Solar system: the Sun and planets Books

Book SynopsisAstronomers learn much of what they know about the mass, brightness, and size of stars by observing binary systems, in which two stars orbit each other, periodically cutting off the others light.Table of ContentsI Introduction.- The Database and Methods of Data Acquisition.- II Modeling and Analysis.- A General Approach to Modeling Eclipsing Binaries.- Determination of Eclipsing Binary Parameters.- Advanced Topics and Techniques.- III Light Curve Programs and Software Packages.- Light Curve Models and Software.- TheWilson#x2013;Devinney Program: Extensions and Applications.- Light Curve Software with Graphical User Interface and Visualization.- The Structure of Light Curve Programs and the Outlook for the Future.

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Book SynopsisThe Science of Solar System IcesTable of ContentsForeword.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Part I - Optical Remote Sensing of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 1: Observed Ices in the Solar System.- Chapter 2: Photometric Properties of Solar System Ices.- Chapter 3: Ultraviolet Properties of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 4: The Ices on Transneptunain Objects and Centaurs.- Part II: Ice Physical Properties and Planetary Applications.- Chapter 5: First-Principles Calculations of Physical Properties of Planetary Ices.- Chapter 6: Frictional Sliding of Cold Ice: A Fundamental Process Underlying Tectonic Activity Within Icy Satellites.- Chapter 7: Planetary Ices Attenuation Properties.- Chapter 8: Deformation Behavior of Ice in Polar Ice Sheets.- Chapter 9: Cratering in Icy Bodies.- Chapter 10: Geology of Icy Bodies.- Part III - Volatiles in Ices.- Chapter 11: Amorphous and Crystalline H2O-Ice.- Chapter 12: Clathrate Hydrates: Implications for Exchange Processes in the Outer Solar System.- Chapter 13: Cometary Ices.- Chapter 14: Gas Trapping in Ice and Its Release Upon Warming.- Part IV: Surface Ice Chemistry.- Chapter 15: Chemistry in Ices - From Fundamentals to Planetary Applications.- Chapter 16: Radiation Effects in Water ice in the Outer Solar System.- Chapter 17: Sputtering of Ices.- Chapter 18: Photochemistry in Terrestrial Ices.- Index.

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Book SynopsisOceans were long thought to exist in all corners of the Solar System, from carbonated seas percolating beneath the clouds of Venus to features on the Moon's surface given names such as "the Bay of Rainbows” and the "Ocean of Storms."Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“Space artist and science writer Carroll (The Seventh Landing, CH, Feb’10, 47-3129) and research scientist Lopes (NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech) provide an overview of fluids in Earth’s solar system and possibly elsewhere. … Summing Up: Recommended. General readers.” (N. W. Hinman, Choice, Vol. 51 (9), May, 2014)“The slender volume contains essays by many active planetary scientists who also happen to be excellent writers … . they each deliver an up-to-date yet concise and accessible summary of the state of planetary science for each different kind of world in the solar system. … the volume is abundantly illustrated with both well-selected photos and lots of artworks by Michael Carroll … . This is an excellent gift book for the space enthusiast in your life, or even for a science-obsessed high school student.” (Emily Lakdawalla, The Planetary Society - Emily’s Blog planetary.org, December, 2013)“Through beautifully-written essays by some of the most knowledgeable scientists in the field … this book takes us by the hand, lifts us off the Earth, takes us to the edges of those alien seas, sits us down on their beaches, and tells us their stories. … this book would be worth buying. … this book’s publication is very timely, and offers readers a great opportunity to ‘catch up’ with the state of this area of planetary science. … Get it. You’ll love it.” (Cumbrian Sky, cumbriansky.wordpress.com, December, 2013)“Lopes and Carroll have done a masterful job of melding chapters that feature contributions by themselves along with other leading scientists and planetary researchers. … this book is a treasure trove of information. … volume contains 105 illustrations, with 60 illustrations in color, including new artwork by the talented Michael Carroll that depicts alien seas as well as the latest ground-based and spacecraft images. You’ll find a wonderful read here … with the text punctuated by original diagrams that detail planetary oceans and related processes.” (Spacecoalition.com, December, 2013)Table of ContentsAcknowledgments.- Foreword by James Cameron.- 1. Introduction: Oceans on Earth and Elsewhere by Michael Carroll.- Chapter 2. Chasing the Lost Oceans of Venus by David Grinspoon.- Chapter 3. Oceans on Mars by Timothy Parker.- Chapter 4. Seas of Molten Rock by Rosaly Lopes.- Chapter 5. Jupiter’s Water Worlds: Water Lurks Beneath the Surfaces of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto by Robert Pappalardo.- Chapter 6. Oceans At The Outer Limits: Enceladus, Outer Moons, Pluto by John Spencer.- Chapter 7. Sand Seas of the Solar System by Jani Radebaugh.- Chapter 8. Exotic Seas: Titan's Methane/Ethane Lakes by Karl Mitchell.- Chapter 9. The Seas of Saturn by Kevin Baines and Mona Delitsky.- 10. The Alien Seas of Earth: Astrobiological Implications by Chris McKay.- Chapter 11. Seas of the Milky Way by Jeffrey Bennett.- About the Authors.

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Book SynopsisWhat is unique about Richard Norton's book is that it is both a field guide to observing meteors, and also a field guide to locating, preparing and analysing meteorites. In addition to giving the reader information about observing techniques for meteors, this book also provides a fully detailed account of the types of meteorites, how and where to find them, how to prepare and analyse them. The book provides everything the amateur astronomer (or geologist!) needs to know about meteors and meteorites. It is thus the only complete book on the subject available at present.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The average age of most meteorites is 4.6 billion years. … This groundbreaking book … is the most concise guide to date on every aspect of this fascinating field. The authors combine the collecting, study and hunting of meteorites with good advice on equipment and identification techniques. … it is equally suited to beginner and expert with well-illustrated page-by-page descriptions of each meteorite sub-type. … This is an impressive book containing everything you need to know about these remarkable cosmic treasures." (Mark Ford, BBC Sky at Night, September, 2008) "This practical reference source … goes beyond the well-illustrated guide to help meteorite hunters identify their prize (with detailed color photos), and includes the astronomical context needed to understand meteorites and their Earth-bound predecessors, meteoroids. … A mineral glossary and references (print and online) supplement the text. … Summing Up: Recommended. General audiences and all undergraduate students." (L.R. Johnston, Choice, Vol. 46 (5), January, 2009) "This is a magnificent book and a must for anyone who is interested in our solar system and its formation. … A wonderful segment is included on what meteorites look like in thin section and it is a glorious world indeed. … If you do, or if you wish to find you own, or if you just wish to learn more about the environment our Earth inhabits, you will want a copy of this outstanding book." (Amazon, November, 2008) 2009 Best Reference Work- "Field Guide to Meteors and Meteorites" by O. Richard Norton and Lawrence A. Chitwood received the Mary B. Ansari Best Reference Work Award. The book is both a guide to observing meteors and a practical handbook for meteorite hunters. Abundant information on locating, preparing, and analyzing meteorites is presented. The work’s comprehensive treatment, fine color illustrations, and accessibility to a wide audience were winning points in the selection committee’s decision. "Meteorite information has been scattered, hard to find and difficult to interpret – sort of like meteorites themselves," commented committee member Dennis Trombatore. "The Field Guide is a powerful reference tool. It will inspire, enlighten and inform everyone who uses it.""Table of ContentsPART I : Origin and Early History of Asteroids and Meteorites Chapter 1: Interplanetary Dust: the role of Comets and Asteroids Chapter 2: Observing and Imaging Meteors Sporadic Meteors Meteor Showers – Leonids, Perseids, etc. Chapter 3: From the asteroid belt to Earth Chapter 4: Fireballs and the fall of Meteorites Chapter 5: Impact craters of the Solar System Chapter 6: Searching for meteorites in the field PART II: The Family of Meteorites Chapter 7: Chondrites, the most common stony meteorites Chapter 8: Achondrites, pieces of melted asteroid crusts Chapter 9: Iron meteorites, cores of differentiated asteroids Chapter 10: Stony-irons, the enigmatic meteorites Chapter 11: Meteorites from the Moon and Mars Chapter 12: Meteorites from comets? PART III: Analyzing Meteorites Chapter 13: Meteorite external morphology Chapter 14: Cutting, grinding and polishing meteorites Chapter 15: Weathering of meteorites Chapter 16: Preserving meteorites Chapter 17: Meteorite interiors: a microscopic journey PART IV: The Meteorite Market Chapter 18: Buying, selling and trading meteorites

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Book SynopsisFour hundred years after Kepler discovered his third law of planetary motion, disproving the Pythagorean notion of ‘the music of the spheres’, music was discovered in the Sun. With this discovery the science of helioseismology was born. Just as we can see the face of a foetus in the womb via ultrasound, and as bats can ‘see’ their way around using sonar, helioseismologists can now see inside the depths of the sun simply by listening to it. In The Music of the Sun, renowned helioseismologist William Chaplin tells the story of this discipline’s origins and gives us invaluable insight into its implications – not only for better understanding the distant sun and stars – but for cosmology, particle physics, and the very relationship between the Sun and the Earth.Trade Review"An excellent introduction. Recommended for solar physicists and laypersons" * Choice *Table of ContentsForeword xi Acknowledgments xv 1 Introduction 1 2 Our Star, the Sun 11 3 How to Make a Star Ring 33 4 The Story Begins 57 5 Going Global 81 6 Early Successes 111 7 Taking in the Sun’s Rays 137 8 From Particle Physics to Cosmology 175 9 In a Spin 206 10 Getting Active – the Solar Cycle 231 11 The Present and Future 273 Index 287

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Book SynopsisAstronomers and students interested in studying the Sun require a thorough understanding of the proper techniques and equipment. Safety precautions are paramount, as the intensity of the heat and light can instantly blind the untrained observer. In this book, Kitchin provides all the information needed for safe observation as well as novel techniques that will make solar observation a rewarding experience.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "This book is part of a series aimed at the newcomer to astronomy. In many respects the author fulfills this aim very well … . The book is well illustrated with drawings and photographs – over 30 of which are in colour. … If … you are keen on becoming a solar observer, make a space on your bookshelf for this book. Or if, like me, you are established in solar observing, keep it as a reference for when you take up CCD imaging … ." (Brian Halls, Astronomy Now, April, 2002) "This book forms part of Patrick Moore’s Practical Astronomy Series … . it discusses the safety precautions that need to be taken in such a way as to be informative and not to scare someone from making solar observations. … The book also gives sufficient information for someone, for example, to attempt taking photographs or CCD images of the Sun. … I think this book will encourage amateur astronomers to take up solar observing … ." (Peter Meadows, The Astronomer, Vol. 38 (450), 2001) "This book deserves to be in every observational astronomer’s possession. In just over 200 pages, excellent and clear descriptions, advice on solar observing methods – most of them within the reach of amateur astronomers – are given. … The many illustrations and diagrams are all relevant and well chosen, as are the (not too many!) equations. … This book is wonderful value and should encourage all amateur astronomers to observe our nearest star. A nice, warm welcome to this book." (Richard Bailey, Popular Astronomy, October, 2001)Table of Contents1 The Sun — What to See and Why.- Beginnings.- Sunspots.- Sunspot Cycle.- Limb Darkening, Granulation and Faculae.- Limb Darkening.- Granulation.- Faculae.- Narrow Band Observations.- Chromospheric Network.- Prominences and Filaments.- Flares.- Eclipses.- 2 General Telescopic Observing Techniques.- Full Aperture Filters.- Filter Basics.- Telescope Basics.- Full Aperture Solar Filters.- Projection.- Telescopes.- Binoculars.- Other Approaches.- Reflection.- Solar Diagonals.- Sextants.- Optimising Your Telescope.- Diffraction.- Aberration.- Optics.- Seeing.- Stray Light.- 3 White Light Observing.- Sunspots.- Limb Darkening.- Granulation.- Faculae.- 4 Recording Your Observations.- Drawing.- Photography.- Projected Images.- Full Aperture Filters.- Magnified Imaging.- Conventional Cameras.- CCD Cameras.- Image Processing.- Data Reduction.- Image Enhancement.- Video Cameras.- 5 Observing Programmes.- The Sunspot Cycle.- Active Regions.- Solar Rotation.- 6 Unaided Observations.- Projected Images.- Filters.- Full Aperture Filters.- Welder’s Goggles.- 7 Eclipses.- Eclipses.- Eclipse Expeditions.- Naked Eye Observing.- Binoculars and Telescopes.- Visual Observations.- Imaging.- Photographic and Digital Cameras.- Astronomical CCD Cameras.- Video Cameras.- Shadow Band Imaging.- Observing Programme.- Specialist Instrumentation.- Radial Density Filters.- Slitless Spectroscopes.- Transits.- 8 Specialist Instruments.- Narrow Band Filters.- H? Filters.- Lyot Monochromators.- Spectroscopy.- A Spectroscope.- Prominence Spectroscope.- Spectrohelioscope.- Coronagraph.- Solar Telescopes.- 9 Radio Telescopes.- 10 The Limits of Solar Observation.- Magnetic Fields.- Spacecraft.- Solar Oscillations.- Solar Image Gallery.- Appendix 1 Bibliography.- Appendix 2 Equipment Suppliers.- Appendix 3 Web Sites Relating to the Sun.

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Book SynopsisWhy are Host Stars Important for Understanding Exoplanet Atmospheres.- Stellar Activity Phenomenology and General Principles.- Magnetic Fields the Source of Stellar Activity.-Stellar Chromospheres the Source of UV Emission.- Stellar Coronae the Source of Xray Emission.- Reconstructing the Missing Stellar Emission.- Panchromatic Spectra of Exoplanet Host Stars.- Stellar Winds.- Activity Indicator Correlations.- Host Star Driven Exoplanet Mass Loss and Possible Surface Water.- Host Star Driven Photochemistry in Exoplanet Atmospheres.- Space Weather the Effects of Host Star Flares on Exoplanets.- Heterogeneous Stellar Surfaces Spots and Faculae and their Time Variability.- Star Planet Interactions.- Effects of Stellar and Instrumental Noise on Radial Velocity Measurements.- Stellar Contamination effects on Measurements of Exoplanet Radii and Densities.- Stellar Contamination effects on Measurements of Exoplanet Molecular Column Densities.- Summary and Final Comments.

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Book SynopsisChapter 1.Mathematical Approaches to Nuclear Astrophysics.- Chapter 2.Mathematical Approaches to the Solar Neutrino Problem.- Chapter 3.A Gentle Introduction to the Evaluations of Thermonuclear Reaction-rate Probability Integrals.- Chapter 4.The Entropic Approach to Solar Neutrinos.

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Book SynopsisA complete and updated catalogue of impact craters and structures in South America from 2014 is presented here. Approximately eighty proven, suspected and disproven structures have been identified by several sources in this continent. All the impact sites of this large continent have been exhaustively reviewed: the proved ones, the possible ones and some very doubtful. Many sites remain without a clear geological "in situ" confirmation and some of them could be even rejected. Argentina and Brazil are leading the list containing almost everything detected. In Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay and Venezuela only a few were observed. Only Ecuador is waiting for new discoveries. So far, the largest well stated impact site is still the Araguainha structure in Brazil with its 40 kilometers in diameter. However, two possible impact structures are larger than Araguainha: Malvinas, (with 250 kilometers in diameter) and Vichada in Colombia, (50 kilometers). This study also reports the existence of some Tertiary-Quaternary glassy impactite layers: the "escorias" and "tierras cocidas" of the pampas in Argentina.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Argentina.- Bolivia.- Brazil.- Chile.- Colombia.- Paraguay.- Perú.- Uruguay.- Venezuela.- The Guianas.- South Pacific Ocean.

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Book SynopsisTitan is practically a planet in its own right, with a diameter similar to that of Mercury, methane rainstorms, organic soot and ethane seas. All of the most detailed knowledge on the moon's geology, volcanology, meteorology, marine sciences and chemistry are gathered together here to paint a factually accurate hypothetical future of early human colonization on this strange world.The views from Titan’s Mayda Outpost are spectacular, but all is not well at the moon's remote science base. On the shore of a methane sea beneath glowering skies, atmospherics researcher Abigail Marco finds herself in the middle of murder, piracy and colleagues who seem to be seeing sea monsters and dead people from the past. On the Shores of Titan’s Farthest Sea provides thrills, excitement and mystery – couched in the latest science – on one of the Solar System’s most bizarre worlds, Saturn’s huge moon Titan."This riveting story, set against a plausibly well integrated interplanetary space, carries us along with its bright and interesting characters. We feel absolutely transported to a hauntingly beautiful and alien Titan through Carroll's masterful weaving of art and science." – Jani Radebaugh, Professor of Planetary Sciences, Titan dune expert, BYU"It's a fun read! Really makes Titan come alive, literally..." – Astrophysicist and author Ralph Lorenz"Michael Carroll's new novel "On the Shores of Titan's Farthest Sea" (Springer) is a gripping, good-vs-evil tale that sparkles with imagination. It's set on the shores of Kraken Mare, the vast methane sea found high in the northern latitudes of Saturn's moon, Titan, in a future when humanity has spread throughout the solar system. The villains are wicked, the heroes are scientists (Thanks, Mike!), the story is convincing, the dialogue snappy, and the scenery is right out of our catalog of findings on this cold, hazy and alien world.If you fancy skipping forward 250 years and checking out how humankind might be navigating the very geography and landforms we have uncovered in our years touring Saturn, this book is for you!" --Carolyn Porco, leader of the Cassini Imaging Science team and the Director of the Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations (CICLOPS) at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado Trade Review Table of Contents

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Book SynopsisThe editors present a state-of-the-art overview on the Physics of Space Weather and its effects on technological and biological systems on the ground and in space. It opens with a general introduction on the subject, followed by a historical review on the major developments in the field of solar terrestrial relationships leading to its development into the up-to-date field of space weather. Specific emphasis is placed on the technological effects that have impacted society in the past century at times of major solar activity. Chapter 2 summarizes key milestones, starting from the base of solar observations with classic telescopes up to recent space observations and new mission developments with EUV and X-ray telescopes (e.g., STEREO), yielding an unprecedented view of the sun-earth system. Chapter 3 provides a scientific summary of the present understanding of the physics of the sun-earth system based on the latest results from spacecraft designed to observe the Sun, the interplanetary medium and geospace. Chapter 4 describes how the plasma and magnetic field structure of the earth's magnetosphere is impacted by the variation of the solar and interplanetary conditions, providing the necessary science and technology background for missions in low and near earth's orbit. Chapter 5 elaborates the physics of the layer of the earth's upper atmosphere that is the cause of disruptions in radio-wave communications and GPS (Global Positioning System) errors, which is of crucial importance for projects like Galileo. In Chapters 6-10, the impacts of technology used up to now in space, on earth and on life are reviewed. Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: "The volume surveys the broad expanse of space weather through 14 chapters contributed by 20 expert practitioners. … its extensive reference lists at the end of each chapter are extremely valuable. I believe the book functions best by sitting on the library reference shelf where it can be readily consulted as needed." (Thomas J. Bogdan, Physics Today, December 2007) "Space Weather: Physics and Effects is an attempt to summarize the entire field of space weather. … It is generally well produced, includes an exhaustive table of contents and has nearly 40 pages of prefatory materials including a four-page list of acronyms, and what seems like an adequate index." (W. Jeffrey Hughes, EOS, March, 2009)Table of Contents1. Introduction,- 2. Space Weather Forecasting Historically Viewed through the Lens of Meterology,- 3. The Solar and Interplanetary Drivers of Space and Storms,- 4. The Coupling of the Solar Wind to the Earth's Magnetosphere,- 5. Major Radiation Environments in the Heliosphere and their Implications for Interplanetary Travel,- 6. Radiation Belts and Ring Currents,- 7. Ionospheric Response,- 8. Solar Effects in the Middle and Lower Stratosphere and Probable Associations with the Troposphere,- 9. Space Weather Effects on Communications,- 10. Space Weather Effects on Power Grids,- 11. Space Weather Impacts on Space Radiation,- 12. Effects on Spacecraft Hardware and Operations,- 13. Effects on Satellite Navigation,- 14. Forecasting Space Weather,-15. Outlook.

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Book SynopsisA thorough introduction to solar physics based on recent spacecraft observations. The author introduces the solar corona and sets it in the context of basic plasma physics before moving on to discuss plasma instabilities and plasma heating processes. The latest results on coronal heating and radiation are presented. Spectacular phenomena such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections are described in detail, together with their potential effects on the Earth. Table of ContentsThermal Radiation.- Hydrostatics.- Hydrodynamics.- Magnetic Fields.- Magneto-Hydrodynamics (MHD).- MHD Oscillations.- Propagating MHD Waves.- Coronal Heating.- Magnetic Reconnection.- Particle Acceleration.- Particle Kinematics.- Hard X-Rays.- Gamma-Rays.- Radio Emission.- Flare Plasma Dynamics.- Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs).

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Book SynopsisEssential Astrophysics is a book to learn or teach from, as well as a fundamental reference volume for anyone interested in astronomy and astrophysics. It presents astrophysics from basic principles without requiring any previous study of astronomy or astrophysics. It serves as a comprehensive introductory text, which takes the student through the field of astrophysics in lecture-sized chapters of basic physical principles applied to the cosmos.This one-semester overview will be enjoyed by undergraduate students with an interest in the physical sciences, such as astronomy, chemistry, engineering or physics, as well as by any curious student interested in learning about our celestial science. The mathematics required for understanding the text is on the level of simple algebra, for that is all that is needed to describe the fundamental principles. The text is of sufficient breadth and depth to prepare the interested student for more advanced specialised courses in the future. Astronomical examples are provided throughout the text, to reinforce the basic concepts and physics, and to demonstrate the use of the relevant formulae. In this way, the student learns to apply the fundamental equations and principles to cosmic objects and situations. Astronomical and physical constants and units as well as the most fundamental equations can be found in the appendix. Essential Astrophysics goes beyond the typical textbook by including references to the seminal papers in the field, with further reference to recent applications, results, or specialised literature.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews:“This work fills a unique position in the literature. It is a concrete, middle-level treatment that devotes as much attention to methods of research and observation as it does to results. Here at last is a book in English which bridges the gap between elementary introductory accounts and advanced technical monographs. … It is also a fine book for hobbyists and others with some grounding in astronomy who want to explore these matters in greater depth than elementary texts allow.” (Philosophy, Religion and Science Book Reviews, bookinspections.wordpress.com, May, 2014)“This set of lecture notes on astrophysics discusses the topics that would be taught in an introductory undergraduate class. The text is sufficiently comprehensive to be used as the principle textbook for a lecture course or for self-study. … the references are excellent, enabling those who need more detail to find information quickly. The book will be easy to follow for anyone with a solid background in lower-level undergraduate physics. A valuable acquisition for academic library collections. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates and above.” (A. Spero, Choice, Vol. 51 (6), February, 2014)Table of ContentsList of focus elements.- List of tables.- Preface.- Observing the Universe.- Radiation.- Gravity.- Cosmic Motion.- Moving Particles.- Detecting Atoms in Stars.- Transmutation of the Elements.- What Makes the Sun Shine?.- The Extended Solar Atmosphere.- The Sun Amongst the Stars.- The Material Between the Stars.- Formation of the Stars and their Planets.- Stellar End States.- A Larger, Expanding Universe.- Origin, Life and Destiny of the Observable Universe.- References.- Author index.- Subject index.

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Book SynopsisPrologue Living with a magnetic star.- Historical notes concerning magnetism in the solar system.- Genesis and development of the solar system.- Scientific research instruments and methods.- The magnetic Sun.- The solar wind and heliospheric interaction processes.- Planetary magnetic fields.- Comets and polar lights.- Investigation of space weather and earth climate.- Life on the magnetic planet Earth.- Epilogue Astrophysical relevance of heliophysical processes.- Glossary.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis thesis presents accurate analyses of the spin-orbit angle for many remarkable transiting exoplanetary systems, including the first measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for a multiple transiting system. The author presents the observational methods needed to probe the spin-orbit angle, the relation between the stellar spin axis and planetary orbital axis. Measurements of the spin-orbit angle provide us a unique and valuable opportunity to understand the origin of close-in giant exoplanets, called "hot Jupiters". The first method introduced involves observations of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect (RM effect). The author points out the issues with the previous theoretical modeling of the RM effect and derives a new and improved theory. Applications of the new theory to observational data are also presented for a number of remarkable systems, and the author shows that the new theory minimizes the systematic errors by applying it to the observational data. The author also describes another method for constraining the spin-orbit angle: by combining the measurements of stellar flux variations due to dark spots on the stellar surface, with the projected stellar rotational velocity measured via spectroscopy, the spin-orbit angles "along the line-of-sight" are constrained for the transiting exoplanetary systems reported by the Kepler space telescope.Table of ContentsIntroduction.- Evolution History of Extrasolar Planetary Systems.- Improved Modeling of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect.- New Observations and Improved Analyses of the Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect.- Toward the Measurements of Spin-Orbit Relations for Small Planets.- Summary and Future Prospects.

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Book SynopsisTrade Review"Huge efforts have been made to explain observations and theories clearly and succinctly and to bring the reader up to date. I recommend the book without reservation." --The Observatory "This exciting summation of more than 50 years of continuing space exploration will appeal to scientists and enthusiasts alike. Summing Up: Highly recommended." --Choice "Everything you want to know about the solar system is here. ...This is the perfect reference book, lavishly illustrated and well-written." --From the Foreword by Wesley T. Huntress, JR., Carnegie Institute of Washington "The authors succeed brilliantly at combining the latest results from spacecraft missions and Earth-based observations with thoughtful interpretations of the processes." --Maria T. Zuber, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyTable of ContentsI: The Solar System II: Fundamental Planetary Processes and Properties III: The Sun IV: Earthlike Planets V: Earth and Moon as Planets VI: Asteroids and Comets VII: Giant Planets and their Satellites VIII: Beyond the Planets IX: Exploring the Solar System

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Book SynopsisAn accessible, abridged edition with a new introduction. Renaissance Natural philosopher Nicolaus Copernicus's pioneering discovery of the heliocentric nature of the solar system is one of the few identifiable moments in history that define the understanding of the nature of all things. His great work was the consequence of long observation and resulted in the first stage of the Scientific Revolution by correctly positing that the earth and other planets of the solar system revolved around the sun. Not only did this promote further study to understand the place of humanity in the world and the universe, it questioned the authority of the organised Christian Church in the West to be the keeper of fundamental truths. Ultimately this would lead to the Enlightenment, and the separation of religion, government and science. The FLAME TREE Foundations series features core publications which together have shaped the cultural landscape of the modern world, with cutting-edge research distilled into pocket guides designed to be both accessible and informative.

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Book SynopsisPart of everyday life, yet rich in symbolic meaning, renderings of the sun and the moon are present in all folk and tribal art traditions of India. They are always in relationship with each other. Agrarian societies keep track of time by referring to markers in the seasonal variations of the sun, moon, and the planets. Over the course of time, they have also woven wonderful stories and myths around them. Here, for the first time, is a collection of unusual stories and exquisite art from some of the finest living artists, on this most universal of themes.

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Book SynopsisThe book comes in three parts: "The Rising Sun in a Developing World", "Solar Power for the World" and "PV Today and Forever". It provides a historical summary and gives a comprehensive overview of the present photovoltaic (PV) situation worldwide and future strategies for development and implementation. The author is a world leader in PV and all renewable energies.The book is illustrated with about 100 pictures.Trade Review"...an interesting collection of anecdotes concerning solar projects written by the people who were and are actually on the scene. Though the book does not ignore technical aspects, it highlights personal problems and difficulties, especially the institutional and cultural snags that are seldom included in professional papers. In chapter 1, Palz (World Council for Renewable Energy, Belgium) provides a review of the entire field, emphasizing photovoltaic cells. The remaining chapters are authored by solar experts who collectively span the various specialties and national emphases that complicate the construction of viable projects. In each chapter, the author describes his/her educational background, technical specialty, and personal projects. The authors also discuss project failures, which are often omitted from other works even though they may be very instructive to the reader. Solar technology is still in flux, and dead ends are to be expected. Valuable for all students of solar energy. Summing Up: Recommended. All levels/libraries."—J. C. Comer, Emeritus, Northern Illinois University, in CHOICE, August 2011, Vol. 48, #11"Power for the World by Wolfgang Palz is more than an Encyclopedia of Solar Cells. ... Wolfgang Palz is a master in assembling people, themes, and information that makes the reader live the exciting lives of these pioneers with the development of solar cells from its very beginning to the present. He let his many authors describe the fascination with success and the frustration by so many impediments in between. He stimulates the philosophy that leads to this beginning of the solar age. Wolfgang Palz, during his travels through the continents, is a master of creating friendship between scientists, engineers, industries, and politicians worldwide with his charming personality, for the common goal to make this the starting of the solar age. From his desk at the European Union in Brussels he has directed over decades all the essential research in Europe in solar cells. Now he has created a truly remarkable book that needs to find its place on the bookshelf of any one working or interested in solar. It is one of the few books that will be taken out again and again to find more of the exciting description of lived history. The timing of creating this book was exactly right. This is one of the culmination points of Wolfgang Palz’s life, congratulations."—Dr. Karl BoerTable of ContentsAbout the AuthorList of ContributorsHymn to the SunForewordHermann Scheer MPIntroductionChapter 1Part I: The Rising Sun in a Developing World1. Electric Power, A Pillar of Modern Society1.1 Electricity in Today’s Life1.2 The Conventional World of Electricity1.3 Solar PV: A Part of the New Semiconductor World2. Looking Back to Light the Future2.1 The Emergence of Electricity2.2 From the "Voltaic Pile" to the Photovoltaic Cell2.3 Photovoltaic Power: The First steps3. Solar Power for Space Satellites4. First Ideas about Lighting us with Solar Power4.1 Mutations of the Societies in the US and Europe4.2 A New Awareness for Solar Power4.3 The Oil-Price Shocks, The Nuclear Disaster 19865. After the Vision: AMountain of Challenges5.1 PV in the Starting Blocks in 19735.2 The Cost Problem: Technological Challenges5.3 The Chicken and Egg Problem: Mass Production5.4 Entrenched Energy Strategies and Politics5.5 Against Dominant Allocations of State Budgets5.6 Administrations5.7 The Energy Buy-Back Time, The Module Lifetime5.8 Intermittency of Supply5.9 Environmental Challenges6 Leadership of Action6.1 The Pioneering Role of the United States6.2 France: A European Solar Pioneer6.3 PV Start up in Germany6.4 PV Ups and Downs in Japan6.5 UNESCO6.6 The European Union6.7 The G86.8 The Energy Empire Fights BackPart II: Solar Power for the World1. Basics for a new Solar Age1.1 The Ethical Imperative of Photovoltaics1.2 Cost and Social Acceptance: Ingredientsfor a Viable Energy Strategy1.3 PV as Part of a Holistic Approach towardsRenewable Energy Implementationand Energy Conservation1.4 And what about the Power Plants on the Road?1.4.1 Car drivers and their power plants1.4.2 Mobilising PV for transport2. Driving Forces2.1 Aspiration of the People2.2 Preserving Nature and Alleviating Climate Change2.3 Peak Oil2.4 Energy Security of Supply3. The Role of Stake Holders in Society3.1 Governments and Administrations3.2 Industry and Finance3.3 PV Costs and Benefits for Society; a Special Rolefor the Grid Operators4. New Energy Paradigm4.1 Centralised or Decentralised PV4.2 What Role for the Conventional Power Utilities?4.3 Communities and Regions Mastering theirown Energy Supply4.4 The Autonomous Energy House: Solar Architectureand the Building Industry5. Power for the People5.1 Starting a Global Strategy: 10 Watts per Head5.2 PV for the People in the Industrialised World5.3 PV for the People in the Solar Belt6. Power for the Poor6.1 Getting Involved6.2 PV Power for the Poor in the Developing Countries6.3 Power for the Poor in the Industrialised Countries7. Power for PeacePart III: PV Today and Forever1. Solar Power 2009/10: AWealth of Achievements1.1 The Global PV Markets 2009/101.2 Political, Financial, and Industrial Environment1.3 The Technology Boom goes on2. Outlook2.1 On the Threshold of Commercial Viability 2.2 Outlook Towards 20202.3 PV as Part of a 100% RE World3. ConclusionsAppendixCartoonChapter 2 My Solar Age Started with TchernobylFranz AltChapter 3 More Electricity for Less Co2Yves BambergerChapter 4 Solar Power in PracticeStefan BehlingChapter 5 The Story of Developing Solar Glass FacadesJoachim BenemannChapter 6 Bringing the Oil Industry into the PictureKarl Wolfgang BöerChapter 7 Factory for Sale — or the Long and StonyWay to Cheap Solar Energy: The Story ofthe Thin-Film CdTe Solar Cells; First Solarand Others — A Semi-AutobiographyDieter BonnetChapter 8 Photovoltaics in the World Bank Group PortfolioAnil CabraalChapter 9 Solar Bicycles, Mercedes, Handcuffs — PlusEnergyBuildingsGallus CadonauChapter 10 Photovoltaic Power Systems for Lifting WomenOut of Poverty in Sub-Saharan AfricaDominique CampanaChapter 11 Solar Cell Development Work at COMSATLaboratories (1967–1975)Denis J. CurtinChapter 12 SolarBankMichael T. EckhartChapter 13 Will This Work? Is It Realistic?Thoughts and Acts of a Political Practitionerwith a Solar VisionHans-Josef FellChapter 14 The IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists ConferenceAmerico F. (Moe) ForestieriChapter 15 Review of China’s Solar PV Industry in 2009Gao HuChapter 16 Lighting the World: Yesterday, Today and TomorrowBiswajit GhoshChapter 17 The Role of Research Institutes for the Promotionof PV: The Case of Fraunhofer ISE (Institute ofSolar Energy Systems)Adolf GoetzbergerChapter 18 Abandoning Nuclear in Favor of RenewableEnergiesGiuliano GrassiChapter 19 Nonconventional Sensitized Mesoscopic(Grätzel) Solar CellsMichael GrätzelChapter 20 The PV World Conference in ViennaWolfgang HeinChapter 21 PV in Japan — Yesterday, Today and TomorrowOsamui Ikki and Izumi KaizukaChapter 22 PV in Europe, from 1974 to 2009:A Personal ExperienceHelmut KiessChapter 23 PV in Berlin — How It All Began: The Storyof Solon, Q-Cells, PV in BrazilStefan KrauterChapter 24 Three Steps to a Solar System — 1–40% and 100%Harry LehmannChapter 25 France Did Not Want to Look for the Sun…Alain Liébard and Yves-Bruno CivelChapter 26 On the International Call for Photovoltaics of 2008Daniel LincotChapter 27 High Efficiency Photovoltaics for a SustainableWorldAntonio LuqueChapter 39 Terrestrial Photovoltaic Industry — The BeginningPeter F. VaradiChapter 40 Solar Power in Geneva, SwitzerlandPhilippe VerburghChapter 41 Early PV Markets and Solar Solutions in South AsiaNeville Williams

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Book SynopsisAn account of the 1976 Viking expedition to Mars describes the spacecraft and its instruments, the journey itself, and the mission's results.

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Book SynopsisTraces the history of scientific research on the planet Jupiter from the observations of Galileo to the explorations of the Pioneer and Voyager space probes.

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Book SynopsisA critical issue which is fundamentally affecting the development of the Earth Observation sector is not so much the technology but the data policy. The conditions which govern access to the data, distribution of the data and the price of the data are now vital to the exploitation of this important environmental data resource.Table of ContentsInfluencing Factors. Existing Policies and Policy Making Processes. Physical Access to Earth Observation Data. Data Protection. Data Pricing Policy. Data Preservation. Conclusions and Recommendations. Appendix. References. Index.

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Book SynopsisArgues that settling Mars offers a transformative opportunity to avoid the mistakes of the past by ‘liberating Mars’ as a sovereign planet from the start. Rather than see space as a way to escape human problems on Earth, Mars presents humanity with a challenge to address these problems by thinking about the theory and practice of civilization.Trade Review"As we enter the New Space Age, one of many far-reaching questions is whether Mars should become a sovereign and autonomous planetary state or follow some other governance model. The mind reels at the political and scientific implications applied on a planetary scale, but in this timely and original volume Jacob Haqq-Misra addresses the issues of Martian governance solidly, passionately, and readably. This book constitutes a significant contribution to the rather sparse literature on the societal implications of space exploration."—Steven J. Dick, former NASA Chief HistorianTable of ContentsPreface1. Why Live in Space2. Sovereignty on Earth3. The Outer Space Treaty4. the Law of the Sea5. The Antarctic Treaty System6. Cooperative Sovereignty on Mars7. Transformative Value8. Sovereign Mars9. Deep Altruism10. Think Like a MartianAfterwordNotesBibliographyIndex

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Book Synopsis

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Book SynopsisOver a half century of exploration of the Earth's space environment, it has become evident that the interaction between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere plays a dominant role in the evolution and dynamics of magnetospheric plasmas and fields. Interestingly, it was recently discovered that this same interaction is of fundamental importance at other planets and moons throughout the solar system. Based on papers presented at an interdisciplinary AGU Chapman Conference at Yosemite National Park in February 2014, this volume provides an intellectual and visual journey through our exploration and discovery of the paradigm-changing role that the ionosphere plays in determining the filling and dynamics of Earth and planetary environments. The 2014 Chapman conference marks the 40th anniversary of the initial magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling conference at Yosemite in 1974, and thus gives a four decade perspective of the progress of space science research in understanding these fundamentaTable of ContentsContributors ix Prologue xvii Acknowledgments xxi Part I Introduction Video J. L. Burch (1974) with Remarks by C. R. Chappell (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3C30S 1 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling, Past to FutureJames L. Burch 3 Part II The Earth's Ionosphere as a Source Video W. I. Axford (1974) with Remarks by P. M. Banks (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T35K5N 2 Measurements of Ion Outflows from the Earth's IonosphereAndrew W. Yau, William K. Peterson, and Takumi Abe 21 3 Low-energy Ion Outflow Observed by Cluster: Utilizing the Spacecraft PotentialS. Haaland, M. Andre, A. Eriksson, K. Li, H. Nilsson, L. Baddeley, C. Johnsen, L. Maes, B. Lybekk, and A. Pedersen 33 Video W. B. Hanson (1974) with Remarks by R. A. Heelis (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T31S3Q 4 Advances in Understanding Ionospheric Convection at High LatitudesR. A. Heelis 49 5 Energetic and Dynamic Coupling of the Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere SystemGang Lu 61 Video R. G. Johnson (1974) with Remarks by C. R. Chappell (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3X30R 6 The Impact of O+ on Magnetotail DynamicsLynn M. Kistler 79 7 Thermal and Low-energy Ion Outflows in and through the Polar Cap: The Polar Wind and the Low-energy Component of the Cleft Ion FountainNaritoshi Kitamura, Kanako Seki, Yukitoshi Nishimura, Takumi Abe, Manabu Yamada, Shigeto Watanabe, Atsushi Kumamoto, Atsuki Shinbori, and Andrew W. Yau 91 8 Ionospheric and Solar Wind Contributions to Magnetospheric Ion Density and Temperature throughout the MagnetotailMichael W. Liemohn and Daniel T. Welling 101 Part III The Effect of Low-energy Plasma on the Stability of Energetic Plasmas Video (1974) and Remarks (2014) by R. M. ThorneURL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3HS32 9 How Whistler-Mode Waves and Thermal Plasma Density Control the Global Distribution of the Diffuse Aurora and the Dynamical Evolution of Radiation Belt ElectronsRichard M. Thorne, Jacob Bortnik, Wen Li, Lunjin Chen, Binbin Ni, and Qianli Ma 117 10 Plasma Wave Measurements from the Van Allen ProbesGeorge B. Hospodarsky, W. S. Kurth, C. A. Kletzing, S. R. Bounds, O. Santolik, Richard M. Thorne, Wen Li, T. F. Averkamp, J. R. Wygant, and J. W. Bonnell 127 Video D. J. Williams (1974) with Remarks by L. J. Lanzerotti (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3GW2D 11 Ring Current Ions Measured by the RBSPICE Instrument on the Van Allen Probes MissionLouis J. Lanzerotti and Andrew J. Gerrard 145 12 Global Modeling of Wave Generation Processes in the Inner MagnetosphereVania K. Jordanova 155 Part IV Unified Global Modeling of Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Earth Video P. M. Banks (1974) with Remarks by R. W. Schunk (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T30W22 13 Modeling Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling via Ion Outflow: Past, Present, and FutureR. W. Schunk 169 14 Coupling the Generalized Polar Wind Model to Global Magnetohydrodynamics: Initial ResultsDaniel T. Welling, Abdallah R. Barakat, J. Vincent Eccles, R. W. Schunk, and Charles R. Chappell 179 Video D. H. Fairfield (1974) with Remarks by J. A. Slavin (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T38C78 15 Coupling Ionospheric Outflow into Magnetospheric Models: Transverse Heating from Wave-Particle InteractionsAlex Glocer 195 16 Modeling of the Evolution of Storm-Enhanced Density Plume during the 24 to 25 October 2011 Geomagnetic StormShasha Zou and Aaron J. Ridley 205 Video (1974) and Remarks by R. A. Wolf (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T34K5B 17 Forty-Seven Years of the Rice Convection ModelR. A. Wolf, R. W. Spiro, S. Sazykin, F. R. Toffoletto, and J. Yang 215 18 Magnetospheric Model Performance during Conjugate AuroraWilliam Longley, Patricia Reiff, Jone Peter Reistad, and Nikolai Ostgaard 227 Video C. G. Park (1974) with Remarks by D. L. Carpenter (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3NK50 19 Day-to-Day Variability of the Quiet-Time Plasmasphere Caused by Thermosphere WindsJonathan Krall, Joseph D. Huba, Douglas P. Drob, Geoff Crowley, and Richard E. Denton 235 Part V The Coupling of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Other Planets and Moons in the Solar System Video (1974) and Remarks (2014) by A. F. NagyURL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3RC7M 20 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling at Planets and SatellitesThomas E. Cravens 245 21 Plasma Measurements at Non-Magnetic Solar System BodiesAndrew J. Coates 259 Video F. V. Coroniti (1976) with Remarks by M. G. Kivelson (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3W30F 22 Plasma Wave Observations with Cassini at SaturnGeorge B. Hospodarsky, J. D. Menietti, D. Piša, W. S. Kurth, D. A. Gurnett, A. M. Persoon, J. S. Leisner, and T. F. Averkamp 277 23 Titan's Interaction with Saturn's MagnetosphereJoseph H. Westlake, Thomas E. Cravens, Robert E. Johnson, Stephen A. Ledvina, Janet G. Luhmann, Donald G. Mitchell, Matthew S. Richard, Ilkka Sillanpaa, Sven Simon, Darci Snowden, J. Hunter Waite, Jr., and Adam K.Woodson 291 Part VI The Unified Modeling of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere at Other Planets and Moons in the Solar System Video T. W. Hill and P. H. Reiff (1976) with Remarks by T. W. Hill (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T37C7Z 24 Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling at Jupiter and SaturnThomas W. Hill 309 25 Global MHD Modeling of the Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere System at SaturnXianzhe Jia, Margaret G. Kivelson, and Tamas I. Gombosi 319 Video G. C. Reid (1976) with Remarks by R. L. McPherron (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3S888 26 Simulation Studies of Magnetosphere and Ionosphere Coupling in Saturn's MagnetosphereRaymond J. Walker and Keiichiro Fukazawa 335 27 Characterizing the Enceladus Torus by Its Contribution to Saturn's MagnetosphereYing-Dong Jia, Hanying Wei, and Christopher T. Russell 345 Part VII Future Directions for Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling Research Video E. R. Schmerling and L. D. Kavanagh (1974) with Remarks by P. M. Banks (2014) and J. R. Doupnik (2014)URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.15142/T3MK5P 28 Future Atmosphere-Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Study RequirementsThomas E. Moore, Kevin S. Brenneman, Charles R. Chappell, James H. Clemmons, Glyn A. Collinson, Christopher Cully, Eric Donovan, Gregory D. Earle, Daniel J. Gershman, R. A. Heelis, Lynn M. Kistler, Larry Kepko, George Khazanov, David J. Knudsen, Marc Lessard, Elizabeth A. MacDonald, Michael J. Nicolls, Craig J.Pollock, Robert Pfaff, Douglas E. Rowland, Ennio Sanchez, R. W. Schunk, Joshua Semeter, Robert J.Strangeway, and Jeffrey Thayer 357 DOI List 377 Index 379

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Table of ContentsPreface xv Part 1: Introduction 1 1 Terraforming and Colonizing Mars 3 Giancarlo Genta 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Earth: A Terraformed Planet 4 1.3 Planetary Environments 6 1.4 Terraforming Mars 10 1.5 The Role of Solar Wind 15 1.6 Ethical Aspects 16 1.7 Venus, Moon, Titan… 19 References 21 Part 2: Engineering Mars 23 2 Terraforming Worlds: Humans Playing Games of Gods 25 Nilo Serpa and Richard Cathcart Early Mars 26 Oceans Here and There 28 The Mars We are Creating Here 30 Mars: An Arena of Delusions? 34 References 35 3 Mars, A Stepping-Stone World, Macro-Engineered 37 Richard B. Cathcart 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Mars-Crust as Kinetic Architecture 38 3.3 A Crust-Infrastructure Mixture 39 3.4 Infrastructure and Life-Styles 40 3.5 Atmosphere Enhancements for Mars 44 3.6 Between Then and Now 46 Acknowledgments 48 References 48 4 Efficient Martian Settlement with the Mars Terraformer Transfer (MATT) and the Omaha Trail 51 Gary Stewart 4.1 Introduction 51 4.2 Construction Efficiencies of MATT’s Small-Scale Terraformation 52 4.2.1 Impact Terraformation for Settlement 52 4.2.2 Impactor Redirection with DE-STARLITE 55 4.2.3 Subaqueous Hab Network at Omaha Crater 57 4.3 Provisioning Efficiencies of the Omaha Trail 61 4.3.1 Deimos Dock 63 4.3.2 Mars Lift 64 4.3.3 Arestation 66 4.3.4 Deimos Rail Launcher (DRL) 66 4.4 Cosmic Ray Protection: From Omaha Trail to Omaha Shield 67 4.5 Conclusion 68 References 69 5 Mars Colonization: Beyond Getting There 73 Igor Levchenko, Shuyan Xu, Stéphane Mazouffre, Michael Keidar and Kateryna Bazaka 5.1 Mars Colonization – Do We Need it? 73 5.2 Legal Considerations 78 5.2.1 Do Earth Laws Apply To Mars Colonists? 78 5.2.2 Sovereignty 79 5.2.3 Human Rights 80 5.2.4 Abortion 82 5.3 Ethical Considerations 83 5.3.1 General 83 5.3.2 Human Reproduction – Ethical Considerations 84 5.3.3 Social Isolation and No Privacy – Rolled into One 85 5.3.4 Advocacy for Mars – is it Ethical at All to Colonize it? 86 5.4 Consideration of Resources 88 5.5 Quo Vadis, the Only Civilization We Know? 89 5.6 Afterword. Where are We Three Years Later? 89 5.6.1 Current Programs and Their Status – in Brief 89 5.6.2 Any News About Mars? 90 5.6.3 Tasks and Challenges 90 Acknowledgements 92 References 92 Part 3: Ethical Exploration 99 6 The Ethics of Terraforming: A Critical Survey of Six Arguments 101 Ian Stoner 6.1 Introduction 101 6.2 Audience and Method 102 6.3 Preservationist Arguments 103 6.3.1 We Should Preserve Mars’s Value as a Unique Object of Scientific Interest 103 6.3.2 We Should Preserve the Integrity of the Martian Wilderness 104 6.3.3 We Should Avoid Expressing Colonialist Vices 106 6.4 Interventionist Arguments 108 6.4.1 We Should Fulfill our Inborn Nature as Pioneers 108 6.4.2 We Should Increase Our Species’ Chance of Long-Term Survival 109 6.4.3 We Should Rehabilitate Mars for Martians 112 6.5 Conclusion 113 Acknowledgments 114 References 114 7 Homo Reductio Eco-Nihilism and Human Colonization of Other Worlds 117 Kelly Smith 7.1 Introduction 117 7.2 Implicit Assumptions 119 7.3 Conclusion 121 Acknowledgements 122 References 122 8 Ethical, Political and Legal Challenges Relating to Colonizing and Terraforming Mars 123 Konrad Szocik 8.1 Introduction 123 8.2 Ethical Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars 124 8.3 Ethics of Human Enhancement for Space 125 8.4 Environmental Ethics in Space 125 8.5 Political Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars 127 8.6 Legal Issues in Colonizing and Terraforming Mars 128 8.7 Sexual and Reproductive Laws in a Mars Colony 129 8.8 Migration Law in Space 130 8.9 Why Terraforming Mars May Be Necessary from Ethical, Political and Legal Perspectives 132 8.10 Conclusions 133 References 133 Part 4: Indigenous Life on Mars 135 9 Life on Mars: Past, Present, and Future 137 Martin Beech and Mark Comte 9.1 A Very Brief Historical Introduction 137 9.2 Indigenous Life: Past and Present 141 9.2.1 Beginnings 145 9.2.2 The Viking Experiments 148 9.2.3 Martian Meteorites 149 9.2.4 In Plain Sight 151 9.3 Seeded Life: The Future 154 9.4 Per Aspera ad Astra 156 References 157 10 Terraforming on Early Mars? 161 M. Polgári, I. Gyollai and Sz. Bérczi 10.1 Introduction 162 10.1.1 Aspects of Biogenicity 163 10.1.2 Methodology 163 10.1.3 Multihierarchical System Analyses 164 10.2 Outline of Section 10.2 167 10.2.1 Review of Research on Martian Life 167 10.2.2 Biosignatures in Martian Meteorites Based on Mineralogical and Textural Investigation 169 10.2.3 Biosignatures in Chondritic Meteorites 169 10.2.3.1 Interpretations 175 10.2.3.2 Clay Formation 182 10.2.3.3 Interpretation No. 1 183 10.2.3.4 Interpretation No. 2 (Preferred) 183 10.2.4 Terrestrial Analogues of Biosignatures 186 10.2.5 Implications to Terraforming of Ancient Life on Mars on the Basis of Terrestrial and Meteoritic Analogues 199 10.3 Novel Interpretation of the Formation Process Based on Mineral Assemblages 265 10.3.1 Martian Meteorites 265 10.3.2 Interpretation of Mineral Assemblages on Mars 265 10.3.3 Novel Interpretation of Mineral Dataset of Exploration of Curiosity in Gale Crater 267 10.4 Conclusion 268 Acknowledgment 270 References 270 Part 5: Living on Mars 281 11 Omaha Field – A Magnetostatic Cosmic Radiation Shield for a Crewed Mars Facility 283 Gary Stewart 11.1 Introduction 283 11.2 Methods 284 11.2.1 Software 284 11.2.2 Testing 284 11.3 Design 284 11.3.1 Crater 284 11.3.2 Current 285 11.3.3 Circuits 287 11.4 Results 288 11.4.1 Shielding Against 500 MeV Protons 288 11.4.2 Shielding Against 1 GeV Protons 289 11.4.3 Shielding Effectiveness in the Mars Environment 290 11.5 Discussion 291 11.5.1 Electrostatics 291 11.5.2 Refrigeration 291 11.5.3 Self-Shielding Solenoids 292 11.5.4 Alternate Self-Shielding and Source-Shielding 293 11.5.5 Safety in Transit Across Crater Rim 294 11.5.6 Safety in Spacecraft Launch and Landing 295 References 295 12 Mars Future Settlements: Active Radiation Shielding and Design Criteria About Habitats and Infrastructures 297 Marco Peroni 12.1 Introduction 297 12.2 The Problem of Cosmic Radiations 298 12.3 The Protection System with Artificial Magnetic Fields 299 12.4 Details of Our Proposal 302 12.5 Further Developments 309 12.6 Modular Settlement on Mars 309 Acknowledgments 312 References 312 13 Crop Growth and Viability of Seeds on Mars and Moon Soil Simulants 313 G.W.W. Wamelink, J.Y. Frissel, W.H.J. Krijnen and M.R. Verwoert 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Materials and Methods 314 13.2.1 Regoliths 314 13.2.2 Species Selection 315 13.2.3 Organic Matter and Bacteria 316 13.2.4 Experimental Design 317 13.2.5 Harvest and Measurements 317 13.3 Results 318 13.3.1 Fruit Setting and Biomass 318 13.3.2 Seed Weight and Germination 318 13.4 Discussion 319 13.5 Outlook Issues for the Future 320 Acknowledgements 322 References 322 Appendix 324 14 The First Settlement of Mars 331 Chris Hajduk 14.1 Introduction 331 14.2 Colony Location 332 14.3 Colony Timeline 333 14.3.1 Setup Phase 333 14.3.2 Investment Phase 334 14.3.3 Self-Sufficiency 335 14.4 Colony Design 335 14.5 The Basics – Power, Air, Water, Food 336 14.5.1 Food 336 14.5.2 Water 339 14.5.3 Air 341 14.5.4 Power 342 14.6 The Material World 343 14.6.1 Metals 344 14.6.2 Plastics 344 14.6.3 Ceramics and Composites 344 14.6.4 Mining 344 14.7 Exports, Economics, Investment and Cash Flow 346 14.7.1 Interplanetary Real Estate 346 14.7.2 Intellectual Property Export 347 14.7.3 Research Tourism 347 14.7.4 Investment and Cash Flow 347 14.8 Politics – A Socialist’s World 349 14.9 Conclusion and Further Thoughts 349 References 349 Part 6: In Situ Resources 353 15 Vulcanism on Mars 355 Ian M. Coulson 15.1 Introduction 355 15.2 Martian Geology 356 15.2.1 Mars: Creation and Thermal Evolution 357 15.2.2 The Martian Crust 358 15.3 Vulcanism 358 15.3.1 Types of Volcanoes 359 15.3.1.1 Earth 359 15.3.1.2 Mars 361 15.3.2 Recognition of Other Styles of Vulcanism 363 15.3.3 Martian Meteorites 364 15.3.4 Is Mars Still Volcanically Active? 366 References 367 16 Potential Impact-Related Mineral Resources on Mars 371 Jake R. Crandall, Justin Filiberto and Sally L. Potter-McIntyre Introduction 371 Terrestrial Ore Deposit Types Associated with Impact Craters 374 Progenetic Deposits 374 Syngenetic Deposits 376 Epigenetic Deposits 377 Martian Target Craters 377 Ritchey Crater 377 Contents xi Gale Crater 378 Gusev Crater 380 Conclusions 381 References 382 17 Red Gold – Practical Methods for Precious-Metal Survey, Open-Pit Mining, and Open-Air Refining on Mars 389 Gary Stewart 17.1 Introduction 389 17.2 Martian Precious-Metal Ore from Asteroids 390 17.3 Martian Precious-Metal Survey and Physical Assay 392 17.4 “Mars Base Alpha” – A Red Gold Mining Camp 394 17.5 Semi-Autonomous Open-Pit Mining 396 17.6 Comminution and Separation of Meteorite Ore 396 17.7 Extracting Metals with Induction/Microwave Smelter 397 17.8 Refining with Hydrometallurgical Recovery and the Miller Process 398 17.9 Separating Precious Metals with Saltwater Electrolysis 400 17.10 Kovar Foundry 400 17.11 Maximizing ISRU, Minimizing Mass and Complexity 402 17.12 Scale-Up and Scale-Out 405 17.13 Conclusion, with Observations and Recommendations 407 References 409 Part 7: Terraforming Mars 415 18 Terraforming Mars: A Cabinet of Curiosities 417 Martin Beech 18.1 Introduction and Overview 417 18.2 Planet Mars: A Brief Observational History and Overview 425 18.3 The Beginnings of Change 428 18.4 The Foundations 431 18.5 First Blush 438 18.6 Digging In 441 18.7 (re)Building the Martian Atmosphere 446 18.8 Magnetic Shielding 454 18.9 Heating the Ground 457 18.10 A Question of Time 458 18.11 Conclusions 460 References 461 19 Terraforming Mars Rapidly Using Today’s Level of Technology 467 Mark Culaj 19.1 Introduction 467 19.2 Solar Wind 468 19.2.1 Solar Wind Abundances 469 19.2.2 Magnetic Lens 469 19.3 Conclusions 475 Acknowledgments 477 References 477 20 System Engineering Analysis of Terraforming Mars with an Emphasis on Resource Importation Technology 479 Brandon Wong 20.1 Summary 479 20.2 Introduction 480 20.3 Key Problem 482 20.4 Key Stakeholders 482 20.5 Goals 483 20.6 Macro Level Alternatives 483 20.6.1 Terraforming 483 20.6.2 Paraterraforming 484 20.6.3 Bioforming 485 20.7 Macro-Level Trade Study 486 20.8 Macro-Level Conclusions 487 20.8.1 Concept of Operations 487 20.8.2 High-Level Requirements 487 20.8.3 Requirements Decomposition 487 20.8.4 Macro High-Level Design 488 20.9 Terraforming Efforts System - Detailed Requirements 489 20.10 Space Transportation System 492 20.11 Importing Resources Subsystem 492 20.11.1 Resources Needed 492 20.11.2 Resource Locations 493 20.11.3 Subsystem Needs 494 20.11.3.1 Subsystem Goals for Importing Resources Subsystem 494 20.11.3.2 Detailed Requirements for Importing Resources Subsystem 494 20.11.3.3 Alternatives for the Importing Resources Subsystem 495 20.11.3.4 Importing Resources Trade Study 504 20.11.3.5 Findings 506 20.11.3.6 Importing Resources Subsystem Design 506 20.12 Risks 507 20.12.1 Macro-Level Risks 507 20.12.2 Importing Resources Subsystem Risks 509 20.13 Lean Strategies 511 20.14 Ethical Considerations 512 20.15 Overall Conclusions 513 20.15.1 Proposed Implementation Plan 513 20.16 Acknowledgements 514 20.17 Appendix 514 20.17.1 Requirements Flowdown to System Implementation 514 References 530 21 The Potential of Pioneer Lichens in Terraforming Mars 533 Richard A. Armstrong 21.1 Introduction 533 21.2 Potential Role of Lichens in Terraformation 534 21.3 Exploiting Indigenous Lichens 536 21.4 Exploiting Lichen Symbionts on Mars 538 21.5 Inoculating Lichen Symbionts from Earth Cultures 540 21.6 Transplanting Terrestrial Lichens to Mars 541 21.7 Conclusions 546 References 547 Index 555

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Book SynopsisIn the summer of 1878 three ruthless and brilliant scientists raced to Wyoming and Colorado to observe a total solar eclipse. One sought to discover a new planet. Another fought to prove that science was not an anathema to femininity. And a young, megalomaniacal inventor sought to test his bona fides and light the world through his revelations. David Baron brings to life these three competitors—James Craig Watson, Maria Mitchell and Thomas Edison—re-creating the jockeying of nineteenth-century astronomy. With accounts of train robberies and Indian skirmishes, the last days of the Wild West come alive. A magnificent portrayal of America’s dawn as a superpower, American Eclipse depicts a nation looking to the skies to reveal its ambition and expose its genius.Trade Review"Baron's stories are good ones, well told." -- Nature"American Eclipse is an incredibly well written work of non-fiction. It is clearly the result of considerable research and careful thought. And it tells a great story." -- Book of the Month - BBC Sky at Night"... Eclipse is a shining example of scientific curiosity at work." -- New Scientist"The author gives a skillful account of the scientific aims of the various teams of eclipse-watchers, from the examination of the solar corona to the more precise calculation of the Moon’s orbit." -- 12 Books of Christmas - Sky at Night

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Book Synopsis"In his new book, Transit of Venus, 1631 to the Present, Dr Nick Lomb - an astronomer at the Sydney Observatpry and the author of the Australian Sky Guide - has produced what may be his most timely publication to date...Dr Lomb has cooked up both a titillating textual treat and a full-bodied visual feast, and whether his readers choose to nibble at the book meditatively or to ingest it voraciously in a single sitting, they are sure to come away licking their lips and drooling for more." - Michael E. Chauvin, The Bulletin The transit of Venus across the sun in June 2012 will be the last chance in our lifetime to see this rare planetary alignment that has been so important in history. Rich in historical detail and cutting edge science, along with practical information on how and when to view the transit, Transit of Venus is the must-have companion to this extraordinary astronomical event. From Johannes Kepler's first prediction of a transit of Venus in 1631, to Captain Cook's 1769 transit expedition to Tahiti (which led to the European settlement of Australia), and on to our 21st-century quest to find distant Earth-like planets using the transit method, astronomer Nick Lomb takes us on a thrilling journey of exploration and adventure.

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Book SynopsisThis book presents a global and synthetic vision of planetology – the study of objects in the Solar System. In the past several decades, planetology has undergone a real revolution, marked in particular by the discovery of the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune, the discovery of extrasolar planets, and also by the space exploration of ever more distant objects. Today, it is at the crossroads of many disciplines: astronomy, geophysics, geochemistry and biology. The Solar System 1 deals with the Solar System as a whole, offering a general presentation of the objects that compose it and its place in the galaxy. It also deals with planetary systems, exoplanets and the interaction of Solar System objects with interplanetary medium. Finally, it analyzes the telluric and giant planets.Table of ContentsPreface xi Thérèse Encrenaz and James Lequeux Chapter 1 General Presentation of the Solar System 1 Thérèse Encrenaz, Françoise Roques and Laurent Lamy 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Mechanics and dynamics of the Solar System 6 1.2.1 Newton’s law of gravitation 7 1.2.2 Kepler’s laws r 7 1.2.3 Mean motion resonances 9 1.2.4 The N-body problem 10 1.2.5 The role of collisions 12 1.2.6 Migrations in the Solar System 13 1.2.7 The role of gravity in a solid body 15 1.2.8 Special configurations of the Sun–Earth–Moon system 17 1.3 Physics of the Solar System 18 1.3.1 Equilibrium temperature of an object in the Solar System 19 1.3.2 Planets 22 1.3.3 Satellites 29 1.3.4 Small bodies of the Solar System 32 1.3.5 The interplanetary medium 37 1.4 References 42 Chapter 2 Solar and Planetary Systems 45 James Lequeux 2.1 The Sun in the Galaxy 45 2.2 Planetary systems in the Galaxy 47 2.3 Interstellar matter 49 2.3.1 History 49 2.3.2 Chemical composition 50 2.3.3 Physical properties 52 2.4 The formation of stars with masses close to that of the Sun 55 2.5 Circumstellar disks 63 2.6 Formation of planetesimals and planetoids 67 2.7 The environment of the Solar System at its birth 70 2.8 Detection and properties of exoplanets and their systems 71 2.8.1 First attempts 71 2.8.2 The unexpected discovery of planets around a pulsar 73 2.8.3 Exoplanet detection methods 74 2.8.4 Some statistical results 82 2.8.5 The diversity of exoplanets 83 2.8.6 Exoplanet atmospheres 88 2.8.7 Habitable planets 91 2.8.8 Some extrasolar planetary systems 94 2.9 References 95 Chapter 3 The Interaction of Solar System Bodies with the Interplanetary Medium 99 Laurent Lamy 3.1 Interplanetary plasma: origin and properties of the solar wind 100 3.1.1 Coronal expansion 100 3.1.2 The structure of the heliosphere in the ecliptic plane 103 3.1.3 The three-dimensional structure of the heliosphere 107 3.1.4 Transient structures of the solar wind 109 3.1.5 The boundaries of the heliosphere 112 3.2 Planetary envelopes 116 3.2.1 Upper planetary atmospheres 116 3.2.2 Planetary magnetic fields 124 3.3 The solar wind’s interaction with objects of the Solar System 126 3.3.1 The different types of interaction 126 3.3.2 The case of non-magnetized gaseous envelopes 129 3.3.3 The case of magnetized planets 135 3.3.4 Planetary auroral processes 153 3.4 Acknowledgements 163 3.5 References 163 Chapter 4 Telluric Planets 167 Thérèse Encrenaz, Marcello Fulchignoni and Laurent Lamy 4.1 The exploration of the telluric planets 167 4.1.1 From antiquity to the space age 167 4.1.2 The beginning of the space age 168 4.1.3 The return to Mars 169 4.1.4 The return to Venus 171 4.1.5 Observations from the ground 172 4.1.6 The exploration of planet Earth 174 4.1.7 Global Climatic Models 175 4.1.8 The electromagnetic spectrum of telluric planets 175 4.2 Objects without an atmosphere: Mercury, the Moon 177 4.2.1 Orbital parameters and macroscopic characteristics 179 4.2.2 Exospheres 180 4.2.3 Internal structure 181 4.2.4 The surfaces of Mercury and the Moon 185 4.2.5 The origin of Mercury and the Moon 194 4.2.6 Mercury’s magnetosphere 197 4.3 Objects with an atmosphere (Venus, Earth, Mars) 200 4.3.1 The interior and the magnetic field 201 4.3.2 The surface 208 4.3.3 The atmosphere 217 4.3.4 The satellites of Mars 241 4.4 References 242 Chapter 5 Giant Planets 245 Thérèse Encrenaz and Laurent Lamy 5.1 The exploration of giant planets 245 5.1.1 From Antiquity to the Space Age 245 5.1.2 Space exploration 246 5.1.3 Exploration from Earth and the terrestrial environment 251 5.1.4 The electromagnetic spectrum of giant planets 253 5.2 The atmosphere of giant planets 256 5.2.1 Atmospheric composition 256 5.2.2 Elemental and isotopic abundance ratios 257 5.2.3 Thermal structure 264 5.2.4 Atmospheric circulation and cloud structure 266 5.2.5 High atmosphere and photochemistry 269 5.3 The internal structure of giant planets 271 5.3.1 Experimental data 271 5.3.2 The construction of internal energy models 274 5.3.3 The results 276 5.4 The magnetospheres of the giant planets 279 5.4.1 Jupiter’s giant magnetosphere 279 5.4.2 Saturn’s symmetrical magnetosphere 295 5.4.3 The asymmetric magnetospheres of Uranus and Neptune 302 5.5 References 304 Appendix Web links 309 Glossary 311 List of Authors 323 Index 325

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Book Synopsis​On February 15, 2013, the Chelyabinsk meteor sailed over Russian skies in a streak of light that was momentarily brighter than the Sun. The remarkable event and its subsequent shock wave were witnessed and documented by countless local residents, launching a widespread scientific expedition to gather and study the remaining meteoritic fragments.This book chronicles Chelyabinsk’s tale of recovery and discovery from the minds of many of the scientists who studied the superbolide, leading field experiments and collecting meteorites and meteorite dust across the region. The Chelyabinsk superbolide is a complex and multi-aspect phenomenon. The book not only presents the results of the scientific research but also details the firsthand experiences of those involved in such efforts, providing readers with a unique opportunity to look at the "inner workings" of science that are seldom shown to the public.Over the course of their studies, the scientists collected over 200 photographs and a dozen video recordings taken by nearly 40 different eyewitnesses. Many of those never-before-published illustrations and photos can be found in full color in the pages of this book.Trade Review“It is … suitable for most non-specialists and contains many colour photographs not seen elsewhere. … All in all, a very useful summary of the effects of the superbolide, and a book to be recommended.” (Storm Dunlop, The Observatory, Vol. 141 (1281), April, 2021)Table of ContentsAcknowledgements.- Dedication.- Preface.- 1. Meteors, meteorites and the Chelyabinsk superbolide: main facts.- 2. A million observers of the superbolide.- 3. The fate of the fiery serpent.- 4. Meteorite rush: the collection of sky stones.- 5. The hunt for cosmic dust.- 6. Chebarkul meteorite ice hole.- 7. Underwater excavations and welcoming the Big Meteorite.- 8. Why the stone exploded.- 9. Chemical composition, structure and age of the Chelyabinsk bolide.- 10. Meteorology of the superbolide or super-experiment in the atmosphere.- 11. Dust ring around the Earth caused by the Chelyabinsk bolide.- 12. Basalt threads in the dust of the Chelyabinsk bolide: Pele’s hair analog.- 13. Frequency of meteorite falls.- 14. How to protect Earth from meteoroids, asteroids and comets.- 15. The cultural aftershock of the Chelyabinsk bolide.- Appendix: The lonely Moon, double asteroids, and multiple collisions.- Index.

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Book SynopsisThis book addresses the problems of Geocosmos and provides a snapshot of the current research in a broad area of Earth Sciences carried out in Russia and elsewhere. The themes covered include solar physics, physics of magnetosphere, ionosphere and atmosphere, solar-terrestrial coupling links, seismology, geoelectricity, paleomagnetism and rock magnetism, as well as cross-disciplinary studies. The proceedings are carefully edited, providing a panoramic outlook of a broad area of Earth Sciences. The readership includes colleague researchers, students and early career scientists. The proceedings will help the readers to look at their research fields from various points of view. Problems of Geocosmos conferences are held by Earth Physics Department, St. Petersburg University bi-annually since 1994. It is the largest forum of this kind in Russia/former Soviet Union attracting up to 200 researchers in Earth and magnetospheric physics.

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Book SynopsisThere is a huge gulf between the real physics of space travel and the way it is commonly portrayed in movies and TV shows. That’s not because space physics is difficult or obscure – most of the details were understood by the end of the 18th century – but because it can often be bafflingly counter-intuitive for a general audience. The purpose of this book isn’t to criticize or debunk popular sci-fi depictions, which can be very entertaining, but to focus on how space physics really works. This is done with the aid of numerous practical illustrations taken from the works of serious science fiction authors – from Jules Verne and Arthur C. Clarke to Larry Niven and Andy Weir – who have taken positive pleasure in getting their scientific facts right.Trade Review“This slim book has the appealing premise of looking at the basics of space physics, from gravity through rocket science to the nature of a vacuum, by using examples from 'well-constructed science fiction'. ... a great read both for those who enjoy science fiction (or want to write it) and those wanting to know a little more of the realities of potential life in space.” (Popular Science, popsciencebooks.blogspot.com, July 24, 2023)Table of ContentsChapter 1: Physics in Science Fiction Chapter 2: Gravity Chapter 3: Orbital DynamicsChapter 4: Rocket Science Chapter 5: Living in a Vacuum

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Book SynopsisPART I CHAPTER 1 T E — , , . . . . . . . . . 15 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Geological change — the answers within, and without. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Man on the Moon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Back to the beginning — from the Big Bang to early Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Impact — the ubiquitous process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 The oldest rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Time to cool — birth of the Kaapvaal continent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Old crust in the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Rifting, oceans, volcanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Mountains, fire and ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 The unique Bushveld magmatic event. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CHAPTER 2 C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Extinction or survival — our restless Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Meteorite-impact catastrophes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Normal (background) versus mass extinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 A brief look at the impact record in the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 What are the projectiles capable of causing an impact catastrophe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 What is an impact crater? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 How can we identify impact structures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Shock metamorphism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 CHAPTER 3 T A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Tswaing meteorite crater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Does Tswaing have a twin? (Kalkkop Crater, Eastern Cape Province) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 South Africa’ s other Giant Impact Morokweng impact structure, — North West Province . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Our southern African neighbours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Testimony of earliest impact catastrophe — Barberton and the Northern Cape Province . . 113 Traces of catastrophe in the Karoo?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6 CHAPTER 4 V : T W . . . 117 The Vredefort Structure revealed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Getting to know the giant: By road through the Vredefort Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Traversing the outer parts of the Vredefort Dome (Fochville to Parys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 The geology of the Vredefort Dome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Trade ReviewFrom the reviews of the third edition:“Third edition of Meteorite Impact! … by Reimold (Museum for Natural History, Humboldt Univ., Germany) and Gibson (Univ. of the Witwatersrand, South Africa) is two things. First, it is an interesting, comprehensive field guide to an exceptional geologic site that warrants further exploration and interest. Second, it is a primer on Earth hazards with the typical popular-level approach. … content gives the reader an easily understandable and personable on-site perspective to this complex area. … Summing Up: Recommended. Lower- and upper-division undergraduates and general readers.” (L. R. Johnston, Choice, Vol. 48 (9), May, 2011)Table of ContentsI.- The Early History of Earth — Impact, Volcanoes and Early Life.- Chaos and Catastrophe.- The Impact Heritage of Southern Africa.- Vredefort: The Largest and Oldest Impact Structure in the World.- The Recent History of the Vredefort Dome Area.- Frequently Asked Questions.- What Does the Future Hold for Humankind?.- Tourism in the Vredefort Dome.- II.- Tour Guide through the Vredefort Dome.

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Book SynopsisAccretion flows, winds and jets of compact astrophysical objects and stars are generally described within the framework of hydrodynamical and magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) flows. Analytical analysis of the problem provides profound physical insights, which are essential for interpreting and understanding the results of numerical simulations. Providing such a physical understanding of MHD Flows in Compact Astrophysical Objects is the main goal of this book, which is an updated translation of a successful Russian graduate textbook. The book provides the first detailed introduction into the method of the Grad-Shafranov equation, describing analytically the very broad class of hydrodynamical and MHD flows. It starts with the classical examples of hydrodynamical accretion onto relativistic and nonrelativistic objects. The force-free limit of the Grad-Shafranov equation allows us to analyze in detail the physics of the magnetospheres of radio pulsars and black holes, including the Blandford-Znajek process of energy extraction from a rotating black hole immersed in an external magnetic field. Finally, on the basis of the full MHD version of the Grad-Shafranov equation the author discusses the problems of jet collimation and particle acceleration in Active Galactic Nuclei, radio pulsars, and Young Stellar Objects. The comparison of the analytical results with numerical simulations demonstrates their good agreement. Assuming that the reader is familiar with the basic physical and mathematical concepts of General Relativity, the author uses the 3+1 split approach which allows the formulation of all results in terms of physically clear language of three dimensional vectors. The book contains detailed derivations of equations, numerous exercises, and an extensive bibliography. It therefore serves as both an introductory text for graduate students and a valuable reference work for researchers in the field.Trade ReviewFrom the reviews: “The volume primarily addresses the Grad-Shafranov approach to describe axisymmetric stationary flows around astrophysical objects, including ones where General Relativity is important. … Each chapter has an abstract and an introduction to the kinds of sources to which its equations apply. … the astrophysics-group … able to make more use of it than I can.” (Viginia Trimble, The Observatory, Vol. 130 (1214), June, 2010)Table of ContentsPreface.............................................................. 5 Introduction......................................................... 9 Chapter 1 Hydrodynamic limit - classical problems of accretion and ejection.... 13 1.1 Astrophysical introduction - accretion onto compact objects.... 13 1 1 1 Accretion disks........................................... 14 1.1.2 Standard model............................................ 17 1.1.3 ADAF, ADIOS, etc.......................................... 20 1.2 Basic properties of transonic hydrodynamical flows............. 22 1.2.1 Basic equations........................................... 22 1.2.2 Spherically symmetric flow................................ 24 1.2.3 Plane potential flow...................................... 27 1.3 Axisymmetric stationary flows - nonrelativistic case........... 34 1.3.1 Basic equations........................................... 34 1.3.2 Mathematical interlude - covariant language............... 35 1.3.3 Structure of the two-dimensional flow..................... 37 1.3.4 Bondi-Hoyle accretion..................................... 45 1.3.5 Ejection from slowly rotating star........................ 49 1.4 Axisymmetric stationary accretion onto black hole.............. 57 1.4.1 Physical interlude - (3+1)-split in the Kerr metric....... 57 1.4.2 Basic equations........................................... 61 1.4.3 Exact solutions........................................... 65 1.4.4 Bondi-Hoyle accretion - relativistic limit................ 67 1.4.5 Accretion onto slowly rotating black hole................. 70 1.4.6 Accretion of a gas with small angular momentum onto nonrotating black hole......... 71 1.4.7 Thin transonic disk....................................... 77 1.5 Conclusion..................................................... 87 1 Chapter 2 Force-free limit - radio pulsar magnetosphere........................ 89 2.1 Astrophysical introduction..................................... 89 2.2 Main physical processes........................................ 92 2.2.1 Vacuum approximation...................................... 92 2.2.2 Particle creation in a strong magnetic field.............. 96 2.2.3 Structure of the magnetosphere............................ 99 2.3 Generation of secondary plasma.................................104 2.3.1 'Internal gap'............................................104 2.3.2 Neutron star surface......................................109 2.3.3 Propagation of gamma-quanta in superstrong magnetic field......................110 2.3.4 Effects of the general relativity.........................111 2.3.5 Particle generation in the magnetosphere................. 113 2.3.6 'Hollow cone' model...................................... 114 2.3.7 Particle generation - 'external gap'..................... 119 2.4 Pulsar equation............................................... 119 2.4.1 Force-free approximation. Magnetization parameter........ 119 2.4.2 Electromagnetic field. Integrals of motion............... 121 2.4.3 Grad-Shafranov equation.................................. 124 2.4.4 Mathematical interlude - quasi stationary approach....... 127 2.5 Energy loss of radio pulsars.................................. 130 2.5.1 Current loss mechanism................................... 130 2.5.2 Braking of inclined and orthogonal rotator............... 133 2.6 Structure of the magnetosphere................................ 141 2.6.1 Exact solutions.......................................... 141 2.6.2 Structure of the magnetosphere with longitudinal currents 158 2.6.3 Models of th

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Book SynopsisThis atlas is based on the lunar global Digital Elevation Models (DEM) of Chang'E-1 (CE-1), and presents CCD stereo image data with digital photogrammetry. The spatial resolution of the DEM in this atlas is 500m, with horizontal accuracy of 192m and vertical accuracy of 120m. Color-shaded relief maps with contour lines are used to show the lunar topographical characteristics. The topographical data gathered by CE-1 can provide fundamental information for the study of lunar topographical, morphological and geological structures, as well as for lunar evolution research.Trade Review“This lovely, featured book will have you easily finding your way about the lunar surface. … I recommend ‘The Chang’E-1 Topographic Atlas of the Moon’ by Chunlai Li, Jianjun Liu, Lingli Mu, Xin Ren and Wei Zuo. It may guide you to all sorts of interesting features and finds.” (Mark Mortimer, Universe Today, universetoday.com, March, 2016)Table of ContentsPart I Introduction of the CCD Stereo Camera.- Part II Global topographic map of the Moon by CD-1.- Part III Subdivision topographic maps of the Moon.- Appendix – Gazetteer.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction/Foreword Venus Evolution Through Time (Wilson, C., Breuer, D., Gillmann, C., Smrekar, S.E., Spohn, T., and Widemann, T.).- Venus, the Planet: Introduction to the Evolution of Earth's Sister Planet (O'Rourke, J. G., Wilson, C. F., Borrelli, M. E. et al.).- Synergies Between Venus & Exoplanetary Observations (Way, M. J., Ostberg, C., Foley, B. J. et al.).- The Habitability of Venus (Westall, F., Höning, D., Avice, G. et al.).- Magma Ocean, Water, and the Early Atmosphere of Venus (Salvador, A., Avice, G., Breuer, D. Gillmann, C. et al.).- Noble Gases and Stable Isotopes Track the Origin and Early Evolution of the Venus Atmosphere (Avice, G., Parai, R., Jacobson, S. et al.).- Sedimentary Processes on Venus (Carter, L., Gilmore, M. S., Ghail, R. C., Byrne, P. K. et al.).- Volcanic and Tectonic Constraints on the Evolution of Venus (Ghail, R., Smrekar, S. E., Byrne, P. K., Gilmore, M. S. et al.).- Mineralogy of the Venus Surface (Gilmore, M. S., Dyar, D., Mueller, N., Brossier, J. et al.).- Resurfacing History and Volcanic Activity of Venus (Herrick, R.R., Bjonnes, E., Carter, L., Taras, G. et al.).- . Possible Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on the Modern Atmosphere of Venus (Wilson, C., Marcq, E., Gillmann, C., Widemann, T. et al.).- Dynamics and Evolution of Venus' Mantle Through Time (Rolf, T., Weller, M., Gülcher, A. et al.).- Venus Evolution Through Time: Key Science Questions, Selected Mission Concepts and Future Investigations (Widemann, T., Smrekar, S. E., Garvin, J. B., Straume-Lindner, A. G. et al.).

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Book SynopsisPreface.- Dedication.- BepiColombo - Mission Overview and Science Goals.- MioFirst Comprehensive Exploration of Mercury's Space Environment: Mission Overview.- BepiColombo Ground Segment and Mission Operations.- Mission Data Processor Aboard the BepiColombo Mio Spacecraft: Design and Scientific Operation Concept.- Geodesy, Geophysics and Fundamental Physics Investigations of the BepiColombo Mission.- Investigating Mercury's Environment with the Two-Spacecraft BepiColombo Mission.- Rationale for BepiColombo Studies of Mercury's Surface and Composition.- BepiColombo Science Investigations During Cruise and Flybys at the Earth, Venus and Mercury.- The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter.- ISA, a High Sensitivity Accelerometer in the Interplanetary Space.- Mercury Dust Monitor (MDM) Onboard the Mio Orbiter of the BepiColombo Mission.- Studying the Composition and Mineralogy of the Hermean Surface with the Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) for the BepiColombo Mission: An Update.- The BepiColomboMio Magnetometer en Route to Mercury.- The Mercury Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (MGNS) Onboard the Mercury Planetary Orbiter of the BepiColombo Mission: Design Updates and First Measurements in Space.- The BepiColombo Mercury Imaging X-Ray Spectrometer: Science Goals, Instrument Performance and Operations.- Gravity, Geodesy and Fundamental Physics with BepiColombo's MORE Investigation.- The BepiColombo Planetary Magnetometer MPO-MAG: What Can We Learn from the Hermean Magnetic Field?.- Pre-flight Calibration and Near-Earth Commissioning Results of the Mercury Plasma Particle Experiment (MPPE) Onboard MMO (Mio).- Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) Aboard BepiColombo Mio on the Trip to the First Measurement of Electric Fields, Electromagnetic Waves, and Radio Waves Around Mercury.- The MEFISTO and WPT Electric Field Sensors of the Plasma Wave Investigation on the BepiColombo Mio Spacecraft.- Measurements of Magnetic Field Fluctuations for Plasma Wave Investigation by the Search Coil Magnetometers (SCM) Onboard Bepicolombo Mio (Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter).- SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo.- SIMBIO-SYS: Scientific Cameras and Spectrometer for the BepiColombo Mission.- Solar Intensity X-Ray and Particle Spectrometer SIXS: Instrument Design and First Results.- The BepiColombo Environment Radiation Monitor, BERM.- Correction to: Studying the Composition and Mineralogy of the Hermean Surface with the Mercury Radiometer and Thermal Infrared Spectrometer (MERTIS) for the BepiColombo Mission: An Update.- Correction to: SERENA: Particle Instrument Suite for Determining the Sun-Mercury Interaction from BepiColombo.

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Book SynopsisIntroduction.- Basic Equations for Hydrodynamics.- Astrophysical Fluid Flows.- Wave Phenomena in Astrophysical Objects.- Convection and Related Topics.- Dynamical Instability and Dynamical Excitation of Oscillations.- Instabilities Due to Dissipative Processes: Secular Instability.- Overstability Due to Dissipative Processes: Excitation of Oscillations.- Multi-Component Fluids.- Special Relativistic Hydrodynamics.- General Relativistic Hydrodynamics.- Derivation of Magnetohydrodynamical Equations from Boltzmann Equation.- MHD Equations and Basic Characteristics of Magnetic Fields.- Astrophysical MHD Flows.- Waves and Shocks in Magnetohydrodynamical Fluids.- Astrophysical Dynamo.- General Stability Theorem for MHD Systems.- Instability Related to Magnetic Fields.- Important Non-Ideal MHD Processes.- Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics.- Basic Concepts of Radiative Fluids.- Basic Equations for Radiative Transfer.- Basic Equations for Radiation Hydrodynamics.- Astrophysical RHD Flows.- Wave and Instability in Radiative Fluids.- Special Relativistic Radiative Transfer.- Special Relativistic Radiation Hydrodynamics.- Radiation Hydrodynamics in a Moving Plasma with Compton Scattering.- General Relativistic Radiation Hydrodynamics.- Equations Describing Dynamics.- Elementary Processes among Particles and Photons.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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a huge range and FREE tracked UK delivery on ALL orders.

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