing a Functional 69 4.3 Examples of Physical Accuracy 73 4.3.1 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Energy and Geometry 74 4.3.2 Benchmark Calculations for Molecular Systems – Vibrational Frequencies 75 4.3.3 Crystal Structures and Cohesive Energies 75 4.3.4 Adsorption Energies and Bond Strengths 76 4.4 When Might DFT Fail? 77 Exercises 78 Further Reading 79 References 79 5 DFT Calculations for Surfaces of Solids 81 5.1 Why Surfaces are Important 81 5.2 Periodic Boundary Conditions and Slab Models 82 5.3 Choosing k-Points for Surface Calculations 85 5.4 Classification of Surfaces by Miller Indices 85 5.5 Surface Relaxation 88 5.6 Calculation of Surface Energies 91 5.7 Symmetric and Asymmetric Slab Models 92 5.8 Surface Reconstruction 93 5.9 Adsorbates on Surfaces 95 5.9.1 Accuracy of Adsorption Energies 98 5.10 Effects of Surface Coverage 99 5.11 DFT Calculations for Grain Boundaries 101 Exercises 102 Further Reading 103 Appendix – Calculation Details 104 References 105 6 DFT Calculations of Vibrational Frequencies 107 6.1 Isolated Molecules 107 6.2 Vibrations of a Collection of Atoms 110 6.3 Molecules on Surfaces 112 6.4 Zero-Point Energies 114 6.5 Reaction Energies at Finite Temperatures 118 6.6 Phonons and Delocalized Modes 119 Exercises 120 Further Reading 120 Appendix – Calculation Details 121 Reference 122 7 Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory 123 7.1 One-Dimensional Example 124 7.2 Multidimensional Transition State Theory 128 7.3 Finding Transition States 131 7.3.1 Elastic Band Method 132 7.3.2 Nudged Elastic Band Method 134 7.3.3 Initializing NEB Calculations 135 7.4 Finding the Right Transition States 137 7.5 Connecting Individual Rates to Overall Dynamics 139 7.6 Quantum Effects and Other Complications 141 7.6.1 High Temperatures/Low Barriers 142 7.6.2 Quantum Tunneling 142 7.6.3 Zero-Point Energies 142 Exercises 143 Further Reading 144 Appendix – Calculation Details 145 Reference 146 8 Predicting Equilibrium Phase Diagrams and Electrochemistry Using Open Ensemble Methods 147 8.1 Stability of Bulk Metal Oxides 148 8.1.1 Examples Including Disorder – Configurational Entropy 152 8.2 Stability of Metal and Metal Oxide Surfaces 154 8.3 DFT for Electrochemistry: The Computational Hydrogen Electrode 156 8.4 Using DFT to Predict Dissolution of Solids in Electrochemical Environments 159 Exercises 161 Further Reading 162 Appendix – Calculation Details 163 References 163 9 Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties 165 9.1 Electronic Density of States 165 9.2 Local DOS and Atomic Charges 170 9.3 Magnetism 172 Exercises 174 Further Reading 174 Appendix – Calculation Details 175 10 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 177 10.1.1 Molecular Dynamics with Constant Energy 177 10.1.2 Molecular Dynamics in the Canonical Ensemble 179 10.1.3 Practical Aspects of Classical Molecular Dynamics 180 10.2 Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics 180 10.3 Applications of Ab Initio MD 182 10.3.1 Exploring Structurally Complex Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Phases 182 10.3.2 Exploring Complex Energy Surfaces 183 Exercises 186 Further Reading 186 Appendix – Calculation Details 188 References 188 11 Methods Beyond “Standard” Calculations 189 11.1 Estimating Uncertainties in DFT 189 11.2 DFT+X Methods for Improved Treatment of Electron Correlation 191 11.2.1 Dispersion Interactions and DFT-D 191 11.2.2 Self-Interaction Error, Strongly Correlated Electron Systems and DFT+U 192 11.3 Random Phase Approximation 194 11.4 TD-DFT 196 11.5 Larger System Sizes with Linear Scaling Methods and Classical Forcefields 197 11.6 Conclusion 197 Further Reading 198 References 199 Index 201

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Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to one of the most versatile and fascinating naturally occurring substances: Phenomenon of Lecithin – Science, Technology and Applications. The outstanding and versatile properties of phospholipids have been examined and described time and again in recent decades by many scientists. An update to the scientific basis is now necessary on account of the growing importance of lecithin. The publishing team centred around Waldemar Buxmann, Head of Technical Department at Sternchemie in Hamburg, has succeeded in engaging 24 notable international scientists and experts from eight countries for the book. Lecithins are mixtures of polar lipids (phospholipids) and are natural components of the cell membrane of animal and plant organisms, where they perform essential functions. The amphiphilic structure of the phospholipids gives them their unique emulsifying and dispersing properties. Besides the widespread plant-derived lecithins from soya beans, sunflower and rapeseed, lecithins from animal sources such as eggs, milk and marine life are on the rise. Their wide-ranging uses in food, animal feed, dietary supplements, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and in the technology industry are unique. The printed work has 550 pages and is a comprehensive and up-to-date reference book for chemists, biologists, technologists, pharmacists and purchasers of lecithin. It is the result of many years of work and has been constantly updated. In addition to the fascinating 170-year history of lecithin, the global production and processing quantities in a wide range of industries are also explored for the first time. The theoretical principles – the chemical, physiological and physical properties of phospholipids – form the basis for the understanding of the book. The practical section examines the origins, production, processing and modification of lecithin as well as quality control, which is a very important part of the production process. The subsequent descriptions of the numerous applications for lecithin make up the core of the book. The authors are confident that the deeper insight into this incomparable substance will inspire young scientists and chemists to conduct further intensive research into phospholipids. Table of Contents1. Lecithin: Past - Present - Future2. Theoretical Principles3.Origin and Production of Lecithin4. Modification and Fractionation of Lecithin5. Quality Control and Legal Principles of Lecithin6. Application of Lecithin in Food7. Lecithin in the Feed Industry8. Other Fields of Application of LecithinAbout the editorsList of ContributersAbbreviationsIndex

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Book SynopsisPractical Construction Accounting and Financial Management provides instructions, training, exercises, and examples of the fundamentals that successful construction contractors must master: the ability to capture, summarize, analyze, and forecast operation data to be better informed when making project and business decisions. Typically, a project manager is not involved with data entry but is a source of data collection. Often the project manager's lack of understanding of accounting systems creates a situation where the project manager's role in the data retrieval and entry is compromised. This compromise results in poor decisions being made by the project and company managers due to inaccurate and untimely data. This book provides current and future construction professionals with an awareness of fundamental accounting concepts and financial principles to successfully manage the finances of construction companies, including accurately pricing projects based on actual overhead and profit recovery needs, successfully controlling the cost to operate a construction company through the comparison between company budgets and actual financial statements, and proactively forecasting cash needs before falling into a potential cash trap that could force the company into bankruptcy.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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Book SynopsisThis book covers the materials needed to make ceramic burners and explains how to silver solder them. It discusses LPG and holding tanks, as well as connecting pipework and electronic and mechanical automatic gas-control systems to monitor the boiler pressure. In addition, there is advice on how to set up, install and operate each burner to provide optimum heating to the boiler. A summary of the Boiler Test Code Volume 3 that applies to home-made gas tanks is included, together with a list of useful suppliers with their contact details. This book provides all the information you need to build and operate: three burners, with one variant, for boilers with 42mm, 35mm and 28mm horizontal flues; two round burners for vertical boilers with fire boxes; two different sizes of rectangular burner, with one variant, for use in horizontal water-tube or pot boilers and finally, one small round and one tiny oblong burner for use in Mamod and Wilesco boilers. The burners described are straightforward to make and simple to use to heat the water in boilers that meet the 3 bar litre limit in the UK Boiler Test Code.Trade ReviewThis is an extremely useful book, absolutely full of detail, photographs and drawings. * Model Engineer *

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Book SynopsisThe revised and updated new edition of the popular optimization book for engineers The thoroughly revised and updated fifth edition ofEngineering Optimization: Theory and Practiceoffers engineers a guide to the important optimization methods that are commonly used in a wide range of industries. The authora noted expert on the topicpresents both the classical and most recent optimizations approaches. The book introduces the basic methods and includes information on more advanced principles and applications. The fifth edition presents four new chapters: Solution of Optimization Problems Using MATLAB; Metaheuristic Optimization Methods; Multi-Objective Optimization Methods; and Practical Implementation of Optimization. All of the book''s topics are designed to be self-contained units with the concepts described in detail with derivations presented. The author puts the emphasis on computational aspects of optimization and includes design examples and problemsTable of ContentsPreface xvii Acknowledgment xxi About the Author xxiii 1 Introduction to Optimization 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Historical Development 3 1.2.1 Modern Methods of Optimization 4 1.3 Engineering Applications of Optimization 5 1.4 Statement of an Optimization Problem 6 1.4.1 Design Vector 6 1.4.2 Design Constraints 7 1.4.3 Constraint Surface 7 1.4.4 Objective Function 8 1.4.5 Objective Function Surfaces 9 1.5 Classification of Optimization Problems 14 1.5.1 Classification Based on the Existence of Constraints 14 1.5.2 Classification Based on the Nature of the Design Variables 14 1.5.3 Classification Based on the Physical Structure of the Problem 15 1.5.4 Classification Based on the Nature of the Equations Involved 18 1.5.5 Classification Based on the Permissible Values of the Design Variables 27 1.5.6 Classification Based on the Deterministic Nature of the Variables 28 1.5.7 Classification Based on the Separability of the Functions 29 1.5.8 Classification Based on the Number of Objective Functions 31 1.6 Optimization Techniques 33 1.7 Engineering Optimization Literature 34 1.8 Solutions Using MATLAB 34 References and Bibliography 34 Review Questions 40 Problems 41 2 Classical Optimization Techniques 57 2.1 Introduction 57 2.2 Single-Variable Optimization 57 2.3 Multivariable Optimization with no Constraints 62 2.3.1 Definition: rth Differential of f 62 2.3.2 Semidefinite Case 67 2.3.3 Saddle Point 67 2.4 Multivariable Optimization with Equality Constraints 69 2.4.1 Solution by Direct Substitution 69 2.4.2 Solution by the Method of Constrained Variation 71 2.4.3 Solution by the Method of Lagrange Multipliers 77 2.5 Multivariable Optimization with Inequality Constraints 85 2.5.1 Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 90 2.5.2 Constraint Qualification 90 2.6 Convex Programming Problem 96 References and Bibliography 96 Review Questions 97 Problems 98 3 Linear Programming I: Simplex Method 109 3.1 Introduction 109 3.2 Applications of Linear Programming 110 3.3 Standard form of a Linear Programming Problem 112 3.3.1 Scalar Form 112 3.3.2 Matrix Form 112 3.4 Geometry of Linear Programming Problems 114 3.5 Definitions and Theorems 117 3.5.1 Definitions 117 3.5.2 Theorems 120 3.6 Solution of a System of Linear Simultaneous Equations 122 3.7 Pivotal Reduction of a General System of Equations 123 3.8 Motivation of the Simplex Method 127 3.9 Simplex Algorithm 128 3.9.1 Identifying an Optimal Point 128 3.9.2 Improving a Nonoptimal Basic Feasible Solution 129 3.10 Two Phases of the Simplex Method 137 3.11 Solutions Using MATLAB 143 References and Bibliography 143 Review Questions 143 Problems 145 4 Linear Programming II: Additional Topics and Extensions 159 4.1 Introduction 159 4.2 Revised Simplex Method 159 4.3 Duality in Linear Programming 173 4.3.1 Symmetric Primal–Dual Relations 173 4.3.2 General Primal–Dual Relations 174 4.3.3 Primal–Dual Relations when the Primal Is in Standard Form 175 4.3.4 Duality Theorems 176 4.3.5 Dual Simplex Method 176 4.4 Decomposition Principle 180 4.5 Sensitivity or Postoptimality Analysis 187 4.5.1 Changes in the Right-Hand-Side Constants bi 188 4.5.2 Changes in the Cost Coefficients cj 192 4.5.3 Addition of New Variables 194 4.5.4 Changes in the Constraint Coefficients aij 195 4.5.5 Addition of Constraints 197 4.6 Transportation Problem 199 4.7 Karmarkar’s Interior Method 202 4.7.1 Statement of the Problem 203 4.7.2 Conversion of an LP Problem into the Required Form 203 4.7.3 Algorithm 205 4.8 Quadratic Programming 208 4.9 Solutions Using Matlab 214 References and Bibliography 214 Review Questions 215 Problems 216 5 Nonlinear Programming I: One-Dimensional Minimization Methods 225 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 Unimodal Function 230 Elimination Methods 231 5.3 Unrestricted Search 231 5.3.1 Search with Fixed Step Size 231 5.3.2 Search with Accelerated Step Size 232 5.4 Exhaustive Search 232 5.5 Dichotomous Search 234 5.6 Interval Halving Method 236 5.7 Fibonacci Method 238 5.8 Golden Section Method 243 5.9 Comparison of Elimination Methods 246 Interpolation Methods 247 5.10 Quadratic Interpolation Method 248 5.11 Cubic Interpolation Method 253 5.12 Direct Root Methods 259 5.12.1 Newton Method 259 5.12.2 Quasi-Newton Method 261 5.12.3 Secant Method 263 5.13 Practical Considerations 265 5.13.1 How to Make the Methods Efficient and More Reliable 265 5.13.2 Implementation in Multivariable Optimization Problems 266 5.13.3 Comparison of Methods 266 5.14 Solutions Using MATLAB 267 References and Bibliography 267 Review Questions 267 Problems 268 6 Nonlinear Programming II: Unconstrained Optimization Techniques 273 6.1 Introduction 273 6.1.1 Classification of Unconstrained Minimization Methods 276 6.1.2 General Approach 276 6.1.3 Rate of Convergence 276 6.1.4 Scaling of Design Variables 277 Direct Search Methods 280 6.2 Random Search Methods 280 6.2.1 Random Jumping Method 280 6.2.2 Random Walk Method 282 6.2.3 Random Walk Method with Direction Exploitation 283 6.2.4 Advantages of Random Search Methods 284 6.3 Grid Search Method 285 6.4 Univariate Method 285 6.5 Pattern Directions 288 6.6 Powell’s Method 289 6.6.1 Conjugate Directions 289 6.6.2 Algorithm 293 6.7 Simplex Method 298 6.7.1 Reflection 298 6.7.2 Expansion 301 6.7.3 Contraction 301 Indirect Search (Descent) Methods 304 6.8 Gradient of a Function 304 6.8.1 Evaluation of the Gradient 306 6.8.2 Rate of Change of a Function Along a Direction 307 6.9 Steepest Descent (Cauchy) Method 308 6.10 Conjugate Gradient (Fletcher–Reeves) Method 310 6.10.1 Development of the Fletcher–Reeves Method 310 6.10.2 Fletcher–Reeves Method 311 6.11 Newton’s Method 313 6.12 Marquardt Method 316 6.13 Quasi-Newton Methods 317 6.13.1 Computation of [Bi] 318 6.13.2 Rank 1 Updates 319 6.13.3 Rank 2 Updates 320 6.14 Davidon–Fletcher–Powell Method 321 6.15 Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno Method 327 6.16 Test Functions 330 6.17 Solutions Using Matlab 332 References and Bibliography 333 Review Questions 334 Problems 336 7 Nonlinear Programming III: Constrained Optimization Techniques 347 7.1 Introduction 347 7.2 Characteristics of a Constrained Problem 347 Direct Methods 350 7.3 Random Search Methods 350 7.4 Complex Method 351 7.5 Sequential Linear Programming 353 7.6 Basic Approach in the Methods of Feasible Directions 360 7.7 Zoutendijk’s Method of Feasible Directions 360 7.7.1 Direction-Finding Problem 362 7.7.2 Determination of Step Length 364 7.7.3 Termination Criteria 367 7.8 Rosen’s Gradient Projection Method 369 7.8.1 Determination of Step Length 372 7.9 Generalized Reduced Gradient Method 377 7.10 Sequential Quadratic Programming 386 7.10.1 Derivation 386 7.10.2 Solution Procedure 389 Indirect Methods 392 7.11 Transformation Techniques 392 7.12 Basic Approach of the Penalty Function Method 394 7.13 Interior Penalty Function Method 396 7.14 Convex Programming Problem 405 7.15 Exterior Penalty Function Method 406 7.16 Extrapolation Techniques in the Interior Penalty Function Method 410 7.16.1 Extrapolation of the Design Vector X 410 7.16.2 Extrapolation of the Function f 412 7.17 Extended Interior Penalty Function Methods 414 7.17.1 Linear Extended Penalty Function Method 414 7.17.2 Quadratic Extended Penalty Function Method 415 7.18 Penalty Function Method for Problems with Mixed Equality and Inequality Constraints 416 7.18.1 Interior Penalty Function Method 416 7.18.2 Exterior Penalty Function Method 418 7.19 Penalty Function Method for Parametric Constraints 418 7.19.1 Parametric Constraint 418 7.19.2 Handling Parametric Constraints 420 7.20 Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Method 422 7.20.1 Equality-Constrained Problems 422 7.20.2 Inequality-Constrained Problems 423 7.20.3 Mixed Equality–Inequality-Constrained Problems 425 7.21 Checking the Convergence of Constrained Optimization Problems 426 7.21.1 Perturbing the Design Vector 427 7.21.2 Testing the Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 427 7.22 Test Problems 428 7.22.1 Design of a Three-Bar Truss 429 7.22.2 Design of a Twenty-Five-Bar Space Truss 430 7.22.3 Welded Beam Design 431 7.22.4 Speed Reducer (Gear Train) Design 433 7.22.5 Heat Exchanger Design [7.42] 435 7.23 Solutions Using MATLAB 435 References and Bibliography 435 Review Questions 437 Problems 439 8 Geometric Programming 449 8.1 Introduction 449 8.2 Posynomial 449 8.3 Unconstrained Minimization Problem 450 8.4 Solution of an Unconstrained Geometric Programming Program using Differential Calculus 450 8.4.1 Degree of Difficulty 453 8.4.2 Sufficiency Condition 453 8.4.3 Finding the Optimal Values of Design Variables 453 8.5 Solution of an Unconstrained Geometric Programming Problem Using Arithmetic–Geometric Inequality 457 8.6 Primal–dual Relationship and Sufficiency Conditions in the Unconstrained Case 458 8.6.1 Primal and Dual Problems 461 8.6.2 Computational Procedure 461 8.7 Constrained Minimization 464 8.8 Solution of a Constrained Geometric Programming Problem 465 8.8.1 Optimum Design Variables 466 8.9 Primal and Dual Programs in the Case of Less-than Inequalities 466 8.10 Geometric Programming with Mixed Inequality Constraints 473 8.11 Complementary Geometric Programming 475 8.11.1 Solution Procedure 477 8.11.2 Degree of Difficulty 478 8.12 Applications of Geometric Programming 480 References and Bibliography 491 Review Questions 493 Problems 493 9 Dynamic Programming 497 9.1 Introduction 497 9.2 Multistage Decision Processes 498 9.2.1 Definition and Examples 498 9.2.2 Representation of a Multistage Decision Process 499 9.2.3 Conversion of a Nonserial System to a Serial System 500 9.2.4 Types of Multistage Decision Problems 501 9.3 Concept of Suboptimization and Principle of Optimality 501 9.4 Computational Procedure in Dynamic Programming 505 9.5 Example Illustrating the Calculus Method of Solution 507 9.6 Example Illustrating the Tabular Method of Solution 512 9.6.1 Suboptimization of Stage 1 (Component 1) 514 9.6.2 Suboptimization of Stages 2 and 1 (Components 2 and 1) 514 9.6.3 Suboptimization of Stages 3, 2, and 1 (Components 3, 2, and 1) 515 9.7 Conversion of a Final Value Problem into an Initial Value Problem 517 9.8 Linear Programming as a Case of Dynamic Programming 519 9.9 Continuous Dynamic Programming 523 9.10 Additional Applications 526 9.10.1 Design of Continuous Beams 526 9.10.2 Optimal Layout (Geometry) of a Truss 527 9.10.3 Optimal Design of a Gear Train 528 9.10.4 Design of a Minimum-Cost Drainage System 529 References and Bibliography 530 Review Questions 531 Problems 532 10 Integer Programming 537 10.1 Introduction 537 Integer Linear Programming 538 10.2 Graphical Representation 538 10.3 Gomory’s Cutting Plane Method 540 10.3.1 Concept of a Cutting Plane 540 10.3.2 Gomory’s Method for All-Integer Programming Problems 541 10.3.3 Gomory’s Method for Mixed-Integer Programming Problems 547 10.4 Balas’ Algorithm for Zero–One Programming Problems 551 Integer Nonlinear Programming 553 10.5 Integer Polynomial Programming 553 10.5.1 Representation of an Integer Variable by an Equivalent System of Binary Variables 553 10.5.2 Conversion of a Zero–One Polynomial Programming Problem into a Zero–One LP Problem 555 10.6 Branch-and-Bound Method 556 10.7 Sequential Linear Discrete Programming 561 10.8 Generalized Penalty Function Method 564 10.9 Solutions Using MATLAB 569 References and Bibliography 569 Review Questions 570 Problems 571 11 Stochastic Programming 575 11.1 Introduction 575 11.2 Basic Concepts of Probability Theory 575 11.2.1 Definition of Probability 575 11.2.2 Random Variables and Probability Density Functions 576 11.2.3 Mean and Standard Deviation 578 11.2.4 Function of a Random Variable 580 11.2.5 Jointly Distributed Random Variables 581 11.2.6 Covariance and Correlation 583 11.2.7 Functions of Several Random Variables 583 11.2.8 Probability Distributions 585 11.2.9 Central Limit Theorem 589 11.3 Stochastic Linear Programming 589 11.4 Stochastic Nonlinear Programming 594 11.4.1 Objective Function 594 11.4.2 Constraints 595 11.5 Stochastic Geometric Programming 600 References and Bibliography 602 Review Questions 603 Problems 604 12 Optimal Control and Optimality Criteria Methods 609 12.1 Introduction 609 12.2 Calculus of Variations 609 12.2.1 Introduction 609 12.2.2 Problem of Calculus of Variations 610 12.2.3 Lagrange Multipliers and Constraints 615 12.2.4 Generalization 618 12.3 Optimal Control Theory 619 12.3.1 Necessary Conditions for Optimal Control 619 12.3.2 Necessary Conditions for a General Problem 621 12.4 Optimality Criteria Methods 622 12.4.1 Optimality Criteria with a Single Displacement Constraint 623 12.4.2 Optimality Criteria with Multiple Displacement Constraints 624 12.4.3 Reciprocal Approximations 625 References and Bibliography 628 Review Questions 628 Problems 629 13 Modern Methods of Optimization 633 13.1 Introduction 633 13.2 Genetic Algorithms 633 13.2.1 Introduction 633 13.2.2 Representation of Design Variables 634 13.2.3 Representation of Objective Function and Constraints 635 13.2.4 Genetic Operators 636 13.2.5 Algorithm 640 13.2.6 Numerical Results 641 13.3 Simulated Annealing 641 13.3.1 Introduction 641 13.3.2 Procedure 642 13.3.3 Algorithm 643 13.3.4 Features of the Method 644 13.3.5 Numerical Results 644 13.4 Particle Swarm Optimization 647 13.4.1 Introduction 647 13.4.2 Computational Implementation of PSO 648 13.4.3 Improvement to the Particle Swarm Optimization Method 649 13.4.4 Solution of the Constrained Optimization Problem 649 13.5 Ant Colony Optimization 652 13.5.1 Basic Concept 652 13.5.2 Ant Searching Behavior 653 13.5.3 Path Retracing and Pheromone Updating 654 13.5.4 Pheromone Trail Evaporation 654 13.5.5 Algorithm 655 13.6 Optimization of Fuzzy Systems 660 13.6.1 Fuzzy Set Theory 660 13.6.2 Optimization of Fuzzy Systems 662 13.6.3 Computational Procedure 663 13.6.4 Numerical Results 664 13.7 Neural-Network-Based Optimization 665 References and Bibliography 667 Review Questions 669 Problems 671 14 Metaheuristic Optimization Methods 673 14.1 Definitions 673 14.2 Metaphors Associated with Metaheuristic Optimization Methods 673 14.3 Details of Representative Metaheuristic Algorithms 680 14.3.1 Crow Search Algorithm 680 14.3.2 Firefly Optimization Algorithm (FA) 681 14.3.3 Harmony Search Algorithm 684 14.3.4 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) 687 14.3.5 Honey Bee Swarm Optimization Algorithm 689 References and Bibliography 692 Review Questions 694 15 Practical Aspects of Optimization 697 15.1 Introduction 697 15.2 Reduction of Size of an Optimization Problem 697 15.2.1 Reduced Basis Technique 697 15.2.2 Design Variable Linking Technique 698 15.3 Fast Reanalysis Techniques 700 15.3.1 Incremental Response Approach 700 15.3.2 Basis Vector Approach 704 15.4 Derivatives of Static Displacements and Stresses 705 15.5 Derivatives of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 707 15.5.1 Derivatives of ;;i 707 15.5.2 Derivatives of Yi 708 15.6 Derivatives of Transient Response 709 15.7 Sensitivity of Optimum Solution to Problem Parameters 712 15.7.1 Sensitivity Equations Using Kuhn–Tucker Conditions 712 15.7.2 Sensitivity Equations Using the Concept of Feasible Direction 714 References and Bibliography 715 Review Questions 716 Problems 716 16 Multilevel and Multiobjective Optimization 721 16.1 Introduction 721 16.2 Multilevel Optimization 721 16.2.1 Basic Idea 721 16.2.2 Method 722 16.3 Parallel Processing 726 16.4 Multiobjective Optimization 729 16.4.1 Utility Function Method 730 16.4.2 Inverted Utility Function Method 730 16.4.3 Global Criterion Method 730 16.4.4 Bounded Objective Function Method 730 16.4.5 Lexicographic Method 731 16.4.6 Goal Programming Method 732 16.4.7 Goal Attainment Method 732 16.4.8 Game Theory Approach 733 16.5 Solutions Using MATLAB 735 References and Bibliography 735 Review Questions 736 Problems 737 17 Solution of Optimization Problems Using MATLAB 739 17.1 Introduction 739 17.2 Solution of General Nonlinear Programming Problems 740 17.3 Solution of Linear Programming Problems 742 17.4 Solution of LP Problems Using Interior Point Method 743 17.5 Solution of Quadratic Programming Problems 745 17.6 Solution of One-Dimensional Minimization Problems 746 17.7 Solution of Unconstrained Optimization Problems 746 17.8 Solution of Constrained Optimization Problems 747 17.9 Solution of Binary Programming Problems 750 17.10 Solution of Multiobjective Problems 751 References and Bibliography 755 Problems 755 A Convex and Concave Functions 761 B Some Computational Aspects of Optimization 767 B.1 Choice of Method 767 B.2 Comparison of Unconstrained Methods 767 B.3 Comparison of Constrained Methods 768 B.4 Availability of Computer Programs 769 B.5 Scaling of Design Variables and Constraints 770 B.6 Computer Programs for Modern Methods of Optimization 771 References and Bibliography 772 C Introduction to MATLAB® 773 C.1 Features and Special Characters 773 C.2 Defining Matrices in MATLAB 774 C.3 Creating m-Files 775 C.4 Optimization Toolbox 775 Answers to Selected Problems 777 Index 787

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Book Synopsis**Endorsements:�** 'Fascinating and meticulously researched.' The Spectator 'The connection between weapons and industrial design is strong at Porsche. This is the subject of an engrossing new book, Professor Porsche's Wars.' Stephen Bayley, Octane 'Ludvigsen approaches the legend from a new and surprisingly rich angle � the Professor's contributions to military ordnance, the design and production of which occupied him continuously throughout his long career. He produces a compelling tale of a prolifically talented engineer dedicated to innovation and perfection stubbornly battling against the often seemingly impossible constraints imposed upon him.' The Automobile 'Crammed with information, original photographs, illustrations and drawings, we reckon it's an essential addition to any military vehicle enthusiast's reference library.' Classic Military Vehicle Regarded as one of the great automotive engineers of the twentieth century, Ferdinand Porsche is well remembered today for his remarkable automotive designs including the Volkswagen Beetle and Auto Union Grand Prix cars. Yet there is another side to his extraordinary career, for he was an equally inventive designer of military vehicles and machinery. In this field too he excelled. Indeed the sheer versatility of his contribution is astonishing. Karl Ludvigsen's study is the definitive guide. Karl Ludvigsen tells the complete story, detailing Porsche's relations with the Third Reich and the stream of advanced designs for which he was responsible. Among them were the Kubelwagen, the Schwimmwagen, the Type 100 Leopard tank, the controversial Ferdinand tank destroyer and the colossal Type 205 'Maus' tank. He also describes Porsche's creative work on aero engines, tank engines and even his company's manufacture of the V-1 flying bomb, for which he designed a turbojet engine.

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Book SynopsisA hands-on introduction to FPGA prototyping and SoC design This is the successor edition of the popular FPGA Prototyping by Verilog Examples text. It follows the same learning-by-doing approach to teach the fundamentals and practices of HDL synthesis and FPGA prototyping. The new edition uses a coherent series of examples to demonstrate the process to develop sophisticated digital circuits and IP (intellectual property) cores, integrate them into an SoC (system on a chip) framework, realize the system on an FPGA prototyping board, and verify the hardware and software operation. The examples start with simple gate-level circuits, progress gradually through the RT (register transfer) level modules, and lead to a functional embedded system with custom I/O peripherals and hardware accelerators. Although it is an introductory text, the examples are developed in a rigorous manner, and the derivations follow the strict design guidelines and coding practices used for laTable of ContentsPreface xxvii Acknowledgments xxxiii PART I BASIC DIGITAL CIRCUITS DEVELOPMENT 1 Gate-Level Combinational Circuit 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Brief history of Verilog and SystemVerilog 1 1.1.2 Book coverage 2 1.2 General description 3 1.3 Basic lexical elements and data types 4 1.3.1 Lexical elements 4 1.3.2 Data types used in the book 5 1.3.3 Number representation 6 1.3.4 Operators 7 1.4 Program skeleton 7 1.4.1 Port declaration 7 1.4.2 Signal declaration 8 1.4.3 Program body 8 1.4.4 Concurrent semantics 9 1.4.5 Another example 10 1.5 Structural description 10 1.6 Top-level signal mapping 13 1.7 Testbench 14 1.8 Bibliographic notes 16 1.9 Suggested experiments 16 1.9.1 Code for gate-level greater-than circuit 17 1.9.2 Code for gate-level binary decoder 17 2 Overview of FPGA and EDA Software 19 2.1 FPGA 19 2.1.1 Overview of a general FPGA device 19 2.1.2 Overview of the Xilinx Artix-7 devices 20 2.2 Overview of the Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 21 2.3 Development flow 22 2.4 Xilinx Vivado Design Suite 24 2.5 Bibliographic notes 24 2.6 Suggested experiments 24 2.6.1 Gate-level greater-than circuit 24 2.6.2 Gate-level binary decoder 26 3 RT-Level Combinational Circuit 29 3.1 Operators 29 3.1.1 Arithmetic operators 31 3.1.2 Shift operators 31 3.1.3 Relational and equality operators 32 3.1.4 Bitwise, reduction, and logical operators 32 3.1.5 Concatenation and replication operators 33 3.1.6 Conditional operators 34 3.1.7 Operator precedence 35 3.1.8 Expression bit-length adjustment 35 3.1.9 Synthesis of z and x values 36 3.2 Always block for a combinational circuit 38 3.2.1 Overview of always block 39 3.2.2 Procedural assignment 40 3.2.3 Conceptual examples 40 3.3 Coding guidelines 43 3.4 If statement 43 3.4.1 Syntax 43 3.4.2 Examples 44 3.5 Case statement 45 3.5.1 Syntax 45 3.5.2 Examples 46 3.5.3 The casez and casex statements 47 3.5.4 Full case and parallel case 48 3.6 Routing structure of conditional control constructs 49 3.6.1 Priority routing network 49 3.6.2 Multiplexing network 51 3.7 Additional coding guidelines for an always block 52 3.7.1 Common errors in combinational circuit codes 52 3.7.2 Guidelines 56 3.8 Parameter and constant 56 3.8.1 Constant 56 3.8.2 Parameter 58 3.9 Replicated structure 59 3.9.1 Generate-for statement 59 3.9.2 Procedural-for statement 60 3.9.3 Example 60 3.10 Design examples 62 3.10.1 Hexadecimal digit to seven-segment LED decoder 62 3.10.2 Sign-magnitude adder 65 3.10.3 Barrel shifter 68 3.10.4 Simplified floating-point adder 69 3.11 Bibliographic notes 73 3.12 Suggested experiments 73 3.12.1 Multi-function barrel shifter 73 3.12.2 Parameterized barrel shifter 74 3.12.3 Dual-priority encoder 74 3.12.4 BCD incrementor 74 3.12.5 Floating-point greater-than circuit 74 3.12.6 Floating-point and signed integer conversion circuit 74 3.12.7 Enhanced floating-point adder 75 4 Regular Sequential Circuit 77 4.1 Introduction 77 4.1.1 D FF and register 78 4.1.2 Basic block system 78 4.1.3 Code development 79 4.1.4 Sequential circuit coding guidelines and style 79 4.2 HDL code of the FF and register 80 4.2.1 D FF 80 4.2.2 Register 85 4.3 Simple design examples 85 4.3.1 Shift register 85 4.3.2 Binary counter and variant 87 4.4 Testbench for sequential circuits 89 4.5 Case study 93 4.5.1 LED time-multiplexing circuit 93 4.5.2 Stopwatch 101 4.6 Timing and clocking 104 4.6.1 Timing of FF 104 4.6.2 Maximum operating frequency 104 4.6.3 Clock tree 107 4.6.4 GALS system and CDC 107 4.7 Bibliographic notes 108 4.8 Suggested experiments 108 4.8.1 Programmable square wave generator 108 4.8.2 PWM and LED dimmer 108 4.8.3 Rotating square circuit 109 4.8.4 Heartbeat circuit 109 4.8.5 Rotating LED banner circuit 109 4.8.6 Enhanced stopwatch 110 5 FSM 111 5.1 Introduction 111 5.1.1 Mealy and Moore outputs 112 5.1.2 FSM representation 112 5.2 FSM code development 115 5.2.1 Enumerated data type and state assignment 115 5.2.2 Multi-segment code 116 5.2.3 Two-segment code 117 5.3 Design examples 118 5.3.1 Rising-edge detector 118 5.3.2 Debouncing circuit 123 5.3.3 Testing circuit 126 5.4 Bibliographic notes 128 5.5 Suggested experiments 128 5.5.1 Dual-edge detector 128 5.5.2 Early detection debouncing circuit 128 5.5.3 Parking lot occupancy counter 129 6 FSMD 131 6.1 Introduction 131 6.1.1 Single RT operation 132 6.1.2 ASMD chart 132 6.1.3 Decision box with a register 134 6.2 Code development of an FSMD 137 6.2.1 Debouncing circuit based on RT methodology 137 6.2.2 Code with explicit data path components 137 6.2.3 Code with implicit data path components 140 6.2.4 Comparison 142 6.3 Design examples 144 6.3.1 Fibonacci number circuit 144 6.3.2 Division circuit 147 6.3.3 Binary-to-BCD conversion circuit 150 6.3.4 Period counter 153 6.3.5 Accurate low-frequency counter 156 6.4 Bibliographic notes 159 6.5 Suggested experiments 159 6.5.1 Early detection debouncing circuit 159 6.5.2 BCD-to-binary conversion circuit 160 6.5.3 Fibonacci circuit with BCD I/O: design approach 1 160 6.5.4 Fibonacci circuit with BCD I/O: design approach 2 160 6.5.5 Auto-scaled low-frequency counter 161 6.5.6 Reaction timer 161 6.5.7 Babbage difference engine emulation circuit 162 7 RAM and Buffer of FPGA 165 7.1 Embedded memory of FPGA device 165 7.1.1 Memory of an Artix device 166 7.1.2 Memory available in the Nexys 4 DDR board 166 7.2 General description for a RAM-like component 167 7.2.1 Register file 167 7.2.2 Dynamic array indexing operation 169 7.2.3 Key aspects of a RAM module 170 7.2.4 Genuine ROM 171 7.3 FIFO buffer 173 7.3.1 FIFO read configuration 174 7.3.2 Circular queue implementation 175 7.4 HDL templates for memory inference 178 7.4.1 Methods to incorporate memory modules 178 7.4.2 Synchronous dual-port RAM 179 7.4.3 “Simple” synchronous dual-port RAM 180 7.4.4 Synchronous single-port RAM 181 7.4.5 Synchronous ROM 182 7.4.6 BRAM-based FIFO buffer 183 7.4.7 Design considerations 183 7.5 Overview of memory controller 184 7.6 Bibliographic notes 185 7.7 Suggested experiments 186 7.7.1 ROM-based sign-magnitude adder 186 7.7.2 ROM-based temperature conversion 186 7.7.3 FIFO with data width conversion 186 7.7.4 Standard FIFO to FWFT FIFO conversion circuit 187 7.7.5 FIFO buffer with extended status 187 7.7.6 Stack 187 8 Selected Topics of SystemVerilog 189 8.1 Timing model 189 8.1.1 Concurrent constructs 190 8.1.2 Assignment statement 190 8.1.3 Basic model 190 8.1.4 Blocking versus nonblocking assignment 192 8.2 Coding guidelines revisited 194 8.2.1 “Single variable assignment” guideline 195 8.2.2 “Blocking assignment for combinational circuit” guideline 195 8.2.3 “Nonblocking assignment for register” guideline 197 8.3 Alternative coding style 198 8.3.1 First coding style revisited 198 8.3.2 Sequential circuit with mixed blocking and nonblocking assignments 199 8.3.3 Combined coding style 201 8.3.4 Summary 206 8.4 Data types 206 8.4.1 The net and variable types 206 8.4.2 The logic data type 207 8.4.3 Limitation of the logic data type 208 8.4.4 New data types in SystemVerilog 208 8.5 Use of the signed data type 209 8.5.1 Overview 209 8.5.2 Signed number conversion 210 8.6 Bibliographic notes 211 8.7 Suggested experiments 211 8.7.1 Shift register with blocking and nonblocking assignments 211 8.7.2 Alternative coding style for the BCD counter 212 8.7.3 Alternative coding style for the FIFO buffer 212 8.7.4 Alternative coding style for the Fibonacci circuit 212 8.7.5 Dual-mode comparator 212 PART II EMBEDDED SOC I: VANILLA FPRO SYSTEM 9 Overview of Embedded SoC Systems 215 9.1 Embedded SoC 215 9.1.1 Overview of embedded systems 215 9.1.2 FPGA-based SoC 216 9.1.3 IP cores 216 9.2 Development flow of the embedded SoC 217 9.2.1 Hardware–software partition 217 9.2.2 Hardware development flow 217 9.2.3 Software development flow 219 9.2.4 Physical implementation and test 219 9.2.5 Custom IP core development 219 9.3 FPro SoC Platform 220 9.3.1 Motivations 220 9.3.2 Platform hardware organization 221 9.3.3 Platform software organization 223 9.3.4 Modified development flow 224 9.4 Adaptation on the Digilent Nexys 4 DDR board 224 9.5 Portability 226 9.5.1 Processor Module and Bridge 226 9.5.2 MMIO subsystem 227 9.5.3 Video subsystem 227 9.6 Organization 228 9.7 Bibliographic notes 228 10 Bare Metal System Software Development 231 10.1 Bare metal system development overview 231 10.1.1 Desktop-like system versus bare metal system 231 10.1.2 Basic embedded program architecture 232 10.2 Memory-mapped I/O 233 10.2.1 Overview 233 10.2.2 Memory alignment 234 10.2.3 I/O register map 234 10.2.4 I/O address space of the FPro system 234 10.3 Direct I/O Register Access 235 10.3.1 Review of C pointer 235 10.3.2 C pointer for I/O register 236 10.4 Robust I/O register access 237 10.4.1 chu_io_map.h and chu_io_map.svh 237 10.4.2 inttypes.h 238 10.4.3 chu_io_rw.h 239 10.5 Techniques for low-level I/O operations 241 10.5.1 Bit manipulation 241 10.5.2 Packing and unpacking 242 10.6 Device Drivers 243 10.6.1 Overview 243 10.6.2 GPO and GPI drivers 243 10.6.3 Timer driver 245 10.6.4 UART driver 247 10.7 FPro utility routines and directory structure 248 10.7.1 Minimal hardware requirements 248 10.7.2 Utility routines 248 10.7.3 Directory structure 251 10.8 Test program 252 10.8.1 IP core verification routine 252 10.8.2 Programming with limited memory 252 10.8.3 Test function integration 252 10.8.4 Test program for the vanilla FPro system 253 10.8.5 Implementation 254 10.9 Bibliographic notes 255 10.10 Suggested experiments 255 10.10.1 Chasing LEDs 255 10.10.2 Collision LEDs 256 10.10.3 Pulse width modulation 256 10.10.4 System time display 256 11 FPro Bus Protocol and MMIO Slot Specification 257 11.1 FPro bus 257 11.1.1 Overview of the bus 257 11.1.2 SoC interconnect 258 11.1.3 FPro bus protocol specification 259 11.2 Interface with the bus 260 11.2.1 Introduction 260 11.2.2 Write interface and decoding 261 11.2.3 Read interface and multiplexing 263 11.2.4 FIFO buffer as an I/O register 264 11.2.5 Timing consideration 265 11.3 MMIO I/O core 266 11.3.1 MMIO slot interface specification 266 11.3.2 Basic MMIO I/O core construction 268 11.3.3 GPO and GPI cores 269 11.4 Timer core development 270 11.4.1 Custom logic 270 11.4.2 Register map 271 11.4.3 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 271 11.5 MMIO controller 272 11.5.1 chu_io_map.svh file 273 11.5.2 HDL code 273 11.5.3 Vanilla MMIO subsystem 275 11.6 MCS I/O bus and bridge 278 11.6.1 Overview of Xilinx MicroBlaze MCS 278 11.6.2 MicroBlaze MCS I/O bus 278 11.6.3 MCS-to-FPro bridge 279 11.7 Vanilla FPro system construction 281 11.8 Bibliographic notes 282 11.9 Suggested experiments 283 11.9.1 FPro bus with a byte-lane enable signal 283 11.9.2 Seven-segment control with a GPO core 283 11.9.3 GPIO core 283 11.9.4 Blinking-LED core 284 11.9.5 Timer core with a programmable period 284 11.9.6 Timer core with a run-once mode 284 12 UART Core 287 12.1 Introduction 287 12.1.1 Overview of serial communication 287 12.1.2 Overview of the UART 288 12.1.3 Oversampling procedure 288 12.2 UART construction 289 12.2.1 Conceptual design 289 12.2.2 Baud rate generator 290 12.2.3 UART receiver 291 12.2.4 UART transmitter 293 12.2.5 Top-level HDL code 295 12.3 UART core development 296 12.3.1 Register map 296 12.3.2 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 297 12.4 UART driver 298 12.4.1 Class definition 299 12.4.2 Basic methods 300 12.4.3 ASCII code 301 12.4.4 Display methods 303 12.4.5 Test 305 12.5 Additional project ideas 305 12.5.1 Original serial port 305 12.5.2 Emulated serial port 305 12.5.3 Direct connection 306 12.5.4 USB-to-UART adaptor 306 12.5.5 Wireless adaptor 307 12.6 Bibliographic notes 308 12.7 Suggested experiments 308 12.7.1 UART-controlled chasing LEDs 308 12.7.2 Alternative read configuration 308 12.7.3 UART controller with a parity bit 308 12.7.4 UART core with an error status 309 12.7.5 Configurable UART core 309 12.7.6 UART core with automatic baud rate detection 309 12.7.7 UART core with enhanced automatic baud rate detection 310 12.7.8 UART core with an automatic baud rate and a parity detection circuit 310 PART III EMBEDDED SOC II: BASIC I/O CORES 13 Xilinx XADC Core 313 13.1 Overview of XADC 313 13.1.1 Block diagram 313 13.1.2 Configuration 314 13.2 XADC core development 315 13.2.1 XADC instantiation 315 13.2.2 Basic wrapping circuit design 316 13.2.3 Register map 318 13.2.4 HDL code 318 13.3 XADC core device driver 320 13.3.1 Class definition 320 13.3.2 Class implementation 321 13.3.3 Testing for the XADC core 322 13.4 Sampler FPro system 323 13.4.1 Testing procedure of an FPro core 323 13.4.2 System configuration 323 13.4.3 Hardware derivation 324 13.4.4 Software verification program 331 13.5 Additional project ideas 332 13.6 Bibliographic notes 333 13.7 Suggested experiments 333 13.7.1 Real-time voltage display 333 13.7.2 Potentiometer-controlled chasing LEDs 333 13.7.3 Potentiometer-controlled LED dimmer 333 13.7.4 Enhanced wrapping circuit: part I 333 13.7.5 Enhanced wrapping circuit: part II 333 14 Pulse Width Modulation Core 335 14.1 Introduction 335 14.1.1 PWM as analog output 335 14.1.2 Main characteristics 336 14.2 PWM design 336 14.2.1 Basic design 336 14.2.2 Enhanced design 337 14.3 PWM core development 339 14.3.1 Register map 339 14.3.2 Wrapped PWM circuit 340 14.4 PWM driver 341 14.4.1 Class definition 341 14.4.2 Class implementation 342 14.5 Testing 343 14.6 Project ideas 343 14.7 Suggested experiments 345 14.7.1 Police dash light 345 14.7.2 Rainbow night light 345 14.7.3 Enhanced PWM core: part I 345 14.7.4 Enhanced PWM core: part II 346 14.7.5 Enhanced GPIO core 346 14.7.6 Servo motor driver 346 15 Debouncing Core and LED-Mux Core 347 15.1 Debouncing Core 347 15.1.1 Multi-bit debouncing circuit 347 15.1.2 Register map and the slot wrapping circuit 350 15.1.3 Driver 351 15.1.4 Test 352 15.2 LED-mux core 352 15.2.1 Eight-digit seven-segment LED display multiplexing circuit 352 15.2.2 Register map and the slot wrapping circuit 354 15.2.3 Driver 355 15.2.4 Test 358 15.3 Project ideas 358 15.4 Suggested experiments 360 15.4.1 Area comparison of two debouncing circuits 360 15.4.2 Enhanced debouncing core: part I 360 15.4.3 Enhanced debouncing core: part II 360 15.4.4 Rotating square pattern revisited 360 15.4.5 Heartbeat pattern revisited 360 15.4.6 Stopwatch 360 15.4.7 Enhanced LED-mux core 361 16 SPI Core 363 16.1 Overview 363 16.1.1 Conceptual architecture 364 16.1.2 Multiple-device configuration 364 16.1.3 Basic timing 366 16.1.4 Operation modes 367 16.1.5 Undefined aspects 368 16.2 SPI controller 369 16.2.1 Basic design 369 16.2.2 FSMD construction 370 16.2.3 HDL implementation 370 16.3 SPI core development 374 16.3.1 Register map 374 16.3.2 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 374 16.4 SPI driver 376 16.4.1 Class definition 376 16.4.2 Class implementation 377 16.5 Test 378 16.5.1 ADXL362 accelerometer 378 16.5.2 Test program 380 16.6 Project ideas 381 16.6.1 SD card 381 16.6.2 TFT LCD module 382 16.7 Bibliographic notes 382 16.8 Suggested experiments 382 16.8.1 Inclination sensing 382 16.8.2 “Tapping” detection 382 16.8.3 ADXL362 C++ class 383 16.8.4 Enhanced SPI controller: part I 383 16.8.5 Enhanced SPI controller: part II 383 16.8.6 “Automatic-read” ADXL362 wrapper: part I 383 16.8.7 “Automatic-read” ADXL362 wrapper: part II 384 16.8.8 Flash memory access 384 16.8.9 SPI slave controller: part I 384 16.8.10 SPI slave controller: part II 385 17 I2C Core 387 17.1 Overview 387 17.1.1 Electrical characteristics 388 17.1.2 Basic bus protocol 388 17.1.3 Basic timing 389 17.1.4 Additional features 390 17.2 I2C controller 391 17.2.1 Basic design 391 17.2.2 Conceptual FSMD construction 391 17.2.3 Output control logic 394 17.2.4 I2C bus clock generation 394 17.2.5 HDL implementation 395 17.3 I2C core development 400 17.3.1 Register map 400 17.3.2 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 400 17.4 I2C driver 401 17.4.1 Class definition 401 17.4.2 Class implementation 402 17.5 Test 405 17.5.1 ADT7420 temperature sensor 405 17.5.2 Test program 406 17.6 Project idea 406 17.7 Bibliographic notes 407 17.8 Suggested experiments 407 17.8.1 Thermometer 407 17.8.2 ADT7420 C++ class 407 17.8.3 Enhanced I2C core 408 17.8.4 “Automatic-read” ADT7420 wrapper 408 17.8.5 I2C slave controller: part I 408 17.8.6 I2C slave controller: part II 408 18 PS2 Core 409 18.1 Introduction 409 18.1.1 PS2-device-to-host communication protocol and timing 410 18.1.2 Host-to-PS2-device communication protocol and timing 410 18.2 PS2 controller 411 18.2.1 Conceptual design 411 18.2.2 PS2 receiving subsystem 411 18.2.3 PS2 transmitting subsystem 415 18.2.4 Complete PS2 system 419 18.3 PS2 core development 420 18.3.1 Register map 420 18.3.2 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 421 18.4 PS2 driver 422 18.4.1 Class definition 422 18.4.2 Lower layer methods 422 18.4.3 PS2 initialization routine 423 18.4.4 Keyboard routine 425 18.4.5 Mouse routine 428 18.5 Test 430 18.6 Bibliographic notes 431 18.7 Suggested experiments 431 18.7.1 PS2 receiving subsystem with watchdog timer 431 18.7.2 Keyboard-controlled LED flashing circuit 432 18.7.3 Enhanced keyboard driver routine: part I 432 18.7.4 Enhanced keyboard driver routine: part II 432 18.7.5 Remote-mode mouse driver 432 18.7.6 Scroll-wheel mouse driver 432 19 Sound I: DDFS Core 433 19.1 Introduction 433 19.2 Design and implementation 434 19.2.1 Direct synthesis of a digital waveform 434 19.2.2 Direct synthesis of an unmodulated analog waveform 435 19.2.3 Direct synthesis of a modulated analog waveform 436 19.3 Fixed-point arithmetic 437 19.4 DDFS construction 438 19.5 DAC (digital-to-analog converter) 440 19.5.1 Conceptual design 440 19.5.2 HDL implementation 441 19.6 DDFS core development 442 19.6.1 Register map 442 19.6.2 Wrapping circuit for the slot interface 443 19.7 DDFS driver 444 19.7.1 Class definition 444 19.7.2 Class implementation 445 19.8 Test 447 19.9 Bibliographic notes 448 19.10 Suggested experiments 448 19.10.1 Quadrature phase carrier generation 448 19.10.2 Reduced-size phase-to-amplitude lookup table 448 19.10.3 Additive harmonic synthesis 449 19.10.4 Simple function generator 449 19.10.5 Arbitrary waveform generator 449 19.10.6 Sample-based synthesis 449 20 Sound II: ADSR Core 451 20.1 Introduction 451 20.2 ADSR envelope generator 452 20.2.1 Conceptual FSMD design 453 20.2.2 ASMD chart 453 20.2.3 HDL implementation 455 20.3 ADSR core development 457 20.3.1 Register map 457 20.3.2 Wrapped ADSR circuit 458 20.4 ADSR driver 460 20.4.1 Class definition 460 20.4.2 Configuration methods 461 20.4.3 calc note freq() method 463 20.4.4 play note() method 465 20.5 Test 465 20.6 Project idea 466 20.7 Bibliographic notes 467 20.8 Suggested experiments 467 20.8.1 RTTTL music player 467 20.8.2 ADSR envelope testing 467 20.8.3 Pushbutton piano 467 20.8.4 Keyboard piano 468 20.8.5 Keyboard recorder 468 20.8.6 Real-time mode ADSR generator 468 20.8.7 Real-time mode pushbutton piano 468 20.8.8 Merged DDFS and ADSR core 468 20.8.9 ADSR core with an automatic play FIFO buffer 468 20.8.10 ADSR core for frequency modulation 468 PART IV EMBEDDED SOC III: VIDEO CORES 21 Introduction to the Video System 471 21.1 Introduction to a video display 471 21.1.1 Conceptual video display 471 21.1.2 VGA interface 472 21.2 Stream interface 473 21.2.1 Random-access interface versus stream interface 473 21.2.2 Flow control of the stream interface 473 21.3 VGA synchronization 475 21.3.1 Basic operation of a CRT monitor 475 21.3.2 Horizontal synchronization 476 21.3.3 Vertical synchronization 478 21.3.4 Pixel clock rate 479 21.3.5 VGA synchronization circuit 480 21.4 Bar test-pattern generator 483 21.5 Color-to-grayscale conversion circuit 485 21.6 Demo video system 486 21.7 Advanced video standards 488 21.8 Bibliographic notes 489 21.9 Suggested experiments 489 21.9.1 Horizontal bar test-pattern generator 489 21.9.2 Color channel selection circuit 489 21.9.3 Enhanced color-to-grayscale conversion circuit 489 21.9.4 Square test-pattern generator: part I 489 21.9.5 Square test-pattern generator: part II 489 21.9.6 Square test-pattern generator: part III 490 21.9.7 Square test-pattern generator: part IV 490 22 FPro Video Subsystem 491 22.1 Organization of the video subsystem 491 22.1.1 Overview 491 22.1.2 Video controller 493 22.1.3 HDL of the video controller 494 22.2 FPro video IP core 495 22.2.1 Basic functionality 495 22.2.2 Blending operation 496 22.2.3 Core architecture 498 22.2.4 Alternative core partition 500 22.3 Example video cores 500 22.3.1 Bar test-pattern generator core 500 22.3.2 Color-to-grayscale conversion core 503 22.3.3 “Dummy” core 504 22.4 FPro video synchronization core 504 22.4.1 Line buffer 505 22.4.2 Enhanced video synchronization circuit 508 22.4.3 HDL code 511 22.5 Daisy video subsystem 512 22.5.1 Subsystem overview 512 22.5.2 Interface to the video synchronization core 513 22.5.3 HDL code 513 22.5.4 Timing and performance considerations 517 22.6 Vanilla daisy FPro system 517 22.6.1 Clock management core 518 22.6.2 Updated chu_io_map.svh 519 22.6.3 HDL code 519 22.7 Video driver and test program 521 22.7.1 Updated chu_io_map.h and chu_io_rw.h files 521 22.7.2 GPV core driver 522 22.7.3 Test program 523 22.8 Bibliographic notes 524 22.9 Suggested experiments 525 22.9.1 Color channel selection core 525 22.9.2 Enhanced color-to-grayscale conversion core 525 22.9.3 Square test-pattern generator core 525 22.9.4 Alpha blending circuit 525 22.9.5 “Highlight” core 525 22.9.6 SVGA synchronization core 526 22.9.7 Configurable video synchronization core 526 22.9.8 Pipelined video subsystem 526 23 Sprite Core 527 23.1 Introduction 527 23.2 Basic design 528 23.2.1 Sprite RAM 528 23.2.2 In-region comparison circuit 529 23.3 Mouse pointer core 530 23.3.1 Pointer sprite RAM 530 23.3.2 Pixel generation circuit 531 23.3.3 Top-level design 532 23.4 “Ghost” character core 534 23.4.1 Multiple images and animation 534 23.4.2 Overview of the palette scheme 535 23.4.3 Ghost sprite RAM and the palette circuit 535 23.4.4 Animation timing circuit 537 23.4.5 Pixel generation circuit 537 23.4.6 Top-level design 540 23.5 Sprite core driver and test program 541 23.5.1 Sprite core driver 541 23.5.2 Test program 543 23.6 Bibliographic notes 544 23.7 Suggested experiments 544 23.7.1 Mouse pointer control with PS2 core 544 23.7.2 Emulated ghost core 544 23.7.3 Palette circuit for the mouse pointer sprite 544 23.7.4 Sprite scaling circuit 544 23.7.5 Portrait mode display 545 23.7.6 Multiple-object generation 545 23.7.7 Animation speed control 545 23.7.8 Imitated blinking LED: part I 545 23.7.9 Imitated blinking LED: part II 545 23.7.10 Imitated blinking LED: part III 546 24 On-Screen-Display Core 547 24.1 Introduction to tile graphics 547 24.2 Basic OSD design 549 24.2.1 Text-mode display 549 24.2.2 Font ROM 550 24.2.3 Tile RAM 550 24.2.4 Basic organization 551 24.3 OSD core 552 24.3.1 Font ROM 552 24.3.2 Pixel generation circuit 553 24.3.3 Top-level design 555 24.4 OSD core driver and test program 557 24.4.1 OSD core driver 557 24.4.2 Testing program 558 24.5 Bibliographic notes 559 24.6 Suggested experiments 559 24.6.1 Rotating banner 559 24.6.2 Text console 559 24.6.3 Underline for the cursor 559 24.6.4 Portrait-mode display 560 24.6.5 Font scaling circuit: part I 560 24.6.6 Font scaling circuit: part II 560 24.6.7 Extended font 560 24.6.8 Tile-based ghost core 560 25 VGA Frame Buffer Core 561 25.1 Overview 561 25.2 Frame buffer core 562 25.2.1 FPGA memory consideration 562 25.2.2 Video memory module 562 25.2.3 Address translation 563 25.2.4 Pixel generation circuit 564 25.2.5 Register map 566 25.2.6 Top-level HDL code 566 25.3 Driver and test program 567 25.3.1 Frame buffer core driver 567 25.3.2 Geometrical modeling 568 25.3.3 Test program 570 25.4 Project ideas 570 25.5 Bibliographic notes 572 25.6 Suggested experiments 572 25.6.1 Virtual prototyping board panel 572 25.6.2 Virtual analog wall clock 572 25.6.3 Geometrical model functions 572 25.6.4 Simulated “Etch a Sketch” toy 572 25.6.5 Frame buffer core with 3-bit color depth 573 25.6.6 Frame buffer core with 1-bit color depth 573 25.6.7 QVGA frame buffer core 573 25.6.8 Line drawing hardware accelerator 573 25.6.9 Bidirectional frame buffer access: part I 573 25.6.10 Bidirectional frame buffer access: part II 573 PART V EPILOGUE 26 What’s Next 577 References 581 Appendix A: Tutorials 585 A.1 Overview of Xilinx Vivado IDE 585 A.2 Short tutorial on Vivado hardware development 589 A.2.1 Create a design project 590 A.2.2 Add or create Xilinx IP core instances 591 A.2.3 Add or create HDL design files 591 A.2.4 Add a constraint file 592 A.2.5 Perform synthesis, implementation, and bitstream generation 593 A.2.6 Program an FPGA device 593 A.3 Short tutorial on Vivado simulation 594 A.3.1 Add or create HDL testbench 596 A.3.2 Perform initial simulation 596 A.3.3 Customize waveform display 597 A.4 Tutorial on IP instantiation 597 A.4.1 Dual-clock FIFO core via HDL templates 598 A.4.2 IP Catalog utility 599 A.4.3 Generate a MicroBlaze MCS component 600 A.4.4 XADC IP core 601 A.4.5 Clock management IP core 602 A.5 Short tutorial on FPro system development 604 A.5.1 Derive FPro system hardware 605 A.5.2 Export hardware configuration 605 A.5.3 Derive software 605 A.5.4 Embed elf file into FPGA’s memory module and regenerate bitstream 608 A.5.5 Set up the terminal emulator program 610 A.5.6 Program an FPGA device 610 A.6 Bibliographic notes 611 Topic Index 613

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