Structural engineering Books

Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the application of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) in structural health monitoring (SHM). In Volume 1 of this book a long-gauge sensing technique for incorporating a proposed areawise sensing, developed by the authors, was introduced. High precision and good durability of the long-gauge sensors were also demonstrated via technical improvements that further enable the applications of optical fiber sensors and carbon fiber sensors. In Volume 2, based on the merits of the long-gauge sensors, the methods that have been developed for processing areawise distributed monitoring data for structural identification are introduced. A discussion follows on how those methods are capable of performing a rich recognition of local and global structural parameters including structural deflections, dynamic characteristics, damages, and loads. Also presented is a three-level method of structural performance evaluation that utilizes monitoring data and identified results.

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Book SynopsisStructural health monitoring (SHM) can be characterized as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the potential damage to be monitored, analyzed, localized, and predicted in real time and in a nondestructive manner. Over the past two decades, extensive research has demonstrated that fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are well suited for SHM sensing requirements in infrastructure systems. In this book, a brief overview of SHM and the application of FOS are presented. The book focuses on advanced techniques that utilize fiber-optic long-gauge sensing and overcome the limitations of traditional sensing and fulfill the requirements of infrastructure systems. The long-gauge FOSs have the merit of revealing both micro- and macrolevel information. Subsequently, a new approach, areawise distributed monitoring, is thoroughly discussed and its superior performance in SHM demonstrated. Finally, the application of areawise distributed monitoring, combined with the aforementioned long-gauge sensing technique, is presented for groups and networks of complex infrastructure systems.

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Book SynopsisWith the development in global economic and transportation engineering, the traffic loads on brides have been growing steadily, which become potential safety hazards for existing bridges. In particular, long-span suspension bridges support heavy traffic volumes and simultaneous truck loads on the bridge deck, and thus the safety and serviceability of the bridge deserves investigation. In this book, a multiscale reliability method is presented for the safety assessment of long-span bridges. The multiscale failure condition of stiffness girders is the first-passage criteria for the large-scale model and the fatigue damage criteria for the small-scale model. It is the objective of this book to provide a more in-depth understanding of the vehicle-bridge interaction from the random vibration perspective. This book is suitable for adoption as a text book or a reference book in an advanced structural reliability analysis course. Furthermore, this book also provides a theoretical foundation for better understanding of the safety assessment, operation management, maintenance and reinforcement for long-span bridges and motivates further research and development for more advanced reliability and serviceability assessment techniques for long-span bridges.

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Book SynopsisScience diplomacy and policy can support collaborative national and international science for advancing knowledge with societal impact in fields such as climate, space, medicine, and the environment. Scientific advances made possible by the basic and applied research carried out by government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations create opportunities and challenges with growing impact on policy decisions. Developing structures that produce the best science information to policy makers is becoming more critical in an ever-changing world. This three-volume set presented by prominent figures from the disciplines of science, engineering, technology, and diplomacy includes their perspectives on potential solutions to opportunities 21st-century scientists, engineers, and diplomats face in the future: To shed light and interface science, technology, and engineering with the realm of policy; To provide a vision for the future by identifying obstacles and opportunities while focusing on several key issues.

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Book SynopsisScience diplomacy and policy can support collaborative national and international science for advancing knowledge with societal impact in fields such as climate, space, medicine, and the environment. Scientific advances made possible by the basic and applied research carried out by government agencies, universities, and nongovernmental organizations create opportunities and challenges with growing impact on policy decisions. Developing structures that produce the best science information to policy makers is becoming more critical in an ever-changing world. This three-volume set presented by prominent figures from the disciplines of science, engineering, technology, and diplomacy includes their perspectives on potential solutions to opportunities 21st-century scientists, engineers, and diplomats face in the future: To shed light and interface science, technology, and engineering with the realm of policy; To provide a vision for the future by identifying obstacles and opportunities while focusing on several key issues.

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Book SynopsisStructural health monitoring (SHM) can be characterized as the integration of sensing and intelligence to enable the potential damage to be monitored, analyzed, localized, and predicted in real time and in a nondestructive manner. Over the past two decades, extensive research has demonstrated that fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) are well suited for SHM sensing requirements in infrastructure systems. In this book, a brief overview of SHM and the application of FOS are presented. The book focuses on advanced techniques that utilize fiber-optic long-gauge sensing and overcome the limitations of traditional sensing and fulfill the requirements of infrastructure systems. The long-gauge FOSs have the merit of revealing both micro- and macrolevel information. Subsequently, a new approach, areawise distributed monitoring, is thoroughly discussed and its superior performance in SHM demonstrated. Finally, the application of areawise distributed monitoring, combined with the aforementioned long-gauge sensing technique, is presented for groups and networks of complex infrastructure systems.

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Book SynopsisOver the past two decades, extensive research has been conducted on the application of fiber-optic sensors (FOSs) in structural health monitoring (SHM). In Volume 1 of this book a long-gauge sensing technique for incorporating a proposed areawise sensing, developed by the authors, was introduced. High precision and good durability of the long-gauge sensors were also demonstrated via technical improvements that further enable the applications of optical fiber sensors and carbon fiber sensors. In Volume 2, based on the merits of the long-gauge sensors, the methods that have been developed for processing areawise distributed monitoring data for structural identification are introduced. A discussion follows on how those methods are capable of performing a rich recognition of local and global structural parameters including structural deflections, dynamic characteristics, damages, and loads. Also presented is a three-level method of structural performance evaluation that utilizes monitoring data and identified results.

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Book SynopsisThe daily work of engineers, for preliminary design and to check plausibility, would be inconceivable without them: design aids for reinforced concrete elements in the form of diagrams and tables. Now newly revised to cover Eurocode 2.Table of ContentsEinleitung Sicherheitskonzept Baustoffe Verfahren der Schnittgrößenermittlung und deren Auswirkung auf die Querschnittsbemessung Bemessung in den Grenzzuständen der Tragfähigkeit Bauteilspezifische konstruktive Regelungen Erläuterungen zu den Bemessungstafeln Anwendungsbeispiele Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für Normalbeton C12/15 bis C50/60 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C55/67 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C60/75 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C70/85 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C80/95 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C90/105 Bemessungstabellen und -diagramme für hochfesten Beton C100/115 Literatur

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Book SynopsisThis handbook provides a complete and detailed overview of piling systems and their application. The design and construction of piled foundations is based on Eurocode 7 and DIN 1054 edition 2010 as well as the European construction codes DIN EN 1536 (Bored piles), DIN EN 12699 (Displacement piles) and DIN EN 14199 (Micropiles). These recommendations also deal with - categorisation of piling systems, - actions on piles from structural loading, negative skin friction and side pressure, - pile resistances from static and dynamic pile test loading as well as extensive tables with the pile load-bearing capacity of nearly all piling systems based on values from practical experience, - pile groups, - performance of static and dynamic test loading and integrity tests, - load-bearing behaviour and verifications for piles under cyclical, dynamic and impact actions - quality assurance for construction. An appendix with numerous calculation examples completes the work. As part of the approval procedure for offshore wind energy structures, the Federal Office for Shipping and Hydrography (BSH) demands verifications according to the new Chapter 13 ("Load-bearing behaviour and verifications for piles under cyclical, dynamical and impact actions") of the EA Pfahle (the recommendations of the Piling working group - 2nd edition), which deals with external pile resistance for the foundations of offshore wind energy structures and the types of verifications to be provided under cyclical actions. The publication of the EA-Pfahle recommendations by the Piling working group of the German Society for Geotechnics (DGGT), which works with the same members as the piling standards committee NA 00-05-07, is intended to provide assistance for engineers active in the design, calculation and construction of piled foundations. The recommendations can thus be considered as rules of the technology and as a supplement to the available codes and standards.Table of ContentsMembers of the AK 2.1 Piling Committee of the German Geotechnical Society V Preface of the English Version of the Recommendations of the Piling Committee of the German Geotechnical Society VII Preface of the 2nd German edition IX 1 Introduction to the Recommendations and their Application Principles 1 1.1 National and International Regulations for Piling Works 1 1.2 Types of Analysis and Limit States using the Partial Safety Factor Approach 2 1.3 Planning and Testing Pile Foundations 7 2 Pile Systems 9 2.1 Overview and Classification into Pile Systems 9 2.2 Pile Construction 12 2.3 Foundation elements similar to piles 25 3 Pile Foundation Design and Analysis Principles 27 3.1 Pile Foundation Systems 27 3.2 Geotechnical Investigations for Pile Foundations 32 3.3 Classification of Soils for Pile Foundations 39 3.4 Pile Systems for the Execution of Excavations and for Retaining Structures 40 3.5 Piles for the Stabilisation of Slopes 43 3.6 Use of sacrificial Linings 44 4 Actions and Effects 47 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Pile Foundation Loads Imposed by the Structure 48 4.3 Installation Effects on Piles 48 4.4 Negative Skin Friction 49 4.5 Lateral Pressure 54 4.6 Additional Effects on Raking Piles Resulting from Ground Deformations 62 4.7 Foundation Piles in Slopes and at Retaining Structures 65 5 Bearing Capacity and Resistances of Single Piles 69 5.1 General 69 5.2 Determining Pile Resistances from Static Pile Load Tests 70 5.3 Determining Pile Resistances from Dynamic Pile Load Tests 72 5.4 Axial Pile Resistances Based on Empirical Data 75 5.5 Bored Piles with Enlarged Bases 113 5.6 Additional Methods Using the EC 7-1 and EC 7-2 Handbooks 114 5.7 Pile Resistances for Grouted Shafts and Bases. 114 5.8 Resistances of Piles Under Lateral Loads 115 5.9 Pile Resistances Under Dynamic Actions 116 5.10 Internal Pile Capacity 116 5.11 Numerical Analyses of the Capacity of Single Piles 119 6 Stability Analyses 121 6.1 Introduction 121 6.2 Limit State Equations 121 6.3 Bearing Capacity Analysis 122 6.4 Serviceability Analysies 125 6.5 Pile Groups and Grillages 127 6.6 Piled Raft Foundations 127 7 Grillage Analysis 129 7.1 AnalysisModels and Procedures 129 7.2 Non-linear Pile Bearing Behaviour in Grillage Analysis 130 8 Analysis and Verification of Pile Groups 131 8.1 Actions and Effects 131 8.2 Bearing Capacity and Resistances of Pile Groups 133 8.3 Bearing Capacity Analyses 152 8.4 Serviceability Analyses 156 8.5 Higher Accuracy Pile Group Analyses 157 9 Static Pile Load Tests 159 9.1 Introduction 159 9.2 Static Axial Pile Load Tests 159 9.3 Static Lateral Load Test 182 9.4 Static Axial Load Tests on Micropiles (Composite Piles) 194 10 Dynamic pile load tests 209 10.1 Introduction. 209 10.2 Range of Application and General Conditions 209 10.3 Theoretical Principles 210 10.4 Description of Testing Methods, Test Planning and Execution 213 10.5 Evaluation and Interpretation of Dynamic Load Tests 225 10.6 Calibrating Dynamic Pile Load Tests 231 10.7 Qualifications of Testing Institutes and Personnel 234 10.8 Documentation and Reporting 234 10.9 Testing Driving Rig Suitability 236 11 Quality Assurance during Pile Execution 239 11.1 Introduction. 239 11.2 Bored Piles 239 11.3 Displacement Piles 253 11.4 Grouted Micropiles (Composite Piles). 255 12 Pile Integrity Testing 259 12.1 Purpose and Procedures 259 12.2 Low Strain Integrity Tests 260 12.3 Ultrasonic Integrity Testing 270 12.4 Testing Piles by Core Drilling. 279 12.5 Other Specific TestingMethods 282 13 Bearing Capacity and Analyses of Piles under Cyclic, Dynamic and Impact Actions 285 13.1 Introduction 285 13.2 Cyclic, Dynamic and Impact Actions 286 13.3 Supplementary Geotechnical Investigations 292 13.4 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Cyclic Loads 294 13.5 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Dynamic Loads 299 13.6 Bearing Behaviour and Resistances under Impact Loads 300 13.7 Stability Analyses of Cyclic, Axially Loaded Piles 301 13.8 Stability Analyses of Cyclical, Laterally Loaded Piles 304 13.9 Stability Analyses of Dynamic or Impact-loaded Piles 306 Annex A Terms, Partial Safety Factors and Principles for Analysis 307 Annex B Example Calculations for Pile Resistance Analysis and Verifications 331 Annex C Examples of Dynamic Pile Load Testing and Integrity Testing 395 Annex D Analysis Methods and Examples for Cyclically Loaded Piles (Informative) 417 Literatur 459 List of Advertisers 469

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Book SynopsisSnow avalanches can have highly destructive consequences in developed areas. Each year, avalanche catastrophes occur in mountain regions around the globe and cause unnecessary fatalities and severe damage to buildings and infrastructure. In some mountainous regions, especially in the European Alps, technical avalanche defence structures are built to increase the level of safety for inhabited areas; however, new infrastructure such as roads, railway lines and tourist facilities cause new risk potential in hazardous areas. As a result, the demand is increasing for technical avalanche protection solutions. Avalanche defence structures and protection systems are used in most inhabited mountain regions worldwide. During the last decades, technical avalanche protection has evolved from a specialist field to an independent engineering branch that has gained importance in alpine countries such as Austria, Italy, France and Switzerland, as well as in other countries such as Canada, Iceland, Norway and USA. This work is the first comprehensive, English-language overview of technical avalanche protection and establishes state-of-the-art best practices in the field. It covers the fundamentals of avalanche protection technology and includes plans, dimensions, construction and maintenance of defence structures. The editors have collaborated with an international team of experts from Austria, Canada, France, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and USA to produce this landmark handbook.Table of ContentsDevelopment of avalanches and avalanche protection: an historic overview Avalanches: formation and effects Basics and models for avalanche dynamics and effects Analysis and evaluation and representation of avalanche risks Planning of permanent avalanche protection measures Protection systems and construction types Design of permanent avalanche protection Execution and maintenance management Protection of buildings Temporary avalanche protection and operation Avalanche monitoring and event documentation Summary, Outlook References

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Book SynopsisWith the issue of these recommendations, which have the character of a standard, the "Building Excavations" working group of the German Geotechnics Association (DGGT) aims to provide assistance with the design and structural calculation of excavation support works. The introduction of the Eurocodes for building control purposes made necessary a revision of the previous edition of the recommendations to comply with the requirements of DIN EN 1997-1:2009 together with the national annex DIN 1997-1/NA:2010-12 and the supplementary regulations of DIN 1054:2010-12. All recommendations were thoroughly checked, revised where necessary and adapted to new knowledge. Chapter 10 "Building excavations in water" was substantially revised. Due to the progress of development of measurement instruments and the more stringent requirements, Chapter 14 "Instrumentation for the monitoring and supervision of building excavation support works" was formulated completely anew. The recommendations of the working group "Building Excavations" should be of assistance, - to simplify the design and structural calculation of excavation support works, - to harmonise loading assumptions and calculation procedures, - to ensure the structural stability of excavation support works and their individual elements and - to improve the cost-effectiveness of excavation support works.Table of ContentsIntroduction Analysis principles Magnitude and distribution of earth pressure General stipulations for analysis Analysis approaches for soldier pile walls Analysis approaches for sheet pile walls and in-situ concrete walls Anchored retaining walls Excavations with special ground plans Excavations adjacent to structures Excavations in water Excavations in unstable rock mass Excavations in soft soils Analysis of the bearing capacity of structural elements Measurements and monitoring on excavation structures Appendices

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Book SynopsisThis book is a profound compendium on strain gages and their application in materials science and all fields of engineering. It covers both the theoretical and practical aspects of strength and stress analysis using the technique of strain gages. A brief historical review about strain gage inventions is looking at the "who, when and how". The comprehensive bibliography leads to additional background information. Particular consideration is given to the stress analysis in order to verify the mechanical properties and capacity of components with focus on stability and serviceability, optimization, and safety checks, as well as in order to foresee inspection and monitoring. The practice-oriented descriptions of the principles of the measurement, installation and experimental set-ups derives from the author`s own experiences in the field. Particular emphasis is laid on the correct planning and assessment of measurements, and on the interpretation of the results. Step-by-step guidance is given for many application examples, and comments help to avoid typical mistakes. The book is an indispensable reference work for experts who need to analyze structures and have to plan measurements which lead to reliable results. The book is instructive for practitioners who must install reliable measurement circuits and judge the results. The book is also recommended for beginners to get familiar with the problems and to learn about the possibilities and the limits of the strain gage technique.Table of Contents1 Historical Review 2 Fundamentals of strain gage technology 2.1 Measurement principle and structure 2.2 Sensitivity 2.3 Transverse sensitivity 2.4 Temperature effect 2.5 Mechanics of the strain gage 2.6 Influence of pressure 2.7 Dynamic behavior 2.8 Heat dissipation 2.9 Measuring at elevated temperatures 2.10 Stress gages 3 Installation of strain gages 3.1 Preparatory work 3.2 Methods of fastening 3.3 Remarks on some measurement object materials (Glas, enamel, glaced porcelain, Concrete, Wood, Plastics) 3.4 Measurement point protection 3.5 Quality tests of the strain gage installation 4 The Wheatstone bridge circuit 4.1 Circuit principle 4.2 Basic equation of the bridge circuit 4.3 Temperature compensation 4.4 Limit of the bridge signal resolution 4.5 Examples of some elementary bridge circuits 5 Adjustment and compensation circuits 5.1 General 5.2 Compensation of zero shift with temperature change and zero adjustment 5.3 Compensation of temperature effects on the sensitivity and linearization measures 5.4 Adjustment of the characteristic value 5.5 Creep compensation 5.6 Full bridge circuits connected in parallel 6 Cable between strain gage bridge circuit and measuring instrument 6.1 Basics 6.2 Ohmic resistance of the cable 6.3 Influence of cable capacitance 6.4 Full-bridge connection in four-wire technology 6.5 Six-wire circuit 6.6 Dual channel principle 6.7 Connection of half and quarter bridges 6.8 Protection against disturbing influences 7 Signal processing 7.1 Introductory viewing 7.2 Analog instrumentation amplifier 7.3 Digital amplifier concepts 7.4 Compensation method 7.5 Multi-point Measurement 8 Calibration devices for measurements with strain gages 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Measurement chain 8.3 Characteristic and sensitivity 8.4 Calibration of the entire measuring chain as a measuring device 8.5 Compensators 8.6 Transducers 8.7 Calibration measures 8.8 Calibration of measuring arrangements with self-installed strain gages 9 Determination of mechanical stresses from strains measured with strain gages 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Terms of stress and strain 9.3 Elastic deformation and stress of a tensile rod under uniaxial tensile loading 9.4 The biaxial stress state 9.5 Mohr?s Circle 9.6 Deformation circle 9.7 Types of rosettes and grid notation 9.8 Evaluation formulas for 0°/45°/90° strain-gage rosettes 9.9 Evaluation formulas for 0°/60°/120° strain-gage rosettes 10 Application examples of elastic deformation 10.1 Initial considerations 10.2 Principal directions are known 10.3 Stress analysis for unknown principal directions 10.4 Simultaneous measurement of multiple load components 10.5 Diaphragm rosettes 11 Determination of thermal stresses 11.1 Emergence of thermal stresses 11.2 Sensing the prevented thermal expansion at identical temperatures at the compensation gage and the active strain gage 11.3 Determination of the restricted thermal expansion by computational correction of the measured values with previously measured thermal outputs on dummies 11.4 Determination of the restricted thermal expansion by mathematical correction with the thermal outputs determined at the original measurement object 11.5 The ?reversible? strain gage 11.6 Separation of the mechanical strain from the thermal strain 11.7 Compensated half-bridge strain gage with compensating resistor 12 Strain gages as a means for experimental determination of residual stresses 12.1 Preliminary observation 12.2 Cutting down method 12.3 Layer removal method 12.4 Ring-core method 12.5 Hole-drilling method 13 Stress analysis using strain gages in the elasto-plastic deformation range 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Equivalent state with elastic deformation 13.3 Elasto-plastic deformation 13.4 Stress analysis 13.5 Practical Example of application 13.6 Tensorial representation of the elasto-plastic deformation 14 Strength theories 14.1 Preview 14.2 Concept of effective stress 14.3 Experimental results 14.4 Maximum stress theory 14.5 Maximum shear theory 14.6 Extended shear theory 14.7 Plastic potential theory 14.8 Distortion energy theory (shape changing theory) 14.9 Octahedral plane shear stress theory References Subject Index

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Book SynopsisThe book relates experience of TBM drives in difficult geology, making use of case studies from Turkey to demonstrate the influence of the local geotechnical conditions on the selection of a tunnel boring machine and the selection of tools. There is an extensive description how various geological phenomena, such as for example transition zones, dikes, rock discontinuities, blocky ground, squeezing ground, swelling clays and high strength and abrasive rocks, can reduce the advance rate and what countermeasures can be introduced. There is also a discussion of necessary advance probing and safety measures. Since the presented practical experience from Turkey can also be applicable for other tunnel projects in difficult geology, the book represents a valuable source of knowledge for every tunneler.Table of ContentsPreface VII Acknowledgements IX About the Authors XI 1 Introduction 1 2 Geology of Turkey and Istanbul, expected problems, some cuttability characteristics of the rocks 3 2.1 Introduction 3 2.2 Geology of Turkey 3 2.3 Geology of Istanbul 4 2.4 TBM performance in different projects in Istanbul 6 2.5 Description of geological formations in Istanbul, physical and mechanical properties 8 2.6 Full-scale linear rock cutting tests with disc cutters in rock samples collected from different projects in Istanbul 40 2.7 Conclusions 68 References 70 3 Difficult ground conditions dictating selection of TBM type in Istanbul 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Case study of open TBM in complex geology (1989), in Baltalimani tunnel: Why open type TBM failed 73 3.3 Double shield TBM in the Istanbul–Moda collector tunnel, 1989/90 80 3.4 Double shield TBM working without precast segment, difficulties in difficult ground: Tuzla-Dragos tunnel in Istanbul 80 3.5 Difficulties in using slurry TBMs in complicated geology, Marmaray tunnel project 84 3.6 Difficulties in single-shield TBM working in open mode in complex geology: An example from Kadikoy–Kartal metro tunnel 86 3.7 Eurasia tunnel excavated by a large diameter slurry TBM 88 3.8 Conclusions 88 References 90 4 Difficult ground conditions affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 91 4.1 Introduction 91 4.2 Factors affecting performance of EPB-TBMs 92 4.3 Performance prediction of EPM TBMs in difficult ground conditions 93 4.4 Conclusions 106 References 107 5 Selection of cutter type for difficult ground conditions 109 5.1 Introduction 109 5.2 Comparative studies of different type of cutters for Tuzla–Dragos tunnel in Istanbul – test procedure and results 109 5.3 The inefficient use of tungsten carbide studded disc cutters in the Marmaray–Istanbul project 114 5.4 Conclusions 115 References 116 6 Effects of North and East Anatolian Faults on TBM performances 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 Kargi tunnel 117 6.3 Gerede tunnel 118 6.4 Dogancay energy tunnel 120 6.5 Nurdagi railway tunnel 122 6.6 Uluabat energy tunnel 123 6.7 Tunnels excavated by drill and blast methods 126 6.8 Conclusions 127 References 128 7 Effect of blocky ground on TBM performance and the mechanism of rock rupture 129 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Mechanism of rock rupture and face collapse in front of the TBM in the Kozyatagi–Kadikoy metro tunnels in Istanbul 131 7.3 Conclusions 140 References 141 8 Effects of transition zones, dykes, fault zones and rock discontinuities on TBM performance 143 8.1 Introduction 143 8.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel 143 8.3 Kartal–Kadikoy metro tunnels, methodology of understanding critical zones 153 8.4 Conclusions 163 References 165 9 Squeezing grounds and their effects on TBM performance 167 9.1 Introduction 167 9.2 Basic works carried out on squeezing ground 167 9.3 Uluabat tunnel 168 9.4 Kargi Tunnel 179 References 186 10 Clogging of the TBM cutterhead 189 10.1 Introduction 189 10.2 What is clogging of a TBM cutterhead and what are the clogging materials? 189 10.3 Testing clogging effects of the ground 189 10.4 Mitigation programs to eliminate clogging 191 10.5 Clogging of TBMs in Turkish projects 192 10.6 Conclusions 207 References 208 11 Effect of high strength rocks on TBM performance 211 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Beykoz sewerage tunnel, replacing CCS disc cutters with V-type disc cutters to overcome undesirable limits of penetration for a maximum limit of TBM thrust 211 11.3 Nurdagi tunnel, full-scale cutting tests to obtain optimum TBM design parameters in very high strength and abrasive rock formation 213 11.4 Beylerbeyi–Kucuksu wastewater tunnel, TBM performance in high strength rock formation 216 11.5 Tuzla-Akfirat wastewater tunnel, TBM performance in high strength rocks 221 11.6 Conclusions 222 References 223 12 Effect of high abrasivity on TBM performance 225 12.1 Introduction 225 12.2 Determination of the abrasivity 229 12.3 Empirical prediction methods for disc cutter consumption 232 12.4 Examples of cutter consumptions on TBMs in Turkey 239 12.5 Conclusions 269 References 271 13 Effect of methane and other gases on TBM performance 273 13.1 Properties of methane 273 13.2 Selimpasa wastewater tunnel, methane explosion in the pressure chamber of an EPB-TBM 275 13.3 Gas flaming in the Silvan irrigation tunnel 284 13.4 More gas-related accident examples for mechanized tunneling 287 13.5 Conclusions 290 References 291 14 Probe drilling ahead of TBMs in difficult ground conditions 293 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 General information on probe drilling and previous experiences in different countries 293 14.3 Melen water tunnel excavated under the Bosphorus in Istanbul 295 14.4 Methodology of predicting weak zones ahead in the Melen water tunnel 297 14.5 Kargi energy tunnel 308 14.6 Conclusions 316 References 318 15 Application of umbrella arch in the Kargi project 321 15.1 Introduction 321 15.2 General concept of umbrella arch and worldwide application 321 15.3 Methodology of using umbrella arch in the Kargi project 322 15.4 Criteria used for umbrella arch in the Kargi project and the results 325 15.5 Conclusions 330 References 331 16 Index 333

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Book SynopsisGeschichte und Entwicklung des Straßenbaus.- Konstruktive Grundlagen des Straßenbaus.- Grundlagen Straßenplanung.- Elektromobilität im Straßenbau und der Bauindustrie.- Einsatzplanung für die Baustelle.- Erstellung einer Landstraße (Tragschicht).- Überarbeitung einer Landstraße (Binderschicht).- Autobahnbaustelle (Binderschicht).- In der Stadt (Deckschicht).- Der Feldweg (Tragdeckschicht).- Autobahnbaustelle (Offenporiger Asphalt).- Herbstbaustelle (Decke).- Nachtbaustelle.- Kompakteinbau.- Betriebsfläche in PCC.- Waldwege.- Sonderanwendungen.- Sonderdecken.- Automatisierung.- Forschung und Entwicklung.- Digitalisierung im Straßenbau.- Umwelt und Gesundheit.- Qualität.- Anforderung und Einbaufehler.- Regelwerke und Normen.- Glossar.- Anhang.

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