Structural engineering Books
John Wiley & Sons Inc Finite Element Approximation for Optimal Shape
Book SynopsisThis book addresses the formulation, approximation and numerical solution of optimal shape design problems: from the continuous model through its discretization and approximation results, to sensitivity analysis and numerical realization. Shape optimization of structures is addressed in the first part, using variational inequalities of elliptic type. New results, such as contact shape optimization for bodies made of non-linear material, sensitivity analysis based on isoparametric technique, and analysis of cost functionals related to contact stress distribution are included. The second part presents new concepts of shape optimization based on a fictitious domain approach. Finally, the application of the shape optimization methodology in the material design is discussed. This second edition is a fully revised and up-dated version of Finite Element Method for Optimal Shape Design. Numerous numerical examples illustrate the theoretical results, and industrial applications are given.Table of ContentsPreliminaries. Abstract Setting of the Optimal Shape Design Problem and ItsApproximation. Optimal Shape Design of Systems Governed by a Unilateral BoundaryValue State Problem the Scalar Case. Approximation of the Optimal Shape Design Problems by FiniteElements the Scalar Case. Numerical Realization of Optimal Shape Design Problems Associatedwith a Unilateral Boundary Value Problem the Scalar Case. Shape optimization in Unilateral Boundary Value Problems with a"Flux" Cost Functional. Optimal Shape Design Contact Problems the Elastic Case. Shape Optimization of Materially Non-linear Bodies inContact. Shape Optimization in Problems with Inner Obstacles. Optimum Composite Material Design. Topology Optimization in Unilateral Problems. Appendices. Bibliography. Index.
£401.36
John Wiley & Sons Inc Analysis Design and Optimization of Composite
Book SynopsisRapidly varying material and geometrical characteristics of composite materials and structures do not allow the direct study of their mechanical behavior even with the use of modern computers. This book is devoted to the mechanical design and optimization problems of composite structures, based on the previously developed asymptotic homogenization models and on the newly elaborated rigorous mathematical methods. It describes how to construct mathematically rigorous mechanical models to determine strength, stiffness, and weight minimization requirements, all important factors of design and optimization.Table of ContentsANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS OF A PERIODIC STRUCTURE. Asymptotic Methods in the Mechanics of Composites. Analysis of the Effective Properties of Highly Porous Composite Materials and Structures. Homogenization Models for Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Effective Properties of Thin-Walled Composite Structural Members. Strength Criteria for Composite Materials. DESIGN OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL MEMBERS. Design of Laminated Composites with Given Effective Characteristics. Design of High-Stiffness, Fibre-Reinforced Composites. Design of Composite Structural Members with Given Effective Characteristics. Smart Composite Structures. Appendices. References. Index.
£235.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Stochastic Processes and Random Vibrations
Book SynopsisBeginning with the basics of probability and an overview of stochastic process, this book goes on to explore their engineering applications: random vibration and system analysis. It addresses extreme conditions such as distribution of large vibration peaks, probabilities of exceeding certain limits, and fatigue.Table of ContentsFundamentals of Probability Calculus with Applications. The Basic Theory of Stochastic Processes. Random Excitation and Response of Simple Linear Systems. Random Excursions and Failure Probabilities. Random Excitation and Response of Multiple and Continuous Systems. Some Fundamental Stochastic Processes. Fourier Analysis and Data Processing. Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Analysis. References. Index.
£80.96
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Concrete Building Pathology
Book SynopsisThis book deals with the diagnosis, prognosis and repair issues associated with concrete buildings. Since the patenting and subsequent large-scale manufacture of modern cement, in the nineteenth century, concrete has become one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. Those concerned with building pathology now need to understand problems specifically related to concrete and to identify appropriate methods of repair and remediation. This book brings together experts in the history, defect diagnosis, remediation and maintenance of concrete. It includes case studies from around the world to illustrate the various repair methods available. It will provide an invaluable guide for architects, building surveyors, structural engineers and specialist contractors as well as students of building pathology and conservation.Trade Review'The book effectively brings together relevant information on the diagnosis, prognosis, and repair of concrete buildings and structures, and should form mandatory reading for students and practitioners involved in the architectural conservation of concrete buildings and structures.' Journal of Architectural Conservation, July 2004Table of ContentsIntroduction; Key developments in the history of concrete construction and the implications for remediation and repair; Structural appraisal; Defects, damage and decay; Repairing damaged concrete; Maintenance; Concrete in the future; Repair, remediation and maintenance in practice - case studies; Appendix:useful addresses; Glossary.
£89.96
Emerald Publishing Limited Slope Stability Engineering
Book SynopsisBrings together details on slope stability, causes of landslides, landslide prevention, several techniques for assessing and predicting stability, various methods for stabilising slopes, and the special considerations for coastal situations.Table of ContentsMechanics Isle of Wight Coastal Stability Remedial Measures
£88.35
Emerald Publishing Limited Analysis Design and Construction of Steel Space
Book SynopsisThis is the first in-depth book to present all instances and applications of space frames in various engineering schemes. It uses case studies and numerous illustrations to examine steel space frames from their design to their structural engineering performance.Table of ContentsForeword Preface About the CD-ROM Introduction to space frames Structural design of space frame components Preliminary design Double-layer flat space frames Time-and labour-saving aids for pre-and post-processing tasks Space trusses for long spans Braced barrel vaults Braced domes Optimization techniques Stability checks Index
£160.07
Emerald Publishing Limited Structural Detailing in Steel
Book SynopsisConstruction time constraints are partly responsible for the increasingly prevalent use of structural steel. This manual looks at the various aspects of steel construction. It covers the full scope of structural steelwork detailing, including fundamentals, draughting practice and conventions, and conventional methods of detailing components.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements Metric conversions Definitions Introduction to codes List of comparative symbols Introduction Structural steel Draughting practice for detailers Bolts and bolted joints Welding Design detailing of major steel components Steel buildings - case studies Steel bridges - case studies Appendix. Section properties Bibliography British Standards and other standards ASTM Standards
£75.05
Emerald Publishing Limited Structural Analysis with Finite Elements
Book SynopsisStructural Analysis with Finite Elements reveals the theory behind the finite element (FE) method as it relates to structural engineering and explains how to overcome commonly encountered problems and errors found in everyday structural modelling with finite element software.Table of ContentsIntroduction Overview Elasticity: Special Formulations The Finite Element Assembly Actions Constraints Solving and Stress Recovery Error Assessment Structural Problems The Most Common Finite Elements Problems in Modelling The Problem of Checking Appendices References and Index
£76.95
Emerald Publishing Limited Structural Systems Behaviour and Design vol. 1
Book SynopsisPromoting and underlining the importance of structural thinking, Structural Systems: Behaviour and Design will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of a wide range of structural systems based on the load-carrying mechanisms involved.Table of ContentsIntroductory concepts The use of equilibrium in finding the state of stress and deformation (statically determinate structures) The handling of deformations for determining the stress state in framed structures (statically indeterminate structures) Simply supported beams Continuous beams Frames The influence of deformations on the state of stress. Elastic stability Arches Cable structures
£72.68
Emerald Publishing Limited Structural Systems Behaviour and Design vol. 2
Book SynopsisPromoting and underlining the importance of structural thinking, Structural Systems: Behaviour and Design will provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of the behaviour of a wide range of structural systems based on the load-carrying mechanisms involved.Table of Contents* Grids * Plates * Shells * Thin-walled beams * Box girders * Lateral response of multi-storey systems * Dynamic behaviour of discrete mass systems * Supporting the structure on the ground
£84.08
Emerald Publishing Limited Monitoring Underground Construction
Book SynopsisThis is the only guide to the principles for development, design, implementation and management of monitoring systems employed to manage risks in underground construction for clients, project managers, designers, contractors and asset owners.Trade ReviewThe BTS is a learned society of the British Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) and has a membership of more than 900 individual and corporate members. It is one of the most vibrant gatherings of professional tunnellers in the world.Table of ContentsExecutive Summary 1. Introduction 2. Objectives of monitoring 3. Principles for planning of effective monitoring systems 4. Considerations for design of effective monitoring systems 5. Considerations for operation & management 6. Conclusions and recommendations Appendix A: Monitoring system specification checklist Appendix B: Bibliography Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Monitoring System Risks Appendix E: Monitoring system risks Appendix F: Monitoring report example
£50.50
Emerald Publishing Limited FiniteElement Design of Concrete Structures
Book SynopsisThe structural engineer's essential practical guide to the computational design of concrete structures.Table of ContentsPreface About the author Notations General 1.1. Introduction to FEM 1.2. General problems of numerical analysis of concrete structures Truss and beam structures 2.1. Corners in frame structures - rigid regions 2.2. Beams with variable depth - inclined haunches 2.3. Beams with halving joints and openings 2.4. Soft supports - elastic bedding 2.5. Shear walls with large openings 2.6. Bracing of high-rise buildings 2.7. Design of hollow box girder bridges 2.8. Truss system - design of T-beam bridges 2.9. Support conditions 2.10. Dimensioning of reinforced beams 2.11. Material nonlinear analysis of truss and beam systems Shear walls and deep beams 3.1. Estimation of stress resultants of deep beams 3.2. Modelling the support condition 3.3. Dimensioning of deep beams 3.4. Strut-and-tie models 3.5. Singularities Slabs 4.1. General 4.2. Meshing - size of elements 4.3. Material parameters - Poisson's ratio 4.4. Support conditions for slabs 4.5. One-way slab 4.6. Slabs that can lift from the supports 4.7. Discontinuous line support 4.8. Concrete joist floors 4.9. Flat slabs 4.10. Foundation slabs 4.11. Skewed slabs 4.12. Singularities 4.13. Discretisation - generation of the element mesh 4.14. Dimensioning of spatial structures 4.15. Comparison with analytical methods and tables Shell structures 5.1. Mesh generation 5.2. T-beams 5.3. Slab-on-beam structure 5.4. Composite structures 5.5. Singularities 5.6. Material nonlinear analysis of shells and massive members Three-dimensional building models 6.1. General problems 6.2. FE modelling of a building 6.3. Design of a building 6.4. Portal frame bridge 6.5. Checking and documentation of FE analyses 6.6. The power of FE analysis 6.7. Summary and conclusions References Index
£104.02
Emerald Publishing Limited Structural Analysis
Book SynopsisStructural Analysis offers well-explained worked solutions which complement the discussed theory, allowing students to understand the logic behind the solution. This book covers the full breadth of this core topic including detailed chapter on Finite Element Analysis.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Statistically determinant structures Chapter 3. Statistically indeterminant structures Chapter 4. Understanding structural behaviours Chapter 5. Finite Element Analysis 6. Advanced topics
£39.50
Emerald Publishing Limited Programme Management in Construction
Book SynopsisThis book is essential reading for the client, stakeholders, contractors and other practitioners dealing with large projects and programmes in the construction industry worldwide.
£63.65
Emerald Publishing Limited Wireless Sensor Networks for Civil Infrastructure
Book SynopsisThe purpose of this guide is to consolidate a generic methodology for the design and implementation of WSNs for monitoring civil engineering infrastructure, coupled with best practice for data management and information valuation.
£79.32
Emerald Publishing Limited ICE Specification for Piling and Embedded
Book SynopsisUpdate to reflect the latest piling techniques and procurement methods used in the geotechnical sector, this edition is the UK’s pre-eminent technical specification for piling and embedded walling works, either on land or near to shore.
£72.68
Emerald Publishing Limited Progressive Collapse of Structures
Book SynopsisProgressive Collapse of Structures, Second edition provides structural engineers with the practical and systematic frameworks they need to anticipate the risk of progressive and/or disproportionate collapse, and to apply this knowledge to the design of new structures as well as the retrofit design of existing structures.With design codes becoming more stringent in their collapse resistance requirements, there is an increased demand for guidance. This new edition addresses this demand by explaining progressive collapse as it occurs in different kinds of structures, as well as outlining both code provisions and general methods for providing resistance against disproportionate collapse.Progressive Collapse of Structures, Second edition: offers a comprehensive, straightforward introduction to the topic catalogues and describes in detail the different types of progressive collapse includes a new chapter outlining and discussing the current U
£85.02
Emerald Publishing Limited Tension Structures
Book SynopsisTension Structures, Second edition delivers a unique coverage of the topic of tension structures ranging from a variety of pre-stressed cable net and fabric roofing forms to suspension bridge cables. The emphasis is on finding minimum energy forms of these structures by analogy to nature.
£65.55
Emerald Publishing Limited Temporary Works
Book SynopsisTemporary Works: Principles of design and construction provides authoritative and comprehensive guidance on temporary works for practising engineers.
£158.17
Emerald Publishing Limited Empirical Design in Structural Engineering
Book SynopsisThrough case studies from North America, Europe and Asia, Empirical Design in Structural Engineering shows that empirical design is practised much more widely than is generally understood,that it can make a valuable contribution to structural engineering design, and can be found embedded within the procedures of rational engineering design.Table of ContentsChapter 1. Introduction Chapter 2. Philosophical Empiricism and Rationalism Chapter 3. Engineering Empiricism and Rationalism Chapter 4. Purely Empirical Builders and Their Products Chapter 5. An empiricist review of contemporary building codes Chapter 6. Ethical issues in the application of empirical design Chapter 7. Case study I. The application of empirical design to engineering for historic preservation Chapter 8. Case study II. Forensic Engineering Chapter 9. Case study III. Design of a wood frame building by empirical rules and justification Chapter 10. Case study IV. Design of a reinforced concrete foundation by empirical rules and justification Chapter 11. Further Contemporary Uses of Empirical Design Chapter 12. Conclusions
£40.00
American Society of Civil Engineers Standard Guidelines for the Design Installation
Book SynopsisProvides guidelines for the design of urban stormwater systems, covering topics such as site analysis, system configuration, hydrology, hydraulic design, nonstructural considerations, structural design, and materials. This title also presents guidelines for the installation of urban stormwater systems.
£74.40
American Society of Civil Engineers Bracing Coldformed Steel Structures A Design
Book SynopsisDocuments the practices related to bracing cold-formed steel structure elements and systems. This report seeks to remove some of the perceived mystery by providing useful information for bracing these structures. It also contains design examples illustrating bracing design for various types of cold-formed steel structures.
£56.00
American Society of Civil Engineers Reliabilitybased Design of Utility Pole
Book SynopsisProvides technical information on the design of utility pole structures. This manual demonstrates how poles differing in material can be designed to equivalent reliability levels, provides means for quantifying adjusting reliability, and offers design incentives for reliable poles. It is useful for pole manufacturers and transmission engineers.
£78.75
American Society of Civil Engineers Pipe Bursting Projects ASCE Manuals Reports on
Book SynopsisPipe bursting is a method used for trenchless replacement of existing pipe with new pipe of equal or greater diameter. This work provides different practices for the design and construction of pipelines using pipe bursting methods, with a special focus on building pipelines under roads, railroads, and streets.
£48.75
American Society of Civil Engineers Circles in the Sky
Book SynopsisGeorge W G Ferris Jr and his wheel helped usher America - eager to identify itself with ingenuity, entrepreneurialism, and innovation - into the 20th century. Yet the very wheel that came to define George Ferris in the end consumed him, leaving him ruined. This book is a biography of George Ferris.
£34.81
American Society of Civil Engineers Wind Loads
Book Synopsis
£70.40
American Society of Civil Engineers Design Loads on Structures During Construction Standard ASCESEI 37 14
Book SynopsisDescribes the minimum design requirements for construction loads, load combinations, and load factors affecting buildings and other structures that are under construction. it addresses partially completed structures as well as temporary support and access structures used during construction.
£72.00
Getty Trust Publications Seismic Stabilization of Historic Adobe
Book SynopsisThe Getty Seismic Adobe Project set out to identify and evaluate methods for the seismic protection of historical and culturally significant Adobe structures. This is a description of the design, experimental procedures and results of the project.
£33.25
John Wiley & Sons Inc NonDestructive Evaluation of Corrosion and
Book SynopsisEdited by leading researchers and technologists, Non-Destructive Evaluation of Corrosion is the only book to discuss the interdisciplinary topic of non-destructive evaluation of degradation of materials due to environment.Table of ContentsList of Contributors ix Foreword xi Preface xiv 1 Nondestructive Testing: An Overview of Techniques and Application for Quality Evaluation 1B. Venkatraman and Baldev Raj 2 Corrosion: An Overview of Types, Mechanism, and Requisites of Evaluation 56U. Kamachi Mudali, J. Jayaraj, R.K. Singh Raman and Baldev Raj 3 Nondestructive Evaluation of Corrosion: Case Studies I 75Paritosh Nanekar, N. Jothilakshmi and Baldev Raj 4 NDE Methods for Monitoring Corrosion and Corrosion‐assisted Cracking: Case Studies II 101B.P.C. Rao and Baldev Raj 5 Lock‐in Thermography for the Wide Area Detection of Paint Degradation and Incipient Corrosion 122R. Jones, M. Lo, M. Dorman, A. Bowler, D. Roles and S.A. Wade 6 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for Nondestructive Evaluation of Corrosion Processes 160V.S. Raja 7 Electrochemical Noise as Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Understanding and Monitoring Corrosion 198Girija Suresh, U. Kamachi Mudali and Baldev Raj 8 Evaluation of Cracking and Spallation of Oxide Scales by Acoustic Emission 245M.B. Venkataraman, Prabhakar Singh and R.K. Singh Raman 9 Nondestructive Testing and Corrosion Monitoring 261Alec Groysman Index 410
£131.35
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Structural Design of Buildings
Book SynopsisCovering common problems, likely failures and their remedies, this is an essential on-site guide to the behaviour of a building s structure. Presented in a clear structure and user-friendly style, the book goes through all the structural aspects of a building and assesses the importance of the different components.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements xvii About the Author xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1 The History of Buildings 1 The development of building knowledge 1 Styles of architecture and building construction 2 Chapter 2 Loadings and Aspects of Structural Theory Relating to Buildings 19 Weight and mass 19 Permanent actions or dead loads 19 Variable actions or imposed loads 20 Wind load 20 Accidental actions 26 Seismic action 26 BS EN 1991: Actions on structures EC1 26 Combinations of load and factors of safety 26 Stress 27 Strain 27 Young’s modulus or modulus of elasticity 27 Plastic deformation 27 Buckling 29 Local buckling 29 Second moment of area 29 Centre of gravity 30 Lateral torsional buckling 30 Neutral axis 30 Bending force 30 Shear force and bending moment 31 Deflection 31 Static equilibrium 31 Internal forces 32 Derivation of shear force 35 Derivation of bending moment 35 Derivation of deflection 36 Basic theory of bending 37 Moment of resistance 39 Combined bending and direct stress 40 External and internal statically determinate structures 40 Connections and restraints 41 Stiffness 44 Buildings and load paths 45 Chapter 3 The Construction of Buildings 49 Breathable and non-breathable construction 49 Timber frame 51 Stone 64 Modern timber frame construction 81 Solid brick construction 81 Cavity construction 82 Steel construction 84 Commercial steel portal frames 87 Precast concrete construction 88 Chapter 4 Steel 93 Steel properties 93 Lateral torsional buckling 93 The effect of end restraints on a beam 93 Bending failure 101 Local buckling 101 Shear failure 102 Web bearing and buckling 102 Deflection 102 Fire and corrosion 102 Chapter 5 Concrete 105 The history of cement and concrete 105 Cement 105 Water and workability – now known as consistence 106 Failure of concrete 107 Strength of concrete 109 Concrete mix designs 109 Creep 111 Environment 111 Air-entrained concrete 111 Accelerators and retarders 112 Plasticizers 112 Fly ash, silica flume and ground granulated blast furnace slag 112 Anti-corrosion 112 Chapter 6 Timber 113 Grading of timber 113 Moisture 113 Air-dried timber 119 Kiln-dried timber 119 Dimensions of timber 120 Shear 120 Bending 120 Deflection 121 Chapter 7 Foundations 123 Purpose of foundations 123 The history of foundations 123 Building Regulation requirements 124 Stepped foundation 125 Types of foundation 126 Piles 132 Bearing pressure 134 Bearing capacity 134 Eccentric loading on foundations 137 Climatic and moisture changes 138 Physical damage by trees 139 Underpinning 139 Chapter 8 Walls 141 The strength of walls 141 Masonry unit 141 Frost resistance and soluble salts 142 Concrete blocks 143 Mortar 143 Lime putty (non-hydraulic lime) 144 Hydraulic lime 144 Important rules in the use of lime mortars 144 Cement 145 Characteristic strength of masonry 145 Slenderness ratio 146 Flexural stiffness and the second moment of area 147 Euler load 148 Leaning walls and stability 153 Movement joints 153 Changes due to temperature changes 154 Changes due to moisture changes 154 Traditional design of walls 155 Middle-third rule 156 Timber frame walls and raking 157 Chapter 9 Floors 161 The history of floors 161 Modern solid floors 162 Suspended floors and engineered floor joists 163 Holes and notches in floor joists 163 Limecrete 168 The use of plaster and lime ash floors 168 Beam and block suspended floors and hollow core floors 171 Damp 171 Salts 172 Sulphate attack 172 Ceilings 173 Chapter 10 Roofs 175 Trussed and cut roofs 175 Modern truss roofs 175 Cut roofs 177 Roof components 179 Wind bracing 188 Roof spread 189 Overloading of roof members 191 Alterations to roof structures 192 Traditional timber frame building trusses 192 Modern rafter design 193 Flat roof construction 195 Chapter 11 Arches and Columns 197 The history of arches 197 Inversion theory 197 Line of thrust 199 Formation of hinges 201 Visible line of thrust 201 Height and thickness of an arch 203 Gothic arch 203 Domes 203 Columns 204 Chapter 12 Geology 209 The importance of understanding geology 209 Sinkholes 209 Landslips 213 Mining 216 Loess 220 Quick sand 220 Seismic activity 220 Drainage and the water table 220 Chapter 13 Site Investigation 223 Site investigation 223 Boreholes 223 Trenches 223 Geophysics 223 Gravity surveys 223 Magnetic surveys 224 Electromagnetic surveys 224 Electrical surveys 224 Ground-penetrating radar 224 Seismic reflection surveys 224 Seismic refraction 224 Made-up ground or fill 225 Walkover 225 Japanese knotweed 227 Buddleia 227 Desk study 227 Radon 228 Chapter 14 Stability of Buildings 229 Disproportionate collapse 229 Class 1 230 Class 2A 230 Class 2B 230 Class 3 231 Chapter 15 Dimensions of Buildings 233 Building Regulations Part A 233 Slenderness ratio 234 Buttresses and end restraints 245 Lateral restraint of walls and roofs 245 Chapter 16 Basements and Retaining Structures 247 Structural considerations 247 Safety factors 248 Theory behind the design 248 Loading 248 Angle of shearing resistance 250 Effects of water 251 Proportions of walls 251 Design example 252 Specialist advice 260 Types of wall 278 Basements 281 Chapter 17 Structural Alterations 283 Preliminary considerations 283 Removal of walls 283 Alterations to timbers and trusses 285 Alterations to roof structures for dormers 287 Loft conversions 288 Flitch beams 289 Lintels and openings 293 Chapter 18 Structural Defects in Buildings 295 Structural defects 295 Compression 295 Tension 295 Shear 295 Random cracking 295 Location of cracking 296 Roof spread 296 Settlement 296 Shrinkage due to thermal and moisture movements 297 Movement of brickwork along the damp-proof course 298 Subsidence 298 Chemical reactions 301 High alumina cement (HAC) 302 Wall tie failure 302 Damp 303 Overloading 303 Professional advice 305 Chapter 19 The Ancient Use of Sign and Geometry in the Setting Out of Buildings 307 Daisy wheel 307 The golden number or golden mean 307 Pythagoras 309 Masonic markings 309 Ordnance datum bench marks 310 References 313 Index 315
£53.15
John Wiley & Sons Inc Durability Design of Concrete Structures
Book SynopsisComprehensive coverage of durability of concrete at both material and structural levels, with design related issues Links two active fields in materials science and structural engineering: the durability processes of concrete materials and design methods of concrete structures Facilitates communication between the two communities, helping to implement life-cycle concepts into future design methods of concrete structures Presents state-of-the-art information on the deterioration mechanism and performance evolution of structural concrete under environmental actions and the design methods for durability of concrete structures Provides efficient support and practical tools for life-cycle oriented structural design which has been widely recognized as a new generation of design philosophy for engineering structures The author has long experience working with the topic and the materials presented have been part of the author''s currenTrade Review"The book follows a basic logic line from concrete materials to structural design, and the content is accordingly divided into three parts...Overall, the book provides good coverage of the topic and valuable information for the understanding of deterioration processes of concrete structures. The book can serve as a reference for civil and structural engineering students, as well as practising engineers". (The Structural Engineer/The Institution of Structural Engineers, May 2017) Table of ContentsPreface ix Acknowledgments xv Part I DETERIORATION OF CONCRETE MATERIALS 1 1 Carbonation and Induced Steel Corrosion 3 1.1 Phenomena and Observations 3 1.2 Carbonation of Concrete 7 1.2.1 Mechanisms 7 1.2.2 Influential Factors 9 1.2.3 Models 12 1.3 Steel Corrosion by Carbonation 18 1.3.1 Mechanism 18 1.3.2 Influential Factors 21 1.3.3 Models 22 1.4 Basis for Design 25 1.4.1 Structural Consequence 25 1.4.2 Design Considerations 27 2 Chloride Ingress and Induced Steel Corrosion 29 2.1 Phenomena and Observations 29 2.2 Chloride Ingress 32 2.2.1 Mechanism 32 2.2.2 Influential Factors 34 2.2.3 Models 42 2.3 Steel Corrosion by Chloride Ingress 46 2.3.1 Mechanisms 46 2.3.2 Influential Factors 49 2.3.3 Models 51 2.4 Basis for Design 53 2.4.1 Structural Consequence 53 2.4.2 Design Considerations 54 3 Freeze–Thaw Damage 56 3.1 Phenomena and Observations 56 3.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 57 3.2.1 Mechanisms 57 3.2.2 Influential Factors 64 3.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 71 3.3.1 Model FT-1: Critical Saturation Model 71 3.3.2 Model FT-2: Crystallization Stress Model 72 3.4 Basis for Design 76 3.4.1 Structural Consequence 76 3.4.2 Design Considerations 76 4 Leaching 78 4.1 Phenomena and Observations 78 4.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 80 4.2.1 Mechanisms 80 4.2.2 Influential Factors 83 4.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 85 4.3.1 Model L-1: CH Dissolution Model 85 4.3.2 Model L-2: CH + C]S]H Leaching Model 87 4.3.3 Further Analysis of Surface Conditions 92 4.4 Basis for Design 94 4.4.1 Structural Consequence 94 4.4.2 Design Considerations 94 5 Salt Crystallization 96 5.1 Phenomena and Observations 96 5.2 Mechanisms and Influential Factors 99 5.2.1 Mechanisms 99 5.2.2 Influential Factors 102 5.3 Modeling for Engineering Use 106 5.3.1 Model CT-1: Critical Supersaturation Model 106 5.3.2 Model CT-2: Crystallization Stress Model 107 5.4 Basis for Design 110 Part II FROM MATERIALS TO STRUCTURES 113 6 Deterioration in Structural Contexts 115 6.1 Loading and Cracking 115 6.1.1 Mechanical Loading 116 6.1.2 Effect of Cracks: Single Crack 118 6.1.3 Effect of Cracks: Multi]cracks 128 6.2 Multi]fields Problems 130 6.2.1 Thermal Field 132 6.2.2 Moisture Field 135 6.2.3 Multi]field Problems 141 6.3 Drying–Wetting Actions 144 6.3.1 Basis for Drying–Wetting Actions 144 6.3.2 Drying–Wetting Depth 147 6.3.3 Moisture Transport under Drying–Wetting Actions 151 Part III DURABILITY DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES 155 7 Durability Design: Approaches and Methods 157 7.1 Fundamentals 157 7.1.1 Performance Deterioration 158 7.1.2 Durability Limit States 158 7.1.3 Service Life 161 7.2 Approaches and Methods 164 7.2.1 Objectives 164 7.2.2 Global Approaches 166 7.2.3 Model]based Methods 168 7.3 Life Cycle Consideration 170 7.3.1 Fundamentals for Life]cycle Engineering 171 7.3.2 Life]cycle Cost Analysis 171 7.3.3 Maintenance Design 173 8 Durability Design: Properties and Indicators 183 8.1 Basic Properties for Durability 183 8.1.1 Chemical Properties 184 8.1.2 Microstructure and Related Properties 185 8.1.3 Transport Properties 187 8.1.4 Mechanical Properties 194 8.1.5 Fundamental Relationships 195 8.2 Characterization of Durability]related Properties 198 8.2.1 Characterization of Chemical and Microstructural Properties 198 8.2.2 Characterization of Transport and Mechanical Properties 200 8.2.3 Durability Performance Tests 201 8.3 Durability Indicators for Design 205 8.3.1 Nature of Durability Indicators 205 8.3.2 Durability Indicators for Deterioration 206 8.3.3 Durability Indicators: State of the Art 208 9 Durability Design: Applications 210 9.1 Sea Link Project for 120 Years 210 9.1.1 Project Introduction 210 9.1.2 Durability Design: The Philosophy 213 9.1.3 Model]based Design for Chloride Ingress 214 9.1.4 Quality Control for Design 219 9.2 High]Integrity Container for 300 Years 220 9.2.1 High]Integrity Container and Near]Surface Disposal 220 9.2.2 Design Context 223 9.2.3 Design Models for Control Processes 226 9.2.4 Model]based Design for 300 Years 227 9.3 Further Considerations for Long Service Life Design 232 10 Codes for Durability Design 234 10.1 Codes and Standards: State of the Art 234 10.1.1 Eurocode 234 10.1.2 ACI Code 235 10.1.3 JSCE Code 237 10.1.4 China Codes 239 10.2 GB/T 50476: Design Basis 240 10.2.1 Environmental Classification 241 10.2.2 Design Lives and Durability Limit States 242 10.2.3 Durability Prescriptions 243 10.3 GB/T 50476: Requirements for Durability 244 10.3.1 Atmospheric Environment 245 10.3.2 Freeze–Thaw Environment 246 10.3.3 Marine and Deicing Salts Environments 249 10.3.4 Sulfate Environment 253 10.3.5 Post]tensioned Prestressed Structures 255 References 259 Index 270
£110.15
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Basic Structures
Book SynopsisBasic Structures provides the student with a clear explanation of structural concepts, using many analogies and examples.Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ix Introduction x 1 What is structural engineering? 1 2 Learn the language: a simple explanation of terms used by structural engineers 8 3 How do structures (and parts of structures) behave? 11 4 Force, mass and weight 26 5 Loading – dead or alive 32 6 Equilibrium – a balanced approach 38 7 More about forces: resultants and components 43 8 Moments 54 9 Reactions 67 10 Different types of support – and what’s a pin? 73 11 A few words about stability 81 12 Introduction to the analysis of pin-jointed frames 93 13 Method of resolution at joints 98 14 Method of sections 119 15 Graphical method 127 16 Shear force and bending moments 137 17 This thing called stress 168 18 Direct (and shear) stress 173 19 Bending stress 184 20 Combined bending and axial stress 205 21 Structural materials: concrete, steel, timber and masonry 218 22 More on materials 229 23 How far can I span? 235 24 Calculating those loads 242 25 An introduction to structural design 252 26 More on structural types and forms 291 27 An introduction to deflection 310 28 Shear stress 324 29 Buckling and torsion 333 30 Frames and three-pinned arches 344 31 Virtual work 356 32 Squares and circles of stress: An introduction to Mohr’s Circle 363 33 Trusses (no numbers) 380 34 Plastic analysis 388 Further reading 402 Appendix 1: Weights of common building materials 403 Appendix 2: Conversions and relationships between units 405 Appendix 3: Mathematics associated with right-angled triangles 407 Appendix 4: Symbols 409 Appendix 5: A checklist for architects 410 Appendix 6: Getting more out of civil engineering 411 Index 413
£39.85
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Soil Mechanics Fundamentals
Book SynopsisAn accessible, clear, concise, and contemporary course in geotechnical engineering, this key text: strikes a balance between theory and practical applications for an introductory course in soil mechanics keeps mechanics to a minimum for the students to appreciate the background, assumptions and limitations of the theories discusses implications of the key ideas to provide students with an understanding of the context for their application gives a modern explanation of soil behaviour is presented particularly in soil settlement and soil strength offers substantial on-line resources to support teaching and learning Table of ContentsAbout the Author xi Other Books by this Author xiii Preface xv Acknowledgments xix Notes for Students and Instructors xxi Notation, Abbreviations, Unit Notation, and Conversion Factors xxv 1 Composition and Particle Sizes of Soils 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Definitions of Key Terms 1 1.3 Composition of Soils 2 1.3.1 Soil formation 2 1.3.2 Soil types 2 1.3.3 Soil minerals 3 1.3.4 Surface forces and adsorbed water 5 1.3.5 Soil fabric 6 1.4 Determination of Particle Size 7 1.4.1 Particle size of coarse-grained soils 7 1.4.2 Particle size of fine-grained soils 9 1.5 Characterization of Soils Based on Particle Size 10 1.6 Comparison of Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained Soils for Engineering Use 19 1.7 Summary 20 Exercises 20 2 Phase Relationships, Physical Soil States, and Soil Classification 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Definitions of Key Terms 23 2.3 Phase Relationships 24 2.4 Physical States and Index Parameters of Fine-Grained Soils 36 2.5 Determination of the Liquid, Plastic, and Shrinkage Limits 40 2.5.1 Casagrande’s cup method 40 2.5.2 Plastic limit test 41 2.5.3 Fall Cone Method to Determine Liquid and Plastic Limits 42 2.5.4 Shrinkage limit 43 2.6 Soil Classification Schemes 47 2.6.1 The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) 47 2.6.2 Plasticity chart 48 2.7 Engineering Use Chart 50 2.8 Summary 53 2.8.1 Practical examples 53 Exercises 56 3 Soils Investigation 61 3.1 Introduction 61 3.2 Definitions of Key Terms 62 3.3 Purposes of a Soils Investigation 62 3.4 Phases of a Soils Investigation 63 3.5 Soils Exploration Program 64 3.5.1 Soils exploration methods 65 3.5.1.1 Geophysical methods 65 3.5.1.2 Destructive methods 69 3.5.2 Soil identification in the field 70 3.5.3 Number and depths of boreholes 73 3.5.4 Soil sampling 74 3.5.5 Groundwater conditions 76 3.5.6 Types of in situ or field tests 77 3.5.6.1 Vane shear test (VST) 78 3.5.6.2 Standard penetration test (SPT) 79 3.5.6.3 Cone penetrometer test (CPT) 85 3.5.6.4 Pressuremeter 88 3.5.6.5 Flat plate dilatometer (DMT) 88 3.5.7 Soils laboratory tests 90 3.5.8 Types of laboratory tests 90 3.6 Soils Report 91 3.7 Summary 93 Exercises 94 4 One- and Two-Dimensional Flows of Water Through Soils 97 4.1 Introduction 97 4.2 Definitions of Key Terms 97 4.3 One-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Saturated Soils 98 4.4 Flow of Water Through Unsaturated Soils 101 4.5 Empirical Relationship for kz 101 4.6 Flow Parallel to Soil Layers 103 4.7 Flow Normal to Soil Layers 104 4.8 Equivalent Hydraulic Conductivity 104 4.9 Laboratory Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity 106 4.9.1 Constant-head test 106 4.9.2 Falling-head test 107 4.10 Two-Dimensional Flow of Water Through Soils 110 4.11 Flownet Sketching 112 4.11.1 Criteria for sketching flownets 113 4.11.2 Flownet for isotropic soils 114 4.12 Interpretation of Flownet 114 4.12.1 Flow rate 114 4.12.2 Hydraulic gradient 115 4.12.3 Critical hydraulic gradient 115 4.12.4 Porewater pressure distribution 116 4.12.5 Uplift forces 116 4.13 Summary 117 4.13.1 Practical examples 117 Exercises 121 5 Soil Compaction 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 Definition of Key Terms 125 5.3 Benefits of Soil Compaction 126 5.4 Theoretical Maximum Dry Unit Weight 126 5.5 Proctor Compaction Test 126 5.6 Interpretation of Proctor Test Results 129 5.7 Field Compaction 135 5.8 Compaction Quality Control 137 5.8.1 Sand cone 137 5.8.2 Balloon test 139 5.8.3 Nuclear density meter 140 5.8.4 Comparisons among the three popular compaction quality control tests 140 5.9 Summary 141 5.9.1 Practical example 141 Exercises 143 6 Stresses from Surface Loads and the Principle of Effective Stress 147 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Definition of Key Terms 147 6.3 Vertical Stress Increase in Soils from Surface Loads 148 6.3.1 Regular shaped surface loads on a semi-infinite half-space 148 6.3.2 How to use the charts 153 6.3.3 Infinite loads 154 6.3.4 Vertical stress below arbitrarily shaped areas 155 6.4 Total and Effective Stresses 164 6.4.1 The principle of effective stress 164 6.4.2 Total and effective stresses due to geostatic stress fields 165 6.4.3 Effects of capillarity 166 6.4.4 Effects of seepage 167 6.5 Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest 175 6.6 Field Monitoring of Soil Stresses 176 6.7 Summary 177 6.7.1 Practical example 177 Exercises 179 7 Soil Settlement 185 7.1 Introduction 185 7.2 Definitions of Key Terms 185 7.3 Basic Concept 186 7.4 Settlement of Free-Draining Coarse-Grained Soils 189 7.5 Settlement of Non–Free-Draining Soils 190 7.6 The One-Dimensional Consolidation Test 191 7.6.1 Drainage path 193 7.6.2 Instantaneous load 193 7.6.3 Consolidation under a constant load: primary consolidation 194 7.6.4 Effective stress changes 194 7.6.5 Effects of loading history 196 7.6.6 Effects of soil unit weight or soil density 196 7.6.7 Determination of void ratio at the end of a loading step 198 7.6.8 Determination of compression and recompression indexes 198 7.6.9 Determination of the modulus of volume change 199 7.6.10 Determination of the coefficient of consolidation 200 7.6.10.1 Root time method (square root time method) 201 7.6.10.2 Log time method 202 7.6.11 Determination of the past maximum vertical effective stress 203 7.6.11.1 Casagrande’s method 203 7.6.11.2 Brazilian method 204 7.6.11.3 Strain energy method 204 7.6.12 Determination of the secondary compression index 206 7.7 Relationship between Laboratory and Field Consolidation 214 7.8 Calculation of Primary Consolidation Settlement 216 7.8.1 Effects of unloading/reloading of a soil sample taken from the field 216 7.8.2 Primary consolidation settlement of normally consolidated fine-grained soils 217 7.8.3 Primary consolidation settlement of overconsolidated fine-grained soils 217 7.8.4 Procedure to calculate primary consolidation settlement 218 7.9 Secondary Compression 219 7.10 Settlement of Thick Soil Layers 219 7.11 One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory 222 7.12 Typical Values of Consolidation Settlement Parameters and Empirical Relationships 224 7.13 Monitoring Soil Settlement 225 7.14 Summary 226 7.14.1 Practical example 226 Exercises 230 8 Soil Strength 237 8.1 Introduction 237 8.2 Definitions of Key Terms 237 8.3 Basic Concept 238 8.4 Typical Response of Soils to Shearing Forces 238 8.4.1 Effects of increasing the normal effective stress 240 8.4.2 Effects of overconsolidation ratio, relative density, and unit weight ratio 241 8.4.3 Effects of drainage of excess porewater pressure 243 8.4.4 Effects of cohesion 244 8.4.5 Effects of soil tension and saturation 245 8.4.6 Effects of cementation 246 8.5 Three Models for Interpreting the Shear Strength of Soils 247 8.5.1 Coulomb’s failure criterion 248 8.5.2 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion 249 8.5.2.1 Saturated or clean, dry uncemented soils at critical state 250 8.5.2.2 Saturated or clean, dry uncemented soils at peak state 250 8.5.2.3 Unsaturated, cemented, cohesive soils 250 8.5.3 Tresca’s failure criterion 252 8.6 Factors Affecting the Shear Strength Parameters 254 8.7 Laboratory Tests to Determine Shear Strength Parameters 256 8.7.1 A simple test to determine the critical state friction angle of clean coarse-grained soils 256 8.7.2 Shear box or direct shear test 256 8.7.3 Conventional triaxial apparatus 266 8.7.4 Direct simple shear 276 8.8 Specifying Laboratory Strength Tests 277 8.9 Estimating Soil Parameters from in Situ (Field) Tests 278 8.9.1 Vane shear test (VST) 278 8.9.2 Standard penetration test (SPT) 279 8.9.3 Cone penetrometer test (CPT) 280 8.10 Some Empirical and Theoretical Relationships for Shear Strength Parameters 281 8.11 Summary 282 8.11.1 Practical examples 282 Exercises 287 Appendix A: Derivation of the One-Dimensional Consolidation Theory 291 Appendix B: Mohr’s Circle for Finding Stress States 295 Appendix C: Frequently Used Tables of Soil Parameters and Correlations 296 Appendix D: Collection of Equations 307 References 319 Index 323
£44.60
John Wiley & Sons Inc Structural Dynamics
Book SynopsisWritten by two experts across multiple disciplines, this is the perfect reference on structural dynamics for veteran engineers and introduction to the field for engineering students. Across many disciplines of engineering, dynamic problems of structures are a primary concern. Civil engineers, mechanical engineers, aircraft engineers, ocean engineers, and engineering students encounter these problems every day, and it is up to them systematically to grasp the basic concepts, calculation principles and calculation methods of structural dynamics. This book focuses on the basic theories and concepts, as well as the application and background of theories and concepts in engineering. Since the basic principles and methods of dynamics are applied to other various engineering fields, this book can also be used as a reference for practicing engineers in the field across many multiple disciplines and for undergraduate and graduate students in other majors as well. The main contents includeTable of ContentsPreface xi About the Authors xiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview of Structural Dynamics 1 1.2 Dynamic Loads 2 1.2.1 Simple Harmonic Loads 2 1.2.2 Nonharmonic Periodic Loads 3 1.2.3 Impulsive Load 3 1.2.4 Irregular Dynamic Load 3 1.3 Characteristics of a Dynamic Problem 4 1.3.1 Methods of Discretization 6 1.3.2 Lumped Mass Procedure 6 1.3.3 Generalized Coordinate Procedure 7 1.3.4 Finite Element Method 9 1.4 Application of Structural Dynamics 10 1.4.1 Application of Structural Dynamics in Civil Engineering 10 1.4.2 Application of Structural Dynamics in Ocean Engineering 11 1.4.3 Application of Structural Dynamics in Aircraft Technology 14 Exercises 15 References 16 2 Establishment of the Structural Equation of Motion 17 2.1 General 17 2.1.1 Dynamic Freedom 17 2.1.2 Basics of Dynamic System 18 Inertia Force 18 Elastic Restoring Force 19 Damping Force 19 2.2 Formulation of the Equations of Motion 21 2.2.1 Direct Equilibration Using D’Alembert’s Principle 21 2.2.2 Principle of Virtual Displacements 23 2.2.3 Hamilton’s Principle 26 2.2.4 Lagrange’s Equations 30 2.3 Theory of Total Potential Energy Invariant Value of Elastic System Dynamics 32 2.3.1 The Main Idea of the Principle of Virtual Work 32 2.3.2 Derivation of the Principle of Total Potential Energy Invariant 34 2.4 Influence of Gravitational Forces 37 2.5 Influence of Support Excitation 38 Exercises 39 References 40 3 Single Degree of Freedom Systems 41 3.1 Response of Free Vibrations 41 3.1.1 Undamped Free Vibrations 43 3.1.2 Damped Free Vibrations 46 3.1.3 Damping and Its Measurement 52 3.2 Response to Harmonic Loading 57 3.2.1 Harmonic Vibration of an Undamped System 57 3.2.2 Harmonic Vibration of Damping System 62 3.2.3 Dynamic Amplification Coefficient 65 3.2.4 Resonance Reaction 68 3.2.5 Solution of Damping Ratio 70 3.3 Periodic Load Response 74 3.4 Impulsive Loading Response 80 3.4.1 Sine-Wave Impulse 80 3.4.2 Rectangular Impulse 82 3.4.3 Triangular Impulse 84 3.5 Response of Arbitrary Load 89 3.5.1 Duhamel Integral (Time-Domain Analysis) 89 3.5.2 Fourier Transform (Frequency-Domain Analysis) 95 3.6 Energy in Vibration 97 3.6.1 Energy in Free Vibration 97 3.6.2 Energy Dissipation of Viscous Damped System 99 3.6.3 Equivalent Viscous Damping 100 3.6.4 Complex Damping 103 3.6.5 Friction Damping 106 3.7 Structural Vibration Test 106 3.7.1 Introduction to Vibration Test 106 3.7.2 Exciting Equipment 107 3.7.3 Vibration Measuring Instrument 110 3.7.4 Data Acquisition and Analysis System 114 3.8 Vibration Isolation Principle 114 3.8.1 Active Vibration Isolation 114 3.8.2 Passive Vibration Isolation 116 3.9 Structural Vibration Induced Fatigue 121 3.9.1 Definition of Vibration Induced Fatigue 121 3.9.2 Characteristics of Vibration Induced Fatigue 122 Exercises 123 References 125 4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 127 4.1 Two Degrees of Freedom System 128 4.1.1 Establishment of Motion Equation of Undamped Free Vibrations 128 4.1.2 Natural Frequency and Vibration Mode Shape 131 4.1.3 General Solutions of the Equations of Motion 134 4.2 Free Vibrations of Undamped System 135 4.2.1 Establishment of Motion Equation 135 4.2.2 Vibration Shape and Its Orthogonality 137 4.2.3 Generalized Mass and Generalized Stiffness 142 4.3 Practical Calculation Method of Dynamic Characteristics 146 4.3.1 Dunkerley Formula 147 4.3.2 Rayleigh Energy Method 150 4.3.3 Ritz Method 156 4.3.4 Matrix Iteration Method 160 4.3.5 Subspace Iteration Method 167 4.4 Mode Superposition Method for Damped System 172 4.4.1 Coordinate Coupling and Regular Coordinates 173 4.4.2 Damping Assumptions 174 4.4.3 Mode Superposition Method 179 4.5 Numerical Analysis of Damping System 185 4.5.1 Central Difference Method 186 4.5.2 Average Constant Acceleration Method 187 4.5.3 Linear Acceleration Method 191 4.5.4 Newmark-β Method 193 4.5.5 Wilson-θ Method 195 4.6 Stability and Accuracy Analysis of Stepwise Integration Method 199 4.6.1 Stability Analysis of Algorithm Solutions 202 4.6.2 Accuracy Analysis of Algorithm Solutions 202 Exercises 203 References 205 5 Distributed-Parameter System 207 5.1 Overview 207 5.2 Establish Differential Equations for Motion 208 5.2.1 Euler-Bernoulli Beam 208 5.2.2 Beam with Axial Pressures 210 5.2.3 Beam Flexure with Viscous Damping 211 5.2.4 Beam Axial Deformations without Damping 211 5.3 Free Vibration of a Beam 213 5.3.1 Decoupling the Boundary Conditions 214 5.3.2 Simply Supported Beam 215 5.3.3 Free-Free Beam 217 5.4 Orthogonality Relationships 221 5.5 Modal Decomposition 223 References 225 6 Stochastic Structural Vibrations 227 6.1 Overview 227 6.2 Stochastic Process 230 6.2.1 Concept of Stochastic Process 230 6.2.2 Probability Description of Stochastic Processes 232 6.2.3 The Numerical Characteristics of Stochastic Processes 234 6.2.4 Stationary Stochastic Process 248 6.2.5 Several Important Stochastic Processes 251 6.2.6 Stochastic Model of Seismic Ground Motion 253 6.3 Stochastic Response of Linear SDOF System 260 6.3.1 Time-Domain Analysis Method 260 6.3.2 Frequency-Domain Analysis Method 263 6.3.3 Cross-Correlation Function and Cross-Spectral Density of Excitation and Response 266 6.3.4 Fatigue Predictions for Narrowband Systems 270 6.4 Stochastic Response of Linear MDOF System 271 6.4.1 Direct Method 272 6.4.2 Vibration Mode Superposition Method 280 6.5 Nonlinear Structural Stochastic Response Analysis 291 6.5.1 Perturbation Method 292 6.5.2 Equivalent Linearization Method 294 6.6 State Space Method for Structural Stochastic Response Analysis 297 6.6.1 Basic Concept of State Space 298 6.6.2 SDOF System 299 6.6.3 MDOF System 302 Exercises 304 References 304 7 Research Topics of Structural Dynamics 305 7.1 Analysis of Structural Seismic Response 305 7.1.1 Brief Introduction to the Calculation Method 307 7.1.2 Horizontal Seismic Action of SDOF Elastic System 308 7.1.3 Seismic Response Spectrum 310 7.1.4 Vibration Mode Decomposition Method 314 7.1.5 Bottom Shearing Force Method 317 7.2 Structural Vibration Control 323 7.2.1 Concept and Classification 323 7.2.2 Vibration Reduction Technology of Viscoelastic Dampers 325 7.2.3 Rubber Base Isolation Technology 332 7.2.4 Vibration Reduction Technology of Magneto-Rheological Damper 337 7.3 Modal Analysis and Theory 341 7.3.1 Modal Parameters 342 7.3.2 Real Modal Analysis 344 7.3.3 Complex Modal Analysis 345 7.4 Structural Dynamic Damage Identification 350 7.4.1 Frequency Base Damage Identification Method 350 7.4.2 Modal Base Damage Identification Method 351 7.4.3 Damage Identification Method Based on Stiffness Variation 354 7.4.4 Damage Identification Method Based on Flexibility Change 355 7.4.5 Energy-Based Damage Identification Method 356 7.4.6 Prospects for Research on Dynamic Damage Identification 357 7.5 Nonlinear Problems of Dynamic Analysis 358 7.5.1 Physical Nonlinearity Problems in Dynamic Analysis 359 7.5.2 Geometric Nonlinearity Problems in Dynamic Analysis 362 7.6 Sub-Structure Method 365 7.6.1 Finite Element Analysis of Sub-Structure Method 365 7.6.2 Damage Identification by Sub-Structure Method 368 7.7 Dynamics of Offshore Structures 369 7.7.1 Descriptions of Offshore Waves 370 7.7.2 Introduction to Wave Spectra 370 7.7.3 Frequency Domain Analysis 371 Exercises 373 References 373 8 Structural Dynamics of Marine Pipeline and Riser 375 8.1 Overview 375 8.2 Environmental Conditions 376 8.2.1 General 376 8.2.2 Linear Wave Theory 377 8.2.3 Nonlinear Wave Theory 384 8.2.4 Current 384 8.3 Hydrodynamic Loads 386 8.3.1 Hydrodynamic Drag and Inertia Forces 386 8.3.2 Hydrodynamic Lift Forces 390 8.4 Structural Response Analysis 392 8.4.1 Global Deformation Due to Environmental Loads 392 8.4.2 Mass Matrices 394 8.4.3 Stiffness Matrices 397 8.4.4 Damping Matrices 399 8.4.5 Riser Deformation 400 8.5 Vortex Induced Vibrations 401 8.5.1 Introduction 401 8.5.2 Analysis of Vortex-Induced Vibration 404 8.5.3 Harmonic Model 406 8.5.4 Wake Oscillator Model 409 Exercises 415 References 415 Answers to Exercises 417 Index 443
£181.76
John Wiley & Sons Inc Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks
Book SynopsisSeismic Design and Analysis of Tanks A detailed view on the effects of seismic activity on tank structures As the use of above-ground and underground storage tanks (ASTs and USTs) continues to growwith approximately 545,000 in the USA alonethe greatest threat to ASTs and USTs is earthquakes, causing the contamination of groundwater, a vital source of drinking water throughout the world. These tanks suffer a great deal of strain during an earthquake, as a complicated pattern of stress affects them, such that poorly designed tanks have leaked, buckled, or even collapsed during seismic events. Furthermore, in oil and gas industrial plants, the risk of damage is even more critical due to the effects of explosion, collapse, and air or soil contamination by chemical fluid spillages. Seismic Design and Analysis of Tanks provides the first in-depth discussion of the principles and applications of shell structure design and earthquake engineering analyses focused on tank structures, and it explTable of ContentsPreface xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xv 1 Appealing shell structures 1 1.1 Beams and arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Plates and vaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.3 Rectangular and cylindrical tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Seismic behaviour of tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.5 Field observation of damage to tanks induced by seismic events 38 1.6 Design consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 1.7 A simplified description of seismic response of tanks . . . . . . . 57 1.8 Discussion on existing codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 1.9 Content of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 2 Above ground anchored rigid tanks 67 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2.2 Circular vertical anchored tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 2.2.1 Impulsive pressure component . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2.2.2 Convective pressure component . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 2.2.3 Effects of vertical component of the seismic action . 89 vii 2.2.4 Effects of tank inertia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.2.5 Periods of vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.2.6 Effects of liquid viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 2.2.7 Effects of inhomogeneous liquids . . . . . . . . . . . 102 2.2.8 Convective wave displacement and pressure . . . . . 111 2.2.9 Combination of pressures and behavior factor . . . . 118 2.2.10 Tank forces and stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 2.2.11 Effects of rocking motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 2.3 Rectangular anchored tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 2.3.1 Impulsive and convective pressure components . . . 136 2.3.2 Periods of vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 2.3.3 Convective wave displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 2.3.4 Tank forces and stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3 Above ground unanchored rigid tanks 149 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.2 Vertical cylindrical tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3.2.1 Axial membrane stress in shell wall . . . . . . . . . . 161 3.2.2 Shell uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3.2.3 Radial membrane stress at base . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3.2.4 Plastic rotation at base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3.3 Rectangular tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4 Elevated tanks 175 viii 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.2 Single lumped-mass model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 4.3 Two uncoupled mass model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 4.4 Two coupled masses model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 5 Flexible tanks 201 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 5.2 Impulsive pressure component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5.2.1 Vertical cylindrical tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 5.2.2 Rectangular tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 5.3 Effects of vertical component of the seismic action . . . . . . . 226 5.4 Periods of vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 5.5 Combination of pressures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 5.6 Tank forces and stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 5.6.1 Vertical cylindrical tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 5.6.2 Rectangular tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.7 Effects of rocking motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 6 Other peculiar principles 277 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 6.2 Effects of soil–structure interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 6.3 Flow-dampening devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 6.4 Base-isolation devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 6.5 Underground rigid tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 ix 6.6 Horizontal tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 6.7 Conical tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 7 General design principles 333 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 7.2 Requirements for steel tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334 7.2.1 Base plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 7.2.2 Sidewall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.2.3 Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.2.4 Roof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 7.2.5 Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 7.2.6 Stiffeners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 7.2.7 Buckling limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 7.3 Requirements for concrete tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 7.3.1 Serviceability limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 7.3.2 Ultimate limit state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 7.3.3 Detailing and particular rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 A Dimensionless design charts 463 A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 B Codes, Manuals, Recommendations, Guidelines, Reports 471 B.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
£85.50
John Wiley & Sons Inc Multiscale Modelling and Optimisation of
Book SynopsisAddresses the topical, crucial and original subject of parameter identification and optimization within multiscale modeling methods. This book presents an area of research that enables the design of materials and structures with better quality, strength and performance parameters. It describes micro and nano scale models along with case studies.Table of ContentsPreface ix Biography xi 1 Introduction to Multiscale Modelling and Optimization 1 1.1 Multiscale Modelling 2 1.1.1 Basic Information on Multiscale Modelling 2 1.1.2 Review of problems connected with multiscale modelling techniques 3 1.1.3 Prospective Applications of the Multiscale Modelling 6 1.2 Optimization 6 1.3 Contents of the Book 7 References 7 2 Modelling of Phenomena 9 2.1 Physical Phenomena in Nanoscale 9 2.1.1 The Linkage Between Quantum and Classical Molecular Mechanics 10 2.1.2 Atomic Potentials 15 2.1.2.1 Lennard-Jones Potential 15 2.1.2.2 Morse Potential 16 2.1.2.3 Stillinger-Weber Potential 17 2.1.2.4 Reactive empirical bond order (REBO) potential 18 2.1.2.5 Reactive force fields (ReaxFF) 19 2.1.2.6 Murrell-Mottram Potential 20 2.1.2.7 Embedded Atom Method 21 2.2 Physical Phenomena in Microscale 22 2.2.1 Microstructural Aspects of Selection of a Microscale Model 22 2.2.1.1 Plastometric Tests 23 2.2.1.2 Inverse Analysis 26 2.2.2 Flow Stress 26 2.2.2.1 Procedure to Determine Flow Stress 26 2.2.2.2 Flow Stress Model 28 2.2.2.3 Identification of the Flow Stress Model 30 2.2.3 Recrystallization 32 2.2.3.1 Static Microstructural Changes 33 2.2.3.2 Dynamic Softening 38 2.2.3.3 Grain Growth 41 2.2.3.4 Effect of Precipitation 42 2.2.4 Phase Transformations 43 2.2.4.1 JMAK-Equation-Based Model 47 2.2.4.2 Differential Equation Model 49 2.2.4.3 Numerical Solution 50 2.2.4.4 Additivity Rule 50 2.2.4.5 Phase Transformation During Heating 51 2.2.4.6 Identification of the Model 52 2.2.4.7 Case Studies 56 2.2.5 Fracture 57 2.2.5.1 Fundamentals of Fracture Mechanics and Classical Fracture and Failure Hypotheses 58 2.2.5.2 Empirical Fracture Criteria 60 2.2.5.3 Fracture Mechanics 61 2.2.5.4 Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) 62 2.2.6 Creep 66 2.2.7 Fatigue 71 References 73 3 Computational Methods 81 3.1 Computational Methods for Continuum 81 3.1.1 FEM and XFEM 81 3.1.1.1 Principles of Computational Modelling Using FEM 81 3.1.1.2 Principles of Computational Modelling Using FEM 83 3.1.1.3 Extended Finite Element Method 88 3.1.2 BEM and FEM/BEM Coupling 91 3.1.2.1 BEM 91 3.1.2.2 Coupling FEM and BEM 95 3.1.3 Computational Homogenization 96 3.2 Computational Methods for Nano and Micro 101 3.2.1 Classical Molecular Dynamics 101 3.2.1.1 Equations of Motion 101 3.2.1.2 Discretization of Equations of Motion 102 3.2.1.3 Temperature Controller 105 3.2.1.4 Evaluation of the Time Step 108 3.2.1.5 Cutoff Radius and Nearest-Neighbour Lists 109 3.2.1.6 Boundary Conditions 111 3.2.1.7 Size of the Atomistic Domain – Limitations of the Molecular Simulations 112 3.2.2 Molecular Statics 114 3.2.2.1 Equilibrium of Interatomic Forces 114 3.2.2.2 Solution of the Molecular Statics Problem 116 3.2.2.3 Numerical Example of the Molecular Statics 118 3.2.3 Cellular Automata 119 3.2.3.1 Cellular Automata Definitions 119 3.2.4 Monte Carlo Methods 125 3.3 Methods of Optimization 127 3.3.1 Optimization Problem Formulation 127 3.3.2 Methods of Conventional Optimization 127 3.3.3 Methods of Nonconventional Optimization 129 3.3.3.1 Evolutionary Algorithm 129 3.3.3.2 Artificial Immune System 132 3.3.3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization 133 3.3.3.4 Hybrid Optimization Algorithms 134 References 135 4 Preparation of Material Representation 143 4.1 Generation of Nanostructures 143 4.1.1 Modelling of Polycrystals and Material Defects 143 4.1.1.1 Controlled Cooling 145 4.1.1.2 Adjustable Range of Atomic Interactions 148 4.1.1.3 Squeezing of the Nanoparticles 149 4.1.1.4 Modelling of Structures with Voids 152 4.1.1.5 Material Properties of the Nanostructures 153 4.1.1.6 Models and Mechanical Properties of 2D Materials with Point Defects 156 4.2 Microstructure 160 4.2.1 Generation of Microstructures 160 4.2.1.1 Voronoi Tessellation 161 4.2.1.2 Cellular Automata Grain Growth Algorithm 161 4.2.1.3 Close-Packed Sphere Growth CA-Based Grain Growth Algorithm 167 4.2.1.4 Monte Carlo Grain Growth Algorithm 172 4.2.1.5 DigiCore Library 175 4.2.1.6 Image Processing 178 4.2.2 Properties of the Microstructure Features 182 References 184 5 Examples of Multiscale Simulations 189 5.1 Classification of Multiscale Modelling Methods 189 5.2 Case Studies 196 5.2.1 Nano–Micro 196 5.2.1.1 Multiscale Discrete-Continuum Model 196 5.2.1.2 Conversion of the Nodal Forces to Tractions 200 5.2.1.3 Examples of the Nanoscale–Microscale Modelling 201 5.2.2 Microscale–Macroscale 206 5.2.2.1 Dynamic Recrystallization 207 5.2.2.2 Phase Transformation 210 5.2.2.3 Microshear Bands, Shear Bands, and Strain Localization 211 References 213 6 Optimization and Identification in Multiscale Modelling 219 6.1 Multiscale Optimization 220 6.1.1 Optimization of Atomic Clusters 220 6.1.1.1 Introduction to Optimization of Atomic Clusters 220 6.1.1.2 Optimization of Carbon Atomic Clusters 224 6.1.1.3 New Stable Carbon Networks X and Y 230 6.1.2 Material, Shape, and Topology Optimization 236 6.2 Identification in Multiscale Modelling 242 6.2.1 Material Parameters Identification 244 6.2.2 Multiscale Identification Problem in Stochastic Conditions 245 6.2.3 Shape and Topology Identification 250 6.2.4 Identification of Shape for Multiscale Thermomechanical Problems 251 References 255 7 Computer Implementation Issues 261 7.1 Interactions Between the Analysis and Optimization Solutions 261 7.1.1 Example of Direct Problem Solver File Access 263 7.1.2 Examples of an Internal Script in Direct Problem Solver 264 7.2 Visualization of Large Data Sets 265 7.2.1 Implementation Aspects and Tools 266 7.2.1.1 Graphical Libraries 266 7.2.1.2 Software 268 7.2.1.3 Frameworks 269 7.2.1.4 Data Storing 270 7.2.2 High Efficiency of Visualization 271 7.2.2.1 Dedicated Algorithms 272 7.2.2.2 Hardware Parallelism 272 7.2.2.3 Quality Improvement 273 7.2.2.4 Material Data for Visualization Purposes 274 7.2.3 Visualization Based on Sectioning 277 7.2.3.1 Algorithm Idea 277 7.2.3.2 Background Buffering 278 7.2.3.3 Preferred Sections 279 7.2.4 Functional Assumptions 281 7.2.4.1 Data Preprocessing 281 7.2.4.2 Visualization 284 7.2.5 Case Studies 286 7.2.5.1 Digital Microstructures 286 7.2.5.2 Performance Tests 287 References 291 8 Concluding Remarks 293 Index
£101.66
John Wiley and Sons Ltd MultiStorey Precast Concrete Framed Structures
Book SynopsisPrecast reinforced and prestressed concrete frames provide a high strength, stable, durable and robust solution for any multi-storey structure, and are widely regarded as a high quality, economic and architecturally versatile technology for the construction of multi-storey buildings. The resulting buildings satisfy a wide range of commercial and industrial needs. Precast concrete buildings behave in a different way to those where the concrete is cast in-situ, with the components subject to different forces and movements. These factors are explored in detail in the second edition of Multi-Storey Precast Concrete Framed Structures, providing a detailed understanding of the procedures involved in precast structural design. This new edition has been fully updated to reflect recent developments, and includes many structural calculations based on EUROCODE standards. These are shown in parallel with similar calculations based on British Standards to ensure the designer is fully awarTable of ContentsPreface ix Notation xi 1 Precast Concepts, History and Design Philosophy 1 1.1 A Historical Note on the Development of Precast Frames 1 1.2 The Scope for Prefabricated Buildings 11 1.3 Current Attitudes towards Precast Concrete Structures 17 1.4 Recent Trends in Design, and a New Definition for Precast Concrete 21 1.5 Precast Superstructure Simply Explained 23 1.6 Precast Design Concepts 32 2 Procurement and Documentation 43 2.1 Initial Considerations for the Design Team 43 2.2 Design Procurement 45 2.3 Construction Matters 58 2.4 Codes of Practice, Design Manuals, Textbooks and Technical Literature 60 2.5 Definitions 68 3 Architectural and Framing Considerations 71 3.1 Frame and Component Selection 71 3.2 Component Selection 75 3.3 Special Features 113 3.4 Balconies 136 4 Design of Skeletal Structures 145 4.1 Basis for the Design 145 4.2 Materials 148 4.3 Structural Design 153 4.4 Columns Subjected to Gravity Loads 226 4.5 Staircases 237 5 Design of Precast Floors Used in Precast Frames 245 5.1 Flooring Options 245 5.2 Hollow-core Slabs 249 5.3 Double-Tee Slabs 309 5.4 Composite Plank Floor 315 5.5 Precast Beam-and-Plank Flooring 324 5.6 Design Calculations 325 6 Composite Construction 335 6.1 Introduction 335 6.2 Texture of Precast Concrete Surfaces 339 6.3 Calculation of Stresses at the Interface 344 6.4 Losses and Differential Shrinkage Effects 346 6.5 Composite Floors 352 6.6 Economic Comparison of Composite and Non-composite Hollow-core Floors 364 6.7 Composite Beams 365 7 Design of Connections and Joints 375 7.1 Development of Connections 375 7.2 Design Brief 377 7.3 Joints and Connections 383 7.4 Criteria for Joints and Connections 384 7.5 Types of Joint 386 7.6 Bearings and Bearing Stresses 405 7.7 Connections 413 7.8 Design of Specific Connections in Skeletal Frames 425 7.9 Beam-to-Column and Beam-to-Wall Connections 435 7.10 Column Insert Design 438 7.11 Connections to Columns on Concrete Ledges 470 7.12 Beam-to-Beam Connections 493 7.13 Column Splices 503 7.14 Column Base Connections 517 8 Designing for Horizontal Load 547 8.1 Introduction 547 8.2 Distribution of Horizontal Load 549 8.3 Horizontal Diaphragm Action in Precast Concrete Floors without Structural Toppings 558 8.4 Diaphragm Action in Composite Floors with Structural Toppings 576 8.5 Horizontal Forces due to Volumetric Changes in Precast Concrete 577 8.6 Vertical Load Transfer 581 8.7 Methods of Bracing Structures 593 9 Structural Integrity and the Design for Accidental Loading 627 9.1 Precast Frame Integrity – The Vital Issue 627 9.2 Ductile Frame Design 628 9.3 Background to the Present Requirements 634 9.4 Categorisation of Buildings 643 9.5 The Fully Tied Solution 643 9.6 Catenary Systems in Precast Construction 662 10 Site Practice and Temporary Stability 667 10.1 The Effects of Construction Techniques on Design 667 10.2 Designing for Pitching and Lifting 672 10.3 Temporary Frame Stability 690 10.4 On-Site Connections 697 10.5 Erection Procedure 699 10.6 In situ Concrete 709 10.7 Handover 714 References 715 Index 729
£95.36
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Timber Designers Manual
Book Synopsismajor revised edition and first update since 1984 features latest changes to the 2002 code of practice on structural timber one of the first books to provide an introduction to the new Eurocode on timber features extensive tables of reference material no competing book for structural engineers.Trade ReviewFrom reviews of the last edition 'the complete design manual ... a 'must' - Timber Trades Journal 'the manual continues its established position as an authoritative reference and in providing numerous time saving design aids.' - Institute of Wood Science JournalTable of ContentsThe materials used in timber engineering; Stress levels for solid timber; Loading; The design of beams - general notes; Beams of solid timber; Multiple section beams; Glulam beams; Thin web beams; Lateral stability of beams; Structure composite lumber; Solid timber decking; Deflection. Practical and special considerations; Tension members; General design of compression members; Columns of solid timber; Multi-member columns; Glulam columns; Mechanical joints; Glue joints, including finger joints; Stress skin panels; Trusses; Structural design for fire resistance; Consideration of overall stability; Preservation.Durability.Moisture content; Considerations for the structural use of hardwood; Prototype testing; Design to eurocode 5; Miscellaneous tables
£74.05
John Wiley and Sons Ltd Extended Finite Element Method
Book SynopsisLikely to be the first textbook to be published on XFEM Concise, without completeness being compromised Emphasis on practical applications Comprehensive numerical examples in each chapter.Table of ContentsDedication. Preface . Nomenclature . Chapter 1 Introduction. 1.1 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES. 1.2 ANALYSIS OF DISCONTINUITIES. 1.3 FRACTURE MECHANICS. 1.4 CRACK MODELLING. 1.4.1 Local and non-local models. 1.4.2 Smeared crack model. 1.4.3 Discrete inter-element crack. 1.4.4 Discrete cracked element. 1.4.5 Singular elements. 1.4.6 Enriched elements. 1.5 ALTERNATIVE TECHNIQUES. 1.6 A REVIEW OF XFEM APPLICATIONS. 1.6.1 General aspects of XFEM. 1.6.2 Localisation and fracture. 1.6.3 Composites. 1.6.4 Contact. 1.6.5 Dynamics. 1.6.6 Large deformation/shells. 1.6.7 Multiscale. 1.6.8 Multiphase/solidification. 1.7 SCOPE OF THE BOOK. Chapter 2 Fracture Mechanics, a Review. 2.1 INTRODUCTION. 2.2 BASICS OF ELASTICITY. 2.2.1 Stress–strain relations. 2.2.2 Airy stress function. 2.2.3 Complex stress functions. 2.3 BASICS OF LEFM. 2.3.1 Fracture mechanics. 2.3.2 Circular hole. 2.3.3 Elliptical hole. 2.3.4 Westergaard analysis of a sharp crack. 2.4 STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR, K . 2.4.1 Definition of the stress intensity factor. 2.4.2 Examples of stress intensity factors for LEFM. 2.4.3 Griffith theories of strength and energy. 2.4.4 Brittle material. 2.4.5 Quasi-brittle material. 2.4.6 Crack stability. 2.4.7 Fixed grip versus fixed load. 2.4.8 Mixed mode crack propagation. 2.5 SOLUTION PROCEDURES FOR K AND G . 2.5.1 Displacement extrapolation/correlation method. 2.5.2 Mode I energy release rate. 2.5.3 Mode I stiffness derivative/virtual crack model. 2.5.4 Two virtual crack extensions for mixed mode cases. 2.5.5 Single virtual crack extension based on displacement decomposition. 2.5.6 Quarter point singular elements. 2.6 ELASTOPLASTIC FRACTURE MECHANICS (EPFM). 2.6.1 Plastic zone. 2.6.2 Crack tip opening displacements (CTOD). 2.6.3 J integral. 2.6.4 Plastic crack tip fields. 2.6.5 Generalisation of J . 2.7 NUMERICAL METHODS BASED ON THE J INTEGRAL. 2.7.1 Nodal solution. 2.7.2 General finite element solution. 2.7.3 Equivalent domain integral (EDI) method. 2.7.4 Interaction integral method. Chapter 3 Extended Finite Element Method for Isotropic Problems. 3.1 INTRODUCTION. 3.2 A REVIEW OF XFEM DEVELOPMENT. 3.3 BASICS OF FEM. 3.3.1 Isoparametric finite elements, a short review. 3.3.2 Finite element solutions for fracture mechanics. 3.4 PARTITION OF UNITY. 3.5 ENRICHMENT. 3.5.1 Intrinsic enrichment. 3.5.2 Extrinsic enrichment. 3.5.3 Partition of unity finite element method. 3.5.4 Generalised finite element method. 3.5.5 Extended finite element method. 3.5.6 Hp-clouds enrichment. 3.5.7 Generalisation of the PU enrichment. 3.5.8 Transition from standard to enriched approximation. 3.6 ISOTROPIC XFEM. 3.6.1 Basic XFEM approximation. 3.6.2 Signed distance function. 3.6.3 Modelling strong discontinuous fields. 3.6.4 Modelling weak discontinuous fields. 3.6.5 Plastic enrichment. 3.6.6 Selection of nodes for discontinuity enrichment. 3.6.7 Modelling the crack. 3.7 DISCRETIZATION AND INTEGRATION. 3.7.1 Governing equation. 3.7.2 XFEM discretization. 3.7.3 Element partitioning and numerical integration. 3.7.4 Crack intersection. 3.8 TRACKING MOVING BOUNDARIES. 3.8.1 Level set method. 3.8.2 Fast marching method. 3.8.3 Ordered upwind method. 3.9 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 3.9.1 A tensile plate with a central crack. 3.9.2 Double edge cracks. 3.9.3 Double internal collinear cracks. 3.9.4 A central crack in an infinite plate. 3.9.5 An edge crack in a finite plate. Chapter 4 XFEM for Orthotropic Problems. 4.1 INTRODUCTION. 4.2 ANISOTROPIC ELASTICITY. 4.2.1 Elasticity solution. 4.2.2 Anisotropic stress functions. 4.2.3 Orthotropic mixed mode problems. 4.2.4 Energy release rate and stress intensity factor for anisotropic. materials. 4.2.5 Anisotropic singular elements. 4.3 ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR NEAR CRACK TIP. 4.3.1 Near crack tip displacement field (class I). 4.3.2 Near crack tip displacement field (class II). 4.3.3 Unified near crack tip displacement field (both classes). 4.4 ANISOTROPIC XFEM. 4.4.1 Governing equation. 4.4.2 XFEM discretization. 4.4.3 SIF calculations. 4.5 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 4.5.1 Plate with a crack parallel to material axis of orthotropy. 4.5.2 Edge crack with several orientations of the axes of orthotropy. 4.5.3 Single edge notched tensile specimen with crack inclination. 4.5.4 Central slanted crack. 4.5.5 An inclined centre crack in a disk subjected to point loads. 4.5.6 A crack between orthotropic and isotropic materials subjected to. tensile tractions. Chapter 5 XFEM for Cohesive Cracks. 5.1 INTRODUCTION. 5.2 COHESIVE CRACKS. 5.2.1 Cohesive crack models. 5.2.2 Numerical models for cohesive cracks. 5.2.3 Crack propagation criteria. 5.2.4 Snap-back behaviour. 5.2.5 Griffith criterion for cohesive crack. 5.2.6 Cohesive crack model. 5.3 XFEM FOR COHESIVE CRACKS. 5.3.1 Enrichment functions. 5.3.2 Governing equations. 5.3.3 XFEM discretization. 5.4 NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS. 5.4.1 Mixed mode bending beam. 5.4.2 Four point bending beam. 5.4.3 Double cantilever beam. Chapter 6 New Frontiers. 6.1 INTRODUCTION. 6.2 INTERFACE CRACKS. 6.2.1 Elasticity solution for isotropic bimaterial interface. 6.2.2 Stability of interface cracks. 6.2.3 XFEM approximation for interface cracks. 6.3 CONTACT. 6.3.1 Numerical models for a contact problem. 6.3.2 XFEM modelling of a contact problem. 6.4 DYNAMIC FRACTURE. 6.4.1 Dynamic crack propagation by XFEM. 6.4.2 Dynamic LEFM. 6.4.3 Dynamic orthotropic LEFM. 6.4.4 Basic formulation of dynamic XFEM. 6.4.5 XFEM discretization. 6.4.6 Time integration. 6.4.7 Time finite element method. 6.4.8 Time extended finite element method. 6.5 MULTISCALE XFEM. 6.5.1 Basic formulation. 6.5.2 The zoom technique. 6.5.3 Homogenisation based techniques. 6.5.4 XFEM discretization. 6.6 MULTIPHASE XFEM. 6.6.1 Basic formulation. 6.6.2 XFEM approximation. 6.6.3 Two-phase fluid flow. 6.6.4 XFEM approximation. Chapter 7 XFEM Flow. 7.1 INTRODUCTION. 7.2 AVAILABLE OPEN-SOURCE XFEM. 7.3. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS. 7.3.1 Defining the model. 7.3.2 Creating the finite element mesh. 7.3.3 Linear elastic analysis. 7.3.4 Large deformation. 7.3.5 Nonlinear (elastoplastic) analysis. 7.3.6 Material constitutive matrix. 7.4 XFEM. 7.4.1 Front tracking. 7.4.2 Enrichment detection. 7.4.3 Enrichment functions. 7.4.4 Ramp (transition) functions. 7.4.5 Evaluation of the B matrix. 7.5 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION. 7.5.1 Sub-quads. 7.5.2 Sub-triangles. 7.6 SOLVER. 7.6.1 XFEM degrees of freedom. 7.6.2 Time integration. 7.6.3 Simultaneous equations solver. 7.6.4 Crack length control. 7.7 POST-PROCESSING. 7.7.1 Stress intensity factor. 7.7.2 Crack growth. 7.7.3 Other applications. 7.8 CONFIGURATION UPDATE. References . Index
£95.36
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Civil Engineering Structures According to the
Book Synopsis"This standard assumes that the structure, after completion, is used as intended in the project and subject to planned inspection and maintenance to meet the expected project lifetime and to detect any unforeseen weakness or behavior" (EN 13670 §4.1) An important decision factor in the design of new structures and repairs to existing structures is the lifetime or expected service life. This concept, which is common for civil engineering works, has been extended to all engineering and building works by applying the European Structural Design Codes. This book tries to take stock of the inspection methodologies related to each type of civil engineering work, the various pathologies of concrete structures, and gives examples of the writing of reports.Table of ContentsIntroduction ix Chapter 1 Inspection of Structures: Methodologies 1 1.1 Bridges 1 1.1.1 General information 1 1.1.2 Regulatory documents 4 1.1.3 Human resources 6 1.1.4 Material resources 6 1.1.5 The project file 8 1.1.6 How an inspection is carried out 9 1.1.7 The inspection report 10 1.1.8 Points to look out for 11 1.1.9 Classification example 11 1.2 Structures for the retention and transportation of liquids 11 1.2.1 General information 11 1.2.2 Regulatory documents 14 1.2.3 Human resources 14 1.2.4 The material means 15 1.2.5 The project file 16 1.2.6 How the inspection is carried out 16 1.2.7 The inspection report 17 1.2.8 Points to look out for 19 1.3 Storage structures for petroleum products 24 1.3.1 General information 24 1.3.2 How the inspection is carried out 27 1.3.3 Specificities for this type of structure 28 1.3.4 Points to look out for 31 1.4 Maritime structures 34 1.4.1 General information 34 1.4.2 Principles of the CSV method 36 1.4.3 Determination of the strategic index SI 38 1.4.4 Frequency of visits 39 1.4.5 Defining the priorities 39 1.4.6 Summary of the CSV method 40 1.4.7 Points to look out for 41 1.5 Silos 50 1.5.1 General information 50 1.5.2 Reminder on the regulations for the mechanical operation of silos 51 1.5.3 Principle of inspection 52 1.5.4 Follow-up file 55 1.5.5 Inspection procedure 55 1.5.6 The inspection report 56 1.5.7 Points to look out for 57 1.6 Gantry, metal hanger and high masts 59 1.6.1 General information 59 1.6.2 Principle of inspection 59 1.6.3 The inspection report 60 1.6.4 Points to look out for 61 Chapter 2 Concept of Resistance of Materials: Application to Reinforced Concrete 67 2.1 General information on reinforced concrete 67 2.2 Concrete material 68 2.2.1 Cement 68 2.2.2 Aggregates 69 2.2.3 Mixing water 69 2.2.4 Admixture 69 2.2.5 Mechanical properties of concrete 70 2.2.6 Eurocode 2 provisions for concrete 74 2.3 Steels 81 2.3.1 The mechanical properties of steels 81 2.3.2 Steel-concrete bonding 85 2.4 Concept of strength of materials 87 2.4.1 Compression/traction 88 2.4.2 Pure flexion 89 2.4.3 Shear stress 91 2.4.4 Torsion 93 Chapter 3 Pathology of Structures 95 3.1 Pathology of concrete structures 95 3.1.1 Cracking 95 3.1.2 The degradation of concrete 106 3.2 The pathology of masonry structures 139 3.2.1 General information 139 3.2.2 Major disorders that may affect masonry 139 3.3 The pathology of composite material structures 145 3.3.1 General information on composite materials 145 3.3.2 Main pathologies of composite materials 150 Chapter 4 Techniques for Repairing Civil Engineering Works 161 4.1 Repair of concrete structures 161 4.1.1 The glued metal plates technique 161 4.1.2 The technique of glued composite fabrics or plates 170 4.1.3 The technique of additional prestressing 178 4.1.4 The shotcrete technique 183 4.1.5 Repair of superficially degraded concretes 191 4.2 Protection of concrete structure 198 4.2.1 Cathodic protection of reinforcements 198 4.3 Underground recovery 203 4.3.1 Principle of the technique 203 4.3.2 Regulations 203 4.3.3 Principle for sizing of reinforcements 203 4.3.4 Implementation of reinforcements 204 Chapter 5 Inspection and Maintenance of Structures in the United States: Methodologies 209 5.1 Engineering structures 209 5.1.1 General information 209 5.1.2 Regulations 210 5.1.3 Human resources 211 5.1.4 Material resources 211 5.1.5 The inspection report 212 5.1.6 Points to look out for 213 5.2 Storage structures for petroleum products 214 5.2.1 General information 214 5.2.2 Inspection procedure 215 5.2.3 Points to look out for 216 Appendices 217 Appendix 1 Examples of Diagnosis on a Drinking Water Storage Structure Based on the CEMAGREF Method 219 Appendix 2 Examples of Diagnosis on a Petroleum Products Storage Tank According to the DT 92 Method 251 Appendix 3 Examples of Diagnosis of a Marine Structure Using the CETMEF VSC Method 261 Appendix 4 Inspection Report “Gantries, Metal Hangers and High Masts” 305 Appendix 5 Measuring Equipment 315 Appendix 6 Inspections of Bridges 317 Bibliography 321 Index 325
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Metaheuristics for Structural Design and Analysis
Book SynopsisMetaheuristics for Structural Design and Analysis discusses general properties and types of metaheuristic techniques, basic principles of topology, shape and size optimization of structures, and applications of metaheuristic algorithms in solving structural design problems. Analysis of structures using metaheuristic algorithms is also discussed. Comparisons are made with classical methods and modern computational methods through metaheuristic algorithms. The book is designed for senior structural engineering students, graduate students, academicians and practitioners.Table of ContentsPreface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1 Evolution of Structural Analysis and Design 1 1.1 History of design 2 1.2 From empirical rules and intuition to FEM 6 1.3 From FEM to AI 8 Chapter 2 Metaheuristic Algorithms 11 2.1 A brief history of the development of metaheuristic algorithms 12 2.2 Generalities about metaheuristic algorithms 14 2.3 Evolutionary algorithms 17 2.3.1 Genetic algorithms 17 2.3.2 The differential evolution algorithm 18 2.4 Swarm intelligence 19 2.4.1 Particle swarm optimization 20 2.4.2 The flower pollination algorithm 22 2.4.3 The bat algorithm 23 2.5 Other metaheuristic algorithms 24 2.5.1 Simulated annealing 24 2.5.2 Teaching–learning-based optimization 26 2.5.3 Harmony search 27 2.5.4 The Jaya algorithm 28 Chapter 3 Application of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Problems 31 3.1 Objective function 32 3.1.1 Weight 32 3.1.2 Cost 33 3.1.3 Response 35 3.1.4 Effectiveness 37 3.1.5 CO2 emissions in construction 38 3.2 The design constraints 38 3.2.1 Stress 40 3.2.2 Deformations 43 3.2.3 Buckling 45 3.2.4 Fatigue 46 3.2.5 Design regulation rules 46 Chapter 4 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms in Structural Design 49 4.1 Generalities in structural design 49 4.2 Sensibility analyses and reliability 50 4.3 Types of structural optimization 50 4.4 Basic structural engineering applications 52 4.4.1 Vertical deflection minimization problem of an I-beam 52 4.4.2 Cost optimization of the tubular column under compressive load 56 4.4.3 Weight optimization of cantilever beams 60 4.5 Appendix 1 63 4.6 Appendix 2 66 4.7 Appendix 3 69 Chapter 5 Optimization of Truss-like Structures 75 5.1 The optimum design of truss structures 75 5.1.1 Analyses of truss structures 76 5.1.2 Review of the literature on the optimization of truss structures 78 5.2 Numerical applications in the optimization of truss structures 79 5.2.1 A 5-bar truss structure optimization problem 79 5.2.2 A 3-bar truss structure optimization problem 82 5.2.3 A 25-bar truss structure optimization problem 85 5.2.4 A 72-bar space truss optimization example 88 5.2.5 A 200-bar planar truss optimization example 89 5.3 Tensegrity structures 93 5.4 Appendix 1 94 5.5 Appendix 2 97 Chapter 6 Optimization of Structures and Members 101 6.1 Optimum design of RC beams 102 6.2 Optimum design of RC spread footings 112 6.3 Optimum design of RC columns 118 6.4 Optimum design of RC frames 126 6.4.1 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 132 6.4.2 The first example: two-span two-story RC frame 133 6.5 Optimum design of RC cylindrical walls 136 6.5.1 Optimum design of axially symmetric RC walls 136 6.5.2 Optimization of post-tensioning forces for cylindrical walls 138 6.5.3 Optimization of post-tensioned axially symmetric cylindrical RC walls 141 Chapter 7 Optimization in Structural Control Problems 143 7.1 Optimum design of tuned mass dampers (TMD) 144 7.1.1 Time domain-based optimization of TMDs 147 7.1.2 Frequency domain-based optimization of TMDs 152 7.2 Optimum design of base isolation systems 174 Chapter 8 Applications of Metaheuristic Algorithms to Structural Analysis 181 8.1 Fundamentals of the method 181 8.2 Applications to structures, generalities 185 8.3 Applications to trusses and truss-like structures 185 8.4 Applications to plates 189 8.5 Further studies on the analysis of structures with TPO/MA 193 Future Trends 195 References 199 Index 217
£89.96
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Structural Analysis 2: Statically Indeterminate
Book SynopsisThis book enables the student to master the methods of analysis of isostatic and hyperstatic structures. To show the performance of the methods of analysis of the hyperstatic structures, some beams, gantries and reticular structures are selected and subjected to a comparative study by the different methods of analysis of the hyperstatic structures. This procedure provides an insight into the methods of analysis of the structures.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1. Introduction to Statically Indeterminate Structural Analysis 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. External static indeterminacy 2 1.3. Internal static indeterminacy 5 1.3.1. Truss structures 5 1.3.2. Beam and frame structures 7 1.3.3. Crossbeams 9 1.4. Kinematic static indeterminacy 11 1.5. Statically indeterminate structural analysis methods 15 1.6. Superposition principle 16 1.7. Advantages and disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures 17 1.7.1. Advantages of statically indeterminate structures 18 1.7.2. Disadvantages of statically indeterminate structures 19 1.8. Conclusion 21 1.9. Problems 21 Chapter 2. Method of Three Moments 25 2.1. Simple beams 25 2.2. Continuous beam 37 2.3. Applying Clapeyron's theorem 43 2.3.1. Beam with two spans 44 2.3.2. Beam with support settlements 46 2.3.3. Beam with cantilever 49 2.4. Focus method 51 2.4.1. Left focus method 52 2.4.2. Right focus method 54 2.4.3. Focus method with loaded bays 57 2.5. Conclusion 63 2.6. Problems 63 Chapter 3. Method of Forces 67 3.1. Beam with one degree of static indeterminacy 67 3.2. Beam with many degrees of static indeterminacy 72 3.3. Continuous beam with support settlements 77 3.4. Analysis of a beam with two degrees of static indeterminacy 80 3.5. Analysis of a beam subjected to a moment 84 3.6. Analysis of frames 87 3.6.1. Frame with two degrees of static indeterminacy 87 3.6.2. Frame with cantilever 93 3.6.3. Frame with many degrees of static indeterminacy 100 3.6.4. Frame with oblique bars 106 3.7. Analysis of truss 113 3.7.1. Internally statically indeterminate truss 114 3.7.2. Externally statically indeterminate truss 121 3.7.3. Internally and externally statically indeterminate truss 125 3.8. Conclusion 129 3.9. Problems 130 Chapter 4. Slope-Deflection Method 137 4.1. Relationship between deflections and transmitted moments 137 4.2. Fixed-end moments 141 4.2.1. Bi-hinged beam 141 4.2.2. Simply supported beam 142 4.3 Rigidity factor and transmission coefficient 142 4.4. Beam analysis 148 4.4.1. Single span beam 148 4.4.2. Continuous beam 150 4.4.3. Continuous beam with cantilever 153 4.4.4. Beam with support settlements 156 4.4.5. Beam subjected to a moment 160 4.5. Analysis of frames 164 4.5.1. Frame without sidesway 164 4.5.2. Frames with sidesway 182 4.6. Conclusion 208 4.7. Problems 208 Chapter 5. Moment-Distribution Method 213 5.1. Hypotheses of the moment-distribution method 213 5.2. Presentation of the moment-distribution method 214 5.2.1. Distribution of a moment around a rigid joint 214 5.2.2. Distribution procedure 216 5.3. Continuous beam analysis 219 5.3.1. Beam with support settlement 220 5.3.2. Beam with cantilever 224 5.3.3. Beam subjected to a moment 227 5.4. Analysis of frames 229 5.4.1. Frame without sidesway 229 5.4.2. Frame with sidesway 234 5.5. Conclusion 264 5.6. Problems 265 Chapter 6. Influence Lines of Statically Indeterminate Structures 271 6.1. Introduction 271 6.2. Influence lines of beams 272 6.2.1. Beam with one degree of static indeterminacy 272 6.2.2. Beam with two degrees of static indeterminacy 279 6.3. Influence lines of frames 286 6.4. Influence lines of trusses 290 6.4.1. Internally statically indeterminate truss 292 6.4.2. Externally statically indeterminate truss 300 6.5. Conclusion 304 6.6. Problems 304 Chapter 7. Statically Indeterminate Arch Analysis 309 7.1. Introduction 309 7.2. Classification of arches 310 7.3. Semicircular arch under concentrated load 311 7.4. Parabolic arch under concentrated load 321 7.5. Semicircular arch under distributed load 326 7.6. Parabolic arch under distributed load 331 7.7. Semicircular arch fixed under concentrated load 337 7.8. Statically indeterminate tied arch 345 7.9. Arch with many degrees of freedom 350 7.10. Influence lines of statically indeterminate arch 356 7.10.1. Influence lines of bi-hinged arch 356 7.10.2. Influence line of fixed-end arch 360 7.11. Conclusion 364 7.12. Problems 365 Appendix 371 Bibliography 375 Index 379
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Applied Geotechnics for Construction Projects,
Book SynopsisGeotechnical engineering is now a fundamental component of construction projects. The third volume of this book is its backbone, dedicated to foundations for civil and industrial construction projects. Applied Geotechnics for Construction Projects 3 first presents the basic theoretical principles and rules governing the designing and validation of foundations; shallow, semi-deep and deep, then presents real foundation projects with a detailed comparison of the approaches and methods of calculating foundations in relation to the reference systems and rules in force, closely compared to and validated by the Eurocodes. The third chapter presents examples of foundation projects, covering high-side building rafts, strip footings, piles and embankments, enriched by an unprecedented level of experience in the field of foundations for civil and industrial construction projects. It ends with examples of damage to foundations and practical appendices. Each chapter of this third volume is illustrated with photographs and measurements of construction sites and is built on both theory and experience in the field of foundations as a whole. The result is a combination of geotechnical expertise and lessons learned from experience, both of which are highly valuable in the field of applied geotechnics for construction projects.Table of ContentsForeword ix Philippe GUILLERMAIN† and François SCHLOSSER Entrepreneur’s Tribune: Geotechnics is at the Heart of Our Projects xi Pascal LEMOINE and Eric DURAND Preface xiii Acknowledgments xix Symbols and Notations xxi Introduction lv Chapter 1 Foundations: Behavior, Design, and Justification 1 1.1 Analogies and differences between foundations 1 1.1.1 Foundations and their integration into the geotechnical project 1 1.1.2 Method of operation and similarities in behavior 3 1.1.3 Photos providing demonstrations of foundations 6 1.2 Shallow foundations 7 1.2.1 Types of shallow foundations 7 1.2.2 Behavior of a load-bearing footing 9 1.2.3 Load-bearing capacity of the subsoil 10 1.2.4 The special case of a footing under an eccentric load 22 1.2.5 Special cases of footings under an inclined load on horizontal ground 25 1.2.6 The special case of a footing on the crest of a slope 26 1.2.7 The case of a footing on two layers 29 1.2.8 The case of a footing on a dual layer: soft soil on top of a nearby substratum 30 1.2.9 Calculation of settlements under footings 31 1.2.10 Special cases: constructive provisions 38 1.3 Superficial foundations on rafts 40 1.3.1 Roles and types of rafts 40 1.3.2 Load-bearing capacity of soil under rafts 41 1.3.3 Settlements under rafts 41 1.4 Deep foundations 43 1.4.1 Preamble 43 1.4.2 Insulated pile under axial load 44 1.4.3 Isolated pile under lateral reactions 71 1.4.4 Effect of groups of piles 81 1.4.5 Justification of deep foundations 86 1.5 For the special case of foundation blocks subjected to reverse forces 93 1.5.1 The elastic center method 94 1.5.2 The rotation method 95 1.5.3 Simplified method 96 1.5.4 The “State Network” method 98 1.6 Consideration for other forces on the foundations 98 1.6.1 Spurious stresses due to soil swelling 98 1.6.2 Parasitic stress due to soil shrinkage 100 1.6.3 Seismic actions on piles: simplified Souloumiac method 100 1.6.4 The special case of vibrating machines on a non-deformable foundation block 102 1.7 Threshold displacements of the structure 103 1.7.1 Absolute settlements 103 1.7.2 Differential settlements (relative settlements) 104 Chapter 2 Real Projects and Comparisons of Methods and Referentials 109 2.1 Study of an apartment building on shallow footings 109 2.1.1 Project criteria 109 2.1.2 Soil data and foundation solution 110 2.1.3 Justification of the footings using the pressuremeter method 112 2.1.4 Justifications of the footings under the “Eurocodes” using the pressuremeter test (MPT) 113 2.1.5 Estimation of settlements (Ménard’s rule T0) 119 2.1.6 Comparison of calculation methods in terms of stresses 120 2.1.7 Impact of footing dimensions 129 2.1.8 Comparison of methods in terms of settlements 133 2.1.9 Determining the footing reaction coefficients 139 2.1.10 Footing stiffness 141 2.1.11 Practical rules for calculating the stiffness of footings 148 2.1.12 Reinforcement of footings 151 2.1.13 Economic analysis: do not just bury concrete for no reason! 153 2.2 Study of an office building on piles under axial loads 157 2.2.1 Project criteria 157 2.2.2 Soil data and foundation solution 158 2.2.3 Soil/pile interaction parameters and loads 159 2.2.4 Justification of the piles following the “Eurocodes” 160 2.2.5 Comparative study of the various regulations using the MPT method 173 2.2.6 Impact of the number of pile and soil tests (n) 177 2.2.7 Influence of the net limit pressure of the “MPT” method 180 2.2.8 Comparison of empirical methods of pile calculation 182 2.2.9 Axial stiffness of deep foundations 196 2.3 Horizontally loaded piles 202 2.3.1 Piles under parasitic horizontal pressure: application of the G(z) method 202 2.3.2 Analysis of pressures and moments using the “Tschebotarioff Method” 208 2.3.3 Evaluation of the negative friction on the piles 210 2.3.4 Rigidities at the top of horizontally stressed piles 212 2.4 Reinforcement of deep foundations 215 2.4.1 Reinforcement according to “static” standards 215 2.4.2 Reinforcement by “seismic” reference bases 218 2.5 Settlement of a general raft 226 2.5.1 Calculation of stresses and settlements 226 2.5.2 Reaction coefficient under raft 228 2.5.3 Reinforcement of the raft 233 2.6 Study of a road embankment on soft ground 235 2.6.1 Project 235 2.6.2 Data for the soil 236 2.6.3 Calculation of the bearing capacity of silty clays 239 2.6.4 Estimation of soil settlement under the embankment 240 2.6.5 Time of consolidation settlements 240 Chapter 3 Observations from Experience, Illustrative Examples, and Practical Appendices 243 3.1 The case of rafts in high-rise buildings 243 3.2 The case of strip footings 248 3.3 Behavior of piles under an axial load 250 3.4 Embankment settlement: Asaoka’s method (1978) 251 3.5 Summary and useful information 253 3.6 What not to do! 258 3.6.1 Early 1990s: metal piles driven into chalk 258 3.6.2 2010: poorly anchored piles in compact marls 259 3.6.3 2008: substrate misidentified via cone penetration test 259 3.6.4 2011: inadequate soil survey for pile anchoring 260 3.6.5 Damage still not settled since late 2000: “collapsible soils” 261 3.7 Wise conclusion 264 3.8 Appendices 265 3.8.1 Appendix 1: combinations of loads 265 3.8.2 Appendix 2: diffusion of stresses as a function of depth 267 3.8.3 Appendix 3: foundation blocks subject to overturning – methods for resolution 283 3.8.4. Appendix 4: determination of the stress bulb at ultimate limit states (ULS) by the pressuremeter method according to Eurocode 7 (standard NF P94 261, normative Appendix D) 292 3.8.5 Appendix 5: calculation of footing stiffness 294 3.8.6 Appendix 6: calculation of pile rigidities 323 3.8.7 Appendix 7: bearing capacity of piles under a vertical load 335 3.8.8 Appendix 8: frost protection in France 337 3.8.9 Appendix 9: earthquake and soil liquefaction 339 References 361 French, European and ISO Standards in the Field of Geotechnics 369 Index 401 Summaries of Other Volumes 405
£112.50
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Advances in Computed Tomography for Geomaterials:
Book SynopsisThis title discusses a broad range of issues related to the use of computed tomography in geomaterials and geomechanics. The contributions cover a wide range of topics, including deformation and strain localization in soils, rocks and sediments; fracture and damage assessment in rocks, asphalt and concrete; transport in porous media; oil and gas exploration and production; neutron tomography and other novel experimental and analytical techniques; image-based computational modeling; and software and visualization tools. As such, this will be valuable reading for anyone interested in the application of computed tomography to geomaterials from both fundamental and applied perspectives.Table of ContentsForeword, K. A. ALSHIBLI, A. H. REED xv Keynote Paper: Sand Deformation at the Grain Scale Quantified Through X-ray Imaging 1 G. VIGGIANI, P. BÉSUELLE, S. A. HALL, J. DESRUES Quantitative Description of Grain Contacts in a Locked Sand 17 J. FONSECA, C. O’SULLIVAN, M. R. COOP 3D Characterization of Particle Interaction Using Synchrotron Microtomography 26 K. A. ALSHIBLI, A. HASAN Characterization of the Evolving Grain-Scale Structure in a Sand Deforming under Triaxial Compression 34 S. A. HALL, N. LENOIR, G. VIGGIANI, P. BÉSUELLE, J. DESRUES Visualization of Strain Localization and Microstructures in Soils during Deformation Using Microfocus X-ray CT 43 Y. HIGO, F. OKA, S. KIMOTO, T. SANAGAWA, M. SAWADA, T. SATO, Y. MATSUSHIMA Determination of 3D Displacement Fields between X-ray Computed Tomography Images Using 3D Cross-Correlation 52 M. RAZAVI, B. MUHUNTHAN Characterization of Shear and Compaction Bands in Sandstone Using X-ray Tomography and 3D Digital Image Correlation 59 E. M. CHARALAMPIDOU, S.A. HALL, S. STANCHITS, G. VIGGIANI, H. LEWIS Deformation Characteristics of Tire Chips-Sand Mixture in Triaxial Compression Test by Using X-ray CT Scanning 67 Y. KIKUCHI, T. HIDAKA, T. SATO, H. HAZARIKA Strain Field Measurements in Sand under Triaxial Compression Using X-ray CT Data and Digital Image Correlation 76 Y. WATANABE, N. LENOIR, S. A. HALL, J. OTANI Latest Developments in 3D Analysis of Geomaterials by Morpho+ 84 V. CNUDDE, J. VLASSENBROECK, Y. DE WITTE, L. BRABANT, M. N. BOONE, J. DEWANCKELE, L. VAN HOOREBEKE, P. JACOBS Quantifying Particle Shape in 3D 93 E. J. GARBOCZI 3D Aggregate Evaluation Using Laser and X-ray Scanning 101 L. WANG, C. DRUTA, Y. ZHOU, C. HARRIS Computation of Aggregate Contact Points, Orientation and Segregation in Asphalt Specimens Using their X-ray CT Images 108 M. KUTAY Integration of 3D Imaging and Discrete Element Modeling for Concrete Fracture Problems 117 E. N. LANDIS, J. E. BOLANDER Application of Microfocus X-ray CT to Investigate the Frost-induced Damage Process in Cement-based Materials 124 M. A. B. PROMENTILLA, T. SUGIYAMA Evaluation of the Efficiency of Self-healing in Concrete by Means of μ-CT 132 K. VAN TITTELBOOM, D. VAN LOO, N. DE BELIE, P. JACOBS Quantification of Material Constitution in Concrete by X-ray CT Method 140 T. TEMMYO, Y. OBARA Sealing Behavior of Fracture in Cementitious Material with Micro-Focus X-ray CT 148 D. FUKUDA, Y. NARA, D. MORI, K. KANEKO Extraction of Effective Cement Paste Diffusivities from X-ray Microtomography Scans 156 K. KRABBENHOFT, M. R. KARIM Contributions of X-ray CT to the Characterization of Natural Building Stones and their Disintegration 164 J. DEWANCKELE, D. VAN LOO, J. VLASSENBROECK, M. N. BOONE, V. CNUDDE, M. A. BOONE, T. DE KOCK, L. VAN HOOREBEKE, P. JACOBS Characterization of Porous Media in Agent Transport Simulation 172 L.B. HU, C. SAVIDGE, D. RIZZO, N. HAYDEN, M. DEWOOLKAR, L. MEADOR, J. W. HAGADORN Two Less-Used Applications of Petrophysical CT-Scanning 180 R. P. KEHL, S. SIDDIQUI Trends in CT-Scanning of Reservoir Rocks 189 S. SIDDIQUI, M. R. H. SARKER 3D Microanalysis of Geological Samples with High-Resolution Computed Tomography 197 G. ZACHER, J. SANTILLAN, O. BRUNKE, T. MAYER Combination of Laboratory Micro-CT and Micro-XRF on Geological Objects 205 M. N. BOONE, J. DEWANCKELE, V. CNUDDE, G. SILVERSMIT, L. VAN HOOREBEKE, L. VINCZE, P. JACOBS Quantification of Physical Properties of the Transitional Phenomena in Rock from X-ray CT Image Data 213 A. SATO, K. TANAKA, T. SHIOTE, K. SASA Deformation in Fractured Argillaceous Rock under Seepage Flow Using X-ray CT and Digital Image Correlation 222 D. TAKANO, P. BÉSUELLE, J. DESRUES, S. A. HALL Experimental Investigation of Rate Effects on Two-Phase Flow through Fractured Rocks Using X-ray Computed Tomography 230 C. H. LEE, Z. T. KARPYN Keynote Paper: Micro-Petrophysical Experiments Via Tomography and Simulation 238 M. KUMAR, E. LEBEDEVA, Y. MELEAN, M. MADADI, A. P. SHEPPARD, T. K. VARSLOT, A. M. KINGSTON, S. J. LATHAM, R. M. SOK, A. SAKELLARIOU, C. H. ARNS, T. J. SENDEN, M. A. KNACKSTEDT Segmentation of Low-contrast Three-phase X-ray Computed Tomography Images of Porous Media 254 P. BHATTAD, C. S. WILLSON, K. E. THOMPSON X-ray Imaging of Fluid Flow in Capillary Imbibition Experiments 262 C. DAVID, L. LOUIS, B. MENÉNDEZ, A. PONS, J. FORTIN, S. STANCHITS, J. M. MENGUS Evaluating the Influence of Wall-Roughness on Fracture Transmissivity with CT Scanning and Flow Simulations 270 D. CRANDALL, G. BROMHAL, D. MCINTYRE In Situ Permeability Measurements inside Compaction Bands Using X-ray CT and Lattice Boltzmann Calculations 279 N. LENOIR, J. E. ANDRADE, W. C. SUN, J. W. RUDNICKI Evaluation of Porosity in Geomaterials Treated with Biogrout Considering Partial Volume Effect 287 Y. KOBAYASHI, S. KAWASAKI, M. KATO, T. MUKUNOKI, K. KANEKO Image-Based Pore-Scale Modeling Using the Finite Element Method 295 N. LANE, K. E. THOMPSON Numerical Modeling of Complex Porous Media for Borehole Applications 304 S. RYU, W. ZHAO, G. LEU, P. M. SINGER, H. J. CHO, Y. KEEHM Characterization of Soil Erosion due to Infiltration into Capping Layers in Landfill 312 T. MUKUNOKI, Y. KARASAKI, N. TANIGUCHI On Pore Space Partitioning in Relation to Network Model Building for Fluid Flow Computation in Porous Media 320 E. PLOUGONVEN, D. BERNARD, N. COMBARET 3D and Geometric Information of the Pore Structure in Pressurized Clastic Sandstone 328 M. TAKAHASHI, M. KATO, A. CHANGWAN, Y. URUSHIMATSU, Y. MICHIGUCHI, H. PARK Evaluation of Pressure-dependent Permeability in Rock by Means of the Tracer-aided X-ray CT 336 D. FUKAHORI, K. SUGAWARA Assessment of Time-Space Evolutions of Intertidal Flat Geo-Environments Using an Industrial X-ray CT Scanner 343 F. YAMADA, A. TAMAKI, Y. OBARA Keynote Paper: Neutron Imaging Methods in Geoscience 352 A. KAESTNER, P. VONTOBEL, E. LEHMANN Progress Towards Neutron Tomography at the US Spallation Neutron Source 366 L. G. BUTLER Synchrotron X-ray Micro-Tomography and Geological CO2 Sequestration 374 P. S. NICO, J. B. AJO-FRANKLIN, S. M. BENSON, A. MCDOWELL, D. B. SILIN, L. TOMUTSA, Y. WU Residual CO2 Saturation Distributions in Rock Samples Measured by X-ray CT 381 H. OKABE, Y. TSUCHIYA, C. H. PENTLAND, S. IGLAUER, M. J. BLUNT X-ray CT Imaging of Coal for Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide 389 D. H. SMITH, S. A. JIKICH Comparison of X-ray CT and Discrete Element Method in the Evaluation Tunnel Face Failure 397 B. CHEVALIER, D. TAKANO, J. OTANI Plugging Mechanism of Open-Ended Piles 406 Y. KIKUCHI, T. SATO, T. MIZUTANI, Y. MORIKAWA Development of a Bending Test Apparatus for Quasi-dynamical Evaluation of a Clayey Soil Using X-ray CT Image Analysis 414 T. NAKANO, T. MUKUNOKI, J. OTANI, J. P. GOURC Author Index 423
£196.16
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Uncertainty and Optimization in Structural
Book SynopsisOptimization is generally a reduction operation of a definite quantity. This process naturally takes place in our environment and through our activities. For example, many natural systems evolve, in order to minimize their potential energy. Modeling these phenomena then largely relies on our capacity to artificially reproduce these processes. In parallel, optimization problems have quickly emerged from human activities, notably from economic concerns. This book includes the most recent ideas coming from research and industry in the field of optimization, reliability and the recognition of accompanying uncertainties. It is made up of eight chapters which look at the reviewing of uncertainty tools, system reliability, optimal design of structures and their optimization (of sizing, form, topology and multi-objectives) – along with their robustness and issues on optimal safety factors. Optimization reliability coupling will also be tackled in order to take into account the uncertainties in the modeling and resolution of the problems encountered. The book is aimed at students, lecturers, engineers, PhD students and researchers. Contents 1. Uncertainty. 2. Reliability in Mechanical Systems. 3. Optimal Structural Design. 4. Multi-object Optimization with Uncertainty. 5. Robust Optimization. 6. Reliability Optimization. 7. Optimal Security Factors Approach. 8. Reliability-based Topology Optimization. About the Authors Abdelkhalak El Hami is Professor at the Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Rouen, France. He is the author of many articles and books on optimization and uncertainty. Bouchaib Radi is Professor in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology at the University of Hassan Premier, Settat, Morocco. His research interests are in such areas as structural optimization, parallel computation, contact problem and metal forming. He is the author of many scientific articles and books.Table of ContentsPreface ix Chapter 1 Uncertainty 1 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. The optimization problem 3 1.3. Sources of uncertainty 4 1.4. Dealing with uncertainty 6 1.4.1. Reliability optimization 11 1.4.2. Robust optimization 12 1.4.3. Multi-object optimization 13 1.4.4. Stochastic optimization 14 1.4.5. Worst-case scenario based optimization 14 1.4.6. Non-probabilistic optimization 15 1.4.7. Interval modeling 15 1.4.8. Fuzzy sets 15 1.5. Analyzing sensitivity 16 1.5.1. Local sensitivity analysis 16 1.5.2. Global sensitivity analysis 16 Chapter 2 Reliability in Mechanical Systems 17 2.1. Introduction 17 2.2. A structure reliability problem 18 2.3. Modeling a structure reliability problem 18 2.3.1. A deterministic mechanical model 18 2.3.2. Risks and probabilistic modeling 18 2.3.3. Types of failure in a structure 19 2.3.4. Probability of failure in a structure 19 2.4. Calculating the probability of failure in a structure 20 2.4.1. Calculating the probability of failure using the Monte Carlo method 20 2.4.2. Calculating the probability of failure using a reliability index 21 2.5. Reliability indices 21 2.5.1. The Rjanitzyne–Cornell index 21 2.5.2. The Hasofer–Lind index 22 2.5.3. The FORM method 23 2.5.4. The SORM method 25 2.6. Overview of the resistance–sollicitation problem 26 2.6.1. Probability of failure 27 2.6.2. Reliability indices 28 2.7. System reliability in mechanics 33 2.7.1. Combinations of types of failure 34 2.7.2. Assessment of the failure probability of a system 35 2.8. The finite element method and structural reliability 36 2.8.1. Context and objectives of the problem 36 2.8.2. Discretization and modeling random fields 36 2.8.3. Mechano-reliability coupling 37 2.8.4. Surface response coupling 41 Chapter 3 Optimal Structural Design 43 3.1. Introduction 43 3.2. Historical development of structural optimization 44 3.3. Classifying structural optimization problems 44 3.3.1. Dimensional optimization 45 3.3.2. Topological optimization 45 3.3.3. Shape optimization 47 Chapter 4. Multi-object Optimization with Uncertainty .. 51 4.1. Introduction 51 4.1.1. Choice of an optimization method 52 4.1.2. Classifying optimization methods 52 4.2. User classification 53 4.3. Design classification 54 4.4. Multi-objective genetic algorithms 54 4.5. Robust multi-objective optimization 56 4.5.1. Robustness criteria in multi-objective optimization 56 4.6. Normal boundary intersection method 57 4.6.1. Description of the NBI method 58 4.7. Multi-objective structural optimization problem 66 Chapter 5 Robust Optimization 69 5.1. Introduction 69 Table of Contents vii 5.2. Modeling uncertainty 69 5.2.1. Parametric methods 70 5.2.2. Non-parametric methods 71 5.3. Accounting for robustness in optimum research 73 5.4. Robustness criteria 74 5.4.1. Defining uncertainty in design parameters 74 5.4.2. Robustness criteria in multi-objective optimization 75 5.5. Resolution method 76 5.6. Examples of mono-objective optimization 77 Chapter 6 Reliability Optimization 79 6.1. Introduction 79 6.2. Overview of reliability optimization 80 6.3. Reliability optimization methods 81 6.4. The reliability indicator approach 81 6.5. The single-loop approach 82 6.6. The sequential optimization and reliability assessment approach 87 Chapter 7 Optimal Security Factors Approach 93 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. Standard method 93 7.3. The optimal security factors (OSFs) method 95 7.4. Extension of the OSF method to multiple failure scenarios 99 Chapter 8 Reliability-based Topology Optimization 113 8.1. Introduction 113 8.2. Definitions in topology optimization 114 8.3. Topology optimization methods 115 8.4. Reliability coupling and topology optimization 118 8.5. Illustration and validation of the RBTO model 120 8.6. Application of the RBTO model to mechanics 122 8.6.1. Static analysis 122 8.6.2. Modal analysis 123 Bibliography 125 Index 131
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Energy Geostructures: Innovation in Underground
Book SynopsisEnergy geostructures are a tremendous innovation in the field of foundation engineering and are spreading rapidly throughout the world. They allow the procurement of a renewable and clean source of energy which can be used for heating and cooling buildings. This technology couples the structural role of geostructures with the energy supply, using the principle of shallow geothermal energy. This book provides a sound basis in the challenging area of energy geostructures. The objective of this book is to supply the reader with an exhaustive overview on the most up-to-date and available knowledge of these structures. It details the procedures that are currently being applied in the regions where geostructures are being implemented. The book is divided into three parts, each of which is divided into chapters, and is written by the brightest engineers and researchers in the field. After an introduction to the technology as well as to the main effects induced by temperature variation on the geostructures, Part 1 is devoted to the physical modeling of energy geostructures, including in situ investigations, centrifuge testing and small-scale experiments. The second part includes numerical simulation results of energy piles, tunnels and bridge foundations, while also considering the implementation of such structures in different climatic areas. The final part concerns practical engineering aspects, from the delivery of energy geostructures through the development of design tools for their geotechnical dimensioning. The book concludes with a real case study. Contents Part 1. Physical Modeling of Energy Piles at Different Scales 1. Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures, Alice Di Donna and Lyesse Laloui. 2. Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui. 3. Observed Response of Energy Geostructures, Peter Bourne-Webb. 4. Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling, Anh Minh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, Ghazi Hassen and Neda Yavari. 5. Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations, John S. McCartney. Part 2. Numerical Modeling of Energy Geostructures 6. Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures, Fabrice Dupray, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui. 7. Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, Hussein Mroueh , Sébastien Burlon and Julien Habert. 8. Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils, John S. McCartney, Charles J.R. Coccia , Nahed Alsherif and Melissa A. Stewart. 9. Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates, Ghassan Anis Akrouch, Marcelo Sanchez and Jean-Louis Briaud. 10. Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil, Maria E. Suryatriyastuti, Hussein Mroueh and Sébastien Burlon. 11. Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations, C. Guney Olgun and G. Allen Bowers. Part 3. Engineering Practice 12. Delivery of Energy Geostructures, Peter Bourne-Webb with contributions from Tony Amis, Jean-Baptiste Bernard, Wolf Friedemann, Nico Von Der Hude, Norbert Pralle, Veli Matti Uotinen and Bernhard Widerin. 13. Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles, Thomas Mimouni and Lyesse Laloui. 14. A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport, Daniel Pahud. About the Authors Lyesse Laloui is Chair Professor, Head of the Soil Mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory and Director of Civil Engineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna is a researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL) in Lausanne, Switzerland.Table of ContentsPreface xiiiLyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNA Part 1 Physical Modeling Of Energy Piles At Different Scales 1 Chapter 1 Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Thermomechanical behavior of soils 5 1.2.1 Thermomechanical behavior of clays 6 1.3 Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behaviour of soils 12 1.3.1 The ACMEG-T model 12 1.4 Acknowledgments 18 1.5 Bibliography 18 Chapter 2 Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI 2.1 Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 23 2.1.1 Measuring strains and temperature along the piles 23 2.1.2 Measuring pile tip compression 27 2.1.3 Monitoring the behavior of the soil 27 2.2 Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 28 2.2.1 Single full-scale test pile 28 2.2.2 Full-scale test on a group of energy piles 31 2.2.3 Testing procedure 32 2.3 Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 36 2.3.1 General methodology 36 2.3.2 Thermomechanical response of the single test pile 38 2.3.3 Thermomechanical response of a group of energy piles 40 2.4 Conclusions 42 2.5 Bibliography 42 Chapter 3 Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45Peter BOURNE-WEBB 3.1 Overview of published observational data sources 45 3.2 Thermal storage and harvesting 46 3.2.1 Overview 46 3.2.2 Energy injection/extraction rates 47 3.2.3 Thermal fields 52 3.3 Thermomechanical effects 58 3.3.1 Overview 58 3.3.2 Structural effects 58 3.3.3 Soil-structure interactions 62 3.4 Summary 65 3.5 Acknowledgments 66 3.6 Bibliography 67 Chapter 4 Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI 4.1 Introduction 79 4.2 Physical modeling of pile foundations 80 4.2.1 Boundary conditions 80 4.2.2 Mechanical loading system 81 4.2.3 Monitoring 81 4.2.4 Pile’s behavior 82 4.3 Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 83 4.3.1 Experimental setup 83 4.3.2 Mechanical behavior of a pile under thermomechanical loading 85 4.3.3 Heat transfer 89 4.3.4 Soil–pile interface 90 4.3.5 Lessons learned from physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 91 4.4 Conclusions 94 4.5 Acknowledgments 94 4.6 Bibliography 94 Chapter 5 Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99John S MCCARTNEY 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2 Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 100 5.3 Centrifuge modeling concepts 101 5.4 Centrifuge modeling components 101 5.4.1 Centrifuge model fabrication and characterization 101 5.4.2 Experimental setup 103 5.5 Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 105 5.5.1 Soil details 105 5.5.2 Foundation A: isothermal load tests to failure 106 5.5.3 Foundation B: thermomechanical stress–strain modeling 110 5.6 Conclusions 113 5.7 Acknowledgments 113 5.8 Bibliography 114 Part 2 Numerical Modeling Of Energy Geostructures 117 Chapter 6 Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI 6.1 Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 120 6.1.1 Heat demand and specificities of small foundations 121 6.1.2 Modeling of the pile 122 6.1.3 Results and analysis 126 6.2 Heat-exchanger anchors 131 6.2.1 Technical aspects and possible users 131 6.2.2 Method of investigation 132 6.2.3 Optimizing the heat production 134 6.2.4 Mechanical implications of heat production 135 6.3 Conclusions 136 6.4 Acknowledgments 137 6.5 Bibliography 137 Chapter 7 Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT 7.1 Introduction 139 7.2 Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 140 7.3 A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 143 7.4 Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 145 7.4.1 Reaction to the upper structure 147 7.4.2 Normal force in the pile 148 7.4.3 Mobilized shaft frictions at the soil–pile interface 148 7.5 Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 150 7.5.1 Effect of different loading rates for the applied mechanical load 150 7.5.2 Effect of thermoactive piles on piled raft foundation 150 7.6 Conclusions 153 7.7 Acknowledgments 153 7.8 Bibliography 154 Chapter 8 Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157John S MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A STEWART 8.1 Introduction 157 8.2 Thermally induced water flow 159 8.3 Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 160 8.4 Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 161 8.5 Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 163 8.6 Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 164 8.7 Conclusions 167 8.8 Acknowledgments 167 8.9 Bibliography 167 Chapter 9 Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 175 9.3 Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 177 9.4 Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 179 9.4.1 Laboratory experimental design 179 9.4.2 Numerical modeling 180 9.4.3 Laboratory test and numerical results 183 9.4.4 Modeling the full pile 186 9.5 Full scale tests on energy piles 187 9.6 Conclusions 189 9.7 Acknowledgments 190 9.8 Bibliography 190 Chapter 10 Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON 10.1 Introduction 193 10.2 Heat transfer phenomenon 194 10.2.1 Soil properties 195 10.2.2 Energy conservation in the transient regime 196 10.3 Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 197 10.3.1 A two-dimensional model – internal diffusion in the thermoactive pile 198 10.3.2 A three-dimensional model – external diffusion to the surrounding soil 201 10.4 Impact of the long-term thermal operation 202 10.4.1 Groundwater flow effect on the heat diffusion 202 10.4.2 Mechanical durability under thermal cyclic stress 205 10.5 Conclusions 205 10.6 Acknowledgments 207 10.7 Bibliography 208 Chapter 11 Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211C Guney OLGUN and G Allen BOWERS 11.1 Introduction 211 11.2 Ground-source heating of bridge decks 213 11.3 Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 214 11.4 Numerical modeling and analysis results 216 11.5 Summary and conclusions 223 11.6 Acknowledgments 223 11.7 Bibliography 224 Part 3 Engineering Practice 227 Chapter 12 Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN 12.1 Introduction 229 12.2 Planning and design 230 12.2.1 Coordination and communication 230 12.2.2 Design management 231 12.2.3 System design redundancy 231 12.2.4 Awareness and skills training 234 12.3 Construction 236 12.3.1 Process quality control 236 12.3.2 Installation details 237 12.4 System integration and commissioning 260 12.5 Summary 261 12.6 Acknowledgments 262 12.7 Bibliography 262 Chapter 13 Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI 13.1 Basic assumptions 265 13.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 266 13.2.1 The load-transfer method 266 13.2.2 Displacements induced by the mechanical load 268 13.2.3 Displacements induced by the thermal load 269 13.3 Validation of the method 270 13.4 Piled-beams with energy piles 271 13.4.1 General method 272 13.4.2 Determination of the integration constants 275 13.4.3 Example of simulation 276 13.5 Conclusions 277 13.6 Acknowledgments 278 13.7 Bibliography 278 Chapter 14 A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281Daniel PAHUD 14.1 The Dock Midfield 281 14.2 Design process of the energy pile system 282 14.2.1 Pile system concept 282 14.2.2 Problems to solve 283 14.2.3 First calculations 284 14.2.4 Second calculations 285 14.2.5 Third calculations 287 14.2.6 Final simulations using the TRNSYS program 288 14.3 The PILESIM program 288 14.4 System design and measurement points 289 14.5 Measured thermal performances of the system 291 14.6 System optimization and integration 293 14.7 Conclusions 294 14.8 Acknowledgments 295 14.9 Bibliography 295 List of Authors 297
£125.06
ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc The Rayleigh-Ritz Method for Structural Analysis
Book SynopsisA presentation of the theory behind the Rayleigh-Ritz (R-R) method, as well as a discussion of the choice of admissible functions and the use of penalty methods, including recent developments such as using negative inertia and bi-penalty terms. While presenting the mathematical basis of the R-R method, the authors also give simple explanations and analogies to make it easier to understand. Examples include calculation of natural frequencies and critical loads of structures and structural components, such as beams, plates, shells and solids. MATLAB codes for some common problems are also supplied.Table of ContentsPREFACE xi INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES xiii CHAPTER 1. PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY AND RAYLEIGH’S PRINCIPLE 1 CHAPTER 2. RAYLEIGH’S PRINCIPLE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 11 CHAPTER 3. THE RAYLEIGH–RITZ METHOD AND SIMPLE APPLICATIONS 21 CHAPTER 4. LAGRANGIAN MULTIPLIER METHOD 33 CHAPTER 5. COURANT’S PENALTY METHOD INCLUDING NEGATIVE STIFFNESS AND MASS TERMS 39 CHAPTER 6. SOME USEFUL MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 55 CHAPTER 7. THE THEOREM OF SEPARATION AND ASYMPTOTIC MODELING THEOREMS 67 CHAPTER 8. ADMISSIBLE FUNCTIONS 81 CHAPTER 9. NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODES OF BEAMS 89 CHAPTER 10. NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODES OF PLATES OF RECTANGULAR PLANFORM 113 CHAPTER 11. NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODES OF SHALLOW SHELLS OF RECTANGULAR PLANFORM 133 CHAPTER 12. NATURAL FREQUENCIES AND MODES OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL BODIES 149 CHAPTER 13. VIBRATION OF AXIALLY LOADED BEAMS AND GEOMETRIC STIFFNESS 161 CHAPTER 14. THE RRM IN FINITE ELEMENTS METHOD 181 BIBLIOGRAPHY 197 APPENDIX 203 INDEX 229
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ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons Inc Stochastic Dynamics of Structures
Book SynopsisThis book is dedicated to the general study of the dynamics of mechanical structures with consideration of uncertainties. The goal is to get the appropriate forms of a part in minimizing a given criterion. In all fields of structural mechanics, the impact of good design of a room is very important to its strength, its life and its use in service. The development of the engineer's art requires considerable effort to constantly improve structural design techniques.Table of ContentsPreface xi Chapter 1. Introduction to Structural Dynamics 1 1.1. Composition of problems relating to dynamic structures 2 1.1.1. Finite element method 4 1.1.2. Modal superposition method 5 1.1.3. Direct integration 6 1.2. Structural optimization 8 1.2.1. Design optimization 9 1.2.2. Shape optimization 9 1.2.3. Topological optimization 10 1.2.4. Definitions and formulation of an optimization problem 12 1.3. Structures with uncertain parameters 13 1.3.1. Monte Carlo simulation 14 1.3.2. Analytic method 15 1.3.3. Stochastic finite element method 15 1.3.4. Fluid logic method 16 1.3.5. Reliability method 17 1.3.6. Reliability optimization 21 1.4. Conclusion 23 Chapter 2. Decoupled Systems 25 2.1. Introduction 25 2.2. Problems with structural dynamics 25 2.2.1. Movement equation 25 2.2.2. Hooke’s law 26 2.2.3. Variational formulation 27 2.2.4. Estimation by finite elements 27 2.2.5. Resolution in the frequency domain 28 2.2.6. Solution in the temporal domain 29 2.2.7. Reduction of the model 31 2.3. Acoustic problems 42 2.3.1. Wave equation: formulation pressure 42 2.3.2. Variational formulation 43 2.3.3. Estimation by finite elements 43 2.3.4. Solution in the frequency domain 44 2.3.5. Model fluid reduction 45 2.4. Conclusion 55 Chapter 3. Coupled Systems 57 3.1. Introduction 57 3.2. Mathematical formulation 57 3.2.1. Behavior equations 57 3.2.2. Conditions for fluid–structure coupling 58 3.3. Variational formulation 59 3.4. Estimation by finite elements 59 3.4.1. Estimation of unknown physical values 59 3.4.2. Integration of variational forms 60 3.5. Vibro-acoustic problem 60 3.6. Hydro-elastic problem 61 3.6.1. Calculation of the elementary matrix of the fluid–structure interaction 64 3.6.2. Dynamic study 65 3.7. Reduction of the model 67 3.7.1. Modal superposition method for the paired system 67 3.7.2. Direct calculation 71 3.7.3. Calculation with modal reduction 72 3.7.4. Modal synthesis method for paired systems 74 3.7.5. Direct numerical calculation 81 3.7.6. Numerical calculation with modal superposition 83 3.8. Conclusion 84 Chapter 4. Reliability and Meshless Methods in Mechanics 85 4.1. Introduction to non-networking methods 85 4.2. Moving least squares 88 4.2.1. Properties of MLS form function 94 4.2.2. Base functions 95 4.2.3. Weight functions 96 4.3. Galerkin mesh-free method 98 4.4. Imposition of essential limiting conditions 103 4.4.1. Variational principle modified with Lagrange multipliers 103 4.4.2. Variational principle modified without Lagrange multipliers 104 4.4.3. Variational principle with a charge 105 4.4.4. Connection with meshing of finite elements 106 4.5. Integration in the EFG method 107 4.6. Description of EFG method algorithms 109 Chapter 5. Mechanical Systems with Uncertain Parameters 115 5.1. Introduction 115 5.2. Monte Carlo simulation 116 5.3. Disturbance methods 116 5.3.1. Expansion into a second-order Taylor series 118 5.3.2. Muscolino distortion method 124 5.3.3. Disturbance methods and modal reduction methods 127 5.4. Projection onto polynomial chaos 131 5.4.1. Moments of the response function in frequency 134 5.4.2. Moments of dynamic response 135 5.4.3. Projection onto polynomial chaos with modal reduction 137 5.5. Conclusion 149 Chapter 6. Modal Synthesis Methods and Stochastic Finite Element Methods 151 6.1. Introduction 151 6.2. Linear dynamic problems 152 6.2.1. Equations of motion 152 6.2.2. Solutions in the transient regime 153 6.2.3. Solutions in the harmonic regime 154 6.3. Modal synthesis methods 155 6.3.1. Introduction 155 6.3.2. Sub-structure assembly technique 157 6.3.3. Fixed interface method 158 6.3.4. MacNeal’s free interface method 161 6.3.5. Free interface method 163 6.3.6. Hybrid method 166 6.3.7. Reduction in degrees of freedom of the interface 166 6.4. Stochastic finite element methods 168 6.4.1. Introduction 168 6.4.2. Discretization of random fields 169 6.4.3. Methods of moments 171 6.5. Conclusion 179 Chapter 7. Stochastic Modal Synthesis Methods 181 7.1. Introduction 181 7.2. Taylor series expansion of the modal equations of a stochastic structure 181 7.2.1. Expression of the mean values and covariances 184 7.3. Muscolino perturbation method 184 7.3.1. Expansion of the modal equations of a stochastic structure 185 7.4. Stochastic fixed interface method 186 7.4.1. Taylor series expansion 186 7.5. Stochastic modal synthesis method 191 7.5.1. Introduction 191 7.6. Conclusion 236 Chapter 8. Dynamic Response of a Structure with Uncertain Variables to a Given Excitation 237 8.1. Introduction 237 8.2. Perturbation method 238 8.2.1. Taylor series expansion of the equations of motion 238 8.2.2. Muscolino perturbation method 241 8.3. Stochastic modal synthesis method 242 8.4. Projection onto homogeneous chaos 245 8.5. Coupling modal synthesis methods with projection onto homogeneous chaos 248 8.6. Conclusion 264 Chapter 9. Stochastic Frequency Response Function 265 9.1. Introduction 265 9.2. Calculation of the stochastic frequency response function 266 9.3. Calculation of the stochastic frequency response function with modal synthesis methods 270 9.4. Conclusion 281 Chapter 10. Modal Synthesis Methods and Reliability Optimization Methods 283 10.1. Introduction 283 10.2. Combining modal synthesis and RBDO methods 283 10.3. Conclusion 294 Chapter 11. Stochastic Model of Transmission in a Wind Turbine 295 11.1. Introduction 295 11.2. Modeling the dynamic behavior of the gearing system in a wind turbine 295 11.3. Dynamic response of a two-step gear system in a wind turbine with uncertain variables 296 11.3.1. Dynamic model of a two-step wind turbine transmission 296 11.3.2. Study using the polynomial chaos method 299 11.3.3. Perturbation method study 309 11.3.4. Comparison of the different methods 315 11.4. Conclusion 317 Bibliography 319 Index 327
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