Structural engineering Books

Book SynopsisThis book describes the main methods used in the reliability of structures and their use in the design process leading to reliable products. This title provides the understanding needed to implement the variety of new reliability software programs.Table of ContentsForeword xv Preface xvii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Preliminary Approach to Reliability in Mechanics 19 Chapter 3. Elementary R − S Case 39 Chapter 4. Isoprobabilistic Transformation 77 Chapter 5. Reliability Index 115 Chapter 6. Products of Reliability Analysis 147 Chapter 7. Probability of Failure 165 Chapter 8. Simulation Methods 233 Chapter 9. Reliability of Systems 265 Chapter 10. ‘Safety’ Coefficients 299 Chapter 11. Mechanical-Reliability Coupling 341 Chapter 12. Stochastic Finite Elements 391 Chapter 13. A Few Applications 441 Chapter 14. Conclusion 453 Bibliography 465 Annotations 481 A.1 Vectors and matrices 481 A.2 Operators 481 A.3 Random values 482 Index 485

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Book SynopsisThis book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice. The first half of the book deals with natural risk factors, of both natural and human origin, that should be considered: subsidence, accidental infiltration, soil instability, rockslides and mudslides, debris flow, and degradation of buildings and monuments due to pollution and climactic effects, for example. These problems are highlighted and it is shown that a combination of sophisticated numerical techniques and extensive experimental investigations are necessary in order to effectively tackle these problems. The second half of the book is devoted to the use of polluted sites and associated problems, a topic of growing significance given the increasing reclamation of land from abandoned industrial sites for urban development over the last 20 years. Different types of oil pollution and decontamination methods are described, followed by a discussion of waste management and detailed coverage of confinement liners used in surface waste disposal.Trade Review"This book covers a range of topics that are of increasing importance in engineering practice: natural hazards, pollution, and environmental protection through good practice." (Quote.com, 10 February 2011)Table of ContentsIntroduction xiii Chapter 1. Debris Flows 1 Christophe ANCEY 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Typology of torrential flows 2 1.3. Initiation, motion and effects of debris flows 6 1.4. Modeling debris flows 12 1.5. Bibliography 30 Chapter 2. Snow Avalanches 39 Christophe ANCEY 2.1. Introduction 39 2.2. Modeling avalanches 45 2.3. Bibliography 65 Chapter 3. Instability of Soil Masses 73 Laurent VULLIET 3.1. Introduction 73 3.2. Slowly moving slopes 75 3.3. Limit state analysis 78 3.4. Case of non-saturated masses 84 3.5. Conclusion and prospects 90 3.6. Bibliography 91 Chapter 4. Instability of Rock Masses 93 François DESCOEUDRES 4.1. Introduction 93 4.2. Cliff stability and toppling 94 4.3. Contact-impact 99 4.4. Flight trajectory 101 4.5. Sliding and rolling 103 4.6. Impact on an embankment (safety embankment) 107 4.7. Capacity of the protective structures 111 4.8. Conclusion 114 4.9. Bibliography 114 Chapter 5. Subsidence Phenomena 117 Bernhard SCHREFLER and Luciano SIMONI 5.1. Subsidence caused by water withdrawal 117 5.2. Artificially-induced land uplift 141 5.3. Conclusions 146 5.4. Bibliography 147 Chapter 6. Soil Collapse due to Water Infiltration 149 Yu-Jun CUI and Pierre DELAGE 6.1. Introduction 149 6.2. The loess in Northern France 151 6.3. Conclusion 165 6.4. Bibliography 167 Chapter 7. Subsidence Induced by Fossil Fuel Extraction 171 Christian SCHROEDER, Yu-Jun CUI and Bernhard SCHREFLER 7.1. Introduction 171 7.2. Subsidence due to coal extraction 172 7.3. Recap of the basic Barcelona mode1 176 7.4. Subsidence due to oil exploitation 179 7.5. Subsidence due to the exploitation of gas reservoirs 185 7.6. Acknowledgements 197 7.7. Bibliography 197 Chapter 8. Deterioration of Stone in Monuments 201 Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN 8.1. Introduction 201 8.2. Intrinsic degradation factors 202 8.3. Extrinsic degradation factors 214 8.4. Acknowledgements 240 8.5. Bibliography 240 Chapter 9. The Physics of Water Transfer in Stone 247 Jean-Paul LAURENT 9.1. General concepts and terminology 247 9.2. Water in stones: capillarity 250 9.3. Modeling water transfer in stone 263 9.4. Bibliography 271 Chapter 10. Experimental Techniques for Characterizing Alterations 275 Claude BRUNJAIL, Guy BASTIAN, Grégoire CHÉNÉ and Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN. Updated by Philippe BROMBLET 10.1. Laboratory and in situ testing 275 10.2. Hydric and thermal transfers: specific techniques 296 10.3. Bibliography 303 Chapter 11. Case Studies 313 Jean GODIN, Claude BRUNJAIL, Véronique VERGÈS-BELMIN and Ann BOURGÈS 11.1. Notre-Dame-la-Grande Church in Poitiers, in situ study 313 11.2. Research on earthen plaster stabilized with bitumen and polychrome decoration: Navrongo cathedral, North Ghana 321 11.3. Bibliography 330 Chapter 12. The Nature and Survey of Soil Pollution 333 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Pierre DELAGE and Michel WOJNAROWICZ 12.1. Introduction 333 12.2. The nature of soil pollution 334 12.3. The survey of contaminated sites 339 12.4. Conclusions 356 12.5. Bibliography 357 Chapter 13. Retention and Transfer of Soluble Chemical Pollutants: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 361 Robert CHARLIER and Jean-Pol RADU 13.1. Introduction 361 13.2. Ideal pollutant transport in an ideal continuous medium 362 13.3. Pollutant retention phenomena 366 13.4. Balance equations 369 13.5. Numerical modeling of transport by advection 371 13.6. Finite elements modeling of the problem with advection and diffusion 372 13.7. Examples and applications 380 13.8. Conclusions 388 13.9. Acknowledgments 388 13.10. Bibliography 389 13.11. Notations table 390 Chapter 14. Retention and Transfer of Pollution by Hydrocarbons: Mechanisms and Numerical Modeling 393 Bernhard SCHREFLER and Pierre DELAGE 14.1. Introduction 393 14.2. Mechanisms 393 14.3. Numerical modeling 398 14.4. Conclusion 415 14.5. Bibliography 416 Chapter 15. Methods of Soil Environmental Remediation 419 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO 15.1. Introduction 419 15.2. Pollution control techniques 420 15.3. Active containment in situ 423 15.4. Passive treatment in situ 425 15.5. Active treatment in situ 429 15.6. Conclusions 453 15.7. Bibliography 454 Chapter 16. Liners for Waste Containment Facilities 459 Abdelmalek BOUAZZA, Michel WOJNAROWICZ and Mario MANASSERO 16.1. Introduction 459 16.2. Types of lining systems and definition of basic components 462 16.3. Mass balance of the contaminants 464 16.4. Functions, performance and modeling 465 16.5. Environmental impact evaluation (risk analysis) 466 16.6. Bottom barriers 469 16.7. Equivalence of liner systems 481 16.8. Composite liners 491 16.9. Conclusions 501 16.10. Bibliography 502 List of Authors 509 Index 513

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Book SynopsisThis book is focused on the theoretical and practical design of reinforced concrete beams, columns and frame structures. It is based on an analytical approach of designing normal reinforced concrete structural elements that are compatible with most international design rules, including for instance the European design rules – Eurocode 2 – for reinforced concrete structures. The book tries to distinguish between what belongs to the structural design philosophy of such structural elements (related to strength of materials arguments) and what belongs to the design rule aspects associated with specific characteristic data (for the material or loading parameters). A previous book, entitled Reinforced Concrete Beams, Columns and Frames – Mechanics and Design, deals with the fundamental aspects of the mechanics and design of reinforced concrete in general, both related to the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) and the Ultimate Limit State (ULS), whereas the current book deals with more advanced ULS aspects, along with instability and second-order analysis aspects. Some recent research results including the use of non-local mechanics are also presented. This book is aimed at Masters-level students, engineers, researchers and teachers in the field of reinforced concrete design. Most of the books in this area are very practical or code-oriented, whereas this book is more theoretically based, using rigorous mathematics and mechanics tools. Contents 1. Advanced Design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS). 2. Slender Compression Members – Mechanics and Design. 3. Approximate Analysis Methods. Appendix 1. Cardano’s Method. Appendix 2. Steel Reinforcement Table. About the Authors Jostein Hellesland has been Professor of Structural Mechanics at the University of Oslo, Norway since January 1988. His contribution to the field of stability has been recognized and magnified by many high-quality papers in famous international journals such as Engineering Structures, Thin-Walled Structures, Journal of Constructional Steel Research and Journal of Structural Engineering. Noël Challamel is Professor in Civil Engineering at UBS, University of South Brittany in France and chairman of the EMI-ASCE Stability committee. His contributions mainly concern the dynamics, stability and inelastic behavior of structural components, with special emphasis on Continuum Damage Mechanics (more than 70 publications in International peer-reviewed journals). Charles Casandjian was formerly Associate Professor at INSA (French National Institute of Applied Sciences), Rennes, France and the chairman of the course on reinforced concrete design. He has published work on the mechanics of concrete and is also involved in creating a web experience for teaching reinforced concrete design – BA-CORTEX. Christophe Lanos is Professor in Civil Engineering at the University of Rennes 1 in France. He has mainly published work on the mechanics of concrete, as well as other related subjects. He is also involved in creating a web experience for teaching reinforced concrete design – BA-CORTEX.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Advanced Design at Ultimate Limit State (ULS) 1 1.1. Design at ULS – simplified analysis 1 1.1.1. Simplified rectangular behavior – rectangular cross-section 1 1.1.2. Simplified rectangular behavior – T-cross-section 16 1.1.3. Comparison of design between serviceability limit state and ultimate limit state 22 1.1.4. Biaxial bending of a rectangular cross-section 28 1.2. ULS – extended analysis 37 1.2.1. Bilinear constitutive law for concrete – rectangular cross-section 37 1.2.2. Parabola–rectangle constitutive law for concrete – rectangular cross-section 44 1.2.3. T-cross-section – general resolution for bilinear or parabola–rectangle laws for concrete 53 1.2.4. T-cross-section – general equations for composed bending with normal forces 66 1.3. ULS – interaction diagram 82 1.3.1. Theoretical formulation of the interaction diagram 82 1.3.2. Approximation formulations 94 1.3.3. Graphical results for general cross-sections 98 Chapter 2. Slender Compression Members – Mechanics and Design 103 2.1. Introduction 103 2.2. Analysis methods 103 2.2.1. General 103 2.2.2. Requirements to second-order analysis 105 2.3. Member and system instability 105 2.3.1. Elastic critical load and effective (buckling) length 105 2.3.2. System instability principles 110 2.3.3. Concrete column instability – limit load 110 2.4. First- and second-order load effects 112 2.4.1. Global and local second-order effects 112 2.4.2. Single members 113 2.4.3. Frame mechanics – braced and bracing columns 115 2.4.4. Moment equilibrium at joints 119 2.5. Maximum moment formation 120 2.5.1. Maximum first- and second-order moment at the same section 120 2.5.2. Maximum first- and second-order moment at different sections 124 2.5.3. Curvature-based maximum moment expression 136 2.5.4. Unbraced frame application example 141 2.6. Local and global slenderness limits 144 2.6.1. Local, lower slenderness limits – general 144 2.6.2. EC2 – local lower slenderness limits 148 2.6.3. NS-EC2 – Local lower slenderness limits 150 2.6.4. Comparison of the EC2 and NS-EC2 limits 155 2.6.5. Local upper slenderness limit 156 2.6.6. Global lower slenderness limit 159 2.7. Effect of creep deformations 163 2.7.1. General 163 2.7.2. Effects on load and deformation capacity 165 2.7.3. Approximate calculation of creep effects 169 2.8. Geometric imperfections 176 2.8.1. Imperfection inclination 176 2.8.2. Stiffening structural elements 176 2.8.3. Stiffened and isolated structural elements 180 2.9. Elastic analysis methods 181 2.9.1. Principles, equilibrium and compatibility 181 2.9.2. Equilibrium and compatibility at multiple sections 183 2.9.3. Optimization 185 2.10. Practical linear elastic analysis 187 2.10.1. Stiffness assumptions 187 2.10.2. EC2 approach 189 2.10.3. ACI 318 approach 190 2.11. Simplified analysis and design methods 191 2.11.1. General 191 2.11.2. Simplified second-order analysis 192 2.11.3. Method based on nominal stiffness 194 2.11.4. Method based on nominal curvature 200 2.12. ULS design 204 2.12.1. Simplified design methods 204 2.12.2. Alternative design methods 205 2.12.3. Design example – framed column 207 Chapter 3. Approximate Analysis Methods 213 3.1. Effective lengths 213 3.1.1. Definition and exact member analysis 213 3.1.2. EC2 effective length of isolated members 218 3.1.3. Alternative effective length expressions 219 3.1.4. Columns with beam restraints 222 3.2. Method of means 227 3.2.1. General 227 3.2.2. Method of means – typical steps 227 3.2.3. Application of the method of means 230 3.3. Global buckling of unbraced or partially braced systems 236 3.3.1.General considerations 236 3.3.2. Flexibility factors 240 3.3.3. System instability and “system” effective lengths 243 3.3.4. Instability of partially braced column – example 248 3.3.5. Instability of partially braced frame – example 251 3.3.6. Sway buckling of unbraced multistory frames 256 3.4. Story sway and moment magnification 262 3.4.1. General 262 3.4.2. Partially braced column – example 264 3.4.3. Partially braced frame – example 266 3.4.4. Sway magnifier prediction of frames with single curvature regions 268 3.4.5. Iterative elastic analysis method 271 3.4.6. Global magnifiers for sway and moments 272 Appendix 1. Cardano’s Method 279 A1.1. Introduction 279 A1.2. Roots of a cubic function – method of resolution 280 A1.2.1. Canonical form 280 A1.2.2. Resolution – one real and two complex roots 281 A1.2.3. Resolution – two real roots 283 A1.2.4. Resolution – three real roots 283 A1.3. Roots of a cubic function – synthesis 285 A1.3.1. Summary of Cardano’s method 285 A1.3.2. Resolution of a cubic equation – example 286 A1.4. Roots of a quartic function – principle of resolution 287 Appendix 2. Steel Reinforcement Table 289 Bibliography 291 Index 305

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Book SynopsisThe author of this book presents a general, robust, and easy-to-use method that can handle many design parameters efficiently. Following an introduction, Chapter 1 presents the general concepts of truss layout optimization, starting from topology optimization where structural component sizes and system connectivity are simultaneously optimized. To fully realize the potential of truss layout optimization for the design of lightweight structures, the consideration of geometrical variables is then introduced. Chapter 2 addresses truss geometry and topology optimization by combining mathematical programming and structural mechanics: the structural properties of the optimal solution are used for devising the novel formulation. To avoid singularities arising in optimal configurations, this approach disaggregates the equilibrium equations and fully integrates their basic elements within the optimization formulation. The resulting tool incorporates elastic and plastic design, stress and displacement constraints, as well as self-weight and multiple loading. The inherent slenderness of lightweight structures requires the study of stability issues. As a remedy, Chapter 3 proposes a conceptually simple but efficient method to include local and nodal stability constraints in the formulation. Several numerical examples illustrate the impact of stability considerations on the optimal design. Finally, the investigation on realistic design problems in Chapter 4 confirms the practical applicability of the proposed method. It is shown how we can generate a range of optimal designs by varying design settings.Table of ContentsPreface vii Introduction xi Chapter 1. Truss Layout Optimization 1 1.1. Standard theory of mathematical programming 1 1.2. Governing equations of truss structures 3 1.3. Layout and topology optimization 7 1.3.1. Basic problem statement 7 1.3.2. Problem equivalence and numerical solution 11 1.4. Generalization 15 1.4.1. Self-weight and multiple loading 15 1.4.2. Compliance optimization 16 1.4.3. Volume optimization 17 1.4.4. Stress singularity 21 1.4.5. Local buckling singularity 25 1.5. Truss geometry and topology optimization 27 1.5.1. Optimization of nodal positions 27 1.5.2. Melting node effect 30 1.6. Concluding remarks 32 Chapter 2. Unified Formulation 33 2.1. Literature review 33 2.2. Disaggregation of equilibrium equations 36 2.3. Minimum volume problem 38 2.4. Minimum compliance problem 41 2.5. Reduced formulation for single loading 44 2.6. Nonlinear programming 46 2.6.1. Barrier problem 47 2.6.2. Sequential quadratic programming with trust regions 49 2.6.3. Verification test 51 2.7. Design settings 56 2.8. Concluding remarks 62 Chapter 3. Stability Considerations 65 3.1. Literature review 65 3.2. Lower bound plastic design formulation 69 3.3. Nominal force method for local stability 71 3.4. Local buckling criterion 75 3.5. Formulation including stability constraints 76 3.6. Numerical examples 78 3.6.1. Three-hinged arch 78 3.6.2. L-shaped frame 80 3.7. Concluding remarks 82 Chapter 4. Structural Design Applications 83 4.1. Reticulated dome 83 4.2. Lateral bracing of Winter’s type column 86 4.3. Arch bridge 88 4.4. Suspension bridge 90 4.5. Dutch Maritime Museum 92 Conclusions and Future Prospects 99 Appendix 105 Bibliography 113 Index 135

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Book SynopsisThis book brings together a total of 48 contributions (including 5 keynote papers) which were presented at the 2nd International Workshop on the Application of X-ray CT for Geomaterials (GeoX 2006) held in Aussois, France, on 4-7 October, 2006. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, from fundamental characterization of material behavior to applications in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. Recent advances of X-ray technology, hardware and software are also discussed. As such, this will be valuable reading for anyone interested in the application of X-ray CT to geomaterials from both fundamental and applied perspectives.Table of ContentsForeword 13J. Desrues, G. Viggiani, P. Besuelle Keynote lectures 15 Micro-Characterization of Shearing in Granular Materials Using Computed Tomography 17K.A. Alshibli, S.N. Batiste, S. Sture, M. Lankton X-ray Micro CT for Studying Strain Localization in Clay Rocks under Triaxial Compression 35P. Besuelle, G. Viggiani, N. Lenoir, J. Desrues, M. Bornert Investigation of Engineering Properties of Man-made Composite Geo-materials with Micro-focus X-ray CT 53Y. Kikuchi X-ray Tomography as a Tool for Micromechanical Investigations of Cement and Mortar 79E. N. Landis X-ray Computed Tomography for Geotechnical Engineering 95J. Otani Methods and techniques 117 Numerically enhanced Microtomographic Imaging Method Using a Novel Ring Artefact Filter 119D. Bernard, A. Chirazi Synchrotron X-Ray microtomography: a Hig Resolution, Fast and Quantitative Tool for Rock Characterization 125E. Boller, P. Cloetens, J. Baruchel, P. Tafforeau, O. Rozenbaum, J. Pourchez Applications of X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) in Engineering Geology 135K. Gallmeister, R. Azzam Accurate Three-dimensional Measurements of Features in Geological Materials from X-ray Computed Tomography Data 143R. A. Ketcham New submicro- and micro-CT set-up for NDT at the UGCT facility of the Ghent University (Belgium) 149B. Masschaele, V. Cnudde, M. Dierick, J. Vlassenbroeck, L. Van Hoorebeke, P. Jacobs, P. Van Auwegem Combination of Dual Energy Microfocus Computed Tomography and Petrography for Objective 3D Reservoir Characterization 155K. Remeysen, R. Swennen Optimising X-ray Computer Tomography Images with a CT-simulator 161P. Van Marcke, R. Swennen Octopus 8: A High Perfomrance Tomographic Reconstruction Package for X-ray Tube and Synchroton moci-CT 167J. Vlassenbroeck, B. Masschaele, V. Cnudde, M. Dierick, K. Pieters, L. Van Hoorebeke, P. Jacobs 167 Fracture and localized deformation 175 Visualization of Failure Pattern Specimens Containing Surface Crack Using X-ray Computerized Tomography 177K.T. Chau, R.C.K. Wong, R.H.C. Wong 177 Experimental Study of Compaction Bands in Diatomaceous Porous Rock 185T. Kodaka, F. Oka, J. Otani, H. Kitahara, H. Ohta X-ray imaging of compactant strain localization in sandstone 193L. Louis, T.-F. Wong, P. Baud Studies of Mechanisms Associated with Sand Production Using X Ray CT Scan 199J. Santos, E. Vargas Jr., E. Barroso, J. Castro, C. Goncalves, E. Campos The Application of X-ray Computed Tomography for Characterization of Surface Crack Networks in Bentonite-Sand Mixtures 207T. Gebrenegus, M. Tuller, B. Muhunthan Investigation of Crack Behavior on Cover Soils at Landfill using X-ray CT 213T. Mukunoki, J. Otani, A. Maekawa, S. Camp, J.P. Gourc Characterisation of Hydraulic Fractures in Limestones Using X-ray Microtomography 221F. Renard, D. Bernard, J. Desrues, E. Plougonven, A. Ougier-Simonin Characterization of Variable Aperture Rock Fractures Using X-ray Computer Tomography 229W.M.S.B. Weerakone, R.C.K. Wong Microscopic Analysis of Dynamic Loading-induced Fractures by Using Micro CT 237M. Yokota, S.H. Cho, M. Ito, S. Owada, K. Kaneko Micro structure 245 Measuring Local Strains in Sandstones under Stress with Micro-computed Tomography 247A. Bauer, E. Verhulp, S. Schoofs Visualization of Grain Motion inside a Triaxial Specimen by Micro X-ray CT at SPring-8 255T. Matsushima, K. Uesugi, T. Nakano, A. Tsuchiyama Quantifying Consolidation and Reordering in Natural Granular Media from Computed Tomography Images 263A.H. Reed, K.E. Thompson, W. Zhang, C.S. Willson, K.B. Briggs Grain Partitioning and its Applications 269M. Saadatfar, A.P. Shepard, M.A. Knackstedt Development of a Three-dimensional Fabric Analysis Method using Scanning Lines and its Applications for X-ray CT Image of Geomaterials 277T. Takemura, M. Takahashi, M. Oda Flow and diffusion 285 Study on Water Flow in Rock by Means of the Tracer-aided X-rays CT 287D. Fukahori, Y. Saito, D. Morinaga, M. Ogata, K. Sugawara X-Ray CT Observation and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Measurement of Bentonite-Quartz Mixtures 293C. Kawargi, Y. Nakamura, K. Kashiwaya, K. Kaneko, T. Yoneda Accuracy of the Two Common Semi-Analytical Equations in Predicting Asphalt Permeability 301M.E. Kutay, A.H. Aydilek Development of X-ray CT Coreflood System for High Temperature Condition 309H. Okabe, Y. Tsuchyia, K. Oseto, K. Okatsu Visualization of 2D Diffusion Phenomena in Rock by Means of X-ray CT 315A. Sato, D. Fukahori, K. Sugawara, A. Sawada, A. Takebe Geoenvironmental issues 323 Hydraulic Properties of Aggregate-aggregate Contacts 325A. Carminati, A. Kaestner, R. Hassanein, A. Koliji Characterization of the Micro Organism Mobility in In-Situ Bioremediation 333T. Hata, R. Kuwano, Y. Kikuchi Experimental Study of Flow and Deformation in Aggregated Soils using Neutron Tomography 341A. Koliji, A. Carminati, A. Kaestner, L. Vulliet, L. Laloui, H. Fluehler, P. Vontobel, R. Hassanein A Rigid Registration Method for the Study of Microgeometry Evolution of Limestone during Dissolution by Acidic Water 349E. Plougonven, D. Bernard Engineering applications 355 X-ray Tomography in Compensation Grouting Research: Shape and Density of Injected Grout 357A. Bezuijen, A.F. Van Tol Evaluation of Cavity Generation in Soils subjected to Sewerage defects using X-ray CT 365T. Mukunoki, J. Otani, S. Nonaka, T. Horii, R. Kuwano Engineering Properties of Cement Treated Clay with Tire Chips 373T. Nagatome, Y. Kikuchi, Y. Mitarai, J. Otani Consolidants Influence on the Sandstones Capillarity. X-ray Study 381A. Rodriguez-Rey, V.G. Ruiz de Argandeno, L. Calleja, L.M. Suarez del Rio, C. Celorio Investigation of Interaction Behavior Between Soil and Face Bolts using X-ray CT 389D. Takano, J. Otani, S. Fukushige, H.Natagani Material characterization 397 X-ray CT Study of Mini-Fabrics of Organic Soils (Oostvaardersplassen) 399X. Cheng, D. Ngan-Tillard Extracting Particle Orientations from Three-dimensional Datasets using BLOB3D 407A.S. Mote, R.A. Ketcham, W.P. Watson Low Stress States in Triaxial Tests Observed using X-Ray Computed Tomography 415D. Ngan-Tillard, X. Cheng, P. Moutinho Spatial and Density Resolution in Microfocus X-ray CT, Applied to Studies of Microstructural Changes in Rocks with Increasing Hydrostatic Pressure 421M. Takahashi, T. Takemura, H. Hirai, A. Murakoshi, M. Kato Quantitative Analysis of Mortar Sample Evolution During Leaching 429D. Bernard, N. Burlio, P. Cheng Failure Structure of Red-Soils Modified by Fiber-Cement-Stabilized Method 435H. Takahashi, M. Mori, K. Kumakura, K. Kotani, K. Kaneko Evaluation of Water Cement Ratio of Hardened Concrete by X-ray CT Method 443T. Temmyo, Y. Murakami, Y. Obara Index of authors 451

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Book SynopsisDynamics of Civil Structures, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 38th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2020, the second volume of eight from the Conference brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of the Dynamics of Civil Structures, including papers on:Structural VibrationHumans & Structures Innovative Measurement for Structural Applications Smart Structures and Automation Modal Identification of Structural Systems Bridges and Novel Vibration Analysis Sensors and Control

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